Kha hc LTH m bo mn Ha-Thy Sn Bi 21.

Phng php phn bit cc hp cht hu c

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BI 21. PHN BIT CC HP CHT HU C
TI LIU BI GING

1. MT S THUC TH THNG DNG.





































- Qu tm :
+ RCOOH; mui RNH
3
Cl; aminoaxit c s nhm COOH nhiu hn NH
2
: chuyn
+ RNH
2
(tr C
6
H
5
NH
2
), mui RCOONa, aminoaxit c s nhm COOH t hn NH
2
: xanh
- Dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
:
+ Ankin c lin kt ba u mch : to kt ta vng.
+ anehit v phn t c cha nhm CHO (HCOOH, HCOOR, glucoz, fructoz, mantoz).
- Cu(OH)
2
/OH
-
:
+ RCOOH : to dung dch mu xanh.
+ RCHO v cc cht cha nhm CHO : kt ta mu gch khi un nng.
+ Glixerol, glucoz, sac, man, fruc : dung dch mu xanh lam nhit thng.
+ Polipeptit c t tripeptit tr ln : to mu tm biure c trng.
- Dung dch brom ;
+ Hp cht khng no, anehit, glucoz : lm nht mu.
Cht Thuc th Hin tng Phn ng
Ankan Cl
2
/askt
Sn phm
lm hng
giy qu m
C
n
H
2n+2
+ Cl
2

as
C
n
H
2n+1
Cl + HCl
Anken
dd Br
2
Mt mu C
n
H
2n
+ Br
2
C
n
H
2n
Br
2

dd KMnO
4
Mt mu
3C
n
H
2n
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4H
2
O 3C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
+ 2MnO
2
+
2KOH
Kh O
2

Sn phm
cho phn ng
trng gng
2CH
2
= CH
2
+ O
2

2 2
PdCl ,CuCl
CH
3
CHO
Ankaien dd Br
2
Mt mu C
n
H
2n 2
+ 2Br
2
C
n
H
2n
Br
4
Ankin
dd Br
2
Mt mu C
n
H
2n 2
+ 2Br
2
C
n
H
2n
Br
4
dd KMnO
4
Mt mu
3CH CH + 8KMnO
4
3HOOC COOH +
8MnO
4
+8KOH
AgNO
3
/NH
3
(ankin c ni
3 u mch)
Kt ta
mu vng
nht
HC CH + 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH AgC CAg + 2H
2
O +
4NH
3
R C C H + [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH RC CAg + H
2
O +
2NH
3

dd CuCl
trong NH
3

Kt ta
CH CH + 2CuCl + 2NH
3
Cu C C Cu + 2NH
4
Cl
R C C H + CuCl + NH
3
R C C Cu + NH
4
Cl
Toluen
dung dch
KMnO
4
/t
0

Mt mu C
6
H
5
CH
3
+2KMnO
4
C
6
H
5
COOK + MnO
2
+ KOH + H
2
O
Stiren
dung dch
KMnO
4

Mt mu
C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+2KMnO
4
C
6
H
5
CH(OH)-CH
2
(OH) +
+ MnO
2
+ KOH

Kha hc LTH m bo mn Ha-Thy Sn Bi 21.Phng php phn bit cc hp cht hu c


Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
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+ phenol, alanin : to kt ta trng.
- Dung dch KMnO
4
:
+ Cc hp cht khng no : lm nht mu nhit thng.
+ Ankylbenzen : nht mu kho un nng.
- Mt s thuc th khc : I
2
(HTB); HNO
3
(lng trng trng g).

2. MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1
Trnh by phng php ho hc nhn bit cc cht kh: C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
.
Hng dn gii
Cho ln lt cc kh i qua dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Kh no b gi li to kt ta vng th l kh C
2
H
2.

Hai kh ra khi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3,
khng phn ng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
l C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
.
Cho 2 kh cn li i qua dung dch Br
2
, kh no lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
l C
2
H
4
. Kh cn li bay ra khi
dung dch Br
2
l C
2
H
6
.
Phng trnh ho hc:
C
2
H
2
+ 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH C
2
Ag
2
+ 4NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2

*Vi bi ny ta cng c th lp bng nh sau:
Cc kh
Ho
cht th

C
2
H
6


C
2
H
4


C
2
H
2

Dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
Kt ta vng
Dung dch Br
2
d Mt mu
Sau vit cc phng trnh ho hc nh trn.
V d 2
Trnh by phng php ho hc nhn bit cc cht kh: CH
4
, SO
2
, CO
2
, C
3
H
6
(propen).
Hng dn gii
Cho ln lt cc kh i qua dung dch Br
2
. C 2 kh lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
l SO
2
v C
3
H
6
(nhm 1), 2 kh
khng c hin tng g l CO
2
v CH
4
nhm 2).
Dn ln lt 2 kh nhm (1) qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
. Kh to kt ta trng l SO
2
, kh cn li l C
3
H
6
.


Dn ln lt 2 kh nhm (2) qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
. Kh to kt ta trng l CO
2
, kh cn li l CH
4
.


Phng trnh ho hc:
SO
2
+ Br
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr

C
3
H
6
+ Br
2
C
3
H
6
Br
2

SO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaSO
3
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
V d 3

Kha hc LTH m bo mn Ha-Thy Sn Bi 21.Phng php phn bit cc hp cht hu c


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Trnh by phng php ho hc nhn bit cc cht kh: propan, propin v xiclopropan. Vit phng trnh phn
ng minh ho.
Hng dn gii
Cho ln lt cc kh i qua dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Kh no to kt ta vng th l kh C
3
H
4.
Hai kh ra
khi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
, khng phn ng l propan v xiclopropan.
Cho 2 kh cn li i qua dung dch Br
2
, kh no lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
l xiclopropan. Kh cn li l
propan.
Phng trnh ho hc:
CH C-CH
3
+ AgNO
3
+ NH
3
AgC C-CH
3
+ NH
4
NO
3


+ Br
2
CH
2
Br-CH
2
-CH
2
Br
V d 4
Dng nc brom c th phn bit c etan, etilen, axetilen khng? Nu c lm th no? Gii thiu thm
mt phng php khc c th phn bit c 3 hirocacbon ny.
Hng dn gii
* Dng Br
2
c th nhn bit c:
Cho 3 th tch nh nhau ca 3 kh i qua 3 th tch bng nhau ca dung dch brom c cng nng tnh
phn ng (nhng iu kin khc nh nhau). ng nghim m nc brom khng b nht mu l etan, nht mu t l
etilen, nht mu nhiu l axetilen.
Phng trnh ho hc:
CH
2
= CH
2
+ Br
2
CH
2
Br-CH
2
Br
CH CH + 2Br
2
CHBr
2
- CHBr
2

* Cch nhn bit khc:
Cho 3 kh qua dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
, kh no cho kt ta mu vng nht l axetilen, 2 kh kia khng tc dng
nn khng c hin tng.
2NH
3
+ CH CH + 2AgNO
3
AgC CAg + 2NH
4
NO
3
(mu vng)
Cho 2 kh cn li qua dung dch nc brom, kh lm mt mu dung dch nc brom l eilen, kh cn li khng
tc dng l etan.
V d 5
Nhn bit cc kh: butan, buten - 1, butin - 2 v vinylaxetilen m ch dng mt ha cht duy nht.
Hng dn gii
Cho 4 th tch nh nhau ca 4 kh i qua 4 th tch bng nhau ca dung dch brom c cng nng tnh
phn ng (nhng iu kin khc nh nhau) mu th no m nc brom khng b nht mu l butan, nht mu rt
t l buten-1, nht mu t l butin-2, nht mu nhiu l vinylaxetilen.
Phng trnh ho hc:
CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CH
3
+ Br
2
CH
2
Br-CHBr-CH
2
-CH
3
CH CH-CH
2
-CH
3
+ 2Br
2
CHBr
2
-CBr
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

CH CH-CH=CH
2
+ 3Br
2
CHBr
2
-CBr
2
-CHBr-CH
2
Br
V d 6
Ch dng mt thuc th hy nhn bit 3 cht lng: benzen, toluen v stiren.

Kha hc LTH m bo mn Ha-Thy Sn Bi 21.Phng php phn bit cc hp cht hu c


Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
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Hng dn gii
Ln lt cho dung dch KMnO
4
mu tm vo 3 mu th:
- nhit thng mu th no lm mt mu tm dung dch KMnO
4
l stiren.
3C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4 H
2
O 3C
6
H
5
CHOH-CH
2
OH + 2MnO
2
+ 2KOH
- Tip tc un nng: mu th no lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO
4
l toluen
3C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ 6KMnO
4

0
t
3C
6
H
5
COOK + 6MnO
2
+ 3KOH + 3H
2
O
- Mu th no nhit thng v ngay c khi khi un nng khng lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO
4
l
C
6
H
6.

Gio vin: Phm Ngc Sn
Ngun: Hocmai.vn