1.

1:
D xy-. f,
f(x,y)
(x,y) D,
D.

) f(x,y) = x2y+5
f, xy-.
) f(x,y) =
f, (x,y)
x2+y2 < 1.
(0,0) 1.
z=f(x,y), x y ,
z .
1.2:
f
(x,y,z)
z=f(x,y). (
f f(x,y) z
(x,y).
.


) f(x,y) = x2+y2

) f(x,y) = x2-y2

) f(x,y) =

) f(x,y) =

1.3:
z=f(x,y). ,
z=c, f. (
xy- |c|
'.)

z=f(x,y),
, ,
(x,y,z)
: z=f(x,y) z=c.
(x,y,c)
f(x,y)=c.
xy-.
,
,
(x,y,0)
f(x,y)=c.
xy-
f c.
f.

:

;
i) f(x,y)=x2+y2 , ii) f(x,y)=y2-x2 , iii) f(x,y)=4-x-2y ,
iv) f(x,y)=xy , v) f(x,y)=x2/9 + y2/4 .
: ,

xy-.


.

1.4:
< Pi ( xi , yi ) >
Po(xo , yo )
. Pi ( xi , yi ) Po(xo , yo )
xi xo yi yo.
f(x,y)
Po Pi ' (Pi Po),
( f (P i)
f(Po) ).

""
.

Pi ,
(2,3) f(Pi) 24. f(2,3)=0 24.
f(x,y) (2,3)
f(x,y) (x=2,y=3,z=t)
z-

(2,3,0)
xy-.

f(x,y)


.

z=24

 (2,3).
24
(x,y)=(2,3). f(2,3)=24.

1.5:
g(x,y)=c xy, ,
.
g(x,y) < c
g(x,y) > c
(1.1)

x2+y2>2
x2+y2<2
.

g(x,y) < c

g(x,y) > c

(1.2)


g(x,y) = c

(1.3)

g
(1.1) (1.2) .
(1.3) .

.

.
.
(xo,yo)
, (xo,yo).
r .

1.6:
z=f(x,y), (x,y)
. y
x x.
f :
xz=xf=f(x+x,y)-f(x,y)
(1.4)
f,
x.
, x
y y. f
: yz=yf=f(x,y+y)-f(x,y)
(1.5)
f,
y.
(1.4) (1.5) f
x y fx(x,y) fy(x,y)

f(x,y)=x2-xy+y2

:
,
.



.
: f(x,y)=x2+xy3+exy,
fx(x,y)=2x+y3+exyy , fy(x,y)=3y2x+exyx.

6.7:
f z=f(x,y).
f x, (xo,yo) .

(1.6)
, f(x,y),
y=yo, C .
C , (x,y,z)
: z=f(x,y) y=yo , C ,
(x,yo,z) z=f(x,y). z=f(x,y)
,
xz-. z=f(x,y)
C xz-.
g(x)=f(x,yo) g(x)=fx(x,yo).
g(x)=fx(x,yo) ( 1.6 ) fx(x,yo)
C

P(xo , yo , f(xo,yo)).
:

1.8:
fx(x,y) fy(x,y) f(x,y)


: fxx(x,y) , fxy(x,y) , fyx(x,y) , fyy(x,y)
.

: f(x,y)=x3y-xy2 ,
fx(x,y)=3x2y-y2
fy(x,y)=x3-2yx
fxy(x,y)=3x2-2y
fyx(x,y)=3x2-2y
fxx(x,y)=6xy
fyy(x,y)=-2x
1.9:
'
.
z
z=f(x,y), x,y ,
s,t
x=x(s,t), y=y(s,t).
...

.
:
)
z=f(x,y) x=x(s,t) y=y(s,t).

z :
x,y :
s,t :

) z=f(x,y) x=x(t) y=y(t).

z :
x,y :
t :

'

z=f(x,y), x=x(t) y=y(t). z

t, z=f(x(t),y(t))=f(t)
:

:
z=f(x,y)=x2+xy, x=x(t)=2t y=y(t)= .
z=f(t)=4t2+2t3/2
:

 .
1) .
2) ,

.
3) ""
.
4) 3,
.
5) 4,
.

,
.
:
) z=z(x,y), y=y(x). ' z
x,
z=z(x,y(x))=z(x)
:

) z=z(x,y) x=x(s,t) y=y(s,t). z

s , t
z=z(x(s,t),y(s,t))=z(s,t)
:

) z=z(x,y) y=y(x,t). z
x , t
z=z(x,y(x,t))=z(x,t)
:

(1.7)

(1.7)
.
z x t,
, z x y.
:

,
.
z=z(x,y)=xy y=y(x,t)=x+xt.
z=z(x,y(x,t))=z(x.t)=x(x+xt)=x2+x2t.
:

 (1.7).

1.10:
1.6 f
,
, xy-
.

s xy-
.
x x y :
x=s cos
y=s sin

 f , (x,y)
Df(x,y)

Df(x,y)
f xy-
x-.
,
Df(x,y).
1.1: z=f(x,y)
fx(x,y) fy(x,y) .
x y x y
z z.
z=f(x+x,y+y)-f(x,y)= fx(x,y)x+ fy(x,y)y+n1x+n2y
n1,n2 0 x , y 0.
6.1 :

0 , x , y

0 n1 , n2

Df(x,y)=fx(x,y)cos+fy(x,y)sin

0.

:
(1) D0f(x,y)=fx(x,y) , D/2f(x,y)=fy(x,y)
(2)
f (x,y), :
Df(x,y)=fx(x,y)cos+fy(x,y)sin=(fx(x,y) +fy(x,y)

)=
( f(x,y))(cos

+sin ) (cos +sin

.

).(cos

+sin

( f(x,y))(cos +sin ) =| f(x,y)|cos

f(x,y) .
Df(x,y)=| f(x,y)|cos -| f(x,y)| < Df(x,y) < |
f(x,y)|.
=0

Df(x,y)=| f(x,y)|

=
Df(x,y)=-| f(x,y)|
.

H f f.
H f f.

=/2 =3/2.

: h (x,y)
h(x,y)=4e-x2 +3e-2y2. (1,2),

;

: h(x,y) (1,2),
: hx(x,y)=4e-x2 (-2x)=-8xe-x2 , hy(x,y)=3e-2y2(-4y)=-12ye-2y2
h(x,y)=(-8xe-x2) +(-12ye-2y2) h(1,2)=(-8e-1) +(-24e-8) .
h(1,2),
h(x,y)
.

1.11:
: f ,
S. (xo,yo)
( ) f,
(xo,yo)
f(xo,yo) > f(x,y)
(f(xo,yo) < f(x,y))
(x,y)
.

() f,
.
(xo,yo) , zo=f(xo,yo)
f .

1.2: (xo,yo)
f,
:
(i) fx(xo,yo)=fy(xo,yo)=0,
(ii) fx(xo,yo) , fy(xo,yo) .

 (*) f
(. (i)
1.2), f.
(* (xo,yo), R,
(xo,yo), R)

:
) f(x,y)= -x2-y2 .
H f xy- (0,0)
.
' f,
(i) 1.2

f(x,y)=3+2

f


(0,0,3). H f
xy- (0,0)
f.

 ' f,

( (ii) 1.2)
,
(xo,yo) f.
.
f(x,y)=y2-x2.
fx(x,y)=-2x , fy(x,y)=2y,
xy-.
fx(x,y)=fy(x,y)=0, (x,y)=(0,0). ,
, (0,0)
f.
(0,0) f.
(0,0)
f(0,0) > f(x,y)
(1.8)
(x,y) .
(0,h), .
( h )

(1.8), f(0,0) > f(0,h) 0 > h2 ,

. (0,0) f .

.

f,
, .

.
1.3: f

(xo,yo). fx(xo,yo)=fy(xo,yo)=0.
: A=fxx(xo,yo), B=fxy(xo,yo), =fyy(xo,yo) =2-

) <0 <0, (xo,yo) .

) <0 >0, (xo,yo) .
) >0, (xo,yo) .
) =0,
.
: f(x,y)=4/3x3+4xy2-4x2-4y2+1.

1, 2, 3, 4
(0,0,1), (2,0,-13/3), (1,-1,-5/3) (1,1,-5/3). 1
z-, 2, 3, 4
.
xy- (2,0), (1,-1),
(1,1).

 :
fx(x,y)=4x2+4y2-8x
fy(x,y)=8xy-8y
(0,0) , (2,0) , (1,-1) , (1,1)
f.


f.

fxx(x,y)=8x-8 , fyy(x,y)=8x-8 , fxy(x,y)=8y
2

=(8y)2-(8x-8)(8x-8)=64[y2-(x-1) ]
(0,0) : =-64<0 =-8<0
(2,0) : =-64<0 =8 >0
(1,-1) : =64 >0
(1,1) : =64 >0

1.12: . Lagrange.
f z=f(x,y).
, f
xy-.
x,y
,
g(x,y)=c. ' , f
.
f, ' ,

, :
g(x,y)=c
y=y(x) ( x=x(y) )
f(x,y(x)) ( f(x(y),y) ) ,
.

 f
g(x,y)=c.

f(x,y) = x2-xy g(x,y) = x-2y =

1.
f
:
x = 1+2y f,
f = f(x(y),y) = (1+2y)2-(1+2y)y = 2y2+3y+1

f(y) = 4y+3 = 0 y = -3/4.

(-2/4 , -3/4) f
(x,y)
x-2y = 1.

,
f.
1.4 : f , g ,

(xo,yo).
(xo,yo) f,
g(x,y)=c,
g(xo,yo) ,
f(xo,yo)= g(xo,yo)
.
( (xo,yo) g(xo,yo)=c

 f)
1.4 Lagrange,

,
LAGRANGE.
: , f
' (xo,yo)
gx(xo,yo)=gy(xo,yo)=0. '
Lagrange .
: f(x,y)=2x+y
g(x,y)=x-y2=2.
f :
fx(xo,yo)=2 gx(xo,yo)=1
fy(xo,yo)=1 gy(xo,yo)=-2yo
(xo,yo) ,

2 + = ( +(-2yo) )

(xo,yo) x-y2=2,
.

 (
)
f



(x,y)
xy2=2.

z=f(x,y)=2x+y
xy- 2x+y=0
g(x,y)=x-y2=2 xy-.

(x,y) x-y2=2
z=2x+y C,
z=2x+y
xy2=2.

xy-, z=2x+y ,
x-y2=2, C z=2x+y.
(

) ,

C (

).

1.13: .

f(x,y) ,
.
,
. f
.


.

.

1.5 : f(x,y)
' .
1.6 : f(x,y),
.
f,
)
)
) .

1.5 , 1.6
f(x,y),
.

 f(x,y) =
x2+y2 x=0
, y=0 y+2x=2,
.

:
,
( 1.5).
:
1.

2.
.

.
3. , ,
(0,0) , (1,0) , (0,2).
:
(0,0)
, (1,0)
, (0,2)
, (4/5 , 2/5)
f(0,0) = 0 ,

f(1,0) = 1 ,

f(0,2) = 4 , f(4/5 , 2/5) = 4/5

1.6 ,
.
4 (0,2),
0 (0,0) .

z=f(x,y) = x2+y2, xy-

x,y .
z=f(x,y) = x2+y2

 ,
xy- ,
z=f(x,y) = x2+y2
.

xy-,


.
.

 ( 2x-y-2=0
).
.

. , ,
.
:
z=f(x,y) = x2+y2
2x-y-2=0.
O z=f(x,y) = x2+y2
y=0.
z=f(x,y) = x2+y2
x=0.