Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Report On Study of Electrical Equipments in Power System
Report On Study of Electrical Equipments in Power System
ON
Study of electrical system in power plant
SUBMITTED BY:
VANYA GUPTA
SUMMER TRAINEE B.TECH THIRD YEAR
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG
GURU TEGH BAHADUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE
I hereby take this opportune moment to express our deep sense of gratitude to our
Department Head Mr. K.K KHURANA (AGM-Electrical) for his unstinted support and
encouragement
I express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. RAJIV NIRMAN (DGM) for being a source of
guidance and inspiration during this period. His wonderful style of mentoring has surely
made our training period a great learning experience.
I would also like to give my due concern to Mr.PK GAUTAM (MANAGER), who have
supported me in the completion of my project.
I express my sincere thanks to all the members of electrical department for their friendly
and helpful attitude.
Finally, I wish to thank my parents for their continuous undivided support and
encouragement, which inspired me to go my own way.
Without them it would not be possible to complete this project.
Vanya gupta
Date: Summer Trainee
B.Tech (3rd year)
GTBIT
Table of Contents
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to give a brief idea about what has been done in
the training to facilitate the evaluation process of learning and gaining
knowledge on electrical system. This report comprises various activities
constituting training.
In first section, overview of BHEL & PEM has been given. In the next section,
Switchgear in general and High & Low Voltage Switchgear in particular are
described. And the last section enlists the various routine tasks and special
assignments handled by me.
On the whole, this report gives a clear picture about my two months training
period in BHEL.
bhel- an overview
BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in INDIA in the energy related /
infrastructure sector today. BHEL was established more then 50 years ago ushering in the
indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry in India, a dream which has been more then
realized with a well –recognized track record performance.
BHEL caters to core sector of the Indian economy viz., Power Generation and Transmission,
Industry, Transportation, Renewable Energy, Defense, etc. The wide network of BHEL’s 14
manufacturing divisions, 4 power sector regional centers, 8 service centers , 15 regional offices
and a large number of projects sites spread all over INDIA and abroad enable the company to
promptly serve its customers and provide them with suitable product, systems and services –
efficiently and at competitive prices.
Power generation
Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro, and nuclear power plant business. As of
31.3.2006, BHEL supplied sets account for 76,741 MW or nearly 65% of the total installed
capacity of 1, 18,561 MW in the country, as against nil till 1969-70. The Company has proven
expertise in the plant performance Improvement through renovation , modernization and
updating of a variety of power plant equipment , besides specialized know –how of residual life
assessment, health diagnostics and life extension plants.
Industries
BHEL manufactures and supplies major capital equipments and systems like captive power
plants , centrifugal compressors , drive turbines , industrial boilers and auxiliaries , waste heat
recovery boilers , gas turbines , pumps heat exchangers , electric machines , valves , heavy
casting and forgings , electrostatic precipitators , ID/FD fans , seamless pipes etc. to a number of
industries other than power utilities like metallurgical, mining , cement, paper , fertilizers ,
refineries and petro- chemicals etc. BHEL has also emerged as a major supplier of controls and
instrumentation system, especially distributed digital control systems for various power plants
and industries.
Transportation
Most of the trains in Indian Railways, whether electrical or diesel powered are equipped with
BHEL’s traction propulsion system and controls. India’s first underground metro at Kolkata
runs on drives and controls supplied by BHEL. BHEL is geared up for turnkey execution of
electrical trolley bus systems, light rail systems and metro systems.
Renewable energy
BHEL has been manufacturing and supplying arrange of renewable energy systems and
products. It includes Solar Energy systems namely, PV modules, PV power plants, solar
lanterns, street lightning, solar pumps and solar water heating systems. A large number of small
hydro power stations have been completed. New areas like Wind power generation etc. are also
being explored for entry.
Transmission
BHEL supplies a wide range of products and systems for transmission and distribution
applications. The product manufactured by BHEL include power transformer , instrument
transformer , dry type transformer shunt reactor , capacitors , vacuum and SF6 switchgear, gas
insulated switchgear s, ceramic insulator etc.
Technology up gradation, research& development
To remain competitive and meet customer’s expectation, BHEL lays great emphasis on the
continuous up gradation of products and related technologies besides development of new
products. The company has upgraded its products to contemporary levels through continuous in-
house efforts as well as through acquisition of new technologies from leading engineering
organizations of the world.
The company is also engaged in research in futuristic areas like fuel cells for distributed,
environment friendly power generation, clean coal technology applications, super conductivity
application in transformer, motor etc., and nano technology applications for insulators and
membrane filters.
Harmony between man and environment is the essence of healthy life and growth. Therefore,
maintenance of ecological balance and a pristine environment is of utmost importance to BHEL.
Environment protection continues to be a key area of activity in BHEL along with the growth of
the company.
BHEL is committed to be an environment friendly company in all its area of activities, products,
and services, providing a safe and healthy working environment to all its stakeholders. In fact,
this aspect has become an integral part of the company’s business performance.
INTRODUCTION TO PEM
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
HEAD
PEM
ELECTRICAL HEAD
SYSTEMS PRODUCT GROUPS PROJECTS HUMAN
RESOURCES
MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS HEAD
ENGINEERING FINANCE
MECHANICAL
PIPING AND
LAYOUT
HEAD
VIGILANCE
MECANICAL
AUXILIARIES
CIVIL
CONTROL &
INSTRUMENTATION
CCP ENGG.
pem-
CUSTOMER
CONSULTANT NATIONAL
BOIDES
BHEL
QUALITY/
MFG.UNITS
INSPECTION
BALANCE OF PLANT
AGENCIES
VENDORS
Strengths
Capability to handle projects on turnkey/ EPC basis
Wide range of engineering capabilities
Capability to design to national and international codes and
standards- BS, Din, ASME, API, IBR, EJMA, IEC, VDE, IEEE
Varied experience with national and international consultants
Pool of experienced human resources
Experience of over 200 coal based and gas based power stations,
up to 500 MW unit rating
Over 500 qualified and registered vendors/ sub contractors
Engineering and Design Office with adequate modeling, analysis
and design software
Infrastructure of servers, engineering workstations, LAN, high
band width external connectivity for e-mail, internet and data
transfer
Variety of
Plants handled
Coal-based thermal power plants
Gas- based power plants (Open Cycle/Co-generation/ Combined
Cycle)
Nuclear power plants (Conventional cycle)
Diesel generating station
Non-conventional energy sources (solar, IGCC etc)
range of capabilities
Concept stage
Feasibility Studies
Detailed Project Reports
Bid preparation
Proposal Engineering
Technical Guarantees
Project engineering
Basic Design
System Design
Station Engineering
Development
Techno-Economic Studies
Plant Optimization
Technology up-gradation / absorption
Contracts management
Project Engineering Coordination
Procurement support
Engineering &Procurement of Balance of Plant System
electrical systems
System design for auxiliary system, Dc system, emergency power, black
start power.
Power &auxiliary transformers
MV &LV motors
Generator main connections
Generator circuit breaker
MV switchgear
MV &LV bus ducts
LV switchgear/ motor control centers/distribution boards
Control and protection for generator/ transformer
Computer control & instrumentation cables
Dc supply (batteries, chargers, distribution boards)
Lighting
Earthing & lightning protection
Plant communication
Electrical equipment layout
Cabling
Electrical laboratory equipment
Overview of Electrical System
Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station
System Security
a. FAULT CLEARANCE
It is preferable to trip one breaker for any feeder fault..As such Scheme-1
is better in this respect since two breakers will be required to trip in case
of one and half breaker scheme.
The number of feeders lost for a bus bar fault should be as few as
possible.
For scheme-1 there is an interruption till all the affected feeders are
transferred to the health bus.
In scheme-2 continuity of supply is maintained.
b. STUCK BREAKER
This condition Leads to tripping of all the feeders connected to the
particular bus section in case of Scheme-2:
An adjacent feeder trips if the stuck breaker is the middle
breaker
No other feeder is affected if the stuck breaker is the bus side
breaker, even though all the other breakers connected to that
bus also get tripped.
c. REDUNDANCY
In scheme-2 each circuit is fed by two parallel paths i.e. there is
active redundancy or stand-by facilities permanently connected to
the system whereas in Scheme-1 passive redundancy which can be
switched on when required and limited to only one feeder of a
particular bus section at a time is available.
Operational flexibility
a. In Scheme-1, the CT‟s have to be switched into the relevant zone of bus bar
protection though the auxiliary contacts of the isolators, which are weak points &
create problems.
b. Secondly, the transfer from main breaker to bypass breaker needs transfer of
closing controls from main breaker to bypass breaker needs transfer of closing
controls from synchronizing and transfer of tripping controls from protection
schemes.
c. In thermal power stations where generator circuit breakers are controlled from
the control desk in the power station the controls of by-pass breaker also need
duplication on the control desk.
d. In Scheme-2, no such provisions are necessary and hence can be considered
more reliable in this respect.
Sectionalizing of buses
ISOLATOR MAITENANCE
Ease of extension
Land area
Therefore we can safely assume that the cost for scheme-2 will be les
than scheme-1.
Conclusion
The techno-economic analysis done above indicates that one and a half
breaker scheme is more favorably placed technically as well as
economically when compared to the two main Bus and transfer Bus
scheme. As such it is expected that utilities will make more and more use of
this scheme in future power stations.
AC Auxiliary System
The total unit and station auxiliaries electrical power is derived through two nos.
Unit Transformers (UTs) (1 No. UT for each unit) and two nos. Station
transformers (STs).
3.3kV Coal Handling Plant Switchboard & 3.3kV Ash handling Switchboard are
also provided, as required. Each section of these boards is fed from a
step-down auxiliary transformer connected to 11kV Station Switchboard.
DC System
220V DC system is envisaged for unit DC loads such as switchgear, protection,
emergency lighting, DC drives etc. For electronic control & instrumentation,
DC system, as required, is envisaged as part of C&I package.
System Grounding
Grounding philosophy envisaged for the power supply system in the plant is as
follows:
a) Each generator neutral is high resistance grounded by means of neutral
grounding transformer with secondary loading resistor.
b) HV side neutral of generator transformer is solidly grounded.
c) Neutrals of 11kV side of each UT & ST are low resistance grounded, utilising
a grounding resistor and limiting the earth fault current to 300A.
d) 3.3kV system is low resistance grounded at neutrals of 3.3kV side of each
UT, utilising a grounding resistor and limiting the earth fault current to 300A.
e) 415V system is solidly grounded at the 415V neutral of all LV service
transformers. 3 phase, 4 wire system is envisaged for 415V power supply
distribution.
f) 220V DC System is ungrounded.
TURBO GENERATOR
Tap off busducts are provided from main busduct for connection to:
- Unit transformer;
- Surge protection & voltage transformer (SP&VT) cubicle.
Rubber bellows are provided at busduct terminations and in the run of bus
duct if route length is more than 30 to 35 meter. To take care of machine
vibrations, alignment and expansion / contraction due to temperature
variations. Further, it insulates the termination equipment connected to
bus duct and thus does not let the bus enclosure currents to flow in the
connecting equipment.
Air pressurization system is envisaged for the bus duct. Air for this
purpose is taken from Station Air system and suitably regulated to the
required pressure [25 – 40 mm of water column] for the bus duct.
The busduct is designed to meet the air tightness and water tightness
requirement specified in IS: 8084.
TRANSFORMERS
Power Transformers
Power transformers [generator transformers (GT), unit transformers (UT) and
station transformers (ST), unit auxiliary transformers (UAT)] are mineral oil filled,
outdoor design type. The transformers generally conform to IS: 2026.
A] Generator Transformers:
Generator Transformer comprises a bank of three numbers single phase OFAF
cooled transformers. One no. spare single phase generator transformer is also
envisaged, common for the plant. No load voltage ratio of single phase GT is
21 / 420/√3 kV.
The windings of the transformer are of paper insulated electrolytic grade copper
conductor. The core of the transformer is of CRGO steel. The terminal
arrangement of transformer is through OIP bushing on HV side and through
Porcelain bushing on LV & Neutral side. The transformer is fitted with Off-circuit
Tap Changer suitable for ±5% voltage variation of HV [in steps of 2.5%].
UT and ST are of CORE type construction. It has three limbed core made of CRGO
(Cold rolled grain oriented) steel. Each limb accommodates set of winding for one
phase. Windings are HELICAL/DISC type made of electrolytic copper. The core and
winding assembly is kept in a tank made of Commercial grade mild steel.
On load tap changer (OLTC) is provided for tap changing purpose. For OLTC, local
manual/electric/remote type of control mechanism has been provided. The cooling
control is affected from cooler control cubicle mounted on transformer tank. The cooling
control is done automatically as per WTI and OTI settings.
UAT is of CORE type construction. It has three limbed core made of CRGO
(Cold rolled grain oriented) steel. Each limb accommodates set of winding
for one phase. Windings are HELICAL/DISC type made of electrolytic
copper. The core and winding assembly is kept in a tank made of
Commercial grade mild steel.
Off-circuit tap changer is provided for tap changing purpose. UAT is ONAN
cooled and provided with standard fittings and accessories, generally in
line with those listed for UT above.
LV Service Transformers
Dry type and oil filled service transformers are provided to feed various
auxiliaries of the plant. Dry type LV service transformers are envisaged for
Unit PCC and Station PCC in the main powerhouse for indoor installation.
For ESP and other auxiliary plants, mineral oil filled service transformers
are envisaged. 2x100% rated transformers are connected to each PCC /
PMCC. A margin of 10% is considered while selecting the capacity of these
service transformers.
The iron core is made from laminations of cold rolled grain oriented non-
aging silicone steel sheets. The limbs and yokes are of circular structure.
The core is coated with resin as a protective coating against corrosion. HV
and LV coils of each phase are placed in each limb of the core. The core is
clamped tightly by galvanized steel channels.
The transformer (Core-Coil Assembly) is mounted on roller base with plain
bi-directional rollers. Transformer is provided with protective enclosure
made up of HRC steel sheet of protection class IP-23. The control wiring is
terminated on the terminal blocks inside the junction box fitted on
enclosure.
For motors for Coal Handling Plant, vacuum contactors may be provided
as an alternative to circuit breakers.
MV Bus protection
- Time graded over-current protection for all incoming and bus sectionalising
circuits.
- Time graded earth-fault protection for all incoming and bus sectionalising
circuits.
MV motor protection
- Thermal overload protection.
- Instantaneous high set over-current for short-circuit protection
- Instantaneous earth fault protection
- Unbalance current protection
- Locked rotor protection
- Under voltage protection with time delayed tripping under sustained under
voltage
Service transformer protection
- Time graded over-current protection.
- Low voltage winding earth-fault protection
- Buchholz, winding and oil temperature alarm and trip for oil filled transformer
- Winding temperature alarm and trip for dry type transformer.
SPB has aluminium conductor and is suitable for indoor/outdoor duty with
natural cooling. Aluminium conductor is supported on epoxy insulators
inside the busduct enclosure. The bus duct enclosure is made of
aluminium alloy sheet. Insulating barriers of 2 mm thick Aluminium sheet
provide complete phase segregation inside the enclosure. The Aluminium
sheet is welded on a framework made up of aluminium angles. Bolted
type inspection covers provide access to the conductor joints and
insulators.
i. FAST TRANSFER
The bus voltage and incoming source voltage should be monitored on
a continuous basis for magnitude and phase angle to ensure that
transfer operation is carried out under conditions conducive to fast bus
transfer as per high speed sync-check supervision.
ii. IN PHASE TRANSFER
The breaker power contacts shall close when the decaying and
drifting bus voltage synchronises with the incoming source voltage
within acceptable voltage and frequency parameters.
The Bus transfer system shall continuously process the bus voltage
and the drifting phase angle dynamics to determine in real-time the
exact moment of sending a command to the breaker-closing coil to
achieve the above.
iii. SLOW TRANSFER
The breaker power contacts shall close when the falling bus voltage
shall reach an acceptable safe value. The auxiliary drives are
selectively tripped simultaneously to limit the transformer inrush
current.
iv. MOMENTARY PARALLELING TRANSFER
This is a “ Make before break “ transfer for a very short duration of the
order of few cycles where, under supervision of the bus voltage and
incoming source voltage for magnitude and phase angle, the new
source breaker is closed before opening the old source breaker.
Normally not recommended for unplanned transfers and auto/
protective transfers from the system safety considerations.
1. Incomers
PROTECTIONS METERING
Composite numerical feeder protection All the metering of the electrical
relay parameters shall be through the Power
monitors.
Under Voltage relay
Local breaker backup protection
Fuse failure relay
2. TIE breakers
PROTECTIONS METERING
Composite motor protection relay All the metering of the electrical
parameters shall be through numerical
relay
Local breaker back up protection
3. Bus PT Feeders
PROTECTIONS METERING
Under voltage protection Voltmeter with selector switch
Fuse failure protection Voltage transducers-3 Nos,
4. Motor feeders
PROTECTIONS METERING
Composite motor protection All the metering shall be through the
relay (99) composite motor protection relays only.
Differential protection for motor feeders
(rated 1000kW or above)
Local Breaker backup protection
PROTECTIONS METERING
Composite numerical transformer All the metering shall be through the
protection relay composite motor protection relays only.
Local Breaker back-up protection
TESTS
All relevant routine and acceptance tests shall be conducted as per
applicable standards and typical type test certificates of identical switchgear
shall be submitted.
Minimum electrical system requirements in respect of control, monitoring,
measurements, annunciation, and synchronization are indicated.
Sl.No. DESCRIPTION UNITS VALUES/REQUIREMENTS
6.6kV SWITCHGEAR
1 Switchboard Cubicles and Bus bar
ratings
a) Nominal system voltage, phases and V,ph,Hz 6600/3/50
frequency
b) System neutral earthing Non- effectively earthed
c) Maximum system voltage V 7200
d) One minute power frequency withstand kV(rms) 20
voltage
e) 1.2/50 microsecond impulse withstand kV(peak) 60
voltage
0
f) Maximum temperature of bus bars, C 90
droppers, connectors and contacts at
continuous current rating under site
ref.ambient temperature
g) Material of bus bars Aluminum
h) Heat shrinkable PVC sleeve.
Material of bus bar insulation Removable bus bar joints with
shrouds of 7.2kV insulation
i) Bus bar support insulator 7.2kV
j) Bus- bar joints/connection Silver faced
k) Bus bar rating By bidder
l) Short circuit current rating and duration RMS 40kA for 3 sec.
m) Momentary withstand current PEAK 100 kA
All switchboards/ panels are dust and vermin proof. All cutouts have synthetic
rubber gaskets.
All switchboards, MCCs and DBs have following distinct vertical sections:
MCCs and DBs are divided into vertical sections. Each vertical section is
provided with adequately sized cable alley covering entire height. In case
cable alleys are not provided for DBs, segregated cable boxes with
complete shrouding for individual feeders are provided at the rear for
direct termination of cables in each individual feeder.
The maximum temperature rise of the horizontal and vertical busbars and
main bus link including all power drawout contacts when carrying 90% of
the rated current along the full run is 55deg.C with silver plated joints and
40deg.C with all other types of joints over an ambient of 50deg.C.
415V Power Control Centers (PCCs)
The switchboards are single front draw out type and compartmentalized to
accommodate circuit breakers in single tier or double tier. The switchboard
has a short circuit rating of 50kA rms for 1 sec. All switchboards up to 1600A
rating conform to DOP IP: 52, while the switchboards rated above 1600A are
provided with louvers and conform to DOP IP: 42. The outgoing feeders rated
630A and above are provided with ACBs. Switch fuse units are provided for
rating up to 400A. The circuit breakers are triple pole, air break, horizontally
draw out type having 'test/service/isolated' positions. The circuit breakers are
electrically operated having motor wound, spring charged stored energy
mechanism. The control voltage of circuit breakers is 220V DC.
Required numbers of motor control centres are provided for the power
plant and these are located near the respective loads/plants.
Motor control centres are drawout type, double front, with degree of
protection IP:52.
Motors rated upto125kW are provided with bi-metallic relays for thermal
overload protection and HRC fuses for short circuit protection. Motors
rated above125kW (upto160kW) are provided with locked rotor protection
in addition to above. Motor starters are direct-on-line type.
Motor starter schemes have provision for 240V supply for space heating
for motors rated above 30kW.
Interposing relays for interface with C&I system are provided, wherever
required.
Local push button stations have metal enclosure of die cast aluminium or
rolled sheet steel of 1.6mm thickness.
Local starters may be provided for exhaust fans, sump pumps etc., as per
requirements of the layout.
LV Busduct
Metal enclosed, natural air cooled, non-segregated phase busducts
(NSPBs) are provided for Interconnection between LV Service
transformers and LV switchgear.
The busduct has aluminium conductor and is suitable for indoor/outdoor
duty with natural cooling.
Conductors and inside surface of enclosures are treated with mat black
paint for efficient heat dissipation.
Bimetallic connectors are provided in case equipment terminals and
material of bus conductor are different.
Bolted and flexible joints for conductor and enclosure are provided at all
equipment terminations.
Busduct is generally supported from ground in outdoor areas and from
ceiling in indoor areas.
SECONDARY WIRING AND TERMINALS
a. All internal wiring for connections to remote equipment shall run to terminal
boards. Spare auxiliary switches, contacts or relay contacts shall also be wired up
to terminal board as per schemes. Wires shall not be jointed or teed-off between
terminal points.
b. Wiring shall be made by 1100-volt grade seven strands PVC insulated copper wire
having a cross-sectional area of not less than 1.5 sq.mm. All connections from CT
leads upto instruments, relays, terminal board shall be made by copper wires of
minimum 2.5 sq.mm size. The cables shall be tested for flammability test as per
applicable standards and shall also withstand service temperature without
deterioration.
c. All wiring shall be made with the Colour Codes specified below:
a) 3 phase AC Connections
Phase 1 (R) Red
Phase 2 (Y) Yellow
Phase 3 (B) Blue
b) 1 phase AC Connections
Phase Red
Neutral Black
c) DC Connections
Positive Red
Negative Blue
Neutral Black
d. Where wiring is subjected to movement, flexible wires having not less than 40
strands, with a minimum cross-sectional area of 2.5 sq. mm. of conductors, shall
be used.
e. Wiring shall be run mostly clear of all metal parts in insulated cleats & shall be
properly routed, neatly bunched. However, PVC wire holders and channels shall
be preferred for running of wiring.
f. Where wiring passes from one compartment to another, the aperture shall be
„Bushed‟ to prevent damage of wires against sheet metal edges. Bushes may
comprise of good quality rubber grommets.
g. Intermodule bus wires shall be kept separate from all other wiring. AC or DC
terminations shall be grouped function-wise as far as possible and labels of the
function shall be affixed.
h. Every wire end for interpanel termination shall be fitted with numbered ferrules of
white or yellow colour having glossy finish with identification number engraved in
black. Ferrules shall be made of moisture and oil resisting insulating material.
Ferrules shall be of interlocked type or tight fitting type. Ferrules shall be so fitted
that they will not get detached, when the wire is removed from the terminal.
j. All wires used internally shall have crimped on tinned copper lugs for terminations.
m. Transparent front covers shall be provided if the terminals are not finger proof.
Terminals shall have marking for terminal identification.
n. Terminal boards shall have separate terminals for incoming and outgoing wires
with not more than two wires connected to any one terminal.
Terminal boards shall have separate terminals for incoming and outgoing
wires with not more than two wires connected to any one terminal.
o. Terminal boards shall be mounted vertically at the side of the cubicle or in the
horizontal rows and properly spaced to have clean wiring arrangement, adequate
access for putting ferrules, making terminations etc.
p. It shall be possible to read the ferrule numbers when the wiring is complete.
Where terminals may be live when the equipment is isolated from the main supply,
these shall be clearly marked on the panel.
q. Spare terminals to the extent of twenty percent of the used terminals shall be
provided for each module.
a. The controls, indications and alarms shall be provided as per enclosed schemes.
b. The location of control for switchgear shall be either the control room, local to the
equipment controlled, on the switchgear or in any combination of these as per
typical schemes enclosed with Section-C. Control-Selector-Switch shall be
provided accordingly.
c. All switchgear comprising of withdrawable units shall have test feature, where
specified in Data Sheet A, for operation check-up purposes. This will allow manual
and/or electrical closing and tripping of switchgear with power connection
disconnected both at the bus and circuit ends. In the TEST position, all incoming &
outgoing remote electrical controls and interlocks shall not cause the switchgear
equipment to be operated manually or otherwise.
d. Means for simulation testing shall be provided, where called for in Data Sheet A.
e. Circuit breaker control switches shall be operated in clockwise direction for closing
the circuit breaker and anti-clockwise for opening (tripping) and shall automatically
return to the neutral (mid-position).
f. The alarm bell in alarm circuits shall be suitable for the duty imposed on it by the
ringing cycle as per scheme.
b. Moving portion of each circuit breaker unit shall consist of 3 or 4 poles, with
common operating mechanism, primary and secondary disconnecting
(isolating) devices, auxiliary switches, mechanical position indicator and
necessary wiring all mounted on a robust steel frame work.
d. All the secondary disconnecting devices shall make both in SERVICE & TEST
position of the circuit breakers, unless specified for programmable type
functions and called for in Data Sheet A.
f. Circuit breakers of same current rating shall be fully inter changeable with one
another. The design shall prevent circuit breakers from being taken into TEST
and SERVICE positions of fixed housing of breakers of different ratings. The
arrangement shall be such as to prevent damage to isolating contacts.
g. Positively driven auxiliary switches shall be provided for indication, control &
interlocking. These shall comprise of a minimum 6NO + 6NC contacts in
addition to those required for internal use. These shall be wired up to the
secondary isolating devices. Where the specified number of auxiliary contacts
is not available, the same shall be derived through suitable contact
multiplication.
i. It shall be possible to manually charge the closing spring and close/trip the
breaker without opening door. Access to the device affecting these shall be
possible even with compartment door closed.
j. The circuit breaker shall be provided with the following set of positively driven
mechanical position indicators available on the door front.
Breaker ON/OFF
Breaker SERVICE/TEST/ISOLATED
Breaker closing spring CHARGED/DISCHARGED
The mechanism shall be such that failure of auxiliary spring shall not prevent
tripping and also not cause tripping of closed circuit breaker.
Operating Mechanism
If the circuit breaker is open and the springs charged, the circuit breaker
can be closed & tripped.
If the circuit breaker is closed and the springs charged, there shall be
sufficient energy to trip, close & then trip.
f. Circuit breaker operating mechanism shall be fitted with an electrical shunt trip
coil in addition to mechanically operated hand-tripping device. The electrical
tripping and closing devices shall be suitable for operating from Electrical
(AC/DC) supplies as specified under Data Sheet A. The devices shall operate
satisfactorily at their rated operating temperature over the following range of
voltage variation:
g. All operating coils for use in DC supply shall be connected such that failure of
insulation to earth does not cause the coil to be energised.
h. Tripping & closing circuits shall be provided with fuse or miniature circuit
breaker in each pole on each unit and shall be independent of each other and
all other circuits.
Isolating Devices
a. All circuit breakers shall be connected to their associated bus bars and cables
through isolating power contacts of an approved design which shall be
arranged for operation while main circuit is live but no current is passing.
b. The design shall be such that it is impossible for the isolating contacts to be
opened by force due to current in the primary circuit and shall be inter-locked
with the circuit breaker so that it is impossible to make or break current with
the isolating contact.
Shutters
a. Shutters shall be provided to completely shroud all the fixed isolating contacts of
the circuit breaker both on bus bar & circuit sides.
c. Painted labels shall be provided to indicate whether the shutters are bus bar
shutters or cable shutters.
d. The shutter for fixed isolating contacts connected to bus bars and cables shall
have means for temporarily fixing the shutters in an open position to facilitate
inspection or testing.
a. Circuit breaker shall be of single break type. The fixed and moving contact
system shall be suitable for easy dismantling and replacement.
b. Circuit breakers shall be provided with an arc control device for each pole, a set
of fixed and moving contacts with an arc shield between poles.
c. Arc control devices shall be so placed that any emission shall not cause break
down or damage to insulation.
The circuit breaker being withdrawn from or inserted into the primary
isolating contacts when the circuit breaker is closed & the plug for
secondary disconnection where provided is not fully engaged.
The breaker cubicle door being opened unless the breaker is in the
OFF (or ISOLATED) condition.
b. Mechanical trip on circuit breakers (so as to prevent manual trip). Also refer to
clause no.4.1.2.9.
a. The circuit breaker, where specified in Data Sheet A, shall have built-in releases
for overload, short circuit, earth fault & under voltage protection depending upon
the functional requirements.
c. The releases shall act on a common trip bar to trip the circuit breaker.
d. The releases shall be housed such as to make them tamper proof but at the
same time easily accessible for carrying out the desired settings.
e. Setting for the overload release shall be through a graduated scale and a fine
pointer accessible and visible from the front of the breaker.
f. The short circuit release and under voltage release and earth fault release shall
have a clock work timer to delay the tripping and these shall be visible and
accessible from front to enable easy adjustments.
g. Facility for testing of all type of release by means of secondary injection shall be
provided.
Breaking no load, full load and locked rotor current of induction motors as
stated above.
c. Withdraw able contactor starter units shall be provided with means for
mechanically indicating the SERVICE and other positions of trolley.
d. The starter units shall carry designation labels in terms of module type codes,
signifying the function of the unit. Labels indicating these shall be affixed on fixed
and withdraw able portion of the unit.
f. Interlocks shall be provided to ensure that the unit access door can only be
opened when the associated isolating device is open. Defeat interlock facility
shall be provided.
g. The selection of rating of power component and the coordination with protective
devices shall be done based on motor rating and characteristics. The type of co-
ordination required shall be as specified in Data Sheet A in accordance with
applicable standard.
h. Components of the contactor starter units shall meet the stipulations under
clause 5.0.
SWITCH FUSE UNITS
a. These units shall preferably comprise of switches having integral fuses, called
composite units. Alternatively, combination units of separate switch and fuse
may also be acceptable.
b. These units shall be provided for general purpose i.e. incoming or outgoing units
on switchgear.
c. The units shall be of the air break air insulated type, and designed to ensure
safety to operating personnel.
d. Composite units shall have integral fuses. The design shall ensure that the
moving contact is not live when switch is open i.e. in OFF position, so as to
facilitate removal of fuse.
e. The switch shall be capable of breaking 3 times the normal rated current at 0.3
power factor and 110% rated voltage, and making and carrying the system
prospective fault current, but limited in magnitude and duration by the cut off
characteristics of the largest HRC fuse link that may be fitted to that unit.
f. The fixed contact shall be so shrouded that maintenance of the unit can be
carried out in safety with the bus bars live.
g. Where one isolating switch is used as the incoming device, the incoming side
fixed contacts shall be shrouded to ensure that maintenance can be carried out
with the remote fuse and switch closed.
j. Composite switch-fuse or the combination of switch and fuse shall meet the
requirements of its components specified in clause 5.0.
a. Moulded case circuit breakers (MCCBs) shall be provided when called for in
Data Sheet A for use in lieu of switch fuse for the motor controls.
c. Power closing device for remote operation may be provided, if indicated in Data
Sheet A.
d. Operating mechanism shall be quick make, quick break and trip free type.
e. The ON, OFF & TRIP positions of the MCCB shall be clearly indicated so as to
be visible to the operator when mounted as in service. Front of board operating
handle shall be provided.
h. MCCB terminals shall be shrouded and designed to receive cable lugs for cable
sizes relevant to circuit ratings.
i. Overload inverse time release and other releases shall be provided as specified
in Data Sheet A / BOM /Schemes.
Volts: 220 kV
Amperes: 1200A
Breaking capacity: Symmetrical 26.31 kA
Equivalent 10000 MVA
Asymmetrical 32.1 kA
Making capacity: Peak 67.1 kA
Short circuit time: 3 sec. 26.3 kA
Closing coil voltage: 220V DC
Tripping coil voltage: 220V DC
Working pressure: Max. 28.1 kg/cm2-g
Min. 26.0 kg/cm2-g
Lockout pressure: 21.1 kg/cm2-g
2. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER (ABB)
Volts: 245 kV
Amperes: 1200A
Breaking capacity: Symmetrical 31.5 kA
Asymmetrical 38.4 kA
Short circuit time: 3 sec. 31.5 kA
Closing coil voltage: 220V DC
Tripping coil voltage: 220V DC
RIL at 50 Hz: 480 kV
VI impulse: 1.2/50 s 1050 kV per sec.
U switching impulse: first pole to clear 1.3
Mass: 1830 Kg
Working pressure: Max. 27.31 kg/cm2-g
2. NO VOLTAGE RELAY
English Electric type VAG11 picks up and trips incoming main supply breaker when
bus voltage goes down by 25%
ISOLATING SWITCH
a. All switches shall have visible ON/OFF position indication and shall be pad
lockable in any (ON/OFF) position.
c. It shall not be possible to gain access to inside the unit unless the isolating
switch is in OFF position.
e. The switches shall be suitable for independent manual operation from the front
of the switchboard without opening the door.
f. The switch contacts shall be of silver alloy or silver plated copper and springs of
non-corrosive material.
Switch shall be capable of disconnecting the load from the bus bars in case the
contactor has welded in and is carrying the stalled rotor current as high as 8
times full load current at a power factor of 0.3.
CONTACTORS
a. Contactors shall be of the air break type fitted with arc shields.
b. The operating coil shall be suitable for satisfactory operation in the range of
85% - 110% of nominal voltage specified under the Data Sheet A. The coil
shall be tropicalized having insulation not less than class „E‟.
c. Butt contacts of the rolling self-cleaning type shall be utilized and all portions
likely to suffer from arcing shall be easily removable.
d. The contactor shall be capable of closing onto system prospective symmetrical
fault current, as specified under Data Sheet A, backed up by the largest HRC
fuse appropriate to the rating of the contactor. This capability shall be backed
up by test results or calculations based on comparison of let-through energies.
e. Electrically independent auxiliary contacts not less than 2NO + 2NC for remote
interlocking and indication shall be fitted to individual contactor.
b. The fuses carriers shall be easily withdraw able for replacement of fuse.
Insulated fuse pullers shall be provided where fuses are not mounted in
insulating carriers to remove and replace fuses in live conditions.
c. Live terminals of fuse bases shall be shrouded to prevent contact with personnel
where fuse links are not mounted in carriers and are directly plugged into the
fuse base. Interphase barriers extending throughout the length of the fuse base
shall be provided to prevent interphase short circuit. They shall be shrouded
from all sides to prevent accidental contact.
d. Fuse carriers and bases shall be of good quality moulded insulating material.
Porcelain fuse bases and carriers will not be accepted.
e. The rating and characteristics of fuse links shall be chosen appropriately for
short circuit protection of circuits downstream, while fulfilling the following:
a. All contactor starter for motor shall be provided with ambient temperature
compensated thermal overload relay, closely matching the thermal withstand
characteristics of motor and affording full protection under all conditions of
loading.
b. Relay shall either have a pair of 1NO + 1NC contact or a set of change over
contacts.
d. Attention shall be paid to the selection of proper overload relay for motors driving
high inertia equipment and having long starting time. Relay shall have calibrated
dial for site adjustment as per full load current of motor.
e. Current transformers where used for feeding the thermal over load relays shall
be exclusive for this purpose.
f. The resetting of the relay subsequent to its operation shall be possible without
opening the compartment doors.
g. The setting range of relay chosen shall preferably be 80% - 120% of full load
current of corresponding motor, to allow for adjustment at site.
h. Thermal overload relays shall provide built in single phasing protection upto a
minimum of 50% of motor full load current, unless separate single phasing
protection is asked for.
c. The relay to achieve the protection shall be provided with either a set of change
over contacts or a pair of 1 NO + 1 NC contacts.
e. The relay shall be stable under such transient conditions as may occur on the
system.
f. The relay shall provide effective protection under all conditions of loading.
g. The relay shall be inoperative during starting conditions with heavy inrush of
each motor.
h. It shall be possible to reset the relay after its operation without opening the
compartment door.
a. Meters to be fixed in the switchboard shall be panel mounted, flush type and
suitable for rear terminal connection.
b. Meters and instruments shall be enclosed in dust proof; moisture resistant black
finished cases and shall be suitable for tropical use. Instruments shall be
suitable for operation from the secondary windings of CTs and VTs.
d. All the divisions and the quantity to be measured shall be clearly marked.
Instruments shall conform to applicable standard and shall have class 2
accuracy having black numerals and lettering on white anti- parallax dial with
knife-edge pointer. Indicating instruments may be of moving iron type or taut
band.
e. Ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter shall have scale range 150% of the rated
circuit value. In motor circuits, the ammeter shall have suppressed scale to
indicate eight times full load current. The ammeter shall have accuracy clause
2.5 for the suppressed scale.
b. All protection relays shall be of withdrawable type with built-in testing facilities,
with provision for inspection, maintenance and replacement. Where built-in test
facility is not provided for a particular relay, separate suitable test block shall be
provided on the panel for this purpose.
c. Relays shall have silver to silver contacts with wiping action and shall be capable
of making and carrying maximum currents of the associated circuit. Relay
contacts shall be capable of breaking such current unless provision is made for
breaking such currents elsewhere in the circuit. Contact of the relay shall be
capable of repeated operation without deterioration.
d. Relays, which are connected to complete either the tripping circuits of circuit
breaker or the operation, coil of the tripping relay shall be fitted with an externally
operated hand reset type mechanical flag indicator. Each indicator shall be
provided with inscription to identify the nature of faults. Indicator shall be capable
of being reset by hand without opening the relay case.
f. Marking for the colour of the phase on which the relay is to be used shall be
provided on the front.
g. Protective relays which initiate tripping shall not have less than two independent
pairs of contacts.
h. Current coils of relays shall be rated for the secondary current of the associated
CT.
i. D.C. relays used for tripping shall operate even when the supply voltage is
reduced to 50% of rated voltage.
k. The relay ranges and actual settings shall be properly coordinated to achieve
adequate discrimination between various electrical equipment in the distribution
system and at the same time ensure adequate safety to equipment protected.
l. Generally, the over current and earth fault protection shall have inverse time
characteristics
Stalling protection.
a. CTs shall be air insulated having insulation class E or better, cast resin type and
shall be capable to withstand the thermal and mechanical stresses resulting from
maximum short circuit and momentary current rating of the switchgear.
b. CTs for air circuit breakers shall be mounted on the fixed portion of the
switchgear (except CTs for built in release system) and remote from the bus bar.
c. CT primary current shall be as near as possible to, but not less than the full load
thermal rating of the associated circuit. CT secondary shall have either 1Amp or
5Amp rating and polarity shall be marked in a suitable manner. The ratings shall
be adequate to cater for the burden of connected instruments and relays, lead
resistance and VA burden of remote instruments.
d. Protection CTs shall have an accuracy limit factor greater or equal to 10 and
accuracy class of 5P.
e. Measuring CTs shall have accuracy class 1.0 and instrument security factor of
not more than 5.
h. CTs shall be of bar primary/ wound primary type capable of carrying the rated
primary current.
d. All Bus VTs for protection/ metering shall have voltage rating of
(Nominal System Voltage / 3) / (110 / 3)
so that secondary voltage shall be 110 volts phase to phase when the secondary
winding is star connected. The accuracy class of protection/metering VTs shall
be 1.0. VTs shall have an output rating adequate to cater to the burden
connected to them.
e. Control transformers used for motor contactor operation shall have output rating
adequate for proper and satisfactory operation of all the contactors fitted to the
switchboard at the maximum secondary transient current with the minimum
voltages prevailing on the bus.
f. Separate control transformer shall be provided for individual motor starter unit if
indicated in.
a. The rating and other features of the switches shall be suitable for the application
for the control and selector switch. The number of position and the number of
contacts or ways required for each switch shall be as indicated.
b. Control and selector switches shall be stay put or spring return to neutral type,
provided with properly designated escutcheon plates clearly marked to show
operating position.
c. The switches shall be suitable for semi-flush mounting with the front plate and
operating handle projecting out. All connection to the switches shall be from the
back.
f. The arrangement for front mounting of these devices shall be such as to make
them reasonably dust free so as not to interfere with normal operation.
[Circuit Breaker Controls for Motor feeders are part of Process control system].
Synchronising is not envisaged from CRT control system.
The operation philosophy for control of circuit breakers from ECB is given below:
i) The breaker to be controlled is selected by means of an illuminated push-
button.
ii) This activates common circuit breaker control switch, common synchronising
mode selector switch and common trip selector switch and associated LEDs
as applicable.
iii) The selected circuit breaker is controlled now through common circuit
breaker control switch.
iv) Resetting of Circuit breaker selector push button, common circuit breaker
control switch, common synchronising mode selector switch, common trip
selector switch and associated LEDs as applicable is done by means of a
common control reset push button.
If all the above conditions are satisfied (as the instructions are sent through an AND
gate) , then only a time pulse of 0.50 sec. is sent to the switch-gear to close the O/G
CB.
For the first condition, we give three instruction as shown in the logic control diagram :
CB TRIP (*) as an insturtion to trip,
B<CB TAG> to select,
The state of the O/G CB(i.e closed).
If the three clauses are satisfied, then it is passed through a current transformer.
For the second condition, we take the following considerations as given in the logic
control diagram : O/G CB is closed.
Both the I/C CB are open.
If the above clauses are satisfied, then it is passed through a potential transformer.
If either of the above two conditions are satisfied( as passed through an OR gate),
a pulse is sent from the DCS to the switch-gear to trip the O/G CB.
BATTERY, CHARGERS, DISTRIBUTION BOARDS AND STARTER PANELS
220V DC system is provided for unit and station DC loads like switchgear,
protection, emergency lighting, DC drives etc.
The batteries are stationary, lead-acid type. The batteries are complete
with connectors & other accessories and supported on racks.
Following protections are provided for the batteries and the battery
chargers:
Fuse/MCCB for short circuit protection of battery.
Earth fault protection.
Current limiting, DC under voltage & over-voltage and AC
under voltage protection for charger.
2. 220V DC Distribution Board (DCDB)
A 220V DC Distribution Board is envisaged for feeding DC loads of each
unit and associated station equipment.
The audio communication systems in a thermal power station, play a very important
role in coordinating power station, play a very important role in coordinating the
activities of various departments and
efficient operations, management control.
Every station has the facility for carrying out simultaneous communication in paging
and private modes independently. On the paging mode, communication is heard over
all the loudspeakers of all the stations and this is used to locate plant personnel and
also to convey message of general nature. On the private mode, conservation is carried
over the telephone handsets and this is used actual conservation, exchange of
information and issue specific instruction.
This system cannot be connected with any P&T exchange. Accordingly, approval of
post and telegraph department is not required in its installation and RAX works
independently.
Radio paging system is used in power stations for communication between persons
apart within a range of appropriately 1 KM radius.
Generator control
1. The control, monitoring, measurement, annunciation, synchronising and
sequential event logging for each generator and its subsystem shall be provided
on the DCS.
I. Provision in the plant control system shall be made for the starting, bringing
rated voltage and speed, initiation of synchronising, operation, annunciation and
monitoring, alarm, data logging, recording and sequential event recording for
generator and its excitation system from the DCS. The minimum requirements of
the measurements are indicated in the Main One Line diagram
II. One no. Of synchronising panel/trolley shall be provided through which the
synchronising of all the GCB &breakers in 220 kV switchyard can be
synchronised by plugging the control cable into socket provided on each Control
panel of the respective breaker. This synchronising trolley shall have all the
necessary equipments &meters for carrying out the manual synchronisation. The
Raise/Lower commands for carrying out the manual synchronisation. The
Raise/Lower commands for the same also be done through the trolley itself.
Apart from this the Auto synchronising facility shall be made available to auto
synchronise the above breakers through DCS.
III. The interlocks for the auxiliary power supply system shall be hard wired
interlocks.
a. Controls
Control of all the Incomers, bus ties of all the electrical switchboards except
outgoing fedres from main Lightning Distribution Board, DCDB &UPS DB,
shall be carried out from the DCS. It shall also have the facility to carry out
the live changeovers at all the switchboards at 6.6kV&400 V. Remote
position, service position, breaker health, permissive for interlock set shall
be considered as input to the DCS system.
Synchronising gear shall be housed in the respective switchboards.
All transformers with OLTC shall have provision for control viz. Issuing
raise/lower command to OLTC from plant DCS system
Control of generator excitation and governor system shall be possible from
plant DCS including mode selection and set point control for various
parameters viz. MW,MVAR&P.F. controls
Selector switch for the operation of equipment shall be at respective control
panel.
Initiation of auto synchroniser.
DG start, voltage Raise/Lower, speed Raise/Lower, DG breaker closing
shall be possible from DCS. Local/Remote and Auto/Manual selection will
be done at DG set control panel. Selector switch for the operation of
equipment shall be at respective control panel. All the necessary controls
required for synchronising the DG set &stopping of DG set after resumption
of Normal power shall be included in the DCS.
b. MONITORING
i. Indication-status of GCB, other breakers(ON, OFF, service, test) position of
Local/Remote selector switches, spring charged indication etc.,
ii. Abnormal conditions to be considered for alarm inputs to DCS are:
I. Event logging shall be provided for all manual operations and relay operations
as detailed below:
(a) Status of each breaker of all equipment being controlled, isolators and earth
switches.
(b) Close and open commands
(c) Selector switch positions.
(d) Each protective relay, trip relay, alarm relay operation. Event logging for each
phase shall be provided wherever applicable (e.g. 3-poles of line circuit breaker,
distance relay output contacts, generator protections, fuse fail alarm, etc.)
(e) Event logger shall be a part of the DCS with first up feature. It shall have a time
resolution of 1ms.
(f) Trip contacts of the complete electrical installation/equipments in the station viz.
Battery charger, UPS Generator, all transformer, electrical switchboards etc. Are
to be included.
II. Trending of parameters during disturbance shall be with resolution of 0.5/1.9
sec., and at 15 minutes during normal operation. The change from normal mode
to disturbance mode shall be through threshold/gradient settings provided in the
system for analog quantities and external binary signals obtained from selected
protective relays. Capturing of momentarily values of all these parameters shall
also be possible triggered either by a protective relay or by a manual keyboard
command.
5. Synchronising
Generator (Manual and through auto synchroniser).
Synchronising facility shall be provided for the generator through auto
synchroniser in auto mode and with the help of double voltmeter, double
frequency meter, and synchroscope and check synchronising relay permissive
condition in the manual mode.
6.6kV Incomer &tie circuit breakers shall have facility for fast and slow auto
changeover/manual synchronising and dead bus closing.
400V switch board /MCC incomer and bus coupler breakers shall have facility for
dead bus auto changeover/ manual live transfer.
Synchronizing facility with check feature has been provided for all 220KV breakers.
Whenever a breaker is proposed to be closed, its synchronizing switch should be
unlocked and synchronizing check relay by pass switch is in circuit position. It is
ensured that voltage and frequency of the incoming and running supplies are nearly
same, and the red „out of synchronism lamp is not continuously on. After the breaker
has been closed, its synchronizing switch should be returned to off position and
locked.
Synchronizing check relay SKE prevents closing of a breaker when incoming
and running supplies are out of synchronism. This relay has to be
bypassed when closing a breaker one side of, which is dead.
ZONE DETECTOR
TIMING 2 AUXILIARIES
Y3X
RANGE
EXTENSION 2X2X EARTH FAULT
REACTANCE
UNITS X2
9. Meter-ABT complain Tri-vector meters of accuracy class shall be 0.2s for lines,
UAT and generator metering.
10. Transducers
I. The contractor shall provided all the transducers for electrical system either in
respective switchgear/control panels. All the transducers shall be self-powered.
II. The transducers shall comply with the requirements specified for transducers in
electrical section.
i. With this configuration, the load is divided between two bus bar sections due to
reasons of redundancy.
ii. The coupling circuit-breaker usually remains open.
iii. Both feeders are in operation.
iv. In case of disturbance of one feeder, these follow a transfer from the circuit
breaker of the disturbed feeder to the coupling circuit breaker.
v. The circuit breaker which had previously been the feeder is opened and the
bus bar coupling is closed.
vi. After that, both bus bar sections are supplied by one feeder.
vii. Once the disturbed is again available, a manually-initiated transfer back can be
executed in order to restore normal status once again.
In order to ensure optimal utilization of the SUE 3000, the following prerequisites
should be fulfilled:
Fast protective relays for initiation of the High Speed Transfer Device
A significant task of the SUE 3000 is to ensure that when there is an initiation, a
minimum short transient time is achieved, the transient effects of which represent
no danger to the connected users during the transfer.
For this purpose, the SUE 3000 is equipped with a fast processing logic as well
as a high- precision analogue signal processing.
The device compares, on a permanent basis, the voltage of the busbar with the
voltage of the stand-by feeder. The following synchronicity criteria are generated
from out of the monitoring of the voltage amplitudes as well as the difference of
the frequency and of the phase angle:
Ø < Ømax Phase Angle
The phase angle is determined between the voltage of the bus-bar and that of the
stand-by feeder. The limit values for building the synchronicity criteria can be adjusted
individually for leading and aging busbars. A typical setting value is 200.
∆f < ∆fmax frequency difference
The system determines the frequency difference between bus bar voltage and the
voltage of the stand-by feeder. In view of the transfer process, the frequency difference
provided permits indications of the running down behavior of the connected consumers
(e.g. of medium- voltage motors) as well as their dynamic loads. The usual factory
setting is 1HZ
The monitoring of the voltage level of the stand-by feeder is an important criterion
relevant the transfer: The SUE 3000 is only then ready for transfer when an intact
stand-by feeder is available. UMin1 is set at the factory to 80% UNominal
The value of the bus bar voltage plays an important role in the selection of the transfer
mode: In case the bus bar lies below a present value (U –usually set to 70% UNominal ),
no fast transfer is carried out.
Permanent determination of the network conditions
This fact clearly distinguishes the high speed transfer device sue 300
from competing concepts.
The high speed transfer device is ready for operation only when both circuit breakers to
be actuated are definitely to be found in different switching statuses (plausibility
monitoring) and also in operating position.
Transfer modes
Decisive for the kind of transfer carried out are the network relationships in the instant
of initiation of the High Speed Transfer Device. Here the corresponding optimum
transfer mode is selected, taking the physical interrelationships into consideration.
Four different transfer modes are available in detail:
Fast Transfer
Transfer at the 1st phase coincidence
Residual voltage transfer
The fast transfer is the optimum transfer mode for ensuring in case of fault that only a
minimum interruption of the voltage supply occurs. Should it be that the network status
does not permit this mode, and then less rapid transfer modes are selected.
Figure5.1 shows the typical decay characteristics (voltage and frequency) of a
disconnected bus bar and the possible closing moments.
The transfer modes are explained in brief below:
Fast Transfer
The execution of fast transfers is the most preferred and most important
functional principle of the SUE 3000
A fast transfer takes place when the both the main and the stand-by feeder are
within specified limit values at the moment of initiation, e.g. that slip and phase
angle are limited between the networks and the stand-by voltage lies above a
minimum value.
Here the open and close commands to the circuit breaker from the High Speed
Transfer Device are issued as a rule synchronously.
The current-free transfer time occurring in this case for the users is exclusively
dependent upon the difference between the operating time for closing and
opening the circuit concerned.
Because these usually fall within the range of a few milliseconds with modern
circuit breakers, one can assume an uninterrupted further operation of the
installation.
An exemplary oscillogram of a fast transfer with a current transfer time (dead
time) of appropriately 20 ms.
Note
Fast transfer condition/synch. Condition
Line Voltage > Set Value (min 85%) & Max 110%
Bus Voltage > Set Value (Min 80%)
Phase Angle diff. Between Unit Bus 1CA & 1CB volt.<Set Value (Max
20o)
Phase Diff. Between Unit I/C -1 & 1CA Volt. <Set Value
(Min 200)
Slow transfer condition
Fast Transfer Has Failed
Bus Voltage <Set Value (Max 20%)
I/C -1 & B/C OFF For B/C Close, B/C OFF For I/C-1 Close.
Under Normal Working Condition I/C-1 and I/C-2 ON And B/C Off.
Similar Logic Shall Be Applicable For I/C-2 Also.
Transfer at the 1st phase coincidence
The transfer at the 1st phase is executed when there are no synchronized
conditions present at the moment of initiation, so that no fast transfer can be
carried out, due to physical reasons.
First, the previous feeder will be opened without delay.
Afterwards, the connected users are without power supply and run down in
accordance with their specific characteristics curves.
For the connection of the stand-by feeder, a variety of points in time are possible
at which an adherence to physical limit values is ensured.
For the transfer at the 1st phase coincidence, the open command is issued
immediately and the connection of the stand-by network takes place in the first
minimum of the difference of stand-by and bus bar voltage (UStand-by –UBusbar)
Connection window (dependent upon breaker closing
time and d /dt)
A very important characteristic of the SUE 3000 high speed transfer Device
is that the selection of the transfer mode carried out takes place
dynamically in connection with respective current network relationships.
If one starts from the premises of networks which are usually synchronized,
then fast transfers as a general rule will be carried out.
If the networks are not synchronized at the point of time of the initiation,
then no fast transfer takes place. The current-free interlude time that then
arise are different, depending on the installation involved, whereby the load
to be switched over determines the run-down behavior of the bus-bar
voltage and with it the transfer duration.
2 NO of 2 1 2 2
Modules
3 GENERATROR
4 GENERATOR TRANSFOMER
(i) GTG-GT 273MVA at 50 163/218/273MVA 220.6MVA at 50 242.6MVA at 40
degree C , at 50 degree C degree C , degree C ,
230/15.75kV ,420/16.75kV 420/16.5kV 420/15.75kV
(ii) STG-GT 153MVA at 50 -------- 292.4MVA at 50 146.9MVA at 40
degree C, degree C , degree C ,
230/15.75kV 420/16.5kV 420/15.75kV