8

5.1
, ,

.
,
. , .
.
, , ( ) GHz.
u(t),
u1(t) u2(t), u1(u2).
.
:
.
.
. , 30Hz ,

.
.
63

64

. (cathode ray tube,

CRT). ,
, .
. ,
. ,
RAM.
, . ,
,
(liquid crystal display, LCD).
5.2

. ,
.
, . .
.
.
(). . s
.
:
, .
,
.
, .
,
, .
,
:

.

.

.
,
. , .
,
. 5.1. , ,
. , .
, ,
.

. 5.

65

x: o ()
y: ()
y

1
2

. 5.1

, ,
, . ,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
, . . 5.1
.
.
.
.
, .
, ,
.
. ,
, .
.
,
,
.
.
, x y.
. 5.2. lt Vt. ,

66

,
. ,
H=

Vt lt L
2Va d

(5.1)

, L , d
Va . ,

tan =

Vl
H
= tt
L 2Va d

(5.2)

. (5.2) lt d, Vt Va
. ,
,
. ,
. 5.2,
.
3035. ,
. , , .

lt

H
E

Vt

()

()
. 5.2 (), ()

. 5.

67

. ,
, . ,
, , .
5.3
,
. (divisions),
,
(graticule), . 5.3.
. ( x) 10 ,
( y), 8 .
1cm.
5.3.1

- y

. .
. 5.4, . . 5.4
. 4 (1:1, 10:1, 100:1 1000:1),
(1:1, 2:1 4:1).
12 ,
Volts/div.

- x

. 5.3

GND

DC

Y-2

. 5.4

1:1
10:1
100:1
1000:1

1:1
10:1
100:1
1000:1

1:1
2:1
4:1

1:1
2:1
4:1

External
TRIG. CH. 1-2 INT./EXT. Trigger

GND

DC

DC, AC, GND

Y-1

Y-1

Volts CAL.

Y-1

Y-Position

Y-2

SLOPE +/- ./NORM.

+
_

Reset

LEVEL

Set

Flip-Flop

-1878V

uch

ucomp

6.3Vac

usff

-V

Intensity

Focus

usw

-V TR +V

+V

G 1 2 3 4

Delay
Line

-1900V

Delay ON-OFF

Chopper

Y-Position

INVERT

Trigger
driver 2

Y-2

Volts CAL.

Trigger selector

Line

AC
DC
HF
LF

Volts/div.

Trigger
driver 1

Volts/div.

Time/div.

Time CAL.

X-Y

ALT./CHOP

X-Position

68

. 5.

69

RC,
. ,
.
, ,
1 10 pF.
, .

.
, (1cm). ,

.
Volts/div. , 5mv/div. ( 1:1) 20V/div. ( 4000:1). ,
15V/div.,
GY =

15V
= 3000
5mV

(5.3)

. 5.4 . , ,
. Volts CAL.,
. ,
Y. Volts CAL.
, 5
, . position, .
, .
,
(dc ), C
(ac ). C, 100nF/500V, . ac , ,
. ac
, C (1/C). , ac ,
duty cycle . ,
duty cycle
y. (GND),
, o ,
.
, position.
.

. 20z
100 z . . 20z
10z,

70

10z, . ,
10z . 30MHz,
.
.
95% ,

20MHz, 2MHz. ,
20z , 3dB,
0.707.

, .
10% 90% (. 5.5). ,
10% 90%
, 0.8cm 7.2cm.

tosc

0.35
[s]
BW [Hz]

(5.4)

,
. , . 5.5,
Volts CAL. ,
2.5cm . , 10% 90%
2cm
.

100%
90%

5cm

10%
0

trm

. 5.5

. 5.

71

trm
tr, tosc,
2
trm = tr2 + tosc

(5.5)

tosc 20z, . (5.4), 17.5ns.

, trm 30ns,
tr = 24.4ns e = (30 24.4) / 24.4 = 23% .
tosc trm > 5tosc .
5.3.2
f,
.
.

. , x,
.

5V/div.

Vsw2

0.1ms/div.

f = 2kHz

usw

Vsw1
Tsw = 1ms

hold off

. 5.6

72

usw (. 5.6), ( ),
.
(Vsw1) Vsw2. ,
Vsw1 Vsw2 .
Vsw2
Vsw1,
. .
(hold off period)
Vsw1. hold off ,
.
Tsw = 1ms,
10 1ms
0.1ms/div.
ime/div., RC (.
5.4). Tsw,
Time CAL.
0.1ms/div.
5 (. 5.6),
f = 1/(5 0.1ms) = 2kHz . 3 . , 5V/div,
15V.
5.3.3
,
f
. . ,
,
.
, . 5.4,
flipflop , .

. 5.7. , . 5.7,
.
, (internal triggering),
(external triggering). INT./EXT.
,
. (Line) .
, ucomp low high
flipflop usff high.
flipflop high, .
usw Vsw1,
, Vsw2,
.

. 5.

73

+

ucomp
rp

rp

fp

fp

Set
F.F.

Reset

Q
usff

ucomp
Vsw2
usw
Vsw1

Vsw1

usw

Tsw
usff

. 5.7

Tsw (Time/div.). ,
Vsw1. flipflop,
low. flipflop low Vsw1,
, .
.
flipflop
. (unblanking), ,
.
(. 5.4).
, (automatic triggering),
./NORM. ,
,
, .

(GND).
LEVEL, (normal triggering).
,
. ,

74

,
.
,
. 5.7, (rising edge), rp.
, (falling edge), fp.
SLOPE +/-
.
, Trigger selector .
. AC
. DC
. F ,
,
LF .
Line , , .
Line . , Line
thyristors,
.
Trigger selector
. TV trigger, . 5.4,
video.
, ,
(delay line) ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
(SLOPE +/-), ,
.
5.3.4
,
.
. 5.4 . ,
, . ,
.
. (alternate
mode), (. 5.8).
1kHz,
(flickering). ,
flipflop .
usff .
(chopped mode), , (. 5.8).
(chopper oscillator), MHz.

. 5.

75

H uch,
.
. ,
. , , . 5.8.
ALT./CHOP.
,
flipflop chopper.
1

usw

()

uch
usw

()
. 5.8 ()
()

76

(INVERT), . 5.4 1, 1 (
180).
, .
Time/div.

Tsw_m

Reset
Set

F.F.

usw_m

td

usw_d

Tsw_d

Delay

()

Time/div.

usw_m
Tsw_m
usw_d

td
Tsw_d

()
. 5.9
().
().

. 5.

77

,
,
.
, usw_d (. 5.9).
Tsw_d,
Tsw_m usw_m.
td, , .
(.
5.9).
, . ,
x , .
, X
Y. ,
1 2, u1(u2).
X-Y
,
Lissajous. XY
X,
. 20z,
X 2MHz (3dB),
X-Y, 100kHz.
5.3.5
. 5.4 ,
(), (G) (A1, A2, A3, A4).
6.3Vac, 1900V .
HAMEG 2035.
1900V 1878V,
(). usff.
Intensity ,
.
1930V.
2, (focus)
. 2 1575V.
1 3 , 4 +72V. 1 3,
87V, .
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
TR,
(trace rotation).
. 5.4
20MHz, 2kV. , -

78

, . ,
, 15kV 20kV, 100MHz.
5.4
(probes). .
,
1M 10 pF. ,
BNC (. 5.10). (passive probes) :
1:1 (1X).
10:1 (10X).
100:1 (100X) 1000:1 (1000X).
,
1:1 10:1 (1X/10X). .
1:1
20V/div. 160Vpp. H
1, 100pF/m,
, .
, ( 10 k),
100 kHz.
1X, 1//100pF, 10X.
10:1 ,
RpCp, . 5.11.

(6)

(3)
(4)
(5)

(2)

(7)

(1)

. 5.10 1:1 10:1. BNC

(1), (2), (3),
(4), (5), (6)
(7),

. 5.

79
Rp

Cp

uosc

()

Rp

Cp

Rcbl

Ccbl

Rosc

Cosc

uosc

()
. 5.11 (probe) 10:1 ().
()

Rp 9, 1 ,
10:1. H Cp
,
. . 5.11 10, , Rosc,
Cosc Rcbl, Ccbl
. u
, uosc

uosc = u

R
1 + j RC
Rp
R
+
1 + j RC 1 + j R p C p

(5.6)

, R = Rcbl // Rosc C = Ccbl + Cosc . . (5.6) . ,

R p C p = RC

(5.7)

. (5.6)
uosc = u

R
R + Rp

(5.8)

80

()
()
()
. 5.12 10:1, .
()(), Cp ()

. (5.7) Cp
10:1,
.
, . 5.12. . 5.12,
Cp.
10X, , .
10//16pF. , ,
.
10 ( 5Hz).
. , 50Hz,
10M, 50MHz 1.5k.
,

1X.
( Volts/div.).

400V, dc . ,
,
.

100 1000, 100 1000 .
3pF.
50. 50
( 1pF) , .
(active probes), , FET. ,
,
. ,
0.42pF,
( 4GHz).
100k10. , ,

. 5.

81

.
.
10V,
10 volt.
(differential
probes). (. 5.13),
(floating) .
,
.
, .
.

(current probes). (. 5.13)
, ,
. AC,
AC/DC
. AC ,

2GHz. , AC/DC ,
Hall,
DC
100MHz. (split)
(solid).
.
.

()
()
. 5.13 () , : (1),
(2),
BNC (3) (4).
() , 100A (500A peak)
DC10MHz (1), 500A (700A peak) DC2MHz (2), 20A (50A peak) DC17MHz (3).
Tektronix

82

5.5 LISSAJOUS
,
.
, . . 5.14,
2V/div.
0.5ms/div., V1 = 3 2 = 6V V2 = 2 2 = 4V
, f = 1/ T = 1/(8 0.5ms) = 250Hz .

=

t
3
360o = 360o = 135o
T
8

(5.9)

,
, Lissajous.
Lissajous XY . XY,
y
x.
u y = Vy sin t

(5.10)

u x = Vx sin( t )

(5.11)

, Vy = Vx
, Lissajous . 5.15. 0 180
, 90 270 ,
Lissajous .

2V/div.

V1
V2

0.5ms/div.

. 5.14 ,

. 5.

83

0.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

180

-1

-1
-1

-0.5

0.5

-1
-1

-0.5

()

0.5

-1

()
1

0.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1

-0.5

0.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

0.5

()

-1

-0.5

0.5

-1

-0.5

()
()
()
. 5.15 Lissajous
. : () 0 180, () 30 330, () 60 300,
() 90 270, () 120 240, () 150 210

a b y x (. 5.16),
= sin 1

by
bx

by
ay

= sin 1

bx
ax

ay

ax

. 5.16
Lissajous

(5.12)

84

. (5.12), ( Vy Vx ). , . (5.12) 0o 90o . ,

= = 360o . , . 5.15,
, = 180o .
, u y = Vy sin y t , , u x = Vx sin x t .
Lissajous ,
y / x
. , ,
, . 5.17. uy
ux f, Lissajous
1/f.

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1
-1

-0.5

0.5

-1

-0.5

()
1

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1
-0.5

0.5

0.5

()

-1

0.5

-1

-0.5

()
()
. 5.17 Lissajous
u y = sin(3 t ) , : () u x = sin( t 15o ) ,
() u x = sin( t 30o ) , () u x = sin(2 t 0o ) , () u x = sin(2 t 20o )

. 5.

85

y, ux
Lissajous .
.

uy. ,
u x . , . 5.17, , uy
, ux ,
y x. , . 5.17,
y / x = 3 / 2 .

5.6 (DSO)

, .
.
, ,
.
, . .

,
(). ,
.
, . ,
. ,

, .
(digital storage oscilloscopes, DSO),
.
DSO ,
, .
,
(A/D converters).
DSO A/D,
. (resolution)
bits ,
A/D.
. ,
.
, DSO .
DSO . , ,
DSO:

86

, , ,
, , .
, (autoranging).
, , ,
, , DSO
, FFT.
.
, . DSO RS232C GPIB (488). DSO
DOS format.
,
.
, , DSO , 50GHz.

, .

.
,
. , ,
, . ,
.
DSO, , , . , . , DSO
, . ,
DSO . , (LCD).

5.6.1 DSO
, , . ,
. ,
. . 5.18 DSO ,
. ,
.
, .
3dB, 70.7%
.


Volts/div. , A/D.

. 5.

87

:
Volts/div., Time/div. ..

Volts/div.

sampling

-1

Volts/div.

A/D-1

R/W

sampling

-2

trig.

A/D-2

R/W

2
Data
Bus

Address
Bus

interface

GPIB, RS-232C

GDP

D/A

X
G 1 2 3 4

. 5.18 (DSO)

88

A/D , DSO . A/D :

. A/D , 05V, 010V, 5V +5V
10V +10V. ,
, .
.
, .
, bits ().
,
. DSO,
, A/D
(successive approximation A/D converters) (flash A/D converters).
, .
, 21 ,
.
N bits.
,
.
,
sample and hold.
,
. DSO . 5.18
, . .
A/D
1GHz, 1ns.
A/D , DSO
CCD (Charge Coupled Device).
CCD , A/D
.
, CCD.
A/D
,
.
DSO. . 5.18
.
DSO . (digitizer) .
,
. ,
DSO ,
DSO .
(graphics display processor, GDP),
(D/A converter).

. 5.

89

.
,
. (pixels) ,
. , 28 = 256
29 = 512 , 217 = 131072
.
, bits
A/D. A/D 8bits, 28 = 256
, DSO
256 . 512 , 512 . ,
.
bits .
pixels , bit
, D/A .
256 byte
D/A 8bits.
(GDP) ,
D/A
. .
. , .
.
, DSO , . , , , . ,
, .
DSO , ,
. interface . 5.18.
DSO ,
DSO
. , DSO
,
.
,
,
. , . DSO. , ,
.

90

5.6.2
DSO
. ,
.
, . , DSO
, . ,
.
x(t)
. (. 5.19)
Fourier X(f), . 5.19,
fx. , , ( ), (.
5.19)

s (t ) =

(t kT )

(5.13)

k =

, Ts , . Fourier (. 5.19)

S ( f ) = f s

( f kf )
s

(5.14)

k =

. 5.20 . fs = 1/Ts,
. ,
xs(t) (. 5.19)

xs (t ) = x(t ) s (t )

(5.15)

Fourier xs(t)

X s ( f ) = fs

X ( f kf )
s

(5.16)

k =

. 5.19
x(t) fs.
fs fx, x(t) ,
xs(t), (. 5.20).
fc, ,
f x fc fs f x

(5.17)

. 5.

91

X( f )

x(t)

-fx 0

()
s(t)

-4Ts

-Ts 0

()

fx

()
S ( f )

Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts

-fs

-fs

fs

()
X s( f )

xs(t)

fs

-fc -fx 0

()

LPF Afs

fs >2 fx

fx f fs - f x fs fs + f x
c

()
X s( f )

-fs

fs <2 fx

fs

()
. 5.19 () ().
, , ()
(). ()
fs > 2fx (), fs < 2fx ()

xs(t). ,
, X(f).
, x(t) fx f s 2 f x , x(t)
xs(t)
. (5.17).
f s = 2 f x Nyquist.
Nyquist,
x(t), . 5.19. , x(t) xs(t)
, (aliasing). ,
fx f s < 2 f x ,
(aliased sine wave) f s f x .
s(t)
, s . (.
5.21), xs(t)

92
s(t)

(LPF)

x(t)

xs(t)
-fc

f s x (t )

fc

. 5.20 x(t)

xs (t ) = x(t ) s (t ) = x(t ) Co +

2C
k =1

cos(2 kf s t )

(5.18)

Fourier

Xs ( f ) =

C X ( f kf )
k

(5.19)

k =

, Co = / Ts Ck k 0 = f s sin( kf s ) / kf s
. (5.19) . (5.16) , Ck . fs.
,
.

xs(t)

x(t)

x(t)

-fc

s(t)

s(t)

(LPF)
T /

fc

x(t)

()
X( f )
t
xs(t)

-2fs

-fs

-fx 0

fx

X s( f )
LPF

Ts /

-fc -f

()

fs >2 fx

fs
fx fc
fs - f x
fs + f x

2fs

()
. 5.21 x(t), s(t) ,
fs (). () ()

. 5.

93

1/ Co = Ts / ,
x(t).
, Nyquist, fx, . fx
40dB .
5.6.3
DSO N bits A/D. ,
,
.
,
(interpolation) . ,
. DSO
sin(x)/x .
fx, f s = 4.2 f x . ,
. , DSO 10 ,
42, 512
.
sin(x)/x .
, DSO
. 5.22,
.
,
fx (. 5.22).
sin(x)/x
, . sin(x)/x
,
fx. sin(x)/x
.
DSO . , ,
.
, DSO 250MHz, 1GHz. ,
.
, . , fs
,

fs =

10

(5.20)

, 10 .
. (5.20) , .

94

1 .5

0 .5

-0 .5

-1

-1 .5

()

1 .5

0 .5

-0 .5

-1

-1 .5

()
. 5.22 fx,
fs = 4.2fx () fs = 13fx (),

. 1GHz
50s/div., 500000 . , fs . 512 ,
fs = 1GHz 50ns/div.
DSO ,
. ,
.
, (500000), (512).
, ,
scrolling .
DSO ,
, . ,
fs , ,
N1 .
,
f x > f s / 2 . f s = 1MHz f x = (kf s + 0.01)MHz k = 1, 2, 3 "

. 5.

95

10kHz, . ,
,
.
5.6.4
DSO .
(real time sampling single shot sampling). .
fs,
fx, .
Nyquist f s 2 f x , .
, .
,
A/D,
(. 5.23).
(. 5.18),
. DSO
. ,
,
, .
, , fx.
,
(equivalent time sampling).
Nyquist,
DSO.
,
(sequential sampling) (random
repetitive sampling).

(. 5.23). tk \k=1, 2, 3
tst, ( tk = tk 1 + tst = t0 + ktst ). ,
.
.
tst,
,
.
. 5.23 ,
. , 10 GHz, ,
. ,
DSO. , , (pretrigger view),
.

96

()
0.0

3 4

5
6

15
7
14

8
10 12 13
11
9
t1=t0+tst

0.0

t2=t1+tst

t3=t2+tst

t4

t5

t0

t5

tst
t6

tk-1

tk

1 1

3
3 3

()

t7

t
t8

1
2
2
2

()
0.0

1
2

t1

2
t2
3

t
t3
3

. 5.23 (), ()
().
, . ,
DSO

. 5.

97

0.0

. 5.24 ,
8 .
,

,
, .
, . 5.23. ,
, .
,
(ta1,2,3 t1,2,3 t1,2,3). ,
.
, ,
.
.
, , . ,

.

D/A

LPF

VCO

PLL

. 5.25 ,

98

. ,
8 , DSO
(. 5.24).
, .
.
5.25. PLL (phase locked loop),
.
(VCO),
, .
PLL, ,
,
. D/A 8bits,
256 . D/A
,
DSO.