PROJECT REPORT

PROJECT REPORT


ON
ON
PRAGATI POWER CO. LTD.
PRAGATI POWER CO. LTD.

(SUMMER TRAINNING REPORT) (SUMMER TRAINNING REPORT)
SUMBITTED BY:- SUMBITTED BY:-
(MECHANICAL STUDENTS) (MECHANICAL STUDENTS)
RISHABH SETHI RISHABH SETHI
CHANDRAKANT PANT CHANDRAKANT PANT
ANKUSH SAXENA ANKUSH SAXENA
SIMRAT SINGH SIMRAT SINGH
ARUN SHARMA ARUN SHARMA

OF OF
ARAVALI COLLEGE OF ENGG. & MGMT.
ARAVALI COLLEGE OF ENGG. & MGMT.
FARIDABAD. FARIDABAD.



PRAGATI POWER CORPORATION LTD.


Introduction to P.P.C.L.
Pragati Power Corporation Ltd. is a 330 MW combined cycle gas power plant. It is a Delhi Govt. owned plant. he plant is sit!ated in the
heart o" the city Delhi near gate no. # o" Pragati Maidan. he power plant is a master piece o" engineering by PPCL$ %&'L and L(
engineers who p!t their )oint e""ort and erect s!ch a h!ge power plant in )!st #* acres o" land. he plant has been installed at a total cost
o" +s ##00 crores$ o!t o" which *0, has been "inanced by Power -inance Corporation Ltd.
he "irst gas t!rbine o" the plant was commissioned in May .00. and second G in December .00..
he combined plant is operational since /!ly .003.
he gas "or the pro)ect is provided thro!gh G0IL pipeline.
Salient features of Pragati Power Station
Gas Turbine1 two G' -rame 2' based DL3 gas t!rbine with M0+4 5 control system. wo t!rbines o"
#06 MW$ each r!n on nat!ral gas. 7!pplied by %&'L &yderabad.
Steam Turbine1 7iemens based #.. MW steam t!rbines 4W8 based governing system. Wor9ing press!re
o" :0 4g;cm.$ 5.0 degree centigrade <&P=$ and 5 4g;cm.$ .0. degree centigrade <LP=. 7!pplied by %&'L
&aridwar.
HRSG1 two &+7Gs o" individ!al gas t!rbines have been engineered$ man!"act!red$ erected and
commissioned by %&'L ir!chi.
0!>iliary plants and e?!ipments incl!ding plant air compresser$ air washers$ 'CW$ 0CW$ heat e>changers$
cooling towers$ +@DM$ -ire "ighting system have been engineered$ erected and commissioned by L(.
Technical Particulars
DESCRIPTI! P"RTIC#L"RS
Plant Con"ig!ration
Plant Capacity
G @!tp!t
7 @!tp!t
-!el
Main
7!pplement
.GGA.&+7GA#GG
330 MW
.B#06 MW
#.. MW
3at!ral Gas
3aphtha ( &7D
C!$IG#R"TI! $ PR"G"TI P%ER ST"TI!&
'()*+ ,GT- . )'',STG- / 00* 1%
D!e to pa!city o" water this plant was designed to operate on treated sewage water which is being s!pplied
"rom 7en 3!rsing &ome ( Delhi Gate 7Ps.
'mission o" o>ides o" nitrogen <3o>= has been limited to 35 PPM$ lowest in the co!ntry$ "or which special
technology is !sed by installing Dry Low 3o> Comb!stors.
With the commissioning o" Pragati Power 7tation$ total capacity o" IPGCL ( PPCL is 22+.31% and all o!r
e""orts are made to ma>imiCe the generation
.
0 contract was signed with M;s %&'L "or installation o" 330MW gas based power plant in the vicinity o"
..0D$ I.P. '>tension$ 7witchyard on 05.05..003. he station is comprised o" .>#06MW gas t!rbines o" G
-rameE2' and #>#..MW steam t!rbine. he Waste &eat emanating "rom gas t!rbines is being !tiliCed to
generate #..MW power thro!gh steam t!rbine. he hot gases o" 5F0
o
centigrade with a mass "low o" appro>.
#6000 metric ton per ho!r is passed thro!gh 0. 3os. waste heat recovery boilers o" generate steam. he
environmental "riendly ?!ality power generation thro!gh this station is p!mped to ..09D 7!b 7tation o" Delhi
ransco Limited and the entire power is being !tiliCed by citiCen o" Delhi.
he primary "!el "or gas t!rbine is nat!ral gas being s!pplied by M;s G0IL thro!gh &%/ pipe line. he gas is
received at G0IL erminal installed in the vicinity o" the power station. M;s G0IL is committed to s!pply #.*5
MCMD o" gas on daily basis. he caloric val!e o" nat!ral gas being received "or power generation is in the
band o" :.00E:500 9ilocalories. he secondary "!el "or gas t!rbine id &7D;3aptha$ which is to be !sed only in
case no gas s!pply is available. DemineraliCed water is in)ected to control 3o>. While machine is operated on
Li?!id "!el i.e. &7D;3aptha.
R"% %"TER
+aw water re?!irement is met thro!gh 7ewage treated water being drawn "rom 7en 3!rsing &ome
and Delhi Gate 7ewage reatment plant. he demineralised water re?!irement "or steam generation is met !p
thro!gh sewage treated water by treating this thro!gh +@DM <reverse osmosis deEmineraliCed= process. he
prod!ction o" cooling water re?!irement "or condenser and other e?!ipment is also met thro!gh 7W a"ter
processing thro!gh Lime so"tening system. he plant e""l!ent is discharged to river Gam!na a"ter nat!raliCing
and th!s the e""l!ent discharge is better than sewage water. In"act cleaner water is being discharged to Gam!na
+iver$ ma9ing the pro)ect more ecoE"riendly.
E1ISSI! C!TRL
In order to control on "l!e gas emission speci"ically 3o> ( C@. a special emphasis being given. o
control 3o>. ( C@.$ 7tate o" art$ Dry Low 3o>.<DL3= %!rners have been installed on gas t!rbine while on
nat!ral gas. While the machine is to r!n on &7D;3aphtha water in)ection arrangement has been provided to
control the 3o>. ( C@
.
at present the val!e o" 3o>. ( C@. is in order on #*E#: PPM and 6..., respectively
on base load while @. is #5,. he allowable limit o" 3o> 0pproved by DPCC <Delhi Poll!tion Control
Committee= is 35 PPM.
his is the "irst plant in India with a "acility to control 3o>. 'mission and is an ecoE"riendly power
station. 0lso a thic9 belt o" plantation has been grown on periphery o" the power plant and small slim %7 inside
the power plant to ma9e it environment "riendly.
S4ecial features of 4ragati Power Station
#. It has been b!ilt !pon abandoned ash disposal area o" I.P station power plant.
.. he land condition has been improved by !sing sandEpile technology.
3. G !ses most advanced Dry Low 3@
>
%!rners restricting 3@
>
emission level to .5 ppm.
6. Mar9 5 control system o" the G ma9es it most reliable "or "a!lt "ree operation.
5. 3o "resh water is being !sedH the treated sewage water "rom the two plants o" D./.% is being
!sed. '>cess drainage water shall be treated in e""l!ent treatment plant$ which will go as waste in
nat!ral drain.
F. 7olid waste will be converted into ca9e "orm and will be !sed "or "illing low line area.
*. Water treatment plant is divided into three parts1E
a= +@DM1 his technology has been !sed "or "irst time in north India.
b= LIM' 7@-3I3G 7G7'M1 It is !sed "or cooling water.
c= '--L8'3 +'0M'3 PL031 to maintain Cero water poll!tion$ only treated e""l!ent
water will be discharged into nat!ral drainage.
:. he plant has been planned and been e>ec!ted in small area o" #* acres on two sides o" e>isting
IP e>tension ..0 4D grid station.
2. he pro)ect has in b!ilt power evac!ation "acilities at site thro!gh e>isting ..0 4D grid station.
#0.0s regards poll!tion norms o" Water and 0ir Poll!tion$ this plant is operating well within the
prescribed norms and it is going to sell its carbon credit in the global mar9et to ma9e additional
money "rom ecoE"riendly operation.
##. he plant will be operated on gas as "!el "or which agreement has been signed with G"IL.
#.. D!el "!el 3aphtha$ to be operated on gas t!rbine when the same is available. 0.3*5 Million
metric ones per ann!m 3aphtha has been allocated to the pro)ect.

G"S T#R5I!E
PPCL G C&0M%'+ <@87ID' DI'W=
Introduction
Gas t!rbines are steady "low power machines in which a gas <!s!ally air= is compressed$ heated$ and
e>panded "or the p!rpose o" generating power. he term turbine is the component which delivers power "rom
the gas as it e>pandsH it is also called an e>pander. he term gas turbine re"ers to a complete power machine.
he term gas t!rbine is o"ten shortened to simply t!rbine$ which can lead to con"!sion with the term "or an
e>pander.
Gas t!rbines may deliver their power in the "orm o" tor?!e or one o" several mani"estations o"
pne!matic power$ s!ch as the thr!st prod!ced by the highEvelocity )et o" an aircra"t prop!lsion gas t!rbine
engine. Gas t!rbine machines vary in siCe "rom large$ .50$000Ehp !tility machines$ to small a!tomobile$ tr!c9$
and motorcycle t!rbochargers prod!cing as little as 5 hp.
Gas t!rbines are !sed in electric power generation$ prop!lsion$ and compressor and p!mp drives.
he most e""icient power generation systems in commercial service are gas t!rbine combined cycle plants with
powerEtoE"!el energy e""iciencies o" more than 50, <higher heating val!e basis= or 55, <lower heating val!e
basis=. 7ystems 've points higher in e""iciency are now !nder development and are being o""ered commercially
and systems o" even higher e""iciency are considered "easible.
PPCL G C&0M%'+
Constructional features&

Compressor 7tages #*
!rbine 7tages 3
3!mber o" Comb!stors #6
Press!re +atio #..F
-iring emperat!re <IC= ##.6
G 7peed <rpm= 3000
2E Design features&
#. #* 7tage a>ial Compressor
.. !rbine (0ccessory bases are s9id mo!nted
3. 0ccessory base contains starting system$ L!be oil console$ sha"t driven accessory gear bo>
driving L!be$ -!el$ hydra!lic oil and atomiCing air compressor
6. &oney comb seals "or .nd (3rd stages
5. #st ( .nd stage b!c9ets ( 3oCCles are air cooled
F. Motor; 7-C starting "acility
*. &ot end drive
:. Completely pac9aged and "actory assembled$ tested.
Gas Turbine System
1"6R C1P!E!TS $ G"S T#R5I!E
#.I3L' 7G7'M
..C@MP+'77@+
3.8+%I3'
6.C@M%87I@3 7G7'M
5.%'0+I3G7
F.'J&087
Inlet 7 E(haust Dust

he G engine$ by its very nat!re$ re?!ires a considerable mass "low o" air per 4W delivered than
other conventional engines. h!s$ the d!ct siCes will be larger$ i" conventional power plant criteria "or d!cts$
gas velocities are !sed. @" co!rse smaller d!ct siCes re?!ire higher velocities ( res!lting greater press!re loss.
Design consideration or press!re loss. Design considerations or press!re loss in"l!ences depends on -l!id
dynamic and geometric consideration. 3ormally$ when a G !nit is s!pplied on a t!rn9ey basis$ G
man!"act!re optimiCes the press!re loss in the inlet ( e>ha!st system to ma>imiCe o!tp!t ( heat rate o" the
engine. &owever$ in case G inlet ( e>ha!st system are ordered are ordered separately$ the G man!"act!rer
speci"ies corresponding ma>im!m losses in inlet ( e>ha!st system respectively$ at which o!tp!t ( heat rate o"
the machine are g!aranteed. 0ccordingly allowable press!re drop in the d!sting system is decided$ ta9ing into
acco!nt press!re losses in other system components.
"IR $ILTR"TI! S8STE1
C!CEPT
We need -iltration o" inlet air to prevent ingestion o" contaminants to avoid 'rosion$ -o!ling$
Corrosion$ &ot gas path corrosion etc.
-iltration can remove some$ b!t not all s!bstances li9e oil vapo!r$ smo9e which ca!se "o!ling o"
compressor blades. hese are needed to be removed by online or o""line cleaning washing o" compressor !sing
ash "ree detergents.
"ir
0ir cons!med by # G <-rame 2 '= "rom atmosphere is 635 4g;s appro>.
0irborne d!st contains sodi!m ( Potassi!m twice as in soil$ arises "rom "ine particles o" soil$
leads to hot corrosion.
0lso contains hydrocarbon "rom vehic!lar poll!tion and nearby power plants.
Contains other solid$ li?!id and gaseo!s contaminations
Dust Collection
Collection e""iciency varies with particle siCe
E Lower with lower particles siCe.
0s D!st acc!m!lates Press!re Di""erence rises.
G' recommended DP is ..5 inch "or Panel ( 6.0 inch "or sel" cleaning type -ilters
Moist!re tends to increase Press!re Di""erence in "ilters as more particles adhere on s!r"ace.
Contaminated "ir ma9 Cause&
'rosion
-o!ling
Corrosion
&ot Gas Path Corrosion
Cooling Passage Pl!gging
Inlet air filters K he air s!pplied to the gas t!rbine m!st be cleaned and conditioned thoro!ghly and no
imp!rities$ d!st and corrosive chemicals sho!ld be present in it. -or this p!rpose the atmospheric air is passed
thro!gh air "ilter ho!se that contains a n!mber o" small cylindrical "ilters.

Air filters

Air filter house
0"ter this the air is passed thro!gh "in "an air coolers and air washer system "or controlling the temperat!re
and than to the t!rbine.
"ir $iltration at PPCL
##F0 "ilter are "itted in "ilter ho!se.
-or changing o" -ilter 7et$ a s9id with "o!r plat"orms was "abricated and "i>ed with e>isting
tiers "or ?!ic9 changing o" "ilters which saved downtime o" G "rom .6 hrs to Fhrs.
Initially #00, synthetic$ washable type "ilters were !sed$ had only internal cage and did not
have pleat loc9ing.
3ew "ilters o" .0, synthetic media with internal and e>ternal cage along with pleat loc9 and
dimple.
C1PRESSR SECTI!
Descri4tion
he a>ialE"low compressor section consists o" the compressor rotor and the casing. Incl!ded within
the compressor casing are inlet g!ide vanes$ the #* stages o" rotor and stator blading $ and the e>it g!ide vanes.
In the compressor$ air is con"ined to the space between the rotor and stator blading where it is
compressed in stages by a series o" alternate rotating <rotor= and stationary <stator= air"oilEshaped blades.
he rotor blades s!pply the "orce needed to compress the air in each stage and the stator blades g!ide
the air so that it enters in the "ollowing rotor stage at the proper angle. he compressed air e>its thro!gh the
compressorEdischarge casing to the comb!stion chambers. 0ir is e>tracted "rom the compressor "or t!rbine
bearing cooling sealing$ and "or p!lsation control d!ring startE!p <to avoid s!rging=. 7ince minim!m clearance
between rotor and stator provides best per"ormance in a compressor$ parts have to be assembled very
acc!rately.
Com4ressor Rotor "ssembl9
Compressor wheels
-orward st!b sha"t
'ach wheel and the wheel portion o" the st!b sha"t has broached slots aro!nd its periphery.
+otor blades are inserted into these slots and held in a>ial position by spacer pieces.
he "orward st!b sha"t is machined to provide the thr!st collar which carries the "orward and a"t
thr!st loads
Com4ressor "ir E(traction
D!ring operation o" the gas t!rbine$ air is e>tracted "rom vario!s stages o" the a>ial "low compressor
to1
#. Cool the t!rbine parts s!b)ect to high operating temperat!re.
.. 7eal the t!rbine bearings.
3. Provide an operating air s!pply "or air operated valves.
6. 0ir bleeds o"" to avoid p!lsation.
5. -or p!lse /etEcleaning system.
F. -!el noCCle atomising air.
3th stage air
0ir is e>tracted "rom the compressor 5th stage and is e>ternally piped "rom connections in the !pper
and lower hal" o" the casing "or cooling and sealing o" all rotor bearings.
))th stage "ir
0ir "rom the compressor ##th stage is bled only d!ring !nit startE!p and sh!t down "or p!lsation
control. he compressor bleed valves are closed d!ring !nit operation.
):th stage "ir
0ir e>tracted "rom the compressor #*th stage "lows radially inward between the stage #F and #*
wheels$ to the rotor bore$ and then a"t to the t!rbine where it is !sed "or cooling the t!rbine #st and .nd stage
b!c9ets and rotor wheel spaces.
Com4ressor discharge air
0ir e>tracted "rom compressor discharge is !sed "or li?!id "!el atomising air$ stage # noCCle vane
and retaining ring cooling$ stage . noCCle cooling$ p!lse ( "or P!lse /et cleaning system.
"ir flow control
;ariable inlet guide <anes
Dariable inlet g!ide vanes are located at the a"t end o" the inlet casing. he position o" these vanes
has an e""ect on the ?!antity o" compressor air"low. Movement o" these g!ide vans is accomplished by the inlet
g!ide vane control ring that t!rns individ!al pinion gears attached to the end o" each vane. he control ring is
positioned by a hydra!lic act!ator and lin9age arm assembly.

Inlet Guide Vane
Dariable compressor inlet g!ide vanes are installed on the t!rbine to provide compressor p!lsation
protection d!ring startE!p and sh!tE down and also to be !sed d!ring operation !nder partial load conditions.
he variable inlet g!ide vane act!ator is a hydra!lically act!ated assembly having a closed "eedbac9 loop to
control the g!ide vanes angle. he vanes are a!tomatically positioned within their operating range in response
either to the control system e>ha!st temperat!re limits "or normal loaded operation$ or to the control system
protection limit d!ring the startE!p and sh!tdown se?!ences. Inlet g!ide vanes are mod!lated in order to
maintain vario!s stresses$ press!re and "lows within re?!ired limits.
C15#STI! SECTI!
his is the place where chemical energy o" "!el changes into the thermal energy( "l!e gases comes
as res!ltant.
Descri4tion
he comb!stion system is o" the reverse "low type with #6 comb!stion chambers arranged aro!nd
the periphery o" the compressor discharge casing. his system also incl!des "!el noCCles$ spar9 pl!g ignition
system$ "lame detectors$ and cross"ire t!bes. &ot gases$ generated "rom b!rning in comb!stion chambers$ are
!sed to drive the t!rbine.
&ighEpress!re air "rom the compressor discharge is directed aro!nd the transition pieces and into the
comb!stion chambers inlets. his air enters the comb!stion Cone thro!gh metering holes "or proper "!el
comb!stion and thro!gh slots to cool the comb!stion liner. -!el is s!pplied to each comb!stion chamber
thro!gh a noCCle designed to disperse and mi> the "!el with the proper amo!nt o" comb!stion air.
he comb!stion system consists o"1
#6 comb!stion chambers.
-!el noCCles.
Cross "ired t!bes.
ransition pieces.
Comb!stion liners.
7par9 pl!gs and "lame detectors.
Combustion %ra44er
Comb!stion wrapper "orms a plen!m in which the compressor discharge air "low is directed to the
comb!stion chambers. Its secondary p!rpose is to act as a s!pport "or the comb!stion chamber assemblies. In
t!rn$ wrappers are s!pported by the compressor discharge casing and the t!rbine shell.
Combustion chambers 1
Discharge air "rom the a>ial "low compressor "lows into each comb!stion "low sleeve "rom the
comb!stion wrapper. he air "lows !pEstream along the o!tside o" the comb!stion liner reaction Cone thro!gh
the noCCle swirl tip$ thro!gh metering holes in both the cap and liner and thro!gh comb!stion holes in the
"orward hal" on the liner. he hot comb!stion gases "rom the reaction Cone pass thro!gh a thermal soa9ing
Cone and then into dil!tion Cone where additional air is mi>ed with the comb!stion gases. Metering holes in the
dil!tion Cone allow the correct amo!nt o" air to enter and cool the gases to the desired temperat!re. 0long the
length o" the comb!stion liner and in the liner cap$ there are openings whose "!nction is to provide a "ilm o" air
"or cooling the wall o" the liner and the cap. ransition pieces direct the hot gases "rom the liners to the t!rbine
noCCles. 0ll "o!rteen comb!stion liners$ "low sleeves and transition pieces are identical.
$igure '
Combustion Liner
Comb!stion liner has "ollowing "eat!res
LImproved cooling hole pattern aro!nd cross"ire c!be collar to minimiCe crac9ing
L0dded hermal %arrier Coating <%C= to increase part li"e
LImproved collar material <&7E#::= to increase wear resistance
LImproved liner material <&astelloy EJ= to increase part li"e

$igure
Transition 4iece
he -!nction o" transition pieces is to g!ide the e>ha!st gases "rom comb!stion chamber to t!rbine
inlet.
ransition pieces has "ollowing "eat!res
#. -loating seal design to red!ce wear and crac9 resistance.
.. Cylinder mo!ntEtoEbody design to increase torsional stability.
3. '>tension o" inspection intervals to .6$000 ho!rs
Crossfire tubes&
0ll "o!rteen comb!stion chambers are interconnected by means o" cross"ire t!bes. hese t!bes
enable "lame "rom the "ired chambers to propagate to the !n"ired chambers.
Cross"ire t!bes has "ollowing "eat!res1
L3ewly designed swirlEaction cooling holes
LImproved part li"e
S4ar= 4lug&
Comb!stion is initiated by means o" the discharge "rom two highEvoltage$ retractableEelectrode spar9
pl!gs installed in ad)acent comb!stion chambers <3o.#. and #3= hese springEin)ected and press!re retractable
pl!gs receive their energy "rom ignition trans"ormers. 0t the time o" "iring$ spar9 at one or both pl!gs ignites
the gases in a chamber. he remaining chambers are ignited by cross"ire thro!gh the t!bes that interconnect the
reaction Cones o" the remaining chambers. 0s rotor speed increases$ chamber press!re ca!ses the spar9 pl!gs to
retract and the electrodes are removed "rom the comb!stion Cone.
$uel !o>>le
here are two type o" "!el in)ector noCCleE
#. Primary noCCle
.. 7econdary noCCle
here are si> primaries and one secondary noCCle.
Fuel nole
$lame Detectors&
D!ring the start !p se?!ence$ it is ?!ite essential that an indication o" "lame or noE"lame to be
transmitted to the control system. -or this reason$ a "lame monitoring system is !sed consisting o" "o!r sensors
which are installed on "o!r comb!stion chambers 3o.6$ 5 and #0$ ## and an electronic ampli"ier which is
mo!nted in the t!rbine control panel. he !ltraviolet "lame sensor consists o" a "lame sensor containing a gas
"illed detector. he gas within this "lame sensor detector is sensitive to the presence o" !ltraviolet radiation$
which is emitted by a hydrocarbon "lame. D. C. voltage$ s!pplied by the ampli"ier$ is impressed across the
detector terminals. I" "lame is present$ the ionisation o" the gas in the detector allows cond!ction in the circ!it$
which activates the electronics to give an o!tp!t voltage de"ining "lame. Conversely$ the absence o" "lame will
not generate any voltage de"ining .no "lame... 0"ter the establishment o" "lame$ i" voltage is reEestablished to
the sensors de"ining the loss <or lac9= o" "lame a signal is sent to a relay panel in the t!rbine electronic control
circ!itry where a!>iliary relays in the t!rbine "iring trip circ!it which sh!tdown the t!rbine. he -0IL8+' @
-I+' or L@77 @- -L0M' is also indicated on the ann!nciator . I" the loss o" "lame is sensed by only one
"lame detector sensor$ the control circ!itry will ca!se an ann!nciation only o" this condition. I" more than two
sensors are not showing "lame then only t!rbine trips.

T#R5I!E SECTI!
he threeEstage t!rbine section is the area in which the energy in the hot press!riCed gas prod!ced by
compressor and comb!stion sections is converted into mechanical energy.

T#R5I!E RTR
Tur!ine Rotor
Structure
he t!rbine rotor assembly consists o" a "orward wheel sha"t$ the "irst$ second and third stage t!rbine
wheels and b!c9ets$ two t!rbine wheel spacers$ and the a"t t!rbine wheel sha"t. Concentricity control is
achieved with mating rabbets on the t!rbine wheels$ spacers and wheel sha"ts. he t!rbine rotor is held
together by twelve <#.= bolts.
7elective positioning o" rotor members is per"ormed d!ring assembly to minimiCe balance
corrections d!ring dynamic balance o" the assembled rotor. he "orward wheel sha"t e>tends "rom the "irst
stage t!rbine wheel to the a"t "lange o" the compressor rotor assembly. he )o!rnal "or the 3o.. bearing is a
part o" this wheel sha"t.
he a"t wheel sha"t connects the third stage t!rbine wheel to the load co!pling. he wheel sha"t
incl!des the 3o.3 bearing )o!rnal. 7pacers between the "irst and second stage t!rbine wheels and between the
second and third stage t!rbine wheels provide a>ial separation o" the individ!al wheels. he spacer "aces
incl!de radial slots "or cooling air passages. Labyrinth pac9ings are provided in second and third stage
diaphragms with mat with the corresponding sealing lands o" the spacers.
5uc=ets
he t!rbine b!c9et length increases "rom the "irst to the third stage. he "irst and second stage
b!c9ets are cooled by internal air"low. 0ir is introd!ced in to each b!c9et thro!gh a plen!m at the base o" the
b!c9et dovetail. he air "lows o!tward thro!gh a series o" radial cooling holes and e>its in to the gas path at the
b!c9et tips. he holes are spaced and siCed to obtain cooling o" the air"oil$ with minim!m compressor
e>traction air.
he third stage b!c9ets are not airEcooled. he second and third stage b!c9ets have tip shro!ds with
interloc9 b!c9ets to provide vibration damping$ and are mo!nted with seal teeth that red!ce the tip lea9age
"low.
he three stages o" t!rbine b!c9ets are attached to their wheels by straight$ a>ial entry$ m!ltiple tangs
dovetail that "it into machined c!t o!ts in the rims o" the t!rbine wheels. he b!c9et vanes are connected to
their dovetails by means o" shan9s. hese shan9s locate the b!c9etEtoEwheel attachment at a signi"icant
distance "rom the hot gases$ which red!ces the temperat!re at the dovetail. he t!rbine rotor assembly is
arranged so that the b!c9ets can be replaced witho!t !nstac9ing the wheels$ spacers$ and wheel sha"t
assemblies. %!c9ets are selectively positioned s!ch that they can be replaced witho!t having to rebalance the
wheel assembley
BASIC SYSTEMS OF GAS TURBINE

ST"RTI!G S8STE1
%e"ore the gas t!rbine can be "ired and started$ it m!st be rotated or cran9ed by the accessory
e?!ipment. his is done by an ind!ction motor$ operating thro!gh tor?!e converter to provide cran9ing tor?!e
and speed re?!ired by the t!rbine "or startE!p.
$unctions of starting s9stem
#. Cran9 the gas t!rbine be"ore "iring
Mbrea9away "rom standstill
Maccelerate to "iring speed
M"!rther accelerate to sel"Es!staining
7peed
.. 7peed rotate gas t!rbine "or cooling p!rpose a"ter sh!tdown.
Start?u4 $unctional descri4tion
In the normal starting se?!ence$ "l!id is admitted into the tor?!e converter hydra!lic circ!it "rom the
l!brication system by the integral valve. he tor?!e convertor angle is 9ept at FFI to provide ma>im!m tor?!e
d!ring the start !p "rom Cero speed. 0"ter "ew seconds the starting motor is energiCed. %rea9away is achieved
and the t!rbine starts to rotate ( t!rbine speed increases to #0 , speed when the speed relay pic9s !p. 0t this
point when the tor?!e convertor angle is red!ced to 50, and # min!te p!rging cycle starts. 0"ter completion o"
# min!te p!rging timer$ the solenoid is deEenergised ( oil s!pply to tor?!e convertor is stopped$ which res!lts
into decrease o" sha"t speed to "iring speed <#. ,=. D!ring this$ the tor?!e convertor angle comes down to its
"iring angle <#5I=.
When sha"t reaches the "iring speed$ the stop valves open and allows the start !p "!el to "low into the
comb!stion chamber "or "iring. I" within one min!te$ any .;6 "lame scanner senses the "lame$ then warm !p
timer <# min!te= starts. @therwise t!rbine coasts down. D!ring this # min!te warm !p cycle$ constant "!el is
maintained to minimise the thermal shoc9 d!ring start !p. When t!rbine reaches the "iring speed$ solenoid is
energised. 0"ter 5 second o" "lame sensing$ the tor?!e converter angle is increased to ma>im!m to cater "or the
acceleration cycle which i2s started immediately a"ter completion o" # min!te warm !p timer.
+ead)!stment o" the converter geometry <tor?!e ad)!stment= at the end o" warmE!p allows the tor?!e
converter to assist in accelerating the !nit !p to sel"Es!staining speed. his speed$ <abo!t F0, o" normal
speed=$ the tor?!e converter hydra!lic circ!it is drained$ by deEenergiCing solenoid valve .0 8E#. 0t the same
time cran9ing motor :: C+ is deEenergiCed$ which e""ects disconnection. 0 cran9 and restart can be initiated at
any time below #6 &M speed.
Shut?down
he sh!tdown order is given and the t!rbine speed slows down at abo!t 3.3, speed$ when #6 &P
drops ( the t!rning motor :: G starts. 7olenoid valve is energiCed and the tor?!e is ad)!sted to 36, allowing
t!rning the t!rbine at a speed #00 rpm "or cool down p!rpose a"ter sh!t down. his cool down se?!ence lasts at
least #6 ho!rs. It m!st be man!ally stopped to bring t!rbine to standstill position.
Turning
he t!rbine is at standstill ( all circ!its are ready "or t!rning. he operator t!rns the operation
selector switch 63 o" the t!rbine control panel to position 8+3I3G then gives a 70+ order. When the
speed reaches abo!t 6,$ motor ::C+ is stopped.
he speed decreases a little and at abo!t 3.3, speed$ t!rning motor :: G starts. +eEad)!stment o"
the converter geometry <tor?!e ad)!stment= will allow a t!rning speed o" abo!t #00 rpm. !rning will last at
least #6 ho!rs. It m!st be man!ally stopped. :: ME# is the motor that operates the vanes in tor?!e ad)!stor
device.
Starting 1otor
6 pole$ F.F9v 0C$ #*50 hp$ 50 &C.
Motor operates at a single speed to prod!ce the necessary horsepower "or starting
the gas t!rbine.
Turning Gear S9stem
Provides the tor?!e necessary to brea9away and rotate the t!rbine sha"t prior to the start o" the
t!rbine. It consists o"1
#. 0C motor
.. DC motor
3. Worm gear assembly
DC motor rotates system !pto 0..5rpm.
0C motor rotates system !pto Frpm.
DC motor is "itted with a NO s?!are drive "or man!al t!rning
It 7peed rotate gas t!rbine "or cooling p!rpose a"ter sh!tdown
1. The parts of a gas turbine...
2.
3.
4.
5. Gas t!rbine engines are$ theoretically$ e>tremely simple. Gas t!rbine have 3 parts1
0 compressor to compress the incoming air to high press!re.
0 comb!stion area to b!rn the "!el and prod!ce high press!re$ high velocity gas.
0 t!rbine to e>tract the energy "rom the high press!re$ high velocity gas "lowing "rom the comb!stion
chamber.
F. 0dditionally the gas t!rbine will have these parts1
0n accessory drive gear bo>$ to drive vario!s p!mps "or "!el$ water and oil.
0 red!ction gear bo>$ to red!ce the high revol!tions o" the t!rbine to a more e""icient speed "or the
propeller.
7. Power to the shaft...
@ne o" the gas t!rbinePs advantage is that power developed is !s!ally what is wantedH a rotation "orce to
t!rn a propeller or generator. ItPs competitor$ the internal comb!stion engine$ operating on the batch process
<inta9e$ compression$ etc= and itPs inherent mechanical losses "rom the acceleration and decelerations o" the
pistons cannot compete with the "l!id process o" the gas t!rbine. 8n"ort!nately$ the high rotational speed o"
the t!rbine is not the best speed "or a propellerH which is most e""icient at aro!nd #00 rpm. he remedy "or
this$ is the co!pling o" a gear bo> to the gas t!rbinePs o!tp!t. his allows the gas t!rbine to operate at itPs
most com"ortable tor?!e characteristic E high
speed. he red!ction gear bo> adds to the
comple>ity o" the set !p$ b!t allows the t!rbine$
especially the single sha"t gas t!rbine$ which
have poor tor?!e characteristic at lower rpm$ to
operate at their ideal speed. he speed o" the
t!rbine is less critical in a series t!rbine which
has e>cellent tor?!e characteristic at most
speeds.
L#5RIC"TI! S8STE1
General
he l!bricating re?!irements "or the gas
t!rbine power plant are "!rnished by a common
"orcedE"eed l!brication system. his l!brication
system$ complete with tan9 p!mps$ coolers$ "ilters$
valves and vario!s control and protection devices$ "!rnishes normal l!brication and absorption o" heat load o"
the bearing o" gas t!rbine. L!bricating "l!id is circ!lated to the three main t!rbine bearing$ generator bearings$
and to the t!rbine accessory gears and "!el p!mps. 0lso l!bricating "l!id is s!pplied to the starting means
tor?!e converter "or !se as hydra!lic "l!id as well as "or l!brication. 0dditionally$ a portion o" the press!riCed
"l!id is diverted and "iltered again "or !se by hydra!lic control device as control "l!id.
Ma)or system components incl!de1
L!be reservoir in the accessory baseH
Main l!be oil p!mp <sha"t driven "rom the accessory gear=
0!>iliary l!be oil p!mp and emergency l!be oil p!mp
Press!re relie" valve D+E# in the main discharge
L!be oil heat e>changers
L!be oil "ilters
STE"1 T#R5I!E
0 t!rbine$ being a "orm o" engine$ re?!ires$ in order to "!nction$ a s!itable wor9ing "l!id$ a so!rce o"
high grade energy and a sin9 "or lowEgrade energy. 0 steam turbine is a mechanical device that e>tracts
thermal energy "rom press!riCed steam$ and converts it into !se"!l mechanical wor9. It has almost completely
replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily beca!se o" its greater thermal e""iciency and higher
powerEtoEweight ratio. 0lso$ beca!se the t!rbine generates rotary motion$ rather than re?!iring a lin9age
mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion$ it is partic!larly s!ited "or !se driving an electrical
generator Q abo!t :F, o" all electric generation in the world is by !se o" steam t!rbines. he steam t!rbine is
a "orm o" heat engine that derives m!ch o" its improvement in thermodynamic e""iciency "rom the !se o"
m!ltiple stages in the e>pansion o" the steam$ as opposed to the one stage in the Watt engine$ which res!lts in a
closer approach to the ideal reversible process. It converts the energy stored in steam into rotational mechanical
energy.

4erating Princi4les
0 steam t!rbineRs two main parts are the cylinder and the rotor. he cylinder <stator= is a steel or cast
iron ho!sing !s!ally divided at the horiContal centre line. Its halves are bolted together "or easy access. he
cylinder contains "i>ed blades$ vanes$ and noCCles that direct steam into the moving blades carried by the rotor.
'ach "i>ed blade set is mo!nted in diaphragms located in "ront o" each disc on the rotor$ or directly in the
casing. 0 disc and diaphragm pair a t!rbine stage. 7team t!rbines can have many stages. he rotor is a rotating
sha"t that carries the moving blades on the o!ter edges o" either discs or dr!ms. he blades rotate as the rotor
revolves. he rotor o" a large steam t!rbine consists o" high$ intermediate$ and lowEpress!re sections.
In a m!ltipleEstage t!rbine$ steam at a high press!re and high temperat!re enters the "irst row o"
"i>ed blades or noCCles thro!gh an inlet valve or valves. 0s the steam passes thro!gh the "i>ed blades or
noCCles it e>pands and its velocity increases. he highEvelocity )et o" steam stri9es the "irst set o" moving
blades. he 9inetic energy o" the steam changes into mechanical energy$ ca!sing the sha"t to rotate. he steam
then enters the ne>t set o" "i>ed blades and stri9es the ne>t row o" moving blades.
0s the steam "lows thro!gh the t!rbine$ its press!re and temperat!re decreases$ while its vol!me
increases. he decrease in press!re and temperat!re occ!rs as the steam transmits energy to the sha"t and
per"orms wor9. 0"ter passing thro!gh the last t!rbine stage$ the steam e>ha!sts into the condenser or process
steam system.
he 9inetic energy o" the steam changes into mechanical energy thro!gh the impact <imp!lse= or
reaction o" the steam against the blades. 0n imp!lse t!rbine !ses the impact "orce o" the steam )et on the blades
to t!rn the sha"t$ a simple imp!lse stage. 7team e>pands as it passes thro!gh the noCCles$ where its press!re
drops and its velocity increases. 0s the steam "lows thro!gh the moving blades$ its press!re remains the same$
b!t its velocity decreases. he steam does not e>pand as it "lows thro!gh the moving blades.
0 simple imp!lse t!rbine is not very e""icient beca!se it does not "!lly !se the velocity o" the steam.
Many imp!lse t!rbines are velocityEcompo!nded$ which means they have two or more sets o" moving blades in
each stage. he e>tra sets o" moving blades ma9e !se o" the high velocity steam leaving the "irst set o" moving
blades. 0 row o" "i>ed blades between the moving blades direct the steam into the ne>t set o" blades.
0nother type o" imp!lse t!rbine is a press!reEcompo!nded t!rbine. It consists o" two or more simple
imp!lse stages contained in one casing. he casing contains diaphragms that connect to noCCles. he noCCles
ma9e e""icient !se o" the steam press!re that remains a"ter the steam "lows thro!gh the previo!s stage. he
press!re drops in each stage as steam e>pands thro!gh the noCCles.
0 reaction t!rbine !ses the S9ic9bac9S "orce o" the steam as it leaves the moving blades and ."i>ed
blades have the same shape and act li9e noCCles. h!s$ steam e>pands$ loses press!re and increases in velocity
as it passes thro!gh both sets o" blades. 0ll reaction t!rbines are press!reEcompo!nded t!rbines.
Many large t!rbines !se both imp!lse and reaction blading . hese combination t!rbines !s!ally
have imp!lse blading at the highEpress!re end$ and reaction blading at the lowEpress!re end. he blade length
and siCe increases thro!gho!t the t!rbine to !se the e>panding steam e""iciently. %lade rows re?!ire seals to
prevent steam lea9age where the press!re drops. 7eals "or imp!lse blading
are located between the rotor the diaphragm to stop lea9age past the noCCle. 7eals "or reaction blading are
located at the tips o" both the "i>ed and moving blades.
"tea# tur!ine
Technical specification:
H.P turbine : Single flow with 28 reaction stages.
L.P turbine : Double flow with 8 reaction stages.
Main stop and control valves : 2
L.P stop and control valves : 2
Speed:-
Rated Speed : !.!"s
Ma#. Speed no ti$e li$itation : %."s
Min speed no ti$e li$itation : &'."s
(ritical Speed : %2)2"2&)2 r.p.$
HP stea$ flow : *)! +"hr
LP Stea$ flow : 8! +"hr

"TEAM T$RBINE COM%ONENT"
The main turbine
he t!rbine is predominantly o" condensingEtandemEcompo!nd$ two cylinder$E horiContal$ disc and
diaphragm$ reheat type with noCCle governing and regenerative system o" "eed water heating and is co!pled
directly with 0. C. Generator. he &P section is a stage "low t!rbine whereas the LP section is a do!ble "low.
+igid co!plings connect the individ!al rotors and generator rotor.
he hp t!rbine has been constr!cted "or throttle control governing. he initial steam is admitted
be"ore the blading by two combined main steam stop and control valves.
he steam "rom &P t!rbine e>ha!st is led to the LP t!rbine thro!gh crossEaro!nd pipes. 0dditional
steam "rom LP stage o" waste heat recovery steam generator is passed to the LP t!rbine via two combined LP
stops and control valves.
&% T$RBINE

Casing
he casing o" &P t!rbine is split horiContally and is o" do!ble shell constr!ction. 0 single "low inner
casing is s!pported by o!ter casing. he initial steam enters the inner casing "rom above and below thro!gh
two admission branches.
he provision o" an inner casing con"ines the inner temperat!re and high press!re steam inlet
condition to the admission section o" this casing while o!r casing is s!b)ected to lower press!re and temp
e""ective at the e>ha!st "rom th inner casing. his means that the )oint "lange o!ter casing can be 9ept small
and material concentration in the area o" "lange red!ced to minim!m th!s avoiding di""ic!lties arising "rom
de"ormation o" a casing with "lange )oint d!e to non !ni"orm temp rises e.g. on start !p or sh!t down. he
)oints o" inner casing are relieved by the press!re in the o!ter casing so that these )oints only have to be sealed
against the res!lting di""erential press!re.
5lading
%lades "itted in the stationary part are called g!ide blades or noCCles and those "itted in the rotor are
called moving or wor9ing blades. he "ollowing are three main types o" blades1
Cylindrical <or constant pro"ile= blade.
apered cylindrical <tapered b!t similar pro"ile=.
wisted and varying pro"ile blades.
%lades have three main parts1
<a= 0ero"oil1 It is wor9ing part o" blade and is one o" the types described above$
<b= +oot1 It is portion o" the blade which is held with the disc$ dr!m or casing and
<c= 7hro!ds.
hree types o" root arrangements are commonly !sed. hey are
<#= Eroots1 "or small bladesH
<.= -ir ree or serrated roots E "or longer bladesH
<3= -or9 and Pin root1 "or longer blades shr!n9 on disc type rotors.
7hro!ds can be either riveted by tannon to main blade or it can be integrally machined with the
blade. 3owEaEdays trend is towards integral shro!d "or shorter= lades and shr!n9 "itting "or larger blades. 7ome
times lacing wires are also !sed ! dampen the vibration and to match "re?!encies in the longer blades. 7ince in
the reaction type machine the press!re drop also occ!rs across the moving blades it is necessary to provide
e""ective sealing at the blade tips. his m!st be done to prevent lea9age steam past the shro!ding o" the wheel
and conse?!ent loss e""iciency partic!larly at the highEpress!re end o" the machine.
he &P t!rbine blading consist o" .: dr!m stages. 0ll stages are reaction stages with 50, reaction.
he stationary and rotating blades o" all stages are provided with inverted roots and integral shro!ds.
he moving and stationary blades are inserted into corresponding grooves in the sha"t and inner
casing and are ca!l9ed at bottom with ca!l9ing material. he insertion slot in the sha"t is closed by the loc9ing
blade which is "i>ed by taper pins or gr!b screws.
Ga4 sealing
7ealing strips are ca!l9ed into the inner casing and sha"t to red!ce the lea9age losses at the blade
tips. Cylindrically machined s!r"aces on the blade shro!ds are opposite the sealing strips. the s!r"aces have
stepped diameters in order to increase the t!rb!lence o" steam and th!s sealing e""ect. 7ho!ld an operational
dist!rbance ca!se the sealing strips to come into contact with opposite s!r"aces they are r!bbed away witho!t
any considerable amo!nt o" heat being generated. hey can then be replaced at a later date to provide the
speci"ied clearance.
Shaft seals ,sealing glands-
he "!nction o" sha"t seals is to seal the interior o" the t!rbine casing against the atmosphere at the
"ront and rear ends o" &P t!rbine. he press!re di""erences !pstream and downstream o" raised sections o" the
sha"t seals serve to co!nterbalance the a>ial thr!st res!lting "rom steam "orces.
Seal rings& the seal rings$ no o" which depends on press!re gradient to be sealed$ are
divided into several segments and are mo!nted in grooves in the sealing ho!sing and
inner casing s!ch that they are "ree to move radially. 'ach segment s held in position
against a sho!lder by helical springs. In case o" r!bbing the a""ected seal segments can
retreat against springs.
L% T$RBINE
Casing
he LP t!rbine casing consists o" a do!ble "low !nit ad has a triple shell welded casing.
uter casing& he o!ter casing consists o" the "ront and rear walls$ the two lateral longit!dinal
s!pport beams and the !pper part. he "ront and rear walls$ as well as the connection areas o" the !pper part are
rein"orced by means o" circ!lar bo> beams. he o!ter casing is s!pported by the ends o" the longit!dinal beams
on the base plate o" the "o!ndation.
Inner casing& the do!ble "low inner casing which is o" do!ble shell constr!ction consists o" the o!ter
shell and the inner shell. he inner shell is attached in the o!ter shell with provision "or "ree thermal
movement. 7tationary blading is carried by inner shell. 7tationary blade row segment o" the LP stage are bolted
to the o!ter shell o" the inner casing.


Fi'
he complete inner casing is s!pported by the longit!dinal s!pport members o" the o!ter casing
lower hal"$ in a manner permitting "ree radial e>pansion concentric with the sha"t$ and a>ially "rom a "i> point.
"tmos4heric relief dia4hragm
0tmospheric relie" diaphragm is provided in the !pper hal" o" each LP e>ha!st end section to protect
the t!rbine against e>cessive press!re. In the event o" "ail!re o" the low vac!!m trips the press!re in the LP
t!rbine e>ha!st rises to an e>cessively high level !ntil the "orce acting on the r!pt!ring disc r!pt!res the
brea9able diaphragm th!s providing a discharge path "or the steam.
he diaphragm consists o" a thin rolled lead blade. o ins!re that the remnants o" the diaphragm and
r!pt!ring disc and not carried along by the blow o"" steam$ a cage with brac9ets is provided. 0s long as there is
vac!!m in the condenser the atmospheric press!re "orces the brea9able diaphragm and the r!pt!ring disc
against the s!pporting "lange.
5lading
he dr!m blading stages o" the do!ble "low LP t!rbine are reaction stages with 50, reaction. hey
are located in the inlet region and th!s "orm the "ront part o" the blading. 0ll stationary and moving blades are
provided with integral shro!ds which a"ter installation "orm a contin!o!s shro!ding. 0ll stationary and moving
blades have roots which also determine the distance between the blades. hey are inserted in mating rooms
in sha"t and inner casing and are ca!l9ed in place with ca!l9ing material. he insertion slot in the sha"t is
sealed by means o" a loc9ing blade which is held in position by gr!b screw. he stationary blades are held in
position in the groves o" gr!b screw that are screwed into the inner casing material and the blades loc9 "rom
the )oined s!r"ace.
Ga4 sealing& in order to red!ce blade tip losses$ seal strips are ca!l9ed into the inner casing and the
t!rbine 7ha"t. he seal strips are locate opposite integrally machined seal points on the blade shro!d. his
design gives "avo!rable radial clearance$ in the event o" r!bbing d!e to "a!lt$ the seal strips are worn away
witho!t generating m!ch heat. hey can then be easily replaced to restore the re?!ired clearance.
LP Stages
he last three stages o" the LP t!rbine are designed as reaction stages. 'ach stage is made !p o"
stationary and moving blades.
he stationary blade rings are made by welding inner ring blades and o!ter rings together into the
segments and bolting them to inner casing. he two "inal stages have blade which are made o" sheet steel and
are hollow. Drainage slots are provided in the blade o" these rows .thro!gh these slots any water impacting on
these blades is drawn away to the condenser. When the stationary blades rings are installed in place$ inner rings
attached to these "orm a contin!o!s ring o" shro!ding.
he moving blades have roots which are inserted into corresponding grooves in the t!rbine sha"t
and ca!l9ed with ca!l9ing material.
he moving blades inserted in the a>ial grooves in the t!rbine sha"t have c!rved "it tree roots. hese
are attached with "iller pieces and sec!red against a>ial movements o" the blades by retaining strips$ the end
segment o" which are welded together at the )oint. he di""erence in circ!m"erential speed at the root and tip o"
the moving blades is ta9en into consideration by the twisted design o" the blades
Shaft seals
he "!nction o" the a>ial sha"t seal sit!ated between the bearing casing and the LP e>ha!st casing is
to seal the inner space o" LP e>ha!st casing against the atmospheric press!re at the passes thro!gh the sha"t.
&EAT RECOVER( "TEAM GENERATOR
)&R"G*
he heat that is discharged by Gs witho!t recovering the available energy may be economically
converted in to !se"!l p!rposes. &+7G is a system o" heat e>changers which converts this heat in to a more
!sable "orm o" energy.
he !tiliCation o" the wastes heat recovery system in combine cycle power plants with gas t!rbines
is a relatively recent development bro!ght by the development in the "ield o" gas t!rbines res!lting in gas
t!rbines becoming larger in siCe and o!tp!t$ the large vol!me o" heat available "orm gas t!rbine e>ha!st and
rising "!el costs.
@ne o" the main "eat!res o" the gas t!rbine is the high mass "low o" air !sed over the stoichiometric
?!antity o" air. ypically vol!me o" Te>cess air "actorU "or gas t!rbine comb!stion lies between 3 and 6. his
means there is more than s!""icient o>ygen to s!pport secondary comb!stion$ i" re?!ired. his high mass "low
in t!rn ma9es the gas t!rbine e>ha!st an ideal candidate "or heat recovery steam generation.
he heat recovery steam generators at PPCL are o" a do!ble press!re <&P (LP=$ !n"ired$ vertical gas
"low type with a sel" s!pporting stac9 o" *0 m height. It is designed to generate steam ?!antities as "!rnished in
@perating Parameters at Main 7team 7top Dalve$ !nder speci"ied modes o" operation. -eed water temperat!re
is #5# *I C "or &P and #50 I C "or LP at the design point.
Water is "irst heated sensibly in the economiser in the li?!id phase at certain press!re till it become
sat!rated li?!id. now in the evaporator or the boiler proper$ there is phase change or boiling by absorbing the
latent heat o" vaporiCation at that press!re. 3ow the sat!rated vapo!r is "!rther heated at constant press!re in
the s!perheater in the vapo!r or gaseo!s phase. It m!st be noted that as the press!re increases$ the latent heat
decreases and so the heat absorb in the evaporator decreases and the "raction o" total heat absorb in the
s!perheater increases. In hp boilers$ more than 60, o" total heat is absorbed in the s!perheaters. -or steam
generators operating above the critical press!re there is no evaporator or boiling section. &owever there is a
transition Cone where all the li?!id on being heated s!ddenly "lashes into vapo!r.
'ach &+7G has two di""erent boiler dr!mH namely &ighEPress!re %oiler Dr!m which s!pplies highE
press!re steam to &P steam t!rbine and LowEPress!re %oiler Dr!m which s!pplies lowEpress!re steam to LP
steam t!rbine. his arrangement ens!res e""icient heat trans"er between the "l!e gases "rom G e>ha!st and the
steam t!rbine "l!id<water=.
The boiler is divided into eight ones! In order o" higher te#$erature% the& are as "ollo's(
#. &P 7!perheater I
.. &P 7!perheater II
3. &P 'vaporator
6. &P 'conomiser II
5. LP 7!perheater
F. LP 'vaporator
*. &P 'conomiser I
:. Condensate Preheater
&P dr!m is located ahead o" LP dr!m beca!se low press!re steam absorbs more heat at low
temperat!re.
E<a4orator
he W&+% evaporator consists o" a steam dr!m$ interconnecting !nheated down comer t!bes$
interconnecting heated riser t!bes$ enclos!res casing and accessories. he evaporator receives the incoming
heated "eed water "rom the economiCer and generates sat!rated steam which is ta9en "orm the top o" the steam
dr!m$ the evaporator will operator at constant sat!ration temperat!re corresponding to the dr!m operating
press!re. he steam dr!m is loc9ed at the top o" the evaporator to enable nat!ral circ!lation to ta9e place water
steam level will be maintained in the steam dr!m d!ring operation.

Economi>er
he 'conomiCer is a "eed water heater operating at the steam dr!m press!re !tiliCing the heat le"t in
the e>ha!st gas a"ter the gas leaves the evaporator. he economiCer will heat the incoming "eed water to the
evaporator.
he &P economiCer is constr!cted o" mod!les$ consisting o" spiral "inned t!bes welded to the top
and bottom headers$ two rows <ma>.= per mod!le$ he &P economiCer is designed "or single pass "low on the
gas side and m!ltiEpass "low on the t!be side. &P economiCer mod!les are e?!ipped with high point IS vents
and low point IS drains "or a S"!lly drainableS design.

Su4erheater
7!per heaters are basically steam heater receiving sat!rated steam "rom the steam dr!m and
prod!cing s!perheated steam. 7!per heater are located ahead o" the evaporator in the W&+% e>ha!st gas "low
stream in order to develop re?!ired s!perheated steam temperat!res.

Condensate Pre heater
Low press!re "eed water heaters also called condensate Pre heater sometimes !sed on combined
cycle !nits to heat the desecrator "eed water th!s the cycle re?!ired less desecration steam ma9ing it more
e""icient. he p!rpose o" condensate preEheater is to increase the temperat!re o" demineralised water so that it
re?!ires lesser energy to be converted into steam which is p!mped into it by Condensate '>traction P!mp a"ter
passing thro!gh the condenser. 3ow "rom CP& it is p!mped into deEaerator. he cycle "or both LP and &P
steam "ormation is same.
CP& is constr!cted o" mod!les$ consisting o" spiral "inned t!bes welded to the top and bottom
headers$ two rows <ma>.= per mod!le. CP-I is designed "or single pass "low on the gas side and m!ltiEpass
"low on the t!be side.

De?Su4erheater
7pray attemperator <deEs!perheater= is !tiliCed to control the &P 7team temperat!re to 5.0 deg C. It
wor9s by sprin9ling water on the steam as the steam passes thro!gh it. his lowers down the temperat!re b!t
also wets the steam. he steam is dried in the ne>t s!perheater and hence the temperat!re o" the steam is
controlled. hat is why this DeE7!perheater is placed in between the two &PEs!perheaters. he amo!nt o"
water sprin9led is also controll so that the temperat!re o" steam doesnPt get too low that the second s!perheater
cannot increase its temperat!re to the re?!ired val!e.
59?4ass Stac= and Di<erter Dam4ers
DDs are provided to isolate the W&+% "orm its heated so!rce. I" "!rnished this isolation will permit
r!nning the gas t!rbine at times when steam is not re?!ired or when W&+% is not available. 3ormally the by
pass dampers will have a straight open;close "!nction tho!gh some designs can also provide degree o"
mod!lation. 0 by pass stac9 complete with silencer is re?!ired and provided when byEpass dampers are !sed.
E(4ansion @oint
@ne e>pansion )oint at &+7G inlet and one more e>pansion )oint at Chimney inlet are provided as
shown in CompanyVs G0 Drawing to allow "or the thermal e>pansions.
).) Condensing Plant
Introduction Introduction
he condensing plant "orms the main heat sin9 o" the power plant !nit.
3eed "or condensing plant1
Maintains a very low bac9 press!re on the e>ha!st side o" the t!rbine. Conse?!ently the
steam e>pands to a greater e>tent which res!lts in an increase in the available heat energy "or
converting into mechanical wor9.
he condensed steam is recycled and "ed bac9 to the boiler th!s red!cing water treatment
re?!irement.
he "ollowing systems are involved1
#. Circ!lating water system
.. Condenser
3. Condensate system
6. 'vac!ation system
5. 7ha"t seal steam system
).).) Circulating water s9stem
he circ!lating water system$ whose essential components are the water p!mps and piping$ has the
"!nction o" s!pplying the condenser with circ!lating water "or removing the heat o" vaporisation o" the
condensed steam.
he circ!lating water m!st meat certain re?!irements i.e. it m!st be "ree o" solid contaminants$
which can be deposited in or in "ront o" the condenser t!bes.
he strainer system and dosing e?!ipments add in maintaining circ!lating water re?!irement and
"orm part o" the circ!lating water system.
Com4onents&
CW P8MP7
C@@LI3G @W'+
C% P#1PS
P!mping is the process o" addition o" 9inetic and potential energy to a li?!id "or the p!rpose o"
moving it "rom one point to another.
C% Pum4s at P.P.C.L.
his p!mp is vertical$ mi>ed "low type having semi open type impeller$ designed "or wetEpit and dry
pit applicationsH s!itable "or water drawn thro!gh an open gravity inta9e channel terminating in twinEclosed
d!cts r!nning parallel to the main b!ilding.
he essential com4onents o" the p!mp are the "l!id thro!gh the suction bowlAe9e provided with
streamlined g!ide vanes$ whose "!nction is to prevent preEwhirl and impart hydra!lically correct "low to the
li?!id. he 4ro4eller$ in t!rn$ imparts motion to the "l!id. he p!rpose o" the discharge bowl$ provided with
streamlined di""!ser vanes$ is to direct the "low o" water into the discharge col!mn.
Cooling Tower at PPCL
he ID cooling tower at PPCL consists o" : cell arranged in a row and separated by bloc9 partition
walls "rom the basin sill to the "an dec9.
Com4onents&
#. $rame and Casing& s!pport the e>terior enclos!res$ motors$ "ans$ and other components
with small design. It is made o" rein"orced concrete.
.. $ills& made o" plastic or wood. hese "acilitate heat tans"er by ma>imiCing water and air
contact.
3. Cold water basin& located at bottom o" the tower$ receives the cooled water that "lows down
thro!gh the tower and "ills.
6. Drift eliminator& capt!res water droplets entrapped in air stream that otherwise wo!ld be
lost to atmosphere. It has he>agonal cells which provide change in the direction o" "low o"
air there by arresting the dri"t.
5. Lou<ers& to e?!aliCe air "low into the "ill and to retain the water into the tower. 7it!ated at
air inlet opening in cross "low towers.
B. !o>>le
*. $ans& 2#66 mm diameter$ : bladed$ a>ial "low "an s!c9s the ambient air thro!gh the air inlet
opening o" he cooling tower.

Cooling tower fan blades at PPCL
Condenser
he steam e>panded to condenser press!re in the steam t!rbine and by pass valves condenses in the
condenser by removing the heat o" evaporation.
Condenser at PPCL
here are two condensers entered to the two e>ha!sters o" the L.P. t!rbine. hese are s!r"ace type
condensers with two pass arrangement. Cooling water p!mped into each condenser by a vertical C.W. p!mp
thr!R the inlet pipe. Water enters the inlet chamber o" the "ront water bo>$ passes horiContally thr!Rthe brass
t!bes to the water bo> at the other end$ ta9es a t!rn$ passes thr!R the !pper cl!ster o" t!bes and reaches the
o!tlet chamber in the "ront water bo>. -rom these$ cooling water leaves the condenser thr!R the o!tlet pipe and
discharge into the discharge d!ct.
7team e>ha!sted "rom the L.P. t!rbine washing the o!tside o" the condenser t!bes losses its latent
heat to the cooling water and is connected with water in the steam side o" the condenser. his condensate
collects in the hot well$ welded to the bottom o" the condensers.
Protective coating !sed against corrosionEEEE E4o(9 4aint.
-o!r no o" steam throw devices have been provided n condenser$ two no. each "or &P %yEpass
system "or p!mping steam d!ring startE!p and s!dden load throw o"".
Condenser design memorandum
Design CW temp 33

C
CW emp +ise 2.5

C
Condenser bac9 press!re .#0# atm.
CW Wty. "low ..600 m
3
;hr
3o. o" t!bes #5330
3o. o" passes .
Length o" t!bes ##.* m

HT %ELL ,5EL% C!DE!SER C C!DE!SER LE;EL #!IT PPCL-
Condensate s9stem
he condensate acc!m!lating in the condenser is "ed bac9 into the waterEsteam circ!it by the
condensate system p!mps. he level controller has the "!nction o" holding the level in the condenser constant.
e control valve o" level controller "orms the part o" the condensate system.
Condensate system also providesE
#. In)ection water "or byEpass steam.
.. In)ection water "or the "lash tan9 o" the condenser.
3. 7eal water "or gland o" valves in the vac!!m press!re range.
6. Cooling water "or the seal steam condenser.
Condensate Pum4s
he "!nction o" these p!mps is to p!mps o!t the condensate to the deEaerator thr!R e)ectors$ gland
steam cooler$ and L.P. heaters. hese p!mps have "o!r stages and since the s!ction is at a negative press!re$
special arrangements have been made "or providing sealing. his p!mp is rated generally "or #F0 c!.m hr. at a
press!re #3.. 4g;s?.cm.
DE?"ER"TR
he presence o" certain gases$ principally o>ygen$ carbonEdiEo>ide and ammonia$ dissolved in water
is generally considered harm"!l beca!se o" their corrosive attac9 on metals$ partic!larly at elevated
temperat!res. @ne o" the most important "actors in the prevention o" internal corrosion in modern boilers and
associated plant there"ore$ is that the boiler "eed water sho!ld be "ree as "ar as possible "rom all dissolved gases
especially o>ygen. his is achieved by embodying into the boiler "eed system a deEaerating !nit$ whose
"!nction is to remove dissolved gases "rom the "eed water by mechanical means. Partic!larly the !nit m!st
red!ce the o>ygen content o" the "eed water to as low a valve as is possible or desirable$ depending !pon the
individ!al circ!mstances$ resid!al o>ygen content in condensate at the o!tlet o" deEaerating plant !s!ally
speci"ied is 0.005;litre or less.
Princi4le of Deaeration&
he principle o" Deaeration is based on "ollowing two laws.
Henr9s law& he mass o" gas with de"inite mass o" li?!id will dissolve at a given temperat!re and
is directly proportional to the partial press!re o" the gas in contact with the li?!id. his holds
within close limits "or any gas$ which does not !nite chemically with the solvent.
Solubilit9 Law& 7ol!bility o" gases decreases with increase in sol!tion temperat!re and;or
decrease in press!re.
&enryRs law merely;de"ines e?!ilibri!m conditions. he act!al mechanism involved in gases going
into or o!t o" sol!tion is a res!lt o" the contin!o!s movement o" the molec!les o" the gas and solvent. his
movement res!lts in molec!les migrating across the li?!id s!r"ace and when the migration to and "rom the
li?!id is e?!al$ e?!ilibri!m is reached. +eaching e?!ilibri!m may be hastened by deaerating the siCe o" water
particles thereby red!cing the distance to be travelled by gas molec!les and increasing the s!r"ace o" mass ratio
and by agitation$ which brings internal sections o" the li?!id to the s!r"ace. @bvio!sly$ this is a minetic process
with time an essential "actor in reaching e?!ilibri!m.
Fi'ure
0 constant press!re Deaerator$ pegged at * 4g;s?.cm. abs is envisaged in t!rbine regenerative cycle
to provide properly deaerate "eed water "or boiler$ limiting gases <mainly o>ygen= to 0.005 CC;liter. It is a
direct contact type heater combined with "eed storage tan9 o" ade?!ate capacity. he heating steam is normally
s!pplied "rom t!rbine e>tractions b!t d!ring starting and low load operation the steam is s!pplied "rom
a!>iliary so!rce.
he deEaerator comprises o" two chambers1
DeEaerating col!mn.
-eed storage tan9.
De?aerating column is a spray c!m tray type cylindrical vessel o" horiContal constr!ction with
dished ends welded to it the tray stac9 is designed to ens!re ma>im!m contact time as well as optim!m
scr!bbing o" condensate to achieve e""icient deEaeration. he deEaeration col!mn is mo!nted on the feed
storage tan= which in t!rn is s!pported on rollers at the two ends and a "i>ed s!pport at the centre. he "eed
storage tan9 is "abricated "rom boiler ?!ality steel plates Manholes are provided on deaerating col!mn as well
as on "eed storage tan9 "or inspection and maintenance.
he condensate is admitted at the top o" the deEaerating col!mn "lows downwards thro!gh the spray
valves and trays. he trays are designed to e>pose to the ma>im!m water s!r"aces "or e""icient scr!bbing to
a""ect the liberation o" the associated gasesEsteam enters "rom the !nderneath o" the trays and "lows in co!nter
direction o" condensate. While "lowing !pwards thro!gh the trays$ scr!bbing and heating is done. h!s the
liberated gases move !pwards along with the steam. 7team gets condensed above the trays and in t!rn heats the
condensate. Liberated gases escapes to atmosphere "rom the ori"ice opening meant "or it. his opening is
provided with a n!mber o" de"lectors to minimise the loss o" steam.
Deaerator is provided with the "ollowing "ittings.
!b!lar type ga!ge glass.
&igh level alarm switch.
Low level alarm switch.
Press!re ga!ge.
7traight thermometers with poc9ets.
7a"ety valve
Isolating valves "or steam pipes.
.
).' DL!?) Combustor
he G' DL3E# comb!stor is a twoEstage premi>ed comb!stor designed "or !se with nat!ral gas "!el
and capable o" operation on li?!id "!el. 0s shown$ the comb!stion system incl!des "o!r ma)or components1
"!el in)ection system$ liner$ vent!ri and cap;centre body assembly.
Fi'ure
he G' DL3E# comb!stion system operates in "o!r distinct modes$ d!ring premi>ed nat!ral gas or
oil "!el operation1 hese components "orm two stages in the comb!stor. In the premi>ed mode$ the "irst stage
thoro!ghly mi>es the "!el and air and delivers a !ni"orm$ lean$ !nb!rned "!elEair mi>t!re to the second stage.
).0 1odeA4erating Range
Primar9 K -!el to the primary noCCles only. -lame is in the primary stage only. his mode o"
operation is !sed to ignite$ accelerate and operate the machine over lowE to midEloads$ !p to a preEselected
comb!stion re"erence temperat!re.
Lean?Lean K -!el to both the primary and secondary noCCles. -lame is in both the primary and
secondary stages. his mode o" operation is !sed "or intermediate loads between two preEselected comb!stion
re"erence temperat!res.
Fi'ure
Secondar9 K -!el to the secondary noCCle only. -lame is in the secondary Cone only. his mode is a
transition state between leanElean and premi> modes. his mode is necessary to e>ting!ish the "lame in the
primary Cone$ be"ore "!el is reintrod!ced into what becomes the primary premi>ing Cone.
Premi( K -!el to both primary and secondary noCCles. -lame is in the secondary stage only. his
mode o" operation is achieved at and near the comb!stion re"erence temperat!re design point. @ptim!m
emissions are generated in premi> mode.
he load range associated with these modes varies with the degree o" inlet g!ide vane mod!lation
and$ to a smaller e>tent$ with the ambient temperat!re. 0t I7@ ambient$ the premi> operating range is 50, to
#00, load with IGD mod!lation down to 6.I$ and *5, to #00, load with IGD mod!lation down to 5*I. he
6.I IGD minim!m re?!ires an inlet bleed heat system.
I" re?!ired$ both the primary and secondary "!el noCCles can be d!alE"!el noCCles$ th!s allowing
a!tomatic trans"er "rom gas to oil thro!gho!t the load range. When b!rning$ either nat!ral gas or distillate oil$
the system can operate to "!ll load in the leanElean mode. his allows wet abatement o" 3@
>
on oil "!el and
power a!gmentation with water on gas.
he spar9 pl!g and "lame detector arrangements in a DL3E# comb!stor are di""erent "rom those !sed
in a conventional comb!stor. 7ince the "irst stage m!st be reEignited at high load in order to trans"er "rom the
premi>ed mode bac9 to leanElean operation$ the spar9 pl!gs do not retract. @ne pl!g is mo!nted near a primary
Cone c!p in each o" two comb!stors. he system !ses "lame detectors to view the primary stage o" selected
chambers <similar to conventional systems=$ and secondary "lame detectors that loo9 thro!gh the center body
and into the second stage.
he primary "!el in)ection system is !sed d!ring ignition and part load operation. he system also
in)ects most o" the "!el d!ring premi>ed operation and m!st be capable o" stabiliCing the "lame. -or this
reason$ the DL3E# primary "!el noCCle is similar to G'Ps M7*00#'0 m!ltiEnoCCle comb!stor with m!ltiple
swirlEstabiliCed "!el in)ectors. he G' DL3E# system !ses "ive primary "!el noCCles "or the M7F00#% and
smaller machines and si> primary "!el noCCles "or the larger machines. his design is capable o" providing a
wellEstabiliCed di""!sion "lame that b!rns e""iciently at ignition and d!ring part load operation.
In addition$ the m!ltiEnoCCle "!el in)ection system provides a satis"actory spatial distrib!tion o" "!el
"low entering the "irstEstage mi>er. he primary "!elEair mi>ing section is bo!nd by the comb!stor "irstEstage
wall$ the cap;center body and the "orward cone o" the vent!ri. his vol!me serves as a comb!stion Cone when
the comb!stor operates in the primary and leanElean modes. 7ince ignition occ!rs in this stage$ cross"ire t!bes
are installed to propagate "lame and to balance press!res between ad)acent chambers. -ilm slots on the liner
walls provide cooling$ as they do in a standard comb!stor. In order to achieve good emissions per"ormance in
premi>ed operation$ the "!elEair e?!ivalence ratio o" the mi>t!re e>iting the "irstEstage mi>er m!st be very
lean. '""icient and stable b!rning in the second stage is achieved by providing contin!o!s ignition so!rces at
both the inner and o!ter s!r"aces o" this "low. he three elements o" this stage comprise a piloting "lame$ an
associated aerodynamic device to "orce interaction between the pilot "lame and the inner s!r"ace o" the main
stage "low$ and an aerodynamic device to create a stable "lame Cone on the o!ter s!r"ace o" the main stage "low
e>iting the "irst stage.
he piloting "lame is generated by the secondary "!el noCCle$ which premi>es a portion o" the nat!ral
gas "!el and air <nominally$ #*, at "!ll load operation= and in)ects the mi>t!re thro!gh a swirler into a c!p
where it is b!rned.
%!rning an even smaller amo!nt o" "!el <less than ., o" the total "!el "low= stabiliCes this "lame as a
di""!sion "lame in the c!p. he secondary noCCle$ which is mo!nted in the cap center body$ is simple and
highly e""ective "or creating a stable "lame.
0 swirler mo!nted on the downstream end o" the cap;centerbody s!rro!nds the secondary noCCle.
his creates a swirling "low that stirs the inter"ace region between the piloting "lame and the mainEstage "low
and ens!res that the "lame is contin!o!sly propagated "rom the pilot to the inner s!r"ace o" the "!elEair mi>t!re
e>iting the "irst stage. @peration on oil "!el is similar e>cept that all o" the secondary oil is b!rned in a
di""!sion "lame in the c!rrent dry oil design.
he s!dden e>pansion at the throat o" the vent!re creates a toroidal reEcirc!lation Cone over the
downstream conical s!r"ace o" the vent!ri.
his Cone$ which entrains a portion o" the vent!re cooling air$ is a stable b!rning Cone that acts as an
ignition so!rce "or the main stage "!elEair mi>t!re. he cone angle and a>ial location o" the vent!ri cooling air
d!mp have signi"icant e""ects on the e""icacy o" this ignition so!rce. -inally$ the dil!tion Cone <the region o" the
comb!stor immediately downstream "rom the "lame Cone in the secondary= provides a region "or C@ b!rno!t
and "or shaping the gas temperat!re pro"ile e>iting the comb!stion system.

+ATER TREATMENT %LANT
%oiler ma9e!p water to the e>tent o" #.5E., o" the total "low is re?!ired to replenish the loss o" water thro!gh
lea9age "rom "ittings and bearings$ boiler blowEdown escape with non condensable gases in the Deaerator$
t!rbine glands$ and other ca!ses. his ma9e!p water needs to be treated prior to "eeding it to the boiler "or K

Prevention o" hard scale "ormation on the heating s!r"aces$
'limination o" corrosion$
Control o" carryEover to eliminate the deposition on s!per heater t!bes$
Prevention o" silica deposition and corrosion damage to t!rbine blades.
he cooling water ma9e!p also demands signi"icant amo!nt o" water at a prescribed parameters o"
P& t!rbidity$ cond!ctivity etc.
0lso$ water is needed "or vario!s other plant activities at vario!s levels o" cleanliness s!ch as "ire
"ighting$ service water etc.
his entire water re?!irement is met by the water treatment plant o" the power plant. h!s$ the water
treatment plant treats the water according to the re?!irements to which it needs to be p!t at vario!s sections in
the power plant. his whole process largely comes !nder water treatment$ which starts at the point$ raw water
enters the plant bo!ndaries and contin!es till the water id dispatched a"ter treatment to its desired destination.
%ater treatment 4rocess
Water treatment process which is generally made !p o" two sections1
#. Pretreatment section
.. DeEmineraliCation section
+aw$ water is received "rom two sewage treatment plants namely$ Delhi Gate 7ewage reatment
Plant and 7ell 3!rsing &ome 7ewage reatment Plant. his water is not s!itable "or !se in the power plant and
has to be treated.
Raw water contains a <ariet9 of im4urities such as C
s!spended solids and t!rbidity$
@rganics$
&ardness<salts o" calci!m and magnesi!m=$ al9alinity<bicarbonates$ carbonates$ hydrates=$
7ilica$ and
Dissolved gases<@. and C@.=
Lime Softening Plant
-irstly$ the water is stored in the raw water reservoir. -rom there it is$ p!mped to the Lime 7o"tening
Plant <L7P= where the t!rbidity and the hardness o" water are red!ced. &ere$ lime$ chlorine$ poly electrolyte
and "erric al!m are dosed in the stilling chamber. -erric al!m red!ces the t!rbidity o" the water and poly
electrolyte enhances sl!dge "ormation. Lime is added to the raw water to remove the hardness while chlorine
ne!traliCes the biological matter
he main p!rpose o" lime so"tening is to red!ce the calci!m and magnesi!m hardness associated
with carbonate and bicarbonate al9alinity. In addition$ lime so"tening removes any carbonEdio>ide dissolved in
the raw water. hese red!ctions can lower the total dissolved solids and the al9alinity o" the treated water. he
chemical reactions involved are as "ollows1E
C@. A Ca<@&=. X CaC@3 A &.@
Ca<&C@3=. A Ca<@&=. X .CaC@3 A .&.@
Mg<&C@3=. A Ca<@&=. X .CaC@3 MgC@3 A .&.@
MgC@3 A Ca<@&=. X .CaC@3 A Mg<@&=3
CL"RI$IC"TI!
When water is allowed to stand "or sometime in a big tan9 or reservoir$ most o" the s!spended
material settles down. he decanted water is ?!iet clear and is ta9en o!t "rom o!tlet located at convenient
points. his process o" clari"ication can be accelerated by adding coag!lants s!ch as 0L8M <all!mini!m
s!lphate= or "erro!s s!lphate or sodi!m al!minate. hese res!lt in the "ormation o" a -L@C or precipitate o"
al!mini!m hydro>ide which tends to amalgamate colloidal$ organic and s!spended imp!rities that settle down.
he tan9 in which the whole process ta9es place is called clari"ication tan9. Prior to it$ there is a stilling
chamber where the dosing o" lime$ chlorine and al!m is done. his dosed water is allowed to stand in the
clari"ier. he s!spended imp!rities settle down in a speci"ied period o" time called settling time. he tan9 has a
scraper which scraps the bottom s!r"ace o" the tan9 "or s!spension and g!ides it o!t o" the tan9 thro!gh sl!dge
o!tlets. he clari"ied water "lows o!t o" the tan9 "rom s!itable o!tlet points provided at the top. I" the imp!rity
is not binding to "orm -L@C$ polyelectrolyte <P'= is dosed to speed !p the sl!dge "ormation.
$ILTER"TI!
Water "iltration is the process o" separating s!spended and colloidal imp!rities "rom the water by
passing it thro!gh a poro!s medi!m. 0 bed o" gran!lar "ilter material or media is !sed in most power plant
applications.
0 "ilter may be de"ined simply as a device consisting o" a tan9$ a means o" s!pporting a wor9ing
"ilter bed within the tan9$ s!itable "ilter media$ and necessary piping$ valving and controls. hese can be o" two
types1E
B G+0DIG -L@W -IL'+71 In which the nat!ral head o" water above the "ilter bed and low
point o" discharge at the "ilter bottom providing the press!re di""erential needed to move the water thro!gh the
"ilter bed.
B P+'778+' -IL'+71 0s their name implies$ they operate on line !nder service press!re$ "iltering
the water as it "lows thro!gh the tan9 on its way to service or storage.
0 gran!lar medi!m li9e sand is commonly !sed "or "iltration. he press!re di""erence across the
"iltering medi!m is an indication o" solid acc!m!lation. When it reaches a given point$ the solid have to be
removed by bac9washing o" the "iltering bed.
CHLRI!"TI!
he main target "or chlorination o" water is to o>idiCe imp!rities li9e algae mass$ bacteria etc.
Chlorination is "o!nd very e""ective "or treatment o" water "or ind!strial !se and "or drin9ing p!rpose. he
condenser cooling water and raw water "or demineraliCation need to be chlorinated to destroy organic in order
to prohibit bioE"o!ling o" e?!ipments.
RE;ERSE S1SIS DE1I!ER"LID"TI!
It is a type o" Membrane Desalination "or desalination o" brac9ish water to prod!ce deEmineraliCed
water "it "or steam t!rbine cycle and a!>iliary e?!ipments cooling.
Re<erse smosis
0s related to water sol!tion$ osmosis occ!rs when two sol!tions o" di""erent concentrations are
separated by a semiEpermeable membrane. he membrane allows only water molec!les to cross the membrane
barrier. Water will "low "rom the lower concentration side to the higher concentration side !ntil e?!ilibri!m is
achieved. he res!lting di""erence is the height o" the li?!id col!mn represents the @7M@IC P+'778+'.
+everse osmosis occ!rs when s!""icient press!re is applied to the higher concentration side to reverse the water
"low.
he osmotic press!re re?!ired to the reverse direction o" water "low increases as the concentration o"
the brine increases. D!ring the reverse osmosis process$ water "lows to the area o" lower concentration and the
higher concentration sol!tion become more concentrated. o overcome the increased concentration$ additional
press!re is re?!ired to contin!e the reverse osmosis process. -or e>ample$ normal osmotic press!re o" sea
water is abo!t .F56 9Pa$ b!t to achieve reasonable prod!ct "low rate abo!t 5.*6 9Pa is re?!ired to achieve a
50, conversion. 0dditional press!re beyond this press!re val!e will "!rther increase the process "l!> <the
amo!nt o" prod!ct discharged per !nit o" membrane area=. In reverse osmosis process the dissolved ions
concentrate on the highEpress!re side o" the membrane$ and p!ri"ied water passes thro!gh the membrane to
create a prod!ct stream on the lowEpress!re side.
he semi permeable membranes are very sensitive to contaminants and imp!rities$ and proper preE
treatment o" reverse osmosis "eed water is essential to prevent membrane "o!ling. 0 reverse osmosis system$
there"ore$ !s!ally consists o" two parts1 preEtreatment e?!ipments to "ilter and chemically condition the water
and a gro!p o" reverse osmosis mod!les to red!ce the concentration o" dissolved solids.
he two basic types o" reverse osmosis membrane materials are 07GMM'+IC and &I3 -ILM
C@MP@7I. 0symmetric membranes consist o" a very thin$ dense s!r"ace layer with a micro poro!s
s!bstr!ct!re. he s!bstr!ct!re is designed to provide s!pport "or the s!r"ace s9in$ witho!t impeding permeates
"low. C'LL8L@7'$ 0C'0' and 0+@M0IC P@LLGMID'7 are the most common asymmetric material.
Cell!lose acetate membranes are s!sceptible to annealing and a red!ction in "l!> i" operated at higher
temperat!res. he membranes are also prone to &GD+@LG7I7 at e>treme P& b!t are relatively insensitive to
chlorine. 0romatic polyamides membranes are most resistant to hydrolysis b!t are more sensitive to chlorine
then cell!lose acetate membrane. %oth are s!b)ect to compaction.
Li9e asymmetric membranes$ thin "ilm composite membranes consist o" a very thin$ dense s!r"ace
layer with a micro poro!s s!bstr!ct!re. In the asymmetric membranes$ these layers are created sim!ltaneo!sly
o!t o" the same polymer. In a composite membrane$ the layers are prod!ced separately$ which increases both
the "le>ibility and comple>ity o" the membrane design and constr!ction.
he best reverse osmosis membrane wo!ld o""er high "l!>$ high re)ection rate$ high chlorine
resistance$ high "o!ling resistance$ and a strong$ d!rable composition$ as well as allow "or a wide range o"
variation in operating temperat!re$ press!re$ and p&. Membrane advances contin!e to broaden the acceptable
operating limits$ prolong membrane li"e$ lower installation and operating cost and improves the recovery and
re)ection rates "or reverse osmosis system.
Proper preEtreatment o" reverse osmosis "eed water is essential in the prevention o" membrane
"o!ling. Membrane cleaning "re?!ency serves a general g!ide "or eval!ating the e""ectiveness o" the preE
treatment system. 0 cleaning "re?!ency o" more than once a month indicates inade?!ate preEtreatment. ypes
o" "o!ling that can be prevented or red!ced by preEtreatment incl!de the "ollowing1E
Membrane scaling$
Metal o>ide "o!ling$
Pl!gging$
Colloidal "o!ling$ and
%iological "o!ling
@nce "o!ling occ!rs$ the membranes m!st be cleaned. horo!gh cleaning will remove most "o!lantsH
however$ membranes m!st be cleaned irreversible "o!ling occ!rs. he "o!r types o" reverse osmosis
'L'M'3 C@3-IG8+0I@3 0+' PL0' 03D -+0M'$ 8%8L0+$ &@LL@W -I%'+$ and 7PI+0L
W@83D.
0 plate and "rame mod!le is one o" the oldest reverse osmosis devices. 0ltho!gh it is concept!ally
simple$ the high capital costs involve in constr!ction contrib!te to ma9ing the plate and "rame con"ig!ration
most s!itable "or the process application characteriCed by low rates and high val!e prod!cts.
he hollow "ibre con"ig!ration consists o" a b!ndle o" hollow poro!s "ibres. he e>ternal wall o"
each "ibre is lined with a semiEpermeable membrane$ with the "ibre providing the necessary s!pport "or the
membrane. his con"ig!ration is also similar to a shell and a t!be design. -eed water "lows thro!gh the shell
side and the 7G7'M P+'778+' drives water molec!les thro!gh the membrane and into the "ibre. he
prod!ct system is retrieved "rom the t!be side$ and the re)ect stream contin!es o!t the shell side. &ollow "ibre
devices o""er the highest membrane remove all s!spended and colloidal solids in the "eed stream beca!se the
devices are partic!larly s!sceptible to "o!ling and once "o!l$ are di""ic!lt to clean.
he spiral wo!nd con"ig!ration consists o" sheets o" brine transport material$ prod!ct transport
material$ and membrane material$ sealed on three or "o!r sides and rolled into a per"orated t!be. 0s the brine
"lows longit!dinally down the element$ the system press!re ca!ses the water to pass thro!gh the membrane
into the prod!ct transport layer and "low spirally towards the centre o" the element. 0s the prod!ct reaches the
centre$ it "lows o!t the !nsealed side and thro!gh the t!be per"orations$ allowing the prod!ct "low to e>it the
element o!t either end o" the t!be. he brine contin!es to "low longit!dinally down the element thro!gh
spacers that "orm the brine transportation. 0 !ni?!e advantage o" spiral wo!nd system is the ability to place
several elements together in a single press!re vessel. 7piral wo!nd elements are more resistant to "o!ling and
are easier to clean than hollow "iber element. 7omewhat more space is re?!ired "or spiral wo!nd system than
"or corresponding hollow "iber application.
+everse osmosis has been !sed on its own or in combination with other treatment systems in many
applications "or e""ective$ economical water treatment.
+@;DM plant is !sed to red!ce the salt content o" the water. he water is treated in the "ollowing
order1
$igure
). Twin 5ed Gra<it9 $ilter
Water "rom the L7P goes to the win %ed Gravity -ilter <%G-= where the solid particles are "!rther
red!ced. &ere$ "erric chloride$ poly electrolyte and
Chlorine is doCed. -erric chloride and poly electrolyte red!ce the t!rbidity while chlorine ne!traliCes
the biological matter.
0t the end o" the process in %G-$ the t!rbidity o" the water is aro!nd #E. 38.
'. "cti<ated Carbon $ilter
he "iltered water "rom the %G- is p!mped to the activated carbon "ilter <0C-=. &ere$ the t!rbidity
o" the water is "!rther red!ced and color as well as chlorine is removed. 0"ter 0C-$ as a preca!tion 7odi!m
MetaE%iE 7!lphate <7M%7= is added to the water to remove the resid!al chlorine as chlorine can damage the
reverse osmosis membrane. 7M%7 is added thro!gh cartridge "ilters. 0lso$ an antiEsealant$ %CE##20$ is added
to avoid scaling o" +@ membranes.
0. Cartridge $ilter
In these "ilters again imp!rities o" order 5 micron are removed. here are three C-s. 0t a time only
one o" them is in service. 0"ter this stage most o" the parameters are met s!ch as P& is aro!nd *.0 and
t!rbidity is 0.## 38$ b!t the cond!ctivity is #50: .* 7;cm.
+. Re<erse smosis Stage
0"ter the water is made "it "or the +everse @smosis <+@= membranes$ the water is p!mped to the
"irst stage o" the +@ plant. he "irst stage consists # o"R #F identical vessels wherein each vessel consists o" F
membranes o" length # m. &ere$ water loses 2:,$ o" its cond!ctivity. -rom here water is p!mped to the
permeate brea9 tan9.
3. Permeate 5rea= Tan=
Permeate brea9 tan9 has only one p!rpose$ to provide a head "or the p!mps In!r#ping water to the
+@ stage II.
B. Re<erse smosis Stage II
+@ stage II consists o" : identical vessels same as that o" the +@ stage I. &ere$ the water loses 20,
o" the remaining cond!ctivity.
:. Degasser $lower
he waterRs dissolved carbon dio>ide is removed here.
E. Permeate Storage Tan=
Water is then p!mped to the permeate storage tan9s "or storage. here are two permeate storage
tan9s each o" capacity #.00 m3.
I! EFCH"!GER
his "ilter water is now !sed "or demineralising p!rpose and is "ed to cation e>changer bed$ b!t
enro!te being "irst deEchlorinated$ which is either done by passing thro!gh activated carbon "ilter or in)ecting
along the "low o" water$ an e?!ivalent amo!nt o" sodi!m s!lphite thro!gh some stro9e p!mps. he resid!al
chlorine which is maintained in clari"ication plant to remove organic matter "rom raw water is now detrimental
to cation resin and m!st be eliminated be"ore its entry to this bed.
3ormally$ the typical scheme o" demineraliCation !p to the mar9 against average s!r"ace water is a
three bed system with a provision o" removing gaseo!s carbon dio>ide "rom water be"ore "eeding to 0nion
'>change.
Resins
+esins$ which are b!ilt on synthetic matri> o" a styrene divinely benCene copolymer$ are
man!"act!red in s!ch a way that these have the ability to e>change one ion "or another$ hold it temporarily in
chemical combination and give it to a strong electrolytic sol!tion. 7!itable treatment is a so given to them in
s!ch a way that a partic!lar resin absorbs only a partic!lar gro!p o" ions.
Cation 7 "nion e(changer resin
+esins$ when absorbing and releasing cationic portion o" dissolved salts$ are called cation e>changer
resin and when removing anionic portion is called anion e>changer resin.
he present trend is o" employing strongly acidic cation e>changer resin and strongly basic anion
e>changer resin in a DM Plant. he chemically active gro!p in a cationic resin is 7@>E& <normally represented
by +&= and in an anionic resin the active gro!p is either tertiary amine or ?!aternary ammoni!m gro!p
<normally the resin is represented by +@&=. he reaction o" e>change may be "!rther represented as below1
Cation +esin +& A 3a QQY+ 3a A&. 7@$ 44&C# CaCa&3@3 Mg.Mg.
In the "orm o" <+esin in & .C@3 E+emoved by chloride s!lpEe>ha!stedaeration in hate$ nitrate or
"orm= degassing tower or bicarbonate=
0nion +eain +@& A& . 7@6 QQQQY +7@6 A &.@ &C#C# &3@3 3@3 <Mineral acids obtained
"rom cation e>changers=
Regeneration of resins
+echarging the e>ha!sted "orm o" resin i.e. regeneration employing 5, o" acid; al9ali as below1
Cation +esin 3a +4A&CP QQQQ Y +& A3aC # Ca4C# . MgCaC#. MgC#. '>ha!sted <"resh
<removed by resinresing=rising=
0nion +esin1 + 7@6 A3a@&EEEEEEEEY + @& A3a. 7@6 Cl3aCl 3@33a3@3 <e>ha!sted
<"resh<removed by resin= resin= rinsing=
0s seen above the water "rom the e>Ecation contains carbonic acid also s!""iciently$ which is very
wea9 acid di""ic!lt to be removed by strongly basic anion resin and ca!sing hindrance to remove silicate ions
"rom the bed. It is there"ore a !s!al practice to remove carbonic acid be"ore it is led to anion e>changer bed.
he e>Ecation water is tric9led in "ine streams "rom top o" a tall tower pac9ed with rasching rings$ and
compressed air is passed "rom the bottom. Carbonic acid brea9 into C@Z and water mechanically <&enryRs
Law= with the carbon dio>ide escaping into the atmosphere. he water is acc!m!lated in s!itable storage tan9
below the tower$ called degassed water d!mp$ "rom where the same is led to anion e>changer bed$ !sing acid
resistant p!mp. he e>Eanion water is "ed to the mi>ed bed e>changer containing both cationic resin and
anionic resin. his bed not only ta9es care o" sodi!m slip "rom cation b!t also silica slip "rom anion e>changer
very e""ectively. he "inal o!tp!t "rom the mi>ed bed is e>traEordinarily p!re water having less than 0..;Mho
cond!ctivity$ & *.0 and silica content less than 0.0. ppm.
0ny deviation "rom the above ?!ality means that the resins in mi>ed bed are e>ha!sted and need
regeneration$ regeneration o" the mi>ed bed "irst calls "or s!itable bac9 washing and settling$ so that the two
types o" resins are separated "rom each other. Lighter anion resin rises to the top and the heavier cation resin
settles to the bottom. %oth the resins are then regenerated separately with al9ali and acid$ rinsed to the desired
val!e and air mi>ed$ to mi> the resin again thoro!ghly. It is then p!t to "inal rinsing till the desired ?!ality is
obtained.
It may be mentioned here that there are two types o" strongly basic anion e>changer. ype II resins
are slightly less basic than type I$ b!t have higher regeneration e""iciency than type I. 0gain as type II resins
are !nable to remove silica e""ectively$ type I resins also have to be !sed "or the p!rpose. 0s s!ch$ the general
condition so "ar prevailing in India is to employ type II resin in anion e>changersP bed and type I resin in mi>ed
bed <"or the anionic portion=. It is also a general convention to regenerate the above two resins !nder thro!gh
"are system i.e. the ca!stic soda entering into mi>ed bed "or regeneration$ o" type I anion resin$ is !tiliCed to
regenerate type II resin in anion e>changer bed. he concept o" !tiliCing the above resin and mode o"
regeneration is now a day being switched over "rom the economy to a higher cost so as to have more stringent
?!ality control o" the "inal D.M. Water.

1i(ed 5ed
Water "rom the permeate storage tan9 is p!mped to the mi>ed bed. Mi>ed bed is basically an IonE
'>changer. here are three mi>ed beds b!t only one o" them is operational at a time. he cond!ctivity o" water
at the inlet o" the mi>ed bed is 0.#, while that re?!ired in the I I+7G "or steam generation is less than 0.# ,.
D1 Storage Tan=
he water "rom the mi>ed bed is p!mped to the DM storage tan9. his is the endEprod!ct o" the
process. his water$ de mineraliCed water$ is !sed "or the generation o" steam. here are two tan9s each o"
capacity #.00 m3. 'ven tho!gh there is appro>. 2FR,recovery "rom the boiler$ water is still re?!ired in s!ch
?!antity to steam only a limited n!mber o" times be"ore the steam it prod!ces is o" poor ?!ality.
$ILTERED %"TER P#1P
he so"t water so obtained is stored in this chamber and is distrib!ted thro!gh lo!r channels to
+everse @smosis DematerialiCing plant <+@DM=$ Cooling towers <C=$ &eat +ecovery 7team Generator
<&+7G= and &eating Dentilation and 0ir Conditioning <&D0C=.
I" preEtreatment o" the water is not done e""iciently then conse?!ences are as "ollows1
7i@g may escape with water which will increase the anion loading.
@rganic matter may escape which may ca!se organic "o!ling in the anion e>changer beds. In
the preEtreatment plant chlorine addition provision is normally made to combat organic
contamination.
Cation loading may !nnecessary increase d!e to addition o" Ca<@&=g in e>cess o" calc!lated
amo!nt "or raising the p& o" the water "or ma>im!m "loe "ormation and also 04@rDg may
precipitate o!t. I" less than calc!lated amo!nt o" Ca<@&=$ is added$ proper p& "locc!lation
will not be obtained and silica escape to demineraliCation section will occ!r$ thereby
increasing load on anion bed.

$IRE PRTECTI! S8STE1
he combined cycle power station represents a large capital investment in high technology plant and
e?!ipment$ the loss o" which wo!ld entail disr!ption to the power system and a larger red!ction reven!e. It is
necessary to protect this investment against "ire damage and to this e""ect an elaborate "ire detection and
protection system is being provided thro!gho!t the power plant.
he areas to be protected by "ire detection and protection system in a combined cycle gas pro)ect
are 1

#. Power ho!se b!ilding consisting o" gas t!rbine generator and its a!>iliaries$ steam t!rbine and its
a!>iliaries and waste heat recovery boiler e?!ipment and its a!>iliaries.

.. Gas reg!lating station

3. Li?!id "!el storage and !nloading area

6. Cable galleries;spreader room

5. rans"ormer switchyard and other trans"ormers located in the plant area
F. Dario!s control rooms

*. 0dministrative o""ice and other a!>iliary e?!ipment b!ildings

:. Covered and !ncovered stores
he vario!s "ire detection and protection system are1

High Pressure %ater S4ra9 S9stem

he high press!re water spray system applies water in the "orm o" a conical spray consisting o"
droplets o" water travelling at high velocity. he a!tomatic operation o" "low control; can be thro!gh wet
detection or dry detectionEInitiation 7ystem
7eparate .>#00, capacity p!mps and header is provided "or &.D.W. spray system.
his system is provided to protect trans"ormer and gas red!cing station <"or indoor installations= and
l!be oil storage tan9s.
1edium <elocit9 %ater s4ra9 s9stem
he medi!m velocity water system applies water in "inely divided droplets travelling at medi!m
velocity to control the "ire and the same time renders ad)acent areas sa"e by cooling action. his system is
operated man!ally and protects tan9s containing "lammable;comb!stible li?!id s!ch as 3aphtha. he discharge
density shall not be less than #0.. litres per min!tes per s?. metre.
S4rin=ler S9stem

he sprin9ler system consists o" a pipe wor9 array "illed with water having sprin9ler needs at laid
down intervals which operates at a predetermined temperat!re. Conventional cable galleries are not provided in
the combined cycle power plant$ however the spreader rooms where power cable are is protected by sprin9ler
system.
Detection o" "ire in cable spreader room is thro!gh combination o" smo9e detector i.e. ionisation
type ( optical type detector "!lly cross Coned.
%eside this$ linear thermal sensors are also !sed. he discharge density "or this system shall not be
less than #....Ipm;s?.M
$oam In@ection S9stem
o e>ting!ish the "ire inside tan9s containing "lammable;comb!stive li?!ids$ "oam is prod!ced by
mi>ing "oam concentrate with water in the re?!ired proportion and aerating the res!ltant sol!tion. Low
e>pansion "loroprotein in "oam concentrate is !sed as "oam concentrate. -oam in)ection is carried o!t man!ally
only. -oam e>ting!ishing system is provided "or "loating roo" tan9s storing 3aphtha$ tan9 car !nloading
mani"old and the dy9e area s!rro!nding the tan9s.
C' E(tinguishing S9stem

0"ter de"lected o" halon e>ting!ishing system mod!lar C@. e>ting!ishing system is envisaged in
control panels$ "!el gas control bloc9 o" Gas t!rbine <!nder so!nd proo" enclos!re=$ G so!nd proo" enclos!re$
bearing ho!sing within e>ha!st di""!ser and the cable space below electronic e?!ipment room. hese systems
are designed to achieve 36, concentration by vol!me in the areas to be protected and are e?!ipped with
optical type and ionisation type smo9e detectors. emperat!res detectors are installed in the bearing ho!sing
within e>ha!st di""!ser.

$ire "larm S9stem

0n a!tomatic "ire detection system is provided "or an early warning thro!gho!t the power plant area.
his system detects the o!tbrea9 o" "ire at the inception stage and "acilities to ta9e remedial action at the initial
stage to prevent;red!ce damage o" costly e?!ipments. 7ince Combined cycle plant operation is simpler as
compared to thermal power plant and the manpower re?!ired is less$ the comp!teriCed early warning system is
pre"erred than the conventional "ire alarm system. Comp!teriCed addressable type early warring systems which
have "ollowing advantages1
#. he system has provision "or a!tomatic sensitivity compensation

.. 'ach detector is individ!ally addressed

3. he system has "acility "or complete data logging.

6. he system is on mod!lar basis and can be e>panded at a later date.

5. he inter"ace !nits are provided "or connecting open type alarm initiating devices s!ch as
press!re switches$ potentials "ree contracts etc.

F. '>act location o" "ire can be 9nown "rom the "ire alarm control panel.

Potable E(tinguishers

Portable press!rised water type and C@
.
type e>ting!ishers are provided at strategic locations inside
the entire power station area. -or F00 MW combines cycle power plant$ appro>. *5 nos. water type and
#00nos. o" C@
.
type portable e>ting!ishers are provided.
"ir Conditioning Plant
0ir conditioning is the process to control the air parameters according to the re?!irement as per the conditions.
he parameters that involved in the air condition are1
emperat!re
&!midity
P!rity
-or the p!rpose o" the h!man com"ort$ the p!re air "or breathing m!st involve
emperat!re1 .5 [ .IC
&!midity1 50EF0, +&
0t PPCL there are two main air conditioning plants installed "or air conditioning in1
-acility b!ilding
Control room
Plant for facilit9 building&
Installed by1 voltas
emp. Maintained1 .5[.IC
+elative h!midity1 50EF0,
Plant for control room&
Installed by1 %l!e 7tar
emp. maintained1 ..[.IC
+elative &!midity1 \50,
;oltas "ir conditioning Plant
Capacity #.0 ons
3o o" !nits .
+e"rigeration cycle Dapo!r Compression
+e"rigerant +..<C&Cl-
.
=
Compressor ype +eciprocating
'>pansion Design Capillary t!bes

Spe!"#$!%&'
GT
7tages K 3
Ignition speed K F00
7el" s!stained speed K #500
Critical speed K #.2.;.62.
'>ha!st tempE 563
]
C
Com4ressor
7tages K #*
-low K a>ial
o;p K 603 9g;sec
pr. +atio K #..*:
bleeding K 6 points
CPHRCP F 0
7tages K .
Ma9e K Mather Platt
-lowE 655 m3;hr
+pmE#6:.
PowerE3#0 9W
!ame CPHRCP C% ? STG "C% EC% C% CGT
installed 3 3 3 3 .>.
7tages .
Ma9e Mather platt Mather platt Mather platt
-low<m3;sec= 655 #..00 *#0 *#0 *#0
+pm #6:. 620 #6:5 #6:5 #6:5
Power<9W= 3#0 #0*5 *5 #50 #50
A COLLAGE OF %%CL "$MMER TRAINNING