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Chapter 19: Thermal Properties
Chapter 19: Thermal Properties
Thermal Properties
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How does a material respond to heat?
• How do we define and measure...
-- heat capacity
-- coefficient of thermal expansion
-- thermal conductivity
-- thermal shock resistance
Chapter 19 - 1
Heat Capacity
• General: The ability of a material to absorb heat.
• Quantitative: The energy required to increase the
temperature of the material.
energy input (J/mol)
heat capacity dQ
(J/mol-K) C
dT temperature change (K)
3R Cv = constant
gas constant
= 8.31 J/mol-K Cv
Chapter 19 - 6
Thermal Expansion
• Materials change size when heating.
Lfinal Linitial Tinit
(Tfinal Tinitial ) L init
Linitial Tfinal
coefficient of L final
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/°C)
0.012 m
Chapter 19 - 9
Thermal Conductivity
T1 T2 > T1
x1 heat flux x2
Chapter 19 - 10
Thermal Conductivity: Comparison
Material k (W/m-K) Energy Transfer
• Metals
Aluminum 247 By vibration of
Steel 52 atoms and
Tungsten 178 motion of
Gold 315 electrons
increasing k
• Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 38
Alumina (Al2O3) 39 By vibration of
Soda-lime glass 1.7 atoms
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4
• Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12 By vibration/
Polyethylene 0.46-0.50 rotation of chain
Polystyrene 0.13 molecules
Teflon 0.25
Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister 7e.
Chapter 19 - 11
Thermal Stress
• Occurs due to:
-- uneven heating/cooling
-- mismatch in thermal expansion.
• Example Problem 19.1, Callister 7e.
-- A brass rod is stress-free at room temperature (20°C).
-- It is heated up, but prevented from lengthening.
-- At what T does the stress reach -172 MPa?
T room
L
L room L thermal (T Troom )
T Lroom
100GPa 20 x 10-6 /°C
E(thermal ) E(T Troom )
compressive keeps L = 0
-172 MPa 20°C
Answer: 106°C
Chapter 19 - 12
Thermal Shock Resistance
• Occurs due to: uneven heating/cooling.
• Ex: Assume top thin layer is rapidly cooled from T1 to T2:
rapid quench
tries to contract during cooling T2 Tension develops at surface
resists contraction T1 E(T1 T2 )
Temperature difference that Critical temperature difference
can be produced by cooling: for fracture (set = f)
quench rate f
(T1 T2 ) (T1 T2 )fracture
k E
set equal
f k
• Result: (quench rate)for fracture
E
f k
• Large thermal shock resistance when is large.
E
Chapter 19 - 13
Thermal Protection System
Re-entry T
• Application: Distribution
Space Shuttle Orbiter
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:
Chapter 19 - 16