Dimensioning: Chapter Ten

C H A P T E R T E N
DIMENSIONING
2
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman
2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
OBJECTIVES
1. Use conventional dimensioning techniques to describe size and
shape accurately on an engineering drawing.
2. Create and read a drawing at a specified scale.
3. Correctly place dimension lines, extension lines, angles, and notes.
4. Dimension circles, arcs, and inclined surfaces.
5. Apply finish symbols and notes to a drawing.
6. Dimension contours.
7. Use standard practices for dimensioning prisms, cylinders, holes,
and curves.
8. List practices for dimensioning a solid model as documentation.
9. Identify guidelines for the dos and donts of dimensioning.
3
UNDERSTANDING DIMENSIONING
The increasing need for precision manufacturing and interchangeability
has shifted responsibility for size control to the design engineer or detail drafter.
Practices for dimensioning architectural
and structural drawings are similar
in many ways to those for dimensioning
manufactured parts, but some practices
differ.
Refer to the following standards:
ANSI/ASME Y14.5-2009 Dimensioning and Tolerancing
ASME Y14.41-2003 Digital Product definition Data Practices
ASME B4.2-1978 (R1999) Preferred Metric Limits and Fits
Automatically Generated Dimensions.
Views and dimensions can be generated
automatically from a solid model.
(Courtesy of Robert Kincaid.)
4
Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning
Technique of dimensioning
Placement of dimensions
Choice of dimensions
5
Tolerance
Tolerance is the total amount that the feature on the actual part is allowed
to vary from what is specified by the drawing or model dimension.
A Title Block Specifying Tolerances. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)
ALL TOLERANCES .02 INCH
UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
6
Geometric Breakdown
Engineering structures are composed
largely of simple geometric shapes, such
as the prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone,
and sphere. They may be exterior
(positive) or interior (negative) forms.
7
LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING
Dimension, Extension and Centerlines
8
Guidelines for
USING DIMENSION
AND EXTENSION LINES
9
ARROWHEADS
When you are drawing by hand and using
the arrowhead method in which both
strokes are directed toward the point, it is
easier to make the strokes toward yourself.
10
LEADERS
A leader is a thin, solid line directing attention to a note or dimension and
starting with an arrowhead or dot.
For the Best Appearance, Make Leaders
near each other and parallel
across as few lines as possible
Dont Make Leaders
parallel to nearby lines of the drawing
through a corner of the view
across each other
longer than needed
horizontal or vertical
11
DRAWING SCALE
AND DIMENSIONING
Many standard title blocks include a
note such as:
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
FOR DIMENSIONS
Drawing scale is noted in the title block. The drawing should not be scaled for
dimensions. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)
12
DIRECTION OF DIMENSION
VALUES AND NOTES
All dimension values and notes are lettered horizontally to be read from the bottom of the
sheet, as oriented by the title block.
13
DIMENSION UNITS
A note stating ALL MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS or ALL MEASUREMENTS IN
INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED is used in the title block to indicate the
measurement units
(Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)
14
MILLIMETER VALUES
The millimeter is the commonly
used unit for most metric
engineering drawings. One-
place millimeter decimals are
used when tolerance limits
permit. Two (or more)place
millimeter decimals are used
when higher tolerances are
required.
15
DECIMAL-INCH VALUES
Two-place inch decimals are typical when tolerance limits permit. Three or more decimal
places are used for tolerance limits in the thousandths of an inch. In two-place decimals,
the second place preferably should be an even digit.
16
RULES FOR DIMENSION VALUES
Good hand-lettering is important for dimension values on sketches. The shop
produces according to the directions on the drawing so to save time and prevent
costly mistakes, make all lettering perfectly legible.
Make all decimal points bold, allowing ample space. When the metric dimension is
a whole number, do not show either a decimal point or a zero. When the metric
dimension is less than 1 mm, a zero precedes the decimal point.
When the decimal-inch dimension is used on drawings, a zero is not used before the
decimal point of values less than 1 in.
17
DUAL DIMENSIONING and
COMBINATION UNITS
Dual dimensioning is used to show metric and decimal-inch dimensions on the same
drawing. Two methods of displaying the dual dimensions are:
1. Position Method
2. Bracket Method
DIMENSIONS IN () ARE MILLIMETERS
18
DIMENSION SYMBOLS
Dimensioning symbols are used to replace traditional terms or abbreviations.
Form and Proportion of Dimensioning Symbols.
(Reprinted from ASME Y14.5M-1994 (R2004),by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)
19
PLACING AND SHOWING
DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY
Rules for the placement of dimensions help you dimension your drawings so
that they are clear and readable
Fitting Dimension Values in Limited Spaces (Metric Dimensions)
20
PLACING AND SHOWING
DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY continued
21
SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS
All necessary dimensions must be shown, but do not give unnecessary or superfluous
dimensions.
22
SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS
continued
No unnecessary or superfluous dimensions.
23
DIMENSIONING ANGLES
Angles are dimensioned by specifying the angle in degrees and
a linear dimension.
The coordinate method is
better when a high degree of
accuracy is required
24
DIMENSIONING ARCS, FILLETS AND
ROUNDS
A circular arc is dimensioned in the view where its true shape in seen by giving
the value for its radius preceded by the abbreviation R. Individual fillets and
rounds are dimensioned like other arcs.
FILLETS R6 AND ROUNDS R3 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
or
ALL CASTING RADII R6 UNLESS NOTED
or simply
ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS R6.
25
SIZE DIMENSIONS: CYLINDERS
Use to indicate circular shape
Dimensioning a Machine Part Composed of Cylindrical Shapes
Cylinders are usually dimensioned by giving the diameter and length where the
cylinder appears as a rectangle.
26
SIZE DIMENSIONING HOLES
Countersunk, counterbored, spotfaced and tapped holes are usually specified by standard
symbols or abbreviations.
The leader of a note should point to the circular view of the hole, if possible.
27
DIMENSIONING COUNTERBORES AND
SPOTFACES WITH FILLETS
Counterbored hole with a
fillet radius specified.
When a fillet radius is specified for a
spotface dimension, the fillet radius is
added to the outside of the spotface
diameter,
28
DIMENSIONING CURVES
One way to dimension
curves is to give a group
of radii.
Both circular and noncircular
curves may be dimensioned by
using coordinate dimensions,
or datums.
When angular measurements
are unsatisfactory, you may
give chordal dimensions
29
DIMENSIONING ROUNDED-END
SHAPES
For accuracy, in parts
dg, overall lengths of
rounded-end shapes
are given, and radii are
indicated, but without
specific values. The
center-to-center
distance may be
required for accurate
location of some holes.
In part g, the hole
location is more critical
than the location of the
radius, so the two are
located.
30
DIMENSIONING
THREADS
Local notes are used to specify dimensions of threads. For tapped
holes, the notes should, if possible, be attached to the circular views
of the holes.
31
DIMENSIONING TAPERS
A taper is a conical surface on a shaft or in a hole. The usual method of dimensioning
a taper is to give the amount of taper in a note, such as TAPER 0.167 ON DIA (with
TO GAGE often added), and then give the diameter at one end with the length or give
the diameter at both ends and omit the length. Taper on diameter means the difference
in diameter per unit of length.
32
DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS
Achamfer is a beveled or sloping edge. It is dimensioned by
giving the length of the offset and the angle, as in Figure 10.51a.
A 45 chamfer also may be dimensioned
33
DIMENSIONING KEYWAYS
The preferred method of dimensioning the depth of a keyway is to give
the dimension from the bottom of the keyway to the opposite side of
the shaft or hole.
34
DIMENSIONING KNURLS
A knurl is a roughened surface to provide a better handgrip or to be used for a press
fit between two parts. For handgrip purposes, it is necessary only to give the
pitch of the knurl, the type of knurling, and the length of the knurled area.
35
FINISH MARKS
A finish mark is used to indicate that a surface is to be machined, or finished,
as on a rough casting or forging. To the patternmaker or diemaker, a finish
mark means that allowance of extra metal in the rough workpiece must be
provided for the machining.
36
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Surface finish is intimately related to the functioning of a surface, and proper
specification of finish of surfaces such as bearings and seals is necessary. Surface
quality specifications should be used only where needed, since the cost of producing
a finished surface becomes greater as the quality of the surface called for is increased.
Generally, the ideal surface finish is the roughest that will do the job satisfactorily.
Surface Texture Symbols and
Construction. (Reprinted from
ASME Y14.36M-1996 (R2002), by
permission of The American Society
of Mechanical Engineers. All rights
reserved.)
37
LOCATION DIMENSIONS
After you have specified the sizes of the geometric shapes composing the structure, give
location dimensions to show the relative positions of these geometric shapes.
38
MATING DIMENSIONS
Mating dimensions should be given on the multiview drawings in the
corresponding locations.
39
TABULAR DIMENSIONS
A series of objects having like features but varying in dimensions may be
represented by one drawing.
40
COORDINATE DIMENSIONING
A set of three mutually perpendicular datum or reference planes is
usually required for coordinate dimensioning. These planes either must
be obvious.
41
SHEET METAL BENDS
Bends
In sheet metal dimensioning, allowance must be made for bends. The intersection of
the plane surfaces adjacent to a bend is called the mold line, and this line, rather than
the center of the arc, is used to determine dimensions.
42
NOTES
It is usually necessary to supplement the direct dimensions with notes. Notes should be brief and
carefully worded to allow only one interpretation. Notes should always be lettered horizontally on the
sheet and arranged systematically. They should not be crowded and should not be placed between
views, if possible. Notes are classified as general notes when they apply to an entire drawing and as
local notes when they apply to specific items.

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