CC GII PHP GIM THIU CHI PH NNG LNG

CHO H THNG IU HO KHNG KH TRONG CNG TRNH

GS. TS. Trn Ngc Chn
Th.S. Nguyn Huy Tin
Th.S. Bi Quang Trung
Vin KHKT Mi trng - Trng i hc Xy dng

Ngy nay vic tit kim nng lng trong mi mt ca i sng x hi ang tr thnh vn
sng cn ca mi quc gia trn th gii. Trong lnh vc xy dng c bn, vic tit kim
nng lng phi c t ra trn ton b cc khu ca qu trnh xy dng cng trnh, t
thit k quy hoch-kin trc n lp t trang thit b v s dng cng trnh.
Trong bo co ny chng ti xin nu ra cc gii php tit kim nng lng i vi cng
trnh xy dng dn dng.
I- HNG NH V HNH KHI NH
Nng lng tiu hao rt nhiu trong cng trnh nh ca x nhit i nng m nh Vit
Nam l nng lng dng chy h thng thng gi v iu ha khng kh (TG - HKK).
Nng lng ny s c gim thiu ng k nu cng trnh c che chn khi nh hng
ca bc x mt tri (BXMT) v ma h. Cc gii php kin trc nhm hn ch lng nhit
do BXMT thm nhp vo nh gm c: cch nhit kt cu bao che, nht l mi: mi cch
nhit, mi thng gi; kt cu che nng v..v... l nhng gii php quen thuc m ai cng
thy r. Ngoi cc gii php va nu, vn hng nh v hnh khi nh cng c nh
hng nhiu n lng nhit do BXMT thm nhp vo cng trnh.
i vi vn cn gii quyt y, chng ta ch quan tm n tng nng lng BXMT
trn mt phng ngang (gc nghing = 00) v mt phng ng ( = 900) nhn v 8 hng.

Hnh 1. Biu nng lng BXMT thng 6 ti H Ni

Hnh 2. Biu nng lng BXMT thng 4 ti TP. H Ch Minh

bng 1 di y l s liu c th tra c t 2 biu nu trn cho 2 thnh ph ln ca
VN: H Ni (s liu 15 nm t 1983 1997) v thnh ph HCM (s liu 10 nm t 1989
1998).
Bng 1. Nng lng BXMTchiu n cc m/p khc nhau trong ngy ti
H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh
TT

Mt phng

K
hiu

n v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Mt phng ngang (mi-m)

Mt ng hng Bc (N)
Mt ng hng ng Bc (NE)
Mt ng hng ng (E)
Mt ng hng ng Nam (SE)
Mt ng hng Nam (S)
Mt ng hng Ty Nam (SW)
Mt ng hng Ty (W)
Mt ng hng Ty Bc (NW)

qm
qN
qNE
qE
qSE
qS
qSW
qW
qNW

kWh/m2.ngy
- nt - nt - nt - nt - nt - nt - nt - nt -

H Ni
(thng 6)
5,8134
2,3446
2,8015
2,9534
2,2285
1,4947
2,2285
2,9534
2,8015

TP HCM
(thng 4)
6,7591
1,6806
2,7020
3,1159
2,2953
1,0949
2,2953
3,1159
2,7020

Cc s liu cho bng trn s c dng tnh ton kch thc c th ca hnh khi nh
cho 2 a phng H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Ta ln lt xem xt cc trng hp sau:
1- Trng hp 1: u tin ta xem xt ngi nh hnh hp, y (mt bng) hnh ch nht,
mt nh quay v hng Bc-Nam (trc dc ca nh nm dc theo hng ng-Ty) - hnh
3a.

N
a)

b)

c)

S
L

S
B

Hnh3: Mt bng nh hnh ch nht v hnh vung nhn v hng Bc-Nam (a) v (b);
mt bng nh hnh vung nhn v hng ngBc-TyNam hoc ngNam-TyBc (c).
Nng lng BXMT chiu n ngi nh bao gm: Nng lng chiu n b mt mi B L
m2 v cc mt bn: hng ng v Ty l B H m2; Nam v Bc l L H m2.
Tng lng nhit BXMT:
Q= qmBL + qEBH + qWBH + qSLH + qNLH

(1)

Sau khi qui cc din tch b mt v t s cnh = L/B ph thuc vo th tch V v chiu
cao H, ng thi lu qE = qW (xem bng 1), ta thu c:
1
1
1
3
1
1
Q V 2 2 H 2 V 2 H 2 2q m q N q S 2q E

(2)

iu kin hm s Q c gi tr cc tiu l:

Q
0 v
H

Q
0

(3)

Gii cc phng trnh o hm ring nu trn ta thu c:

2q E
qS q N

2q (q q )
H E S2 N
Vq m

V
H

(4)

1
3

L B

(5)

(6)

Cc cng thc (4), (5) v (6) cho php xc nh kch thc ti u ca nh hnh ch nht
nhn v hng Nam hoc Bc.

V d: p dng cho nh c th tch V = 1000 m3 xy dng ti H Ni ta c:

Kich thuoc nha:H,L,B,

m

= 22,953/(2,345+1,498)=1,539. Thay =1,539 vo cng thc (5) ta tnh c H=11,42

m. Bit th tch V, chiu cao H v t l cnh , theo (6) ta tnh c kch thc mt bng
ca nh nh sau: B 1000 / (1,539 11 , 42 ) 7 ,544 m ; L = 1,53857,541 = 11,61 m.

50
40
30
20
10
0
0

20000

40000

60000

The tich nha V,m3

Hnh 4. Kch thc ti u ca nh mt bng hnh ch nht nhn v hng Bc-Nam ti

H Ni. Ghi ch: Chiu cao H: mu en; Chiu di L: mu vng; Chiu rng B: mu .
2- Trng hp 2: Nh c mt bng hnh vung quay v hng Bc-Nam hoc ng-Ty
th chiu cao H ti u ca nh c xc nh theo cng thc (7); cng vy nhng quay v
hng ng Bc-Ty Nam hoc ng Nam-Ty Bc - theo cng thc (8).

2q q S q N
H E
2q m

23

V
2

qm
H V 3
q NE q SE
1

(7)

(8)

II- VN CHNG NM CHO SN V NN NH

Trong iu kin thi tit min bc Vit Nam vo cui ng u xun thng xut hin
tnh trng ng sng trn mt sn hoc nn nh - gi l hin tng nm gy m t rt
kh chu v tc hi nhiu n sc kho cng nh thit b v kt cu cng trnh. Nu khng
ch phng trnh ngay t khi thit k xy dng cng trnh m ch i ph bng cch chy
my ht m hoc my HKK th rt tn km nng lng, cn i ph bng cch ng ca
th gy bt li cho sinh hot, gy ngt ngt mt tin nghi m cng khng ngn nga trit
c. Gii php tt nht l thit k v xy dng nn nh cch nhit chng nm. Di

y l cc biu din bin thi tit vo thi k c hin tng nm i vi nn nh khng

cch nhit v c cch nhit.

nm

nm

nm

Hnh 5. Din bin thi tit v kh nng xy ra nm H Ni vo thng 4-1989

i vi nn nh khng cch nhit vi h s = 0,5
Nu by gi tng cch nhit ca nn nh h s tng t 0,5 ( biu hnh 5 trn
y) ln bng 0,8 th biu din bin nhit ca thng 3/1989 ti H Ni s l:

Hnh 6. Din bin thi tit v kh nng xy ra nm H Ni vo thng 3-1989

i vi nn nh c cch nhit vi h s = 0,8
Nh vy trn biu cui cng ny vo cc ngy 11; 12; 13/3/1989 nhit mt nn
khng cn thp hn nhit im sng nh trc na v tt c cc ngy trong thng u
khng xy ra hin tng nm.

V cu to ca nn nh cch nhit chng nm c nhiu ti liu k thut cp n 6.

Sau y xin trch gii thiu vi mu nn nh cch nhit ph bin tham kho.

Hnh 7. Nn nh chng nm s dng tm granit c lp khng kh kn

Hnh 8. Nn nh chng nm s dng g lt c lp khng kh kn

III- VN CHN THNG S TNH TON (TSTT) CA KHNG KH NGOI
TRI THIT K IU HO KHNG KH (HKK)
Khi thit k h thng HKK cn chn TSTT ca khng kh ngoi tri ph hp vi iu
kin kh hu ca a im xy dng. Nu chn TSTT qu cao v ma h hoc qu thp v
ma ng th cng sut thit k ca my mc thit b TG-HKK-Lnh s qu ln, kinh
ph u t cho thit b s cao m quanh nm khng s dng ht cng sut, my mc
thng xuyn hot ng khng y ti, hiu sut nng lng s gim thp. Nh vy l
khng tit kim v u t ban u v hiu sut nng lng s thp trong qu trnh s dng.
Chng ti x l s liu kh hu nhit-m ca nhiu a phng theo tn sut xut hin
ng thi ca cp thng s t - I (nhit -entanpy) dng xc nh TSTT cho HKK
theo h s bo m hoc theo s gi cho php khng bo m ch nhit-m bn trong
cng trnh 3 .
Khi xem cc thng s khng kh l cc yu t ngu nhin, theo l thuyt xc sut, ta c th

biu din xc sut xut hin (hoc h s bo m) ca cc cp thng s t-I (nhit entanpy) v t-t (nhit kh-nhit t) nh sau:
K(t,I) = K(t)K(I/t) = K(I) K(t/I)

(9)

K(t,t) = K(t)K(t/t) = K(t) K(t/t)

(10)

Trong :
-

K(t,I), K(t,t) : ln lt l h s bo m ca cp thng s nhit - entanpy ng

thi v cp nhit kh-nhit t ng thi;

K(t), K(I), K(t): ln lt l h s bo m ca nhit , entanpy v nhit t

mt cch ring bit ca cc thng s ;

K(I/t); K(t/I), K(t/t), K(t/t) c th vit di dng chung l K(x/y) - H s bo

m ca thng s x khi thng s y c bo m.

xc nh TSTT cho HKK theo h s bo m nu trn, chng ti x l s liu kh

hu (t, ) cho nhiu a phng vi chui s liu 24 ln o/ngy trong khong thi gian ti
thiu l 20 nm lin tc.
i vi H Ni, TSTT cho HKK ng vi cc tr s ca h s bo m c cho trong
bng di y.
Bng 2. TSTT cho thit k HKK ti a phng: H Ni
Theo s liu kh tng 24 p o/ngy; 20 nm: t 1971 n 1990
a - Ma h
m,

Kb

h/nm

I,

t,oC

,%

tu,oC

kJ/kg /kcal/kg

Pkq, mbar
(mmHg)

1.000

112.00 / 26.75

40.0

58.4

32.1

35

0.996

95.53 / 22.82

37.8

53.4

29.1

50

0.994

94.53 / 22.58

37.5

53.4

28.9

1004.2
(752.7)

100

0.989

92.73 / 22.15

36.7

54.8

28.5

150

0.983

91.53 / 21.86

36.4

55.2

28.3

200

0.977

90.63 / 21.64

36.1

55.1

28.1

t,oC

,%

tu,oC

b - Ma ng
m,
h/nm

Kbd

I,
kJ/kg /kcal/kg

1.000

18.00 / 4.30

5.0

96.3

4.7

35

0.996

23.02 / 5.50

8.6

83.4

7.2

50

0.994

24.00 / 5.73

9.0

84.6

7.7

100

0.989

25.66 / 6.13

9.6

85.8

8.5

150

0.983

26.79 / 6.40

10.2

85.7

9.0

200

0.977

27.74 / 6.63

10.6

85.5

9.4

Pkq, mbar
(mmHg)
1018.9
(763.7)

Nhng s liu ny c a vo Tiu chun thit k TG-HKK (sa i, b sung) v

s c ban hnh trong thi gian ti.
Mt v d thc t sau y cho thy nu chn TSTT khng ng c th gy ra s tn tht
nng lng ng k cho h thng HKK. l cng trnh Trung tm Hi tho Quc gia
NCC do GMP ca Cng ha Lin bang c thit k v c xy dng H Ni. Trong
cng trnh ny h thng HKK c thit k vi cc TSTT ca khng kh ngoi tri nh
sau: Ma h: tN = 38 o C; N = 85 %; suy ra I = 31,6 kcal/kg (132,3 kJ/kg).
Ma ng: tN = 7 o C; N = 80 %; suy ra I = 4,65 kcal/kg (19,5 kJ/kg).
Vi cc TSTT nu trn, cng sut lnh thit k l 18,1 MW. Nu chn TSTT ti im X
trn hnh 9 c th gim nng sut lnh xung cn 16 MW (khi k n yu t ng thi s
c kh nng gim nhiu hn).

Hnh 9. Bn phn b cp thng s t- (nhit - m) ca H Ni

Cng cn ni thm rng, phng php chn TSTT cho thit k HKK ca ASHRAE c
p dng rt ph bin trn th gii. Tuy nhin khng phi l s la chn ca chng ti.
IV- TNH TON CHI PH NNG LNG V TR LNH CHO H THNG HKK
Chi ph nng lng vn hnh bt k h thng k thut no cng u c ngha rt quan

trng v l mt ch tiu kinh t k thut m ngi thit k cng nh ngi s dng u

c bit quan tm n, trong h thng HKK l mi quan tm hng u v n tiu th
rt nhiu nng lng.
Lu lng ca h thng HKK :
LV = Qth/(IT - Io)

(11)

Ql = LV (IC - IO) , kW

(12)

Nng sut lnh ca h thng :

Trong cc cng thc trn :

-

Qth, Wth - Nhit tha (kW) v m tha (kg/s) ca gian phng hoc phn xng;

IN , IT , IC , IO - Entanpi ca cc im trng thi khng kh ngoi tri, trong phng,

khng kh ho trn v khng kh sau khi c lm lnh v lm kh trong bung x
l nhit m, kJ/kg.
a)
b)

Hnh 10. Qu trnh HKK tun hon 1 cp trn biu I-d

a) Ma nng;

b) Ma lnh.

Gia IC , IT v IN c mi quan h sau:

LVIC = LN IN + LpIT

(13)

Trong :
-

LV - Lu lng tng ca h thng - theo cng thc (11);

LN - Lu lng khng kh ngoi (gi ti) theo yu cu v sinh, kg/s;

LP - Lu lng khng kh tun hon, kg/s.

T cc ng thc trn, ta rt ra c :
Ql = Qth + LN (IN - IT)

(14)

Lng nhit tha bao gm cc thnh phn sau:

Qth = Qth b + Qngi + Qthp sng + Qkcbc + QBXMT

(15)

i vi mt cng trnh nht nh no 3 thnh phn u ca biu thc nhit tha c

gp li v k hiu l Q1. C th xem Q1 l hng s, khng hoc t ph thuc vo thi tit v

c th tiu chun ho theo din tch sn ca cng trnh:
Q1 = q1 Fsn

(16)

Thnh phn truyn nhit qua kt cu bao che c th biu din bng cng thc:
Q2 = q0 V (tN - tT )

(17)

Trong :
-

qo - Lng nhit ring truyn qua kcbc do chnh lnh nhit qui v cho 1m3 th
tch phng khi chnh lnh t = 10C , kW/ OC.m3 ;

V - Th tch gian phng , m3 ;

tN , tT - Nhit bn ngoi v bn trong phng , OC .

Nu gi l thi gian lm vic ca h thng HKK trong ma nng (v d t thng 4 n

thng 10 chng hn), t cc cng thc (14) v (15) ta c th biu din nng lng tiu hao
cho h thng HKK trong ma nng nh sau:

N Q l d q1 Fsan d q 0 V (t N, t T ) d L N (I N, I T ) d Fsan q bx d , kWh

0

(18)

Nu bit quy lut din bin ca t N, , IN, v qbx di dng hm s theo thi gian ta c th
tnh c cc tch phn trong phng trnh (18) v xc nh c nng lng tiu th tng
cng N ca h thng.
Tuy nhin, ta c th cn c vo s liu thc t v tn sut xut hin ca cc thng s t N , IN
v qbx ti i phng xy dng a cng thc (18) v dng:
m

N q1 Fsan qoV (tN,i t T ) i LN (IN,j IT ) j Fsan qbx,k k

i1

j1

(19)

k1

Trong :
-

- Thi gian ca ma nng, h. Nu ma nng l t thng 4 n thng 10 v h

thng hot ng 24/24 gi th = 5136 h;

i , j , k - Ln lt l thi gian xut hin tng cng trong ma nng cc tr s

tN,i , IN,j v qbx,k nm trong cc khong tr s t N,i , IN,j v qbx,k cho trc, h;

m, n, p - s cc khong chia trn thang t, I v qbx.

tnh ton c chi ph nng lng N theo cng thc trn, cn c s liu v tn sut xut
hin ca cng BXMT trn cc mt phng ngang v ng (hnh 11), ng thi cng
cn bit s liu phn b cp thng s t-I ca khng kh ngoi tri ti a phng tnh ton
(bng 2).

10

Hnh 11a. Biu tn sut cng BXMT trn mt phng ngang ti H Ni

Hnh 11b. Biu tn sut cng BXMT trn mt phng ngang ti TP H Ch Minh

11

Bng 2:
S liu phn b t - I ng thi (s gi xut hin) ca a phng: H Ni
Thi gian : MA H, t thng 4 n thng 10, h/ma
Theo s liu quan trc 24 p o/ngy, 20 nm lin tc t 1971 n nm 1990
39-40oC
38-39oC
37-38oC
36-37oC
35-36oC
34-35oC
33-34oC
32-33oC
31-32oC
30-31oC
29-30oC
28-29oC
27-28oC
26-27oC
25-26oC
24-25oC
23-24oC
22-23oC
21-22oC
20-21oC
19-20oC
18-19oC
17-18oC
16-17oC
15-16oC
14-15oC
13-14oC

t/I

h/

40

----------------0.2
0.1
0.2
1.0
0.8
1.7
1.5
1.6
2.2
0.7
--

--------------0.2
-0.3
0.7
1.0
1.3
2.2
2.5
2.9
3.0
2.1
---

42
9.9

-------------0.2
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.5
2.5
3.1
3.5
4.8
4.1
0.4
---

44

------------0.1
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
1.3
2.4
6.0
5.7
6.2
9.5
1.4
----

46

16.0 22.0

----------------------0.1 0.5
-0.9
0.6 0.8
0.9 1.1
1.0 0.9
1.6 3.4
2.8 5.1
4.9 5.8
7.4 7.9
9.9 10.2
11.1 10.2
6.9 0.3
---------

48

50

34.6 47.2

--------------------0.2 0.6
0.8 1.3
0.9 1.7
1.0 2.5
1.6 3.0
2.5 4.1
3.2 6.3
5.8 9.5
10.9 14.8
14.0 20.2
15.7 11.1
3.0
------------

52

54

---------0.1
0.6
1.3
2.3
3.8
3.6
5.9
8.6
13.8
17.0
21.6
1.8
-------

56

46.9 59.3 75.0

---------0.6
1.3
2.8
2.8
3.9
6.8
8.8
12.0
17.3
29.8
12.6
--------

58

--------0.1
0.5
1.6
3.3
5.3
6.0
7.4
11.9
15.5
30.8
34.2
0.5
--------

60

--------0.1
0.9
1.5
3.9
6.2
8.1
12.2
15.6
25.2
44.7
13.7
---------

62

-------0.1
0.6
1.1
2.8
5.0
7.5
11.2
16.4
19.5
38.3
39.9
0.8
---------

64

-------0.2
1.0
2.4
4.8
7.1
10.3
14.8
20.8
29.7
64.9
12.7
----------

66

-------------------0.3 0.2
0.5
1.0 1.2
2.0
2.1 3.5
3.4
5.6 8.7
7.2
9.9 12.2
8.4 12.6 18.2
13.7 18.8 28.4
18.9 28.5 45.3
24.1 54.3 112.0
61.4 110.8 90.3
54.4 17.4 0.8
0.3
------------------------------

68

70

72

---0.1
0.1
0.2
0.5
2.6
7.9
11.7
16.9
28.2
41.4
77.3
170.0
27.1
------------

74

-----0.4
0.9
4.3
12.7
19.6
31.6
41.3
63.3
153.4
132.1
2.9
------------

76

----0.2
0.7
2.6
9.1
18.9
30.5
42.9
58.5
98.8
192.2
30.0
-------------

78

---0.3
0.6
2.1
7.2
17.4
30.3
44.2
57.2
72.0
138.2
100.6
2.0
-------------

80

--0.2
0.8
2.1
4.3
12.5
24.4
39.4
54.5
62.2
83.7
128.4
18.9
--------------

82

--0.4
2.0
3.6
9.0
18.9
29.9
42.5
50.9
54.4
88.2
66.5
2.2
--------------

84

-0.2
0.6
1.8
4.1
11.9
21.4
30.2
39.1
37.1
54.0
71.2
11.5
---------------

86

0.2
0.3
1.1
2.2
6.4
13.1
19.9
27.3
25.5
29.9
39.7
27.5
1.1
---------------

88

0.2
-0.3 0.1
0.6 0.8
2.0 2.0
5.3 3.3
9.4 7.3
14.6 8.4
15.7 7.5
15.4 9.6
18.0 12.0
21.4 8.3
5.2 0.8
-------------------------------

90

92

94

80.4 98.3 116.9 132.0 142.8 168.5 194.2 261.0 320.8 383.7 462.4 484.1 472.2 431.3 368.3 282.8 194.1 108.0 60.0

-0.1
0.7
0.5
2.1
3.3
4.1
4.1
4.6
5.8
1.7
0.2
----------------

--0.3
0.5
0.9
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
0.9
-----------------

96

-0.1
-0.2
0.5
0.5
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.3
-----------------

98

26.9 11.2

0.5
1.1
4.6
12.3
29.2
63.4
113.7
177.9
257.9
339.6
433.9
541.7
647.8
690.0
598.7
393.2
253.1
185.6
136.7
95.0
60.3
38.3
25.8
10.0
4.7
0.7
0

100 kJ/kg
5.1

5115.7

ma

12

 minh ho cho phng php tnh ton nu trn, ta th tnh cho v d sau y:
H thng HKK tun hon 1 cp cho phn xng c kch thc 100408 m ng c
lp vi cc s liu sau: a im xy dng: H Ni. S lng cng nhn n = 300 ngi;
Tiu chun gi ti cho u ngi LNy/c=30 m3/h.ngi; Cng sut thit b my mc v
chiu sng cho 1m2 sn : N = 80 W/m2; TSTT bn ngoi ma nng v ma lnh c chn
vi s gi cho php khng m bo ch nhit m bn trong nh l m=150 h/nm tng ng vi h s bo m K=0,983: Ma nng: tNtt =36,4OC; Ntt = 55,2%; Ma
lnh: tNtt =10,2OC; Ntt = 85,8%; TSTT bn trong ma nng: t Ttt =26OC; Ttt = 65%; ma
lnh: tTtt =22OC; Ttt = 65%; Thi gian lm vic ca h thng v ma nng (cn cp lnh)
t thng 4 n thng 10 v v ma lnh (cn cp nhit) t thng 10 nm trc n thng 4
nm sau.
Tnh ton c thc hin bng phn mm vi tnh do TG lp vi thut ton nu trn.
Kt qu tnh ton c th hin bng th di y:

Trng hp h thng HKK ch lm vic ban ngy th ban m my lnh c th vn hot

ng v nng lng lnh (nc lnh) c tch tr li dng vo gi cao im ban ngy.
iu ny cho hiu qu kinh t cao v vo gi thp im ban m, gi in r hn ng k
so vi gi cao im ban ngy.
V cch tr lnh c nhiu ti liu k thut gii thiu rt chi tit, c th nu tm tt thnh
2 cch sau y:

13

1) Dng b tr lnh dung tch ln tch tr lng nc lnh sn xut c vo ban m;

2) Dng cc thng tr lnh vi cc qu cu cha dung dch glicol c nhit dung ring ln
c lm lnh su vo ban m.

V- KHAI THC NNG LNG BXMT CUNG CP NC NNG PHC V

SINH HOT
Nng lng BXMT l dng nng lng sch, khng gy nhim mi trng v rt di do
phong ph cc nc nhit i gn xch o nh Vit Nam. Khng tn dng loi nng
lng ny l mt s hoi ph ln lao. Trong cc cng trnh xy dng ta c th khai thc
loi nng lng tri cho ny bng cc h thng un nc nng bng nng lng BXMT.
T biu hnh 1, ta c th xc nh tim nng khai thc nng lng BXMT H Ni
nh bng 3 di y.
Bng 3. Phn b nng lng BXMT trn mt phng ngang ti H Ni
Thng

QBXMT, kWh / m2.ngy

QBXMT, kWh / m2.thng

2,56

79,36

2,63

73,64

2,86

88,66

3,85

115,50

5,82

180,42

6,22

186,60

6,15

190,65

5,76

178,56

5,47

164,10

10

4,76

147,56

11

3,91

117,30

12

3,47

107,57

Tng cng c nm, kWh / m .nm

1629,92 1630

Nh vy nu ton b din tch mi ca nh chung c trn a bn H Ni c trang b h

thng thu nng lng BXMT un nc nng dng cho sinh hot v nu n hng ngy
th ta c th tit kim c kh nhiu nng lng. C th l nu c b mt thu nhit
BXMT 100 m2 vi hiu sut khai thc l 50% th mi nm ta tit kim c s nng lng
l: 163010050% = 81500 kWh.
Ngoi vic tit kim nng lng, lng kh nh knh do t nhin liu ha thch cng c
gim thiu, gp phn khc phc tnh trng thiu ht nng lng v bo v bu kh quyn.

14

VI - THC TIT KIM IN NNG CA NGI S DNG

TCVN TG-HKK -2008 (sa i b sung) c ghi r v iu kin tin nghi nhit ca ngi
VN (Ph lc A- Bng A.1):
TT

Trng thi lao ng

Ma ng
o

t, C

,%

Ma h
v , m/s

t, C

v , m/s

Ngh ngi tnh ti

2224

70 60

0,10,2

25 28

70 60

0,50,6

Lao ng nh

21 23

70 60

0,4 0,5

23 26

70 60

0,81,0

Lao ng va

20 22

70 60

0,8 1,0

22 25

70 60

1,21,5

Lao ng nng

18 20

70 60

1,2 1,5

20 23

70 60

2,0 2,5

Th nhng nhiu trng hp thc t cho thy ngi s dng (c th l nhn vin vn hnh)
t nhit (set) thp hn nhiu so vi Tiu chun, v th tiu tn nng lng rt nhiu,
rt lng ph.
KT LUN
1) Tit kim nng lng trong thit k, xy dng v s dng cng trnh nh ca c
ngha rt quan trng trong cng cuc xy dng v pht trin kinh t ca t nc.
Nhiu cuc Hi tho, nhiu ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc v tit kim nng
lng nh Quc sch hng u ban hnh, nhng thc t s hng ng trong nhn
dn cng nh trong gii KHKT ni chung v trong gii Kin trc s, K s xy dng
ni ring vn cha thc s mnh m. V vy n lc cn c nhiu bin php, ch ti
hu hiu thc hin ch trng ny mt cch trit v rng khp;
2) Cc gii php tit kim nng lng trong xy dng cng trnh ni chung v cho HKK
ni ring nu ra trong bo co ny cha phi l y , nhng l nhng gii php
n gin, kh thi v rt d p dng;

3) c bit vn tn dng nng lng BXMT un nc nng phc v cho nhu cu

sinh hot, nu n hng ngy l rt bc thit, cn a vo Tiu chun, Quy phm bt
buc p dng trong cc cng trnh xy dng nh , nh chung c, nh sinh hot-dch
v v..v....

TI LIU THAM KHO

1- Quy chun Cc cng trnh xy dng s dng nng lng c hiu qu. QCXDVN09:2005. Nh xut bn Xy dng, 2005.
2- Trn Ngc Chn, Trn Hi
Xc nh hnh khi v hng nh tit kim nng lng cho HKK. Tp ch Kin
trc s 12 (116), H Ni, 2005.

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3- Trn Ngc Chn (Ch tr)

Nghin cu phng php xc nh thng s tnh ton ca khng kh ngoi tri
thit k h thng thng gi, iu ho khng kh, trm lnh . ti NCKH cp B
XD, M s RD 31-02 - H Ni, 2004.
4- Trn Ngc Chn
Hin tng nm cc a phng min bc Vit Nam v bin php phng chng.
Hi tho Khoa hc Bnh nhit i ca cng trnh xy dng Vit nam, do Vin
Kin trc nhit i, i hc Kin trc H Ni t chc - H Ni, 2006.
5- Trn Ngc Chn
iu ho khng kh. NXB Xy dng, H Ni, 2002.
6- Phm Ngc ng , Phm Hi H
Nhit v kh hu kin trc. NXB Xy dng, H Ni, 2002

16