Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MRT Selection
MRT Selection
MRT Selection
Second Edition
Coenraad Esveld
Professor of Railway Engineering
Delft University of Technology
2001
MRT-Productions
ISBN 90-800324-3-3
SISO 696.3 UDC 625.1
Copyright 2001 C. Esveld
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the right of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitations, broadcastings, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the Dutch Copyright Law.
Major contributions to this Second Edition were made by the following persons:
Norbert Frank, Voest Alpine Schienen
Stanislav Jovanovic, TU Delft
Anton Kok, TU Delft
Amy de Man, TU Delft
Valeri Markine, TU Delft
Rainer Oswald, VAE
Peter Scheepmaker, TU Delft
Rainer Wenty, Plasser & Theurer
Gerard van der Werf, TU Delft and Arcadis
Jan van t Zand, TU Delft
Arjen Zoeteman, TU Delft
Jan Zwarthoed, TU Delft and Volker Stevin Rail & Traffic
To my grandchildren
Thomas
Maud
Fieke
and
Douwe
Publication of this book has been made possible thanks to the sponsoring of the following companies:
Main Sponsors
Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands
BAM NBM Rail bv, The Netherlands
German Track Systems Projektgesellschaft mbH, Germany
Sponsors
Plasser & Theurer, Austria
Vossloh Rail Fastening Systems, Germany
Advertisers
Elektro-Thermit, Germany
Speno International, Switzerland
Front Cover Sponsor
Vossloh Rail Fastening Systems, Germany
Spine Sponsor
Pandrol, England
PREFACE
Acknowledgement
With the preparation of this Second Edition many experts have assisted to provide and check existing
material and to write additional sections. In the first place I would like to thank my staff of the railway
engineering group of Delft University of Technology: Jan van t Zand, Peter Scheepmaker, Gerard van
der Werf, Anton Kok, Valeri Markine, Ivan Shevtsov, Pedja Joksimovic and the secretaries Jacqueline
Barnhoorn and Sonja van den Bos. I am most indebted to my Ph.D. students: Akke Suiker, Amy de
Man, Arjen Zoeteman, Sren Rasmussen, Stanislav Jovanovic and Jan Zwarthoed for their invaluable ideas, suggestions and contributions. Those who have drafted significant parts have been mentioned explicitly in the outset of the book. From TU Delft I would like to mention in particular Jan van t
Zand who made the entire layout of the book in Framemaker.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my colleagues of the management team of the Section for
Road and Railway Engineering at the Civil Engineering Department of TU Delft: Andr Molenaar,
Peter Scheepmaker, Lambert Houben, Martin van der Ven and Abdol Miradi for their support in producing this Second Edition.
For the high-speed section I would like to thank the Korean High Speed Rail Corporation for contributing information of the high-speed project between Seoul and Pusan. In this respect I would also like
to refer to the many interesting discussions in the Special International Track Advisory Committee
(SITAC), comprised of Dr. Kee-Dong Kang, Dr. Yoshihiko Sato, Mr. Serge Montagn, Prof. Klaus
Riessberger, Mr. Gerhard Kaess and myself, with the active assistance of Mr. Arne Svensoy, Mr. Bertold Pfeifer and Mr. Ki-Jun Son.
Valuable information was received from my Japanese colleagues Dr. Yoshihiko Sato from the Railway
Track System Institute, Dr. Katsutoshi Ando and Mr. Noritsugu Abe from the Railway Technical
Research Institute (RTRI) and Mr. Tetsuhisa Kobayashi from the Japan Railway Construction Public
Corporation (JRCPC) for which I would like to express my gratitude.
I very much appreciated the indirect contributions by the companies and members participating in the
Coordinating Committee for Railway Engineering of the Information and Technology Centre for Transport and Infrastructure (CROW) in The Netherlands.
I also owe much gratitude to Mr. Rainer Wenty from Plasser and Theurer for revising the section on
track maintenance and renewal, and providing information on various other related subjects.
I highly appreciated the input on stone blowing from Mr. Peter McMichael of Railtrack and Mr. David
Hill-Smith of AMEC Rail.
The section on rail grinding was checked by Mr. Wolfgang Schch for which I would like to express
my thanks.
For the section on rails I am very grateful for the contribution of Dr. Norbert Frank from Voest Alpine
Schienen, who revised large parts of the original text.
I very much appreciated the assistance of Mr. Paul Godart of NMBS/SNCB for providing the information on the work of CEN and UIC concerning new rail standards.
I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Hugo Goossens of TUC Rail for the many interesting discussions on track maintenance.
I owe much gratitude to Mr. Rainer Oswald from VAE, for his suggestions on revising the section on
switches and crossings.
I would like to thank Dr. Frank Kusters of Elektro-Thermit for checking the section on ET welding.
ix
PREFACE
Thanks to Dipl.-Ing. Hans Bachmann, Dipl.-Ing. Jens Kleeberg and Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Martin Kowalski of
Pfleiderer I was able to incorporate the latest information of the Rheda system in the chapter on slab
track.
Furthermore essential information on track components were provided by the suppliers, for which I
would like to thank in particular Mr. Gerrien van der Houwen of Edilon, Mr. Dirk Vorderbrck from
Vossloh, Mr. Chris Eckebus from Phoenix Benelux, Mr. David Rhodes from Pandrol, Mr. Patrick
Carels of CDM and Mr. Olaf Unbehaun of Cronau.
For the parts on inspection systems we received many contributions from the industry. I would like to
express my thanks in particular to Mr. Anton Weel and Mr. Han Wendt of Eurailscout, Mr. Jaap Roos
and Mr. Erwin Giling of TNO-TPD, Mr. Aad van der Linden and Mr. Jan van der Schee from Koninklijke BAM NBM, Mr. Wido de Witte from Erdmann Softwaregesellschaft, Mr. Kevin Kesler of Ensco,
Mrs. Danue Marusicov of Czech Railways (CD), Prof. Willem Ebersohn of Amtrack, Mr. Charles
Penny of Balfour Beatty, Mr. Paolo Redi of S.E.I. Sistemi Energetici Integrati and Mr. Ted Slump of NS
Rail Infrabeheer.
Finally I would like to thank Dior van Nieuwenhuizen for her magnificent work to check and correct the
English text.
I would like to conclude with expressing the hope that this Second Edition will once again prove to be
a useful contribution to the training of students and railway engineers.
Coenraad Esveld
PREFACE
PREFACE
After the success of Modern Railway Track this Second Edition is an extension and complete revision
of the original book, in which the developments of the last ten years have been incorporated. The
research projects carried out at the Railway Engineering Group of Delft University of Technology have
played a central role. The theory of railway track and vehicle track interaction has been substantially
enhanced and much more attention has been given to dynamics. Undoubtedly one of the most important extensions was the part on slab track structures. But also track management systems have been
given much more attention. Numerical optimization and testing, as well as acceptance are new chapters.
When revising the lecture notes for the railway course at the Civil Engineering Department of TU Delft
in the period 1994 - 2000 the first edition of this book was taken as a starting point. The first edition
and the TU Delft lecture notes, together with various publications and research reports, mainly of the
railway engineering group of TU Delft, were then forming the base for the second edition.
The staff of the railway engineering group at TU Delft has made a great contribution to the composition and revision of the various chapters. Also the industry provided some important contributions,
specifically on the chapters dealing with rail manufacturing, track components, maintenance and
renewal, as well as inspection systems.
The first seven chapters are dealing with the basic theory of the wheel rail interface and track design.
In the design attention is given to both static and dynamic aspects, whereby a number of examples is
given of results obtained from computer models like RAIL, GEOTRACK and ANSYS. In the part on
stability and longitudinal forces the CWERRI program is extensively discussed.
The discussion of track structures has been split up into a chapter on ballasted track and one on slab
track. The first one is dealing with the conventional structures and modern ballasted designs,
whereas the slab track chapter focuses on developments of the last decades. Both continuous slabs
and prefabricated solutions are addressed in combination with discretely supported and continuously
supported rails.
The chapter on rails has been brought to the state of the art, with introducing the new EN standards
and discussing the latest inspection systems. Also the latest information on bainitic rail steels has
been incorporated.
For switches and crossings high-speed turnouts are discussed, together with the geometrical design
criteria, and also modern inspection systems for controlling switch maintenance.
In railway engineering practice track maintenance and renewal forms a key factor. The latest track
maintenance methods and the associated machines are presented, being a major extension compared to the first edition of this book. The part on track deterioration has now been incorporated in this
chapter.
Optimization was one of the issues very much underestimated in railway engineering. Such techniques are not only applicable to components and structures, but also to decision support systems
and resource optimization. A separate chapter has been added called numerical optimization with the
main emphasis on structural components.
From the outset railway engineering has always had a strong component in experimental work.
Therefore a new section has been added on testing and acceptance, in which also the issue of
acceptance criteria for new railway components is addressed.
The chapter on noise and vibration is describing the fundamentals and has been taken over from the
first edition with only a few modifications.
xi
PREFACE
The chapter on inspection and detection methods has been completely revised. The original chapter
was primarily based on NS experience. Now the state of the art inspection systems have been introduced. However the fundamental parts of the first edition have been left in tact.
The chapter on high-speed tracks contains some applications of high-speed projects and some dedicated issues such as pressure waves in tunnels. Also a section is devoted to magnetic levitation.
In track maintenance management systems various issues on track maintenance and renewal decision support are described, as well as monitoring of phenomena relevant to the various maintenance
processes. Special attention is given to the ECOTRACK system, developed under the auspices of
UIC and maintained and supported by TU Delft.
Railway assets involve a large capital and need to be managed carefully. The chapter on this issue
deals with the general principles of asset management and the way in which such systems can be set
up.
The final chapter is dealing with life cycle cost analysis. After describing the general principles a
number of case studies are discussed.
Zaltbommel, Summer 2001
Coenraad Esveld
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historic development.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Railways ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Tramways and metro.......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Operational aspects ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Functions of a railway company.................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Infrastructure................................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.3 Rolling stock.................................................................................................................................. 5
1.4.4 Personnel...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.5 Electrification................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.6 Catenary systems ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.7 Road crossings ............................................................................................................................. 8
1.4.8 Major rail infrastructure projects.................................................................................................... 9
1.4.9 Developing countries .................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Geometry of a railway line ................................................................................................................ 10
1.5.1 Clearances.................................................................................................................................. 10
1.5.2 Alignment .................................................................................................................................... 13
1.6 General track considerations............................................................................................................ 13
1.6.1 Track requirements..................................................................................................................... 13
1.6.2 Load-bearing function of the track .............................................................................................. 14
1.6.3 Indication of rail forces and displacements................................................................................. 15
1.6.4 Track geometry components ...................................................................................................... 15
2 WHEEL-RAIL INTERFACE
2.1 Wheel-rail guidance.......................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Wheelset and track dimensions ....................................................................................................... 17
2.3 Conicity............................................................................................................................................. 18
2.4 Lateral movement of a wheelset on straight track ............................................................................ 19
2.4.1 Theory according to Klingel ........................................................................................................ 19
2.4.2 Hunting movement...................................................................................................................... 20
2.5 Equivalent conicity............................................................................................................................ 21
2.6 Worn wheel profiles .......................................................................................................................... 22
2.7 Wheel-rail contact stresses .............................................................................................................. 23
2.7.1 Hertz theory ................................................................................................................................ 23
2.7.2 Hertz spring constant.................................................................................................................. 24
2.7.3 Single and two-point contact between wheel and rail ................................................................. 25
2.7.4 Spreading forces ......................................................................................................................... 26
2.7.5 Wheel-rail creep.......................................................................................................................... 27
2.7.6 Spin............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.7.7 Creepage coefficients ................................................................................................................. 29
2.8 Train resistances .............................................................................................................................. 30
2.8.1 Types of resistances ................................................................................................................... 30
2.8.2 Required pulling force................................................................................................................. 31
2.8.3 Adhesion force............................................................................................................................ 32
xiii
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4 TRACK LOADS
4.1 In general.......................................................................................................................................... 55
4.2 Axle loads ......................................................................................................................................... 55
4.3 Line classification ............................................................................................................................. 55
4.4 Tonnages.......................................................................................................................................... 56
4.5 Speeds ............................................................................................................................................. 56
4.6 Causes and nature of track loads..................................................................................................... 57
4.7 Vertical rail forces. ............................................................................................................................ 57
4.7.1 Total vertical wheel load ............................................................................................................. 57
4.7.2 Tilting risk. ................................................................................................................................... 58
4.8 Lateral forces on the rail................................................................................................................... 59
4.8.1 Total lateral wheel load ............................................................................................................... 59
4.8.2 Derailment risk ............................................................................................................................ 59
4.8.3 Lateral force on the track ............................................................................................................ 60
4.9 Longitudinal forces. .......................................................................................................................... 61
4.9.1 Causes ........................................................................................................................................ 61
4.9.2 Temperature forces..................................................................................................................... 61
4.9.3 Track creep ................................................................................................................................. 61
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8 BALLASTED TRACK
8.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 203
8.2 Formation ....................................................................................................................................... 204
8.3 Ballast bed...................................................................................................................................... 205
8.4 Rails ............................................................................................................................................... 206
8.4.1 Functions .................................................................................................................................. 206
8.4.2 Profile types .............................................................................................................................. 206
8.4.3 Geometry of flat-bottom rail ...................................................................................................... 207
8.5 Rail joints and welds....................................................................................................................... 208
8.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 208
8.5.2 Fishplated joints........................................................................................................................ 208
8.5.3 Expansion joints and expansion devices .................................................................................. 209
8.5.4 Bridge transition structures ....................................................................................................... 210
8.5.5 Insulated joint............................................................................................................................ 210
8.6 Sleepers ......................................................................................................................................... 212
8.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 212
8.6.2 Timber sleepers ........................................................................................................................ 213
8.6.3 Concrete sleepers..................................................................................................................... 214
8.6.4 Steel sleepers ........................................................................................................................... 216
8.7 Improvements in ballasted tracks ................................................................................................... 216
8.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 216
8.7.2 Wide sleeper ............................................................................................................................. 217
8.7.3 Frame sleeper........................................................................................................................... 218
xvii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
9 SLAB TRACK
9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 231
9.2 Ballasted track versus slab track .................................................................................................... 231
9.2.1 Ballasted track .......................................................................................................................... 232
9.2.2 Slab track .................................................................................................................................. 232
9.3 Designs of slab track superstructures ............................................................................................ 233
9.4 Sleepers or blocks embedded in concrete ..................................................................................... 234
9.4.1 Rheda 2000 .............................................................................................................................. 235
9.4.2 Zblin ........................................................................................................................................ 242
9.5 Structures with asphalt-concrete roadbed...................................................................................... 245
9.6 Prefabricated slabs......................................................................................................................... 246
9.6.1 Shinkansen slab track............................................................................................................... 247
9.6.2 Recent design of Shinkansen slab track ................................................................................... 248
9.6.3 Bgl slab track .......................................................................................................................... 251
9.7 Monolithic slabs and civil structures ............................................................................................... 252
9.8 Embedded Rail............................................................................................................................... 253
9.8.1 The characteristics of embedded rail ........................................................................................ 253
9.8.2 Construction of embedded rail track ......................................................................................... 254
9.8.3 Experiences with embedded rail ............................................................................................... 255
9.8.4 DeckTrack ................................................................................................................................. 257
9.9 Flexural stiff slabs on top of soft soil............................................................................................... 258
9.10 Clamped and continuously supported rail structures.................................................................... 261
9.10.1 CoconTrack............................................................................................................................. 261
9.10.2 Continuously supported grooved rail ...................................................................................... 263
9.10.3 Web-clamped rails .................................................................................................................. 264
9.11 EPS as subbase material in railway slab track structures ............................................................ 265
9.11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 265
9.11.2 Slab track structures with an EPS subbase ............................................................................ 265
9.11.3 Static performance.................................................................................................................. 265
9.11.4 Dynamic performance............................................................................................................. 266
9.11.5 Applications............................................................................................................................. 267
9.12 Track resilience ............................................................................................................................ 267
9.13 System requirements.................................................................................................................... 268
9.13.1 Requirements for the substructure.......................................................................................... 269
9.13.2 Requirements for slab track in tunnels.................................................................................... 271
xviii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10 THE RAIL
10.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 275
10.2 Modern rail manufacturing............................................................................................................ 275
10.2.1 Blast furnace ........................................................................................................................... 275
10.2.2 Steel-making ........................................................................................................................... 277
10.2.3 Vacuum degassing and argon flushing ................................................................................... 279
10.2.4 Continuous casting ................................................................................................................. 279
10.2.5 Rolling mill............................................................................................................................... 281
10.2.6 Finishing shop ......................................................................................................................... 282
10.2.7 Inspection and acceptance ..................................................................................................... 286
10.2.8 Rail profiles ............................................................................................................................. 288
10.2.9 Indication of profile types according to CEN ........................................................................... 288
10.3 Rail properties .............................................................................................................................. 292
10.3.1 Metallurgical fundamentals ..................................................................................................... 292
10.3.2 Heat treatment........................................................................................................................ 294
10.3.3 Rail grades.............................................................................................................................. 296
10.3.4 Wear resistance ...................................................................................................................... 299
10.3.5 Fatigue strength ...................................................................................................................... 300
10.3.6 Fracture mechanics ................................................................................................................ 300
10.4 Rail welding .................................................................................................................................. 306
10.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 306
10.4.2 Flash butt welding ................................................................................................................... 306
10.4.3 Post-processing of flash butt welds in the NS welding depot ................................................. 309
10.4.4 Thermit welding....................................................................................................................... 310
10.4.5 Cooling rates........................................................................................................................... 314
10.4.6 Improvement of weld geometry............................................................................................... 316
10.4.7 Weld geometry standards....................................................................................................... 316
10.5 Rail failures................................................................................................................................... 317
10.5.1 Defects in rail ends ................................................................................................................. 317
10.5.2 Defects away from rail ends.................................................................................................... 318
10.5.3 Weld and resurfacing defects ................................................................................................. 323
10.5.4 Rail defect statistics ................................................................................................................ 326
xix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
17 HIGH-SPEED TRACKS
17.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 567
17.1.1 Vehicle reactions..................................................................................................................... 567
17.1.2 Track geometry ....................................................................................................................... 568
17.1.3 Rail geometry and weld geometry .......................................................................................... 570
17.1.4 Track quality standards for 300 km/h ...................................................................................... 570
17.2 The Korean High Speed Railway Project..................................................................................... 574
17.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 574
xxiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxvi
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Historic development
1 INTRODUCTION
The rail as supporting and guiding element was first utilised in the sixteenth century. In those times
the mines in England used wooden roadways to reduce the resistance of the mining vehicles. The
running surface was provided with an uprising edge in order to keep the vehicles on the track.
During a crises as a result of overproduction in the iron industry in England in 1760, the wooden rails
were covered with cast iron plates which caused the running resistance to diminish to such an extent
that the application of such plates soon proliferated. About 1800 the first free bearing rails were
applied (Outtram), which were supported at the ends by cast iron sockets on wooden sleepers.
Flanged iron wheels took care of the guiding, as we still practice now. In the beginning the vehicles
were moved forward by manpower or by horses.
The invention of the steam engine led to the first steam locomotive, constructed in 1804 by the Englishman Trevithick. George Stephenson built the first steam locomotive with tubular boiler in 1814. In
1825 the first railway for passengers was opened between Stockton and Darlington. On the mainland
of Europe Belgium was the first country to open a railway (Mechelen - Brussels). Belgium was quick
to create a connection with the German hinterland bypassing the Dutch waterways. The first railway
in The Netherlands (Amsterdam - Haarlem) came into existence much later: only in 1839. Here the
railway was regarded as a big rival of the inland waterways.
The railways formed a brand new means of transportation with up till then unknown capacity, speed,
and reliability. Large areas were opened which could not be developed earlier because of the primitive road and water connections. The railways formed an enormous stimulus to the political, economical and social development in the nineteenth century. Countries like the United States and Canada
were opened thanks to the railways and became a political unity. In countries like Russia and China
the railway still plays a crucial roll.
The trade unions originated when the railways were a major employer (railway strikes in England in
1900 and 1911 and in The Netherlands in 1903). The railway companies were also the first line of
business which developed careful planning, organisation and control systems to enable efficient management. Moreover, they gave the impulse to big developments in the area of civil engineering (railway track building, bridges, tunnels, station roofing).
1.2
Railways
While the railways found themselves in a monopoly position up to the twentieth-century, with the
advent of the combustion engine and the jet engine they had to face strong competition in the form of
buses, cars and aeroplanes.
Mass motorization after World War II expressed by the growing prosperity brought about many problems, especially in densely populated areas: lack of space, congestion, lack of safety, emission of
harmful substances and noise pollution. Exactly in these cases railways can be advantageous as they
are characterized by the following:
Limited use of space compared to large transport capacity;
Reliability and safety;
High degree of automation and management;
Moderate environmental impact.
1 INTRODUCTION
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14
14.1
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Table 14.1: Overview of the most important track properties of each component
14.2.4
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