INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR

DAN
INDEKS HARGA IMPORT &
EKSPORT
PRODUCER PRICE INDEX
AND
IMPORT & EXPORT PRICE INDICES

A) INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR

A) PRODUCER PRICE INDEX

Explanatory Notes

Nota Keterangan
1. Indeks Harga Pengeluar (IHPR) adalah
satu indeks yang disusun menggunakan
formula Laspeyres base-weighted.
I ndek s
har g a
peng eluar
bag i
pengeluaran tempatan merupakan
indeks berasaskan output, yang
mengukur perubahan harga komoditi
untuk jualan pasaran tempatan yang
dinilai pada harga dikilang.

1. The Producer Price Index (PPI) is

compiled using the Laspeyres
base-weighted formula. The producer
price index for local production is an
output based index, which measures the
change in the price of commodities sold
to the domestic market valued at the
ex-factory.

2. IHPR yang pertama telah disusun bagi

Semenanjung Malaysia untuk tahun
rujukan 1973 menggunakan tahun asas
1972. IHPR bagi Malaysia seterusnya
dikira bagi tahun asas 1978, 1989, 2000
dan 2005.

2. The first PPI was compiled for Peninsular

Malaysia for reference year 1973 with
1972 as its base year. The PPI for
Malaysia was subsequently constructed
for base years 1978, 1989, 2000 and
2005.

3. IHPR bagi Ekonomi Domestik ialah

indeks komoditi berdasarkan data harga
yang diperoleh daripada indeks harga
pengeluaran tempatan dan import.

3. PPI for the Domestic Economy is a

composite index based on the price data
derived from that of the local production
and import price indices.

4. IHPR-Pengeluaran Tempatan meliputi

lima sektor ekonomi iaitu Pertanian,
Perikanan, Perlombongan, Pembuatan
dan Bekalan elektrik, gas dan air.

4. PPI-Local Production covers five sectors

of the economy, namely Agriculture,
Fishing, Mining, Manufacturing and
Electricity, gas & water supply.

5. Sejumlah 630 item komoditi digunakan

dalam penyusunan indeks harga
pengeluaran tempatan.

5. A total of 630 commodity items are used

in the compilation of the local production
price index.

87

6. Bagi barangan yang dikeluarkan, diproses

atau dipasang di Malaysia, harga
pengeluar merujuk kepada harga selepas
ditolak diskaun dan rebat yang diberikan
oleh pengilang dan tidak termasuk kos
pengangkutan yang disewa serta kos
pengangkutan lain antara pengeluar dan
pembeli. Harga pengeluar bagi
pengeluaran tempatan untuk tahun asas
2005 merujuk kepada harga dikilang
sahaja dan tidak termasuk duti eksais dan
cukai jualan. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi
tahun asas 1972, 1978, 1989 dan 2000,
duti eksais dan cukai jualan dimasukkan
sebagai komponen dalam harga
pengeluar.

6. As for goods produced, processed or

assembled in Malaysia, producer prices
refer to prices which are net of discounts
and rebates given by the manufacturers
and net of freight by hired transport and
other transport costs between the
producer and purchaser. The producer
price for local production for the base year
2005 refers to the ex-factory price only
and excludes excise duty and sales tax.
However, for base years 1972, 1978, 1989
and 2000, excise duties and sales tax
were included as components of the
producer price.

7. Secara keseluruhannya, sebanyak 2,663

sebut harga yang meliputi 2,414 produk
dipungut setiap bulan melalui agensi
kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan. Agensi
bukan kerajaan terdiri daripada pelbagai
pengilang dan syarikat perniagaan utama.

7. Overall, 2,663 quotations of producer prices

in respect of 2,414 products are collected
on a monthly basis, through government as
well as non-government agencies. The non
-government agencies comprise various
leading manufacturers and businesses.

88

B) INDEKS HARGA IMPORT & EKSPORT

B) IMPORT & EXPORT PRICE INDICES

Nota Keterangan

Explanatory Notes

1. Indeks harga import mengukur perubahan 1. The import price index measures the
harga yang dibayar oleh pengimport bagi
changes over time in the price paid by
barangan yang diimport ke Malaysia bagi
importers for goods imported into
sesuatu tempoh masa. Ia adalah indeks
Malaysia. It is an input-based index which
berasaskan input yang mengukur
measures the change in the price of raw
perubahan harga bahan mentah dan
materials and intermediate goods imported
barangan perantaraan yang diimport oleh
by local producers for the production of
pengeluar tempatan bagi produk siap.
their final products.
2. Indeks harga eksport yang diterbitkan buat 2. The export price index which is published
pertama kali pada tahun 2010 (2005=100)
for the first time in 2010 (2005=100) is an
merupakan indeks berasaskan output. Indeks
output-based index which measures the
ini mengukur perubahan harga yang diterima
change over time in the prices of goods
oleh pengeksport bagi barangan yang
received by exporters for goods exported
dieksport dari Malaysia bagi sesuatu tempoh
from Malaysia.
masa.
3. Indeks Harga Import dan Eksport meliputi 3. The Import and Export Price Indices cover
komoditi yang dikelas berdasarkan Standard
commodities which are classified based
International Trade Classification (SITC)
on the Standard International Trade
Rev. 3 oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa
Classification (SITC) Rev. 3 by United
Bersatu merangkumi seksyen komoditi
Nations comprising the following
berikut:
commodity sections:
0 - Makanan
1 - Minuman dan tembakau
2 - Bahan-bahan mentah tidak boleh
dimakan
3 - Bahan api galian, pelincir, dll
4 - Minyak dan lemak binatang dan
sayur-sayuran
5 - Bahan kimia
6 - Barang-barang keluaran kilang
7 - Jentera dan kelengkapan pengangkutan
8 - Pelbagai barang keluaran kilang
9 - Pelbagai urus niaga dan barangan

0 - Food
1 - Beverages and tobacco
2 - Crude materials, inedible
3 - Mineral fuels, lubricants, etc.
4 - Animal and vegetable oils and fats
5 - Chemicals
6 - Manufactured goods
7 - Machinery and transport equipment
8 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles
9 - Miscellaneous transactions and
commodities

89

4. Sejumlah 4,820 spesifikasi item telah

dipilih untuk mewakili 1,086 item komoditi
(SITC 9 digit) dalam penyusunan indeks
harga import. Terdapat 2,003 spesifikasi
item pula telah digunakan untuk
penyusunan indeks harga eksport yang
mewakili 795 item komoditi (SITC 9 digit).

4. A total of 4,820 item specifications are

selected to represent 1,086 commodity
items (9 digit SITC) in the compilation of
the import price index. There are 2,003
item specifications used in the
compilation of the export price index
which represent 795 commodity items
(9 digit SITC).

90

JADUAL 5.1 : INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR (2005 = 100) BAGI BARANGAN DALAM EKONOMI DOMESTIK MENGIKUT
SEKSYEN BARANGAN (SITC 3), 1978 2012, MALAYSIA
Table 5.1
: Producer Price Index (2005= 100) for Goods in the Domestic Economy by Commodity Sections (SITC 3),
1978 2012, Malaysia

Tahun
Year

Jumlah
Total

Makanan Minuman- BahanFood

&
bahan
tembakau mentah
Beverages tidak
&
boleh
tobacco
dimakan
Crude
materials,
inedible

Bahan api
galian,
pelincir,
dll.
Mineral
fuels,
lubricants,
etc.

Wajaran
Weights
(2005=100)

100.0

5.40

0.87

5.44

17.38

1978

46.6

41.3

33.2

48.9

25.6

1979

52.0

41.9

34.0

58.8

1980

57.0

45.0

35.9

63.9

1981

59.1

49.0

41.4

1982

57.7

49.1

43.8

1983

59.0

49.1

1984

61.0

1985

59.7

1986

Seksyen/Section
Minyak
Bahan
& lemak kimia
binatang Chemicals
& sayursayuran
Animal
& vegetable oils
& fats

4.24

Barangbarang
keluaran
kilang
Manufactured
goods

Jentera &
kelengkapan
pengangkutan
Machinery
& transport
equipment

Pelbagai
barang
keluaran
kilang
Miscellaneous
manufactured
articles

Pelbagai
urus niaga
&
barangan
Miscellaneous
transactions
&
commodities

0.45

7.03

10.93

42.86

5.40

62.9

47.8

54.2

63.9

52.1

44.6

30.8

72.4

53.6

59.7

67.6

56.0

58.2

39.1

59.2

60.5

66.0

73.0

60.2

78.1

58.1

45.7

57.7

63.6

68.0

75.3

64.6

92.4

53.9

45.2

48.7

61.5

67.3

75.2

65.1

91.8

52.1

58.7

43.5

56.5

60.6

66.7

76.2

65.4

85.6

51.3

54.3

59.5

43.0

86.8

60.7

66.3

77.0

66.3

90.6

53.2

54.9

55.5

42.8

65.3

60.9

66.8

77.3

66.7

89.2

56.0

55.7

55.7

52.9

35.4

37.2

61.0

61.1

77.4

68.4

71.2

1987

58.1

59.4

58.7

55.7

34.8

46.1

62.2

61.9

79.5

70.2

66.6

1988

62.4

63.8

59.1

64.9

33.5

61.8

65.2

66.1

82.4

72.8

69.3

1989

64.7

67.7

60.7

65.8

35.7

55.6

68.2

71.5

84.3

76.0

73.2

1990

65.2

68.2

61.3

70.7

37.3

44.9

67.5

71.9

83.7

77.9

74.0

1991

65.4

68.4

66.7

65.7

37.2

51.6

69.8

71.9

84.2

81.6

77.0

1992

67.5

70.0

73.8

67.9

37.5

58.0

72.3

77.0

84.4

82.0

78.1

1993

68.0

71.1

79.5

67.8

37.4

56.8

72.7

77.9

86.4

82.3

82.4

1994

70.8

75.1

81.1

74.6

35.7

67.6

73.0

80.4

86.8

86.7

82.7

1995

73.5

76.9

82.9

79.8

35.6

85.1

74.5

80.3

85.2

88.7

82.4

1996

75.2

81.2

83.3

78.6

40.0

80.2

75.4

80.9

85.6

91.7

82.7

1997

77.2

83.1

83.4

74.7

42.8

90.6

76.2

81.0

88.5

90.6

82.2

1998

85.6

90.1

84.7

76.9

41.7

148.3

79.8

86.5

93.7

95.5

83.9

1999

82.7

88.0

93.4

74.9

47.6

104.7

81.0

85.7

93.2

96.8

83.2

2000

85.3

88.3

93.7

75.9

63.8

71.3

81.8

86.5

93.1

97.8

83.5

2001

85.5

89.0

94.8

70.0

59.0

59.3

79.4

84.7

97.6

97.9

81.1

2002

84.9

88.4

95.0

77.9

57.6

76.3

80.0

82.9

95.0

95.2

86.5

2003

88.9

89.1

95.7

88.2

66.0

91.9

85.3

85.8

96.2

97.7

93.7

2004

94.5

95.2

97.6

97.3

79.3

100.3

93.9

94.6

97.9

99.7

98.5

2005

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2006

103.1

102.8

104.1

112.2

108.7

98.0

102.9

102.3

100.6

101.4

103.8

2007

108.8

111.6

105.0

136.9

112.7

140.2

106.0

105.0

102.4

102.8

108.2

2008

119.9

125.3

106.5

150.7

150.4

170.3

113.7

112.1

103.1

104.6

119.7

2009

111.1

125.6

108.3

128.6

115.6

133.2

105.1

111.4

104.6

106.1

111.0

2010

117.3

128.8

107.7

157.4

129.6

156.6

108.3

113.4

105.8

106.7

123.9

2011

127.8

139.8

111.7

192.3

160.9

192.5

118.4

117.0

105.2

109.4

131.5

2012

127.9

141.2

112.1

172.8

170.6

170.1

117.9

116.4

106.0

110.0

132.9

91

JADUAL 5.2 : INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR (2005 = 100) BAGI PENGELUARAN TEMPATAN MENGIKUT SEKSYEN
BARANGAN (SITC 3), 1978 2012, MALAYSIA
Table 5.2
: Producer Price Index (2005 = 100) for Local Production by Commodity Sections (SITC 3), 1978 2012, Malaysia

Tahun
Year

Jumlah
Total

Makanan
Food

Minuman&
tembakau
Beverages
&
tobacco

Bahanbahan
mentah
tidak
boleh
dimakan
Crude
materials,
inedible

Seksyen/Sections
Bahan api Minyak
Bahan
galian,
& lemak kimia
pelincir,
binatang Chemicals
dll.
& sayurMineral
sayuran
fuels,
Animal
lubricants,
& vegeetc.
table oils
& fats

Wajaran
Weights
(2005=100)

100.0

6.13

1.20

1978

45.8

39.0

33.4

48.2

26.6

1979

51.5

40.0

34.1

58.5

31.3

1980

55.9

42.6

36.4

63.4

1981

57.1

46.1

42.4

57.3

1982

55.7

47.7

45.4

1983

57.6

47.9

53.0

1984

60.5

50.4

1985

58.6

52.9

1986

53.6

1987

56.1

1988
1989

7.02

21.92

Jentera &
kelengkapan
pengangkutan
Machinery
& transport
equipment

Pelbagai
barang
keluaran
kilang
Miscellaneous
manufactured
articles

6.81

11.47

33.41

5.89

62.7

49.0

58.6

67.8

47.9

72.3

53.9

64.8

69.1

52.1

37.8

59.1

59.6

71.5

78.2

55.9

44.0

57.4

62.1

72.3

77.9

60.1

52.9

43.4

48.4

59.6

71.2

78.4

61.9

58.0

42.5

56.3

60.1

71.6

79.6

63.6

54.3

58.8

42.6

86.7

60.5

70.4

81.9

65.3

55.2

54.6

42.0

65.2

60.2

71.0

81.3

65.8

56.2

56.0

52.1

32.7

36.9

59.6

61.9

79.2

67.2

60.4

58.3

55.2

32.7

45.8

60.4

62.2

82.7

68.9

60.9

64.5

57.4

64.7

31.4

61.6

63.7

65.5

87.0

71.8

63.2

67.8

58.9

65.3

34.6

55.3

66.0

70.9

91.1

75.0

1990

63.7

68.5

59.1

70.4

36.0

44.5

66.3

71.4

90.5

76.8

1991

63.7

69.0

64.2

65.1

35.8

51.2

68.5

71.3

89.6

81.2

1992

66.3

70.5

71.6

67.5

36.1

57.5

71.4

77.0

93.1

81.2

1993

66.6

71.2

77.6

67.5

35.8

56.3

71.4

77.8

96.2

80.8

1994

70.0

76.2

79.1

74.3

33.8

67.3

70.8

81.2

97.4

85.4

1995

73.3

77.6

81.1

79.5

33.6

85.1

71.8

80.2

96.4

87.4

1996

75.4

82.3

81.5

78.3

38.6

80.1

71.9

81.1

98.7

91.0

1997

77.3

84.5

81.3

74.3

41.4

90.6

73.0

81.2

100.5

89.9

1998

85.9

90.6

82.8

76.3

40.2

149.1

75.8

86.6

100.6

94.8

1999

82.6

88.2

92.0

74.3

46.9

104.9

77.4

85.8

100.2

96.3

2000

85.5

88.7

92.4

75.3

64.7

71.0

78.5

86.7

99.1

97.1

2001

84.0

89.1

94.4

68.7

59.4

58.8

74.8

84.9

101.9

98.7

2002

83.7

89.2

94.4

77.7

58.3

76.1

76.3

82.8

97.9

95.4

2003

87.7

89.0

95.4

88.3

66.9

91.7

82.0

85.9

96.9

98.4

2004

93.2

94.4

97.4

97.6

80.5

100.1

91.9

95.2

96.1

100.3

2005

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2006

103.8

102.9

104.5

113.3

108.9

98.0

103.1

102.3

100.8

101.5

2007

111.2

110.9

105.4

141.1

113.3

140.1

106.7

106.3

102.4

103.5

2008

125.8

125.2

106.9

156.3

154.0

169.8

117.5

116.2

102.0

105.9

2009

112.2

123.8

108.9

131.1

114.0

132.1

104.0

114.6

103.1

107.7

2010

120.9

127.3

108.1

164.2

131.2

156.4

109.2

116.8

103.7

108.7

2011

135.4

139.3

112.2

204.1

165.9

192.9

123.7

121.4

101.8

111.8

2012

135.1

140.8

112.6

181.6

176.5

170.2

122.1

120.7

103.1

111.7

92

6.15

Barangbarang
keluaran
kilang
Manu factured
goods

JADUAL 5.3 : INDEKS HARGA IMPORT (2005 = 100) MENGIKUT SEKSYEN BARANGAN (SITC 3), 1978 -2012, MALAYSIA
Table 5.3
: Import Price Index (2005 = 100) by Commodity Sections (SITC 3), 1978 2012, Malaysia
Seksyen/Section
Tahun
Year

Jumlah Makanan MinumanTotal

Food
&
tembakau
Beverages
&
tobacco

Bahanbahan
mentah
tidak
boleh
dimakan
Crude
materials,
inedible

Bahan api
galian,
pelincir,
dll.
Mineral
fuels,
lubricants,
etc.

Minyak
Bahan
& lemak kimia
binatang Chemicals
& sayursayuran
Animal
& vegetable oils
& fats

Wajaran
Weights
(2005 =100)

100.0

3.96

0.20

2.32

1978

50.8

52.9

38.0

56.7

27.6

69.1

1979

55.5

51.8

39.2

59.5

35.4

1980

62.3

57.4

40.2

65.9

51.5

1981

67.4

63.4

44.9

67.5

1982

66.1

56.0

46.0

66.6

1983

65.1

54.8

58.1

1984

65.1

56.1

62.9

1985

65.6

54.9

1986

65.4

53.9

1987

66.2

1988

69.0

1989
1990

8.41

0.47

Jentera &
kelengkapan
pengangkutan
Machinery
& transport
equipment

Pelbagai
barang
keluaran
kilang
Miscellaneous
manufactured
articles

Pelbagai
urus niaga
&
barangan
Miscellaneous
transactions
&
commodities

9.87

61.52

4.44

1.33

47.6

49.6

58.9

68.3

60.1

71.5

54.2

56.6

63.7

72.2

62.4

73.1

62.0

64.7

66.7

78.0

66.8

60.6

73.7

65.7

68.5

70.3

83.2

69.3

60.5

73.1

63.8

66.6

70.0

81.0

69.4

66.0

55.6

72.4

61.8

64.4

70.9

78.3

70.5

66.8

53.0

71.7

61.7

64.4

70.9

77.3

70.5

63.0

68.1

54.3

72.9

62.4

65.1

71.6

77.8

70.6

64.2

62.5

51.3

72.8

63.0

65.7

72.8

80.3

72.8

54.9

69.6

59.3

48.8

73.4

64.5

67.3

74.1

82.4

75.9

60.5

73.9

63.6

47.3

74.5

67.4

70.3

76.0

84.9

79.4

71.9

67.7

76.0

70.7

46.7

82.0

70.8

73.8

76.8

88.3

81.4

72.2

67.3

81.4

69.0

50.3

82.0

68.9

73.9

76.2

87.6

84.0

1991

73.4

66.3

89.6

69.7

51.7

87.5

71.2

74.0

77.9

89.7

81.2

1992

73.3

68.4

94.3

67.4

52.3

97.6

73.2

77.3

75.1

86.4

78.8

1993

74.5

71.2

94.1

66.1

52.9

94.0

74.2

78.8

76.0

87.5

77.0

1994

74.7

70.3

97.4

70.7

53.8

88.5

75.4

78.1

75.5

86.9

80.8

1995

75.2

74.2

97.5

72.6

54.1

88.6

77.9

80.8

73.5

84.5

79.8

1996

75.3

76.6

98.2

73.4

54.7

88.5

79.5

80.9

72.0

82.9

80.6

1997

77.3

77.4

100.1

74.6

56.9

88.5

80.1

80.7

75.8

87.2

79.2

1998

84.5

88.6

99.4

79.2

56.9

90.2

84.7

86.6

85.9

98.9

84.8

1999

84.0

87.7

101.2

78.0

56.3

90.0

85.3

85.9

85.4

98.2

82.6

2000

84.9

87.3

101.4

78.7

58.9

89.5

85.8

86.2

86.2

99.2

83.5

2001

88.3

88.9

98.2

76.5

56.6

96.8

84.6

84.3

92.7

95.9

81.1

2002

87.2

86.0

98.8

78.9

53.4

94.5

84.1

83.0

91.6

94.7

86.5

2003

91.2

89.6

98.1

87.6

61.2

101.2

89.2

85.7

95.3

95.6

93.7

2004

96.8

97.6

98.2

95.8

72.9

106.1

96.1

93.3

99.7

98.1

98.5

2005

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2006

101.6

102.6

99.2

105.4

107.5

97.9

102.6

102.2

100.4

100.9

103.8

2007

104.0

113.7

101.0

111.2

109.6

141.8

104.7

102.3

102.4

100.9

108.2

2008

108.2

125.7

101.5

116.9

132.2

183.8

107.0

102.8

104.2

101.1

119.7

2009

108.8

130.9

101.8

114.0

123.5

163.6

107.1

103.9

106.2

101.9

111.0

2010

110.2

133.3

102.9

116.8

121.1

161.9

106.6

105.4

108.2

101.7

123.9

2011

112.8

141.4

105.3

121.8

134.9

180.2

109.1

106.8

108.9

103.2

131.5

2012

113.6

142.5

105.4

120.4

140.0

167.4

110.1

106.5

109.2

105.6

132.9

93

7.48

Barangbarang
keluaran
kilang
Manufactured
goods

JADUAL 5.4 : INDEKS HARGA EKSPORT (2005 = 100) MENGIKUT SEKSYEN BARANGAN (SITC 3), 2005 - 2012, MALAYSIA
Table 5.4
: Export Price Index (2005 = 100) by Commodity Sections (SITC 3), 2005 2012, Malaysia

Tahun
Year

Jumlah Makanan MinumanTotal

Food
&
tembakau
Beverages
&
tobacco

Wajaran
Weights
(2005 =100)

100.0

1.86

2005

100.0

100.0

2006

105.2

2007

108.3

2008
2009

0.19

Bahanbahan
mentah
tidak
boleh
dimakan
Crude
materials,
inedible

Bahan api
galian,
pelincir,
dll.
Mineral
fuels,
lubricants,
etc.

Seksyen/Section
Minyak
Bahan
& lemak kimia
binatang Chemicals
& sayursayuran
Animal
& vegetable oils
& fats

2.63

14.69

5.10

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

101.1

102.5

120.9

116.6

111.7

106.0

123.3

122.4

117.1

120.5

104.5

135.4

107.3

118.1

108.4

107.8

2010

113.5

125.8

109.6

2011

123.7

134.7

112.0

2012

126.5

137.1

112.0

Barangbarang
keluaran
kilang
Manufactured
goods

Jentera &
kelengkapan
pengangkutan
Machinery
& transport
equipment

Pelbagai
barang
keluaran
kilang
Miscellaneous
manufactured
articles

Pelbagai
urus niaga
&
barangan
Miscellaneous
transactions
&
commodities

5.22

6.56

55.58

7.84

0.33

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

108.2

99.6

104.6

101.8

104.4

132.8

170.4

100.7

107.0

98.8

107.5

143.6

159.7

202.9

105.7

109.0

100.0

108.7

164.4

107.6

156.3

100.7

108.4

101.9

110.9

182.5

138.9

133.7

192.5

104.8

115.3

99.5

112.5

211.1

168.3

161.6

234.2

118.3

125.6

101.0

121.5

243.2

142.4

164.3

206.1

120.7

124.3

108.2

125.3

262.9

94