PHYSICS

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1
an 4ifi+t (FLUIDMECHANICS)
an +t sfiiii
< i -n <ii <ii t i t =+- t ~i :-+i - +i +i: ~i+l- -ti ti-i -<iti + ln( < -ii
n =
-n n l--- n i ti - t (A) i- (B) zi--i (C) ~i-- i-i-i n ii + (D) <i (E) llzi n
< <i
(+i+ ai -izi+n ~iil- ~lin- n + lnii +i <i p +t- t
P =
A
F
A
A
AF = ai -izi+n AA ~lin- n
<i ~l<zi ilzi t := +ii n ~iil- +- < n -il-+ <i =ii l<zii~i n =ni- = -ii-i--l-
ti i-i t ~- <i +i +i : l-lz-- l<zii -ti ti-i
sii< n. l+=i < + =-+ n ~i- ini =-t < ,ii ~ii l- + n n +i < +i --ni- n +t- t
<i + vii
(i) n +i li n- ~i+i + n+ i -ii nit + -ni= ii ti-i t := +ii - +i ii (n) -ni
+ ~li+ -izi+n +n i-i t t i-i ~iil- <i +i +n + <-i t ~i n + ii + +ii ti-
ini i ln +i ni-i = -i-i t
(ii) ii -i+ +i -n-i n -+in -i+ = -- ~i +i +i-i ~i=i- ti-i t ~iil- <i = n/-izi+n
-+ini -i+ ii -i+ +i -n-i n +n -izi+n n -ii-i--l- +-i t ~- ii -i+ +i -n-i n -+in
-i+ ~li+ <i ~iil- +-i t
(iii) - ~i<ni +i -n-i n iii ti-i t l+ ii - - n ~i=i-i = -n =+-i t. l+ ~i<ni - n ~i=i-i
= -ti -n =+-i +il+ - + +i -izi+n ~i<ni + +i -n-i n ~li+ ti-i t ~- - ,ii -
~iil- <i l+- ,ii ~ii l- <i +i - n-i n +n ti-i t ~i<ni + i ,ii <i ~li+ ti- + +ii -=+i
- n -n- n zii-i ti -i t
air + uii <i sfaa
~iiii (i) ~l- < (ii) < +i i- l-- (iii) (+ =ni- n t
~-izi 'dh' +i ii <i ~ili+ = =-ln- ti-i t. ~ii-
dh
dp
= g.
}
=
P
P
a
g dp
}
h
0
dh
P = P
a
+ gh
si+n +i fa4
i-+n + l-ni-=i. l< < + l+=i l-< <i n l- - l+i i -i <i l-- =ni- = =-i
< +i -ii-i--l- ti i-i t -i+- l-il- n l< P
a
+ ni- n +z lz + <i i -i (P P
a
) = hg +
~-- +i -i i- + ln( P + ni- n lz +-i ~iz+ t ti:iln+ ln+ i-+n + l-n +i -<iti
t
PHYSICS
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2
1. ririfn+ vu
P =
A
W
a
f
=
i
a
A
W
f =
l< A >> a -i f << W..
:=+i -in l-- + -n+i n i iii - +i -ai- n i l-- -ii iii -n+i n + n l-i-
--~i +i <i- n l+i i-i t ~iil- n ,ii l+i ni +i ti:iln+ v= n l-i- ii +i l-il- -i
n l-- + i ti-i t
Example 1. ti: iln+ = +i <i i i~i +i ~- v-i +i -i zi +nzi 1 cm
2
-ii 10 cm
2
t (l-zi) -i i i i + i-i
50 N n ~iil- l+i i-i t -ni ii + i-i l+--i n nni-i -ilt( l+ i-i =i-i-ii
n t ?
Solution : =i-i-ii n. <i-i =-ti <i i ti-i -ilt(. l< <i-i =ni- -il- -- t l< inni
<i P -ii ~ii l- n F ti -i =i-i-ii n <i +nzi
P
0
+ 2
cm 0 1
N 50
-ii P
0
+
2
cm 1
F
t
~- :-= F = 5 N vi-- ti -i t
2. ririfn+ + it-i +i nl- n l<- +- + ln( it-i n ti:i ln+ + ,l- +i -i n l+i i-i t
< ifa+t i
<i nti: + =ni-i-i ti-i t i -+n + l-n = <i. izi +i ~i+l-i -ii ~i+i l-i -ti +-i (ti
-i-i l-il-i n - -i: =ni- t )
P
A
= P
B
= P
C
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
3
i4nt4 <i
sfiiii
l+=i l-< inni <i ~il++ = (+i+ ~-v-i +i -izi+n in i ---i + ii + i ti-i
t l+ ~- v-i +i -izi+n -= l-< = inni <i + ziii -+ t
0C , i +i i- = 13.595 n in = nic
3
-ii =n < i =-t g = 980.66 = nic = +cs
2
~ P = hg.
i nn +i <i = 76 13.595 980.66 i:- = nic
2
= 1.013 10
5
- -nic
2
(p
a
)
i4n +t air
ni-+ inni <i 1.013 10
5
i -+n (--nic
2
) ti-i t l< i + inn +i =n i-
= 1.30 l+n ic nic
3
ti -i h --i : + i ---i ,ii ~ii l- ni-+ i nni <i l--- ti -i t
hg = 1.013 10
5
h =
g
10 013 . 1
5

=
8 . 9 13 . 1
10 013 . 1
5

nic = 7.95 10
3
nic ~ 8 l+nic
i-- n, i +i i- l-- -ti t-i l-+ --i: + =ii i-i t 6 l+nic +i --i: i- ~iii ti i-i
t. 12 l+nic i- nnin (+ -iii: ti i-i :=ln( tn (+ (=i ii (line) -ti ii- =+- l=+ +i
- +i: inn - ti nl+- =ii viiln+ +ii + ln( tn inn +i 1200 l+nic +i --i: -+ +ni
t~i ni-- t
i4nt4 <i +i isa
1. sii <iist : i nni <i +i vii ln+ ni- +- + ln( ill=ni - 1643 n ii <inii +i ii +i
p
a
=hg
1 lnni --i : + i + ---i ,ii ~iil- <i +i 1 i +t- t
1 ai = 1 fto si +i ai
2. int ant +i aita
ini -ni +i n-ini <i ~ili+ ni- + +in ~i-i t =i-i-ii +i l-il- n ii ii (limb) +i -ni +i
<i <ii ii +i -ni + <i + i ti-i t
~ii - P + y
1
g = P
a
+ y
2
g
P P
a
= g (y
2
y
1
) = gy
P P
a
= g (y
2
y
1
) = gy
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
P = l--i <i , P P
a
= <i ~ili+ (gauge pressure)
~- y -ii (< +i i-) +i ai- ++ <i ~ili+ (gauge pressure) +i ni =+- t
Example 2. l-zii- =i n -i ni <i +i + n --i n ~-- +i ni- n -i n l+i i-i t v<lzi - l-il-i
+ ln( := n-- + ~-- +i ai- +i
i kuh
i kuh
40 cm
nzo
fof' k"V xq: Ro ( = 0.9)
Solution : P
a
+ h
1
g 40
1
g + 40g = P
a
+ h
2
g
h
2
g h
1
g = 40 g 40
1
g
l<i t
1
= 0.9
(h
2
h
1
) g = 40g 36g
h
2
h
1
= 4 = nic
3. n <iist
l< <inii n i +i nt i-i +i -in l+i i -i
hg = 1.013 10
5
i h =
g
10 013 . 1
5

-ni n n ---i +i --i : 10.3 ni ti i ni ~- :--i n-i -ni +i -i n n ni-i ~i=i- -ti ti -i ~- n
<inii =-i -ti t
Example 3. <i n: U--ni ((+ l= = i ni t : ) n p -ii p
a
+ n =--i ai- +i l<i t d
2
= 2 13.6
nin /=nic
3
d
1
= 13.6 nin /=nic
3
Solution : =ni- -- < n <i =ni- ti -i t ~ii - A A
P g xd yg d P
1 2 a
= + +
C.G.S. ,l- n
P
a
+ 13.6 2 25 g + 13.6 26 g = P
P
a
+ 13.6 g [50 + 26] = P
2P
a
= P [P
a
= 13.6 g 76]
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
Example 4. A -ii B l-< ~i <i ai- +i -ii +ii u ii ai- +i
Solution : A <i P
A
= P
i nni

1
gl sin u
B <i P
B
= P
i nni
+
2
gh u
-- P
B
l--- =ni+i = ii l<i i-i t
P
B
= P
A
+
3
gl sin u
~- P
i nni
+
2
gh = P
A
+
3
gl sin u
P
i nni
+
2
gh = P
i nni

1
gl sin u +
3
gl sin u
sin u =
) (
h
1 3
2


Example 5. l< n l-zi n n = ii izi a i = u +ii in ~i-- -n
l+=n ti t < izi + =i-i l-i ti -i ai- +i
(i) < +i =-t +i -il- = -ii ni +i i
(ii) +i i. l< a = g sin u.
Solution : (i) ni-i =-t (+ < +i l-i- t := +i ~iil- n l-zi n v<lzi- t
mg
u
ma
ma sinu
nzo l r g
nzo l r g
d sv fHky Ec
ma cosu
=
< =-t ~iil- liini n tnzii :=+ n-- ti-i t
tan o =
u
u
sin ma mg
cos ma
=
) sin a g (
cos a
u
u
~- := =-t ,ii -il- = -ii ni +ii
o = tan
1
) sin a g (
cos a
u
u
(ii) l< a = g sin u, -i o = tan
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
u
u
2
sin g g
cos a
= tan
1
u
u u
2
cos g
cos sin g
= tan
1
(tan u) o = u
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
Example 6. ii +i ni+i <ii + iz i-i -ii < ii t -i ai- +il(
(a) A, B -ii C <i
(b) AB -ii BC iin n n
(c) +n n -ii n +i l+i l-<
(v+ ni-i n i nni <i +i -n n )
Solution : (a) - l+ A + - < -ti t
:=ln( A , P
A
= 0
B <i, P
B
= gh
1
C <i, P
C
= gh
1
+ 2gh
2
(b) A n = 0
AB iin n 'x' nti: dx ni i: +i l+i n -
<i gx + i ti -i t l+i n = <i -i zi+n
dF = gx dx
~- B -+ +n n
F =
}

1
h
0
dx gx
=
2
h gx
2
1

=
2
5 5 10 10 1000
= 1.25 10
6
N
BC iin n n ai- +- + ln( BC iin n dx ni i: +i (+ l+i n- t ~- <i
= gh
1
+ 2g(x h
1
)
l+i n = <i -izi+n
dF = [gh
1
+ 2g(x h
1
)] dx
BC iin +n n
F =
dx )] h x ( g 2 gh [
1
h
1 1

}
+
=

1
h
1
2
1
x h
2
x
g 2 x gh
(
(

(
(

+
= gh
1
h
2
+ 2g
(
(

2
1 1
2
1
2
h h
2
h

= gh
1
h
2
+
2
g 2
[
2
+ h
1
2
2h
1
] = gh
1
h
2
+g ( h
1
)
2
= gh
2
[h
1
+ h
2
] = gh
2

2
= 1000 10 5 10 10 = 5 10
6
N
(c) + n n = 5 10
6
+ 1.25 10
6
= 6.25 10
6
N
A + =i-i n ~iii
AB n + n n ~ii i =
}
x dF
=
}

1
h
0
x . dx gx
=
1
h
0
3
3
x g
(
(

=
3
h g
3
1

=
3
125 10 10 1000
=
3
10 25 . 1
7

- - - ni
BC n +n n ~ii i =
}
x dF
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
tn +- = gh
1
h
2
[h
1
+
2
h
2
] + gh
2
2
[h
1
+
3
h 2
2
]
= 1000 10 5 5 10 [5 + 2.5] + 1000 10 25 10 [5 +
3
10
]
= 2.5 7.5 10
6
+
3
5 . 62
10
6
=
3
75 . 118
10
6
+ n n ~ii i =
3
10 875 . 11
7

+
3
10 25 . 1
7

=
3
10 125 . 13
7

- - ni
+ n n ~ii i = + n n n + l+i l-< +i -i l= = < i = F . x
p
6.25 10
6
x
p
=
3
10 125 . 13
7

x
p
= 7 ni
+fs+
:= vz- +i tn <i ~ii = ii tn + =+- t ABC lzii +i
-izi+n AB iin n t
F
AB
= gh
1

2
h
1
=
2
gh
2 2
1

AB iin + n +i A+ l- n~iii -
t
AB
=
3
h 2
2
gh
1
2
1


=
24
g
3
gh
4 3
1

=

BC iin n, =nn- --i +i -izi+n t

F
BC
= gh
1
h
2
+ 2gh
2

2
h
2
= gh
1
h
2
+ gh
2
2

BC iin + n +i A + l- n~iii -
t
BC
= gh
1
h
2
(h
1
+
2
h
2
) + gh
2
2
(h
1
+
3
h 2
2
)
=
4
g
3

(

+
4 2

+ g
4
3

+
3 2

=
4
g
3

(

+ +
4 3

=
48
g
19
4

+ n n =
2
gh
2
1

+ gh
1
h
2
+ gh
2
2

=
8
g
3

+ g
4
3

+
4
g
3

(

+ +
2
1
1 1
=
8
g 5
3

+ n n~ii i =
48
g 19
4

+
24
g
4

=
48
g 21
4

n l+- F x
p
=
48
g 21
4

p
8
g 5
3

=
48
g 21
4

x
p
=
30
21
=
30
10 21
= 7 ni
~- +n n A l-< + -i- 7 ni +i- ti ni
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
i+ft +i fu&i-a
:= l=zi-- + ~-=i. -- < + ~-< i i ~ilzi+ = i ti-i t. -i :=+ ii n +ni ti-i t i
l+ -- ,ii ti n < + ii + i ti-i t
-zin n = --ni- n = V

g V = i t~i ~i--

= < +i i-
a y < + ia- u-ri
- -i t : -- +i ii = ti n < +i ii
V
1

1
g = V
2

2
g
1
2
2
1
V
V
=

i
o dk ?kuR nzo
?kuRo Bksl dk
=
ru vk; dqy oLrq dk
ru dk vk; Hkkx Mwcs Bksl ds
t =--i l- < n ii nin ti -i t := v+i -- nn- in n t
(i) :=+i ii Mg i -i- +i ~i +i - t
(ii) - +i ~i -- nn- ini liini -zin n i --ni- n (mg)
~- -- +i ~iii=i ii = Mg mg = -- +i ii ti n < +i ii
i -- +i i--l+ ii -- +i ~iii=i ii = ti n < +i ii
-- +i < n i- t -i -- +i t l-< l= -zin n i --ni- n +i - ti -i t . --ni- + -< +tni-i
t t l-< n + -< + =ii =-i-i ti -i t . l< -- = nini ti -i t l+ < =i -+ -- ~= nini ti -i t . -i
n + -< --ni- n +i ii n -ti ti -i t -ii -- (+ liini ~ii i nn-i t . i -- +i i ni-i t
l< n +-< -ii --ni- +-< =iii ii n ti - t . -i -- =i-i-ii n ti -i t
l< n + -< -ii --ni- + -< (~ii - -zin n +i ii) = li- (= i-i) -ti ti - t . -i -- ~ii i +i +-i
t t ~iii -- n ii - nl- --- +-i t
Example 7. 10 g <ni- +i ii- +i + i -i i l-vn = n+i t~i t l-vn ~-i =ini- n-i: = 10 cm
ii -- t( + +i =i-i-ii n i-i t ~ i-i = ii t~i i+ + + -i- := v+i ii i-i
t l+ + i i-i n =- i i-i t l-v n n v=i ai- +i ` ii- +i i- = 9000 kg/m
3
t
g = 10 m/s
2
n
Solution : ni-i l-vn n l--i + k t + i ti n n+i t -i =i-i-ii +i l-il- n
k (10 cm) = (0.01 kg) (10 m/s
2
)
i k (10 cm) = 0.1 N. .............(i )
ii- + + +i ~i--
=
3
m / kg 9000
kg 01 . 0
=
9
1
10
5
m
3
.
t l-iil- i-i +i ~i-- ii t + +i i-i n ii i-i t
--ni+ n = l-iil- i-i +i ii
=
9
1
10
5
m
3
(1000 kg/m
3
) (10 m/s
2
) = 0.011 N.
l< l-v n n v=i x t , + +i i-i n ii i-i t -i + +i =i-i-ii +i l-il- =
kx = 0.1 N 0.011 N = 0.089 N. ..............(i i)
=ni+i (i) -ii (ii) = ,
x =
10
089 . 0
cm = 0.0089 cm.
Example 8. (+ i-i+i -ni-i+ +i ni+ l=+i ii 3 cm t ,i-i n - ti t i- +i
l--ni =-t i+ + < nni t: -ii l-vn + n+- l= +i z ti t
ni+ ii i =+- ini ~li+-n ii ai- +i i l+ :=+i nini -ti +
-ni-i+ +i i- = 800 kg/m
3
-ii l-v n n l--i + = 100 N/m
t g = 10 m/s
2
n
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
Solution : ni + +i llzi n = 0.8 t ~- i-i + ~-< i t: n-i: = 3 cm 0.8 = 2.4 cm t i-i
+ it --i: = 3 cm 2.4 = 0.6 cm t ni-i l-i nini l+ ii ni ~li+-n ii W t := l-il-
n ni + i-i n =- i i(ni l-iil- i-i +i ~i-- = ni + +i ~i-- = 27 10
6
m
3
.
~- --ni+ n
= (27 10
6
m
3
) 1(1000 kg/m3) (10 m/s
2
) = 0.27 N.
l-v n 0.6 cm =-il - tini -ii l-v n ,ii - +i -+ ~ii l- n
= 100 N/m 0.6 cm = 0.6 N.
--ni+ n -ii l-vn n <i -i lnn+ (-ii + + ~l-l+- < ni-) + ii +i =--ln- +- t
W' = (27 10
6
m) (800 kg/m
3
) (10 m/s
2
) = 0.22 N.
~-, W = 0.27 N + 0.6 N 0.22 N = 0.65 N.
Example 9. 2 n-i: =ni- ~- v-i +i -i zi+n +i (+ n+ i +i n ai l-zii- =i (+ +i + (+ l= =
+inl+-t +i n = --i: -+ ii t n a +i llzi n 0.5 t +ii u ai- +i i nai
-ii = =i-i-ii n -i-i t (u = 0 ini l-il- +i -ti nil-()
Solution : n a +i - n l-zi n v<lzi - t n + -n +i --i : t n a +i
n-i: 2 n a +i ii -ni + + + -< B +i - t ti OB = --ni+ n F l-< A
+i- t i n a + t( iin OC +i n l-< t
ti OA =
2
OC
=
u cos 2

.
ni-i n a +i vl- :+i: n-i: +i < ni- t
:=+i ii mg = 2g.
n a + OC iin +i < ni- =
|
.
|

\
|
u cos

ti n n +i < ni- =
5 . 0
1
u cos

=
u

cos
2
.
--ni+ n F t , :=ln( F =
u

cos
g 2
.
~ =i-i-ii + ln(, O + =i-i mg +i niii, O + =i-i F + niii +i =--ln- +-i -ilt(
:=ln(, mg (OB) sinu = F(OA) sinu
i (2) =
|
.
|

\
|
u

cos
2
|
.
|

\
|
u cos 2

i cos
2
u =
2
1
i cosu =
2
1
, i u = 45.
Example 10. <ni- m, lzii r -ii i- +i (+ n+i ni+i n+i n n :=+i ~-i +i -ii i- t(
--i t :=+i iii -i- l-iil- l+i i-i t l+ zi i i-i t l< n+ +i nl- =n ~i- ti
-i :=+i ~il- ai- +il(
Solution : ni-i =i-i-ii n n + +i h --i : n + ~-< i t l< r n-i+i n + +i lzii t -i :=+i ~i--
= tr
2
h =i-i-ii n - - + ln(,
t r
2
hg = W ..............(i)
ti n +i i- t ( W n+ +i ii t
~ ni-i l+ -i i nl- + <i i- n +i x < i ~i ii i-i t ~ ti n n +i ~i--
t r
2
(h + x) t n+ +i- n t. -ii -i- +i ~i ii W ( -ii - +i ~i --ni+
n t r
2
(h + x) g
=i-i-ii l-il- = x l-ii- n + + n n
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
F = W tr
2
(h + x)g = W tr
2
hg tr
2
xg
(i) -i n +- t ( F = tr
2
gx = kx, ti k = tr
2
g.
:= v+i, n +i l--- ~i l- = =n ~i- nl- +-i t
v =
t 2
1
m
k
=
t 2
1
m
g r
2
t
.
Example 11. (+ -+ i n l= ini n-i+i i-i -i- +i ~i i n l= =lt- i-i ( = 1000 l+n ic/nic
3
)
- -i t : v l-i- ti-i t t 10 -- ii +i t -ii :=n l-zii-=i i -l-i- t i-i < =-t
= 10 =nic --i: i- t( --i t l< + =i t: i =n-ii +n +i in- +-i ti . -i t n
ai- +i i i-i +i ai+ i i < i-i +i ~i--l+ +i +i -i zi+n 21 =nic
2
t <iii +i ni i:
-n ni- -ii i nni <i +i zi < (g = 10 nic/= +c
2
)
Solution : i-i +i ii W = Ax
1
g .....(1)
< i =-t <i = ti +i <i = g x
1
=ni+i (1) = P
1
= gx
1
= g
g A
W

=
A
W
v
1
= A[h + x
1
] = A (

+
g A
W
h
l< n F nnii i-i t
-i- +i ~i n = F + W = --ni+ n = Ax
2
g ....(2)
P
2
= x
2
g, v
2
= Ax
2
P
1
v
1
= P
2
v
2
A
W
A (

+
g A
W
h
= x
2
g A x
2
x
2
= (

+
g A
W
h
g A
W
=ni+i (2) = F + W = Ag (

+
g A
W
h
g A
W
F + W =
2
W gh WA +
F = W W gh WA
2
+
ni- i-
W = 10 N, = 1000 kg/m
3
, A = 2.1 10
3
m
2
F = 10 100 10 10 1000 10 1 . 2 10
1 3
+

= 11 - 10 = 1N
Example 12. --i: -ii i-
ice
= 0.9
w
+ + + (+ i-i+i l + ~-i (+ i -ii z<
t t l nin n - -i t z < = i-i ,ii i-i l-+in- + ln( -=i +i ~iz+ n-i: ai- +i
Solution : lz< +i ti- t( + + i-ii +i -izi+n = A
+ l +i ii = ti n < +i ii
A
ice
g = A
w
( h) g
10
9
= h h =
10
9
=
|
.
|

\
|
10

PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
(i) -fa < <i :
ln+ - +i ~i i a
0
= nl-ni- t -i < n h nti: <i faa s+i +- l+i i =+-i t
P = h [g + a
0
]
-ii --ni+ n , B = m (g + a
0
)
(ii) +ifa -i < +t a uar :
tan u =
g
a
0
P
1
P
2
= a
0
ti P
1
-ii P
2
+nzi l-< 1 -ii 2 <i t. ~- h
1
h
2
=
g
a
0

Example 13. (+ i ni ~i-i+i + 1.5 ni -i i, 2 ni nti 3 ni n-i t -ii ~iii n = ii t ~i t :=+i

n-i: +i l<zii + ~- l<zi -i l- i 3.27 nic/= +c
2
= l- +- t + + v + l= i-i +i --i :
ai- +i [g = 9.81 nic/=+c
2
]
Solution : tan u =
g
a
=
3
1
+i- A nti:
= 1 1.5 tanu
= 0.5 ni
+i- B nti:
= 1 + 1.5 tan u = 1.5 ni
(iii) ia ry nai+i sii < +t a uar
h =
g 2
v
2
=
g 2
r
2 2
e
riii it4 vir
t- t ( < n +i ,ii - l+ n i +i vit ii +t- t fa4a vit n l< n l-< = n - in =ii +i =ni-
i +i ~- nn- +- t -ii f<4 n4 l-< = n - ini (+ ~l,-i vit ii ti -i t l= iii ii +t- t
riii ii + fin+ii
1. iii ii + l+=i l-< ii -i t : -zi ii -= l-< < + +i + n +i l<zii < -i t
2. <i iiiii( +ii ii (+ < = +i -ti +i-i t
it4 vir : l< < -i l- =-t lli-- sai + =s nnnn ni = t-i t . -i vit +i ii vit +t-
t (+ =-t +i +i < =i =-t n -ti i-i t =ini-- ii vit. iii ii vit ti -i t
f+i-ri vir : t < vit l=n l+=i l-< = n - in =ii +ii +i n =ni- -ti ti -i -ii < +i nl- ~+ln-
i ~=ini- ti -i t . l-i i vit +tni-i t
ai u4i
-i - + ~- =i. n-i = +i -ln+i = < vit +i +il--+ n (V
C
)
(i) < +i zi--i (q) + =ii =ni- i-i ti -i t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
(ii) < + i- + +ni-i-i ti-i t
(iii) -ln+i + i= (D) + +ni-i-i ti-i t
~- v
c

D
q
i v
c
=
D
R

q
i =
q
D v
c
...............(1)
ti R -i- =i t
l< R < 2000 t, -i vit iii ii i ii ti -i t l< R > 3000 t , -i vit l-i i ti -i t l< R, 2000 =
3000 + i- t , -i vit ~-iii ti -i t -ii t iii ii = l-i i vit n <n =+-i t
uaaai +i ut+i
< nl-+i n =---i =ni+i <ni- =-ii +i l-n +- +-i t
a
1
v
1
= a
2
v
2
=ini--i av = fii++ :=+i =---i +i =ni+i +t- t -ii t <lzi - +-i t l+ ti -ln+i +i ~- v-i +i
+i -i zi+n i<i ti -i t . ti -in +n ti -i t -ii li- n ii
a<iri -
(i) < +i n = +i -ln+i n -i i -ln+i + ~ -ii i<i ti -i t
(ii) nti i-i ii ii t-i t :=+i =---i =nii av = l-ii + = =nnii i =+-i t ti i-i nti ti -i
t ti ~- v-i +i +i -i zi+n i<i ti -i t ~- n i i-i t
< +t ai
< -i- v+i +i -i i-i t
(i) nfa ai :
< +i nl- + +ii < +i nl- -i ti -i t < ni- m +i < i v -in = nl-ni- t. l+ nl- -i
2
1
mv
2
tini
(+i+ <ni- +i nl- -i =
m
mv
2
1
2
=
2
1
v
2
.
(ii) fifa ai :
<ni- m + < +t h --i: l-il- -i m g h tini
(+i+ <ni- +i l-il- -i =
m
mgh
= gh
(iii) <i ai :
< n :=+ <i + ni + +ii -i +i <i -i +t- t
(+ izi (+ -+ l-- nni ri r+ (l-zi) ni-i l+ t izi < = ii t ni-i l+ l-- +i -i zi+n A -ii
< ,ii ~- i l+i <i P t
l-- +i- n = PA
l< l-- ,ii -ni n: <i dx ti. -i n ,ii l+i ni +i = PA dx = PdV
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
ti dV = Adx, < ,ii -ni ni ~i-- t
t l+i ni +i < +i <i -i t
dV ~i-- n < +i <i -i = PdV.
dV ~i-- + < +i <ni- = dV,
< +i i- t
< + (+i+ <ni- +i <i -i =
dV
PdV

=

P
.
aint +i ut+i
iii ii < vit + ln( (+ ~i<zi < (~zi- -ii ~= i) +i (+i + < ni- i (+i + ~i-- i (+i + ii
+ ln( <i -i. nl- -i -ii l-il- -i +i in tnzii l-- t-i t
~ii-

P
+
2
1
v
2
+ gh = l-ii+
Example 14. --i : h
0
= 10 = nic -ii lzii r
0
= 2 = nic +i (+ -ii+i n- i - = i ni t -ii :=n < ii t
:=+i -i i ~-i + l- i nii i-i t i i - +i nl- ai- +i l= izi +i -ni +i ~iii-i zi+n i
n in i (g = 10 nic/=+c
2
).
Solution : -ni +i -i zi+n = tr
0
2
l< -ni + i n i n iin +i lzii r ti -i .
t r
2
=
2
1
tr
0
2
r =
2
r
0
(1) -ii (2) + i- -i ni =ni+i nni- -
P
inni
+
2
1
v
1
2
gH = P
inni
+
2
1
v
2
2
g(H h
0
)
gh
0
=
2
1
(v
2
2
v
1
2
) 2gh
0
= [v
1
2
v
2
2
]
= [w
2
r
0
2
w
2
r
2
]
r
0
= 2 10
2
m 2gh
0
= w
2
[r
0
2
r
2
]
w =
0
r
2
gh =
2
10 2
2

1 . 0 10
= 100 l-/ =+c
Example 15. (+ -il- -ni n n l-zii- =i vilt- ti-i t n +i <i x y + n 600 N/m
2
= ll- - ti -i
t ti ~-v-i +i -izi+n +nzi 3 cm
2
-ii 1.5 cm
2
t -ni = n vit +i < ai- +i
Solution : ni-i x n = v
x
( y n = v
y
=i - +i =ni+i = ,
x
y
v
v
=
2
2
cm 5 . 1
cm 3
= 2.
-i ni +i =ni+i = ,
P
x
+
2
1
v
x
2
= P
y
+
2
1
v
y
2
i P
x
P
y
=
2
1
(2v
x
)
2

2
1
v
x
2
=
2
3
v
x
2
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
i 600
2
m
N
=
2
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
3
m
kg
1000
v
x
2
i v
x
=
2 2
s / m 4 . 0
= 0.63 m/s.
vit +i < = (3 cm
2
) (0.63 m/s) = 189 cm
3
/s
aint ut+i + av4in
(i) -=- - (ii) ti zi +i -a-i
(iii) n < +i ii - (n -= vii) (iv) +lizi
(v) i n lnin n< (vi) ii=ni vn (lt= i -in)
l-< A , P
1
= P, v
1
= 0 -ii h
1
= h
l-< B P
2
= P, v
2
= v (lt=i -in) -ii h = 0
-ini vn + vin =

1
P
+ gh
1
+
2
1
2
1
v =

2
P
+ gh
2
=
2
1
2
2
v , tn i- t l+

P
+ gh + 0 =

P
+ 0 +
2
1
v
2

2
1
v
2
= gh i v = gh 2
Example 16. ~- v-i +i A +i (+ n-i+i izi h --i : -+ ii t izi +i -ni n l-il-
a ~-v-i +i + -n = i-i it ~i =+-i t ai- +i
(a) -n iin- + --- z-i- i-i +i n
(b) i-i = l-+n- ini iii +i nti: h
0
~- v-i +i +i -izi+n
a + <i n
(c) =n l=n izi iini ti i(ni (l<i t :
02 . 0
A
a
2 / 1
= |
.
|

\
|
, h = 20 cm, h
0
= 20 cm )
Solution : (1) -ii (2) + i- -ini =ni+i nni- -
P
a
+ gh +
2
1
v
1
2
= P
a
+
2
1
v
2
2
=---i + =ni+i = :
Av
1
= av
2
, v
1
=
a
av
2
gh +
2
1
v
1
2
=
2
1
v
2
2
tn +- - v
2
=
2
2
A
a
1
gh 2

= 2 nic/=+c ....(1)
(b) (2) -ii (3) + i- -ini =ni+i nni-
2
1
v
2
2
+ gh
0
=
2
1
v
3
2
=---i + =ni+i = -
av
2
= a v
3
v
3
=
' a
av
2
2
1
v
2
2
+ gh
0
=
2
1

2
2
' a
av
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
2 2 + gh
0
=
2
1
2
' a
a
|
.
|

\
|
2 2
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
2
' a
a
|
.
|

\
|
= 1 +
2
20 . 8 . 9

2
' a
a
|
.
|

\
|
= 1.98 a =
98 . 1
a
(c) =ni+i (1) = izi n < +i l+=i --i: h -n = n
v =
98 . 0
gh 2
= h 20
tn i-- t l+ -n = l-+n- in < +i ~i-- = izi + < n ~i-- n +ni
l+=i ii ~- =ni--in dt + ln(
av
2
dt = A dx
a x 20 dt = A dx
}
t
0
dt
=
a
A
}
0
h
x 20
dx
t =
20 a
A
| |
0
h
x 2
t =
20 a
A
h 2
=
a
A
2
20
h
=
a
A 2
20
20 . 0
=
a
A 2
0.1
l<i t
2 / 1
A
a
|
.
|

\
|
= 0.02 i
a
A
=
0004 . 0
1
= 2500
:= v+i t = 2 2500 0.1 = 500 u+
Example 17. <i n: =--i n
h
2
h
3
B
C
v uqLFk d kV
{ks=kQy a
h
h
1
A
A{ks=kQy
d k i k=k
nzo r
(a) C = l-+n- in i-i +i n
(b) A, B -ii C <i
Solution : (a) < =-t -ii l-< C -ini =ni+i nni-
P
a
+
2
1
v
2
1
= P
a
gh
3
+
2
2
v
2
1

=---i =ni+i =
Av
1
= av
2
, v
1
=
A
av
2
2
2
2
2
v
A
a
2
1

= gh
3
+
2
2
v
2
1

2
2
v =
2
2
3
A
a
1
gh 2

, v
2
=
2
2
3
A
a
1
gh 2

(b) A <i P
A
= P
atm
+ gh
1
B <i
P
A
+ 0 + 0 = P
B
+ gh
2
+
2
1
v
B
2
P
B
= P
A
gh
2

2
1

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
2
3
A
a
1
gh 2
C <i P
C
= P
atm
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
(VII) -t ta {riii vir ist)
t zi < i: nni+ < vit + n ni- n v +- ti -i t (l-zi) ni-i l+ ~- v-i +i A
1
= i- +i
< t ti t ni-i + = + iin +i -i zi+n A
2
t -ii :== (+ <inii i t ni-i l+ l-< A v
1
-ii P
1
vit
+i n ( <i t -ii v
2
( P
2
=n- ilzii l-< B + ln( t
aint ut+i + v4in u :

1
P
+ gh
1
+
2
1
2
1
v =

2
P
+ gh
2
+
2
1
2
2
v , tn i- t

1
P
+ gh +
2
1
v
1
2
=

2
P
+ gh +
2
1
2
2
v (-l+ h
1
= h
2
= h)
i (P
1
P
2
) =
2
1
(
2
2
v v
1
2
) ....(1)
=---i =ni+i = , A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
A
A
v
v
1
=ni+i (1) n v
2
+i ni- i-
(P
1
P
2
) =
2
1

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
v v
A
A
2
1
v
1
2
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
1
A
A
2
2
1
-l+ A
1
> A
2
~- P
1
> P
2
i
2
1
v =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

1
A
A
) P P ( 2
2
2
1
2 1
=
) A A (
) P P ( A 2
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
2


ti (P
1
P
2
) =
m
gh -ii h <i-i -ln+i~i n < ---i +i n-i:i n ~-- t
1
v =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

1
A
A
gh 2
2
2
1
m
< vit < (R) ~ii - vl- = + t- ini < +- l+i i-i t R = v
1
A
1
.
(viii) a+ia + <iia
z-i ai+ - +i ti +i n i<i ti -i t ~- -i ni vn = . z- + ai+ - +i <i. z- + ai+ -i- + <i
= +n ti -i t <i~-- + +ii z- - +i ~i n +i - ti -i t i l+ i + ~- iini +i l-i viil-
l+ - i-i t
(ix) - nl-ni- -. - li + -<i+ i l+- + i= = n -i t -i l+- - +i -+ n + i-i t :=+i
+ii t l+ - nl-ni- - . l+- ( - + i- +i ti n ~li+ n --- +-i t liin- <i i i-i
t ~- < =i -+ +i ~li+ <i l+- +i - +i -+ i++i < -i t