B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

7 Work, Energy and Power

Practice 7.1 (p. 163)
1 D 9 (a) Component of force in the direction of
2 B motion = 25 cos 50° N
3 B Work = (F cosθ )s
4 C = 25 cos 50° × 10
5 (a) Work = Fs = 161 J
= 375 × 10 × 1 The work done by John is 161 J.
= 3750 J (b) Chemical energy of John converts to
The work done on the water skier by the kinetic energy of the sledge.
tension is 3750 J. 10 (a) Work = Fs
(b) Since the skier moves at uniform speed, = 10 × 3
the energy gained by the skier is 0. The = 30 J
work done on the skier by the tension is The work done by F on the block is 30
used to be against the work done on the J.
skier by the gravity. (b) Work = fs
6 The work done is 0. = –4 × 3
7 Work = Fs = –12 J
500 = 100 × s The work done by f on the block is
s=5m –12 J.
The depth of the well is 5 m. (c) For the force that does work on the
8 (a) Work = Fs block, chemical energy of the source of
30 = F × 1.5 the force converts to kinetic energy of
F = 20 N the block.
The size of the force is 20 N. For the friction that does work on the
(b) F = ma block, kinetic energy of the block
20 = 1(a) converts to internal energy of the block
a = 20 m s –2
and the surroundings.
The acceleration of the box is 20 m s . –2
11 (a) Work = Fs
(c) By v – u = 2as,
2 2
= 10 × 10 × 0.8
v – 0 = 2(20)(1.5)
2
= 80 J
v = 7.75 m s –1
The work done by the man is 80 J.
The velocity of the box is 7.75 m s –1
Chemical energy of the man converts to
when it reaches 1.5 m above the ground. gravitational potential energy of the
box.

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 64  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

(b) No, he has not done work in this 1 14 .9

521 = × ×v 2
process. 2 1000
Yes, the man feels tired. v = 264 m s–1
The speed of the bullet fired is 264 m s–1.

Practice 7.2 (p. 169)

1 A
Let mt and vt be the mass and the speed of the 6 Gain in KE
1
thief respectively, and = m( v 2 − u 2 )
2
mp and vp be the mass and the speed of the
1
policeman respectively. = (0.2)( 30 2 −5 2 )
2
1 1
m p v p 2 = mt vt 2 = 87.5 J
2 2
The gain in kinetic energy of the stone is
vp mt 1
= = 87.5 J.
vt mp 2
7 Her gain in gravitational PE
2 A = mgh
1
By KE = mv 2 , = 50 × 10 × 72
2
= 36 000 J
1
2.17 × 10–18 = ×9.1 ×10 −31 × v 2 Her gain in gravitational potential energy is
2
36 000 J.
v = 2.18 × 106 m s–1
Its speed is 2.18 × 106 m s–1. 8 Speed of the passenger
1400
3 B =
12 ×60
Her gain in gravitational PE
= 1.944 m s–1
= mgh
KE of the passenger
= 50 × 10 × 30 1
= 15 000 J
= mv 2
2
Her gain in gravitational potential energy is 1 2
= ×75 ×1.944
15 000 J. 2
1 = 142 J
4 KE of the ball = mv 2
2 The kinetic energy of the passenger was
2
1 57  246 .2  142 J.
= × × 
2 1000  3.6 
9 (a) (i) Work done
= 133 J = Fs
The kinetic energy of the ball is 133 J. = 152.5 × 10 × 1.8
1
5 By KE = mv 2 , = 2745 J
2
His work done on the barbell was

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 65  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

2745 J. tension.
(ii) The minimum force that each of
his arm acted on the barbell Practice 7.3 (p. 179)
152 .5 ×10 1 B
=
2 2 C
= 762.5 N 3 C

(b) Work done 4 B

= Fs Work done against friction = loss in KE
= 152.5 × 10 × 2 1
Fs = m( v 2 − u 2 )
= 3050 J 2
His work done on the barbell is 3050 J. 1  72 2  36 2 
9000s = ×1500 ×   −  
(c) A short weightlifter has an advantage in 2 
 3 . 6   3. 6  

this sport. This is because a short s = 25 m
weightlifter needs to move the barbell The distance travelled by the car when it
for a shorter displacement in the slows down is 25 m.
direction of the force applied. Hence, 5 (a) Chemical energy of the weightlifter
less work done is required. converts to gravitational potential energy
10 (a) The change in the gravitational potential of the barbell.
energy of each worker (b) Kinetic energy of the lift converts to
= The loss in the gravitational potential gravitational potential energy of the
energy of each worker passengers.
= mgh 6 (a) PE = mgh
= 75 × 10 × (–3.5) = 80 × 10 × 6.14
= –2625 J = 4912 J
(b) The gain in KE of each worker = 0 The gain in his gravitational potential
(c) The loss in the gravitational potential energy at the highest point is 4912 J.
energy of each worker (b) By conservation of energy,
= the gain in the kinetic energy of each the kinetic energy when he left the
worker + work done against tension ground
Since the platform is lowered in a = the gain in his gravitational potential
uniform speed, there is no gain in KE of energy at the highest point
each worker. Then, the loss in = 4912 J
gravitational potential energy of each 7 (a) PE = mgh
worker is equal to the work done against = 0.4 × 10 × 5

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 66  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

= 20 J converted back to kinetic energy when it

The potential energy before it falls is falls. Its kinetic energy is 0.5 J on
20 J. hitting the ground again.
(b) By conservation of energy, the potential 9 (a) Take the potential energy of the bob at
energy of the ball is converted to its the lowest level be 0.
kinetic energy when it falls. Therefore, PE = mgh
its KE on hitting the ground is 20 J. = 0.01 × 10 × 0.1 = 0.01 J
Its potential energy gain after being
raised is 0.01 J.
1
(c) KE = mv2
2 (b) By conservation of energy, the potential
1
20 = × 0.4 × v2 energy of the bob in (a) is converted to
2
its kinetic energy at its lowest position.
2 × 20
v= = 10 m s–1 Therefore, its kinetic energy is 0.01 J as
0.4
it passes its lowest position.
Its velocity on hitting the ground is
1
10 m s−1. By KE = mv2,
2
1 1
8 (a) KE = mv2
2 0.01 = × 0.01 × v2
2
1
= × 0.01 × 102 = 0.5 J v = 1.41 m s−1
2
The speed is 1.41 m s−1 as it passes its
The kinetic energy of the stone is 0.5 J
lowest position.
when it is thrown from the ground.
(c) New total energy
(b) By conservation of energy, all kinetic
1
energy of the stone is converted to its = mv12 + mgh1
2
potential energy when it reaches the 1
= × 0.01 × 12 + 0.01 × 10 × 0.1
highest point. Therefore, the potential 2
energy gain is 0.5 J when it is at the = 0.015 J
highest point. The potential energy of the bob at the
(c) Take the potential energy of the bob at other end = mgh2 = 0.015 J
ground level be 0. 0.01 × 10 × h2 = 0.015
PE = mgh h2 = 0.15 m
0.5 = 0.01 × 10 × h The height of the bob above its lowest
h=5m point at the other end is 0.15 m.
The maximum height the stone reaches 10 (a) Gravitational PE of the carts and
is 5 m. passengers at A
(d) By conservation of energy, all potential = mgh
energy of the stone at its highest point is = 5000 × 10 × 85

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 67  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

= 4.25 × 106 J By P = Fv,

(b) By conservation of energy, P = mgv
loss in gravitational PE = gain in KE 30 = 65 × 10 × v
1 v = 0.0462 m s−1
mg(hA – hB) = mv2
2 His maximum speed is 0.0462 m s−1.
v= 7 Power output
2 ×10 ×(85 −53 )
= force against friction × velocity
= 25.3 m s−1 30
10 000 = force against friction ×
(c) At B, the actual kinetic energy of the 3 .6
carts and the passengers Force against friction = 1200 N
1 1 Since the block moves at a constant velocity,
= mv2 = × 5000 × 202 = 106 J
2 2 the net force acting on the block is zero and
By the conservation of energy, the force against friction = friction = 1200 N.
loss in gravitational PE
= gain in KE + work done against
friction 8 Let n be the maximum number of people who
5000 × 10 × (85 – 53) can be raised at 2 m s−1.
= 10 + work done against friction
6
mgh
P=
Work done against friction = 6 × 10 J5
t
15 000 = (120 + 70n) × 10 × 2
Practice 7.4 (p. 184) n=9
1 D The maximum number of people who can be
2 B raised at 2 m s−1 is 9.
E 60 000 9 Work done by the engines
P = = = 500 W
t 2 × 60 = gain in kinetic energy of the cars
Its power is 500 W. For car A:
3 D Work done by car A’s engine
4 P 1
= mv2
E mgh 60 × 10 × 10 × 3 × 20 2
= = = =
t t 20 1 100 
2
= × m×   = 385.8m J
18 kW 2  3.6 
The useful power of the lift is 18 kW. Power of car A’s engine
E mgh 70 × 10 × 508
5 P = = = = work done 385 .8m
t t 4 × 60 × 60 = = = 64.3m W
time 6
25 W For car B:
Alain Robert’s power was about 25 W. Work done by car B’s engine
6 Let v be the speed at which Alex can climb 1
= mv2
up. 2

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 68  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

2
1 100  2 C
= × m×   = 385.8m J
2  3.6  3 D
Power of car B’s engine Work done by the force
work done 385 .8m = Fs
= = = 96.45m W
time 4 30
= 20 × × 2× π
Therefore, car B’s engine can output more 100
power. = 37.7 J
10 (a) Loss in PE of water per second The work done by the force is 37.7 J.
= mgh 4 B
= 4000 × 10 × 500 PE gained by the load
= 2 × 10 J (= 20 MW)
7 = mgh
In each second, water of 4000 kg loses 5
= 50 × 10 ×
potential energy of 2 × 107 J. 1000
= 2.5 J
The potential energy gained by the load is
2.5 J.

(b) Since all the potential energy is assumed

to be converted into electrical energy, 5 (HKCEE 2004 Paper II Q12)

the power output of the generator is 6 C

2 × 107 W. A: Work done by Stephen = kinetic energy

(c) Not all potential energy of the water is of the ball bearing at A
1
converted into electrical energy because = mv2
2
energy is lost in heating up the wire, 1
moving the movable parts of the = × 0.1 × 52 = 1.25 J
2
generator, driving the turbine, etc. B: By conservation of energy, the kinetic
energy at A is converted to potential
Revision exercise 7 energy at B. i.e.,
Multiple-choice (p. 187) 1
mv2 = mgh
Section A 2
1 C ⇒ v = 2 gh
By conservation of energy, the potential C: It is not true when the ball bearing rolls
energy at A is converted to kinetic energy at down from B to A.
1 D: It is true by the conservation of energy.
B. i.e. mgh = mv2
2 7 A
v = 2 gh
(1) By conservation of energy, total energy
Therefore, if the block moves at 2v at B, the of the bob is equal to its potential
height of the block should be 4h. energy, i.e. total energy

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 69  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

= mgh 1
= 0.1 × 10 × 0.5 + × 0.1 × vC2
= M × 10 × 0.1 2
−
vC = 6 ms
1
=M
(2) By conservation of energy, the potential (3) When the ball arrives at B and D, it has
energy of the bob is converted to kinetic the same gravitational potential energy
energy at its lowest position. i.e., which is zero because B and D are at the
1 same level. Therefore, the ball at B and
mv2 = mgh
2 D has the same kinetic energy, thus the
⇒ v = 2 gh , which is independent same velocity.
of the mass of the bob. 10 A
(3) By conservation of energy, the bob will Work done by the braking force
move up to a point at the same level as = change in KE of the car
A, whether there is a pin at C or not. 1
Fd1 = 0 – mv2
8 D 2
2
1  40 
Fd1 = 0 – m 
2  3.6 
−61 .7 m
d1 =
F
Section B
9 A
(1) By conservation of energy,
Work done by the braking force
the gravitational potential energy of the
= change in KE of the car
ball at A
1
= the kinetic energy of the ball at B Fd2 = 0 – mv2
2
1 2
mgh = mv2 1  80 
2 Fd2 = 0 – m 
2  3.6 
1
0.1 × 10 × h = × 0.1 × 42 −246 .9m
2 d2 =
F
h = 0.8 m
−61 .7 m −246 .9m
(2) By conservation of energy, d1 : d2 = : =1:4
F F
the kinetic energy of the ball at B
The ratio of the braking distance of d1 to d2 is
= the gravitational potential energy of
1 : 4.
the ball at C + the kinetic energy of the
11 (HKCEE 2000 Paper II Q11)
ball at C
12 (HKCEE 2002 Paper II Q8)
1 1
mvB2 = mghC + mvC2
2 2
1 Conventional (p. 189)
× 0.1 × 42
2 Section A
1 (a) His chemical energy converts to (1A)

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 70  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

kinetic energy. (1A) (Correct labelled axes.) (1A)

Then his kinetic energy converts to his (Correct graph.) (1A)
gravitational potential energy. (1A) (Correct values.) (1A)
(b) His change in gravitational potential 4 (a) Speed of Dora
energy distance
=
= mgh (1M) time
50
= 50 × 10 × 1860 = 9.3 × 10 J 5
(1A) =
40
2 Let T be the temperature of water at the
= 1.25 m s–1
bottom of the waterfall and m be the mass of
1
water reaching the bottom. KE = mv2 (1M)
2
By conservation of energy, 1
= × 60 × 1.252
the loss in gravitational potential energy 2
= the gain in internal energy (1M) = 46.9 J (1A)
mgh = mc∆ T (2M) The kinetic energy of Dora is 46.9 J.
10 × 100 = 4200 × (T – 12) (b) Dora loses all her kinetic energy over
T = 12.2°C (1A) the last 1 m from side B. The loss of her
The temperature of water at the bottom of the kinetic energy is due to the work done
waterfall is 12.2°C. against the decelerating force.

3 (a) As the man moves at a constant speed, Let F be the decelerating force and s be
the tension acting on the man is equal to the distance of travel.
the weight of the man. Hence, the 1 1
Fs = mv2 – mu2 (1M)
tension acting on the man is 700 N. 2 2
(1A) F × 1 = 0 – 46.9
(b) Work done by the tension F = –46.9 N (1A)
= Fs (1M) Therefore, the decelerating force is
= 700 × 15 46.9 N.
= 10 500 J (1A) Alternative method:
(c) By v2 = u2 + 2as,
v2 − u2
a=
2s
=
0 − 1.25 2
2 ×1
= –0.781 m s–2 (1A)
The average deceleration is 0.781 m s–2.
By F = ma,

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 71  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

F = 60 × 0.781 = 46.9 N (1A) = 3 × 105 J (1A)

The average decelerating force is The kinetic energy of the car is
46.9 N. 3 × 105 J.
(c) In order to swim at uniform speed, Dora (b) Distance travelled in 60 s
should exert a force of the same size as = vt
the decelerating force but in opposite  72 
=  × 60
direction, so that net force acting on her  3.6 
is zero. = 1200 m (1M)
Hence, by P = Fv (1M) Work done
P = 46.9 × 1.25 = Fs
= 58.6 W (1A) = 500 × 1200
The power of Dora is 58.6 W. = 6 × 105 J (1A)
5 (a) Work done on the load by the lift The work done against friction is
= Fs = 16 000 × 508 (1M) 6 × 105 J.
= 8.128 × 106 J (1A) (c) Power = force × velocity (1M)
(b) The time required to transport the load = 500 × 20
from the ground to the top floor = 10 kW (1A)
508 The power of the car engine is 10 kW.
= 1010 = 30.178 s
60

E
P= (1M)
t
7 (a)
8.128 ×10 6
=
30 .178
= 269 kW (1A)
The power of the light in (a) is 269 kW.
(c) The actual power of the lift is larger
than that in (b). (1A)
When calculating the actual power of
the lift, besides the maximum capacity
of the lift, the weight of the lift needs to (The slope of AB is the steepest.) (1A)
be taken into account as well. (1A) (The slope of BC is smaller than that of
1 AB.) (1A)
6 (a) KE = mv2 (1M)
2 (The slope of CD is slightly negative
2
1  72  owing to the air resistance.) (1A)
= × 1500 ×  
2  3.6  (b) (i) The chemical energy of athletes is

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 72  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

converted to the kinetic energy of The skateboarder rises to

the bob-sled. (1A) 7 m – 5.2 m = 1.8 m, above R.
(ii) KE of the sled (1A)
1 (iii) Any one of the following reasons:
= mv2 (1M)
2 (2A)
1
= × (390 + 2 × 70) × 402 Energy is transferred (as heat)
2
due to (the force of) friction.
= 424 kJ (1A)
Energy is lost to the system.
The total KE of the athletes and
Work is done against friction.
bob-sled is 424 kJ.
(iii) The second athlete should keep his
Section B
head down in order to reduce the
11 (a) (i) Initial KE of the metal cylinder
air resistance. (1A) 1
8 (HKCEE 2003 Paper I Q3) = mv2 (1M)
2
9 (HKCEE 2005 Paper I Q2) 1
= × 1 × 42
10 (a) The increase in potential energy of the 2
skateboarder and board =8J (1A)
= mgh (1M) The initial KE of the metal

= 60 × 10 × 7 cylinder is 8 J.
(ii) By conservation of energy,
= 4200 J (1A)
Loss in KE of the cylinder
= gain PE of the cylinder + work
done against friction (1M)

(b) (i) At Q, the kinetic energy of the

skateboarder is the greatest.
Loss in KE of the cylinder
(ii) By conservation of energy,
= mgh + fs
the potential energy of the
8 = 1 × 10 × h + 5h
skateboarder and board at P
h = 0.533 m (1A)
= the kinetic energy and the
The maximum height reached by
potential energy of the
the cylinder is 0.533 m.
skateboarder and board at R
(b) The speed of the metal cylinder is the
1
4200 = mv2 + mgh (1M) same as that of the hammer.
2
1 Let v be the minimum speed of the
4200 = × 60 × 62 + 60 × 10 ×
2 hammer.
h Loss in KE of the cylinder
h = 5.2 m (1M) = gain PE of the cylinder

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 73  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

+ work done against friction (1M) A and she will not win. (1A)
1 13 (a)
× 1 × v2 = 1 × 10 × 3 + 5 × 3
2
v = 9.49 m s−1 (1A)
The minimum speed of the hammer is
9.49 m s−1.
(c) Any two of the following and other
reasonable methods: (2 × 1A)
Put the bell higher.
Use a heavier metal cylinder.
Increase the friction between the
(Label 4 forces: weight, tension,
cylinder and the support.
friction, normal reaction.) (4 × 1A)
Move the pivot of the plank closer to A.
(b) By F = ma, (1M)
12 (a) The ball should be released at a
80 – 10 – 100 × sin 30° = 10a
position 1 m above the ground. (1A)
a = 2 m s–2 (1A)
(b) Let H be the height that the ball should 1
By s = ut + at 2 , (1M)
be released. 2
1
By conservation of energy, 10 = 0 + ( 2)t 2
2
mgH = mgh + 10% × mgH (1M)
t = 3.16 s (1A)
H = 1 + 0.1H The man takes 3.16 s to pull the block to
= 1.11 m (1A) the top.
The ball should be released at a height Fs
(c) P= (1M)
t
of
80 ×10
1.11 m above the ground. = = 253 W (1A)
3.16
The energy loss of the ball due to the The power of the man is 253 W.
work done against friction is converted (d) By v2 – u2 = 2as, (1M)
into the internal energy of the rail and v – 0 = 2(2)(10)
2

the ball. (1A) v = 6.325 m s–1 (1A)

The gain in KE
(c) She will not win. (1A)
1
The calculation in (b) takes the initial = m(v12 – v02) (1M)
2
kinetic energy of the ball as zero. 1
= × 10 × (6.3252 – 0) = 200 J (1A)
If she pushes the ball at the beginning, 2
The gain in the kinetic energy of the
the kinetic energy of ball at A will not
block when it reaches the top of the road
be zero. Hence, the ball will not stop at
is 200 J.

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 74  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

14 (a) Loss in PE 16 (a) Work done to raise the washing

= mgh (1M) machine is equal to the potential energy
= 50 × 10 × 12 = 6000 J (1A) gained by the washing machine. (1M)
Fanny lost 6000 J of potential energy. PE gained by the machine
1 = mgh (1M)
(b) KE = mv2 (1M)
2 = 800 × 0.2 = 160 J (1A)
1
= × 50 × 14.52 The work required to raise the washing
2
machine up the step is 160 J.
= 5260 J (1A)
(b) (i) When he puts the washing
At point A, Fanny’s kinetic energy was
machine on wheels, the friction
5260 J.
acting on the machine is much
(c) Fanny’s mechanical energy is not
reduced. (1A)
conserved. (1A)
Therefore he can use less force to
It is because her potential energy loss at push the machine up the ramp.
A is greater than her gain in kinetic (1A)
energy. (1A) (ii) The chemical energy in Bobby's
Fanny’s mechanical energy is not muscles change to (1A)
conserved because she has to do work KE and PE of the machine as it
moves up the ramp. (1A)
against the air friction acting on her.
Also part of his chemical energy is
(1A)
converted to internal energy of the
(For effective communication.) (1C)
ramp as a result of work done
(d) The work done against the force acting against friction. (1A)
on Fanny (between A and her lowest (c) (i) From the graph, maximum speed
position) is equal to her kinetic energy of the machine is 1.5 m s–1. (1A)
at A. (ii) The machine accelerates until it
reaches the ground.
From the graph, the machine
Let F be the minimum average force
reaches the ground at 1 s. (1A)
acting on her after passing A.
KE = Fs (1M)
(iii) The kinetic energy of the machine
5260 = F × 8 changes to internal energy of the
F = 657.5 N (1A) ground as a result of work done
The minimum average decelerating against friction. (2A)
force acting on her was 657.5 N.
15 (HKCEE 2004 Paper I Q7)
Physics in articles (p. 193)
(a) The maximum potential energy gained by a

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 75  Oxford University Press 2006

B Mechanics Chapter 7 Work, Energy and Power

manhole cover in the explosion

= mgh (1M)
= 20 × 10 × 10
= 2000 J (1A)
(b) By v – u = 2as,
2 2
(1M)
v – 0 = 2(10)(10)
2

v = 14.1 m s–1 (1A)

The speed of a manhole cover when it fell
back to ground was 14.1 m s–1.
(c) The acceleration due to gravity g is assumed
to be 10 m s–2. (1A)

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 76  Oxford University Press 2006