3 Phut Dau Tien

APH!T!
TIN 1
hffp://obooks.vdcmodIa.com
M!CI!C
IOICIOITHI!........................................................................................................................... 2
IOIT!AC!ASTVNWINRC......................................................................................... 4
MO!:NC!OIKHONCIOVACONOCAI....................................................................... 8
S!ANNOC!AV!TR! ......................................................................................................... 15
PHONC!CXAC!CNCNV!TR! .................................................................................... 43
MOTTOACHOV!TR!NONC................................................................................................ 71
APH!T!TIN.................................................................................................................. 90
VAITRANCIICHS!KHOAHOC......................................................................................... 107
PHNTRMCIY!TIN................................................................................................ 116
PHNKT:VINCANHTR!OCMT ................................................................................. 135
Steven Weinberg 2
IOICIOITHI!
Cun sach a phuf du fIn - Mf cach nhn hIn daI v
ngungcvufru
Cun sach nay noI v nhung phuf du fIn cua su hnh
fhanh vu fru, fhoo fhuyf vu fru hoc hIn daI nhf goI Ia fhuyf
mhnhchun.NoxufphaffufhuyfVunIoncuacacnha
bachocIomaIfrovaCamov,nhungduochIn daIhoa, chinh xac
hoasausukhampharaphngbucxavufrucucnganonhIfd3
konvIn|khoangm27
o
dC)vaonam1964-1965.
yIacngIaofrucfIpcuahaInhabachocMyPonzIasva
WIIson, va ho da duoc gIaI fhuong NoboI nam 1978 v su kham
phacuckyquanfrongnay.Nhung,nhucunsachnaynuro,do
cung Ia cng Iao cua mf fp fh kha Ion cac nha khoa hoc frong
my chuc nam froI, frong hang fram phong fhi nghIm, daI quan
saffhInvan,nhomnghIncuuIyfhuyf,dadonggopchofhuyf
VunIoncoduocdangchunduocnhIunguoIcngnhnnhu
hInnay.
anfhnfacgIa,SfovonWoInborg,mffhanhvIncuaVIn
han Im khoa hoc My, mf nha bac hoc nI fIng co nhIu cng
hIn cho vf Iy Iy fhuyf, vf Iy haf co ban, Iy fhuyf fruong, du
khng phaI fruc fIp Ia mf nha vu fru hoc, nhung gIan fIp da
fhamgIavaocucdufranhchomhnhchunnay.Nam1979
WoInborg da duoc gIaI NoboI v vf Iy cung voI haI nha bac hoc
khacdosudonggopcuangvaovIcfmrafhuyffhngnhfhaI
fuongfac:fuongfacyuvafuongfacdInfu.
Cun sach nay duoc xuf ban bang fIng VIf In du nam
1981. Tu do dn nay cun sach da duoc faI ban nhIu In o nuoc
ngoaI, song vn khng h co sua dI g do finh kInh dIn cua no.
Thooyucucuadngdaobandocyufhichkhoahoc,chungfI
APH!T!TIN 3
xInfrnfronggIoIfhIubanInaphufdufIn-Mfcachnhn
hIn daI v ngun gc vu fru cua Nha xuf ban Khoa hoc va Ky
fhuf.
Steven Weinberg 4
IOIT!AC!ASTVNWINRC
SachnayduocvIfrafumfcucnoIchuyncuafIfrongI
khanh fhanh Trung fm khoa hoc cua cac sInh vIn nam cuI o
Harvard fhang 11 nam 1973. Mf nguoI ban chung, anIoI oII,
dakIaIchongrvInCIIkos,chufchvagIamdccngfyxuf
ban Sach co ban ngho v cuc noI chuyn do, va CIIkos da gIuc
fIbInnofhanhmfcunsach.
ufInfIkhngfhfsaymvoIydoIam.TuyrangfhInh
fhoangfIcofInhanhnhungcucnghIncuunhovvufruhoc,
cng vIc cua fI dinh Iiu nhIu hon dn vf Iy cua nhung caI rf
bo nho, Iy fhuyf haf co ban. NgoaI ra, vf Iy haf co ban da fo ra
sInh dng mf cach Ia Iung frong nhung nam cuI dy, va fI da
fnquanhIufhoIgIankhngphucvuno,khIvIfnhungbaIbao
khngchuynmnchonhungfapchinayno.TIdarfmunfro
v Iam vIc foan b fhoI gIo o ch sInh sng fu nhIn cua fI, Ia
TapchivfIy.
Tuy nhIn, fI da fhy Ia khng fh ngung suy nghI v
nhungcunsachkvvufrusokhaI.CoghpdnhonIavnd
Phaf mInh froI df7 NgoaI ra, frong vu fru so khaI, dac bIf
frongphnframgIydufIn,cacvndvIyfhuyfhafcoban
ganchafvoIcacvndvvufruhoc.Vafruochf,bygIoIamf
fhoIdImffdvIfvvufrusokhaI.ungfrongfhpnInvua
qua,mfIyfhuyfchIfIfvquafrnhdInbIncuacacsukIn
frongvufrusokhaIdaduoccngnhnrngraIduoIfnmhnh
chun.
ThfIamfdIufuyfvoIkhIfakduocvvufrusaugIy
du fIn, hoac nam du fIn. I voI mf nha vf Iy, dIu dang
phnkhoIIacofhkvcacsuvIcvoInhungcons,IacofhnoI
rang o fhoI dIm nao do nhIf d, mf d hay hop phn hoa hoc
cua vu fru daf duoc nhung fr s nay no. Thf ra fa khng hoan
APH!T!TIN 5
foanfhfchacvmoIvndnay,nhungcungdangphnkhoIIa
bygIofacofhnoIvcacvndnayvoImfchuffInfuongnao
do.SuphnkhoInayIacaImafImunduadnchobandoc.
TfhonhfIafIphaInoIsachnaydanhchonhungbandoc
nao.TIdavIfchobandocsansangfhoodoIvaIIpIunchIfIf
nhungkhngphaIfhfamhIufoanhochoacvfIy.MacdufI
phaIduavaomfsyfuongkhoahockhaphucfap,songkhngco
mn foan hoc nao duoc dung frongsach nay ngoaI s hocma ban
doc khng cn bIf nhIu, fhm chi bIf fruoc g v vf Iy hoac
fhInvan.TIdacgangfhnfrongdnhnghIacacdanhfukhoa
hoc khI dung chung In du, fhm vao dy fI da cung cp mf
bang fu vung v cac danh fu vf Iy va fhIn van. O du co fh
duoc, fI da vIf caccon s bang chu |nhu: mf fram nghn frIu)
makhngdungcachghIkhoahocfInIoIhon:10mu11.
TuynhIn,nhuvykhngphaIconghIaIafIdacvIfmf
cun sach d hIu. KhI mf nha Iuf hoc vIf cho nhung ban doc
bnh fhuong, ng fa gIa fhIf rang ho khng bIf fIng Phap v
Iuf hoac dao Iuf chng fhua huong suf doI, nhung ng fa,
khngphaIvvymasuynghIfhonvho,vangkhnghac
dn ho. TI mun noI nguoc IaI: fI hnh dung ban doc nhu mf
Iuf su gIa kha fInh khn, ng fa khng noI ngn ngu cua fI,
nhungdusaocungmongdoInghovaIIpIuncofinhfhuyfphuc
fruockhIcoykIncanhn.
I voI ban doc mun fhy fhuc su vaI phop foan Iam co so
chocacIpIuncuacun sachnay,fIdasoanPhufruongfoan
hocIInsaucunsach.TrnhdfoanhocdungodyIamchocac
chu fhich nay co fh hIu duoc dI voI bf cu aI co frnh d nam
cuI daI hoc v mf khoa hoc vf Iy hoac foan hoc nao do. May
fhay, cac finh foan quan frong nhf frong vu fru hoc IaI co phn
nao don gIan: chI co o ch nay ch no cac dIm fInh f hon cua
fhuyf fuong dI rng hoac cua vf Iy haf nhn moI duoc dung
chufif.NhungbandocmunfIpfuchIuvndnayomffrnh
dcaohonsofmduocnhIugIaofrnhfrnhdcao|kcacuafI)
ghIomucCoIydocfhm.
Steven Weinberg 6
TIcungphaInoIrodIfuongcuacunsach.ochackhng
phaIIamfcunsachnoIvmoIkhiacachcuavufruhoc.Comf
phn c dIn cua vn d, noI nhIu nhf v cu fruc cua vu fru
hInnayoquymIon:cucfranhIunvbanchfngoaIfhInha
cuacacfInhvnxoanc;sukhampharacacdchchuyndocua
cac fhIn ha xa va su phu fhuc cua cac dch chuyn do vao
khoang cach; cac m hnh vu fru hoc fhoo fhuyf fuong dI rng
cua InsfoIn, do SIffor, IomaIfro va rIodmann; va v. v... Phn
naycuavufruhocdaduocmfarfhayomfssachxufsac,
vafIkhngcoyfhufIaIdydumfInnuavphnnayody.
Cun sach nay noI v vu fru so khaI, va dac bIf v su hIu bIf
moI v vu fru so khaI dy In fu khI kham pha ra phng xa cuc
nganvufrunam1965.
C nhIn, fhuyf vu fru gIan no Ia mf fhanh phn quan
frongfrongcachnhncuafahInnayvvufrusokhaI,chonno
chuong II, fI da buc phaI gIoI fhIu ngan gon v cac khia canh
c dIn cua vu fru hoc. TI fIn rang chuong do da cung cp mf
co so fhich hop, du Ia cho ban doc khng quon bIf vu fru hoc d
hIu cac phaf frIn gn dy frong fhuyf v vu fru so khaI ma
phnconIaIcuacunsachbandn.TuynhIn,bandocmunmf
sugIoIfhIudydunhungphnchoncuavufruhocfhxInxom
cacsachghIfrongCoIydocfhm.
Mafkhac,fIdakhngfmraduocmfbanfuongfhufIch
sunaocohfhngvcacphaffrIngndycuavufruhoc.odo
fIdabucphaIdIsuhonmfchuf,dacbIfvmfvnd hp
dnIafaIsaokhngcosufmkImnaovphngbucxacucngan
cua vu fru nhIu nam fruoc 1965. |Iu nay duoc fhao Iun o
chuong VI). Nhu vy khng phaI d noI rang fI coI sach nay Ia
mfcunIchsucofinhchfdufdImvcacphaffrIndo-fIrf
fnfrongsucgangfmhIuvasuchuydncacchIfIfcnfhIf
frongIchsukhoahocnnkhngfhcomfaofuongnaovvIc
nay. TraI IaI, fI so hanh phuc nu mf nha su hoc va khoa hoc
fhf su nao do so dung sach nay nhu mf dIm xuf phaf va vIf
mfcunIchsu dydu vbamuoInamcuIdycuacacnghIn
cuuvufruhoc.
APH!T!TIN 7
TIhfsuccamonrvInCIIkosvaarroIIPhIIIIpscuacng
fySachcobanvcacgoIycogIafrcuahaIngfrongkhIchun
b ban fhao nay d xuf ban. TI cung da duoc gIup nhIu hon Ia
fI co fh noI ra khI vIf cun sach nay, boI v nhung goI y fhn
fhIn cua cac ban dng nghIp cua fI v vf Iy va fhIn van. TI
mun dac bIf cam on RaIph AIphor, ornard urko, Roborf
Icko, Coorgo IoId, Cary oInborg, WIIIIam ovIor, Roborf
Horman, rod HoyIo, JIm PoobIos, Arno PonzIas, III Pross, d
PurcoII va Roborf Wagonor v vIc cac ng bn fm doc va phaf
bIuvcacphncuacunsach.TIcungcamonIsaacAsImov,I.
ornard Cohon, Marfha IIIIor va PhIIIIps MorrIson v da cho
fhng fIn v mf Ioaf vn d dac bIf. TI dac bIf bIf on NIgoI
CaIdorvdadocsufbanfhaodufIn,vadachonhungIoIbnh
Iunxacdang.TIkhngfhhyvongrangcunsachnaybygIo
hoan foan khng co nhung ch saI hoac fI nghIa, nhung fI chac
Ia no ro va chinh xac hon nhIu so voI fruong hop nu no khng
duocsugIupdorngIuongmafIdamaymannhnduoc.
Steven Weinberg
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Thang 7/1976
Steven Weinberg 8
MO!:NC!OIKHONCIOVACONOCAI
Trong suf phn Ion Ich su vf Iy hoc, fhIn van hoc hIn
daI, ro rang Ia da khng co mf co so quan saf va Iy fhuyf vung
vangdduavaodynguoIfacofhxydungmfIchsuvufruso
khaI. y gIo, dIu do da fhay dI. Mf fhuyf vu fru so khaI da
duoccngnhnrngraIdnmuccacnhafhInvanfhuonggoIno
Iamhnhchun.
NgungcvufruduocgIaIfhichfrongsachddafro,mf
suu fp fruyn fhn fhoaI ma nha fc fruong AIxoIon SnorrI
SfurIoson dasuufm vao khoangnam1220.Thua so khaI - sach
cua dda vIf - khng co g ca. Khng fm fhy df, phia frn
cung khng co froI, chI co mf khoang frng Ion kInh khung, va
khng du co co. Phia bac va phia nam cua khoang khng frng
rng Ia nhung vung cua gIa rof va Iua, NIfIhoIm va MuspoIhoIm.
Suc nong fu vung MuspoIhoIm Iam fan cac khI bang gIa cua
NIfIhoImvafucachafnuocmfnguoIkhngIxufhIn,Ymor.
ThfhYmorang7HnhnhufrongfruyncungcomfconbocaI
fn Ia AudhumIa. Th fh no an g7 Khng sao, cung co mf if
muI,v.v...vav.v...
TI khng mun Iam mch Iong nhung aI co fhIn cam fn
gIao, k ca co fhIn cam voI fin nguong VIkIng |VIkIng: fn goI
nhung fn cuop bIn ScandInavIa fhuo xua |N).), nhung fI cho
rangcungdungkhInoIrangcuchuynfrnkhngchochungfa
mf hnh anh fhoa man Iam v ngun gc vu fru. u bo qua moI
dIu hf suc fraI voI nhung chuyn dI nhIn, fhng fhuong, cu
chuyn nay vn Iam nay sInh nhung cu hoI nhIu bang nhung
vndnogIaIdap,mIsugIaIdapIaIdndnmfdIuphucfap
moIchocacdIukInbandu.
Chung fa khng fhchI mImcuoI khI ngho chuyn dda va
khuocfufoanbsusuydoanvngungcvufru,Ionghammun
APH!T!TIN 9
fm hIu Ich su vu fru k fu buI so khaI cua no fhuc khng g
ngancanduoc.TuIuckhoahochIndaIbafdu,onhungfhky
16va17,cacnhavfIy,fhInvandanhIuInfro vngungc
vufru.
Tuy nhIn, quanh mf IoaI nghIn cuu nhu vy Iun Iun
phang phf nhung dIu faI fIng. TI nho IaI Iuc fI con Ia mf
sInhvInvakhIdofubafdunghIncuukhoahoc|vnhungvn
d khac) frong nhung nam 1950, nghIn cuu v vu fru so khaI b
nhIunguoIcoIkhngphaIIamfcngvIcmamfnhakhoahoc
dung dan phaI d nhIu fhoI gIo vao dy. Su danh gIa nhu vy
cungkhngphaIvcancu.TrongsufphnIonIchsuvfIyhoc,
fhInvanhochIndaI,rorangIadakhngcomfcosoquansaf
va Iy fhuyf vung vang d dua vao dy nguoI fa co fh xy dung
mfIchsuvufrusokhaI.
y gIo, dung frong 10 nam qua, dIu do da fhay dI. Mf
fhuyfvufrusokhaIdaduoccngnhnrngraIdnmuccacnha
fhIn van fhuong goI no Ia m hnh chun. No mf phn nao
gIngcaImadIkhIduocgoIIafhuyfvunIon,nhungduocb
sung mf foa |o dy chung fI dch rocIpo Ia foa d gIu dung
cachnoIhomhInhcuafacgIa.ConcofhdchIacngfhuchoac
don|N).)roranghonrfnhIuvcacfhanhphncuavufru.
ThuyfvvufrusokhaInayIadfaIcunsachcuachungfa.
fhy duoc fa so dI foI du, co fh cn baf du voI mf
doanfomfafIchsuvufrusokhaInhuduochIufrongmhnh
chunhInnay.ychIIamfsuIuofquangangon-cacchuong
fIp fhoo so gIaI fhich cac chI fIf cua Ich su nay va cac Iy do
khInfafInvaonophnnao.
Iuc du da xay ra mf vu n. Khng phaI mf vu n nhu
fhuong xay ra frn fraI df, baf du fu mf frung fm nhf dnh
vaIanfruynracacvungxungquanhmIIucmfxa,maIamf
vu n xay ra dng fhoI o bf cu dIm nao, Ip dy foan b khng
gIan ngay fu du, frong do mI haf vf chf du roI xa cac haf
khac. Toan b khng gIan o dy co fh hIu hoac Ia foan b
khng gIan cua mf vu fru v han hoac cua mf vu fru huu han,
Steven Weinberg 10
no fu khop kin nhu b maf mf hnh cu. Ca haI kha nang du
khng phaI d hIu, nhung vIc do khng can fro g fa; frong vu
frusokhaI,vIckhnggIanIahuuhanhayvhanhunhukhng
quanfrong.
Sau khoang 1/100 gIy, fhoI gIan som nhf ma fa co fh
fuong fhuf voI mf fram nghn frIu |10 mu 11) d bach phn
|Trongsach,facgIadungkhIfhdbachphnchodhIu,khIfh
dKoIvIn.Thucra,phaIdungdonv konvInfhaydbachphn
hoac d KoIvIn |N).). Nhu vy Ia nong hon nhIu so voI o frung
fm cua mf v sao nong nhf, nong dn nI fhuc ra khng co
fhanh phn nao cua vf chf bnh fhuong, phn fu, nguyn fu
hoac du Ia haf nhn cua nguyn fu co fh bam vao nhau duoc.
Thayvao do, vf chf roIxanhaufrongvu n nay gmco nhung
IoaIhafcobankhacnhau,cachafnayIadIfuongnghIncuucua
vfIyhafnhnnangIuongcaohIndaI.
Chung fa so gap nhung haf do nhIu In frong sach nay -
hIngIochIcngoIfncachafcomafnhIunhffrongvufruso
khaI,vafrongcacchuongIIIvaIVsoconhunggIaIfhichchIfIf
hon. Mf IoaI haf rf ph bIn Iuc do Ia oIocfron, haf mang dIn
m chay frong cac dy dn dIn va fao nn cac Iop vo cua moI
nguyn fu va phn fu frong vu fru hIn nay. Mf IoaI haf khac
cung co rf nhIu frong cac buI so khaI Ia pozIfron, mf IoaI haf
mangdInduongcungmfkhIIuongnhuoIocfron.Trongvufru
hIn nay pozIfron chI duoc fm fhy frong cac phong fhi nghIm
nangIuongcao,frongmfvaIkIuphongxavafrongnhunghIn
fuong fhIn van cuc manh nhu cac fIa vu fru va sao sIu moI,
nhungfrongvufrusokhaI,sIuongpozIfrondungbangsIuong
oIocfron. NgoaI oIocfron va pozIfron Iuc do con co nhung IoaI
noufrIno,sIuongcunggnbangnhuvy,nhunghafmamang
khIIuongvadInfichbangkhng.CuIcung,vufruIucdochua
dyanhsang.KhngduocxomxofanhsangfachroIvoIcachaf.
Thuyf Iuong fu cho fa bIf rang anh sang gm nhung haf khI
Iuong bang khng, dIn fich bang khng, goI Ia phofon. |MI In
mf nguyn fu frong dy foc bong don dIn chuyn fu mf frang
fhaI nang Iuong cao dn mf frang fhaI nang Iuong fhp hon fh
APH!T!TIN 11
mf phofon duoc phaf ra). S phofon duoc phaf ra fu mf bong
dInnhIudnnIchungduongnhuIanhpvoInhaufhanhmf
IunganhsangIInfuc,nhungmffbaoquangdIncofhdm
fungphofonmf.MIphofonmangmfIuongnangIuongvaxung
Iuongxacdnh,phufhucvaobuocsonganhsang.mfaanh
sang da fran ngp vu fru so khaI, chung fa co fh noI rang s
IuongvanangIuongfrungbnhcuacacphofonIucdoxpxIbang
sIuongvanangIuongfrungbnhcuacacoIocfron,pozIfronhoac
noufrIno.
Cac haf do - oIocfron, pozIfron, noufrIno, phofon - da duoc
fao nn mf cach IIn fuc fu nang Iuong fhun fuy va rI sau
nhungkhoanhkhacfnfaIIaIbhuydIf.Nhuvy,sIuongcua
chung khng phaI Ia da duoc dnh ngay fu du, ma fhay vao do
duoccdnhbangsucnbang-gIuacacquafrnhsInhvahuy.Tu
sucnbangnayfacofhsuyrarangmfdfhuxup|ChungfI
dchcosmIcsoupIaxupvufru|mfmonhuInvufru)dgIu
cachnoIhomhInhcuafacgIa|N).)vufrudoonhIfdmffram
nghn frIu d, Ion gp khoang bn nghn frIu In mf d cua
nuoc. Iuc do cung co pha mf s if haf nang hon, cac profon va
noufron,mafrongfhgIoIhInnayIanhungfhanhphncuacac
hafnhnnguynfu.|ProfonmangdInfichduong,noufronnang
hon mf if va frung hoa v dIn). Ty I Iuc do vao khoang mf
profonvamfnoufronfrnmInghnfrIuoIocfronhoacpozIfron
hoac noufrIno hoac phofon. Con s do - mf nghn frIu phofon
frn mI hafnhn-Ia con s quyf dnh cnphaI rufrafu quan
safdfaoramhnhchuncuavufru.SuphafhInraphngbuc
xavufruduocfhaoIunochuongIIIfhucraIamfphopdocon
sdo.
KhI vu n fIp fuc fh nhIf d ha xung foI ba muoI nghn
frIu |3. 10 mu 10) d C sau khoang mf phn muoI gIy; muoI
nghnfrIudsaumfgIyvabanghnfrIudsau14gIy.Nhu
vyduIanhdoIocfronvapozIfronbafdubhuyvoInhaunhanh
honIacofhduocfaIsInhfuphofonvanoufrIno.NangIuongduoc
gIaI phong frong su huy vf chf fam fhoI Iam gIam fc d Ianh
dncuavufru,nhungnhIfdfIpfucgIam,cuIcungdIdnmf
Steven Weinberg 12
nghnfrIudsaubaphufdufIn.IucdoduIanhdphofonva
noufron bafdufaofhanhcachafnhnphucfap,bafduIahaf
nhn cua hydro nang |hay doforI) no gm mf profon va mf
noufron. Mf d Iuc do hay con kha cao |hoI nho hon mf d cua
nuoc), cho nn cac haf nhn nho do co fh hop IaI voI nhau mf
cach nhanh chong fhanh haf nhn nho bn nhf, haf nhn cua
hoII,gmhaIphofonvahaInoufron.
Sau ba phuf du fIn, vu fru gm chu yu anh sang,
noufrInovaphannoufrIno.Iucdovnconchufifchfhafnhn,
gm co khoang 73 % hydro va 27 % hoII va mf s, cung if nhu
vy, oIocfron con IaI fu qua frnh huy oIocfron va pozIfron. Vf
chfdofIpfucroIxanhau,cangngaycangIanhhon,Ioanghon.
MaIIusau,saumfvaIframnghnnammoIbafduduIanhd
chooIocfronkfhopvoIhafnhnfhanhnguynfuhydrovahoII.
Chfkhiduochnhfhanhsobafdu,duoIanhhuongcuaIuchp
dn,faonnnhungkhIkfmasaunaysongungfuIaI,faoracac
fhIn ha va cac ngI sao cua vu fru hIn nay. Tuy nhIn, nhung
fhanh phn ma cac ngI sao dung d baf du doI sng cua chung
cungchIIanhungfhanhphnduocfaorafrongbaphufdufIn.
M hnh chun duoc phac hoa ra frn dy khng phaI Ia

fhuyffhoamannhfmafacofhfuongfuongduocvngungc
vu fru. Cung nhu frong sach dda fro co mf su mo h dang Io
ngaI v chinh Iuc baf du, v phn gIy du fIn - hoac hon kom
mfif.
NgoaIravIccnquydnhcacdIukInbandu,dacbIffy
ImfnghnfrIuphofonfrn mf hafnhncungkhngduocfu
nhIn Iam. Chung fa fhich mf su fhuyf frnh co IgIc chaf cho
hon.
Vi du mf fhuyf khac co vo hp dn v maf frIf hoc hon
nhIu, Ia m hnh frang fhaI dung. Trong fhuyf duoc Horman
ondI,ThomasCoId |duoI mf dang hoI khac) varodHoyIodua
ra frong nhung nam cuI cua fhp nIn 40 nay, vu fru da Iun
IunfnfaInhuhInnay.KhInogIanra,vfchfmoIduocfao
APH!T!TIN 13
fhanhmfcachIInfucdIpcackhoangfrnggIuacacfhInha.
CofhIamoIcuhoIvvIcfaIsaovufruIanhufhnaycofh
duoc gIaI dap frong fhuyf nay bang cach chI ra rang no nhu fh
dovdyIacachduynhfdnoIunIunIakhngdI.Vndvu
frusokhaIbIoaIfru:khngcovufrusokhaI.
Vy fh faI sao chung fa IaI dI dn m hnh chun7 Va faI
sao no da fhay fh cac fhuyf khac nhu m hnh frang fhaI
dung7yIamfdImdangkhmphucvfinhkhachquancua
vfIyfhInvanhIndaI,rangsunhffridadafduocnaykhng
phaI do nhung su fhay dI fhIn v frIf hoc hoac do anh huong
cua nhung ng quan cua vf Iy fhIn van ma Ia do ap Iuc cua
nhungsIIufhucnghIm.
HaI chuong fIp fhoo dy so m fa haI su kIn Ion ma cac
quan saf fhIn van da cung cp, chung da dn fa dn m hnh
chun-cacphafhInvsuIuIxacuacacfhInhaoxaxamvav
mf phng buc xa yu chua dy frong vu fru. y Ia mf cu
chuyn phong phu cho cac nha nghIn cuu Ich su khoa hoc, no
chuadynhungbuocdIbandusaIIch,nhungdpmaydabbo
Io,nhungdnhkInIyfhuyfvavaIfrocuanhungnhnvfquan
frong.
SausufrnhbaysoIuocdovvufruhocquansaf,fIsoc
gang sap xp cac s IIu IaI voI nhau d co mf buc franh nhf
quan v cac dIu kIn vf Iy frong vu fru so khaI. Nhu vy fa co
fh quay IaI ba phuf du fIn voI nhIu chI fIf hon. Cach frnh
bayfhoonghfhufdInanhcovofhichhop:canhnayfIpfhoo
canh khac, chung fa so quan saf vu fru gIan no va Ianh dn.
ChungfacungcofhfhunhnmfchufvaomffhoIdaImahIn
nayvnbaophuboImfbucmanbimf-caIphnframgIydu
fInvacaIgdaxayrafruocdo.
Chung fa co fh hoan foan fIn chac vao m hnh chun
khng7 Nhung phaf hIn moI nao do co fh danh d no va fhay
bang mf fhuyf ngun gc vu fru khac nao do, k ca Iam sng
IaI m hnh frang fhaI dung hay khng7 Cung co fh. TI khng
Steven Weinberg 14
fh chI rang fI co mf cam gIac khng fhf khI vIf v ba phuf
dufIn,nhufhIafIdabIfchacvcuchuynfImunnoI.
TuynhIn,duphaIbfhayfh,mhnhchunsoduoccoIIa
dadongmfvaIfrocogIafrIonfrongIchsucuavufruhoc.HIn
nay nguoI fa da coI frong |fuy rang moI chI muoI nam gn dy
fhI)vIcfhunghImcacyfuongIyfhuyffrongvfIyhoacvfIy
fhIn van bang cach ruf ra cac h qua cua chung fhoo m hnh
chun.HInnaynguoIfafhuongdungmhnhchunnhumfco
so Iy fhuyf d bIn h cho nhung chuong frnh quan saf fhIn
van.Nhuvy, m hnh chun cho mf ngn nguchungcn fhIf,
cho phop cac nha Iy fhuyf va quan saf danh gIa duoc cng vIc
cuanhau.NumfngaynaodomhnhchunbfhayfhboImf
Iyfhuyfffhon,docofhIadonhungquansafhayxufphaffu
mhnhchun.
TrongchuongcuI,fIsonoImfdoannganvfuongIaIvu
fru. No co fh gIan no maI maI, ngay cang Ianh hon, frng rng
hon va chf hon. Nguoc IaI, no co fh co hop IaI, Iam cho cac
fhInha,cacngIsaovahafnhnnguynfunfungvafrovcac
hop phn cua no. Tf ca cac vn d chung fa gap khI chung fa
mun hIu ba phuf Iuc do so xuf hIn fro IaI khI fa mun fIn
doancacsukInsoxayrafrongbaphufcuI.
APH!T!TIN 15
S!ANNOC!AV!TR!
NhnvaobufroIbandm,facocamgIacmanhmovmf
vu fru khng bIn dng. Thuc ra, nhung dam my bay qua maf
frang,bufroIxoayquanhsaoacduvasaunhungkhoangfhoI
gIandaIhonfhmaffrangcungkhIfronkhIkhuyf,vamaffrang
cung nhu cac hanh fInh du chuyn dng frn phng cac v sao.
Nhung chung fa bIf dy chI Ia hIn fuong cuc b, do cac chuyn
dng frong fhaI duong h cua chung fa gy ra. NgoaI cac hanh
fInhra,cacngIsaoduongnhudungyn.
C nhIn, sao cung chuyn dng voI nhung fc d daf vaI
fram kIImof mI gIy, nhu vy frong mf nam, mf ngI sao
chuyndngnhanhcofhdImuoInghnfrIukIImof.yIamf
khoang mf nghn In nho hon khoang cach dn nhung ngI sao
du Ia gn nhf, cho nn v fri bIu kIn cua chung frn bu froI
fhay dI rf chm.|Vidu ngI sao chuyn dngfuongdI nhanh,
goIIaarnardocachfamfkhoangchung56frIufrIukIImof.
NochuyndngquaduongnhnvoIfcd89km/shoac2,8nghn
frIukIImofmInam,kfquaIavfribIukIncuanofhaydI
mfgocbang0,0029dfrongmfnam).CacnhafhInvangoIsu
fhay dI v fri bIu kIn cua nhung ngI sao gn frn bu froI Ia
chuyndngrIng.
VfribIukInfrnbufroIcuanhungngIsaoxahonfhay
dI chm dn muc chuyn dng rIng cua chung khng fh phaf
hInduocfhmchibangsuquansafkInnhnnhf.Odychung
fasofhyrangcaIcamgIackhngbIndngnayIasaIIm.Cac
quansafmachungfafhaoIunfrongchuongnaychofhyIavu
fruofrongmffrangfhaIndudI,frongdocacdaosaoIongoIIa
cac fhIn ha dang roI xa nhau voI nhung fc d gn bang fc d
anh sang. Sau nay chung fa co fh ngoaI suy su n do IuI v fhoI
Steven Weinberg 16
gIan d kf Iun rang ff ca cac fhIn ha chac da phaI gn nhau
hon nhIu o cung mf Iuc frong qua khu - gn nhau dn muc ma
fhucrakhngcofhInha nao hoacvsaonaohoackcanguyn
fuhayhafnhnnguynfunaocofhfnfaIrIngbIf.oIaky
nguynmachungfagoIIavufrusokhaI,dIfuongnghIncuu
cuacunsachnay.
SuhIubIfcuachungfavsugIannocuavufruhoanfoan
duafrnsukInIacacnhafhInvancokhanangdochuyndng
cua mf vf fh sang fhoo huong fruc fIp doc fhoo duong nhn
chinhxachonrfnhIusovoIkhIdochuyndngdofhoonhung
huongvunggocvoIduongnhn.Kyfhufdodungmffinhchf
quon fhuc cua moI chuyn dng song, goI Ia hIu ung oppIor.
KhI fa quan saf mf song m hoac song anh sang fu mf ngun
bfdng,fhoIgIangIuacacdInhsongkhIchungdnduocfhIfb
quan saf cua fa cung dung Ia fhoI gIan gIua cac dInh song khI
chungroIkhoIngun.Mafkhac,nungunchuyndngfachkhoI
chung fa fh fhoI gIan gIua cac In foI cua nhung dInh song IIn
fIpIonhonfhoIgIangIuanhungIucchungroIkhoIngun,vmI
dInhsaukhIfoIchfaphaIdImfquangduongdaIhonmfchuf
so voI dInh fruoc. ThoI gIan gIua cac dInh chinh bang buoc song
chIachofcdcuasong,nhuvymfsongphafraboImfngun
chuyndngraxakhoIfasohnhnhucomfbuocsongdaIhonso
voIkhIngundungyn.|CufhdfangfydIcuabuocsongbang
fI s gIua fc d ngun song va fc d cua song, nhu duoc chI ra
frong chu fhich foan hoc 1). Cung nhu vy, nu ngun chuyn
dng v phia fa, fhoIgIangIua nhung In xuf hIn cuahaIdInh
song gIam dI boI v mI dInh song k fIp dI mf quang duong
nganhonvasonghnhnhucomfbuocsongnganhon.Iunay
gIngnhufhmfnguoIbanhangIuudngmunguIfhuvnha
mf cach du dan, mI fun mf In suf frong chuyn dI cua
mnh: khI nguoI do dI xa nha, mI fhu fIp sau so phaI dI mf
khoangcachxahonfhufruoc,chonncacbucfhucuanguoIdoso
dncachnhauhonmffun;frnduongfrov,mIfhufIpsau
so dI mf khoang cach ngan hon nn cac buc fhu dn cach nhau
chuadymffun.
APH!T!TIN 17
HIn nay rf d quan saf hIu ung oppIor frn song m.
ChIcndungbnduongcaIvanhnxofrangdngcocuamfxo
f chay nhanh phaf ra m fhanh cao hon |nghIa Ia co buoc song
ngan hon) khI chIc f Iao v phia fa so voI khI chIc f chay
khoI fa. HIu ung nay duoc Johann ChrIsfIan oppIor, gIao su
foan hoc fruong RoaIschuIo o Praha nu ra In du fIn cho ca
songmvasonganhsangnam1842.HIuungoppIorchosong
m duoc nha khi fuong hoc Ha Ian uys - aIIof fhu nghIm
frongmffhinghImhpdnvaonam1845-ngdungmf dan
nhackondaffrnmffoaxoIuamuIfrnphongnhanhquavung
nng fhn Ha Ian gn !frochf Iam ngun m fhanh dI dng.
oppIorchoranghIuungcuangcofhcafnghIamausackhac
nhau cua cac v sao. Anh sang cua cac v sao chuyn dng roI xa
quadfphaIdchchuynvphianhungbuocsongdaIhon,vado
anh sang do co buoc song daI hon buoc song frung bnh cua anh
sangfhyduoc,nnmfngIsaonhuvysohInradohonbnh
fhuong.Cungnhuvy,anhsangfucacvsaochuyndngvphia
qua df so dch chuyn v phia buoc song ngan hon, do do v sao
duocnhnxanhhonbnhfhuong.
KhngIusaudouys-aIIofvamfsnguoIkhacdachI
ra rang hIu ung oppIor v can ban khng dinh Iiu g dn mau
sac mf ngI sao - dung Ia anh sang xanh fu mf ngI sao dI xa
qua df b dch v phia do, nhung dng fhoI mf phn cua anh
sangfungoaI,fhuongkhngfhyduoccuavsao,IaIdchchuyn
vphiaxanhcuaphfhyduoc,dodomausacfoanbkhngfhay
dI. Cac sao co mau sac khac nhau chu yu v chung co b maf
nhIfdkhacnhau.
TuynhIn,hIuungoppIorbafducomffmquanfrong
foIonfrongfhInvanhocvaonam1868,khInoduocapdungcho
vIcnghIncuunhungvachphcabIf.NhIunamfruocdonha
quanghocJosophrauonhoforoMuynkhondaphafhInra,frong
nhung nam fu1814dn1815,rang khI anh sang maf froI dI qua
mfkhohopvasaudodIquamfIangkinhfhuyfInhfhphmau
sac hIn ra co hang fram vach fI, mI vach du Ia hnh anh caI
khohop.|MfvaIvachnaydaduocWIIIIamHydoWoIIasfonnhn
Steven Weinberg 18
fhy fruoc dy nua kIa, nam 1802, nhung Iuc do khng duoc
nghIn cuu ky Iuong). Cac vach fI Iun Iun duoc fhy faI cac
musac cdnh. Nhung vach ph fI naycung duoc rauonhofor
fmfhyonhungvfrinhuvyfrnquangphcuamaffrangva
cacsaosanghon.NguoIfahIukhasomrangnhungvachfInay
duocfaoraboIsuhpfhuchon Iocanhsangconhungbuocsong
xac dnh nao do, khI anh sang dI fu b maf nong cua mf v sao
qua khi quyn bn ngoaI Ianh hon cua no. MI mf vach Ia do su
hp fhu anh sang cua mf nguyn f hoa hoc xac dnh, nhu vy
nguoI fa co fh bIf rang cac nguyn f frn maf froI nhu nafrI,
saf,magIo,canxIvacromcung Ia nhungnguynffmfhyfrn
qua df. |HIn nay chung fa bIf rang buoc song cua cac vach fI
dung Ia nhung buoc song ma mf phofon co buoc song do so co
dung nang Iuong du d nng nguyn fu fu frang fhaI nang Iuong
fhpnhfInmffrongnhungfrangfhaIkichfhichcuano).
Nam 1868 WIIIIam HuggIns da co fh chI ra rang cac vach
fI frn ph cua mf vaI v sao sang choI hon hoI dch chuyn v
phia do hoac phia xanh so voI v fri bnh fhuong cua chung frn
phcuamaffroI.OngdagIaIfhichdungdansukInnaynhusu
dchchuynoppIordosuchuyndngcuavsaoraxakhoIqua
dfhoacvphiaquadfgyra.Vidu,buocsongcuamIvachfI
frnphcuasaoCapoIIadaIhonbuocsongcuavachfIfuongung
frnphmaffroI0,01%.Sudchchuynvphiadonaychungfo
CapoIIadangroIxafavoImffcdbang0,01%fcdanhsang
hoac 30 kIImof mI gIy. HIu ung oppIor duoc ap dung frong
nhung fhp nIn sau do d kham pha vn fc cua nhung faI Iua
cuamaffroI,cuacacsaodIvacuacacvachsaoTh.
Phop do cac vn fc bang quan saf cac dch chuyn oppIor
Iamfkyfhufrfchinhxac,boIvbuocsongcuacacvachphco
fh do duoc voI mf d chinh xac cao; fm nhung buoc song cho
frongcacbangsvoIfamconscoynghIakhngphaIIachuyn
hIm.NgoaIra,kyfhufnayvngIuduocdchinhxacdukhoang
cachfoIngunsangIabaonhIu,mInIangunduanhsangdco
fhnhnracacvachphfrnbucxacuabufroIbandm.
APH!T!TIN 19
Chinh nho su dung hIu ung oppIor ma fa bIf nhung gIa
fr dac frung cua vn fc cac sao da nhac dn o du chuong nay.
HIuungoppIorcungchofacachfmkhoangcachdncacngI
sao gn; nu chung fa phong doan duoc mf chuf g do v huong
chuyn dng cua mf v sao, fh dch chuyn oppIor cho fa vn
fc cua no fhoo phuong ngang cung nhu fhoo phuong doc duong
nhncuachungfa,dodovIcdochuyndngbIukIncuavsao
ngangquafhIncusochofahaynocachxafakhoangbaonhIu.
NhunghIuungoppIorchIbafduchocackfquacofmquan
frongvmafvufruhockhIcacnhafhInvanbafdunghIncuu
phcua nhungfhInfh oxahoncacvsaofhyduocrfnhIu.
TIsokmfifvvIckhampharacacfhInfhdo,rIquayIaI
hIuungoppIor.
ChungfasobafduchuongnaybangsunhnnguocInbu
froIdm.Thmvaomaffrang,hanhfInhvacacvsao,concohaI
IoaI fhIn fh nhn duoc khac con quan frong hon v maf vu fru
hocmadangIofIdaphaInhacdn.
MffronghaIfhInfhnaydfhyvasangdnmucdIkhI
connhnfhyduocfrnbufroImosangcuamffhanhphban
dm. o Ia mf daI sang vuon daI fhanh mf vanh fron Ion bao
quanhbufroIvafunghnxuadaduocgoIIaNgnha.Nam1750
nhachdungcunguoIAnhThomasWrIghfchoramfcunsach
xufsac,ThuyfngungchayCIafhuyfmoIvvufru,frongdo
nggoIyrangcacvsaonamfrongmfphIndof,phIndamaI,
co b day huu han, nhung vuon ra rf xa fhoo moI huong cua b
mafphIn.HmaffroInamfrongphIndofnay,chonnfunhIn
khIfanhnfuquadfdocfhoomafphangphInfafhysanghon
khInhnfhoobfkyhuongnaokhac.yIacaIfagoIIaNgnha.
ThuyfcuaWrIghfdaduocxacnhnfuIu.HInnaynguoI
fachorangNgnhaIamfcaIdIasaodofcoduongkinhkhoang
fammuoInghnnamanhsangvachIudayvaokhoangsaunghn
nam anh sang. No cung co mf qung sao hnh cu voI ban kinh
gnmfframnghnnamanhsang.TngkhIIuongfhuongduoc
Steven Weinberg 20
uoc finh khoang 100 nghn frIu In khI Iuong maf froI, nhung
mf s nha fhIn van cho rang qung sao mo rng co fh co khI
Iuong Ion hon nhIu. H maf froI o cach fm cua dIa vao khoang
bamuoInghnnamanhsangvahoIdchvphiabacmafphang
fm cua dIa. Ia quay, voI nhung fc d daf foI khoang 250 km/s
va cha ra nhung nhanh xoan c khng I. aI fh, nu ra co fh
nhn fu ngoaIvao fhdo so Ia mf quang canh vI daI!Toan b h
fhngnayhInnayfhuongduocgoIIaThInhahoac,voImfcach
nhnrnghon,fhInhacuachungfa.
Mf nof khac cua bu froI ban dm, dang quan fm v maf
vufruhoc,komroranghonnhIusovoIngnha.Trongchomsao
Andromoda |TIn nu) co mf dm mo khng d fhy Iam nhung
cungnhnfhyrofrongdmdopfroInufabIfcnfmnooch
nao. TaI IIu nhac dn no du fIn co fh Ia su ghI chop v no
frong Sach v cac v sao c dnh, do nha fhIn van a Tu
Abdurrahman AI - SufI vIf nam 964 fruoc Cng nguyn. Ong da
mfamfanonhumfdammynho.SaukhIcocackinhfhIn
van,nguoIfadakhampharacangngaycangnhIunhungfhIn
fhrngIonnhuvyvacacnhafhInvancacfhky17va18da
fhycacfhInfhdofrongkhIdIfmnhungfhInfhmahocho
Iafhucsuhpdn,IacacsaochI.comfdanhmucfInIoIv
cacfhInfhkhngphaIquansafdnkhIfmsaochI,nam1781
CharIosMossIordaxufbanmfcafaInIfIng,cacIInhvnva
cac chum sao. Cho dn nay cac nha fhIn van vn con nhac dn
103fhInfhfrongcafaIdofhoocacshIuMossIorcuachung-
fhi du fInh vn TIn nu Ia M31, fInh vn con Cua |Crab) Ia M1,
v.v...
Ngay o fhoI MossIor, nguoI fa da ro rang cac fhIn fh rng
IondokhngphaIIanhunhau.VaIcaIrorangIanhungchumsao
nhu Nhom fhf fInh |M45). Nhung caI khac Ia nhung dam my
khi phaf sang hnh fhu khng du dan, fhuong co mu sac, va
fhuong IIn kf voI mf hoac vaI v sao, nhu aI fInh vn frong
chom Thn nng |M42). Ngay nay chung fa bIf rang nhung vf
fh fhuc ca haI IoaI do du o frong fhIn ha cua chung fa, va
chung fa khng cn d y dn chung nhIu hon nua o dy. Tuy
APH!T!TIN 21
nhInkhoangmfphnbacacvffhfrongcafaIcuaMossIorIa
nhung fInh vn frang co dang oIIp kha du dan, frong do caI nI
nhf Ia fInh vn TIn nu |M31). KhI cac kinh fhIn van duoc caI
fIn,fhmhangnghnfInhvndaduocphafhInvavaokhoang
cuIfhky19,nhIunhanhxoancdaduocfmfhy,kcaM31
vaM33.TuynhIn,nhungkinhfhInvanffnhfcuafhky18
va19dakhngfhphnbIfduocnhungvsaorIngIofrongcac
fInh vn hnh oIIp hoac xoan c, va ban chf cua chung vn con
chuaro.
HnhnhuImmanuoIKanfIanguoIdufIndachorangmf
scacfInhvnnayIanhungfhInhanhufhInhacuachungfa.
Vo duoc fhuyf cua WrIghf v ngn ha, nam 1755 Kanf da gIa
fhIf frong cun sach Ich su fu nhIn foan nang va fhuyf v
froIdfcuangrangcacfInhvnhoac,dunghon,mfIoaIfInh
vn nao do fhuc ra Ia nhung dIa sao fron co dang va kich fhuoc
gIngfhInhacuachungfa.ChungduocnhnnhuIacodangoIIp
boI v da s chung duoc nhn nghIng va c nhIn Ia mo nhaf v
chungoquaxa.
Y fuong v mf vu fru chua dy nhung fhIn ha gIng nhu
fhInhacuachungfadaduocnhIunguoIdukhngphaIIaffca
cngnhnvaodufhky19.TuynhIn,conmfkhanangnuaIa
cac fInh vn oIIp va xoan c nay co fh chI Ia nhung dam my o
frong fhIn ha cua chung fa nhu nhIu vf fh khac frong cafaI
cua MossIor. Mf nguyn nhn Ion gy Im In Ia su quan saf
nhung ngI sao bung n frong mf vaI fInh vn xoan c. Nu cac
fInhvnnayquaIacacfhInhadcIp,vavchungoquaxann
fakhngphnbIfnInhungsaorIngbIffhcacvunphaIco
mfsucnmanhkInhkhungdchochungconsangomfkhoang
cachxa nhuvy.VdIu nay,fIkhngfhkhngfrichdnmf
doanvanofhky19.VIfnam1893,nhavIfvIchsufhInvan
nguoIAnhAgnosMaryCIorkodaIuuyrang:
TInhvnnIfIngAndromada|TInnu)vafInhvnxoanc
IonochomCanosVonafIcIIanhungfInhvndangchuyhonfrong
nhungfInhvnchomfphIInfuc;vafhoomf fyIchung,su
phaf quang cua moI fInh vn co dang dp nhung chom sao hIn
Steven Weinberg 22
Inmomovoquaxa,IafhuccungmfIoaI.TuynhInnufudo
kfIunrangchungquafhucIanhungfphopcuanhungvffh
nhumaffroIfhquaIaquavI.KfIunnaycangforofhIucan
cu do cac vu bung n o haI v sao xay ra cach nhau mf phn fu
fh ky. oI v chac chan rang du fInh vn xa my dI nua fh cac
ngI sao cung cach xa chung fa nhu vy; do do, nu nhung haf
fhanhphncuafInhvnIanhungmaffroIfhnhungfhInfhv
cungfoIonmaodocaIanhsangIomocuachunggnnhudafIu
fan |ma chung fa fhy), phaI, nhu ng Profor da chI ra, o mf
fhangdIonmafrifuongfuongconnguoIkhngdamnghIdn.
HIn nay chung fa bIf rang nhung vu bung n sao do qua
fhuc Ia o mf fhang d Ion ma fri fuong fuong con nguoI khng
dam nghI dn. Chung Ia nhung sao sIu moI, nhung vu n frong
domfngIsaocodfrunggnbangcamffhInha.NhungdIu
naycungchuaduocbIfdnvaonam1893.
VndbanchfcacfInhvnxoancvaoIIpkhngfhgIaI
quyf duoc nu khng co mf phuong phap dang fIn cy d xac
dnh khoang cach foI chung. Mf chun d so sanh nhu vy cuI
cungdaduockhampharasaukhIhoanfhanhvIcxydungkinh
fhInvan100Inso|Inso:donvdochIudaIcuaAnhbang2,54cm
|N).)frnnuIWIIsongnIosAngoIos.Nam1928dvInHubbIo
In du fIn da co fh phn gIaI duoc fInh vn fIn nu fhanh
nhungvsaorIngIo.Ongfhyrangnhungnhanhxoanccuano
gmmfsifngIsaosangdIanhvoIcungkIubInfhInfun
foandfrungnhufhuongfhydIvoImfIoaIsaofrongfhInha
cuachungfa,goIIaxophoIf.IydovfmquanfrongcuavIcnay
Ia o ch vao khoang chuc nam v fruoc, cng frnh cua HonrIoffa
Svan IoavIff va HarIov ShapIoy o daI fhIn van fruong daI hoc
Harvard da cho mf h fhuc chaf cho gIua cac chu ky bIn fhIn
quan saf duoc cua cac xophoIf voI cac d frung fuyf dI cua
chung. | frung fuyf dI Ia nang Iuong phaf ra foan phn ma
mffhInfhphafrafhoomoIhuong.frungbIukInIanang
IuongbucxamafanhnduocfrnmIconfImofvungmafkinh
fhInvancuachungfa.ChinhdfrungbIukIn,chukhngphaI
dfrungfuyfdIIacaIquydnhdchoIchuquancuacacfhIn
APH!T!TIN 23
fh. C nhIn d frung bIu kIn phu fhuc khng nhung vao d
frungfuyfdImaconvaokhoangcach;nhuvy,bIfcadfrung
fuyfdIvadfrungbIukIncuamffhInfh,facofhsuyra
khoangcachcuano).
HubbIo khI quan saf d frung bIu kIn cua cac xophoIf
frongfInhvnTInnu,vauocfinhdfrungfuyfdIcuacacchu
ky cua chung, da co fh finh ngay khoang cach foI fInh vn TIn
nu,bangcachdungquyfacdongIanrangdfrungbIukInfyI
voI d frung fuyf dI va fy I nghch voI bnh phuong khoang
cach. Ong kf Iun rang fInh vn TIn nu cach fa 900.000 nam
anhsang,hoacIamuoIInxahonkhoangcachfufraIdfdnvf
fhxanhffrongfhInhachungfa.HInnaymfsfinhfoanIaI
v h fhuc gIua chu ky xphoIf va d frung do WaIfor aado va
nhung nguoI khac fIn hanh da fang khoang cach cua fInh vn
TIn nu dn hon haI frIu nam anh sang, nhung kf Iun da ro
rang vao nam 1923: fInh vn TIn nu va hang nghn fInh vn
fuongfuIanhungfhInhanhufhInhacuachungfachuadyvu
frufoInhungkhoangcachrfxafhoomoIphia.
Ngay fruoc khI ban chf ngoaI fhIn ha cua cac fInh vn
duoc kf Iun, cac nha fhIn van da co kha nang dng nhf cac
vachfrongphcuachungvoInhungvachquonfhucfrncacph
nguynfufhngfhuong.TuynhIn,frongfhpnIn1910-1920,
VosfoMoIvInSIIphorodaIfhInvanIovoIIdakhamphararang
cac vach ph cua nhIu fInh vn b dch chuyn nho v phia do
hoacvphiaxanh.CacdchchuynnaydaduocgIaIfhichngayIa
dohIuungoppIor,chungchofhyIacacfInhvndangchuyn
dng roI xa hoac fIn gn dn qua df. Vi du, fInh vn TIn nu
duoc kham pha ra Ia chuyn dng v phia qua df voI fc d
khoang 300 km/s, frong khI chum fhIn ha xa hon nam frong
chom Thf nu duoc coI Ia chuyn dng roI xa fraI df voI fc d
khoang1000km/s.
IucdufInnguoIfachorangcacvnfcnaycofhchIIa
nhung vn fc fuong dI, phan anh chuyn dng cua h maf froI
Steven Weinberg 24
cua chung fa v mf s fhIn ha nao do va roI xa mf s nao do
khac. Tuy nhIn, su gIaI fhich nay da khng dung vung duoc khI
ngaycangconhIudchchuynvachphIonhonduockhampha
ra,ffcaduvphiadocuaquangph.HunhungoaImfsif
vf Iang gIng gn nhu fInh vn TIn nu, cac fhIn ha khac
fhuong fan ra khoI fhIn ha cua chung fa. C nhIn dIu nay
khng co nghIa Ia cac fhIn ha cua chung fa co mf v fri frung
fmdacbIfnaodo.NguocIaI,hnhnhuvufrudangfraIquamf
subungnfrongdomImffhInhaduchayraxakhoIfhInha
khac.
Cach gIaI fhich nay da duoc cng nhn mf cach ph bIn
sau nam 1929, khI HubbIo bao fIn Ia ng da kham pha rang cac
dchchuyndocuacacfhInhafangIngnnhufyIvoIkhoang
cach dn chung fa. Tm quan frong cua su quan saf nay Ia o ch
no dung Ia caI ma fa co fh doan fruoc duoc fhoo buc franh don
gIannhfcofhcoduocvmfsuvnchuynvfchffrongmf
vufrudangbungn.
Chung fa co fh cho doI mf cach fruc gIac rang bf cu Iuc
nao vu fru cung phaI duoc nhn fhy gIng nhau boI nhung nha
quan saf frong moI fhIn ha dIn hnh, va du ho nhn v huong
nao.|OdyvasaunayfIdungfudInhnhdchIcacfhInha
khngcomfchuyndngrIngIonnaomachIfhamgIafrongsu
frIgIafvufruchungcuamoIfhInha).CIafhuyfnayfunhIn
dn nI |if nhf fu fhoI CopornIcus) no da duoc nha vf Iy fhIn
vanAnhdvardArfhurMIInogoIIanguynIyvufruhoc.
KhIapdungchochinhcacfhInha,nguynIyvufruhocdoI
hoI rang mf nguoI quan saf frong mf fhIn ha dIn hnh phaI
fhyffcacacfhInhakhacchuyndngvoImfgIandvnfc
nhu nhau, bf k nguoI quan saf o frong fhIn ha dIn hnh nao.
Comf hquafoanhocfrucfIpcuanguynIy noIrang:vnfc
fuong dIcua bf ky haI fhInha cung du phaI fy I voI khoang
cachgIuachungdungnhuHubbIodafmra.
MunfhyrodIunayfahayxofbafhInhadInhnhA,,
C,namfrnmfduongfhang|xomhnh1).CIafhIfrangkhoang
APH!T!TIN 25
cachgIuaAvabangkhoangcachgIuavaC.uvnfccua
nhn fu A Ia bao nhIu dI nua, fh nguyn Iy vu fru hoc doI hoI
rangCphaIcovnfcnhuvysovoI.NhungkhIyIuuyrang
CxaAgpdIsovoIxa,cungchuyndngsovoIAnhanhgp
dI so voI . Chung fa co fh fhm nhIu fhIn ha vao chuI cua
chungfasongbaogIokfquacungvn Ia vn fc IuI xacuamI
fhInhasovoIbfcufhInhanaokhacdufyIvoIkhoangcach
gIuachung.
Hnh1.TinhdngfinhvadnhIufHubbIo.Tavo
ramfsoIdyfrndococacfhInhacachxanhu
nhau:Z,A,,C...,voInhungvnfcdofuAhoac
hoacCduocchIrabangddaIvahuongcuacac
muI fn kom fhoo. Nguyn Iy dng finh doI hoI
rangvnfccuaCnhnfuIabangvnfccua
nhnfuA.CnghaIvnfcdochofavnfccuaC
nhnfuA, duocdanhduboImf muI fndaI gp
dI.TIpfucfhoocachnay,chungfacofhdInkinfoanbgIandvnfcnhufrn.Nhufa
cofhfhy,vnfcfunfhoodnhIufHubbIo;vnfccuamffhInhabfkynhnfumf
fhInhakhacIafyIvoIkhoangcachgIuachung.oIagIandvnfcduynhfphuhopvoI
nguynIydngfinh.
Nhu fhuong xay ra frong khoa hoc, Ip Iun do co fh dung
cafhoochIufhunInchIunghch.HubbIokhIquansaffinhfy
IgIuacackhoangcachgIuacacfhInhavafcdIuIcuachung,
da xac mInh mf cach gIan fIp finh dung dan cua nguyn Iy vu
fru hoc. Iu nay fhf Ia hf suc fhoa man v maf frIf hoc - faI
sao mf phn nao do cua vu fru hoac mf huong nao do IaI khac
mf phn khac hoac mf huong khac7 Iu nay cung gIup fa yn
frirangcacnhafhInvanquaIadangquansafmfphndangk
cofh fhyroduoccuavufru,chukhngphaI mfchxoaynho
frongmfvungxoaybaoIahoncuavufru.Mafkhacchungfaco
fh cho nguyn Iy vu fru hoc Ia dung, dua fhoo nhung Iy Io fhoo
cachsuydIn,vasuyrahfhucfyIgIuakhoangcachvavnfc
nhu da Iam o doan frn. ang cach nay, nho phop do kha d cac
dch chuyn oppIor, chung fa co fh do khoang cach nhIu vf
fhrfxafuvnfccuachung.
NguynIyvufruhocconcomfsuunghkhacvmafquan
safngoaIvIcdocacdchchuynoppIor.SaukhIdydydudn
Hnh 1. Tnh ng tnh v nh lut Hubble.
Steven Weinberg 26
nhungbIndangdofhInhacuachungfavachumfhInhaIng
Iybncach frong chom sao Thf nu gy ra, vu fruco voxomra
dang huong mf cach dac bIf; nghIa Ia no co vo gIng nhu nhau
fhoo moI huong. |Iu nay IaI duoc chI ro mf cach co suc fhuyf
phuc hon nua bang phng buc xa cuc ngan fhao Iun o chuong
sau). Nhung ngay fu fhoI CopornIcus, chung fa da hoc duoc cach
phaI canh gIac khI gIa fhIf rang v fri cua IoaI nguoI co dIm g
dacbIfdyfrongvufru.VynuvufruIadanghuongquanhfa
fh no phaI dang huong fhoo moI fhIn ha dIn hnh. Tuy nhIn,
mImfdImcuavufrucofhduocduadnbfcumfdImnao
khac, bang mf chuI phop quay quanh nhung fm c dnh |xom
hnh2),chonnnuvufruIadanghuongquanhbfcudImnao,
fhnobucphaIIadngfinh.
Hnh2. Tinhdanghuongvafinhdngfinh.Nuvufru Ia
danghuong faIcahaIfhInha1va2,fhnoIadngfinh.
chI ro rang cac dIu kIn faI haI dIm A va fuy y Ia
nhunhau,favomfduongfrondIquaAquanhfhInha1,
mfduongfronkhacdIquaquanhfhInha2.Tinhdang
huong quanh fhIn ha 1 doI hoI rang cac dIu kIn phaI Ia
nhunhauoAvaC,gIaodImcuahaIvongfron.Cungvy,
finh dang huong quanh fhIn ha 2 doI hoI dIu kIn phaI
nhunhauovaC.odo,chungphaInhunhauoAva.
TruockhIdIxahon,faphaIxomxof
mf s han ch cua nguyn Iy vu fru hoc. Thu nhf, ro rang no
khngdungonhungquymnho-chungfaofrongmffhInha
fhucvmfnhomdaphuongnhocacfhInhakhac|frongdoco
M31vaM33),nhomnayIaIognmfchumfhInharfIonfrong
chom sao Thf nu. Thucra,frongs 33 fhIn haghI frongcafaI
MossIorfhgnmfnuaofrongmfphnnhocuabufroI,chom
fhfnu.NguynIyvufruhocnuquafhfIadungfhchIcofac
dungkhIchungfanhnvufruoquymifnhfrngbangkhoang
cachgIuacacchumfhInha,nghIaIavaokhoangmfframfrIu
namanhsang.
Concomfhanchkhac.KhIdungnguynIyvufruhocd
suyrahfhucfyIgIuavnfcvakhoangcachgIuacacfhInha,

Hnh 2. Tnh ng hng v tnh ng
tnh.
APH!T!TIN 27
chungfadagIafhIfrangnuvnfcCdIvoIbangvnfc
dIvoIAfhkhIdovnfcCdIvoIAIonhonhaIIn.ochinhIa
dnh Iuf cng vn fc fhng fhuong ma mI chung fa du bIf,
va chac chan dnh Iuf nay dung voI cac vn fc fuong dI nho
fhuong gap fhy frong doI sng hang ngay. Tuy nhIn, dnh Iuf
nay da b pha san dI voI nhung vn fc fIn gn foI vn fc anh
sang|300.000km/s)boIvnukhngfhcngmfsvnfcfuong
dI, chung fa co fh dI dn mf vn fc fng hop Ion hon vn fc
anh sang ma dIu nay fhoo fhuyf fuong dI hop cua InsfoIn Ia
khngfhxayra.Changhan,phopcngvnfcfhngfhuongnoI
rangkhImfhanhkhachfrnmfmaybaydangchuyndngvoI
fcdbaphnfuvnfcanhsangbanvphiafruocmfvIndan
voI mf vn fc bangbaphnfuvnfc anh sang fh khI do vn
fcfuongdIcuavIndansovoImafdfIa1,5vnfcanhsang;
dIunaykhngfhxayra.ThuyffuongdIhopfranhvnddo
bang cach fhay dI quy Iuf cng vn fc: vn fc cua C so voI A
fhucranhohonmfchufsovoIfngvnfcdIvoIAvaCdI
voI , nhu vy du co cng bao nhIu In vn fc nho hon vn fc
anhsang,chungfacungsokhngbaogIofhuduocvnfcIonhon
vnfcanhsang.
Iu nay da khng phaI Ia mf vn d dI voI HubbIo, va
nam 1929, khng mf fhIn ha nao ma ng nghIn cuu o bf ky
chnaoIaIcovnfcgnbangvnfcanhsang.usao,khIcac
nhavufruhocsuynghIvnhungkhoangcachfhucIondacfrung
cho vu fru xof v foan b, ho phaI Iam vIc frong mf khung Iy
fhuyf co fh gIaI quyf duoc nhung vn fc xp xI vn fc anh
sang, nghIa Ia cac fhuyf fuong dI rng va hop cua InsfoIn. I
nhIn khI fa ban v nhung khoang cach Ion nhu vy, fh ngay
quan nIm v khoang cach cung mo h, va fa phaI noI ro Ia fa
mun khoang cach duoc do bang quan saf d frung, hoac duong
kinh,hoacchuyndngrInghoacbangmfcachkhacnaodo.
ygIofahayfroIaInam1929:HubbIodauocfinhkhoang
cachdnmuoIfamfhInhafudfrungbIukIncuanhungngI
sao sang nhf cua chung, va so sanh cac khoang cach do voI vn
Steven Weinberg 28
fc fuong ung cua cac fhIn ha duoc xac dnh bang ph hoc fu
nhung dch chuyn oppIor cua chung. Ong da kf Iun rang co
mfhfhucgnnhufuynfinh|nghIaIasufyIfhun)gIuavn
fc va khoang cach. Thuc ra nhn vao cac s IIu cua HubbIo fI
khaIuongIuvafuhoIIamsaongcofhdIdnmfkfIunnhu
vy - cac vn fc fhIn ha gn nhu khng co IIn h voI khoang
cachcuachung,chIcomfxuhuongnhocuavnfcIafangfhoo
khoangcach.ThucrachungfakhngfhfrngdoImfhfhucfy
IrorangnaogIuavnfcvakhoangcachdIvoImuoIfamfhIn
hado-ffcachungduquagn,khngcocaInaooxahonchum
Thfnu.ThfIakhofranhkfIunrang,duafrnhoacIacacIy
do don gIan duoc phac hoa frn dy hoac Ia nhung phaf frIn Iy
fhuyf co IIn quan so duoc fhao Iun duoI dy, HubbIo da bIf
fruocIoIgIaImangcnfm.
u sao dI nua, vao nam 1931, chung co da fro nn ro hon
nhIu, va HubbIo da co fh kIm fra finh fy I gIua vn fc va
khoang cach cho nhung fhIn ha co vn fc In dn 20 000 km/s.
VoInhunguocfinhkhoangcachcoduocIucdo,kfIunIavnfc
fangvaokhoang170km/sungvoImIkhoangcachmffrIunam
anh sang; nhu vy,vnfc20.000km/sconghIaIa khoang cach
Ia 120 frIu nam anh sang. Con s do fuc d fang vn fc frn
khoang cach, fhuong duoc goI Ia hang s HubbIo. |No Ia mf
hangsvoInghIasufyIgIuavnfcvakhoangcachkhngfhay
dI cho ff ca cac fhIn ha o mf fhoI dIm da cho, nhung nhu
chung fa so fhy, hang s HubbIo fhay dI fhoo fhoI gIan khI vu
frufInhoa).
Vao nam 1936, frong khI Iam vIc voI nha quang ph hoc
MIIfonHumason,HubbIodacofhdokhoangcachvavnfccua
chumfhInhaCuIonII.OngfafmrarangnoIuIxafavoIvn
fc 42.000 km/s |14 % vn fc anh sang). Khoang cach Iuc do uoc
khoang260frIunamanhsang,IagIoIhancuadaIfhInvanfrn
nuI WIIson, va cng vIc cua HubbIo phaI ngung IaI. Sau chIn
franh, voI su ra doI cua nhung kinh fhIn van Ion hon o PaIomar
va nuI HamIIfon, chuong frnh cua HubbIo IaI duoc nhung nha
APH!T!TIN 29
fhIn van khac |nhf Ia AIIan Sandago o PaIomar va nuI WIIson)
fIpfucvaconfIpfucchodnbygIo.
Kf Iun duoc ruf ra mf cach fng quaf sau nua fh ky
quansafnayIa,cacfhInhadangIuIxakhoIchungfavoInhung
vnfcfyIvoIkhoangcachifnhfdIvoInhungvnfckhng
quagnvnfcanhsang.CnhInnhudanoIrofrongkhIfhao
IunnguynIyvufruhoc,vIcnaykhngconghIarangchungfa
dangomfvfriduocuudaIdacbIf,hoackhngduocuudaI,nao
dofrongvufru;moIcapfhInhadufachxanhauvoImfvnfc
fuongdIfyIvoIkhoangcachgIuachung.SusuadIquanfrong
nhfcuacackfIundufIncuaHubbIoIaxofIaIfhangkhoang
cachngoaI fhIn ha:mf phnnhuIakf qua sufinhIaIh fhuc
chuky-dfrungcuacacxphIfcuaIoavIff-ShapIoymaWaIfor
aado va nhung nguoI khac da fIn hanh, khoang cach dn cac
fhInhaxaxambygIoduocuocIuongkhoangmuoIInIonhon
so voI o fhoI HubbIo. Nhu vy, hang s HubbIo by gIo duoc xom
chIIavaokhoang15kIImofmIgIymIfrIunamanhsang.
TfcanhungcaIdonoIgvngungccuavufru7Nucac
fhInhadangfachxanhaufhdacomfIucnaodochungogn
nhau hon. NoI ro ra, nu vn fc cua chung Ia hang s, fh fhoI
gIan cn cho mI cap fhIn ha d daf khoang cach hIn nay gIua
chung dung bang khoang cach hIn nay gIua chung chIa cho vn
fc fuong dIcuachung. Nhung voI vn fc fy I voI khoang cach
hInnaygIuachungfhfhoIgIandoIanhunhauvoImoIcapfhIn
ha-mfIucnaodofrongquakhu,ffcachungdaphaIosafnhau
hon!NuhangsHubbIobang15kIImofmIgIymIfrIunam
anh sang fh fhoI gIan fu Iuc cac fhIn ha baf du fach roI nhau
phaI Ia mf frIu nam anh sang chIa cho 15 km/s hoac 20 nghn
frIu nam. Chung fa so noI v fuI finh fhoo kIu nay nhu Ia
fhoIgIangIannodacfrung;nochIIasnghchdaocuahangs
HubbIo. TuI fhf cua vu fru fhuc ra Ia if hon fhoI gIan gIan no
dacfrungboIv, nhuchung fa so fhy, cacfhInha chuyn dng
voI vn fc khng phaI hang s, ma dI chm IaI duoI anh huong
cuaIuchpdnfuonghgIuachung.Vvy,nuhangsHubbIo
Steven Weinberg 30
IamuoIIamkIImofmIgIymIfrIunamanhsangfhfuIcua
vufruphaIifhon20nghnfrIunam.
IkhIchungfafomfafffcanhungdIudobangcachnoI
van faf rang kich fhuoc vu fru dang fang In. VIc nay khng co
nghIaIavufrubucphaIcokichfhuochuuhandurangnocung
cofhco.TadungcachnoInayvobfcuIucnaodo,khoangcach
gIuabfkycapfhInhadInhnhnaocungfangInfhoomffy
s nhu nhau. Trong bf ky mf khoang fhoI gIan du ngan nao d
chovnfccacfhInhacofhcoIIahangs,dfangkhoangcach
gIuamfcapfhInhadInhnhsoduocfinhbangfichcuavnfc
fuong dI cua chung voI fhoI gIan frI qua, hoac dung dnh Iuf
HubbIo, bang fich cua hang sHubbIo, khoangcach vafhoI gIan.
NhungIucdofysgIuadfangkhoangcachvabanfhnkhoang
cachsoduocfinhbanghangsHubbIonhnvoIfhoIgIanfrIqua,
noIanhunhauvoI moI capfhInha. Vi du,saumf khoang fhoI
gIanvaomfphnframfhoIgIangIannodacfrung|snghchdao
cuahangsHubbIo),khoangcachcuamoIcapfhInhadInhnh
sofangInmfphnfram.IucdofacofhnoImfcachfhfhIn
rangkichfhuocvufrudafangmfphnfram.
TIkhngmungycamfuongrangmoInguoIdunhffri
voI cach gIaI fhich nay v su dch chuyn do. Thuc ra chung fa
khng quan saf cac fhIn ha roI nhanh khoI chung fa; ff ca
nhunggmachungfacofhfhychacchanIacacvachfrnph
cuachungbdchchuynvphiado,fucIavphiabuocsongdaI
hon.ConhungnhafhInvanIIIacnghIngorangcacdchchuyn
dokhngcoIInhgvoIdchchuynoppIorhoacvoIsugIanno
cua vu fru. HaIfon Arp o cac phong fhi nghIm HaIo, da nhn
manhdnsufnfaIcuanhungnhomfhInhafrnbufroI,frong
dovaIfhInhaconhungdchchuyndorfkhacvoInhungfhIn
ha khac; nu nhung nhom do fh hIn nhung kf fu vf Iy fhuc
cuanhungfhInhaIncnfhchungkhomacofhconhungvn
fc qua khac nhau. NgoaI ra, Maarfon SchmIdf nam 1963 da
khamphararangmfIoaIvffhbngoaIcodangcacsaoIaIco
nhung dch chuyn Ion v phia do, frong mf s fruong hop frn
300 %! Nu cac vf chun sao |quasar) cung o xa nhu cac dch
APH!T!TIN 31
chuyndocuachungchofhyfhchungphaIphafranhungIuong
nang Iuong khng I d co fh sang nhu vy. CuI cung khng
phaIdxacdnhhfhucgIuavnfcvakhoangcachfhfIaIon.
TuynhIn,comfcachdcIpdkhangdnhrangcacfhIn
hadangfachxanhaunhucacdchchuyndochofhy.Nhufada
fhy,cachgIaIfhichvcacdchchuyndodobaohamynghIavu
frubafdugIannokhoanggn20nghnfrIunamfruocdy.o
dosukhangdnhnaycofhdungnufafmduocmfbangchung
naokhacchofhyrangquafhucvufrucofuIvaocodo.Thucra
co nhIu Iy do d fIn rang fhIn ha cua chung fa vao khoang 10
dn 15 nghn frIu fuI. Con s uoc Iuong do xuf phaf ca fu d
nhIufydIcuanhIudngvphongxafrongquadf|dacbIfIa
cacdngvcuauranI,uranI-235vauranI-238)vacafusufinh
foansufInhoacuacacvsao.Chanchankhngcomfquanh
frucfIpnaogIuafcdphongxahoacfcdfInhoacuacacv
saovasudchchuyndocuacacfhInhaxaxam,nhuvydaco
fhfInrangfuIvufrusuyfuhangsHubbIocofhfhucsubIu
dInmfsubafdudungdan.
IIn quan dn vIc nay, co dIu dang chu y v maf Ich su
nu nho IaI rang frong nhung nam 1930 va 1940 hang s HubbIo
duoc fIn IaIon honnhIu,khoang170kIImofmIgIymIfrIu
namanhsang.ThooIpIunfruoccuafa,fuIvufrukhIdophaI
Ia mf frIu nam anh sang chIa cho 170 kIImof mI gIy, fuc Ia
khoang 2.000 frIu nam, hoac con if hon nua nu chung fa finh
dnsuhamdohpdn. NhungnguoI fadabIfro vcacnghIn
cuu v phong xa cua hun fuoc Rufhorford rang qua df gIa hon
fh nhIu; by gIo nguoI fa cho no vao khoang 4.600 frIu fuI!
QuadfkhngfhgIahonvufruchonncacnhafhInvanbuc
phaI nghI ngo rang IIu dch chuyn do co fhuc su noI duoc cho
chung fa caI g v fuI cua vu fru hay khng. Mf vaI y fuong vu
fru hoc khn khoo nhf frong nhung nam 1930 va 1940 nay sInh
ra fu nghch Iy bIu kIn do, co fh bao gm ca fhuyf frang fhaI
dung.CofhrangvIcIoaIbonghchIyvfuIofrn,bangcach
fangfhangkhoangcachngoaIfhInhaInmuoIInfrongnhung
Steven Weinberg 32
nam1950,daIadIukInfInquyfchuyuduadnsuxufhIn
vufruhocvunIonnhumfIyfhuyfchun.
uc franh vu fru ma fa da phac ra o dy Ia hnh anh mf

danongfhInhadangIaf.Chodnnay,dIvoIchungfa,anh
sangmoIchIdongvaIfrosugIagIuacacvsaomangfhngfIn
vkhoangcachvavnfccuacacfhInha.
Tuy nhIn, cac dIu kIn frong vu fru so khaI rf khac by
gIo,nhuchungfasofhy,IucdochinhanhsangdaIafhanhphn
chuyucuavufru,vavfchffhngfhuongchIdongvaIfrocua
mfsunhImkhngdangk.Chonnsocoichsaunaychofanu
fakhangdnhIaIxomfadabIfduoccaIgvdchchuyndoqua
sudInbIncuacacsonganhsangfrongvufrugIanno.
Hay xof mf song anh sang fruyn gIua haI fhIn ha dIn
hnh. Khoang cach gIua haI fhIn ha bang fhoI gIan dI cua anh
sang nhn voI vn fc cua no, frong khI do d fang cua khoang
cachdofrongfhoIgIananhsangdIbangfhoIgIandIcuaanhsang
nhn voI vn fc fuong dI cua cac fhIn ha. KhI finh d fang fy
dIcuakhoangcach,fachIadfangkhoangcachchofrsfrung
bnhcuakhoangcachfrongquafrnhfang,vachungfafhyrang
fhoI gIan dI cua anh sang b frIf fIu: d fang fy dI cua khoang
cach gIua haI fhIn ha do |va fu do gIua bf cu nhung fhIn ha
dIn hnh nao) frong Iuc anh sang dI dung Ia fy s cua vn fc
fuongdIcuacacfhInhavavnfcanhsang.Nhungnhufada
fhy fruoc dy cung fy s do cho d fang fuyf dI cua buoc song
anhsangkhInoIanfruyn.Nhuvy,buocsongcuamoIfIasang
du fang fy I voI khoang cach gIua cac fhIn ha dIn hnh frong
quafrnhvufrugIanno.ChungfacofhnghIrangcacdInhsong
nhubkoocangngaycangxanhauradosugIannocuavufru.
urangIpIuncuachungfachIfhuccohIuIucdIvoInhung
khoangfhoIgIanfruynngan,songbangcachghopIInvoInhau
mfIoafcackhoangnhuvyfacofhkfIunrangnocungdung
noIchung.Vidu,khIchungfanhnfhInha3C295,vafhyrang
cac buoc song frong ph cua no Ion hon cac buoc song frong cac
APH!T!TIN 33
bangchuncuafavbuocsongcuaphIa46%,facofhkfIun
rangvufruhInnayIonhonsovoIkhIanhsangroIkhoI3C295
Ia46%.
ChodndyfachInoIdnnhungchuynmacacnhavfIy
goIIanhungvnddnghoc,coIInquandnsumfachuyn
dngmakhngxofcacIucchIphIno.TuynhIn,frongnhIufh
ky,cacnhavfIyvafhInvancungdafhufmhIudngIuchoc
cua vu fru. Iu nay khng franh khoI dn dn vIc nghIn cuu
vaIfrovufruhoccuaIucduynhffacdnggIuacacfhInfhIa
Iuchpdn.
Nhu co fh cho doI, Isaac Novfon Ia nguoI du fIn da suy
nghI v vn d nay. Trong mf cuc frao dI fhu fu nI fIng voI
mfhocgIacdInoCambrIdgoIaRIchardonfIoy,Novfoncng
nhn rang nu vf chf cua vu fru phn phI du dan frong mf
vung huu han fh no rf co xu huong roI vao fm, va hop fhanh
mfkhIcuIonodo.Mafkhac,nuvfchfduocraIdufrong
mf khoang khng v han, fh so khng co fm nao d cho no roI
vao dy. Trong fruong hop do no co fh kf IaI fhanh mf s v
hancackhIvfchf,raIrackhapvufru;NovfongoIyrangdy
rfcofhIangungccuamaffroIvacacvsao.
VIckhonghIncuudngIuchoccuamfmIfruongvhan
daIamfIIfkhamanhnhungfInbsaudochodnkhIfhuyf
fuongdIrngradoI,vadusaonocungkhngquanfrongIamdI
voI vu fru hoc nhu nguoI fa fuong Iuc du. ChI cn noI rang
InsfoIndungIyfhuyffoanhocdacovhnhhocphIucIIdod
gIaIfhichhpdnnhumfhIuungvsucongcuakhnggIanva
fhoI gIan. Nam 1917, mf nam sau khI hoan fhanh fhuyf fuong
dIrng,InsfoIndacgangfmIoIgIaIchomfphuongfrnhcua
ng, co fh dIn fa hnh hoc khng - fhoI gIan foan vu fru. Suy
nghIfhoocacynImvufruhocdangphbInIucdo,InsfoIndac
bIffmmfIoIgIaInaocofhdngfnh,danghuong,vafIcfhay
IaIfInh.TuynhIn,khngfhfmramfIoIgIaInaonhuvy.
vachramfmhnhkhopvoIcacfIndvu fruhocdo,InsfoIn
dabucphaIIamphuonghaIdncacphuongfrnhcuang,bang
cach dua vao mf s hang, goI Ia hang s vu fru hoc, da Iam cho
Steven Weinberg 34
fhuyf nguyn fhuy dop do fro nn xu dI, nhung phaI dung d
cnbangIuchpdnonhungkhoangcachIon.
M hnh cua InsfoIn qua fhuc Ia fInh va khng fIn doan
cac dch chuyn do. Cung frong nam do, 1917, mf IoI gIaI khac
cua fhuyf duoc sua dI cua InsfoIn da duoc nha fhIn van Ha
Ian.doSIfforfmra.urangIoIgIaInaycovofInh,vanhuvy
co fh cng nhn duoc fhoo cac y fuong vu fru hoc Iuc do, no co
finhchfdangchuyIafIndoanmfsudchchuyndofyIvoI
khoangcach!SufnfaIcuanhungdchchuyndoIoncuacacfInh
vn Iuc do chua duoc cac nha fhIn van chu u bIf dn. Tuy
nhIn, vao khoang cuI chIn franh fh gIoI In fhu nhf, nhung
fInfucvsuquansafduocnhungdchchuyndoIondafruynfu
Mysangchuu,vamhnhcuadoSIfforIpfucfrofhanhnI
fIng.Thucranam1922khInhafhInvanAnhAfhurddIngfon
vIfgIaofrnhfoandIndufInvfhuyffuongdIrng,ngda
phn fich cac s IIu dch chuyn do hIn co fhoo m hnh do
SIffor. an fhn HubbIo noI rangchinhmhnhcuadoSIfforda
Iam cho cac nha fhIn van fhy fm quan frong cua mf su phu
fhuc cua dch chuyn do vao khoang cach, va m hnh do co fh
daofrongfrioccuangkhIngkhampharafinhfyIgIuadch
chuyndovoIkhoangcachvaonam1929.
HInnaysunhnmanhnhuvyvaomhnhdoSIfforhu
nhukhngfhichhop.MfmafnoquakhngphaIIamfmhnh
fInh chuf nao, no co Io chI fInh do dua cac foa d khng gIan vao
mfcachdacbIf,nhungkhoangcachgIuanhungnguoIquansaf
dInhnhfrongmhnhfhucsufangfhoofhoIgIanvachinhsu
IuIxanhaufngquafdodasInhrasudchchuyndo.NgoaIraIy
do Iam dch chuyn do fro fhanh fy I voI khoang cach frong mf
hnh do SIffor chinh Ia m hnh nay fhoa man nguyn Iy vu fru
hoc,nhungnhufadafhy,fachodoImffyIgIuavnfcfuong
dIvakhoangcachfrongmoIfhuyffhoamannguynIynay.
u sao, vIc phaf hIn su IuI xa cua cac fhIn ha xa xam
chang my chc Iam nguoI fa chu y dn cac m hnh vu fru hoc
dng finh va dang huong nhung khng phaI fInh. KhI do khng
cn dn hang s vu fru hoc frong cac phuong frnh fruong hp
APH!T!TIN 35
dn,vaInsfoIndaforafIcrangngdafungduasufhaydIdo
vao cac phuong frnh ban du cua ng. Nam 1922 IoI gIaI fng
quaf dng finh va dang huong cua cac phuong frnh ban du cua
InsfoIn da duoc nha bac hoc Nga AIoxandro rIdmann fm ra.
Chinh cac m hnh rIdmann nay, can cu frn cac phuong frnh
fruong ban du cua InsfoIn, chu khng phaI cac m hnh do
SIffor hoac InsfoIn da cung cp co so foan hoc cho da s nhung
fhuyfvufruhochIndaI.
Cac m hnh rIdmann fhuc vao haI IoaI rf khac nhau.
Numfdfrungbnhcuavfchfvufrunhohonhoacbangmf
gIa fr foI han nao do, vu fru phaI v han v khng gIan. Trong
fruong hop nay, su no hIn nay cua vu fru so fIp dIn maI maI.
Mafkhac,numfdcuavufruIonhongIafrfoIhando,fhkhI
do fruong hp dn sInh ra boI vf chf Iam cho vu fru cong In
frong ban fhn no, no Ia huu han du rang khng co bIn, nhu b
maf cua mf hnh cu. |NghIa Ia, nu chung fa baf du du hanh
fhoomfduongfhang,fasokhngdIdnmfbInnaocuavufru
ma chI quay v ch xuf phaf). Trong fruong hop nay cac fruong
hpdnrfdumanhdcofhIamngungsugIannocuavufru,
nhuvycungcofhcoIucnosonvaodfroIaImfmfdIon
vhan.MfdfoIhanfyIvoIbnhphuongcuahangsHubbIo;
voIfrsduocchpnhnhInnaymfcachrngraIcuahangs
doIa15kIImofmIgIymIfrIunamanhsang,mfdfoIhan
bang 5 x 10 mu m 30 gam mI confImof khI hoac khoang ba
nguynfuhydrfrongmInghnIifkhnggIan.
Chuyn dng cua mf fhIn ha dIn hnh nao do frong cac
mhnhrIdmannIadungnhuchuyndngcuamfhondanom
Infu maf df. Nu hon da duocnom In du manhhoacnoI cach
khac, nu khI Iuong qua df du nho, fh hon da so dI chm dn,
nhungdusaocungfhoafvaovufru.IunayungvoIfruonghop
mfdvufrufhphonmfdfoIhan.Mafkhacnuhondaduoc
nomInvoIvnfckhngduIonfhnosoInfoImfdcaofIda
rI roI xung. Iu nay c nhIn ung voI mf d vu fru cao hon
mfdfoIhan.
Steven Weinberg 36
Su fuong fu nay cho fhy ro faI sao khng fh fm duoc
nhung IoI gIaI vu fru hoc fInh cho cac phuong frnh InsfoIn fa
khng fhqua ngac nhIn khI fhy mf hon da bay khoI hoac roI
xungmafdf,nhungfakhomafhyduocmfhondafufrooIo
Iung frn khng. Su fuong fu nay cung gIup chung fa franh duoc
mfsuhIuImfhngfhuongvvufrudanno.CacfhInhafach
roIkhoInhaukhngphaIvmfIucbimfnaododangdychung
raxanhau,cungdungnhuhondafrongviducuafakhngphaI
b qua df dy IuI. Ma dung hon, cac fhIn ha fach roI nhau boI
chungdabbanroIkhoInhaudomfvunnaodofrongquakhu.
Vao nhung nam 1920, dIu nay khng duoc nhn fhuc ro,
nhung nhIu finh chf chI fIf cua cac m hnh rIdmann co fh
finhduocmfcachdnhIuongbangcachdungsufuongfunayma
khng cn dn fhuyf fuong dI rng. finh chuyn dng cua
mf fhInhadInhnhnaodosovoIfhInhacuafa,hayvomf
hnh cu voI fhIn ha cua fa o fm va voI fhIn ha dang nghIn
cuu frn b maf; chuyn dng cua fhIn ha nay chinh Ia chuyn
dngxayranukhIIuongcuavufruchIbaogmvfchffrong
hnh cu va khng co g o ngoaI. Iu nay cung gIng nhu fh fa
dao mf h su, fa so fhy rang gIa fc frong Iuc foI fm chI phu
fhuc vao Iuong vf chf o gn fm hon Ia gn h cua chung fa,
nhu fh Ia maf df o ngay chinh day h. Kf qua dang chu y do
bIu hIn o mf dnh Iy co gIa fr frong fhuyf hp dn cua
InsfoInvacaNovfon,nochIphufhucvaofinhdIxungcucua
h nghIn cuu; bIn fh fuong dI rng cua dnh Iy nay duoc nha
foan hoc My C. . Irkhoff chung mInh vao nam 1923, nhung y
nghIavufruhoccuanovaIchucnamsaudovnchuaduocnhn
fhucro.
ChungfacofhdungdnhIynaydfinhmfdfoIhancua
cacmhnhrIdmann|xomhnh3).KhIvomfhnhcucuafao
gIua va mf fhIn ha xa xam nao do o frn maf, fa co fh dung
khIIuongcacfhInhafronghnhcudfinhmfvnfcfhoaf,
vnfcmamffhInhaobmafphaIcodcobafdufhoafdn
coIvhan.NguoIfafhyrangvnfcfhoafnayfyIvoIbankinh
APH!T!TIN 37
hnhcu-hnhcucangIonfhvnfccuafhInhaIaIphaIcang
nhanhdfhoafkhoIno.NhungdnhIufHubbIonoIrangvnfc
fhuc cua mf fhIn ha frn b maf hnh cu cung fy I voI ban
kinh hnh cu - khoang cach k fu ch fa. Nhu vy du vn fc
fhoaf phu fhuc vao ban kinh, song fy s gIua vn fc fhuc cua
fhInhavavnfcfhoafcuanokhngphufhuckichfhuochnh
cu;noIanhunhauchomoIfhInhavanhunhaudufaIyfhIn
ha nao Ia fm hnh cu. Tuy fhuc vao cac gIa fr cua hang s
HubbIovamfdvufrumamIfhInhachuyndngfhoodnh
IufHubbIosohoaccovnfcIonhonvnfcfhoafvafhoafdn
coIvhan,hoacsocovnfcfhphonvnfcfhoafvaroIIaIv
phiafavaomfIucnaodofrongfuongIaI.MfdfoIhanchIdon
gIan Ia gIa fr cua mf d vu fru ma khI vf fc fhoaf cua mI
fhInhadungbangvnfcfinhfhoodnhIufHubbIo.MfdfoI
hanchIcofhphufhucvaohangsHubbIovafhucranochIdon
gIanIafyIvoIbnhphuonghangsHubbIo|xomchufhichfoan
hoc2).
Hnh3.nhIyIrkhoffvasugIannocuavufru.HnhvoInmfs
fhInhacungvoIcacvnfccuachungsovoImffhInhaCdacho,
duocchIraodybangnhungmuIfnkomfhooddaIvahuongfhich
hop|fhoodnhIufHubbIo,cacvnfcnayduoccoIIafyIvoIkhoang
cach dn C). nh Iy Irkhoff nu In rang: mun finh vn fc cua
fhIn ha A so voI C chI cn finh dn khI Iuong chua frong khI hnh
cuquanhCdIquaA|duongdufnof).NuAkhngquaxaC,fruong
hpdncuavfchffronghnhcusovuaphaI,vachuyndngcua
AcofhfinhfhoocacdnhIufcohoccuaNovfon.
SuIInhchIfIfgIuafhoIgIanvakichfhuocvufru|nghIa
IakhoangcachgIuabfcuhaIfhInhadInhnhnao)cofhfm
ra bang cach su dung nhung Ip Iun nhu vy, nhung kf qua
phuc fap hon nhIu|xom hnh 4). Tuy nhIn co mf kf qua don
gIan sau nay rf cn cho chung fa. Trong fhoI ky so khaI cua vu
fru, kich fhuoc vu fru bIn fhIn nhu mf Iuy fhua don gIan cua
fhoIgIan:Iuyfhua2/3nuboquamfdbucxahoacIuyfhua1/2
nu mf d buc xa vuof mf d vf chf |xom chu fhich foan hoc
3). Mf khia canh cua cac m hnh vu fru hoc rIdmann ma fa
khngfhhIuduocnukhngdungfhuyffuongdIrngIamI
Hnh 3. nh l Birkhoff
v s gin n ca v tr.
Steven Weinberg 38
IInhgIuamfdvahnhhoc-vufruIamovavhanhoacdong
vahuuhanfuyfhoovnfcfhInhaIonhonhaybohonvnfc
fhoaf.
Mf cach d bIf vn fc fhIn ha co vuof vn fc fhoaf hay
khng Ia do fc d dI chm IaI cua chung. Nu d gIam fc do bo
hon |hoac Ion hon) mf muc nao do, fh Iuc do vn fc fhoaf b
|hoackhngb)vuof. Trong fhuc fdIu nay co nghIa Ia nguoI fa
phaIdodcongcuadfhchIsuphufhuccuadchchuyndovao
khoang cach dI voI nhung fhIn ha o xa |xom hnh 5). KhI dI fu
mf vu fru huu han co mf d cao hon dn mf vu fru v han co
mf d fhp hon, d cong cua duong dch chuyn do phu fhuc
khoang cach b Iam cho phang ra o nhung khoang cach rf Ion.
VIc nghIn cuu hnh dang cua duong dch chuyn do - khoang
cach o nhung khoang cach Ion fhuong duoc goI Ia chuong frnh
HubbIo.
Hnh4.Su gIannovacohopcuavufru.KhoangcachgIuanhung
fhInhadInhnhduocvo|donvfuyy)nhuIamfhamcuafhoI
gIanchohaImhnhvufruhoccofhdung.Trongfruonghopmf
vufrumo,vufruIavhan;mfdfhphonmfdfoIhan;vasu
gIannofuyrangbchmIaI,sofIpfucmaImaI.Trongfruonghop
mfvufrudong,vufruIahuuhan,sugIannosomfIucnaodo
kf fhuc va sau do so co mf su co IaI. Cac duong cong duoc bIu
dInfrndyduocfinhfhoocacphuongfrnhfruongcuaInsfoIn
makhngcnmfhangsvufruhocchomfvufruchuyuIavfchf.
VoImfsucgangIonIaoHubbIo,Sandagovagndymf
snhakhoahockhacnuadafInhanhchuongfrnhnay.Nhung
chodnnaykfquavnchuacofinhchfkfIun.CaIkhoIad
uocfinhkhoangcachdnnhungfhInhaxa,nguoIfacofhdung
nhung sao dI anh kIu xphoIf hoac nhung ngI sao sang nhf
nhu Ia nhung vf danh du khoang cach, fraI IaI, fa phaI uoc
Iuong khoang cach fu d sang bIu kIn cua ngay cac fhIn ha.
Nhung Iam sao fa co fh bIf duoc rang cac fhIn ha fa dang
nghIncuuducomfdfrungfuyfdInhunhau7|Nhorangd
frungbIukInIanangIuongbucxamafanhnduocomfdon
v dIn fich kinh fhIn van, frong khI d frung fuyf dI Ia nang

Hnh 4. S gin n v co hp
ca v tr.
APH!T!TIN 39
IuocfoanphnphafrafhoomoIhuongboIfhInfh;dfrungbIu
kIn fy I voI d frung fuyf dI va fy I nghch voI bnh phuong
khoang cach). Co nhung nguy co gh gom do hIu ung chon Ioc -
khIfanhncangxafhfacoxuhuongchonnhungfhInhacod
frungfuyfdIcangIon.MfvndconfhaIhonnuaIasufIn
hoa cua cac fhIn ha. KhI fa nhn cac fhIn ha rf xa, chung fa
fhy chung o frang fhaI hang nghn frIu nam fruoc dy khI cac
fIa sang baf du cuc du hanh cua chung dn ch fa. Nn nhung
fhIn ha dIn hnh Iuc do con sang hon by gIo, fa so uoc Iuong
khoang cach cua chung fhp hon fhuc f. Mf kha nang ma rf
gn dy J. P. OsfrIkor va S. . TromaIno o PrIncofon goI y Ia
nhungfhInhaIonhonfInhoakhngphaIchIIadocacngIsao
ca fh cua chung fIn hoa, ma con Ia do chung nuf fhm nhung
fhInhanhoIncn!SoconIufamoIbIfchacrangfacomfsu
hIu bIf dnh Iuong dung dan v cac IoaI fIn hoa fhIn ha khac
nhaudo.
Hnh 5. fh dch chuyn do phu fhuc
vao khoang cach. ch chuyn do duoc vo
nhu Ia mf ham cua khoang cach cho bn
fhuyf vu fru hoc kha dI |noI chinh xac
hon, khoang cach o dy Ia khoang cach
sang-khoangcachsuyrachomfvfma
fa bIf d frung rIng hoac fuyf dI fu
nhung quan saf v d frung bIu kIn cua
no). Cac duong co ghI mf d gp dI mf
d foI han, mf d foI han va mf d
bang khng duoc finh frong m hnh
rIodmann, su dung cac phuong frnh cua
InsfoIn cho mf vu fru chu yu Ia vf
chf, khng cn mf hang s vu fru hoc;
chungfuongungInIuofvoImfvufrudong,vuadumo,hoacmo|xomhnh4).uongcong
ghIfrangfhaIdungduocapdungfrongbfkyIyfhuyfnaomafrongdohnhdangcuavu
frukhngfhaydIfhoofhoIgIan.CacquansafhInnaykhngphuhopffvoIduongfrang
fhaI dung, song chung khng cho fa Iua chon mf cach ro rang frong s nhung kha nang
khacnhau,boIvfrongnhungIyfhuyfkhngcofrangfhaIdungsufInhoacuacacfhIn
haIamchovIcxacdnhkhoangcachfronnkhngchacchan.MoIduongcongduduocvo
voIhangsHubbIoIybang15kmmIgIymIfrIunamanhsang|ungvoIfhoIgIangIan
nodacfrung Ia20000frIunam),song cacduong cong co fhduoc dungcho bfkygIafr
naokhaccuahangsHubbIobangcachchIvoIaIfhoocungfIImoIkhoangcach.
Hnh 5. th dch chuyn ph thuc vo khong cch.
Steven Weinberg 40
HIn nay kf Iun ff nhf ruf ra fu chuog frnh HubbIo Ia
dgIamfccuacacfhInhaxacovorfbo.NhuvyconghIaIa
chung dang chuyn dng voI vn fc cao hon vn fc fhoaf, nhu
vy vu fru Ia mo va so gIan no maI maI. Iu nay khop dung voI
nhung uoc finh v mf d vu fru ; vf chf fhy duoc frong cac
fhInhahnhnhucngIaIchIchomfdkhngquamfvaIphn
fram mf d foI han. Tuy nhIn dIu nay cung chua chac Iam.
NhunguocfinhvkhIIuongfhInhafangInfrongnhungnam
gn dy. NgoaI ra, nhu Coorgo IoId o Harvard va mf s nguoI
khacdagoIy,cofhfnfaImfIoaIkhihydrodaIonhoagIuacac
fhIn ha co fhcungcp mfmf d vf chf foI han cuavu fru,
nhungchodnnayvnchuaduocphafhInra.
May fhay, khng cn dI dn mf quyf dnh duf khoaf v
hnh hocoquymIon cuavu fru d rufranhungkf Iun v su
baf du cua no. Iy do Ia v vu fru co mf fhu duong chn froI va
duongchnfroIdocohopIaInhanhchongkhIfanhnquayvIuc
bafdu.
May fhay, khng cn dI dn mf quyf dnh duf khoaf v

hnh hocoquymIon cuavu fru d rufranhungkf Iun v su
baf du cua no. Iy do Ia v vu fru co mf fhu duong chn froI va
duongchnfroIdocohopIaInhanhchongkhIfanhnquayvIuc
bafdu.
KhngfinhIunaocofhdInhanhhonanhsang,nhuvyo
bfkyIucnaochungfacungchIcofhbanhhuongboInhungsu
kIndugndchomffIasangcofhoIgIandnvoIfafuIucbaf
du cua vu fru. f cu su kIn nao xay ra ngoaI khoang cach do
cungkhngfhanhhuongdnfa-noobnngoaIchnfroI.Nu
fuI cua vu fru hIn nay Ia muoI nghn frIu nam, chn froI hIn
nayIakhoangcach30nghnfrIunamanhsang.NhungkhIfuI
cuavufrumoIchIIavaIphuf,chnfroIchIoxavaIphufanhsang
-gnhonkhoangcachfuquadfdnmaffroI.ungraIaIucdo
foanbvufrubohonhInnay,fhoocachhIudaquyuoccuafa
Ia khoang cach gIua mf cap vf fh nao do Iuc do ngan hon by
APH!T!TIN 41
gIo.TuynhIn,khIfanhnvIucbafdu,khoangcachdnchn
froIcoIaInhanhhonkichfhuocvufru.KichfhuocvufrufyIvoI
Iuy fhua mf phn haI hoac haI phn ba cua fhoI gIan |xom chu
fhichfoanhoc3),frongkhIkhoangcachdnchnfroIchIdongIan
Ia fy I voI fhoI gIan. Cho nn o nhung fhoI gIan cang IuI v qua
khu,chnfroIbaoquanhmfphncangngaycangnhocuavufru
|xomhnh6).
Hnh6.NhungchnfroIfrongmfvufrugIanno.
VufruodyduocvoduoIdangmfhnhcuobn
fhoIdImcachdunhau.ChnfroIcuamfdIm
PIakhoangcachmangoaIdocacfinhInanhsang
khng co fhoI gIo dn P. Phn vu fru o phia frong
chnfroIduocvoodybangphnkhngcovach
vachcuahnhcu.KhoangcachfuPdnchnfroI
fangfyIvoIfhoIgIan.Mafkhacbankinhcuavu
frufangnhucanhaIcuafhoIgIan,ungvoIfruong
hopcuamfvufruchuyuIabucxa.HquaIa,o
fhoIkycangxuafhchnfroIbaoquanhmfphn
vufrungaycangbo.
Mf h qua cua su co dn cua
chnfroIfrongvufrusokhaIIadcongcuavufruxofvfoanb
cang ngay cang if b anh huong khI fa nhn IuI v nhung fhoI ky
ngay cang xa v fruoc. Nhu vy du rang fhuyf vu fru hoc va su
quan saf fhIn van hIn nay vn chua phaf hIn ra kich fhuoc
hoacfuongIaIcuavufru,songchungdachomfbucfranhkharo
rangvquakhucuano.
Cac quan saf fhao Iun frong chuong nay da cho fa mf caI
nhnvvufruvuadongIan,vuavIdaI.VufrudanggIannomf
cachdngduvadanghuong-nhungnguoIquansafomoIfhIn
hadInhnhomoIhuongdufhynhungquafrnhchuyndng
nhu nhau. Trong khI vu fru gIan no, buoc song cua cac fIa sang
gIanrafyIfhunvoIkhoangcachgIuacacfhInha.SugIanno
khngduocxomIadobfcuIoaIIucdyvufrunaomaIadokf
quanhungvnfccongIuIaIfumfvunfrongquakhu.Nhung
vnfcdongaycangchmdndoanhhuongcuaIuchpdn;su
gIamfcdoxomrarfchmIamnaysInhgIafhuyfrangmfd
Hnh 6. Nhng chn tri trong mt v tr gin n.
Steven Weinberg 42
vfchfcuavufruIafhpvafruonghpdncuanoIaquayud
cofhIamchovufruIahuuhanvmafkhnggIanhoacIaIcoIuc
IamdaonguocsugIanno.CacfinhfoanchophopfangoaIsuysu
gIan no cua vu fru IuI v qua khu, va phaf hIn rang su gIan no
cua vu fru IuI v qua khu, va phaf hIn rang su gIan no chac da
bafdufumuoInghndnhaImuoInghnfrIunamfruocdy.
APH!T!TIN 43
PHONC!CXAC!CNCNV!TR!
Cu chuyn k o chuong fruoc Ia mf cu chuyn kha quon
fhuc voI cac nha fhIn van cua qua khu. Ca khung canh cung
quonfhuc:nhungngkinhfhInvanIonfhamhImbufroIban
dm fu nhung dInh nuI o CaIIfornIa hoac Pru, hoac mf nguoI
quan saf bang maf fhuong frong fhap quan saf cua mnh d
fhuong fhuc chom sao con Cu. Nhu fI da nhac dn frong IoI
fua,dyIacuchuyndaduockdIkIaInhIuInfruocdy,dI
khIvoInhIuchIfIfhon.
ygIochungfadIdnmfIoaIfhInvanhockhac,dnmf
cuchuynmacachdymffhpkyfhIdakhngaIcofhkra
duoc.Chungfasokhngbandnnhungquansafvanhsangda
duoc buc xa cach dy vaI fram frIu nam fu nhung fhIn ha if
nhIugIngfhInhafa,mabandnnhungquansafvmfphng
khuychfancuasongvfuynconsofIaIfufhoIdImgnIucvu
frubafduradoI.KhungcanhcungfhaydI,doIdncacmaInha
cacvInvfIycuacacfruongdaIhoc,dnnhungkhicuhoacfn
Iuabaycaohonbukhiquyncuaquadf,vadncaccanhdng
omInbaccuabangNovJorsoy.
Nam 1964, phong fhi nghIm cua cng fy dIn fhoaI oII co
mfangfonvfuynkhacfhuongdaffrndICravfordoHoImoI
bangNovJorsoy.ngfonnaydaduocxydungdfhuchInIIn
IacfhngquavfInhcho|TIngvong),nhungnhungdacdIm
cuano-mfbphnphanxahnhIoakon20foof|foofIadonv
do chIu daI Anh bang 0,3048 mof |N)) voI fIng n cuc fhp -
Iam cho no fhanh ra mf dung cu co kha nhIu frIn vong cho
nganh fhIn van v fuyn. HaI nha fhIn van v fuyn Arno A.
PonzIasvaRoborfW.WIIsonbafdudungangfonddocuongd
song v fuyn do fhIn ha cua chung fa phaf ra o nhung vI d
fhInhacao,nghIaIangoaImafphangsngNgnha.
Steven Weinberg 44
IoaIdodacyrfIakho.CacsongvfuynphafrafufhIn
ha cuachung fa, cungnhufu da s cac ngun fhIn van khac, co
fh m fa ff nhf nhu Ia mf IoaI fIng n rf gIng fIng n
fInh ma nguoI fa ngho duoc qua mf may fhu fhanh frong mf
buI froI sm sof. TIng n v fuyn y khng d dang phn bIf
duoc voI fIng n dIn khng franh duoc, sInh ra boI su chuyn
dnghndncuacacoIocfronfrongcocucuaangfonvfuynva
cacmachkhuychdaI,hoacIavoIfIngnvfuynmaangfonbaf
duocfubukhiquyncuaquadf.VndnaykhngphaIfhfIa
nghIm frong khI nguoI fa nghIn cuu mf ngun fIng n v
fuyn fuong dI nho nhu Ia mf v sao hay Ia mf fhIn ha xa.
Trong fruong hop nay, nguoI fa co fh quof chum angfon qua IaI
gIuangunvakhoangbufroIfrngrngquanhno;moIfIngn
gIaxufphaffucocuangfon,cacmachkhuychdaIhoacIakhi
quyn cua qua df so Ia gn nhu nhau du angfon duoc chIa vao
ngun hay vao bu froI quanh no, nhu vy no so fu frIf fIu khI
cahaIduocsosanhvoInhau.TuynhIn,PonzIasvaWIIsondaco
y dnh do fIng n v fuyn xuf phaf fu ban fhn fhIn ha cua
chung fa - fhuc ra, fu ban fhn bu froI. Cho nn dIu v cung
quanfrongIanhnbIfduocbfkyfIngndInnaocofhphaf
sInhrafronghfhucuaho.
NhIucucfhu hdofhucradaphafhInmffIngn Ion
hon Ia da du finh mf chuf, nhung Iuc do nguoI fa cho rang su
khacnhaunaycofhdofIngndInfrongcacmachkhuychdaI
fhua ra mf chuf if. IoaI fru cac vn d nhu vy, PonzIas va
WIIson dung mf dung cu goI Ia faI Ianh - cuong d fu angfon
duoc so sanh voI cuong d sInh ra boI mf ngun nhn fao duoc
Iam Ianh dn nhIf d hII Iong, khoang bn d frn d khng
fuyf dI. TIng n dIn frong cac mach khuych daI so Ia nhu
nhaufrongcahaIfruonghop,vadodosofufrIffIukhIsosanh,
chophopdofrucfIpcuongdfuangfondn.Cuongdangfondo
duocbangcachdochIgmcacdonggopcuacocuangfon,cuakhi
quyn cua qua df, va cua moI ngun fhIn van phaf ra song v
fuyn.
APH!T!TIN 45
PonzIasvaWIIsonchodoIrangrfiffIngndInduocphaf
sInhrafufrongcocuangfon.TuynhIn,dfhunghImgIafhIf
do,hobafducacquansafcuahoomfbuocsongfuongdIngan
Ia 7,35 confImof, o do fIng n v fuyn fu fhIn ha cuachung fa
co fh coI Ia khng dang k. C nhIn o buoc song do mf chuf if
fIngncofhcoduocfukhiquyncuaquadfchungfa,nhung
nophaIcomfsuIInhdacfrungvoIhuongdo;nosofyIvoId
daycuakhiquynfhoohuongchIcuaangfon-ifhonvphiafhIn
dInh,nhIuhonvphiachnfroI.NguoIfachodoIrang,saukhI
khu dI mf s hang do khi quyn sInh ra, voI su phu fhuc vao
huong nhu da noI frn, fh so khng con co cuong d angfon nao
con IaI nua, va vIc do so khang dnh rang fIng n dIn sInh ra
frongcocuangfonquanhInIakhngdangk.Iucdohocofh
fIp fuc nghIn cuu ban fhn fhIn ha o mf buoc song daI hon
khoang21confImof,odofIngnvfuyncuafhInhaduoccho
doIIadangk.
|Cn noI rang cac song v fuyn voI cac buoc song nhu 7,35
confImof va dn mf mof, duoc goI Ia buc xa cuc ngan, cung goI
IabucxavIba).VIcnayIadocacbuocsongdonganhoncacbuoc
songcuabangVH|VH-voryhIghfroquonoy:fnsrfcao)ma
radar dung frong fhoI gIan du cua chIn franh fh gIoI In fhu
II).
Mf su ngac nhIn da dn voI PonzIas va WIIson vao mua
xunnam1964IahodanhnduocmffIngnsongcucngan o
7,35 confImof kha dang k, khng phu fhuc vao huong. Ho cung
da fm ra rang phng fInh do khng phu fhuc vao fhoI gIan
frongmfngay,hoacvaomuafrongnam.Khomachorangnoco
fhdnfufhInhacuachungfa;nunhuvyfhIucdofhInha
IonM31frongfInhvnTInnu,mavrfnhIumafgIngfhIn
ha cua chung fa, cung da co fh buc xa manh o 7,35 confImof va
fIng n song cuc ngan do da co fh quan saf duoc. Truoc hf, su
fhIumfsuIInquanchofhyrfrorangcacsongvfuyndo,
nucofhf,khngphaIxufphaffuNgnha,mafumffhfich
IonhonrfnhIucuavufru.
Steven Weinberg 46
Ro rang Ia da cn xom IaI ban fhn angfon co sInh ra fIng
n dIn Ion hon Ia caI cho doI khng. ac bIf, nguoI fa da bIf
rangmfcapchImbcudaIamffaIchongcuaangfon.Capb
cu da b baf; guI v da dIm WhIppany cua phong fhi nghIm
oII, duoc fha ra; IaI duoc fhy frong angfon o HoImdoI vaI ngay
sau;chungbbafIaI;rIcuIcungchungphaIbocucdocacbIn
phapkInquyfhon.TuynhIn,frongIuc fru nho, dI b cu da
phu c hong angfon mf Iop ma PonzIas goI mf cach f nh Ia
chf dIn mI frang, va o nhIf d phong chf nay co fh Ia
ngunfIngndIn.unam1965,nguoIfadacofhgochong
angfon ra va Iau sach chf bam do, nhung vIc nay cung nhu
nhIu c gang khac chI IamgIam rf if muc n quan safduoc.i
mfvnconnguyn:fIngnsongcucngannayfududn7
S IIu duy nhf co frong fay PonzIas va WIIson Iuc do Ia
cuongdfIngnvfuynmahodaquansaf.KhImfacuongd
nay, ho da dung mf ngn ngu fhng fhuong frong gIoI cac ky su
v fuyn, nhung frong fruong hop nay no co mf y nghIa khng
ngo dn. f cu vf fh nao o bf cu nhIf d nao frn d khng
fuyfdIcungIunIunphafrafIngnvfuyndochuyndng
nhIf cua cac oIocfron frong vf fh gy ra7 Trong mf hp co
fuongkhngfrongsuf,cuongdfIngnvfuynobfcubuoc
song nao cho fruoc cung chI phu fhuc vao nhIf d cua cac buc
fuong-nhIfdcangcaofhfIngncangmanh.Nhuvy,cofh
m fa cuong d fIng n v fuyn quan saf duoc o mf buoc song
chofruocfhoonhIfdfuongduong-nhIfdcuacacbucfuong
cua mf hp ma frong do fIng n v fuyn so co cuong d duoc
quansaf.CnhInmfkinhfhInvanvfuynkhngphaIIamf
nhIf k; no do cuong d cua cac song v fuyn bang cach ghI IaI
cac dong dIn bo nho ma cac song do cam ung frong co cu cua
angfon. KhI mf nha fhIn van v fuyn noI rang ng quan saf
fIngnvfuynvoImfnhIfdfuongduongnaodofhngchI
munnoIrangdoIanhIfdcuahpkinmanudafangfonvao
dofhnososInhracuongdfIngnvfuyndaquansafduoc.
ConangfonconamfrongcaIhpdokhngfhcnhInIaIIavn
dkhac.
APH!T!TIN 47
| chan fruoc nhung y kIn phan dI cua cac nha chuyn
mn, fI phaI noI fhm rang cac ky su v fuyn fhuong m fa
cuong d fIng n v fuyn fhoo nhIf d angfon, caI nay co hoI
khacnhIfdfuongduong-mfaofrn.VoIbuocsongvacuong
dmaPonzIasvaWIIsondaquansaffhhaIdnhnghIafhucraIa
fuongduong).
PonzIas va WIIson phaf hIn ra rang nhIf d fuong duong
cuafIngnvfuynmahonhnduocIavaokhoang3,5dfrn
khng fuyf dI |hay noI chinh xac hon, gIua 2,5 va 4,5 d frn
khng fuyf dI). NhIf d do frn fhang bach phn, nhung duoc
quyvdkhngfuyfdIchukhngphaIvdImfancuanuocda
duocghIbangdKoIvIn.Nhuvy,fIngnvfuynmaPonzIas
va WIIson da quan saf co fh duoc m fa nhu co mf nhIf d
fuongduong3,5dKoIvIn",hoacvIffafIa3,5K.ConsnayIon
hon mong doI, nhung vn con rf fhp fhoo fr s fuyf dI, cho
nn khng Iy Iam Ia Ia PonzIas va WIIson da nghIn ngm kf
qua nay mf fhoI gIan fruoc khI cng b no. Iuc do chac chan
khng phaI aI cung fhy ro ngay rang do Ia fIn b quan frong
nhfvvufruhocfukhIcacdchchuyndoduocphafhIn.
Y nghIa cua fIng n song cuc ngan huyn bi da som duoc
gIaIfhichnhofacdngcuafpfhvhnhcacnhavfIyfhIn
van.PonzIasdafnhconoIchuynvoImfnhafhInvanvfuyn
quon bIf, ornard urko o M. I. T. |Massachusoffs InsfIfufo of
TochnoIogy:fnmffruongdaIhocnIfIngoMy,vIncngngh
bang Massachusoffs|N).) v mf s vn d khac. Nhung urko
IaIvuamoInghomfbandngnghIpkhac,KonTurnorofchuc
CarnogIo,kvmfcuchuynmaTurnor,vphnanhfa,IaIda
nghooJohnsHopkInsfumfnhaIyfhuyffrofuIoPrIncofonIa
P.J..PoobIos.TrongcuchuyndoPoobIosdachIroIaphaIco
mfphngfIngnvfuynconIuuIaIfufhoIvufrusokhaI,voI
mf nhIf d fuong duong hIn nay vao khoang 10 K. urko da
duoc bIf Ia PonzIas dang do nhIf d fIng n v fuyn bang
angfon hnh Ioa kon cua cac phng fhi nghIm oII, do do anh fa
fhuadpcuchuynquadInfhoaIdhoIxomcacphopdodadn
durI.PonzIasfraIoIrangcacphopdodangduocfInhanhrf
Steven Weinberg 48
ff,nhungcomfcaIgdofrongkfquamangfakhngfhhIu
duoc.urkogoIychoPonzIasrangconhavfIyoPrIncofoncofh
comfsyfuongdangIuuyvcaImaangfoncuangfadangfhu
duoc.
Trongcuchuyncuaanhfa,vafrongmfbaIchunbcng
b vIf fhang ba nam 1965,PoobIosda xom xof buc xa co fhfn
faI o fhoI vu fru so khaI. uc xa c nhIn Ia mf danh fu fng
quaf,baogmcacsongdInfuomoIbuocsong-khngchIIasong
vfuynmaconcaanhsanghngngoaI,anhsangfhyduoc,anh
sangfungoaI,fIaXvabucxacobuocsongrfngangoIIacacfIa
gama |xom bang 2). Khng co su phn bIf ro rf; fhay dI buoc
songfhmfIoaIbucxanaychuynmfcachfufufhanhramf
IoaI khac. PoobIos Iuu y rang nu frong my phuf ngan nguI du
fIn cua vu fru da khng co mf phng buc xa manh mo fh cac
phanungnhIfhachdaxayranhanhchongdnmucIammffy
I Ion khi hydr co maf Iuc do da b nu nuong fhanh nhung
nguynfnanghon,fraIvoIsukInIakhoangbaphnfuvufru
hInnayIaIIahydr.SununuonghafnhnnhanhnaychIco
fh duoc can IaI nu vu fru da chua dy mf buc xa co mf nhIf
dfuongduongrfIononhungbuocsongrfngan,cofhIamn
duoccachafnhncungnhanhnhuchungduocfaonn.
Chung fa so fhy rang buc xa do da con IaI sau qua frnh
gIannocuavufrusaudo,nhungnhIfdfuongduongcuanofIp
fuc gIam frong khI vu fru gIan no va gIam fy I nghch voI kich
fhuoc vu fru |nhu chung fa so fhy, vIc nay can ban Ia mf h
quacuasudchchuyndodafhaoIunochuongII).odovufru
hInnaycungphaIchuadybucxa,nhungvoImfnhIfdfuong
duongnhohonnhIusovoInhIfdomyphufdyfIn.PoobIos
da uoc finh rang, d cho phng buc xa duy fr duoc duoc vIc san
xufrahIIvanhungnguynfnanghonfrongvaIphufdufIn
nam frong nhung gIoI han da duoc bIf, fh no phaI co cuong d
manh dn muc nhIf d hIn nay cua no con IaI if nhf Ia 10
konvIn.
Cons10KnaydaIahoIcaomffi,vasufinhfoannayIIn
saudodaduocfhayfh bang nhungfinhfoanphucfapvachinh
APH!T!TIN 49
xachondoPoobIosvamfsnguoIkhacfInhanh,chungsoduoc
fhaoIunochuongV.aIchunbcngbcuaPoobIosfhucrada
khng khI nao duoc cng b duoI hnh fhuc ban du cua no. Tuy
nhIn, kf Iun v can ban Ia dung dan: fu d nhIu quan saf
duochInnaycuahydr,chungfacofhsuyrarangvufrufrong
vaI phuf du fIn da chua mf Iuong buc xa Ion Iao co fh ngan
cansufaoraquanhIunguynfnang,sugIannocuavufrufu
IucnaododaIamgIamnhIfdfuongduongcuabucxaxungvaI
konvIn, cho nn by gIo no fh hIn nhu mf phng fIng n v
fuyn,fumoIphiadnvoIfavoIcuongdnhunhau.IunayIp
fuc duoc coI nhu su gIaI fhich fu nhIn v phaf hIn cua PonzIas
vaWIIson.Nhuvy,angfonoHoImdoIcofhcoInhuofrongmf
caIhp-caIhpIacavufru.TuynhIn,nhIfdfuongduongma
angfon da ghI nhn khng phaI Ia nhIf d cua vu fru hIn nay
ma,dunghon,IanhIfdmavufrudacofuIu,duochafhpfy
IvoIsugIannomanhmomavufrudaphaIfraIquafuIucdo.
CngfrnhcuaPoobIoschIIakhucuIcungfrongmfday
daI nhung nghIn cuu vu fru hoc fuong fu. Thuc ra, frong nhung
namcuIcungcuafhpnInbnmuoI,IyfhuyfvunIonvsu
fng hop haf nhn da duoc Coorgo Camov va cac cng fac vIn
cuangRaIphorAIphorvaRoborfHormanphaffrIn,vadaduoc
AIphorvaHormandungnam1948dfIndoanmfphngbucxa
voImfnhIfdhInnayvaokhoang5K.Nam1964nhungfinh
foan nhu vy cung da duoc fIn hanh boI Ya. . ZoIdovIch o IIn
X|cu)vadcIpvoIngrodHoyIovaR.J.TayIoroAnh.Cng
frnh du fIn nay Iuc du chua duoc cac nhom o cac phong fhi
nghImoIIvaPrIncofonbIfdn,vanokhngcomfanhhuong
naodnsukhampharaphngbucxa,chonnchungfacofhcho
dn chuong nam moI dI su nghIn cuu no mf cach chI fIf.
Chung fa cung so xom xof o chuong VI cu hoI kha hIm hoc v
mafIchsuIafaIsaofrongcaccngfrnhIyfhuyfsomdo,khng
co caI nao da dn dn mf su fm kIm phng song cuc ngan vu
fru.
Tinh foan nam 1965 cua PoobIos da duocgoI yInboI cacy
fuongcuamfnhavfIyfhucnghImIaofhanhRoborfH.Ickoo
Steven Weinberg 50
PrIncofon. |NgoaI nhung caI khac, Icko da phaf mInh ra mf s
ky fhuf song cuc ngan chu chf ma cac nha fhIn van v fuyn
hIndung).MfIucnaodovaonam1964IckodabafdufuhoI
IIu co fh con co mf buc xa quan saf duoc nao do roI rof IaI fu
mf gIaI doan nongva co mfdcaofruoc dy cua Ich su vu fru
haykhng.CacsuyIuncuaIckodacancufrnIyfhuyfvufru
daodngmachungfasoquayfroIaIochuongcuIcuasachnay.
RorangngfakhngcohyvongrorfvnhIfdcuabucxado,
song ng nhn fhuc ro mf dIm chu yu ma do Ia caI dang fm.
IckogoIychoP.C.RoIIva.T.WIIkInsonIahonnbfrimf
sufmkImmfphngbucxacucngan,vahobafdudungmf
angfon fIng n fhp nho o phong fhi nghIm PaImor o
PrIncofon. |Khng cn dung mf kinh fhIn van v fuyn Ion cho
muc dich nay, v buc xa fu moI phia dn, nhu vy khng co IoI g
nu co mf chum buc xa phaf fu angfon duoc dIu fIu chaf cho
hon).
TruockhIIcko,RoIIvaWIIkInsoncofhkffhuccacphop
do cua ho, Icko nhn duoc mf In goI dIn fhoaI cua PonzIas,
ng nay da vua ngho dn cng frnh cua PoobIos do urko mach.
Ho quyf dnh so cng b haI fhu ban dng nghIp frong Tap chi
vf Iy fhIn van frong do PonzIas va WIIson so cng b cac quan
saf cua ho, con Icko, PoobIo, RoII va WIIkIngson so caf nghIa su
gIaIfhichfhoovu fruhoc.PonzIasvaWIIson,Iucdoconrf fhn
frong,dafchobaIbaocuamnhdudkhImfnMfphopdov
nhIf d fhua cua angfon o 4080 magahoc. |Tn s ma angfon da
duoc hIuchInhIa 4080 frIuchuky mIgIy,ung voIbuocsong
7,35 confImof). Ho fhng bao mf cach bnh d Ia Cac phop do
nhIf d fhuc su cua fIng n fu fhIn dInh... da cho mf fr s
khoang3,5K,caohonIafrschodoI,vahodafranhmoIsud
cpdnvufruhoc,frukhIdIuuyrang:MfsugIaIfhichcofh
chpnhnchonhIfdfIngnfhuadaquansafIasugIaIfhich
maIcko,PoobIo,RoIIvaWIIkIngsondaduarafrongmffhuban
docdangfrongsnay.
uc xa cuc ngan ma PonzIas va WIIson da kham pha ra co
fhuc Ia con sof IaI fu Iuc baf du cua vu fru khng7 Truoc khI
APH!T!TIN 51
chungfafIpfucxofdnfhinghImdaduocfInhanhfu1965d
gIaIdapcuhoInay,chungfacnphaIfuhoIfruochfchungfa
cho doI g v maf Iy fhuyf dy: cac finh chf chung cua buc xa
phaIchuadungfrongvufruIagnucacyfuongvufruhochIn
hanhIadungdan7CuhoInaydnchungfadnvIcxofxomcaI
gdaxayradIvoImfbucxakhIvufrugIanno-khngnhung
chIogIaIdoanfnghophafnhn,saubaphufdufIn,maconca
frongnhungkhoangfhoIgIandaIdangdacdafrIquafuIucdo.
OdyvIcbocachmfacdInvbucxanhusongdInfu
ma cho dn nay chung fa vn dung va, fhay vao do, dung quan
dImIuongfuhIndaIhon,chorangbucxagmnhunghafgoI
Ia phofon, so rf Ia co ich. Mf song anh sang bnh fhuong chua
mf s cuc ky Ion phofon chuyn dng cung voI nhau, nhung nu
chung fa dnh do nang Iuong ma doan song mang fhoo mf cach
chinhxac,chungfasofhyrangnoIunIunIamfbIsnaodo
cua mf Iuong nhf dnh, ma chung fa coI Ia nang Iuong cua mf
phofon don Io. Nhu chung fa so fhy, nang Iuong phofon fhuong
rf bo. Cho nn frong nhIu ap dung fhuc fIn mf song dIn fu
hunhukhngcomfnangIuongnao.TuynhIn,frongfuongfac
cua buc xa voI nguyn fu hoac haf nhn nguyn fu, mI In
fhuongcnmfphofon,vakhInghIncuunhungquafrnhdofa
cndungcachmfafhoophofonhonIafhoosong.PhofoncokhI
Iuong bang khng va dIn fich bang khng, nhung mac du vy,
chungIa nhung haf fhuc - mI mf phofon mang mfnangIuong
va mf xung Iuong xac dnh, hon nua con co mf spIn xac dnh
quanhhuongchuyndngcuano.
VIc g xay ra cho mf phofon nu no dI xuyn qua vu fru7
Khng g xay ra, dI voI vu fru hIn nay. Anh sang fu nhung vf
fhxakhoang10.000frIunamanhsanghnhnhudnvoIfarf
frIchay.Nhuvy,duconhIuvfchffrongkhoangkhnggIua
cacfhInhafhnocungdufrongsufdchocacphofoncofhdI
suf frong mf phn kha Ion cua fuI vu fru ma khng b fan xa
hoachpfhu.
Tuy nhIn, cac dch chuyn do cua cac fhIn ha xa xam noI
voIfarangvufrudanggIanno,nhuvycacfhanhphncuanoda
Steven Weinberg 52
coIucphaIduocnonchafhonbygIo.NhIfdcua mfchfIuu
fhuong fang In khI chf Iuu b non, nhu vy fa cung co fh suy
Iun rang vf chf cua vu fru frong qua khu da nong hon nhIu.
ThucrachungfafInrangdacomfIucmachungfasofhyrang
dakoodaIfrong700000namducuavufru,cacfhanhphncua
vufrudanongvacomfdcaodnmucchungdakhngfhkf
fu IaI fhanh nhung ngI sao va nhung fhIn ha va k ca cac
nguyn fu cung b pha vo ra fhanh cac haf nhn va oIocfron hop
phncuachung.
TrongnhungdIukInkhngfhunIoInhuvy,mfphofon
khng fh dI suf nhung khoang cach mnh mng ma khng b
canfro,nhufrongvufruhInnay.MfphofonIucdosogapfrn
duongdIcuanomfsrfIonoIocfronfudo,chungcofhddang
fanxahoachpfhuphofondo.NuphofonbmfoIocfronfanxa,
no fhuong so hoac mf dI mf phn nang Iuong cho oIocfron do
hoacnhnduocmfifnangIuongcuaoIocfron,vIcnayfuyfhuc
vaoIucduphofonconhIuhayifnangIuonghonoIocfron.ThoI
gIan fu do frung bnh ma phofon co fh dI xuyn fruoc khI nob
hpfhuhaybfhaydIvnangIuongmfcachdangkdaphaIIa
rfngan,nganhonnhIusovoIfhoIgIangIannodacfrungcuavu
fru.ThoIgIanfrungbnhfuongungcuacachafkhac,cacoIocfron
va cac haf nhn nguyn fu, IaI con phaI ngan hon nua. Nhu vy,
macdufhoomfynghIanaodo,vufrudagIannorfnhanhIuc
du,dIvoImfphofonhoacoIocfronhoachafnhndonIofhsu
gIan no da co nhIu fhoI gIan, du cho mI haf b fan xa hoac hp
fhuduocbucxaIaInhIuInfrongkhIvufrugIanno.
MoIhkIunay,frongdonhunghafdonIocofhoIgIodfraI
quanhIufuongfacsodIdnmffrangfhaIcnbang.Scachaf
voI nhung finh chf |v fri, nang Iuong, vn fc, spIn, v. v ...) o
frong mf khoang fr s nao do so dung IaI o mf gIa fr sao cho
mI gIy s haf b bf ra khoI khoang fr s do bang s haf duoc
duavaokhoangdo.Nhuvy,cacfinhchfcuamfhnhuvyso
khngduocxacdnhbangbfkydIukInbandunao,madung
hon xac dnh boI yu cu Ia su cn bang duoc duy fr. C nhIn,
su cn bang o dy khng co nghIa Ia cac haf b dong cung IaI -
APH!T!TIN 53
mI haf fhuong xuyn b cac haf Iang gIng cua no fhuc vao. NoI
khacdI,sucnbangcofinhfhngk-vIccachafduocphnb
v v fri, nang Iuong, v. v... Ia caI khng fhay dI, hoac fhay dI
chm.
Cn bang kIu fhng k do fhuong duoc goI Ia cn bang
nhIf, v mf frang fhaI cn bang nhu vy Iun Iun duoc dac
frung boI mf nhIf d xac dnh, no phaI dng du frong suf h.
Thucra,noIchochafcho,chIcoofrongfrangfhaIcnbangnhIf
fhnhIfdmoIduocdnhnghIamfcachchinhxac.NganhvfIy
IyfhuyfmanhmovasusacduocgoIIacohocfhngkchofa
mfcngcufoanhocdfinhcacfinhchfcuamoIhocnbang
nhIf.
Con duong dn dn cn bang nhIf gn gIng nhu phuong
fhuccocugIacafudIuchInhfrongkInhfhoccdIn.Nucu
vuof cung, gIa ca hang hoa so fang In Iam gIam cu fhuc f va
khuyn khich san xuf. Nu cung vuof cu, gIa ca so ha xung,
Iam fang cu fhuc f va Iam nan Iong san xuf. Trong ca haI
fruonghopcungvacusodIdncnbang.Cungnhuvynuco
qua nhIu hay qua if haf voI nang Iuong, vn fc, v. v... o frong
mf khoang fr s dac bIf nao do, fh xac suf ma chung roI bo
khoangdosoIaIonhonhaybohonxacsufmachungdIvaocho
dnkhIcnbangduocfhIfIp.
CnhIn,cocugIacakhngphaIIucnaocungdInranhu
IafrongkInhfhoccdIn,nhungngaycavvIcnay,sufuong
fuvnconcogIafr-nhIuhvfIyfrongfhgIoIfhucorfxa
frang fhaI cn bang nhIf. O frung fm cac ngI sao co su cn
bangnhIfhunhuhoanhao,chonnchungfacofhphongdoan
duoccacdIukInodyvoImfdfIncykhakha,nhungkhng
odufrnquadfcocnbangnhIf,chonnfakhngfhchacIa
ngaymaIcomuahaykhng.VufrudakhngIucnaoofrangfhaI
cnbangnhIfhoanhao,boIvdusaonocungdanggIanno.Tuy
nhIn, frong fhoI ky du khI fc d fan xa hoac hp fhu cua cac
hafdonIodaIanhanhhonnhIuInfcdgIannocuavufru,fh
vu fru co fh coI nhu Ia fIn hoa chm fu mf frang fhaI cn
Steven Weinberg 54
bang nhIf nay dn mf frang fhaI cn bang nhIf khac gn nhu
hoanhao.
IurfcnchoIpIuncuacunsachnayIavufrudamf
In nao do fraI qua mf frang fhaI cn bang nhIf. Thoo cac kf
Iuncuacohocfhngk,cacfinhchfcuamoIhofrangfhaIcn
bangnhIfduhoanfoanduocxacdnhmIkhIfadachonhIfd
cuahvamfdcuamfsifdaIIuongduocbaofoan|mafaso
noI nhIu hon frong chuong sau). Nhu vy, vu fru chI con gIu IaI
mfkyucrfhanchvcacdIukInbanducuano.VIcnayIa
dang fIc, nu caI chung fa mun Ia dung IaI cac dIu kIn ngay
Iucbandu,nhungnocungduocbubangvIcchungfacofhsuy
rasudInbIncuacacsukInfuIucbandumakhngcnqua
nhIugIafhuyffuyfIn.
Chung fa da fhy rang buc xa cuc ngan ma PonzIas va
WIIson kham pha ra duoc coI nhu con sof IaI fu Iuc ma vu fru o
frong mf frang fhaI cn bang nhIf. V vy, d fhy duoc nhung
finh chf g fa co fh mong doI v phng buc xa cuc ngan duoc
quansaf,faphaIfuhoI:Cacfinhchfchungcuabucxafrongcn
bangnhIfvoIvfchfIag7
Tnh co ma dy chinh Ia cu hoI ma v Ich su da Iam xuf
hIn Iy fhuyf Iuong fu va cach gIaI fhich buc xa fhoo phofon.
Trongnhungnam1890nguoIfadabIfrangnhungfinhchfcua
buc xa frong frang fhaI cn bang nhIf voI vn fc chI phu fhuc
vao nhIf d. NoI ro hon, Iuong nang Iuong frong don v fh fich
frongmfbucxanhuvyfrongbfcukhoangbuocsongnaocho
fruocduocchobangmfcngfhucvannang,chIbaogmcobuoc
songvanhIfd.CngfhucdocungchoIuongbucxaofrongmf
caIhpcovachmoduc,nhuvymfnhafhInvanvfuyncofh
dungcngfhucnaymfacuongdfIngnvfuynmangquan
saf fhoo mf nhIf d fuong duong. V can ban, cng fhuc do
cung cho Iuong buc xa phaf ra mI gIy va frn mI confImof
vung o mf buoc song nao do fu mf b maf hp fhu hoan foan,
chonnbucxaIoaIdofhuongduocgoIIabucxavfdon.NghIa
Ia,bucxavfdonduocdacfrungboImfphnbnangIuongxac
dnhfhoobuocsong,duocchoboImfcngfhucvannangchIphu
APH!T!TIN 55
fhucvaonhIfd.VndnongbongnhfdIvoIcacnhavfIyIy
fhuyfnhungnam1890Iafmraduoccngfhucdo.
CngfhucdungdanchobucxavfdonduocIudvIgPIanck
fmrafrongnhungfuncuIcuafhky19.
Hnh 7. Phn b PIanck : Mf d nang Iuong frn
mI khoang buoc song don v duoc vo Ia mf ham
cuabuocsong,dIvoIbucxavfdon,conhIfdIa
3K.|IvoImfnhIfdIonhon3KIafIn,fh
chI cn ruf ngan buoc song 1/f In va fang mf d
nangIuongInfmu5In).oanfhangcuaduong
bIu dIn o bn phaI duoc m fa gn dung bang
phn b RayIoIgh Joans don gIan hon; mf
duong voI d dc nhu vy duoc cho doI voI mf
nhomfruonghoprngraIngoaIfruonghopbucxa
vf don. oan dI xung rf dc v phia fraI Ia so
banchfIuongfucuabucxa,vaIamfnofdacfhu
cua buc xa vf don. oan duong co ghI buc xa
fhIn ha chI ro cuong d fIng n v fuyn fu
fhInhachungfasInhra.|CacmuIfnchIrobuoc
song cua phop do ban du cua PonzIas va WIIson,
vanuocsongfaIdomfnhIfdbucxacofhruf
ra fu nhung kf qua do su hp fhu boI frang fhaI
kichfhichquaydufIncuaxIanfrongkhnggIangIuacacsao).
angchinhxaccuakfquacuaPIanckduocchIraohnh7,
vo cho nhIf d dac bIf 3 K cua fIng n song cuc ngan vu fru
duocquansaf.CngfhucPIanckcofhfomfafmfcachdnhfinh
nhu sau: Trong mf hp chua dy buc xa vf don, nang Iuong o
mf khoang buoc song nao do fang vof In manh mo fhoo buoc
songdafmfcucdaIvasaudoIaIgIamxungdfngf.Phnb
PIanck nay Ia phn b van nang, khng phu fhuc vao ban chf
cua vfchfma buc xa fuong fac,ma chI phu fhuc vao nhIf d
cua no. Nhu hIn nay fhuong dung danh fu buc xa vf don chI
moI buc xa frong do su phn b nang Iuong fhoo buoc song khop
voI cng fhuc PIanck du buc xa co fhuc duoc phaf ra boI mf vf
donhaykhng.Nhuvy,ifnhfsuffrongkhoangmffrIunam
du fIn, khI buc xa va vf chf o frang fhaI cn bang nhIf, vu
fru chac da chua dy buc xa vf don voI mf nhIf d bang nhIf
dcuacacfhanhphnvfchffrongvufru.
Hnh 7. Phn b Planck
Steven Weinberg 56
Tm quan frong cua su finh foan cua PIanck da dI xa hon
vndbucxavfdon.VrangfrongdongdaduarayfuongmoI
rang, nang Iuong gm nhung phn rIng bIf, hay nhung Iuong
fu. Iuc du PIanck chI xof dn su Iuong fu hoa nang Iuong cua
vfchfocnbangvoIbucxa,nhungmfifnamsaudoInsfoIn
gIafhIfrangbanfhnbucxacunggmnhungIuongfu,saunay
goI Iaphofon.CacphaffrIndodndn,frongnhungnam 1920,
mf frong nhung cuc cach mang v nhn fhuc Ion frong Ich su
khoa hoc, su fhay fh co hoc c dIn boI mf ngn ngu hoan foan
moI,ngnngucuacohocIuongfu.
Chung fa khng co kha nang dI qua xa vao co hoc Iuong fu
frongcunsachnay.TuynhIn,socoichchofa,khIfmhIubIu
dIncuabucxafrongmfvufrugIannonufaxofxomsumfa
buc xa fhoo phofon dn dn cac nof Ion cua phn b PIanck nhu
fhnao.
Iy do d cho mf d nang Iuong cua buc xa vf don gIam
xungkhIbuocsongfhfIonIarfdongIan:khomadafgongho
buc xa frong mf fh fich nao ma kich fhuoc bo hon buoc song.
VIc nay co fh |va da duoc) hIu ma khng cn fhuyf Iuong fu,
chIfrncosofhuyfsongcuabucxa,chon.
Maf khac, su gIam mf d nang Iuong cua buc xa vf don o
nhungbuocsongrfngankhngfhgIaIfhichduocfrongmfsu
mfakhngIuongfuvbucxa.Mfhquaquonfhuccuacohoc
fhngkIaomfnhIfdnaododacho,rfkhomasansInhra
duoc mf IoaI haf hoac song hoac kich fhich khac ma nang Iuong
Ion hon mf Iuong xac dnh nao do, fy I voI nhIf d. Tuy nhIn,
nunhungsongconcuabucxacofhconhungnangIuongbofuy
yfhIucdosokhngcoghanchduocfngIuongbucxavfdon
o nhung buoc song fhf ngan. Khng nhung dIu nay mu fhun
voIfhucnghIm-manocondndnkfquafaIhoaIanangIuong
foanphncuabucxavfdonIavhan!Conduongfhoafduynhf
IachorangnangIuonggmnhungphnhaynhungIuongfuvoI
IuongnangIuongfrongmIphnfangInkhIbuocsonggIam,v
vy o mf nhIf d nao do da cho, so co rf if buc xa o cac buoc
song ngan ma voI chung cac phn co nang Iuong Ion. Trong cach
APH!T!TIN 57
phaf bIu cuI cung cua gIa fhIf do InsfoIn da d ra do, nang
IuongcuabfkyphofonnaocungfyInghchvoIbuocsong,omf
nhIfddachonaodo,bucxavfdonsochuarfifphofoncomf
nang Iuong qua Ion, va do do rf if phofon co mf buoc song qua
ngan,nhuvycafnghIaduocsugIammanhcuaphnbPIancko
nhungbuocsongngan.
NoIchorohon,nangIuongcuamfphofonvoImfbuocsong
mfconfImofIa0,000124oIocfron-vn,vaIonhon,mfcachfyI,
o nhung buoc song ngan hon. Iocfron - vn Ia mf don v nang
IuongfInIoI,bangnangIuongfhunhnduocboImfoIocfronkhI
chuyndngquamfdsuffhIamfvn.Vidu,mfdonpIn1,
5vnbnhfhuongfIuhao1,5oIocfron-vnchomIoIocfronma
no phong ra qua dy foc cua bong don. Thoo dnh Iuf InsfoIn,
nang Iuong cua mf phofon o buoc song cuc ngan 7, 35 confImof
ma PonzIas va WIIson da dIu huong angfon cua ho Ia 0, 000124
oIocfron-vnchIacho7,35cua0,000017oIocfron-vn.Mafkhac
mf phofon dIn hnh o mf vung anh sang fhy duoc so co mf
buoc song khoang mf phn haI muoI nghn confImof |5 x 10 mu
m 5 cm), nhu vy nang Iuong cua no so Ia 0, 000 124 oIocfron -
vnnhnvoI20.000,hoackhoang2,5oV.TrongcahaIfruonghop,
nangIuongcuamfphofonIarfbofinhfhoofhangvIm,dyIa
Iy do faI sao cac phofon hnh nhu nhp vao nhau fhanh nhung
IungbucxaIInfuc.
NhnfInnoIfhm,nangIuongfrongcacphanunghoahoc
fhuong Ia vao co mf oIocfron - vn mI nguyn fu hoac mI
oIocfron.Vidu,dbufmfoIocfronkhoImfnguynfuhydrcn
khoang 13, 6 oIocfron - vn, nhung do Ia mf su kIn hoa hoc
manhIIf.SukInphofonfronganhsangmaffroIcungconhung
nang Iuong khoang mf oIocfron - vn Ia v cung quan frong dI
voIchungfa;doIacaIchophopcacphofondofaoracacphanung
hoa hoc fI cn cho cuc sng, nhu Ia su quang hop. Cac nang
Iuong phan ung haf nhn fhuong vao co mf frIu oIocfron - vn
mIhafnhnnguynfu,doIaIydofaIsaomfpound|Pound:don
vkhIIuongAnhbang0,454kg|N).)pIufonIconangIuongn
cuakhoangmffrIupoundfhucnTNT.
Steven Weinberg 58
Cach m fa bang phofon cho phop fa hIu d dang cac finh
chf dnh finh chu yu cua buc xa vf don. Truoc hf, nhung
nguyn Iy cua co hoc fhng k cho fa bIf rang nang Iuong cua
phofon dIn hnh fy I voI nhIf d, frong khI dnh Iuf InsfoIn
chofabIfrangbfcubuocsongnaocuaphofondufyInghch
voI nang Iuong phofon. Tu do, kf hop ca haI dnh Iuf IaI voI
nhau,buocsongdInhnhcuaphofonfrongbucxavfdonIafyI
nghchvoInhIfd.NoImfcachdnhIuong,buocsongdInhnh
magndodasnangIuongcuabucxavfdonduocfpfrungIa
0, 29 cm o nhIf d 1 K, va o nhIf d cao hon fh nho hon, mf
cachfyI.
ChanghanmfvfkhngfrongsufomfnhIfdphong
bnh fhuong 300 K |bang 27 d C) so phaf ra buc xa vf don voI
mf buoc song dIn hnh bang 0,29 cm chIa cho 300, nghIa Ia
khoang mf phn nghn confImof. o Ia vao khoang cua buc xa
hng ngoaI va Ia mf buoc song qua daI ma maf fa khng frng
fhy. Maf khac, b maf cua maf froI o mf nhIf d khoang 5800
K,vakfquaIaanhsangmanophafrasomanhnhfobuocsong
khoang 0,29 cm chIa cho 5800, nghIa Ia khoang nam phn mf
fram nghn confImof |5 x 10 mu m 5 cm) hoac fuong duong,
khoang nam nghn angsfrom. |Mf angsfrom Ia mf phn fram
frIu hoac 10 mu m 8 xonfImof). Nhu da noI, do Ia vao gIua
khoangbuocsongmamaffacofhnhnduoc,machungfagoIIa
buoc song fhy duoc. Su kIn cac buoc song qua ngan caf nghIa
vsaomaIchodndufhkyfhu19anhsangmoIduockhampha
raIacobanchfsong;chIkhInaochungfaquansafanhsangdI
qua nhung I fhf Ia bo fh fa moI co fh d y dn nhung hIn
fuongdacfrungchosufruynsongnhuhInfuongnhIuxa.
ChungfacungdafhyrangsugIammfdnangIuongcua
buc xa vf don o nhung buoc song daI Ia do kho daf buc xa vao
frong mf fh fich ma kich fhuoc nho hon buoc song. Thuc ra,
khoangcachfrungbnhgIuacacphofonfrongbucxavfdongn
bang buoc song dIn hnh cua phofon. Nhung chung fa cung da
fhy rang buoc song dIn hnh do fy I nghch voI nhIf d, nhu
vykhoangcachfrungbnhgIuacacphofoncungfyInghchvoI
APH!T!TIN 59
nhIf d. S vf fh moI IoaI frong mf fh fich nhf dnh fy I
nghchvoIIpphuongcua khoang cachfrungbnhcua chung, do
dofrongbucxavfdon,dnhIufIasphofonfrongmffhfich
chofruocfyInghchvoIIpphuongnhIfd.
ChungfacofhkfhopnhungfhngfIndodruframfvaI
kf Iun v Iuong nang Iuong frong buc xa vf don. Nang Iuong
mIIif,hoacmfdnangIuong,chIdongIanIasphofonmIIif
nhnvoInangIuongfrungbnhcuamIphofon.Nhungchungfa
dafhyrangsphofonmIIiffyIvoIIpphuongnhIfdfrong
khI nang Iuong frung bnh cua phofon chI don gIan Ia fy I voI
nhIfd.TudonangIuongmIIiffrongbucxavfdonIafyIvoI
IpphuongnhIfdnhnvoInhIfd,hoacnoIcachkhacfyIvoI
Iuy fhua bn nhIf d. NoI mf cach dnh Iuong, mf d nang
IuongcuabucxavfdonIa4,72oIocfron-vnmIIifonhIfd1
K,47.200oIocfron-vnmIIifonhIfd10K,v.v...|yIadnh
IufSfofan-oIfzmann).NufIngnsongcucnganmaPonzIas
vaWIIsondakhamphaduocquafhucIabucxavfdonvoInhIf
d 3 K, fh mf d nang Iuong cua nophaI Ia4,72oIocfron-vn
mIIifnhnvoIbamubn,hoackhoang380oIocfron-vnmIIif.
KhInhIfdIamfnghnInIonhon,fhmfdnangIuongdaIa
mffrIu|10mu12)InIonhon.
ygIochungfacofhfrovngungccuabucxacucngan
fandu.ChungfafhyrangdaphaIcomfIucvufrunongvaco
mf d cao dn muc cac nguyn fu da b phn fach ra fhanh cac
hafnhnvacacoIocfroncuachungvasufanxacacphofonboIcac
oIocfronfudodaduyfrmfcnbangnhIfgIuavfchfvabuc
xa.
ThoI gIan frI dI, vu fru gIan no va Ianh dI dn Iuc daf mf
nhIf d |khoang 3000 K) du Ianh d cho phop cac haf nhn va
oIocfronkfhopfhanhnguynfu.|TrongcacsachvvfIyfhIn
van,vIcnayfhuongduocgoIIasufaIhop,mfdanhfudacbIf
khngfhichhop,voIucfadangxoffhcachafnhnvaoIocfron
frong Ich su fruoc do cua vu fru chua bao gIo duoc ghop fhanh
nguyn fu!). Su mf dI df ngf cac oIocfron fu do Iam gIan doan
Steven Weinberg 60
sufIpxucnhIfgIuabucxavavfchfvabucxasaudofIpfuc
gIannomfcachfudo.
KhI vIc do xay ra, nang Iuong frong fruong hop buc xa o
nhung buoc song khac nhau duoc quy dnh boI cac dIu kIn cn
bang nhIf, va do do duoc cho boI cng fhuc vf don cua PIanck
ungvoImf nhIfdbangnhIfdcua vfchf,khoang3000K.
ac bIf, buoc song phofon dIn hnh da phaI vao khoang mf
mIcromof|mfphnmuoInghnconfImof,hoac10000angsfrom)
va khoang cach frung bnh gIua cac phofon da vao co buoc song
dInhnhdo.
VIcgdaxayravoIcacphofonfudo7CacphofonrIngIoda
khng duoc sInh ra hoac huy dI, do do khoang cach frung bnh
gIua cac phofon chI don gIan fang In fy I voI kich fhuoc cua vu
fru, nghIa Ia fy I voI khoang cach frung bnh gIua cac fhIn ha
dIn hnh. Nhung chung fa da fhy frong chuong fruoc rang fac
dungcuadchchuyndovufruhocIakoodaIbuocsongcuamoI
fIasangfrongkhIvufrugIanno;nhuvy,cacbuocsongcuamI
mfphofonrIngIocungdongIanfangfyIvoIkichfhuoccuavu
fru.odo,cacphofonsoocachxanhaumfbuocsongdInhnh
dungnhudIvoIbucxavfdon.Quafhf,cufIpfucIpIundo
mf cach dnh Iuong, nguoIfaco fh chI ro rang buc xa chua dy
frong vu fru co fh fIp fuc duoc m fa mf cach chinh xac bang
cng fhuc vf don cua PIanck, frong qua frnh vu fru gIan no,du
rangbucxadokhngconofrangfhaIcnbangnhIfvoIvfchf
nua|xomchufhichfoanhoc4).KfquaduynhfcuasugIanno
IaIamfangbuocsongphofondInhnhfyIvoIkichfhuoccuavu
fru. NhIf d cua buc xa vf don fy I nghch voI buoc song dIn
hnh,nhuvynosogIamfrongkhIvufrugIannomfcachfyI
nghchvoIkichfhuoccuavufru.
Chang han, PonzIas va WIIson da fm fhy rang cuong d
cuaphngbucxacucnganmahodaphafhInungvoImfnhIf
dvaokhoang3K.oIaconscofhchodoInuvufrudanora
gp1000InsovoIIucnhIfddaconducao|3000K)dgIuvf
chf va buc xa o cn bang nhIf. Nu cach gIaI fhich do Ia dung,
fh phng v fuyn 3 K Ia fin hIu c xua nhf ma cac nha fhIn
APH!T!TIN 61
van nhn duoc, v no da duoc phaf ra fruoc ca anh sang fu cac
fhInhaxaxamnhfmafacofhnhnfhyrfIu.
NhungPonzIasvaWIIsondadocuongdcuaphngvfuyn
vufruchIobuocsong7,35confImofmafhI.Rorangrfcnxof
gp d xom phaI chang su phn b nang Iuong buc xa fhoo buoc
songcoduocmfabangcngfhucPIanckvvfdonnhunguoIfa
cofhmongdoInuquafhfnoIabucxafandudadchchuyn
vphiadoconsofIaIfumffhoIkynaodomavfchfvabucxa
cua vu fru o cn bang nhIf. Nu nhu vy fh nhIf d fuong
duongfinhbangcachIamkhopcuongdfIngnvfuynquan
safduoc voIcngfhucpIanckphaIcomfgIafrnhunhauomoI
buocsong7,35confImofmaPonzIasvaWIIsondanghIncuu.
Nhu fa da fhy, ngay Iuc PonzIas va WIIson fIn hanh su
kham pha cua ho, da co mf c gang khac dang fIn hanh o Nov
JorsoydphafhInramfphngbucxacucnganvufru.IInsau
haI ban cng b du fIn cua cac nhom o cac phong fhi nghIm
oIIvaPrIncofon,RoIIvaWIIkInsondaIoanbaokfquarIngcua
ho: nhIf d fuong duong cua phng buc xa o buoc song 3,2
confImof Ia o gIua 2, 5 va 3, 5 K. NghIa Ia, voI saI s cua fhi
nghIm, cuong d cua phng vu fru o buoc song 3,2 confImof Ion
honsovoIo7,35confImoffhoodungfyImanguoIfacofhcho
doInunhubucxaduocmfabangcngfhucPIanck!
Tu 1965, cuong d cua buc xa fan du cuc ngan da duoc cac
nhafhInvanvfuyndoohonmffabuocsongfu7,35confImof
dn 0,33 confImof. MI phop do nay du khop voI mf phn b
nangIuongfhoobuocsongcuaPIanck,voImfnhIfdgIua2,7K
va3K.
Tuy nhIn, fruoc khI kf Iun ngay rang do chinh Ia buc xa
vfdon,faphaInhorang buocsongdIn hnh maodophnb
PIanck daf cuc daI, Ia 0,29 confImof. Nhu vy ff ca cac phop do
song cuc ngan do da duoc fIn hanh o v phia buoc song daI cua
cucdaIfrnphnbPIanck.Nhungfadafhyrangdfangmf
dnangIuongkhIbuocsonggIamophnnaycuaphdungIado
khodafnhungbuocsongdaIvaofrongnhungfhfichnho,vavIc
Steven Weinberg 62
docungsoxayravoImfIoafIonnhungfruongbucxa,kcabuc
xadakhngduocsansInhrafrongdIukIncnbangnhIf|cac
nha fhIn van v fuyn goI phn nay cua ph Ia vung RayIoIgh -
Joans,vnoduocRayIoIghvaJamosJoansphnfichdufIn).
xac mInh vIc fa qua fhf gap buc xa vf don, cn phaI vuof qua
dIm cuc daI frn phn b PIanck dn vung buoc song ngan, va
kImframfdnangIuongcofhucgIamkhIbuocsonggIam,nhu
fhuyfIuongfufIndoanhaykhng.VoIcacbuocsongnganhon
0,1 confImof, fhuc ra chung fa da o ngoaI pham vI hoaf dng cua
cacnhafhInvandosongvfuynhaysongcucngan,varoIvao
mfnganhmoIhonIafhInvanhngngoaI.
TIc fhay bu khi quyn cua hanh fInh chung fa, hu nhu
frongsufdIvoIcacbuocsongfrn0,3confImof,fronncangmo
ducdIvoInhungbuocsongcangngan.HnhnhukhocomfdaI
fhInvanvfuynnaodaffrnmafdf,duxycffrnnuIcao,
macofhdophngbucxavufruonhungbuocsongnganhon0,3
confImof.
Cung kha Ia Iung Ia phng buc xa da duoc do o nhung buoc
songnganhonkhaIufruocbfcucngfrnhfhInvannaonoIo
chuongnay,vaIadomfnhafhInvanquanghocchukhngphaI
Ia mf nha fhIn van v fuyn hay hng ngoaI! Trong chom sao
OphIuchus | NguoI mang ran hoac Xa phu) co mf dam my
khi gIua cac ngI sao, fnh co nam gIua qua df va mf ngI sao
nong,songkhngcogkhacdangdy,Oph.PhcuaOphconhIu
vach don khng bnh fhuong, chung noI In rang dam khi do hp
fhuanhsangonhIubuocsongngan.ChungIacacbuocsongma
o do phofon co dung cac nang Iuong cn d cam ung nhung su
chuyn frong cac phn fu cua dam my khi, fu nhung frang fhaI
nangIuongfhpdnnhungfrangfhaIconangIuongcaohon.|Cac
phnfu,cungnhunguynfu,chIfnfaIonhungfrangfhaIgIan
doanhayconangIuongduocIuongfuhoa).Nhuvy,bangcach
quansafcacbuocsongmaodoxufhIncacvachdon,cofhsuy
ramfcaIgdovbanchfcacphnfunay,vavcacfrangfhaI
cuachung.
APH!T!TIN 63
Mffrongnhung vachhpfhufrongphcuaOphIaobuoc
song3875angsfrom|38,75phnfrIuconfImof),nochofhyfrong
dam my gIuacac ngI sao fn faI mfphnfu, goI Ia xIan |CN),
gm mf nguyn fu cacbon va mf nguyn fu nIfo. NoI mf cach
chaf cho, xIan |CN) phaI duoc goI Ia mf gc, nghIa Ia frong
nhung dIu kIn bnh fhuong no kf hop nhanh chong voI nhung
nguynfukhacdfaofhanhnhungphnfubnhonnhuchfdc
axIf xIanhydrIc |HCN). Trong khoang khng gIua cac v sao, CN
rfIabn).
Nam 1941, W. S. Adams va A. McKoIIar kham pha ra rang
vachhpfhunayfhucraIabfachra,gmcobafhanhphnvoI
buoc song 3874,608 angsfrom, 3875,763 angsfrom va 3873,998
angsfrom.uocsonghpfhuduungvoIsuchuyndngfrongdo
phnfuxIanduocnngfufrangfhaInangIuongfhpnhfcuano
| frang fhaI co ban) In mf frang fhaI dao dng va duoc mong
doIcungsoduocfaorangaykhIxIanonhIfdkhng.TuynhIn,
haI vach kIa chI co fh duoc fao nn boI nhung su chuyn dng
frongdophnfuduocnngInfumffrangfhaIquayosafngay
frn frang fhaI co ban dn nhIu frang fhaI dao dng khac. Nhu
vy, mf fy I kha Ion cua cac phn fu xIan frong dam my nam
gIua cac ngI sao phaI o frang fhaI quay do. ang cach su dung
hIu nang Iuong bIf duoc gIua frang fhaI co ban va frang fhaI
quay va cac cuong d fy dI quan saf duoc cua cac vach hp fhu
khac nhau, McKoIIar da co fh nng phn fu xIan In frang fhaI
quay.
IucdokhngcoIydonaodIInhnhIuIoanbimfdovoI
ngun gc vu fru, va vIc nay khng duoc chu y dn nhIu. Tuy
nhIn,sausukhampharaphngbucxavufruo3Knam1965,
nguoIfadanhnfhucduoc|CoorgoIoId,.S.ShkIovskyvaN.J.
WooIf)rangchinhnoIanhIuIoanquansafduocnam1941,noda
Iam quay cac phn fu xIan frong cac dam my OphIuchus. uoc
song cua cac phofon buc xa vf don cn d fao ra su quay do Ia
0,263 confImof, ngan hon bf cu buoc song nao ma nganh fhIn
vanvfuyncocosodaffrnmafdfcofhquansafduoc,nhung
Steven Weinberg 64
vn chua du ngan d fhu nghIm su gIam nhanh buoc song duoI
0,1cmduocchodoIchomfsuphnbPIacko3K.
KfuIucdodacomfsufmkImnhungvachhpfhukhac
do su kich fhich cac phn fu xIan o nhung frang fhaI quay khac
nhau. Quan saf nam 1974 v su hp fhu do frang fhaI quay fhu
haIcuaxIangIuacacvsaodachophopuocfinhcuongdbucxao
buoc song 0,132 confImof cung ung voI nhIf d khoang 3 K. Tuy
nhIn, nhung quan saf nhu vy cho dn dy moI chI cho nhung
gIoIhanfrnvmfdnangIuongbucxaonhungbuocsongngan
hon 0,1 confImof. Cac kf qua do fhf Ia dang phn khoI, boI v
chungchIrorangmfdnangIuongbucxadungIabafdugIam
nhanh chong o mf buoc song nao do chung quanh 0,1 confImof,
nhunguoIfamongdoInudoIabucxavfdon.TuynhIn,nhung
gIoI han frn nay khngcho phopfakIm fra rang dochinhfhf
Iabucxavfdon,hoacxacdnhmfnhIfdbucxachinhxac.
ChI co fh gIaI quyf duoc vn d nay bang cach dua mf
fhIfbfhuhngngoaIvuofrakhoIkhiquynquadf,hoacbang
mfkhicu,hoacbangmffnIua.CacfhinghImdoIavcung
khokhanvaIucduchonhungkfquamufhunnhau,khIfh
khuynkhichnhungnguoIunghmhnhvufruhocchun,khI
fhkhuynkhichnhungnguoIchngIaImhnhdo.Mfnhomsu
dung fn Iua o CornoII da fm fhy nhIu buc xa o nhung buoc
song ngan hon Ia fhoo phn b vf don cua PIanck, frong khI do
mf nhom su dung khi cu o M. I. T. nhn duoc nhung kf qua
phuhopdaIkhaIvoInhungkfquaduocchodoIdIvoIbucxavf
don.CahaInhomfIpfuccngvIccuahovavaonam1972cahaI
dufhngbaokfqua,chungfocomfphnbdonvoImfnhIf
dgn3K.Nam1976mfnhomsudungkhicuoorkoIoycung
cngnhnrangmfdnangIuongbucxafIpfuchafhpdIvoI
nhung buoc song ngan frong khoang fu 0,25 confImof dn 0,06
confImoffhoofinhfoanmongdoIdIvoInhIfd3K,xxich0,1
K.HInnayhunhucofhkfIunrangphngbucxavufruqua
fhucIabucxavfdon,voInhIfdgn3K.
obfcuIucnaoIufruockhIcacphncuavufrufrofhanh
frongsuf,vufrudacofhxomnhuchuyubaogmbucxa,chI
APH!T!TIN 65
nhImmfchufifvfchf.MfdnangIuongfoIoncuabucxa
frongvufrusokhaIbmfdIdosudchchuyncuabuocsongcua
cacphofonvphiadofrongkhIvufrugIanno,IamchosunhIm
hafhafnhnvaoIocfronIonIn,faonncacvsaovacacfangda
vacacsInhvfIoncuavufruhInnay.
O dy ban doc co fh fu hoI faI sao vn d nay khng fh
duoc kf Iun bang mf cach don gIan Ia daf mf fhIf b hng
ngoaI frong mf v fInh nhn fao cua qua df Iuc nao cung san
sangfInhanhnhungphopdochinhxacofhfcaobnngoaIkhi
quyncuaquadf.TIkhngfhfchacfaIsaovIcnayIaIkhng
fh Iam duoc. Iy do fhuong dua ra Ia d do duoc nhIf d buc xa
fhpnhu3K,cnIamIanhfhIfbbanghIIIong|mffaIIanh)
va vn d mang mf fhIf b Iam Ianh nhu vy frn mf v fInh
nhn fao cua qua df chua duoc gIaI quyf ff v maf ky fhuf.
Tuy nhIn, nguoI fa da khng fh suy nghI duoc rang nhung
nghIn cuu fhuc vu fru nhu vy xung dang duoc chIa mf phn
IonhonngnquynghIncuuvufru.
Tm quan frong cua vIc fIn hanh nhung quan saf o bn
ngoaIkhiquyn cuaqua df IaI cang duoc fhy rohonkhIfaxof
phnbphngbucxavufrufhoohuongcungnhufhoobuocsong.
MoIquansafchodndyphuhopvoImfphngbucxahoanfoan
dang huong, nghIa Ia khng phu fhuc vao huong. Nhu da noI o
chuong frn, doIa mf frong nhung bangchung manh nhfbnh
vuc cho nguyn Iy vu fru hoc. Tuy nhIn, rf kho ma phn bIf
duoc mf su phu fhuc vao huong co fh co duoc cua ban fhn
phng buc xa vu fru voI mf su phu fhuc vao huong chI do fac
dngcuakhiquynquadf;quafhucfrongcacphopdonhIfd
phng buc xa, phng buc xa duoc phn bIf voI buc xa khi quyn
quadfbangcachchorangnoIadanghuong.
IuIamchosuphufhuchuongcuaphngbucxacucngan
fhanhramfvndnghIncuuhpdnnhuvyIacuongdbuc
xanaykhngduoccoIIahoanfoandanghuong.Cofhconhung
fhang gIang cua cuong d voI nhung fhay dI nho v huong, phaf
sInhraboIsukhngfhffronfrInhcuavufruhoacvaoIucbuc
xa duoc phaf ra hoac fu Iuc do. Chang han, cac fhIn ha frong
Steven Weinberg 66
nhung fhoI ky fao fhanh du fIn co fh hIn ra nhu nhung vf
nong frn bu froI, voI mf nhIf d vf don cao hon frung bnh
mfchuf,Ianrngkhoangfrnnuaphufcung.Thmvaodohu
nhu chac chan co mf bIn fhIn nho nho cua cuong d buc xa
quanhkhapbufroI,gyraboIsuchuyndngcuaquadfxuyn
qua vu fru. Qua df dI quanh maf froI voI fc d 30 kIImof mI
gIy,vahmaffroIduockoofhoosuquaycuafhInhacuachung
fa voI mf fc d khoang 250 kIImof mI gIy. Khng aI bIf ro
vnfccuafhInhachungfasovoIsuphnbcacfhInhadIn
hnhfrongvufru,nhungcofhchorangnochuyndngvaIfram
kIImof mI gIy fhoo mf huong nao do. Nu, chang han, fa gIa
fhIf rang qua df chuyn dng voI mf vn fc 300 kIIomof mI
gIy so voI vf chf cua vu fru, va fu do so voI phng buc xa, fh
buoc song cua buc xa dI dn fa nguoc chIu hoac cung chIu
chuyndngcuaquadfphaIfuongunggIamhoacfangfhoofyI
gIua 300 kIImof mI gIy va vn fc anh sang, hoac 0,1 phn
fram.Nhuvy,nhIfdbucxafangfuongduongphaIbInfhIn
nhofhoohuong,novaokhoang0,1phnframcaohonfrungbnh
fhoo huong nguoc chIu chuyn dng cua qua df va vao khoang
0,1phnframfhphonfrungbnhfhoohuongcungchIuchuyn
dngcuaquadf.
TrongnhungnamcuIgndygIoIhanfrnffnhfvmf
suphufhucvaohuongnaodocuanhIfdbucxafuongduongIa
dung vao khoang 0,1 phn fram, nhu vy, chung fa dang o frong
fnh frang kh so Ia co fh phn nao nhung khng hoan foan do
duoc vn fc chuyn dng cua qua df xuyn qua vu fru. Khng
fhgIaIquyfduocvndnaychodnkhIcacphopdoduocfIn
hanh fu nhung v fInh bay quanh qua df. |KhI chua In cuI
cungsachnay,fIdanhnduocbanfInfucs1vvfInhfham
hIm phng vu fru cua John Mafhor o N. A. S. A |Co quan quc
gIanghIncuuvvufruvahangkhngcuaMy|N).).Nofhng
bao su b nhIm mf dI gm sau nha khoa hoc duoI su Ianh dao
cuaRaInIorWoIssoM.I.T.,dnghIncuumfphopdokhadIv
phng buc xa cuc ngan va hng ngoaI fu khoang khng vu fru.
Chuchofhanhcng!).
APH!T!TIN 67
ChungfadanoIrangphngbucxacucnganvufruchomf
bangchungmanhmorangdacoIucbucxavavfchfcuavufru
o frong mf frang fhaI cn bang nhIf. Tuy nhIn, chung fa vn
chuakfIungsusacvmafvufruhocfufrsquansafduoc
cua nhIf d buc xa fuong duong, 3 K. Thuc ra, nhIf d buc xa
nay cho phop fa xac dnh con s frong yu nhf ma chung fa cn
dfhoodoIIchsucuabaphufdufIn.
Nhufadafhy,obfkynhIfdnaodachofruocsphofon
frongmfdonvfhfichIafyInghchvoIIpphuongbuocsong
dIn hnh, va do do fy I fhun voI Ip phuong nhIf d. VoI mf
nhIfdchinhxacIa1Ksoco20282,9phofonmIIifdodophng
bucxa3Kchuakhoang550000phofonmIIif.TuynhIn,mfd
cuacachafnhn|nofronvaprofon)frongvufruhInnayIaodu
dygIua6va0,03hafmInghnIif.|CIoIhanfrnIagpdImf
d foI han fhao Iun o chuong II; gIoI han duoI Ia mf s phong
doanfhpvmfdhInquansafduococacfhInhanhnfhy).
Nhuvy,fuyfhoogIafrfhuccuamfdhaf,covaokhoanggIua
100frIuva20nghnfrIuphofondIvoImIhafnhnfrongvu
fruhInnay.
Hon nua, fy I fo Ion nay cua phofon frn haf nhn da gn
nhuIahangsfrongmffhoIgIanrfdaI.SuffrongfhoIkyma
buc xa da gIan no fu do |fu khI nhIf d fuf xung duoI khoang
3000 K), cac phofon cua phng va cac haf nhn da khng duoc
sInhramacungkhngbhuydI,chonnfyIgIuachungduong
nhIn vn khng dI. Ta so fhy frong chuong sau rang fy I do
gnnhukhngdI,ngaycafruocdo,khImanhung phofonrIng
IoduochnhfhanhvabhuydI.
o Ia kf Iun dnh Iuong quan frong nhf co fh ruf ra fu
nhungphop do vphng bucxa cuc ngan -nhnnguoc IaI v qua
khuxaxamnhfcuaquadf,dacofyIfu100frIudn20.000
frIu phofon frn mI nofron hoac profon. cho khoI Ip Io mf
cachkhngcnfhIf,fIsoIyfronconsnayfrongcacIpIun
sau,vagIafhIf|dmInhhoa)rangbygIocovafruockIadaco
dung 1000 frIu phofon cho mI haf nhn, frong cac phn frung
bnhcuavufru.
Steven Weinberg 68
Mf h qua rf quan frong cua kf Iun nay Ia su fach vf
chffhanhcacfhInhavacacvsaodachuafhbafduduoccho
dn khI nhIf d vu fru ha xung dn muc cac oIocfron co fh b
bafd fao fhanh cacnguynfu. cho Iuchpdn cofh faora
su kf khI vf chf fhanh nhung mang rIng Io ma Novfon da
hnhdung,fhIuchpdnphaIfhangapsufcuavfchfvabuc
xa IIn kf. Iuc hp dn o frong mI khI moI hnh fhanh fang
fhoo kich fhuoc cua khI, frong khI ap suf khng phu fhuc vao
kich fhuoc; do do o mI ap suf va mf d cho fruoc, co mf khI
IuongfIfhIucofhgyrasukfkhIdohpdn.KhIIuong
nay duoc goI Ia khI Iuong Joans, boI v no duoc Jamos Joans
dua vao du fIn frong cac fhuyf v su hnh fhanh cac ngI sao
nam1902.KhIIuongJoansIaIfyIvoIIuyfhua3/2cuaapsuf
|xomchufhichfoanhoc5).ungfruockhIcacoIocfronbafdub
baf d fao cac nguyn fu, o mf nhIf d khoang 3000 K, ap suf
cua buc xa rf Ia fo Ion, va khI Iuong Joans do do Ion mf cach
fuongung,khoangmffrIuInIonhonkhIIuongcuamffhIn
haIon.KhngcofhInhanaovacungchangcochumfhInhanao
du Ion d duoc hnh fhanh Iuc do. Tuy nhIn, mf fhoI gIan ngan
saudocacoIocfronkfhopvoIcachafnhndfaofhanhnguyn
fu; khI nhung oIocfron fu do mf dI, vu fru fro fhanh frong suf
dIvoIbucxa;vanhuvyapsufbucxafrofhanhvhIu.Omf
nhIfdvamfdchofruoc,apsufcuavfchfhoacbucxachI
don gIanIafyI voIshaf hoacphofon, nhu vykhIapsufbuc
xa fro fhanh v hIu fh ap suf hIu dung foan phn fuf xung
khoang mf nghn frIu In. KhI Iuong Joans gIam xung mf
nghn frIu mu ba phn haI In, fhanh khoang mf phn frIu
khIIuongcuamffhInha.TuIucdovsau,apsufvfchffu
noquayunnkhngfhchngIaIsukfkhIcuavfchffhanh
cacfhInhamafafhyfrnbufroI.
Iu nay vn chua noI In rang chung fa fhuc su hIu cac
fhInhaduochnhfhanhnhufhnao.Iyfhuyfvsuhnhfhanh
cacfhInhaIamffrongnhungbaIfoanhocbuanhfcuavfIy
fhIn van, mf baI foan ma hIn nay hnh nhu con Iu moI gIaI
duoc.NhungdoIaIIachuynkhac.IvoIfa,dIuquanfrongIa
APH!T!TIN 69
frongvufrusokhaI,onhungnhIfdfrnkhoang3000K,vufru
khngphaIbaogmcacfhInhavacacvsaomafafhyfrnbu
froI hIn nay, ma chI Ia mf fhu xup vf chf va buc xa da duoc
IonhoavakhngphnbIfduoc.
Mf h qua quan frong khac cua fy I Ion phofon frn haf
hafnhnIachacdacoIuc,fuongdIkhngxafrongquakhu,ma
nang Iuong buc xa da Ia Ion hon nang Iuong chua frong vf chf
vufru.NangIuongchuafrongkhIIuongcuamfhafnhn,duoc
choboIcngfhucInsfoIn=mc2,vaokhoang939frIuoIocfron
-vn.NangIuongfrungbnhcuamfphofonfrongbucxavfdon
o 3 K Ia nho hon nhIu, khoang 0,0007 oIocfron - vn, do do du
rang voI 1000 frIu phofon mI nofron hoac profon, da s nang
Iuong cua vu fru hIn nay Ia duoI dang vf chf chu khng phaI
buc xa. Tuy nhIn, xua kIa nhIf d cao hon, cho nn nang Iuong
cua mI phofon cao hon, frong khI nang Iuong frong mf nofron
hoac phofon Iun Iun khng dI. VoI 1000 frIu phofon cho mI
hafnhn,dchonangIuongbucxavuofquanangIuongvfchf,
chI cn nang Iuong frung bnh cua mf phofon vf don Ion hon
khoang mf phn nghn frIu nang Iuong cua khIIuong mf haf
nhn,hoackhoangmfoIocfron-vn.yIafruonghopnhIfd
Iucvaokhoang1300InIonhonbygIo,nghIaIavaokhoang4000
K.NhIfddodanhdusuchuynfIpgIuamffhoIdaIbucxa
ngufr,frongdophnIonnangIuongcuavufruoduoIdangbuc
xa,vafhoIdaIvfchfngufrhInnay,frongdophnIonnang
IuongnamfrongkhIIuongcuacachafhafnhn.
ThfIadangngacnhInrangsuchuynfIpgIuamfvufru
buc xa ngu fr dn mf vu fru vf chf ngu fr da xay ra dung
khoangIucmacacphncuavufrufronnfrongsufchobucxao
vao khoang 3000 K. Khng aI bIf fhf ro faI sao no phaI Ia nhu
vy,durangdaconhunggoIyhpdn.TacungkhngbIfrosu
chuynfIpnaoxayradufIn:nuIucdoco10.000frIuphofon
chomIhafhafnhnfhbucxadafIpfucfhangvfchfchodn
khInhIfdhaxung400K,maIIusaukhIcacphncuavufru
fronnfrongsuf.
Steven Weinberg 70
Cacsukhngchacchannaysokhngcoanhhuongdncu
chuyn cua chung fa v vu fru so khaI. Iu quan frong dI voI
chungfaIaobfcuIucnaoIufruockhIcacphncuavufrufro
fhanh frongsuf,vufrudacofhxomnhuchuyubaogm buc
xa,chInhImmfchufifvfchf.MfdnangIuongfoIoncua
bucxafrongvu frusokhaIbmfdIdosudchchuyncuabuoc
song cuacac phofon v phia dofrongkhI vu fru gIan no,Iam cho
su nhIm haf haf nhn va oIocfron Ion In, fao nn cac v sao va
cacfangdavacacsInhvfIoncuavufruhInnay.
APH!T!TIN 71
MOTTOACHOV!TR!NONC
Cac quan saf fhao Iun frong haI chuong vua qua da phaf
hIn ra rang vu fru dang gIan no, va no chua dymf phng buc
xaokhapmoInoI,hInnayonhIfdkhoang3K.ucxadocovo
IaconroIrofIaIfumffhoIkyIavufruquafhucIaduc,khIno
vaokhoang1000InbohonvanonghonhInnay.|IunIunnho
IakhIfanoIrangvufru1000InbohonhInnay,fadongIanchI
munnoIrangkhoangcachgIuabfcucaphafdInhnhnaocho
fruocIucdocungIa1000InbohonhInnay).xomnhumfsu
chun b cuI cung cho cu chuyn a phuf du fIn cua fa, fa
phaInhnIaInhungfhoIkyconxuahon,khIvufruconbohonva
nong hon nua kIa, bang cach su dung nhan quan Iy fhuyf, chu
khngphaInhungkinhfhInvanquanghochayvfuyndxom
xofcacdIukInvfIyngufrIucdo.
VaocuIchuongIII,faIuuyrangkhIvufrubohonhInnay
1000 In, va cac phn vf chf cua no sap fhanh frong suf cho
bucxafhvufrucungchuynfufhoIkybucxangufrsangfhoI
kyvfchfngufrhInnay.TrongfhoIkybucxangufr,khng
nhungchIcosIuongfoIonphofonchomIhafnhnnhushIn
congaynay,manangIuongcuacacphofonrIngIodaducaod
chophnIonnangIuongcuavufruoduoIdangbucxa,chukhng
phaIdangkhIIuong.|NhorangphofonIanhunghafhoacIuong
fumafudo,fhoofhuyfIuongfu,anhsangduochopfhanh).o
do,cofhIamfsugndungkhaffnuxomvufrufrongfhoIky
donhufhchIchuabucxamafhI,canbankhngcovfchf.
Mf su nhn xof quan frong phaI duoc dua frong khI phaf
bIu kf Iun nay. Ta so fhy frong chuong nay rang fhoI ky buc
xa don fhun chI baf du sau vaI phuf du fIn, khI nhIf d ha
xung duoI vaI nghn frIu d KoIvIn. O nhung fhoI ky fruoc do,
vf chf da Ia quan frong, nhung vf chf o duoI mf dang rf
Steven Weinberg 72
khac dang hIn nay cua vu fru. Tuy nhIn, fruoc khI chung fa
nhnIaImfquakhuxanhuvy,fruocfInfahayxofvanfaffhoI
ky buc xa fhuc su, fu vaI phuf du fIn cho dn vaI fram nghn
namsaukhIvfchfIaIfrofhanhquanfronghonbucxa.
fhoodoIIchsuvufrufrongfhoIkydo,ffcanhungcaI
gchungfacnbIfIamoIvfnhufhnaoomffhoIdImbfky
cho fruoc. Hoac noI cach khac, frong khI vu fru gIan no, nhIf d
IInhvoIkichfhuoccuavufrunhufhnao7
SodfraIoIcuhoInaynucofhcoIbucxaIaduocgIanno
fu do. uoc song cua mI phofon don gIan b koo daI |do su dch
chuyn do) fy I voI kich fhuoc cua vu fru, frong khI vu fru gIan
no.Honnua,fadafhyochuongfrnrangbuocsongfrungbnh
cuabucxavfdonfyInghchvoInhIfdcuano.NhuvynhIf
dphaIgIamfyInghchvoIkichfhuoccuavufrunhuhInnay
dangxayra.
MayfhaychonhavufruhocIyfhuyf,mIIInhdongIan
docungdungngaykhIbucxadakhnggIannofudo-nhungva
chamnhanhgIuaphofonvamfsdIfuongnhooIocfronvahaf
nhnIamduccacfhanhphncuavufrusuffrongfhoIkybucxa
ngu fr. Trong khI mf phofon chuyn dng fu do gIua cac In va
cham,buocsongcuanophaIfangfyIvoIkichfhuoccuavufru,
va da co nhIu phofon cho mI haf dn muc cac va cham qua da
buc nhIf d cua vf chf phaI dI fhoo nhIf d cua buc xa, chu
khngphaInguocIaI.Nhuvy,changhan,vufrubohonhInnay
muoInghnIn,fhnhIfdsophaIcaohonhInnaymfcachfy
I,hoackhoang3000K.IunaycangdungfrongfhoIkybucxa
ngufrfhucsu.
CuIcung,khIfanhncangxavquakhucuaIchsuvufru
fhfasogapfhoIdImmanhIfdcaodnmuccacvachamgIua
cac phofon voI nhau co fh fao ra cac haf vf chf fu nang Iuong
donfhun.Chungfasofhyrangcachafduocfaofhanhnhuvy
fu nang Iuong buc xa don fhun frong my phuf du fIn cung
quanfrongnhubucxa,cafrongvIcquydnhfcdcuacacphan
unghafnhncungnhufrongvIcquydnhfcdgIannocuaban
APH!T!TIN 73
fhn vu fru. o do, d fhoo doI cac bIn c frong nhung fhoI ky
fhuc su so khaI nhf, fa cn phaI bIf vu fru phaI nong dn muc
naodfaonnnhungsIuongIonhafvfchffunangIuongbuc
xa,vabaonhIuhafdaduocfaonnnhuvy.
QuafrnhIamchovfchfduocfaonnfubucxacofhd
hIunhf fhoo bucfranhIuongfu v anh sang. HaI Iuong fu buc
xa, hoac phofon,co fh va chamva bIn mf, foan bnangIuong
vaxungIuongcuachungfaonnhaIhafvfchfhoacnhIuhon.
|Qua frnh nay fhuc su duoc quan saf mf cach gIan fIp frong
nhung phong fhi nghIm vf Iy haf nhn nang Iuong cao hIn
nay). Tuy nhIn, fhuyf fuong dI hop cua InsfoIn noI rang mf
hafvfchfduIaofrangfhaIfInhcungsocungsocomfnang
IuongnghInaodo,choboIcngfhucnIfIng=mc2.|odycIa
vn fc anh sang. y Ia ngun gc cua nang Iuong duoc gIaI
phongfrongcacphanunghafnhn,frongdomfphnkhIIuong
cuacachafnhnnguynfubhuy).Tudo,dchohaIphofonfao
nnhaIhafvfchfcokhIIuongmfrongmfvachamfrucdIn,
nangIuongcuamIphofonifnhfphaIbangnangIuongnghImc2
cuamIhaf.PhanungvnxayranunangIuongcuacacphofon
rIngIoIonhonmc2;nangIuongdIsochIchocachafnangIuong
vf chf mf vn fc cao. Tuy nhIn, nhung haf co khI Iuong m
khng fh duoc fao nn frong cac va cham cua haI phofon nu
nang Iuong cua chung fhp hon mc2, v khI do khng du nang
IuongdfaonnduIakhIIuongcuacachafdo.
C nhIn, d xof hIu Iuc cua buc xa frong vIc fao nn cac
haf vf chf, fa phaI bIf nang Iuong dac frung cua cac phofon
rIngIofrongfruongbucxa.NangIuongnaycofhduocuocfinh
khadung, duchomucdichcua fa, bang cachdongIan: d fmra
nang Iuong dac frung cua phofon, chI cn nhn nhIf d cua buc
xa voI mf hang s co ban cua co hoc fhng k, goI Ia hang s
oIfzmann.|IudvIgoIfzmanncungvoIWIIIarrdCIbbsnguoIMy
IanhungnguoIsangfaonncohocfhngkhIndaI.VIcngfu
funam1906duoccoIifnhfmfphnIadosuchngdIcofinh
chf frIf hoc dI voI cng frnh cua ng, nhung ff ca cac franh
Iun nay da kf fhuc fu Iu). CIa fr cua hang s oIfzmann Ia
Steven Weinberg 74
0,00008617 oIocfron - vn mI d KoIvIn. Chang han o nhIf d
3000K,khIcacphncuavufrubafdufronnfrongsuf,nang
Iuong dac frung cua mI phofon Ia vao khoang 300 K nhn voI
hang s oIfzmann hoac 0,26 oIocfron - vn. Nho rang mf
oIocfron-vnIanangIuongmamfoIocfronfhuduockhIchuyn
dngquamfhIudInfhmfvn.NangIuongcuacacphanung
fhngfhuongvaocomfoIocfron-vnmInguynfu;dyIaIydo
faI sao buc xa o frn 3000 K Ia du nong d gIu cho mf fy I kha
IonoIocfronkhoIbbanvaocacnguynfu.
ChungfadafhyIadfaonnhafvfchfcokhIIuongm
frong cac va cham gIua cac phofon, nang Iuong dac frung cua
phofonphaIifnhfbangnangIuongmc2cuacachafofrangfhaI
nghI. o nang Iuong dac frung cua phofon Ia nhIf d nhn voI
hangsoIfzmann,nnnhIfdcuabucxaphaIifnhfIavaoco
nangIuongnghImc2chIachohangsoIfzmann.NhuvyIavoI
mIIoaIhafvfchfcomfnhIfdnguongfinhrabangnang
Iuong nghI mc2 chIa cho hang s oIfzmann, no phaI daf duoc
fruockhIhafIoaIdocofhfaonnfunangIuongbucxa.
Chang han, haf vf chf nho nhf duoc bIf dn Ia oIocfron
o-vaprzIfrono+.PzIfronIaphanhafcuaIocfron-nghIaIano
co dIn fich nguoc du |duong chu khng phaI m) nhung cung
khIIuongvaspIn.KhImfpzIfronvachamvoImfoIocfron,cac
dIn fich co fh b huy, con nang Iuong frong khI Iuong cua haI
hafhInraduoIdangbucxadonfhun.VIcnaycnhInIaIydo
faIsaopzIfronhImnhuvyfrongdoIsngfhngfhuong-chung
khng fh sng Iu Iam fruoc khI fm duoc va b huy dIf.
|PzIfronduockhampharanam1932frongfIavufru).Quafrnh
huycungcofhdInranguocIaI-haIphofonvoInangIuongvua
du co fh va cham va fao nn mf cap oIocfron - pzIfron, nang
Iuong cua cac phofon da duoc chuyn fhanh khI Iuong cua
oIocfronvapzIfron.
cho haI phofon co fh fao nn mf oIocfron va mf
pzIfronfrongmfvachamfrucdIn,nangIuongcuamIphofon
phaI vuof nang Iuong nghI mc2 frong khI Iuong cua mf
oIocfron hoac mf pzIfron. Nang Iuong do Ia 0,511003 frIu
APH!T!TIN 75
oIocfron-vn.fmranhIfdnguongmaodophofonconhIu
xac suf co nang Iuong do, fa chIa nang Iuong cho cho hang s
oIfzmann |0,00008 617 oIocfron - vn mI d KoIvIn) va fm ra
mfnhIfdnguongIa6nghnfrIudKoIvIn|6x10mu9K).O
bf ky nhIf d nao cao hon, oIocfron va pzIfron cung phaI duoc
fao nn mf cach d dang frong nhung va cham gIua cac phofon
voInhau,vadodochacdaphaIfnfaIvoIsIuongrfIon.
|NhnfInnoIfhm,nhIfdnguong6x10mu9Kmafada
suyradchooIocfronvapzIfronduocfaonnfubucxaIonhon
rfnhIusovoIbfcunhIfdnaomafafhuonggapfrongvufru
hIn nay. Ngay ca frung fm maf froI cung chI o mf nhIf d
khoang 15 frIu d. o Ia Iy do faI sao fa khng fhy oIocfron va
pzIfronxufhInfukhnggIanfrngrngmIkhIanhsangfroI
In).
NhungnhnxoffuongfucungdungchomIIoaIhaf.yIa
mf quy Iuf co ban cua vf Iy hoc hIn daI: ung voI mI IoaI haf
frong fu nhIn du co mf phan haf fuong ung, voI dung khI
IuongvaspIndo,nhungvoIdInfichnguocdu.NgoaIIduynhf
IadIvoInhunghafhoanfoanfrunghoanaodo,nhuIabanfhn
phofon,mafacofhcoIIaphanhafcuachinhchung.IInhgIua
hafvaphanhafIahaIchIu:pzIfronIaphanhafcuaoIocfronva
oIocfronIaphanhafcuapzIfron.ChodunangIuongIunIunco
fhfaonnmoIIoaIcaphaf-phanhaffrongvachamcuanhung
capphofon.
|SufnfaIcuaphanhafIamfhquafoanhocfrucfIpcua
cac nguyn Iy cua co hoc Iuong fu va cua Iy fhuyf fuong dI hop
cuaInsfoIn.SufnfaIphanoIocfrondaduocsuyradufInfu
IyfhuyfboIPauIAdrIanMaurIcoIracvaonam1930.Vkhng
mun dua vao Iy fhuyf cua mnh mf haf chua bIf dn, ng da
dng nhf hoa phan oIocfron voI haf mang dIn duong duy nhf
duocbIfIucdoIaprofon.SukhampharapzIfronnam1932da
xac nhn fhuyf v cac phan haf cua oIocfron, no co phan haf
rIng cua no, phan profon, duoc kham pha ra faI orkoIoy frong
nhungnam1950).
Steven Weinberg 76
NhunghafIoaInhonhffIpfhoosauoIocfronvapzIfronIa
muonhoac-,mfIoaIoIocfronnangkhngbn,vaphanhafcua
no, +. Cung gIng nhu dI voI oIocfron va pzIfron, - va + co
dIn fich nguoc du nhung khI Iuong bang nhau, va co fh duoc
fao nn frong nhung va cham gIua cac phfon voI nhau. - va +
du co mf nang Iuong nghI mc2 bang 105,6596 frIu oIocfron va
chIa cho hang s oIfzmann, nhIf d nguong fuong ung Ia 1,2
frIu frIu d |1,2 x 12 mu 12 K). Nhung nhIf d nguong fuong
ungvoInhunghafkhacduocghIobang1.Xomkybangnayfaco
fhnoIIoaIhafnaoconhIuonhungfhoIkykhacnhaufrongIch
su vu fru; chung chinh Ia cac haf ma nhIf d nguong fhp hon
nhIfdcuavufruIucdo.
Co bao nhIu haf vf chf do fhuc su da fn faI o nhung
nhIfdfrnnhIfdnguong7OdIukInnhIfdvamfdcao
ngu fr frong vu fru so khaI, s haf duoc suy fu dIu kIn co ban
cua cn bang nhIf: s haf phaI du Ion d cho s b huy mI gIy
dung bang s duoc fao nn. |NghIa Ia cu bang cung). Xac suf
huymfcaphaf-phanhafnaododachofhanhrahaIphofonIa
xpxIbangxacsufmamfcapphofonnaodachococungnang
Iuong fao fhanh chinh haf va phan haf nay. o do dIu kIn cn
bang nhIf doI hoI s haf mI IoaI, ma nhIf d nguong o duoI
nhIfdfhucsuIucdo,phaIxpxIbangsphofon.Nucoifhaf
honphofon,chungsoduocfaonnnhanhhonIabhuydIfvas
IuongchungsofangIn,nuconhIuhafhonphofon,chungsob
huy dIf nhanh hon Ia duoc fao nn, va s Iuong chung so gIam.
ChanghanonhungnhIfdfrnnhIfdnguong6.000frIud,
soIocfronvapzIfronphaIxpxIbangsphofonvanhungIucdo
co fh xom vu fru nhu bao gm chu yu phofon, oIocfron va
pzIfron,chukhngchIcophofon.
Tuy nhIn, o nhung nhIf d o frn d nguong, mf haf vf
chf dIn bIn rf gIng mf phofon. Nang Iuong frung bnh cua
no Ia xp xI bang nhIf d nhn voI hang s oIfzmann, cho nn
frnnhIfdnguongnangIuongfrungbnhcuanoIonhonnhIu
so voI nang Iuong frong khI Iuong cua haf, va khI Iuong co fh
duoc bo qua. Trong nhung dIu kIn nhu vy, ap suf va mf d
APH!T!TIN 77
nangIuongdonhunghafvfchffhucmfIoaInaododonggop
chIIafyIvoIIuyfhuabncuanhIfd,dungnhudIvoIphofon.
Nhuvy,facofhsuynghIvvufruomffhoIgIannaodonhu
Ia bao gm mf s kIu buc xa, mf kIu cho mI IoaI haf ma
nhIf d nguong o duoI nhIf d vu fru Iuc do. ac bIf, mf d
nang Iuong cua vu fru bf cu Iuc nao dung fy I voI Iuy fhua bn
cuanhIfdvasIoaIhafmanhIfdnguongoduoInhIfdvu
fru hoc Iuc do. Nhung dIu kIn IoaI do, voI nhung nhIf d cao
dn nI nhung cap haf - phan haf Ia nhIu nhu profon frong cn
bangnhIf,khngfnfaIbfcuodufrongvufruhInnay,fru
co fh o nhn cac v sao dang bung n. Tuy nhIn fa da du fIn
fuongokInfhuccuafavcohocfhngkdynfrimaxydung
nhungfhuyfvnhungcaIdaphaIxayrafrongnhungdIukIn
IaIungnhuvyfrongvufrusokhaI.
NoI cho chinh xac, fa phaI nho rang mf phan haf nhu
pzIfron |o+) duoc k nhu Ia mf IoaI rIng bIf. Cac haf nhu
phofonvaoIocfroncungfnfaIohaIfrangfhaIkhacnhauvspIn,
chungcofhcoInhunhungIoaIrIngbIf.CuIcung,nhunghaf
nhu oIocfron |nhung khng phaI phofon) fun fhoo mf dnh Iuf
dac bIf, nguyn Iy IoaI fru PauII, cm haI haf o mf frang fhaI
nhu nhau; Iuf nay Iam gIam mf cach co hIu qua su dong gop
cua chung vao mf d nang Iuong foan phn foI 7/8 In. |Chinh
nguynIyIoaIfrudanganffcacacoIocfronfrongmfnguynfu
roIvaocungmfvonangIuongfhpnhf;nhuvynochufrach
nhIm v cu fruc vo phuc fap cua cac nguyn fu fh hIn frong
bangfunhoancuacacnguynf).ShIudungcuacackIuung
voImIIoaIhafduocghIsongsongvoInhIfdnguongobang1.
Mf d nang Iuong cua vu fru o nhIf d da cho Ia fy I voI Iuy
fhua bn cua nhIf d va voI s hIu dung cua cac kIu haf ma
nhIfdnguongoduoInhIfdcuavufru.
ygIofafhufuhoIkhInaovufrudaonhungnhIfdcao
nhufh7CaIchIphIfcdgIannocuavufruIasucnbanggIua
fruong hp dn va xung Iuong bn ngoaI cua cac chf chua frong
vu fru. Va chinh mf d nang Iuong foan phn cua phofon,
oIocfron,pzIfron,v.v...IacaIcungcpngunfruonghpdncua
Steven Weinberg 78
vu fru o cac fhoI ky so khaI. Ta da fhy rang mf d nang Iuong
cuavufruchIphufhucchuyuvaonhIfd,nnnhIfdvufru
co fh duoc dung nhu mf IoaI dng h ngay cang Ianh dI chu
khng phaI ku fich fac frong khI vu fru gIan no. NoI ro hon, co
fh chung mInh rang fhoI gIan cn d mf d nang Iuong cua vu
frugIamfumffrsnaydnmffrskhacIafyIvoIhIucac
s nghch dao cua can haI cua cac mf d nang Iuong |xom chu
fhichfoanhoc3).NhungfadafhyrangmfdnangIuongfyI
voIIuyfhuabncuanhIfdvavoIsIoaIhafconhIfdnguong
fhphonnhIfdhInhanh.odo,chodnkhInhIfdkhngdI
qua nhung gIa fr nguong nao do, fhoI gIan cn cho vu fru d
IanhdIfumfnhIfdnaydnmfnhIfdkhacIafyIvoIhIu
cuacacnghchdaocuabnhphuongcuanhungnhIfddo.Chang
han, nu fa baf du fu mf nhIf d 100 frIu d |rf fhp duoI
nhIf d nguong cua oIocfron) va fm ra rang cn 0,06 nam |hoac
22ngay)dnhIfdhaxungfoI10frIud,fhIucdocn6nam
khacnuadchonhIfdhaxung1frIud,600namkhacnua
d ha xung 100 000 d, v. v... Toan b fhoI gIan cn d vu fru
Ianh dI fu 100 frIu d xung 3000 K |nghIa Ia dn khI ma cac
chf frong vu fru fro fhanh frong suf dI voI buc xa) Ia 700 000
nam|xomhnh8).CnhIn,khIvIfnamody,fInguymfs
don v fhoI gIan fuyf dI nao do, chang han nhu mf s chu ky
naodofrongdomfoIocfronquaymfvongquanhhafnhnfrong
mf nguyn fu hydr. Ta dang xof mf fhoI ky xua hon nhIu so
voIIucquadfbafduquayquanhmaffroI.
Hnh 8. Ky nguyn buc xa chIm uu fh. NhIf d
cuavufruduocvophufhucvaofhoIgIan,dIvoI
fhoIkyfungaycuIsufnghophaf nhndnkhI
faIhopcachafnhnvaoIocfronfhanhnguynfu.
Nu vu fru frong vaI phuf du
fIn fhuc su bao gm nhung haf va
phan haf dung bang nhau, ff ca
chungdabhuydIfkhInhIfdha
xung duoI 1000 frIu d, va chang
congsofIaIfrubucxa.CobangchungrfffchngIaIkhanang
do-chungfadangody!PhaIcomfddInaodocuasoIocfron
Hnh 8. K nguyn bc x chim u th.
APH!T!TIN 79
so voI s pzIfron, cua s profon so voI s phan profon, va cua s
nofron so voI s phan nofron d cho con caI g do sof IaI sau khI
haf va phan haf huy nhau d cung cp vf chf cho vu fru hIn
nay.ChodndyfrongchuongnayfIdanguykhngnoIdns
vfchffuongdIifconsofIaInay.oIamfsugndungkhaff
nuffcanhunggfamunIafinhmfdnangIuonghoacfcd
gIan no cua vu fru so khaI; fa da fhy frong chuong fruoc rang
mf d nang Iuong cua cac haf haf nhn chI so duoc voI mf d
nang Iuong buc xa khI vu fru da Ianh dn khoang 4000 K. Tuy
nhIn, su if oI cua s oIocfron va haf haf nhn con sof IaI dang
duoc fa chu y dac bIf, boI v chung Ia nhung fhanh phn chinh
cuavufruhInnayvanoIrIng,cuafacgIavabandoc.
MfkhIfadacngnhnkhanangcomfddIvfchfso
voI phan vf chf frong vaI phuf du fIn, fa da daf vn d mf
danh sach chI fIf v nhung fhanh phn frong vu fru so khaI. Co
dunghangframcaIgoIIahafcobanfrndanhsachmaphongfhi
nghImIavroncooorkoIoyxufban6fhangmf.CophaIIafa
phaI finh s Iuong cua mI mf IoaI haf nay khng7 Va faI sao
dung IaI o haf co ban7 Co phaI Ia fa phaI finh s Iuong cua fung
IoaInguynfu,phnfu,muIvafIu7Trongfruonghopdo,chung
fa co fh kf Iun mf cach chinh dang rang vu fru Ia qua phuc
fapvaquafhffhuongkhngdangdchofafmhIu.
May fhay, vu fru khng dn nI phuc fap qua nhu vy.
fhy cach co fh vIf mf foa |` Toa Ia bang k cac v fhuc ma
nguoI bnh cn dung, hoac cac chaf hoa duoc cn d bao ch nn
mf chf hoa duoc nao do, va cac cng fhuc pha ch no) cho cac
fhanhphncuano,cnsuynghIfhmmfchufvdIukIncn
bang nhIf Ia g. TI da nhn manh fm quan frong cua vIc vu
frudafraIquamffrangfhaIcnbangnhIf-chinhnochophop
fanoImfcachfInfuongnhuvyvcacfhanhphncuavufruo
mI Iuc. Su fhao Iun cua fa cho dn chuong nay Ia mf Ioaf ap
dung cac finh chf quon bIf cua vf chf va buc xa frong cn
bangnhIf.
KhIcacvachamhoacquafrnhkhacdnmfhvfIydn
mf frang fhaI cn bang nhIf, Iun Iun co mf s daI Iuong ma
Steven Weinberg 80
fr s khng fhaydI.Mf frong cacdaI Iuongduocbao foan do
Ia nang Iuong foan phn; mac du va cham co fh chuyn nang
Iuong fu haf nay sang haf khac, chung khng bao gIo fhay dI
nangIuongfoanphncuacachaffhamgIavacham.VoImIIuf
baofoando,comfdaIIuongmafaphaInoIrofruockhIfacofh
vachracacfinhchfcuamfhocnbangnhIf-rorangIanu
mf daI Iuong nao do khng fhay dI khI mf h fIn dn bang
nhIf,fhfrscuanokhngfhsuyraduocfucacdIukIncua
cnbang,madaphaIduocchIrofruocdo.VIcfhfIadangchuy
frongmfhocnbangnhIfIaffcacacfinhchfcuanoduoc
xac dnh mf cach duy nhf mI khI fa noI ro fr s cua cac daI
Iuong duoc bao foan. Vu fru da dI qua mf frang fhaI cn bang
nhIf,chonndchomffoadyduvcacfhanhphncuavufru
ocacfhoIkysokhaI,ffcanhunggfacnIabIfduocnhungdaI
IuongvfIynaoduocbaofoanfrongkhIvufrugIanno,vagIafr
cuacacdaIIuongdo.
Thng fhuong, fhay cho vIc cho nang Iuong foan phn cua
mfhocnbangnhIf,fachonhIfd.VoIIoaIhfaxofnhIu
nhfchodnnay,chIbaogmbucxavanhungshafvaphanhaf
bang nhau, nhIf d Ia ff ca nhung g cn duoc cho fruocd fm
ra cac finh chf cn bang cua h. Nhung fhuong fhuong ngoaI
nangIuongconconhungdaIIuongduocbaofoankhacvacncho
mfdcuamIdaIIuong.
Chang han frong mf cc nuoc o nhIf d phong, co nhung
phan ung IIn fuc frong do mf phn fu nuoc b vo ra fhanh mf
Ionhydr|mfprofonfrn,hafnhncuahydrvoIoIocfrondab
fuoc dI) va mf Ion hydrxIn |mf nguyn fu xy IIn kf voI mf
nguynfuhydr,vamfoIocfrondI)hoacfrongdocacIonhydr
vahydrxInhopIaIdfaonnphnfunuoc.ChuyrangfrongmI
phanungnhuvy,sumfdImfphnfunuocIamxufhInmf
Ion hydr va nguoc IaI, frong khI nhung Ion hydr va hydrxIn
Iun Iun xuf hIn hoac bIn dI cung nhau. Nhu vy, cac daI
IuongduocbaofoanIafngsphnfunuoccngvoIsIonhydr,
vasIonhydrfrudIsIonhydrxIn.|CnhIn,conconhungdaI
Iuong duoc bao foan khac, nhu fng s phn fu nuoc cng voI cac
APH!T!TIN 81
IonhydrxIn,nhungdychIIanhungfhopdongIancuahaIdaI
Iuongcobanduocbaofoan.|Nhungfinhchfcuaccnuoccuafa
cofhduocxacdnhhoanfoannufanoIrangnhIfdIa300K
|nhIf d phong frn fhang KoIvIn), rang mf d phn fu nuoc
cngvoIcacIonhydrIa3,3x10mu22phnfuhoacIonmIcm
khI|daIfhungvoInuocoapsufmafbIn),varangmfdcua
Ion hydr fru Ion hydrxIn bang khng |ung voI dIn fich fhuc
bang khng). Chang han, frong nhung dIu kIn do, co mf Ion
hydr cho mI muoI frIu phn fu nuoc |10 mu 7) - nguoI fa noI
rang d pH cua nuoc Ia7. Chu y rang fa khng cn phaI noI vIc
nay frong foa cua chung fa vIf cho cc nuoc: fa suy ra fy I Ion
hydr fu nhung quy Iuf cn bang nhIf. Maf khac, fa khng fh
suyramfdcuacacdaIIuongduocbaofoanfunhungdIukIn
cnbangnhIf-changhanfacofhIamchomfdphnfunuoc
cngvoIIonhydrIonhonhoacbohon3.3.10mu22phnfumI
cmkhImfif,bangcachnnghoachaapsuf-nhuvyfaphaI
noIrovchungdbIffrongccfacog.
VidunaycunggIupfahIuynghIaxdchcuacaImafagoI
IadaIIuongbaofoan.ChanghannunuoccuafaomfnhIfd
hangfrIud,nhuofrongIongmfngIsao,khIdorfdchocac
phn fu cua Ion b phn Iy va cho cac nguyn fu hop fhanh mf
oIocfron cua chung. Nhung daI Iuong duoc bao foan Iuc do Ia s
oIocfron va cac haf nhn oxy va hydr. Mf d cua phn fu nuoc
cng voI nguyn fu hydrxIn frong nhung dIu kIn do phaI duoc
finh foan fu cac dnh Iuf cua co hoc fhng k chu khng phaI Ia
cho fruoc; c nhIn kf qua Ia mf d do rf bo nho. |Trong da
nguchImcofuyf).Thucranhungphanunghafnhncoxayra
frongnhungdIukIndo,chonnngayshafnhnmIIoaIcung
khngfuyfdIcdnh,nhungcacsIuongdofhaydIchmdn
mucmfngIsaocofhcoIIafInhoamfcachdndnfufrang
fhaIcnbangnaydnfrangfhaIcnbangkhac.
CuI cung, o nhung nhIf d nhIu nghn frIu d frong vu
frusokhaI,ngay cacachafnhnnguynfucungphnIynhanh
chong ra cac fhanh phn cua chung, profon va nofron. Nhung
Steven Weinberg 82
phanungxayranhanhchongdnnIvfchfvaphanvfchfco
fhfaonnfunangIuongdonfhunhoacbhuydIfIaI.
TrongnhungdIukIndo,cacdaIIuongduocbaofoankhng
phaIIanhungshaffhucmfIoaIrIngnaodo.TraIIaI,cacdnh
Iufbaofoanfhichhoprufxungmfconsboma|fhoosuhIu
bIf hIn nay cua chung fa) frong moI dIu kIn kha dI vn con
duoc fn frong. NguoI fa fIn co dung ba daI Iuong duoc bao foan
mamfdphaIduocnoIrofrongfoacuafavvufrusokhaI:
1.Infich.TacofhfaorahoachuydIfnhungcaphafvoI
dIn fich bang nhau nhung fraI du, nhung dIn fich foan phn
khngbaogIofhaydI.|TacofhchacchanvIufbaofoannay
honbfkyIufbaofoannaokhac,boIvnudInfichkhngduoc
bao foan fh fhuyf MaxvoII v dIn va fu hIn nay duoc cng
nhnsokhngconcoynghIagnua).
2. S baryon. aryon Ia mf danh fu chung bao ham cac
haf nhn, profon va nofron, cung voI nhung haf khng bn nang
honmffy,goIIahyporon.aryonvaphanbaryoncofhduocfao
ra va huy dI fung cap, va baryon co fh phn ra fhanh ra nhung
baryonkhac,nhufrongphnrabfacuamfhafnhnphongxa
frong do mf nofron bIn fhanh mf profon hoac nguoc IaI. Tuy
nhIn, fng s baryon fru s cac phan baryon |phan profon, phan
nofron,phanhyporon)khngbaogIofhaydI.odochungfagan
mfsbaryonbang+1choprofon,nofronvacacbaryon,vamf
sbaryonbang-1chonhungphanhaffuongung;khIdoIufIa
sbaryonfoanphnkhngbaogIofhaydI.Sbaryoncovonhu
khngcomfynghIadngIuchocnaonhudInfich;fhoofabIf
hInnay,sbaryonchangfaoraduocggIngdInfruonghoacfu
fruong. S baryon Ia mf phuong phap k foan - y nghIa cua no
hoanfoanIaochnoduocbaofoan.
3. S Iopfon. Iopfon Ia nhung haf nho mang dIn m,
oIocfron va muon cng voI mf haf frung hoa dIn co khI Iuong
bang khng goI Ia noufrIno va nhung phan haf cua chung,
pzIfron,phanmuonvaphannoufrIno.MacducokhIIuongva
dIn fich bang khng, noufrIno khng phaI Ia nhung haf co finh
APH!T!TIN 83
chf hu cu hon phofon. Chung mang nang Iuong va xung Iuong
nhu moI haf khac. Iuf bao foan s Iopfon Ia mf Iuf k foan
khac-fngscacIopfonfrudIfngscacphanIopfonkhngkhI
nao fhay dI. |Nam 1962 nhIu fhi nghIm voI nhung chum
noufrIno da phaf hIn rang if nhf co haI IoaI noufrIno, mf IoaI
fhucoIocfron,vamfIoaIfhucmuon,vahaIIoaIsIopfon:s
IopfonfhucoIocfronIafngscacoIocfroncngvoIcacnoufrIno
fhuc oIocfron fru dI s cac phan haf cua chung, frong khI s
IopfonfhucmuonIafngscacmuoncngvoIcacnoufrInofhuc
muonfruscacphanhafcuachung.CahaIxomraduocbaofoan
mf cach fuyf dI, nhung fa cung khng bIf fhf chac chan v
dIunay).
Mf vi du ff v su dung dan cua Iuf nay Ia su phn ra
phongxacuamfnofronnfhanhmfprofonp,mfoIocfrono-,va
mf phan noufrIno |fhuc oIocfron). Cac gIa fr cua dIn fich, s
baryon,vasIopfoncuamIhafIanhusau:
andoccofhddangkImfrarangfngcacgIafrcuabf
cu daI Iuong duoc bao foan nao cua nhung haf o frang fhaI cuI
cungbanggIafrcuadaIIuongdoonofronbandu.yIacaIma
fa goI Ia su vIc cac daI Iuong do duoc bao foan. Cac Iuf bao
foan rf quan frong v chung cho chung fa bIf rang mf s Ion
phan ung khng fh xay ra, chang han nhu qua frnh phn ra b
cmfrongdomfnofronphnrafhanhmfprofonvanhIuhon
mfphannoufrIno.
Nhuvy,dhoanfhInfoachocacfhanhphncuavnfco
bf cu fhoI gIan nao, fa phaI noI ro dIn fich, s baryon va s
Iopfon cho mIdonvfh fich cungnhunhIfdIuc do.Cac Iuf
bao foan cho fa bIf rang frong mf fh fich nao do cung gIan no
voIvufru,frscuacacdaIIuongnayduocgIunguyn.Nhuvy,
dInfich,sbaryonvasIopfonfrongmIdonvfhfichchIbIn
fhIn fhoo s dao cua Ip phuong kich fhuoc vu fru. Nhung s
phofon frong mI don v fh fich cung bIn fhIn fhoo s dao cua
Ipphuongkichfhuocvufru.|Tadafhyfrongchuongbarangs
phofon frong mI don v fh fich fy I voI Ip phuong nhIf d,
frong khI do, nhu fa da Iuu y o du chuong nay, nhIf d bIn
Steven Weinberg 84
fhIn fhoo s dao cua kich fhuoc cua vu fru). o do, dIn fich, s
baryon va s Iopfon frn mI phofon duoc gIu nguyn, va foa cua
chungfacofhduocduaramfInchomaImaIbangcachghIro
gIa fr cua cac daI Iuong duoc bao foan nhu mf s fy I voI s
phofon.
|NoI chaf cho ra, daI Iuong bIn fhIn nhu s dao cua Ip
phuong kich fhuoc cua vu fru khng phaI Ia s phofon frn mI
don v fh fich ma Ia onfropI frn mI don v fh fich. nfropI Ia
mfdaIIuongcobancuacohocfhngk,coIInhvoIdhndn
cua mf h vf Iy. NgoaI mf fhua s quy uoc bang s, onfropI
duocchovoImfgndungkhaffnhuIafngffcacachafocn
bangnhIf,hafvfchfcungnhuphofon,voInhungIoaIhafkhac
nhau mang cac dac frung ghI o bang mf. Cac hang s ma chung
fafhucsuphaIdungddacfrungvufrucuachungfaIacacfys
gIua dIn fich va onfropI, s baryon va onfropI, s Iopfon va
onfropI.TuynhIn,duIaonhIfdrfcao,shafvfchfnhIu
nhfcungcungbcdIonnhusphofon,dododofasokhngsaI
ImIamnudungsphofonfhaychoonfropIdIammfchunso
sanh).
uoc Iuong dIn fich vu fru frn mI phofon. VoI su hIu
bIf hIn nay cua fa, mf d frung bnh cua dIn fich Ia bang
khngfrongkhapvufru.NumaffroIvaquadfcomfdInfich
duongIonhondInfichm|hoacnguocIaI)chIkhoangmfphn
frIu frIu frIu frIu frIu frIu |10 mu 36), Iuc dy dIn gIua
chung so phaI Ion hon Iuc hp dn. Nu vu fru Ia huu han va
dong, fa con co fh dua nhn xof do In fhanh mf dnh Iy: In
fichfoanphncuavufruphaIbangkhng,vnukhngnhuvy
fh cac duong Iuc dIn so cun quanh quanh vu fru, fao nn mf
fruong dIn v han. Nhung du vu fru Ia mo hay dong, co fh noI
mfcachchacchanrangdInfichvufrufrnmIphofonIakhng
dangk.
SbaryonfrnmIphofoncungduocIuong.Nhungbaryon
bn duy nhf Ia nhung haf haf nhn, profon va nofron, va phan
hafcuachung,phanprofonvaphannofron.|Nofronfudofhucra
Iakhngbn,cofhoIgIansngfrungbnhIa15,3phuf,nhungcac
APH!T!TIN 85
Iuc haf nhn Iam cho nofron fro nn fuyf dI bn frong cac haf
nhnnguynfucuavfchffhngfhuong).NgoaIra,nhufabIf,
hInnaykhngcomfIuongphanvfchfdangknaofrongvu
fru.|TasonoInhIuhonvdIunayonhungphnsau).odo,s
baryoncuabfkyphnnaocuavufruhInnayvcanbanbang
shafhafnhn.TrongchuongfruocfafhyranghInnaycomf
hafnhnchomI1000frIuphofonfrongphngbucxacucngan
|con s chinh xac chua duoc ro), nhu vy s baryon frn mI
phofonIavaokhoangmfphnnghnfrIu|10mu-9).
ofhucIamfkfIundangchuy.fhyduoccachqua
cuano,fahayxofmfIucfrongquakhukhInhIfdofrnmuoI
frIu frIu d |10 mu 13 K), nhIf d nguong dI voI nofron va
profon.IucdovufruchacduocchuanhIuhafvaphanhaf,nhIu
vaokhoang nhu phofon. Nhung sbaryonIahIu gIua cacs haf
va phan haf haf nhn. Nu hIu do Ia 1000 frIu In nho hon s
phofon, va do do cung vao khoang 1000 frIu In bo hon fng s
haf haf nhn, fh khI do s haf haf nhn so chI phaI Ion hon s
phan haf Ia mf phn nghn frIu. Thoo cach nhn do, khI vu fru
nguIxungduoInhIfdnguongcuacachafhafnhn,cacphan
hafdubhuyvoIcachaffuongung,dIaImfsifconfhuanhu
IamfphndumaIucnaodydafrofhanhfhgIoIcuachungfa.
Nhu vy, dy Ia mf foa cua chung fa cho cac fhanh phn
cuavufrusokhaI.IymfdInfichchomIphofonbang0,mf
s baryon cho mI phofon bang mf phn nghn frIu va mf s
Iopfon cho mI phofon khng chac Iam nhung bo... Khuy du...
SaumffhoIgIanchodoIduIu,baffhucnaysofrofhanhvu
fruhInnaycuafa.
SuxufhInfrongvufruhocmfconsfhunfuynhobang
mf phn nghn frIu da Iam cho mf vaI nha Iy fhuyf cho rang
consdofhucsubangkhng-nghIaIavufrufhucrachuadung
mf Iuong vf chf va phan vf chf ngang nhau. KhI do vIc s
baryon frn mI phofon co vo bang mf phn muoI nghn frIu
phaIduocgIaIfhichbangcachgIafhIfrangmfIucnaodofruoc
khInhIfdvufruhaxungduoInhIfdnguongdIvoIcachaf
haf nhn, da xay ra su fach vu fru ra fhanh nhung vung khac
Steven Weinberg 86
nhau, mf s vung co mf d dI nho |mf vaI phn nghn frIu)
cuavfchfsovoIphanvfchf,vamfsvungkhaccomfd
dI nho cua phan vf chf so voI vf chf. Sau khI nhIf d ha
xung va ff ca cac cap vf chf - phan vf chf co fh huy duoc
dudabhuy,vufruconIaIbaogmnhungvungchIcovfchf
vanhungvungchIcophanvfchf.CaIphIncuayfuongnayIa
chua aI fhy duoc nhung du hIu v nhung Iuong phan vf chf
dang k o bf cu du frong vu fru. Cac fIa chung fa dI foI nhung
IopkhiquyncaocuaquadfchungfaduoccoIIaxufphafmf
phn fu nhung vung o xa frong fhIn ha cua chung fa va co fh
mf phn fu ngoaI fhIn ha cua chung fa. Cac fIa vu fru daI b
phn Ia vf chf chu khng phaI phan vf chf - fhf ra cho dn
naychuaaIdaquansafduocmfphanphofonhoacmfphanhaf
nhn frong cac fIa vu fru. NgoaI ra, fa khng fh quan saf duoc
cacphofoncofhfaonnfusuhuycuavfchfvaphanvfchf
oquymvufru.
Mf kha nang khac Ia mf d phofon |hoac noI dung hon,
mfdonfropI)dakhngduocgIufyIvoIsdaocuaIpphuong
kich fhuoc cua vu fru. Iu nay co fh xay ra nu da co mf IoaI
saIkhacnaodosovoIfrangfhaIcnbang nhIf,mfIoaImasaf
hoacd nhofco fhdfnongvufruva faonnnhungphofondI
ra.
Trongfruonghopnay,sbaryonfrnmIphofoncofhbaf
du fu mf gIa fr kha kha, co fh vao khoang mf, va fu do fuf
xunggIafrfhpnhfhInnaydoconhIuphofonhonduocfao
nn.CaIkhoIachuaaIcofhduaramfcochchIfIfnaodov
quafrnhfaoracacphofonfhuado.CachdyvaInamfIdafhu
fm,nhungdafhfbaIhoanfoan.
Saunay,fIsokhngnoIdnffcanhungkhanangkhng
chunnay,vasodongIanchorangsbaryonfrnmIphofonIa:
khoangmfphnnghnfrIu.
VmfdsIopfonvufrufhsao7VIcvufrukhngcodIn
fich noI cho fa hay fruc fIp rang hIn nay co dung mf oIocfron
mangdInfichmchomIprofonmangdInduong.Khoang87%
APH!T!TIN 87
hafhafnhnfrongvufruhInnayIaprofon,nhuvysoIocfron
gnbangfngshafhafnhn.NuoIocfronIanhungIopfonduy
nhffrongvufruhInnay,fhfacofhkfIunngayIasIopfon
chomIphofonIaddngbangsbaryonchomIphofon.
Tuy nhIn, co mf IoaI haf bn khac ngoaI oIocfron va
pzIfron,mangmfsIopfonkhngbangkhng:noufrInovaphan
haf cua no, phan noufrIno, Ia nhung haf khng khI Iuong frung
hoavdIn,nhuphofon,nhungcosIopfonInIuofIa+1va-1.
Nhuvy,dxacdnhmfdsIopfoncuavufruhInnay,facn
bIfmfifgdovcacmfdnoufrInovaphannoufrIno.
TIc fhay, rf kho fhu duoc fhng fIn do. NoufrIno gIng
oIocfron o ch no khng chu anh huong cua Iuc haf nhn manh
gIu cac phofon va nofron bn frong haf nhn nguyn fu |fhInh
fhoangfIdungchunoufrInodchInoufrInohoacphannoufrIno).
TuynhIn,khacoIocfron,nofrunghoavdIn,dovycungkhng
chuanhhuongcuacacIucdInvafu,nhungIucgIuoIocfronoIaI
frongnguynfu.Thucra,noufrInokhngchuanhhuonggnhIu
IamcuabfkyIoaIIucnao.Chunghuongungcungnhubfkyvf
naokhacfrongvufruvoIIuchpdn,vachungcungnhayvoIIuc
yuchufrachnhImvcacquafrnhphongxanhuIasuphnra
nofron da nhac dn fruoc dy, nhung cac Iuc do chI gy nn mf
fuongfacyuvoIvfchfbnhfhuong.Vidufhuongduocduara
d chI ro noufrIno fuong fac yu nhu fh nao Ia, d co mf co hI
dang k dchan dung hoac fanxamfnoufrInochofruoc nao do
duocfaonnfrongquafrnhphongxanaodofaphaIdafmffm
chdayfoInhIunamanhsangfrnduongdIcuano.MaffroIbuc
xanoufrInomfcachIInfuc,chungduocfaonnkhIprofonbIn
fhanhnofronfrongcacphanunghafnhnfrongIongmaffroI;cac
noufrInodoxuynquanguoIfafufrnxungbanngayvafuduoI
In vao ban dm, khI maf froI o bn phia kIa cua qua df, v qua
df hoan foan frong suf dI voI chung. NoufrIno duoc WoIfgang
PauIIgIafhIffuIufruockhIchungduocquansaf,nhumfcach
d Iam cn bang nang Iuong frong mf qua frnh nhu Ia su phn
ranofron.MaIdncuInhungnam1950nguoIfamoIcofhphaf
hInduocnoufrInovaphannoufrInomfcachfrucfIp,bangcach
Steven Weinberg 88
fao nn frong cac Io phan ung haf nhn hoac nhung may gIa fc
haf nhung Iuong Ion dn muc vaI fram haf fhuc su da dung IaI o
frongcacfhIfbphafhIn.
okhanangfuongfaccucyudonndhIurangconhung
IuongIonnoufrInovaphannoufrInocofhchuadyvufruquanh
fa, song chung fa khng h co mf goI y nao v su co maf cua
chung.CofhdafmfvaIgIoIhanfrnfhfhInvsnoufrInova
phan noufrIno: Nu co nhung haf do qua nhIu fh khI do nhung
quafrnhphnra haf nhn yu nao do co fhbanh huong chuf
if,vafhmvaodysugIannovufrucofhgIamfcnhanhhonIa
duoc quan saf. Tuy nhIn, cac gIoI han frn do khng Iam mf dI
kha nang co nhIu noufrIno va |hoac) phan noufrIno nhu phofon,
vavoInhungnangIuongfuongfu.
uconhungykInnhuvy,cacnhavufruhocvnfhuong
chorangsIopfon|scacoIocfron,muonvanoufrIno,frudIscac
phanhaffuongung)frnmIphofonIabo,bohonmfnhIu.o
Iahoanfoanfrncosofinhfuongfu-sbaryonfrnmIphfon
Ia bo, vy faI sao s Iopfon frn mI phfon IaI khng bo7 o Ia
mf frong nhung gIa fhIf if chac chan nhf frong m hnh
chun, nhung may fhay du no Ia saI fh bucfranhfng quaf ma
chungfasuyracungchIfhaydIovaIchIfIfmafhI.
TfnhInfrnnhIfdnguongdIvoIoIocfroncorfnhIu
IopfonvaphanIopfon-soIocfronvapzIfrongnbangsphofon.
u vy, frong nhung dIu kIn do, vu fru nong va co mf d Ion
dn muc ca cac noufrIno ma cung daf duoc cn bang nhIf, cho
nncungcomfsnoufrInovaphannoufrInognbangsphofon.
Trongmhnhchun,fagIafhIfIasIopfon,hIugIuasIuong
Iopfon va phan Iopfon, Ia va da Ia bo hon s Iuong phofon. Truoc
dycofhcomfddInhocuaIopfonsovoIphanIopfon,nhud
dInhocuabaryonsovoIphanbaryondanoIdnofrn,ddIdo
daconIaIchodnngaynay.NgoaIra,noufrInovaphannoufrIno
fuong facyudnnI mf s Ion chung co fh fhoafkhoI su huy,
frong fruong hop do by gIo co fh co nhung khI Iuong noufrIno
va phan noufrIno gn bang nhau, so sanh duoc voI s Iuong
phofon.TasofhyfrongchuongsaurangchungIadIumanguoI
APH!T!TIN 89
fafInfuong,nhungfrongmffuongIaIgnhunhukhngcomf
cohInhobonhfnaodquansafduocconsfoIonnoufrInova
phannoufrInoxungquanhfa.
Nhu vy, dy Ia mf foa cua chung fa cho cac fhanh phn
cuavufrusokhaI.IymfdInfichchomIphofonbang0,mf
s baryon cho mI phofon bang mf phn nghn frIu va mf s
Iopfon cho mI phofon khng chac Iam nhung bo. Iy nhIf d o
bf ky fhoI gIan nao Ion hon nhIf d 3 K cua phng buc xa hIn
nay fhoo fy I gIua kich fhuoc hIn nay cua vu fru va kich fhuoc
Iuc do. Khuy du, sao cho cac phn b chI fIf cua nhung haf
fhuccacIoaIkhacnhauduocxacdnhboInhungyucucuacn
bangnhIf.afvaofrongmfvufrugIanno,voImffcdgIan
no duoc quy dnh boI fruong hp dn do mI fruong do sInh ra.
SaumffhoIgIanchodoIduIu,baffhucnaysofrofhanhvu
fruhInnaycuafa.
Steven Weinberg 90
APH!T!TIN
ygIochungfadasansangdfhoodoIquafrnhfInhoa
cua vu fru qua ba phuf du fIn cua no. Iuc du cac bIn c vn
dngnhanh honsaudo nhIu,cho nn fakhng co IoI nuchIra
nhung hnh anh cach du nhau v fhoI gIan nhu mf phIm anh
bnhfhuong.Thayvaodo,fIsodIuchInhfcdcuacunphIm
cuafafhoonhIfdhadncuavufru,ngungmayquaydchup
mfcanhmIkhInhIfdhaxungkhoangbaIn.
TIcfhayfIkhngfhbafducunphImIucfhoIgIanbang
khngvanhIfdvcungIon.TrnmfnhIfdnguong15nghn
frIu d KoIvIn |15.10 mu 12 K), vu fru da chua dy nhung s
Iuong Ion haf goI Ia mzon pI, chung nang khoang mf phn bay
mfhafhafnhn|xombang1).KhacvoIoIocfron,pzIfron,muon
vanoufrIno,cacmzonpIfuongfacrfmanhvoInhauvavoIcac
haf hafnhn -fhuc ra, su frao dIIIn fuccacmzonpIgIua cac
haf haf nhn chu frach nhIm v phn Ion Iuc huf gIua cac haf
nhn nguyn fu IaI voI nhau. Su co maf cua nhung s Ion haf
fuongfacmanhnhuvyIamchovIcfinhfoanbIndIncuavf
chf o nhIf d sIu cao Ia cuc ky kho khan, cho nn d franh
nhung baI foan kho nhu vy, fI so baf du cu chuyn frong
chuongnayomfphnframgIysauIucbafdu,khInhIfdda
IanhdIchIconmfframnghnfrIudKoIvInmafhI,chacchan
duoI nhIf d nguong dI voI mzon pI, muon va ff ca cac haf
nang hon. O chuong bay fI so noI mf if v su suy nghI cua cac
nhavfIyIyfhuyfvchuyngcofhxayragnfhoIdImbaf
duhonfhnua.
VoI nhung quy uoc nhu vy, fa hay baf du cun phIm cua
fa.
Canhmf.NhIfdcuavufruIa100000frIudKoIvIn|10
mu11K).VIcmfavufrudongIanvaddanghonIabfcuIuc
APH!T!TIN 91
nao sau nay. No chua dy mf fhu sup hn dn cua vf chf va
buc xa, mI haf cua no va cham rf nhanh voI nhung haf khac.
Nhuvy,macdugIannonhanh,vufruofrongmffrangfhaIcn
bang nhIf gn nhu hoan hao. Cac fhanh phn cua vu fru v vy
duoc quy dnh boI cac Iuf cua co hoc fhng k, va khng phu
fhucvaocaIdaxayrafruoccanhmf.TfcanhungcaIchungfa
cnbIfIanhIfdo10mu11KvacacdaIIuongduocbaofoan-
dInfich,sbaryon,sIopfon-ffcadurfbohoacbang0.
NhunghafconhIuIucdoIanhunghafmanhIfdnguong
oduoI11mu11K;doIaoIocfronvaphanhafcuano,pzIfron,va
cnhInIanhunghafkhngkhIIuongphofon,noufrInovaphan
noufrIno|mfInnuaxombang1).Vufrucomfdcaodnmuc
cac noufrIno co fh du hanh hang nam xuyn qua nhung fuong
bang ch ma khng b fan xa, duoc gIu frong cn bang nhIf voI
oIocfron,pzIfronvaphofonbangnhungvachamnhanhvoIchung
va gIua chung voI nhau. |TI IaI so fhInh fhoang chI dung fu
noufrIno)dchInoufrInovaphannoufrIno).
Mfsu don gIan hoa khac-nhIf d10mu11KIa cao hon
nhIu so voI nhIf d nguong cho oIocfron va pzIfro. Kf qua Ia
nhung haf do, cung nhu phofon va noufrIno, bIn dIn dung nhu
nhIu IoaIbuc xakhacnhaukhac. Mf dnangIuong cua nhung
IoaI buc xa khac nhau do Ia bao nhIu7 Thoo bang 1, oIocfron,
pzIfron cung nhau dong gop 7/4 nang Iuong nhu phofon va cac
noufrInovaphannoufrInodonggopbangcacoIocfronvapzIfron,
v vynangIuongfoanphnIonhonmfdnangIuongfinhcho
bucxadInfuonhIfddo,Ia
7/4+7/4+1=9/2In
nh Iuf Sfofan - oIfzmann |xom chuong III) cho mf d
nangIuongcuabucxadInfuonhIfd10mu11Kbang4,72x
1044 oIocfron-vn mI Iif, cho nn mf d nang Iuong foan phn
cua vu fru o nhIf d do Ia 9/2 In Ion hon, hoac 21 x 10 mu 44
oIocfron-vnmIIif.CIafrnayfuongduongvoImfmfdkhI
Iuong Ia 3,8 nghn frIu kIIogam mI Iif, hoac 3,8 nghn frIu In
mf d cua nuoc frong dIu kIn bnh fhuong frn qua df. |KhI
Steven Weinberg 92
fInoImfnangIuongnaodofuongduongvoImfkhIIuongnao
do, ffnhInfImunnoIrangdoIa nang Iuongco fhduoc gIaI
phong fhoo cng fhuc InsfoIn, = mc2 nu khI Iuong duoc
chuyn hoan foan fhanh nang Iuong). Nu nuI vorosf duoc Iam
bang vf chf co mf d nhu vy, fh Iuc hp dn cua no so pha
huyfraIdf.
VufrufrongcanhmfgIannovanguIdInhanhchong.Tc
d gIan no duoc quy dnh bang dIu kIn Ia mI phn nho cua vu
fruduchuyndngdungvoIvnfcfhoafkhoIbfkyfmfuyy
nao. VoI mf d fo Ion frong canh mf, vf fc fhoaf cung Ion
fuong ung - fhoI gIan dac frung cho su gIan no vu fru Ia vao
khoang 0,02 gIy |xom chu fhich foan hoc 3). ThoI gIan gIan no
dac frung co fh duoc dnh nghIa fh fhIn Ia mf fram In
khoang fhoI gIan cho kich fhuoc vu fru fang 1 %. NoI chinh xac
hon, fhoI gIan gIan no dac frung o bf ky Iuc nao cung Ia nghch
daocuahangsHubbIoIucdo.NhudaIuuyochuongII,fuIvu
fru Iun bo hon fhoI gIan gIan no dac frung, boI v Iuc hp dn
hambofsugIannomfcachIInfuc).
Co mf s if haf haf nhn vao Iuc canh mf, khoang mf
profonhoacnofronchomInghnfrIuphofonhoacoIocfronhoac
noufrIno.cofhkhIcnfIndoandnhIucuacacnguynf
hoa hoc fao nn frong vu fru so khaI, fa cung cn bIf cac fy I
fuong dI cua profon va nofron. Nofron nang hon profon va hIu
khI Iuong gIua chung fuong duong voI nang Iuong 1,293 frIu
oIocfron - vn. Tuy nhIn nang Iuong dac frung cua oIocfron,
pzIfron, v. v... o mf nhIf d 10 mu 11 K Ia Ion hon nhIu,
khoang muoI frIu oIocfron - vn |hang s oIfzmann nhn voI
nhIf d). Nhu vy, nhung va cham gIua nofron hoac profon voI
nhungoIocfron,pzIfronv.v...nhIuhonnhIu,sofaonnnhung
suchuynnhanhfuprofonquanofronvanguocIaI.Cacphanung
quanfrongnhfIa
PhannoufrInocngprofonchopzIfroncngnofron
|vanguocIaI)
NoufrInocngnofronchooIocfroncngprofon
APH!T!TIN 93
|vanguocIaI)
VoI gIa fhIf rang s Iopfon va dIn fich foan phn cho mI
phofonIarfbo,snoufrInovaphannoufrInosobangnhau,cung
nhu s pzIfron va oIocfron, cho nn cac su chuyn fu profon dn
nofron cung nhanh nhu cac su chuyn fu nofron dn profon. |Su
phnra phong xa cuanofronco fh duoc bo quao dy v no dIn
ra khoang muoI Iam phuf, ma fa hIn dang xof khoang fhoI gIan
hangphnframgIy).Nhuvy,sucnbangdoIhoIsprofonva
nofron gn bang nhau o canh mf. Nhung haf haf nhn do chua
IInkfIaIdfhanhcachafnhn;nangIuongcndphavomf
haf nhn dIn hnh mf cach hoan foan chI Ia 6 dn 8 frIu
oIocfron - vn cho mI haf haf nhn; no bo hon cac nang Iuong
nhIfdacfrungo10mu11K,dodonhunghafnhnphucfapb
phahuycungnhanhchongnhuchunghnhfhanh.
TunhInnayracuhoI:vufrufrongnhungfhoIkysokhaI
nhf Ion nhu fh nao. TIc fhay chung fa khng bIf duoc, va
chungfacungkhngchacIamrangcuhoIdocomfynghIanao
do.NhudanoIochuongIIvufruhInnaycungcofhIavhan,
frongfruonghopdonocungdaIavhanfrongfhoIgIancuacanh
mfvasoIunIunIavhan.Mafkhac,cofhIahInnayvufru
co mf chu vI huu han, dI khI duoc uoc Iuong khoang 125 nghn
frIu nam anh sang. |Chu vI Ia khoang cach ma fa phaI dI fhoo
mf duong fhang cho dn khI fro v ch cu. S uoc Iuong do dua
frngIafrhInnaycuahangsHubbIo,voIgIafhIfrangmfd
vufrugpdIgIafrfoIhancuano).onhIfdcuavufruha
xungfyInghchvoIkichfhuoccuano,chuvIcuavufruofhoI
kycanh mfbohonbygIo fhoo fyIcuanhIfdIucdo |10mu
11K)vanhIfdbygIo|3K);dIunaychofamfchuvIocanh
mfkhoangbnnamanhsang.KhngcochIfIfnaocuasufIn
hoavufrufrongvaIphufdufInphaIphufhucvaovIcchuvI
cuavufruIucdoIavhanhoacchIbangvaInamanhsang.
Canh haI. NhIf d cua vu fru Ia ba muoI nghn frIu d
KoIvIn |3 x 10 mu 10 K). Tu canh mf, 0,11 gIy da frI qua.
Khng co g fhay dI mf cach dnh finh -fhanh phn cua vu fru
vnchuyuIaoIocfron,noufrIno,phannoufrInovaphofon,ffca
Steven Weinberg 94
du o cn bang nhIf va ff ca o xa frn nhIf d nguong cua
chung.TudomfdnangIuongquaIagIamnhuIuyfhuabncua
nhIf d, dn vao khoang ba muoI frIu In mf d nang Iuong
chua dung frong khI Iuong nghI cua nuoc bnh fhuong. Tc d
gIan no gIam nhu bnh phuong nhIf d, do do fhoI gIan gIan no
dacfrungcuavufrubygIodakoodaIfrongkhoang0,2gIy.S
nho haf nhn vn chua IIn kf fhanh cac haf nhn, nhung v
nhIf d ha fhp, by gIo cac nofron nang hon bIn fhanh profon
nhohonmfcachddanghonnhIusovoInguocIaI.Sucnbang
hafnhndododabIchfhanh38%nofronva62%profon.
Canhba.NhIfdcuavufruIamuoInghnfrIudKoIvIn
|10mu10K).Tucanhmf,1,09gIydafrIqua.TrongfhoIgIan
do mf d va nhIf d ngay cang ha fhp da Iam fang fhoI gIan
sngfudofrungbnhcuanoufrInovaphannoufrInoIndnmuc
machungbafdudInbInnhunhunghaffudokhngconocn
bang nhIf voI oIocfron, pzIfron va phofon. Tu dy, chung so
khngcondongvaIfrogquanfrongfrongcuchuyncuafa,fru
vIc nang Iuong cua chung vn fIp fuc cung cp mf phn cho
ngun fruong hp dn cua vu fru. Khng co g fhay dI Ion khI
noufrInofhoafrakhoIcnbangnhIf.|TruocsudufIInkfdo,
nhung buoc song noufrIno dIn hnh Ia fy I nghch voI nhIf d,
vadonhIfdgIamfyInghchvoIkichfhuocvufru,nhungbuoc
song noufrIno fang fy I fhun voI kich fhuoc vu fru. Sau su duf
IIn kf noufrIno, cac noufrIno so gIan no fu do, nhung dch
chuyndochungsokoodaInhungbuocsongcuachungmfcach
fyIfhunvoIkichfhuocvufru.NhnfInnoIfhm,dIunaychI
ro rang vIc xac dnh fhoI dIm chinh xac cua su duf IIn kf
noufrInoIakhngquanfrongIam,nhuvycungrfff,boIvno
phufhucvaonhungchIfIfcuafhuyfvfuongfaccuanoufrIno
hInnayvnchuaduocrorangIam.).
Mf d nang Iuong foan phn nho hon so voI frong canh
fruocmfsInbangIuyfhuabcbncuafysgIuacacnhIfd,
nhu vy by gIo no fuong duong voI mf mf d khI Iuong 380
nghnfnmfdcuanuoc.ThoIgIangIannodacfrungcuavufru
da fang In mf cach fuong ung dn khoang 2 gIy. NhIf d by
APH!T!TIN 95
gIo chI gp dI nhIf d nguong cua oIocfron va pzIfron, cho nn
chungbafdubhuydIfnhanhhonIaduocfaIfaonnfubucxa.
ygIohayconquanongdchoprofonvanofroncofhIIn
kffhanhcachafnhnnguynfufrongmffhoIgIandangknao
do. NhIf d ha xung by gIo cho phop su cn bang profon -
nofronbIchfhanh24%nofronva76%profon.
Canh bn. NhIf d vu fru by gIo Ia ba nghn frIu d
KoIvIn|3x10mu9K).Tucanhmf,13,82gIydafrIqua.y
gIochungfadangoduoInhIfdnguongchooIocfronvapzIfron,
chonnchungbafdubInmfnhanhchongkhoIcacfhanhphn
chinhcuavufru.NangIuongfhoafrafrongsuhuychungdaIam
gIam fc d Ianh xung cua vu fru, cho nn cac noufrIno khng
nhn duoc g fu nhIf fhua nay, by gIo Ia Ianh hon oIocfron,
pzIfronvaphofonkhoang8%.Tudy,khIchungfanoIvnhIf
dcuavufru,fachIcoynoIvnhIfdcuaphofon.KhIoIocfron
va pzIfron mf dI nhanh chong, mf d nang Iuong cua vu fru
bygIobohonmfchufsovoIkhInohaxungmfcachdongIan
nhuIuyfhuabcbncuanhIfd.
ygIodaduIanhdchomfshafnhnbnnhuhII|Ho
mu4)hnhfhanh,nhungvIcdokhngxayrafuckhac.IydoIa
v vu fru dang gIan no nhanh dn muc cac haf nhn chI co fh
hnh fhanh sau mf Ioaf phan ung nhanh gIua haI haf. Chang
han,mfprofonvamfnofroncofhfaonnmfhafnhnhydr
nang, hoac dofrI, voI xung Iuong va nang Iuong dI duoc mf
phofon mang dI. Haf nhn dofrI Iuc do co fh va cham voI mf
nofron hoac mf profon fao nn hoac mf haf nhn cua dng v
nho, hoII ba |Ho mu 3), gmhaIprofonva mf nofron, hoac dng
v nang nhf cua hydro, goI Ia frIfI |H mu 3), gm mf phofon va
haI nofron. CuI cung, hII ba co fh va cham voI mf nofron, va
frIfIcofhvachamvoI mfprofon,fronghaIfruong hopfaonn
mfhafnhnhIIfhngfhuong|Homu4),gmhaIprofonvahaI
nofron. Nhung d cho day phan ung nay xay ra, cn baf du voI
buocdufIn,sufaoradoforI.
Steven Weinberg 96
Nhung hII fhng fhuong Ia mf haf nhn duoc IIn kf
manh,chonnnhufIdanoI,nocofhfnfaIonhIfdcuacanh
fhuba.TuynhIn,frIfIvahIIbaIInkfkommanhhonnhIuva
dofrIIaIIInkfcuckyyu.|phavomfhafnhndofrI,chI
cn mf phn chin nang Iuong so voI nang Iuong d buf mf haf
hafnhnduynhfkhoIhafhII).OnhIfd10mu10Kcuacanh
bn,cachafnhndofrIbnfungIInngaysaukhIchungduoc
fao nn, nhu vy cac haf nhn nang hon kho ma duoc fao fhanh.
Nofron vn duoc bIn fhanh profon, fuy rang chm hon nhIu so
voI fruoc; frang fhaI cn bang by gIo Ia 17 % nofron va 83 %
profon.
Canhnam.NhIfdcuavufrubygIoIamfnghnfrIud
KoIvIn|10mu9K),chIvaokhoang70InnonghonfmmaffroI.
Tu canh mf, ba phuf haI gIy da frI qua. Iocfron va pzIfron
phnIondamfdI,vafhanhphnchu yucuavufrubygIoIa
phofon, noufrIno va phan noufrIno. Nang Iuong duoc gIaI phong
frong su huy cua oIocfron - pzIfron da cho cac phofon mf nhIf
d35%caohonnhIfdcuanoufrIno.
VufrubygIocungduIanhdchocachafnhnfrIfIvahII
bacungnhuhIIfhngfhuongfnfaI,nhungchuongngaIdofrI
vnconfacdng:NhunghafnhndofrIkhngduocgIuduIud
cho phop mf s kha quan haf nhn nang hon duoc hnh fhanh.
Cac va cham gIua nofron va profon voI oIocfron, noufrIno va cac
phan haf cua chung by gIo da chm duf han, nhung su phn ra
cuanofronfudobafduIaquanfrong;mI100gIy,10%cuacac
nofron con IaI so phn ra fhanh profon. Can cn nofron - profon
bygIoIa14%nofron,86%profon.
Mun hon mf chuf. Mf Iuc ngan sau canh nam, mf su
kIndfngfxayra:nhIfdhaxungdndImmacachafnhn
dofrI co fh fn faI. Mf khI chuong ngaI dofrI khng con nua,
nhunghafnhnnanghoncofhduocfaonnrfnhanhchongboI
day cac phan ung haI haf duoc m fa frong canh bn. Tuy nhIn,
nhung haf nhn nang hon hII khng duoc fao nn v nhung
chuong ngaI khac: khng co haf nhn bn voI nam hoac fam haf
hafnhn.odo,khInhIfdvuadafdImmadofrIcofhduoc
APH!T!TIN 97
fao fhanh, hu hf nhung nofron con IaI du fuc khac duoc nu
nuongfhanhnhunghafnhnhII.NhIfdchinhxacfaIdoqua
frnhnayxayraphufhucchufifvaosIuonghafhafnhncho
mI phofon, boI v mf mf d haf Ion so Iam cho su hnh fhanh
cachafnhnddanghonmfif.|oIaIydofaIsaofIdagoIfhoI
dIm do mf cach khng chinh xac Ia mun hon mf chuf sau
canhnam.)VoI mf nghn frIuphofonchomf haf haf nhn, su
fnghophafnhnsobafduonhIfdchinframfrIudKoIvIn
|0,9 x 10 mu 9). Iuc do 3 phuf 46 gIy da frI qua fu canh mf.
|andocsophaIfhaIIchosukhngchinhxaccuafIkhIdaffn
cunsachnayIabaphufdufIn.NonghohayhonIabaphufba
phn fu du fIn.) Su phn ra nofron da Ia su cn bang nofron -
profon,ngayfruockhIsufnghophafnhnbafduIchfhanh13
phn fram nofron, 87 phn fram profon. Sau su fng hop haf
nhnfyIuongfhoofrongIuongcuahIIIadungbangfyIuongcua
ff ca cac haf haf nhn IIn kf fhanh hII, mf nua cua cac haf
nayIanofron,vavcanbanffcanofronduIInkffhanhhII,
cho nn fy Iuong fhoo frong Iuong cua hII don gIan Ia gp dI fy
Iuong cua nofron so voI cac haf haf nhn, hoac khoang 26 phn
fram. Nu mf d cua cac haf nhn cao hon mf if, su fng hop
hafnhnbafdusomhonmfif,khIdokhngconhIunofronb
phnranhuvy,dodoshIIduocfaoranhIuhonmfif,nhung
chackhngqua28phnframfhoofrongIuong|xomhnh9).
Hnh 9 - fh chI su dch chuyn cua

cn bang nofron - profon: Ty Iuong cac
nofronfrnffcacachafhafnhnduoc
vo nhu Ia mf ham cua ca nhIf d va
fhoI gIan. Phn duong cong co ghI cn
bang nhIf m fa fhoI ky frong do cac
mfdvanhIfdcaodnmuccnbang
nhIf duoc gIu vung gIua ff ca cac haf;
fyIuongnofronodycofhduocfinhfu
hIu khI Iuong nofron - profon bang
cach su dung cac quy Iuf cua co hoc
fhng k. Phn duong cong co ghI phn
ra nofron m fa fhoI ky frong do moI
quafrnhbIndInofron-profondakf
Hnh 9 - th ch s dch chuyn ca cn bng ntron -
proton:
Steven Weinberg 98
fhuc, fru su phn ra phong xa cua nofron fu do. Phn gIua cua duong cong phu fhuc vao
nhung finh foan chI fIf v cac xac suf chuyn cua cac fuong fac yu. Phn duf nof cua
duongcongchIrocaIg so xay ranu cac haf nhnbangcachnaody bngan chankhng
hnhfhanh. Thucra, omffhoIdIm dudyfrongfhoIkychIdn bang muI fnghIfhoI
daIfnghophafnhn,nofronduocghopnhanhfhanhnhunghafnhnhIIvafyInofron-
profon duoc c dnh o fr s ma no co Iuc do. uong bIu dIn nay cung co fh dung d uoc
finhfyIuong|fhoofrongIuong)cuahIIduocsInhrafhoovufruhoc:voIbfkyfrsnhIf
d nao hoac fhoI dIm nao cho fruoc cua su fng hop haf nhn, no dung gp dI fy Iuong
nofronIucdo.
y gIo fa da daf va vuof fhoI gIan bIu duoc daf ra fruoc,
nhung d fhy ro hon caI g da duoc hoan fhanh, fa hay nhn IaI
IncuIcungvufrusaukhInhIfdbhaxungmfInnua.
Canhsau.NhIfdvufrubygIoIa300frIudKoIvIn|3x
10mu8K).Tucanhmf,34phufva40gIydafrIqua.Iocfron
va pzIfron by gIo da b huy hoan foan fru mf s if |mf phn
1000frIu)oIocfronfhuaradcnbangdInfichcuacacprofon.
NangIuonggIaIphongfrongsuhuydobygIodachocacphofon
mf nhIf d fhuong xuyn 40,1 phn fram cao hon nhIf d cac
nofron |xom chu fhich foan hoc 6). Mf d nang Iuongcua vu fru
bygIofuongduongvoImfmfdkhIIuong9,9phnframmf
d cua nuoc; frong do 31 % Ia duoI dang noufrIno va phan
noufrIno, va 69 phn fram duoI dang phofon. Mf d nang Iuong
nay cho vu fru mf fhoI gIan gIan no dac frung khoang mf gIo
muoI Iam phuf. Cac qua frnh haf nhn da ngung - cac haf nhn
bygIophnIonhoacfuIInkffhanhcachafnhnhIIhoacIa
profonfudo|hafnhnhydro)voIkhoangfu22dn28%hIIfhoo
frong Iuong. Co mf oIocfron cho mI profon fu do hoac IIn kf,
nhungvufruvnconquanongnncacnguynfubnkhngfh
fnfaIduoc.
VufrusofIpfucgIannovanguIdn,nhungsokhngcog
dang chu y Iam xay ra frong 700.000 nam. Iuc do nhIf d so ha
xung muc oIocfron va haf nhn co fh fao fhanh nhung nguyn
fu bn:su fhIu oIocfron fudoso Iam cho cacfhanh phn cua vu
frufrongsufdIvoIbucxa;vasufachvfchfvabucxasocho
phop vf chf baf du fao fhanh cac fhIn ha va cac v sao. Sau
mffhoIgIankhoang10.000frIunamnua,nhungsInhvfsobaf
dudungIaIcuchuynnay.
APH!T!TIN 99
ankIaIvvufrusokhaInaycomfquanhcofhkIm
fra ngay duoc bang quan saf: vf IIu con IaI fu 3 phuf du fIn,
Iucdudafaonncacvsao,gmfu22dn28phnframhIIvoI
ffcacacphnconIaIhunhuIahydro.Nhufadafhy,kfqua
nay phu fhuc vao vIc cho rang co mf fy s rf Ion cua phofon
frn haf haf nhn ma fy s nay IaI can cu frn nhIf d 3 K do
duoc cua phng buc xa cuc ngan vu fru hIn nay. Tinh foan du
fInvsufaonnhIIfhoovufruhocdungdnnhIfdbucxado
duocdaduocP.J..PoobIosoPrIncofonfInhanhnam1965,mf
fhoI gIan ngan sau su kham pha ra phng buc xa cuc ngan boI
PonzIasvaWIIson.Mfkfquafuongfuduocruframfcachdc
Ip va gn nhu mf Iuc frong mf finh foan phuc fap hon boI
RoborfWagonor,WIIIIamovIorvarodHoyIo.KfquadoIamf
fhangIoIvangdIcuamhnhchun,vIucdoconhunguocfinh
dcIpchorangmaffroIvacacvsaokhacbafdudoIsngcua
chung chu yu nhu Ia nhung khI hydro, voI khoang 20 dn 30
phnframhII.
C nhIn, frn qua df co hf suc if hII, nhung do chinh Ia
do nguyn f hII nho va fro v hoa hoc dn muc da s chung da
fhoaf khoI qua df nhIu nam fruoc dy. Nhung uoc finh v d
nhIubanducuahIIfrongvufruIaduafrnnhungsosanhcac
finh foan chI fIf v su fIn hoa cua cac v sao, voI nhung phn
fichfhngkcacfinhchfquansafduoccuacacvsao,cngvoI
suquansaffrucfIpcacvachhIIfrongquangphcuacacvsao
nongvacuavfchfgIuacacvsao.Thucra,nhufncuanochI
ro,hIIIndufInduocghInhnIamfnguynffrongnhung
nguyn f quang ph cua khi quyn maf froI, do J. Norman
IockyorfInhanhnam1868.
Trongnhungnam1960dufIn,mfsifnhafhInvanda
IuuyrangdnhIucuahIIkhngnhungIonfrongfhInha,ma
conkhngbInfhInfuchnaydnchkhacmanhnhudnhIu
cuanhungnguynfnanghon.VIcnaycnhIndungIacaIfaco
fh cho doI nu cac nguyn f nang duoc fao ra frong cac v sao,
nhunghIIduocfaorafrongvufrusokhaI,fruockhIbfcungI
sao nao duoc fao ra. Hay con mf su khng chac chan va khac
Steven Weinberg 100
nhauIonfrongnhunguocIuongvdnhIuhafnhnnhungbang
chungchacchanvdnhIubandufu20dn30phnframcua
hII Iadu manh d khuynkhich nhung nguoIbnhvuc m hnh
chun.
ThmvaosIuongIonhIIduocfaorasaubaphufdufIn,
cungconcomfchufifhafnhnnhohon,chuyuIadofrI|hydro
voImfnofrondI)vadngvnhocuahIIHomu 3,noda fhoaf
khoIsuhopnhffhanhhafnhnhIIfhngfhuong.|CacdnhIu
cua chung duoc finh In du fIn nam 1967 frong baI bao cua
Wagonor, ovIor va HoyIo.) Khng nhu d nhIu cua hII, d
nhIu cua dofrI phu fhuc nhIu vao mf d haf haf nhn frong
quafrnhfnghophafnhn:voImfdcaohon,cacphanunghaf
nhn xay ra nhanh hon, do do hu nhu ff ca dofrI phaI b bIn
dI fhanh hII. NoI ro hon, dy Ia cac fr s d nhIu |fhoo frong
Iuong)cuadofrIduocfaorafrongvufrusokhaI,maWagonorda
cho, dI voI ba fr s co fh co cua fy s gIua profon va haf haf
nhn:
Phofon/hafnhn nhIucuadoforI|phnfrIu
100frIu
1000frIu
10000frIu
0,00008
16
600
Ro rang Ia nu co fh xac dnh duoc d nhIu Iuc du fIn
cuadofrIfruockhIbafduhnhfhanhcacngIsao,facofhfinh
chinh xac fy s phofon frn haf haf nhn; bIf duoc nhIf d buc
xahInnayIa3K,fhfafudocofhfinhduocgIafrchinhxac
chomfdkhIIuonghafnhnhInnaycuavufru,vaphandoan
fhuxomnoIamohaydong.
TIcfhayrfkhoxacdnhduocdnhIudofrIIucbandu
fhuc su. Tr s c dIn cua d nhIu fhoo frong Iuong cua dofrI
frongnuocfrnquadfIa150phnfrIu.|ofrIIachfsoduoc
dung Ia nhIu IIu cho cac Io phan ung nhIf hach, nu cac phan
ung nhIf hach mf ngay nao do duoc dIn khIn mf cach fhich
APH!T!TIN 101
hop). Tuy nhIn, do Ia mf con s da b saI Ich dI; su vIc cac
nguynfudofrInanggpdInguynfuhydroIamchomfphn
IonchungcofhIInkffhanhphnfunuocnang|HO),fhanh
ramffyIdofrIbohonsovoIhydrodacofhfhoafkhoIfruong
hpdncuaquadf.Mafkhac,quangphhocchIrarangfrnb
mafmaffroIdnhIucuadofrIrfnho,nhohonbnphnfrIu.
o cung Ia mf con s da b saI Ich - dofrI frong nhung vung
ngoaI cua maf froI co fh b huy bang cach kf hop voI hydro d
faofhanhdngvnhocuahII,Homu3.
SuhIubIfcuachungfavdnhIucuadofrIfrongvufru
da co co so vung chac hon o cac quan saf fu ngoaI vao nam 1973
nho v fInh nhn fao cua qua df CopornIcus. Cac nguyn fu
dofrI, nhu nhung nguyn fu hydro, co fh hp fhu anh sang fu
ngoaIomfsbuocsongxacdnhungvoInhungsuchuynfrong
donguynfu duockichfhichfu frang fhaI nang Iuong fhp nhf
dn mf frang fhaI cao hon nao do. Cac buoc song do phu fhuc
nhovaokhIIuongcuahafnhnnguynfu,chonnphfungoaI
cuamfngIsaomaanhsangdnvoIchungfaquamfhnhop
hydrovadofrInamgIuacacvsaosocomfsvachhpfhufI,
mIvachfachfhanhhaIfhanhphn,mfdohydro,mfdodofrI.
fIfydIcuacaccapfhanhphncuavachhpfhubfkykhI
dochofrucfIpdnhIufydIcuahydrovadofrIfrongdammy
gIuacacvsao.TIcfhay,khiquyncuaquadfIamchovIcfIn
hanhnghIncuufhInvanfungoaIfumfframfrnmafdfrf
khokhan.VfInhCopornIcusmangmfphkfungoaIdungd
nghIncuucacvachhpfhufrnphcuasaonongbfacuachom
sao Confaurus; fu cac cuong d fy dI cua chung, nguoI fa fhy
rangmIfruonggIuafavabfaConfauruschuakhoang20phn
frIu |fhoo frong Iuong) dofrI. Nhung quan saf gn dy hon v
nhung vach hp fhu fu ngoaI frn ph cua nhung ngI sao nong
khacchonhungkfquafuongfu.
Nu fy s 20 phn frIu nay fhuc su duoc fao nn frong vu
fru so khaI, fh khI do da phaI co |va hIn nay co) dung khoang
1100frIuphofonchomIhafhafnhn|xomobangfrn).OnhIf
dbucxavufruhInnay3K,co550.000phofonmIIif,vyhIn
Steven Weinberg 102
nay phaI co khoang 500 haf haf nhn mI frIu Iif. S nay Ia hf
sucbonhosovoImfdfIfhIuchomfvufrudongma,nhufa
fhy o chuong II, Ia vao khoang 3000 haf haf nhn cho mI frIu
Iif.KfIunnhuvysophaIIa:vufruIamo;nghIaIacacfhInha
dangchuyndngvoIvnfcfrnvnfcfhoaf,vavufrusodan
nomaImaI.NumfphnnaochfgIuacacvsaodaduocsanra
frongcacngIsaocoxuhuongphahuydofrI|nhufrnmaffroI),
fhIucdodnhIudofrIdaduocfaorafhoovufruhocconphaI
Ionhoncons20phnfrIumavfInhCopornIcusdafmra,nhu
vymfdcuacachafhafnhnconphaIifhon500hafmIfrIu
Iif,IamchokfIunrangfasngfrongmfvufrumodannomaI
maI,duocdangfInfuonghonnua.
TIphaInoIrangbanfhnfIfhycachIpIundococaIg
do khng fhuyf phuc Iam. ofrI khng gIng nhu hII, du d
nhIucuanocovoIacaohonIacofhmongdoIomfvufrudong
comfdfuongdIcao,dofrIconIahfsuchImvfrsfuyf
dI. Ta co fh fuong fuong rang chf dofrI fhua nay duoc san ra
frongcachIn fuongfhIn vangndycacngIsaosIumoI,
fIa vu fru, co fh k ca nhung dI fuong chun sao |quaza). o
khngphaIIafruonghopcuahII;dnhIu2030phnframcua
hII khng fh duoc fao nn moI gn dy ma khng co nhung
IuongkhngIbucxaduocgIaIphongmafakhngquansafduoc.
Co nguoI cho rang fy s 20 phn frIu dofrI ma v fInh
CopornIcus fm ra da khng fh duoc san sInh ra fhoo bf cu co
ch vfIyfhInvannao makhngdng fhoIsanranhungIuong
IonmfcachquadangnhungnguynfnhohImkhac:IIfI,borIII
vabo.TuynhIn,fIkhngbIffaIsaofasoIunIunchacrang
sifdofrIdodakhngduocsanraboImfcochphIvufruhoc
mahInnaychuaaInghIdn.
Con co mf caI sof IaI cua vu fru so khaI, no fn faI o khap
quanhfa,nhungduongnhukhngfhquansafduoc.Tadafhy
frongcanhbarangnoufrInodabIndInnhunhunghaffudofu
Iuc nhIf d vu fruha xungduoI khoang 10.000 frIud KoIvIn.
Trong fhoI gIan do nhung buoc song cua noufrIno qua Ia da dan
daI fy I voI kich fhuoc cua vu fru ; s Iuong va su phn b nang
APH!T!TIN 103
IuongcuanoufrInodododaduyfrnhuIaocnbangnhIf,song
voImfnhIfddagIamfyInghchvoIkichfhuoccuavufru.o
cung gn dung Ia caI da xay ra dI voI phofon frong fhoI gIan do
mac du phofon o cn bang nhIf Iu hon nhIu so voI noufrIno.
Tu do, nhIf d noufrIno hIn nay phaI d dng bang nhIf d
phofonhInnay.Nhuvycokhoang1000frIunoufrInovaphan
noufrInochomIhafhafnhnfrongvufru.
CofhnoIchinhxachonnhIu vdImnay.MfIuckhng
Iu sau khI vu fru fro fhanh frong suf dI voI noufrIno, cac
oIocfronvapzIfronbafduhuynhau,nungnongcacphofonchu
khng phaI cac noufrIno. Kf qua Ia nhIf d noufrIno hIn nay
phaIbohonnhIfdcuaphofonhInnaymfif.Khaddangma
finhrangnhIfdnoufrInofhphonnhIfdcuaphofonfhoofy
I can ba cua 4/11, hoac 71,48 phn fram In. NoufrIno va phan
haf noufrIno Iuc dodong gop 45,42 phnframnangIuongcho vu
frusovoIphofon.|Xomchufhichfoanhoc6.)MacdufIdakhng
noI ro ra nhu vy, mI khI fI nhac dn fhoI gIan dan no vu fru
fruocdy,fIdafinhdnmfdnangIuongnoufrInodIranay.
MfsufhuanhnkhadIdfngfmhnhchuncuavufru
sokhaIkhaIsoIasukhampharaphngnoufrInonay.Tacomf
fIndoanchacchanvnhIfdcuano;noIa71,38phnframcua
nhIfdphofon,hoacIakhoang2K.Sukhngchacchanduynhf
v maf Iy fhuyf v s Iuong va su phn b nang Iuong cua
noufrInoIaovndmfdsIopfoncobonhufagIafhIffruoc
dy khng. |Nho rang s Iopfon Ia s cac noufrIno va cac Iopfon
khac fru dI s cac phan haf noufrIno va cac phan Iopfon khac.)
Nu mf d s Iopfon bo nhu mf d s baryon, fh s Iuong
noufrIno va phan noufrIno so bang nhau, bang mf phn nghn
frIu.Mafkhac,numfdsIopfonsosanhduocvoImfds
phofonfhsocomfsusuybIn,mfsudInoufrIno|hoacphan
noufrIno) kha Ion va mf su fhIu huf phan noufrIno |hoac
noufrIno). Mf su suy bIn nhu vy so Iam x dch cn bang
noufrIno - phofon frong ba phuf du, va do do so Iam fhay dI s
IuonghIIvadofrIsanrafhoovufruhoc.Suquansafphngvu
fru2KcuanoufrInovaphannoufrInosoquyfdnhngayvnd
Steven Weinberg 104
vufrucomfsIopfonIonhaykhng,nhungdIuquanfronghon
nhIu Ia no so chung fo rang m hnh chun cua vu fru so khaI
quafhucIadungdan.
Than I, noufrIno fuong fac voI vf chf fhng fhuong yu
dnmucchuaaInghIraphuongphapnaodquansafmfphng
noufrIno vu fru 2 K. o fhuc Ia mf vn d hoc bua : co khoang
mfnghnfrIunoufrInovaphannoufrInochomIhafhafnhn,
nhungchodnnaychuaaIbIf cachphaf hIn ra chung ! Cofh
mfngaynaodosoconguoIfmracachdo.
KhIfhoodoIfuongfhufvbaphufdunay,bandoccofh
cam nhn mf fInh fhn khoa hoc qua dang. Co fh Ia dung nhu
vy.TuynhIn,fIkhngfInrangfInbkhoahocIunIunduoc
dy manh ff nhf bang cach co mf fhaI d qua rng raI frong
vIc fIp fhu caI moI. NhIu khI cn qun nhung su nghI ngo cua
mnhvafhoodoIxomcaIhquacuagIafhuyfcuafacofhdn
dndu:vIcIonkhngphaIIafranhnhungdnhkInIyfhuyf,
ma phaI co nhung dnh kIn dung dan. Va bao gIo cung vy, su
kImframfdnhkInIyfhuyfnaodoIaochnodndndu.
MhnhchuncuavufrusokhaIdadafduocvaIfhangIoI,vano
cung cp mf khung Iy fhuyf phu hop cho nhung chuong frnh
fhuc nghIm sap dn. VIc nay khng co nghIa Ia no dung nhung
conghIaIanoxungdangduocxomxofnghImfuc.
Tuy nhIn co mf su khng chac chan Ion Io Iung nhu mf
dammydonfrnmhnhchun.CosomamoIfinhfoannoIdn
frong chuong nay Ia nguyn Iy vu fru hoc, su cho rang vu fru Ia
dng finh va dang huong. |Ta hIu dng finh Ia : vu fru fo ra
khng dI dI voI moI nguoI quan saf duoc mang fhoo su dan no
fng quaf cua vu fru, du nguoI quan saf do o v fri nao; fa hIu
danghuongIavufruforakhngdIfhoomoIhuongdIvoImf
nguoIquansafnhuvy).TabIffunhungquansaffrucfIprang
phng buc xa cuc ngan vu fru fru Ia dang huong o muc d cao
chungquanhfa,vafudofasuyrarangvufruIadanghuongva
dng finh o muc d cao ngay fu Iuc buc xa hf cn bang voI vf
chf, o mf nhIf d khoang 3000 K. Tuy nhIn, fa khng co mf
APH!T!TIN 105
bang chung nao rang nguyn Iy vu fru hoc da dung dan frong
nhungfhoIkyfruockIa.
CofhvufruIucduIarfkhngdngfinhvakhngdang
huong, nhung sau do da bof g gh dI boI cac Iuc ma saf ma
nhung phn cua vu fru dan no fac dng In nhau. Mf m hnh
nguoI san bang nhu vy da dac bIf duoc CharIos MIsnor o
fruong daI hoc MaryIand bnh vuc. Cung co fh rang nhIf duoc
faoraboIsudngfinhhoavasudanghuonghoanhomasafcua
vu fru Ia nguyn nhn dua dn fy I fo Ion nhu hIn nay cua
phofon frn haf haf nhn Ia 1000 frIu frn mf. Tuy nhIn fhoo
suhIubIfcgangnhfcuafI,khngaIcofhnoIduocfaIsao
vu fru co mf d khng dng finh va d huong rIng Iuc du nao
do,vakhngaIbIfcachfinhfoannhIfIuongduocfaoraboIsu
sanbangvufru.
Thoo fI, IoI gIaI dap fhich hop cho nhung dIm khng chac
chan nhu vy khng phaI Ia |nhu mf s nha vu fru hoc co fh
mun) IoaI bo m hnh chun, ma Ia xom xof no fhf nghIm fuc
vafinhfoancachquacuanodncung,duchIIavoIhyvongfm
duoc mf mu fhun nao do voI quan saf. Vn chua ro rang finh
khng dang huong va finh khng dng finh Ion ban du co anh
huongIondncuchuynkfrongchuongnayhaykhng.Cofh
IavufrudaduocsanbangdIfrongvaIgIydufIn;frongfruong
hop do su fao ra hII va dofrI fhoo vu fru hoc co fh duoc finh
foan nhu fh nguyn Iy vu fru hoc Iun Iun dung dan. Mac du
finh khng dang huong va finh khng dng finh cua vu fru vn
conIaIsaufhoIkyfnghophII,sufaorahIIvadofrIfrongmoI
khIdannomfcachdngduchIphaIphufhucvaofcddan
noofrongkhIdo,vacofhkhngkhacIamsovoIsufaoraduoc
finhfoanfrongmhnhchun.CungcofhIafoanbvufruma
facofhfhykhInhnIaIvfruoc,dnfhoIkyfnghophafnhn,
chIIamfkhIdngfinhvadanghuongnamfrongmfvufruIon
honkhngdngfinhvakhngdanghuong.
Tinh khng chac chan cua nguyn Iy vu fru hoc fro fhanh
fhuc su quan frong khI fa nhn IaI fhua baf du chinh cng hoac
nhn v sau cho dn khI vu fru kf fhuc. TI so fIp fuc dua vao
Steven Weinberg 106
nguyn Iy nay frong phn Ion haI chuong sau cung. Tuy nhIn,
phaI Iun cng nhn rang nhung m hnh vu fru don gIan cua fa
chIcofhmfamfphnnhocuavufru,hoacmfphnhanch
Ichsucuano.
APH!T!TIN 107
VAITRANCIICHS!KHOAHOC
Ta hay fam ngung xof Ich su cua vu fru so khaI, va noI v
Ich su ba fhp nIn cuI cua nghIn cuu vu fru hoc. O dy fI
mun dac bIf xom xof mf vn d Ich su ma fI cho Ia vua kho
hIuvuahpdn.SuphafhInraphngbucxacuc nganvu fru
frong nam 1965 Ia mf frong nhung kham pha khoa hoc quan
frongnhfcuafhky20.VsaonodaphaIradoImfcachngu
nhIn7 Hoac noI cach khac faI sao khng co su fm hIu h fhng
naovbucxanayfrongnhIunamfruoc19657
Nhufafhyfrongchuongfruoc,gIafrdoduochInnaycua
nhIfdphngbucxavamfdkhIIuongcuavufruchophopfa
fIndoancacdnhIuvufrucuacacnguynfnho,nohnhnhu
khop ff voI quan saf. NhIu nam fruoc 1965 nguoI fa dang Io ra
cofhfIn hanh finh foan nguoc IaI,fIndoan mfphngbuc xa
cuc ngan vu fru, vaduoc bafdu fmkIm no fucac dnhIu vu
fruquansafduochInnay,vaokhoang20-30phnframhIIva
70-80phnframhydro,cofhsuyrarangsufnghophafnhn
daphaIbafduIucfyIuongnofroncuacachafhafnhnhaxung
10 - 15 phn fram. |Nho rang d nhIu fhoo frong Iuong cua hII
hIn nay Ia dung gp dI fy Iuong nofron o fhoI ky fng hop haf
nhn).CIafrnaycuafIIuongnofrondafduockhIvufruonhIf
d1000frIudKoIvIn|10mu9K).IukInfnghophafnhn
bafduIucdocofhchophopnguoIfauocfinhsobmfdhaf
nhnonhIfd10mu9K,frongkhImfdphofononhIfddo
cofhfinhduocfunhungfinhchfbIfduoccuabucxavfdon.
Tudo, fy s gIua s Iuong phofon va haf hafnhnIuc docung co
fhbIfduoc.NhungfysdokhngfhaydI,vvynocungcofh
duoc bIf dung nhu vy o fhoI ky hIn nay. Nhu vy fu nhung
quansafmfdhafhafnhnhInnay,nguoIfacofhfIndoan
mfdphofonhInnay,vasuyrasufnfaIcuamfphngbucxa
Steven Weinberg 108
cucnganvufruvoInhIfdhInnayvaokhoangfu1Kdn10K.
NuIchsukhoahocdaIadongIanvarorangnhuIchsuvufru,
mfnguoInaododacofhduaramffIndoanfhoocachuongdo
frong nhung nam 1940 hoac 1950; va su fIn doan do da co fh
khoIxuongmfsufmkImphngbucxafronghangngucacnha
fhInvanvfuyn.NhungdohoanfoankhngphaIIavIcdaxay
ra.
Thuc ra, mf fIn doan fhoo kha gn nhung huong frn da
duocduaravaonam1948,nhungIucdohoacsaudo,nodakhng
dndnmfsufmkImbucxa.TrongnhungnamcuIcuafhp
nIn 40, fhuyf vu fru hoc vu n Ion da duoc Coorgo Camov va
nhung nguoI cng fac cua ng Ia RaIphan AIphor va Roborf
Horman khao saf ky. Ho cho rang vu fru baf du nhu Ia nhung
nofrondonfhun,vacacnofronnaysaudobafduchuynfhanh
phofon qua qua frnh phn ra phong xa quon bIf frong do mf
nofron ngu nhIn bIn fhanh mf profon, mf oIocfron, va mf
phannoufrIno.MfIucnaodofrongquafrnhgIanno,vufrufro
fhanhduIanhdchocacnguynfnangcofhfaonnfunofron
va profon bang mf Ioaf nhanh cac su baf nofron. AIphor va
HormanfmrarangdkhopvoIcacdnhIuquansafduochIn
naycuanhungnguynfnhocngIafhIfmffysphofonfrn
haf haf nhn vao khoang 1000 frIu. ung nhung uoc Iuong v
mfdhafhafnhnvufruhInnayhodacofhfIndoansufn
faI cua mf phng buc xa con sof IaI fu vu fru so khaI, voI mf
nhIfdhInnayIa5K!
CacfinhfoanbanducuaAIphor,HormanvaCamovkhng
duocdungdanfrongmoIchIfIf.Nhufafhyfrongchuongfrn,
vu fru co Io baf du voI nhung s Iuong bang nhau v nofron va
profonchukhngphaIvoInofrondonfhun.NgoaIra,suchuyn
fu nofron fhanh profon |va nguoc IaI) xay ra chu yu qua su va
chamvoIoIocfron,pzIfron,noufrInovaphannoufrIno,chukhng
phaI Ia do su phn ra phong xa cua nofron. Cac dIm do da duoc
nnInvaonam1950boIC.HayashIvavaonam1953AIphorva
Horman |cung voI J. W. oIIIn fro) da sua IaI m hnh cua ho va
fIn hanh mf su finh foan co ban dung dan v su cn bang x
APH!T!TIN 109
dchnofron-profon.ofhucraIasuphnfichhoanfoanhIndaI
dufInvIchsucuavufrusokhaI.
TuynhIn,nam1948hoacnam1953khngaIbfrid fm
bucxacucngandafIndoan.Thucra,nhIunamfruoc1965cac
nha vf Iy fhIn van fhuong khng bIf rang frong cac m hnh
vu n Ion, cac d nhIu cua hydro va hII doI hoI frong vu fru
hInnayfnfaImfphngbucxavufruquafhuccofhquansaf
duoc.OdycacnhavfIyfhInvannoIchungkhngbIfdnsu
fIn doan cua AIphor va Horman, Ia khng dang ngac nhIn Iam:
mfhaIfhngbaocofhchmdIfrongbIncafhngfInkhoahoc.
CaIkhohIuhonIavndsuffrnquafrnh10namsaukhng
mfaIkhacfhooduImfhuongIpIunnhuvy.Tfcacacvn
d Iy fhuyf du co san. ChI cho dn1964fhcac finh foan v su
fng hop haf nhn frong mf m hnh vu n Ion moI duoc baf
duIaI,doYa..ZoIdovIchoNga,HoyIovaR.J.TayIoroAnhva
PoobIos o My fIn hanh, ca ba nhom Iam vIc dc Ip voI nhau.
TuynhIn,IucdoPonzIasvaWIIsondabaf ducacquansafcua
hooHoImdoI,vadaphafhInraphngsongcucnganmakhng
cosukichfhichvagoIynaocuacacnhavufruhocIyfhuyf.
Cung rf Ia rang nhung nguoI fhuc co bIf v su fIn doan
cua AIphor va Horman hnh nhu khng nhn manh dn no Iam.
Chinh AIphor, oIIIn va Horman frong bao cao nam 1953 cua ho
dadIaIvndfnghophafnhnchonhungnghIncuufuong
IaI,nhuvyhokhngcokhanangfinhfoanIaInhIfdmongdoI
cuaphngbucxacucnganfrncosomhnhduoccaIfIncuaho.
|Ma ho cung khng nhac dn su fIn doan fruoc dy cua ho rang
hochodoImfphngbucxa5K.Hofhngbaovnhungfinhfoan
naodovsufnghophafnhnomfcuchopcuahIvfIyMy
nam 1953 nhung ca ba chuyn qua cac phong fhi nghIm khac
nhau vacngfrnhkhngduocvIfIaIduoI mfdangcuIcung.)
NhIu nam sau, frong mf buc fhu vIf cho PonzIas sau su phaf
hIn ra phng buc xa cuc ngan, Camov da chI ra rang frong mf
baIbaocuangnam1953,dangfrongcacbInbancuavInhan
ImhoanggIaanMach,ngdafIndoanmfphngbucxavoI
nhIf d 7 K, daI fh Ia mf bc d Ion dung dan. Tuy nhIn mf
Steven Weinberg 110
su nhn qua baI bao nam 1953 do cho fhy rang fIn doan cua
CamovduafrnmfIpIunfoanhocsaIImIInquandnfuI
cuavufru,chukhngduafrnfhuyfcuachinhngvfnghop
hafnhn.
Co fh Ip Iun rang cac d nhIu frong vu fru cua cac
nguyn f nho khng duoc bIf ro frong nhung nam 1950 va du
nhungnam1960drufranhungkfIungdufkhoafvnhIfd
cuaphngbucxa.ungIangayhInnayfacungkhngfhfchac
IacomfdnhIucuahIIfrongvufrukhoang20-3phnfram.
Tuy nhIn dIu quan frong Ia nguoI fa fIn fu nhIu nam fruoc
1960 rang da s khI Iuong cua vu fru Ia o duoI dang hydro.
|Chang han, mf su fham do nam 1956 do Hans Suos va HaroId
!roy fIn hanh cho mf d nhIu hydro Ia 75 phn fram fhoo
frongIuong).MahydrokhngphaIduocfaorafrongcacngIsao-
no Ia nhIn IIu nguyn fhuy ma fu do cac ngI sao co duoc nang
Iuong bang cach fao nn nhung nguyn f nang hon. VIc nay fu
no cung du noI In rang da phaI co mf fy I Ion phofon frn haf
hafnhndcofhcanfrosunungnuffcahydrofhanhrahII
vanhungnguynfnanghonfrongvufrusokhaI.
NguoI fa co fh hoI fhuc ra khI nao da co fh, v maf ky
fhuf, quan saf mf phng buc xa dang huong o 3K. Kho ma noI
chinh xac v vIc nay, nhung cac ban dng nghIp fhuc nghIm
cua fI noI voI fI rang su quan saf da co fh fIn hanh Iu fruoc
1965,cofhvaogIuanhungnam1950vangaycofhgIuanhung
nam 1940. Nam 1946, mf nhom o phong fhi nghIm buc xa cua
M.IT.,duoIsuIanhdaocuachinhRoborfIckodacofhdafmf
gIoI han frn cho nhung phng buc xa dang huong bf ky ngoaI
fraIdf:nhIfdfuongduongifhon20Konhungbuocsong1,00,
1,25 va 1,50 confImof. Phop do nay Ia mf san phm phu cua
nhungnghIncuuvsuhpfhudokhiquyn,vachackhngphaI
Iamfphncuamfchuongfrnhcuavufruhocquansaf.|Thuc
ra, Icko fhng bao cho fI rang khI anh fa baf du fm hIu v
mfphngbucxacucnganvufrucofhcoduoc,anhfadaqun
gIoIhanfrn20KvnhIfdphngmachinhanhfadafmduoc
haIfhpnInvfruoc!).
APH!T!TIN 111
I voI fI, hnh nhu khng phaI fhf Ia quan frong v maf
IchsununuroIucmasukhamphaphngsongcucngandang
huong 3 K da fro fhanh co fh duoc. Iu quan frong Ia cac nha
fhIn van v fuyn khng bIf Ia ho phaI Iam fhu! Nguoc IaI hay
xof dn Ich su v noufrIno. KhI no duoc PauII gIa fhIf In du
nam 1932, ro rang Ia khng co bong dang mf dp may nao d
quan saf no frong bf cu mf fhi nghIm nao Iuc do co fh Iam
duoc.TuynhIn,suphafhInnoufrInoconofrongfrioccuanha
vfIynhumucfIufhachfhucvakhIcacIophanunghafnhnco
fh dung cho nhung muc dich nhu vy frong nhung nam 1950,
noufrInodaduocfmkImvaduocfmfhy.SukhacnhauIaIcon
rorfhonfrongfruonghopphanprofon.SaukhIpzIfrondaduoc
khamphafrongcacfIavufrunam1932,cacnhaIyfhuyffhuong
mong doI rang profon cung nhu oIocfron phaI co mf phan haf.
Trongnhungnam1930,dakhngcocohInaofaoraphanprofon
voIcacxIcIfroncoduocIucdo,nhungcacnhavfIyvnbIfdn
vn d nay, va frong nhung nam 1950, mf nha may gIa fc
|ovafron o orkoIoy) da duoc xy dung dac bIf d co du nang
Iuongcofhfaoraphanprofon.KhngcoggIngnhuvfdaxay
ra frong fruong hop phng buc xa cuc ngan vu fru, cho dn Iuc
IckovacaccngfacvIncuaanhfabaffayvaovIcphafhInra
no nam 1964. Ngay cho dn Iuc do, nhom PrIncofon cung khng
duoc bIf dn cng frnh cua Camov, AIphor va Horman fruoc do
honmffhpnIn!
ThfhcaIgdafrucfrac7OdycofhnurabaIydodang
chuy.TaIsaofmquanfrongcuasufmkImmfphngbucxa
cuc ngan frong vu fru o 3 K noI chung da khng duoc danh gIa
dungfrongnhungnam1950vadunhungnam1960.
Truoc hf, phaI hIu rang Camov, AIphor va Horman va
oIIIn, va nhung nguoI khac da Iam vIc frong bI canh cua mf
fhuyfvufruhocrngIon.TrongfhuyfvunIoncuaho,vcan
ban ff ca cac haf nhn phuc fap chu khng phaI chI co hII, da
duoc gIa fhIf duoc fao nn frong vu fru so khaI, bang mf qua
frnhbafnhanhnofron.TuynhIn,fuyfhuyfnaydoanfruocmf
cachdungdanfyscacdnhIucuavaInguynfnang,nobbI
Steven Weinberg 112
rIkhImuncaf nghIa faIsaoIaI co fh co nguyn f nang duoc!
Nhudanu,khngcohafnhnbnvoI5hoac8hafhafnhn,do
dokhngfhfaorahafnhnnanghonhIIbangcachbafnofron
hoacprofonvaocachafnhnhII|Homu4)hoacbangcachduc
IaI fung cap haf nhn hII. |Su can fro nay In du fIn da duoc
nrIco ormI va Anfhony TurkovIch Iuu y). o kho khan do d
fhyfaIsaocacnhaIyfhuyfcungkhnghammunngaycavIc
nghIdnmffinhfoanmfcachnghImfucvIcfaorahIIfrong
fhuyfnay.
Thuyf vu fru hoc v su fng hop cac nguyn f cang mf
nhIu co so hon khI nhung caI fIn da duoc dua vao mf fhuyf
khac,frongdocacnguynfduocfnghopfrongcacvsao.Nam
1952, . . SaIpofor chI ra rang nhung ch hng cua cac haf
nhnvoI5hoac8hafhafnhncofhduocIpfrongfmcacngI
saogIauhIImfdcao:cacvachamgIuahaIhafnhnhIIfaora
mf haf nhn borIII khng bn |o mu 8), va frong nhung dIu
kInmfdcaonhuvyhafnhnborIIIcofhvadpvaomfhaf
nhn hII khac fruoc khI no phn ra fao ra mf haf nhn cacbon
bn|Cmu12).|MfdvufruofhoIkyfnghophafnhnfhoovu
fruhocIaquafhpdchoquafrnhnayxayraIucdo.)Nam1957
xuf hIn mf baI bao nI fIng cua Cooffroy va Margarof
urbIdgo, ovIor va HoyIo, frong do chI ro rang cac nguyn f
nangcofhduocfaonnfrongcacvsao,dacbIffrongcacvun
nhu nhung sao sIu moI, frong nhung fhoI ky co Iung nofron
cuong d cao. Nhung ngay fruoc nam 1950 frong cac nha vf Iy
fhInvancomfkhuynhhuongmanhmofInrangmoInguynf
fruhydroduduocsanrafrongcacvsao.HoyIodaIuuyfIrang
docofhIakfquacuacgangmacacnhafhInvandaphaIfraI
quafrongnhungfhpnIndufIncuafhkynaydhIungun
gc cua nang Iuong san sInh ra frong cac v sao. Vao nam 1940
cng frnh cua Hans ofho va nhung nguoI khac da chI ro rang
quafrnhfhonchfIasufnghopbnhafnhnhydrofhanhmf
hafnhnhII,vafrongnhungnam1940va1950bucfranhdoda
dndnnhungfInbfrongsuhIubIfvsufInhoacacvsao.
Nhu HoyIo noI, sau fhanh fuu do nhIu nha vf Iy fhIn van cho
APH!T!TIN 113
rang so khng Ianh manh Iam nu nghI ngo rang sao Ia noI hnh
fhanhcacnguynf.
Nhungfhuyffnghophafnhnocacvsaocungconhung
vndcuano.KhomafhyduocbangcachnaomacacngIsaoco
fh fao ra mf caI g gIng nhu mf d nhIu 25 - 30 phn fram
cuahII-fhucranangIuongduocgIaIfhoafrafrongsufnghop
do phaI Ion hon nhIu so voI nang Iuong ma sao co fh buc xa ra
suffrongdoIcuano.ThuyfvufruhocvfbonangIuongdorf
hay: no don gIan b mf dI frong su dch chuyn do chung. Nam
1964, HoyIo va R. J. TayIor da chI ra rang d nhIu Ion cua hII
frongvufruhInnaykhngfhduocfaorafrongcacvsaofhng
fhuongduoc,vahofInhanhmfsufinhfoanvIuonghIIcofh
duocfaorafrongnhungfhoIkyducuamfvunIon,vanhn
duoc mf d nhIu 36 % fhoo frong Iuong. Cung kha Ia Ia ho c
dnh Iuc fng hop haf nhn co fh xay ra o mf nhIf d co phn
nao fuy fIn Ia 5000 frIu d KoIvIn, mac du su kIn Ia gIa fhIf
nayphufhucvaogIafrchonchomffhngsIucdochuaduoc
bIf,fysgIuaphofonvacachaf hafnhn.Nuho dadung finh
foancuahoduocIuongfysnayfudnhIuquansafduoccua
hII, ho da co fh fIn doan mf phng buc xa cuc ngan hIn nay
voImfnhIfddaIfhcobcdIondungdan.usao,rfdang
ngac nhIn Ia HoyIo, mf frong nhung nguoI d xuong ra fhuyf
frangfhaIdung,daungchudIfhoohuongsuynghInay,vacng
nhn rang no cung cp bang chung cho mf caI g gIng nhu m
hnhvunIon.
HIn nay noI chung nguoI fa fIn rang su fng hop haf nhn
xayracafhoocachvufruhocfIndoanInfrongcacvsao;hII
vacofhmfvaIhafnhnnhokhacduocfnghopfrongvufruso
khaI, frong khI cac v sao chu frach nhIm v moI caI khac.
Thuyf vu n Ion v fng hop haf nhn, v da c m dm qua
nhIu, da mf caI vo dang fIn cy ma no fhuc ra xung dang duoc
coInhuIamffhuyfvfnghophII.
HaIIa,dyIamfvidukInhdInvsugIandoanfhngfIn
gIuacacnhaIyfhuyfvafhucnghIm.ascacnhaIyfhuyfda
khng bao gIo nhn fhuc ro rang mf phng buc xa 3 K dang
Steven Weinberg 114
huongcofhduockhampharamfIucnaodo.Trongmfbucfhu
guI cho PoobIos d ngay23-6-1967,CamovgIaI fhich rangng
fahoacAIphorhayHormandakhngaIchorangcofhkhampha
rabucxasofIaIfuvunIon,vfrongfhoIkynghIncuuvvu
fruhoc,fhInvanvfuyncondangofhoIkysosInh.|AIphorva
Horman,fuynhIn,fhngbaochofIrangfhucrahodafmhIu
kha nang quan saf phng buc xa vu fru voI nhung chuyn gIa v
radar o fruong daI hoc Jonhs HopkIns, phong fhi nghIm nghIn
cuu fhuy qun, va o vIn fIu chun quc gIa, nhung duoc fra IoI
rang mf nhIf d phng buc xa 5 K hoac 10 K Ia qua fhp d co
fhduocphafhInvoIcackyfhufhInhanh).Mafkhac,vaInha
vf Iy fhIn van IIn X |cu) hnh nhu co nhn fhuc rang mf
phngbucxacucngancofhduocphafhIn,nhungdaIacduong
boIngnngudungfrongcacfapchikyfhufMy.Nam1964,Ya.
. ZoIdovIch vIf mf baI bao frong do ng da fIn hanh mf su
finh foan dung dan v d nhIu cua hII frong vu fru cho haI gIa
fr co fh cua nhIf d buc xa hIn nay, va nhn manh mf cach
dungdanrangcacdaIIuongdocoIInhvoInhauboIvsphofon
cho mI haf haf nhn |hoac onfropI cho mI haf haf nhn) khng
fhaydIfhoofhoIgIan.TuynhInngcovonhubIacduongboI
vIcsudungdanhfunhIfdbufroIfrongmfbaIbaocua.
A.OhmvIfnam1961frongTapchikyfhufcuahfhngoIId
kfIunrangnhIfdbucxadoduocphaInhohon1K.|ngfon
ma Ohm da dung Ia b phan xa hnh Ioa kon 20 fuf ma sau do
PonzIasvaWIIsondadungdkhampharaphngsongcucngan).
VIc nay cung voI mf s uoc Iuong co hoI fhp v d nhIu cua
hII vu fru da dn ZoIdovIch dn vIc dnh bo y fuong v mf vu
frusokhaInong.
C nhIn, frong Iuc Iung fhng fIn chay mf cach rfdofu
cacnhafhucnghImdncacnhaIyfhuyf,nocungchayrfdofu
cac nha Iy fhuyf dn cac nha fhuc nghIm, PonzIas va WIIson
chuabaogIonghodnsufIndoancuaAIphorvaHormankhIho
baffayvavIcfhuangfoncuahonam1964.
Thuba,vafIchorangIaquanfrongnhf,fhuyfvunIon
khng dn dn mf su fm kIm phng song cuc ngan 3 K boI v
APH!T!TIN 115
cacnhavfIycamfhyvcungkhokhankhInghIfoIbfcumf
fhuyfnaovvufrusokhaImfcachnghImchInh.|TInoIdy
Iamfphnvnho IaI fhaIdcuangaybanfhnfIfruoc1965).
MImfkhokhannufrndydudacofhvuofquabangmf
su c gang nho. Tuy nhIn ba phuf du fIn qua xa chung fa v
fhoI gIan, cac dIu kIn v nhIf d va mf d Ia Iung, dn nI fa
camfhykhngfhoaImaIIamkhIungdungcacIyfhuyfcuaco
hocfhngkvavfIyhafnhnbnhfhuongcuachungfa.
y Ia mf fnh frang frong vf Iy - saI Im cua chung fa
khngphaIIafadacoIcacfhuyfcuachungfaquanghImchInh,
maIavchungfakhngcoIchung dunghImchInh.Thuongkho
nhnfhucrangcacconsvaphuongfrnhmafadangsudungco
caIgdoIInquanvoIfhgIoIfhuc.Thonnua,nhIukhIduong
nhucomfsunhffrichungrangmfshInfuongnaodokhng
phaIIanhungvndxungdangduoccoIfrong.Camov,AIphorva
Horman xung dang co mf uy fin Ion Iao, fruoc hf, v da mun
nghIncuumfcachnghImchInhvufrusokhaI,vdafinhfoan
duoccaImacacquyIufvfIydaduocbIfcofhnoIduocvba
phuf du fIn. Tuy vy, ho cung da khng dI buoc cuI, fhuyf
phuc cac nha fhIn van v fuyn rang ho phaI dI fm mf phng
bucxacucngan.VIcquanfrongnhfmasuphafhIncuIcung
v phng buc xa o 3 K nam 1965 hoan fhanh Ia da buc ff ca
chungfaxomxofyfuongrangdacomfvufrusokhaImfcach
nghImchInh.
TIdanoIkhadaIvdpmaybvohufnayboIvfhoofIno
IaIoaIIchsukhoahocsoIsangchochungfanhIunhf.hIu
rang nhIu nha vIf Ich su khoa hoc noI v nhung fhang IoI cua
no,vnhungphafhInIungdanh,nhungsuyIunhoacvnhung
buocnhayfhnkycuamfNovfonhoacmfInsfoIn.NhungfI
khng nghI rang fhuc ra co fh hIu cac fhang IoI cua khoa hoc
nukhnghIuduocnokhorasao-fadbdIIacduongnhufh
nao, vIc bIf duoc o mf Iuc nao do dIu fIp fhoo phaI Iam Ia g
khokhannhufhnao.
Steven Weinberg 116
PHNTRMCIY!TIN
CuchuyncuafavbaphufdufInochuongVkhngfh
bafduvaofhoIdImbafducuavufru.Thayvaodofabafduo
canh mf khI nhIf d vu fru da nguI xung mf fram nghn
frIudKoIvIn,vanhunghafcomafIucdovoIsIuongIonchIIa
phofon, oIocfron, noufrIno va nhung phan haf fuong ung cua
chung. Nu chung qua fhuc Ia nhung IoaI haf duy nhf frong fu
nhIn,fhcoIocofhngoaIsuysudannovufruIuIvquakhuva
chorangdaphaIcomfIucbafdufhucsu,mffrangfhaInhIf
d va mf d v cung Ion, xay ra 0,0108 gIy fruoc canh mf cua
chungfa.
Tuy nhIn co nhIu IoaI haf khac ma vf Iy fhIn van hIn
daIbIf:muon,mosonpI,profon,nofron,v.v...KhIfanhnIuIv
nhung fhoI gIan ngay cang xa, fa gap nhung nhIf d va mf d
caodnmucffcacachafdocofhcomafvoIsIuongIonocn
bangnhIfvaffcaomffrangfhaIfuongfacIInfuc.Vnhung
IydomafImongsoIamsangfo,faquaIavnkhngbIfduv
vfIyhafcobandcofhfinhfoancacfinhchfcuamfhnhop
nhuvyvoImfsufInfuongnaodangk.NhuvysukomcoIcua
chungfavvfIyvImnhuIamfbucmanchomfhuongnhn
cuafavIucdufInfhucsu.
CnhInfarfmunnhnduocsaubucmando.Sucamd
do dac bIf manh dI voI nhung nha Iy fhuyfnhufI,Iam vIc o
IInh vuc vf Iy haf co ban nhIu hon vf Iy fhIn van. NhIu y
fuonghpdnfrongvfIycachafhInnayconhunghquafInh
fdnmucchungrfkhomaduocfhunghImfrongcacphongfhi
nghIm ngay nay, nhung nhung h qua cua chung so rf su sac
khIcacyfuongnayduocapdungchovufrurfsokhaI.
VnddufInmafagapphaIkhInhnIuIvnhungnhIf
d frn fram nghn frIu d Ia do nhung fuong fac manh cua
APH!T!TIN 117
nhunghafcoban.NhungfuongfacmanhIanhungIucgIunofron
vaprofonvoInhaufronghafnhnnguynfu.Chungkhngquon
fhucfrongdoIsngbnhfhuongfhookIucacIucdIn,fuvahp
dn boI v fm fac dung cua chung Ia hf suc ngan, khoang mf
phnmuoIfrIuconfImof|10mum13cm).Kcafrongcacphn
fumahafnhncachnhaufhuongvaokhoangvaIphnframfrIu
confImof |10 mu m 8 cm) nhung fuong fac manh gIua cac haf
nhn khac nhau hu nhu khng co fac dung. Tuy nhIn, nhu fn
cuachungchIro,cacfuongfacmanhIarfmanh.KhIhaIprofon
duocdydndugnnhau,fuongfacmanhcuachungkhoangmf
fram In Ion hon Iuc dy dIn, dy Ia Iy do faI sao cac fuong fac
manh co fh gIu vung cac haf nhn nguyn fu chng IaI Iuc dy
dIncuagnmfframprofon.SuncuamfbomkhInhkhiduoc
gy nn boI su phn b IaI nofron va profon, no cho phop chung
IIn kf voI nhau manh mo hon boI cac fuong fac manh; nang
IuongcuaquabomdungIanangIuongfhuadosuphnbIaIdo
faonn.
ChinhsucmanhcuacacfuongfacmanhIamchofakhogIaI
quyfchungbangfoanhochonIanhungfuongfacdInfu.Chang
hankhIfafinhxacsuffanxacuahaIoIocfrondoIucdydInfu
gIuachunggynn,faphaIcngmfsvhancacdonggop,mI
donggopungvoImfchuIbucxavahpfhudacbIfcacphofon
va nhung cap oIocfron - pzIfron duoc m fa fuong frung bang
gIandoynmangIngnhucacgIandohnh10.
Hnh 10. VaI gIan d oynman. O dy vo vaI gIan d

oynmandongIanchoquafrnhfanxaoIocfron-oIocfron.
NhungduongfhangchIoIocfronhoacpzIfron;duongIuon
song chI phofon. MI gIan d chI mf daI Iuong hang s
nao do phu fhuc vao xung Iuong va spIn cua cac oIocfron
vaovara;xacsufcuaquafrnhfanxaIabnhphuongcua
fng cac daI Iuong do, kf hop voI moI gIan d oynman.
PhndonggopcuamIgIandchofngnayIafyIvoIs
nhn s 1/137 |hang s cu fruc fInh f) duoc cho boI s
duongphofon.CIandabIudInsufraodImfoIocfronrIngIovachodonggopchinh,fy
I voI 1/137. Cac gIan d |b), |c), |d) va |o) bIu dIn moI kIu gIan d hop fhanh cac hIu

Hnh 10. Vi gin Feynman
Steven Weinberg 118
chinh buc xa chu yu cho |a); ff ca chung cho dong gop khoang |1/137)mu 2. CIan d |f)
chomfdonggopconbohonnua,fyIvoI|1/137)mu3.
|Phuong phap finh foan dung cac gIan d duoc RIchard
oynman, Iuc do o CornoII vach ra frong cuI nhung nam 1940.
NoIchafchora,xacsufcuaquafrnhfanxaduocchobangbnh
phuong cua mf fng cac dong gop, mI caI ung voI mf gIan d.)
Thm mf duong nI faI nua vao cho mf gIan d bf ky so Iam
gIamphndonggopcuagIandmfsInbangmffhuasxp
xIbangmfhangscobancuafunhIn,goIIahangscufruc
fInh f. Hang s nay rf Ia bo khoang 1/137,036. Nhung gIan d
phucfapdodochonhungdonggopbo,vafacofhfinhfoanxac
suf cua qua frnh fan xa voI mf d gn dung fhich hop bang
cachcngnhungdonggopchIfumfsifgIanddongIan.|oIa
IydofaIsaofafInfuongrangfacofhfIndoancacphnguyn
fu voI d chinh xac hu nhu khng gIoI han.) Tuy nhIn, voI cac
fuongfacmanhhangsdongvaIfrocuahangscufrucfInhf
xp xI bang mf, chu khng phaI Ia 1/137,036, va nhung gIan d
phucfapkhIdochomfdonggopcungIonnhunhunggIanddon
gIan.Vndnay,sukhofinhfoancacxacsufchocacquafrnh
bao hamfuongfac manh da IafrongaIIon nhfduynhf cho su
fInbfrongvfIyhafcobanfrongmfphnfufhkyqua.
Khng phaI moI qua frnh du bao ham fuong fac manh.
Nhung fuong fac manh chI anh huong dn mf IoaI haf goI Ia
hadronchungbaogmnhunghafhafnhnvacacmosonpI,va
nhung haf khng bn khac goI Ia moson ofa, cac hyporon Iamda,
hyporonxichma,v.v...NhunghadronfhuongIananghonIopfon
|fnIopfonIafuchuHyIapconghIaIanho),nhungsukhacnhau
fhucsuquanfronggIuachungIacachadronchuanhhuongcua
nhungfuongfacmanhfrongkhIcacIopfon-noufrIno,oIocfron,va
muonfhkhng.SuvIcoIocfronkhngcamfhyIuchafnhnIa
vcungquanfrong-cungvoIvIckhIIuongcuaoIocfronrfbo,
noIanguynnhngynnsukInIadammyoIocfronfrongmf
nguynfuhoacphnfuIakhoangmfframnghnInIonhonhaf
nhnnguynfuvacasukInIacacIuchoahocgIucacnguynfu
voInhaufrongcacphnfuIahangfrIuInyuhoncacIucgIua
APH!T!TIN 119
nofronvaprofonvoInhaufrongcachafnhn.NunhungoIocfron
frongcacnguynfuvaphnfucamfhycacIuchafnhn,fhso
khngcohoahochoacfInhfhhochoacsInhhoc-machIcovfIy
hafnhn.
NhIf d mf fram nghn frIu d KoIvIn duoc dung d baf
duchuongV,duoc chon cn fhn d oduoI nhIfd nguong cho
moIhadron.|Thoobang1,hadronnhonhf,mosonpIcomfnhIf
d nguongkhoang1,6frIufrIudKoIvIn.) Nhuvy,suffrong
cuchuynkochuongVnhunghafduynhfcomafvoIsIuong
Ion Ia Iopfon va phofon, va fuong fac gIua chung co fh duoc bo
quamfcachanfoan.
Ta phaI xu Iy nhu fh nao voI nhIf d cao hon khI cac
hadron va phan hadron fn faI voI s Iuong Ion7 Co haI gIaI dap
rf khac nhau phan anh haI fruong phaI suy nghI rf khac nhau
vbanchfcachadron.
Thoomf fruong phaI, fhucrakhngco g co fhcoInhuIa
mf hadron co ban. MI mf hadron nay cung co ban nhu mI
mf hadron khac, khng chI nhung hadron bn va gn bn nhu
profonvanofron,vakhngchInhunghafkhngbnvuaphaInhu
mosonpI,mosonK,mosonofa,vacachyporon,chungsngduIu
d d IaI nhung vf do duoc frn nhung phIm anh hoac frong cac
bung bof, ma con ca nhung haf hoan foan khng bn nhu cac
mosonro,chungsngchIduIuvoImfvnfcgnbangvnfc
cua anh sang chung chI co fh vuof qua khoang mf haf nhn
nguyn fu. Thuyf nay, noI rIng da duoc Cooffroy Chov o
orkoIoyphaffrInvaocuInhungnam1950vadunhungnam
1960,vadIkhIduocgoIIanndnchuhafnhn.
VoI mfdnhnghIaphong khoang nhu vy v hadron, dung
Ia co hang fram hadron da duoc bIf ma nguong fhp hon 100
frIu frIu d KoIvIn, va co fh con co hang fram nua phaI duoc
khamphara.TrongvaIfhuyfconcomfsIoaIkhnghanch:
s IoaI haf so fang In ngay cang nhanh khI fa khao saf fy my
nhung khI Iuong ngay cang Ion. Co vo khng co hy vong g khI
munfhuhIufygvmffhgIoInhuvy,nhungchinhsuqua
Steven Weinberg 120
phucfapcuaphhafcofhdndnmfIoaIfinhdongIan.Chang
han moson ro Ia mf hadron co fh coI nhu mf phuc hop khng
bncuahaImosonpI;khIfakdncacmosonromfcachrorf
frong cac finh foan cua fa, fa da phn nao finh dn fuong fac
manhgIuacacmosonpI;cofhrangnufaduamoIhadronvacac
finh foan nhIf dnghoc mfcach rorf fh faco fh boquamoI
hIuungkhaccuacacfuongfacmanh.
NgoaIranufhuccomfskhnghandnhIoaIhadronfh
khI fa d ngay cang nhIu nang Iuong frong mf fh fich da cho,
fhnangIuongkhngIamchocacvnfcngunhIncuacachaf
fang In, ma fhay va do Ia cho mf s IoaI haf co maf frong fh
fich fang In. KhI do nhIf d khng fang In nhanh, khI mf d
nangIuongfangnhudIuphaIxayranusIoaIhadrondaduoc
cdnh.Thucra,frongnhungfhuyfnhuvy,cofhcomfnhIf
dcucdaI,frscuanhIfdodomfdnangIuongfrofhanhv
cung Ion. o so Ia mf gIoI han frn khng vuof duoc v nhIf d
nhudkhngfuyfdIIamfgIoIhanduoI.YfuongvmfnhIf
dcucdaIfrongvfIyhadronIucdufIndoR.Haodornophong
fhi nghIm CRN o CIonovo dua ra va sau nay duoc phaf frIn
fhmboInhIunhavfIyIyfhuyfkhacbaogmKorsonHuango
M.I.Tva banfhnfI.CocamfuocfinhkhachinhxacvnhIf
d cuc daI - no fhp mf cach dang ngac nhIn, vao khoang haI
frIu frIu d KoIvIn |2 x 10 mu 12 K). Nu fa nhn mI Iuc mf
gn fhoI dIm baf du, nhIf d so Ion In mI Iuc mf gn fr s
cuc daI do va s IoaI hadron cua maf so mI Iuc cang phong phu.
TuynhIndufrongnhungdIukInkyIado,cungsoconmfIuc
baf du, mf fhoI dIm co mf d nang Iuong v cung Ion xp xI
vaokhoangmfphnframgIyfruoccanhmfochuongV.
ConcomffruongphaIfufuongkhacfhooIIcfruynhon
nhIu,gnfrucgIacfhngfhuonghonnhIusovoIphaInndn
chuhafnhn,vafhoofIcunggnsufhfhon.ThoofruongphaI
naykhngphaIffcacachafdunhunhau;mfsdungfhfIa
co ban, va ff ca cac haf khac chI Ia nhung phuc hop cua nhung
hafcoban.
APH!T!TIN 121
Nhung haf co ban duoc cho Ia bao gm profon va ff ca
nhung Iopfon da bIf, nhung khng co haf hadron da bIf nao.
NguocIaI,nhunghadronduocgIafhIfIaphuchopcuanhunghaf
cobanhongoIIaquark|quac).
In fh ban du cua fhuyf quark do Murray CoII - Mann
vaCoorgoZvoIg,cahaIoCaIToch,duara|mfcachdcIp).Tri
fuong fuongfhomng cua cacnha vf IyIyfhuyf quaIada qua
phong fung frong vIc daf fn cho cac IoaI quark khac nhau. Co
nhIukIuhoacmuIquarkkhacnhau,chungduocganfnnhu
IaIn,xung,Ia,vaduyn.HonnuamImuIcuaquarkco
bamauphnbIf,manhungnhavfIyIyfhuyfMyfhuonggoI
Ia do, frang, xanh. Nhom nho nhung nha vf Iy Iy fhuyf o ac
KInhfuIudauudungmfbInfhhoIgIngcuafhuyfquark,
nhunggoIchungIasfrafon,fhaychoquarkboIvnhunghafnay
fhhInmfmucd|sfrafum)fhucfsuhonnhunghadronbnh
fhuong.
Nu y fuong v quark Ia dung, fh khI do vf Iy cua vu fru
IucfhfsokhaIcofhdongIanhonIafafuongfruocdy.Cofh
suyramfcaIgdovIucgIuacacquarkfuphnbfhoo khng
gIancuachungbnfrongmfhafhafnhnvasuphnbdoIaIco
fhduocxacdnh|numhnhquarkIadung)funhungquansaf
v nhung va cham nang Iuong cao cua oIocfron voI haf haf nhn.
Thoohuongdo,cachdyvaInamnhomfsucngfacgIuaM.I.T.
va frung fm gIa fc fuyn finh Sfanford nguoI fa da fm fhy
rangIucgIuacacquarkhnhnhubInmfkhIcacquarkrfgn
nhau.VIcnaygoIyrangomfnhIfdnaodovaokhoangnhIu
frIu frIu d KoIvIn, hadron so don gIan vo fhanh nhung quark
fhanh phn cua chung, dung nhu Ia nguyn fu vo ra fhanh
oIocfron va haf nhn o vaI nghn d, va haf nhn vo ra fhanh
profon va nofron o vaI nghn frIu d. Thoo buc franh do, frong
nhungfhoIkyfhfIasokhaI,vufrucofhnoIIabaogmphofon,
Iopfon va phan Iopfon, quark, phan quark, ff ca chuyn dng v
can ban nhu nhung haf fu do, va mI IoaI haf, do do, cung cp
dung mf IoaI buc xa vf don nua. Iuc do d finh foan rang phaI
Steven Weinberg 122
co mf fhoI dIm baf du, mf frang fhaI co mf d v han va
nhIfdvhan,khoangmfphnframgIyfruoccanhmf.
NhungyfuongphnnaofrucgIachonnaygndydaduoc
daffrnmfnnfangfoanhocvunghonnhIu.Nam1973banha
Iy fhuyf fro, Hugh avId PoIIfzor o Harvard, avId Cross va
rank WIIozok o PrIncofon da chI ra rang, frong mf Iop cac Iy
fhuyffruongIuongfudacbIf,nhungIucgIuacachafquarkfhuc
su fro nn yu hon khI chung duoc dy gn nhau hon |Iop cac Iy
fhuyf nay duoc goI Ia nhung Iy fhuyf hIu chun khng gIao
hoan ma boI nhung Iy do qua chuyn mn nn khng fh caf
nghIa o dy duoc). Nhung Iy fhuyf nay co finh chf fu do fIm
cn dang chu y: o nhung khoang cachnganhoacnangIuongcao
mf cach fIm cn, nhung haf quark bIu dIn nhu nhung haf fu
do,S.CoIIInsvaM.J.PorryofruongdaIhocCambrIdgocungda
chI ro rang frong bf ky mf fhuyf fu do fIm cn nao, nhung
finh chf cuamf mI fruong o nhIf d va mf d du cao v can
ban Ia gIng nhu fh mI fruong chI gm nhung haf fu do. Nhu
vy, finh fu do fIm cn cua nhung Iy fhuyf hIu chun khng
gIaohoannaydacungcpmfbangchungfoanhocvungchaccho
buc franh khoa hoc fhf don gIan v phn fram gIy du fIn -
rangvufruchIbaogmnhunghafcobanfudo.
M hnh quark Ia rf ff frong mf IoaI ung dung rng raI.
Profon va nofron qua fhuc bIu dIn nhu fh chung bao gm ba
quark,cacmosonrobIu dInnhufhchungbaogmmfquark
va mf phan quark, v.v...Nhung mac du co fhang IoI do, m hnh
quarkdafrachofamfbaIfoanrfhocbua:duvoInhungnang
IuongcaonhfcofhdafduocfrongnhungmaygIafchInnay,
nguoI fa khng fh pha vo mf hadron nao fhanh ra cac quark
fhanhphncuano.
MfsubfIucdacIpquarkfudogIngnhuvycungxuf
hInfrongvufruhoc.Nuhadronfhucsuvorafhanhquarkfudo
frongnhungdIukInnhIfdcaofrongvufrusokhaI,fhnguoI
facofhchodoImfsquarkfudoconsofIaIdnnay.NhavfIy
fhInvanIInXcuYa..ZoIdovIchdauocfinhrangnhunghaf
quark fu do con sof IaI co fh xp xI nhIu nhu nguyn fu vang
APH!T!TIN 123
frong vu fru hIn nay. Khng cn phaI noI, vang khng phaI Ia
nhIuIamnhungmfIangvangcondkImhonmfIangquark
nhIu.
aI foan hoc bua v su khng fn faI quark fu do c Ip Ia
mf frong nhung baI foan quan frong nhf cua vf Iy Iy fhuyf
hIn nay. Cross va WIIozok va ca ban fhn fI da gIa fhIf rang
finh fu do fIm cn cung cp mf cach gIaI fhich co fh co. Nu
sucmanhcuafuongfacgIuahaIquarkbofdIkhIchungduocdy
dn gn nhau fh no cung fang In khI chung b koo ra xa nhau.
Nang Iuong cn d koo mf quark khoI nhung quark khac frong
mf hadron bnh fhuong do do so fang khI khoang cach fang va
hnhnhumfIucnaodonofrofhanhduIondfaonnnhungcap
quark - phan quac moI fu chn khng. CuI cung, nguoI fa co
khng phaI nhIu quark fu do ma nhIu hadron fhng fhuong.
VIcnayhoanfoangIngnhukhIfadnhdufmfducuamfsoI
dy: nu ban koo rf manh soI dy so duf, nhung kf qua cuI
cungIahaIsoIdy,mIsoIcohaIdu.Cacquarkfrongvufruso
khaIognnhaududchungkhngcamfhycacIucdovacofh
bIudInnhunhunghaffudo.TuynhInmIquarkfudocomaf
frongvufrusokhaI,fhkhIvufrugIannovanguIdI,phaIhoac
b huy voI mf phan quark hoac fm mf noI an nghI o frong mf
profonhoacmfnofron.
NhuvyIafadanoInhIuvfuongfacmanh,conhIuvn
dcnphaIduocgIaIquyfnuanufaquaydnghIuIIaIIucbaf
dufhucsu.
Mf h qua fhuc su hf suc hp dn cua nhung Iy fhuyf
hIn daI v haf co ban Ia vu fru co fh da co fh fraI qua mf su
chuynpha,nhusudngdaccuanuockhInoIanhxungduoI273
K|=0dC).SuchuynphadokhngIInquanfoIcacfuongfac
manh,mafoImfIoaIfuongfacfmngankhacfrongvfIyhafco
ban,nhungfuongfacyu.
TuongfacyuchufrachnhImvmfsquafrnhphnra
phongxanhusuphnracuamfnofronfudohoacnoIrnghon,
v moI phan ung bao gm mf noufrIno. Nhu fn goI chung cho
Steven Weinberg 124
fhy,nhungfuongfacyuyuhonnhIusovoIcacfuongfacdIn
fu hoacfuongfac manh. Chang han frong mf va chamgIua mf
noufrIno va mf oIocfron o mf nang Iuong mf frIu oIocfron -
vn,IucyuIakhoangmfphnmuoIfrIu|10mum7)cuaIuc
dInfugIuahaIoIocfronvachamnhauocungnangIuongdo.
Mac du finh yu cua cac fuong fac yu, fu Iu nguoI fa da
nghIrangcomfIInhsusacgIuacacIucyuvadInfu.Mf
Iy fhuyf fruong fhng nhf haI Iuc do da duoc fI dua ra nam
1967 va Abdus SaIam dua ra mf cach dc Ip nam 1968. Iy
fhuyfdofIndoanmfIoaIfuongfacyumoI,goIIanhungdong
frung hoa, ma su fn faI da duoc khang dnh bang fhuc nghIm
nam 1973. No IaI duoc su ung h fIp fhoo do su kham pha baf
dufu1974,cuamfhohadronmoI.YfuongfhonchffrongIoaI
IyfhuyfdoIafunhIncomfddIxungrfcaoIInhcachaf
vacacIuckhacnhau,nhungbIumodIfrongcachInfuongvf
Iy fhng fhuong. CacIyfhuyf fruong dung fu1973dmfa cac
fuong fac manh du fhuc kIu foan hoc do |cac Iy fhuyf hIu
chunkhnggIaohoan)vanhIunhavfIyhInnayfInrangcac
Iy fhuyf hIu chun do co fh cung cp mf co so fhng nhf d
hIumoIIuccuafunhIn:yu,dInfu,manhvacofhcaIuchp
dn.QuandImdoduocunghboImffinhchfcuacacIyfhuyf
hIuchundaduocSaIamvabanfhnfIphongdoannhungduoc
Corard`f HooIf chung mInh In du fIn nam 1971: cac dong gop
cuanhunggIandoynmanphucfapmacdubngoaIIavhan,
chonhungkfquahuuhandIvoIxacsufcuamoIquafrnhvf
Iy.
IvoIcacnghIncuuvufrusokhaI,dIuquanfrongfrong
cacIyfhuyfhIuchunIa,nhunam1972.A.KIzhnIfzvaA..
IIndoovInvfIyIobodvovoMafxcovadachIro,cacIyfhuyfdo
duaramfsuchuynpha,mfkIudngdac,omfnhIfdfoI
hankhoang3000frIufrIudKoIvIn|3x10mu10K).Onhung
nhIfdduoInhIfdfoIhanvufruIanhubygIo:fuongfacyu
daIayuvacofmngan.OnhungnhIfdfrnnhIfdfoIhan
finhfhngnhfcobangIuacacfuongfacyuvadInfuIarorf:
APH!T!TIN 125
cac fuong fac fun fhoo cung IoaI dnh Iuf bnh phuong nghch
daonhucacfuongfacdInfuvacocungcuongd.
Su fuong fac voI mf cc nuoc dng dac o dy co nhIu y
nghIa.TrndImdngdacnuocIongforacomfddngfinhcao:
xac suf fm duoc mf phn fu nuoc o mf dIm o frong cc Ia
dung nhu o bf cu dIm nao khac. Tuy nhIn, khI nuocdng dac,
su dI xung gIua cac dIm khac nhau frong khng gIan b mf dI
mf phn: nuoc da fao ra mf mang fInh fh voI nhung phn fu
nuoc chIm nhungvfricachnhaudu dan nhf dnh va voI gn
nhumfxacsufbangkhngdfmranhungphnfunuocobf
cuchnaokhac.CungnhuvykhIvufrudngdacvoInhIfd
xungfhphon3000frIufrIud,mfsudIxungdabmfdI-
khngphaIfinhdngfinhkhnggIancuano,nhufrongccnuoc
dacuafa,maIasudIxunggIuacacfuongfacyuvadInfu.
Con co fh dua su fuong fac dI xa hon nua. Nhu moI nguoI

bIf,khInuoc dng IaI nofhuong khng fao ra mffInh fh nuoc
dahoanhao,maIamfcaIgconphucfaphonnhIu:mf frang
fhaIhndncuacacmIn|dmon)fInhfhduocngancachnhau
boInhungsaIhongfInhfhdumoIkIu.VufrudadngIaIfhanh
nhungmInchang7chungfadasngfrongmfmInmaodofinh
dI xung gIuacac fuong facyuva dIn fuda b phavofhoomf
cach dac bIf, va co fh Iuc nao do fa kham pha ra nhung mIn
khachaychang7
Cho dn nay fri fuong fuong cua fa da dua fa IuI IaI mf
nhIfd3000frIufrIudvafadanoIdncacfuongfacmanh,
yu va dIn fu. Con v mf IoaI fuong fac frong yu frong vf Iy,
cacfuongfachpdnfhsao7IuchpdncnhIndadongmf
vaI fro quan frong frong cu chuyn cua chung fa, v no chI phI
quan h gIua mf d vu fru va fc d gIan no cua no. Tuy nhIn,
Iuc hp dn da khng duoc fhy Ia co mf fac dng nao frn cac
finhchfnIfaIcuabfkyphnnaocuavufrusokhaI.oIav
suc yu hf muc cua Iuc hp dn: chang han, Iuc hp dn gIua
Steven Weinberg 126
oIocfron va profon frong mf nguyn fu hydro bo hon Iuc dIn 10
mu39In.
|MfbangchungcuasuyuofcuaIuchpdnfrongcacqua
frnh vu fru Ia qua frnh san ra haf frong cac fruong hp dn.
Ioonard Parkor o fruong daI hoc WIsconsIn da nu ra rang cac
hIu ung fhuy frIu cua fruong hp dn cua vu fru da du Ion o
mffhoIdImkhoangmfphnfrIufrIufrIufrIugIy|10mu
m24gIy)sauIucbafdu,dfaoranhungcaphaf-phanhaffu
khng gIan frng rng. Tuy nhIn, Iuc hp dn o nhung nhIf d
do cung da yu dn nI s cac haf san ra nhu vy dong gop mf
cach khng dang k vao s cac haf da co maf frong cn bang
nhIf).
u sao, if nhf fa co fh fuong fuong mf fhoI dIm khI cac
IuchpdndamanhnhucacfuongfachafnhnmanhfhaoIun
o frn. Cac fruong hp dn khng nhung duoc sInh ra boI khI
Iuong cac haf, ma con boI moI dang nang Iuong. Qua df quay
xungquanhmaffroInhanhhonmfifsovoIfruonghopnumaf
froIkhngnongquanhuvy,boIvnangIuongfrongsucnongcua
maffroIchofhmmfifvaongunIuchpdncuano.Onhung
nhIf d sIu cao, nang Iuong cac haf o cn bang nhIf co fh fro
fhanh Ion dn muc cac Iuc hp dn gIua chung fro fhanh manh
bangbfcuIucnaokhac.TacofhuocfinhrangfrangfhaIdoda
dafduocomfnhIfdkhoang100frIufrIufrIufrIufrIud
/|10mu32K).
OnhIfddo,moIdIukyIadacofhxayra.Khngnhung
cac Iuc hp dn da manh va su fao ra haf do cac fruong hp dn
dakhmkha-mangayyfuongvhafcofhdakhngcobfcu
ynghIag.ChnfroI,khoangcachmabnngoaInofakhngfh
nhnduocmffinhIugIucdocofhgnhonmfbuocsongcua
mfhafdInhnhocnbangnhIf.NoImfcachkhngchafcho
Iam,IucdomIhafcofhIaIonbangcavufruquansafduoc!
TakhngbIfdurovbanchfIuongfucuaIuchpdndu
dsuyIunmfcachfhngmInhvIchsuvufrufruocfhoIdIm
do. Ta co fh uoc Iuong fh fhIn rang nhIf d 10 mu 32 K daf
APH!T!TIN 127
duocvaokhoang10mum43gIysauIucbafdu,nhungkhng
fhy ro Iam Ia su uoc Iuong do co y nghIa g khng. Nhung mac
du cac man cho khac da duoc koo dI, vn con IaI mf man cho o
mfnhIfd10mu32K,chankhngchofanhnvcacfhoIdIm
sokhaInhf.
TuynhIn,khngcomfsukhngchacchannaofrongsdo
IaquanfrongdIvoIfhInvanhoc vaonam1976.IydoIafrong
suf ca gIy du fIn vu fru chac da o mf frang fhaI cn bang
nhIf, frong do s Iuong va su phn b cac haf, k ca noufrIno,
duoc xac dnh boI cac dnh Iuf cua co hoc fhng k, chu khng
phaIboIcacchIfIfcuaIchsufruocdocuachung.
HInnaykhIdodnhIucuahII,hoaccuabucxacucngan,
hoaccacuanoufrIno,fadangquansaffansucuamffrangfhaI
cn bang nhIf da kf fhuc ngay sau gIy du fIn. Thoo su hIu
bIf cua fa hIn nay, khng co g ma fa quan saf hIn nay phu
fhucvaoIchsucuavufrufruocfhoIdImdo.|acbIf,khngco
g fa quan saf hIn nay phu fhuc vao vIc vu fru fruoc gIy du
fIncodanghuongvadngfinhhaykhng,coIo,frubanfhnfy
sphofonfrnhafhafnhn).VIcnaygIngnhufhmfbuafIc
duoc chun b rf cn fhn - cac chf fuoI nhf, gIa v chon cn
fhnnhf,ruoungonnhf-rIIaIduocdafffvaomfnIIond
duocdunsIvaIgIo.KhomabIfduoc-dubanIanguoIsanhan
nhf-bandaduocdonmonang.
CofhcomfngoaII.HInfuonghpdn,nhuhInfuong
dIn fu, co fh duoc fh hIn duoI dang song cung nhu duoI dang
fac dung fInh qua khoang cach quon fhuc hon. HaI oIocfron o
frang fhaI nghI so dy nhau voI mf Iuc fInh dIn phu fhuc vao
khoangcachgIuachung,nhungnufaIacfoIIacIuImfoIocfron,
fhoIocfronkIasokhngcamfhybfcusufhaydInaofrongIuc
fac dng In no cho dn khI co du fhoI gIan cho cac fIn fuc v su
fhay dI khoang cach duocmangboI mfsong dInfu fu haf nay
qua haf khac. Khng cn phaI noI Ia cac song nay Ian fruyn voI
vn fc anh sang - chung Ia anh sang, fuy rang khng nhf fhIf
Iaanhsang fhyduoc.Cungnhuvy,numf nguoI khngIco
acyIanmaffroIquaIaI,faofrnmafdfsokhngcamfhyanh
Steven Weinberg 128
huong fruoc fam phuf, fhoI gIan cn cho mf song dI voI vn fc
anhsangfumaffroIdnquadf.ykhngphaIIamfsonganh
sang,mfsongcuanhungfruongdInvafudaodng,maIamf
songhpdn,frongdosudaodngIaofruonghpdn.Cungnhu
dIvoIcacsongdInfufagpchungcacsonghpdnomoIbuoc
songduoIdanhfubucxahpdn.
uc xa hp dn fuong fac voI vf chf yu hon nhIu so voI
bucxadInfuhoaccasovoInoufrIno|vIydodo,dufafInfuong
coIyvaocosocuavIcfnfaIbucxahpdn,nhungcgangIon
nhfchodnnaydakhngdafduockfquaIaphafhInsonghp
dnfubfkyngunnao).ucxahpdndododaphaIfubocn
bang nhIf voI cac fhanh phn khac cua vu fru so khaI - fhuc ra
khInhIfdkhoang10mum32K.TudonhIfdhIudungcua
bucxahpdnquaIadagIamfyInghchvoIkichfhuoccuavu
fru. o chinh Ia dnh Iuf gIam ma nhIf d cua cac fhanh phn
conIaIcuavufrufunfhoofrusuhuycaccapquark-phanquark
va Iopfon - phan Iopfon chu khng phaI buc xa hp dn, da nung
nongphnconIaIcuavufru.Chonn,vufruhInnayphaIchua
mfbucxahpdnomfnhIfdgnbangnhungbohonmffy
sovoInhIfdcuacacnoufrInovaphofon-cofhkhoang1K.Su
phaf hIn buc xa do so Ia mf quan saf fruc fIp fhoI dIm xua
nhf cua Ich su vu fru ma vf Iy Iy fhuyf hIn nay co fh nghI
dn.TIcfhaykhngcomfcomaybonhfnaodphafhInmf
phngbucxahpdn1KfrongmffuongIaInhnfruocduoc.
Nho mf Iy fhuyf co finh suy doan cao d fa co fh ngoaI
suyIchsuvufrufroIuIdnmffhoIdImmfdvhan.Nhung
vIc nay chua Iam cho chung fa fhoa man. Chung fa fu nhIn
munbIfcaIgdafnfaIfruocIucdo,fruockhIbafdugIanno
vanguIdI.
MfkhanangIadakhngIucnaofhucsucomffrangfhaI
v han. Su gIan no hIn nay cua vu fru co fh da baf du o cuI
mfgIaIdoancoIaIfruockIa,khImfdvufrudadafduocmf
fr s rf cao nhung huu han. TI so noI mf if v kha nang nay
frongchuongsau.
APH!T!TIN 129
Tuy nhIn, du chung fa khng bIf rang no co fhf, fh if
nhf v maf IgIc co fh da co mf Iuc baf du, va ban fhn fhoI
gIankhngcoynghIagfruocIucdo.ChungfaffcaduquonvoI
ynghIvmfnhIfdkhngfuyfdI.KhngfhIamIanhbfcu
vfgduoIm273,16dC,khngphaIvvIcnayquakho,hoac
boIvchuaaInghIdnmffuIanhdufaIfnhmaIaboIvnhung
nhIfdfhphondkhngfuyfdIkhngcoynghIa-fakhng
fhcoifnhIfhonIakhngcochufnhIfnao.Cungnhuvy,coIo
faphaIquonvoIynghImffhoIgIanbangkhng fuyfdI-mf
fhoI dIm frong qua khu ma fruoc do v nguyn fac khng fh
vachrabfcuchuInhnquanao.VndchuaduocgIaIdapva
cofhmaImaIvnkhngduocgIaIdap.
IvoIfI,dIufhoamannhfcoduocfucacIpIunfrn
vvufruIucfhfsokhaIIasufuongduongcofhcogIuaIchsu
vufruvacocuIgIccuano.TunhInngaynayphbaynhIu
haf va IoaI fuong fac khac nhau. Nhung ma fa da hoc cach nhn
duoIfinhdadangdo,ccoIcachafvafuongfackhacnhaunhuIa
cacmafcuamfIyfhuyffruonghIuchunfhngnhfdongIan.
VufruhInnayIanhdnmuccacfinhdIxunggIuanhunghafva
fuong fac khac nhau da b Iu mo v mf kIu dng dac, chung
khng xuf hIn frong nhung hIn fuong bnh fhuong, ma phaI
duoc bIu dIn bang foan hoc, frong cac Iy fhuyf fruong hIu
chuncua chung fa. CaI ma fa Iam by gIonho foanhoc daduoc
IamfrongvufrufhfsokhaInhonhIf-cachInfuongvfIyfh
hInmfcachfrucfIpfinhdongIancobancuafunhIn.Nhung
khngmfaIcomafIucdodfhydIunay.
Con co fh dua su fuong fu dI xa hon nua. Nhu moI nguoI
nhungmInchang7...
Con co fh dua su fuong fu dI xa hon nua. Nhu moI nguoI
Steven Weinberg 130
nhung mIn chang7 Chung fa da sng frong mf mIn ma o do
finhdIxunggIuacacfuongfacyuvadInfudabphavofhoo
mf cach dac bIf, va co fh Iuc nao do fa kham pha ra nhung
mInkhachaychang7
Cho dn nay fri fuong fuong cua fa da dua fa IuI IaI mf
nhIfd3000frIufrIudvafadanoIdncacfuongfacmanh,
yu va dIn fu. Con v mf IoaI fuong fac frong yu frong vf Iy,
cacfuongfachpdnfhsao7IuchpdncnhIndadongmf
vaI fro quan frong frong cu chuyn cua chung fa, v no chI phI
quan h gIua mf d vu fru va fc d gIan no cua no. Tuy nhIn,
Iuc hp dn da khng duoc fhy Ia co mf fac dng nao frn cac
finhchfnIfaIcuabfkyphnnaocuavufrusokhaI.oIav
suc yu hf muc cua Iuc hp dn: chang han, Iuc hp dn gIua
oIocfron va profon frong mf nguyn fu hydro bo hon Iuc dIn 10
mu39In.
|MfbangchungcuasuyuofcuaIuchpdnfrongcacqua
frnh vu fru Ia qua frnh san ra haf frong cac fruong hp dn.
Ioonard Parkor o fruong daI hoc WIsconsIn da nu ra rang cac
hIu ung fhuy frIu cua fruong hp dn cua vu fru da du Ion o
mffhoIdImkhoangmfphnfrIufrIufrIufrIugIy|10mu
m24gIy)sauIucbafdu,dfaoranhungcaphaf-phanhaffu
khng gIan frng rng. Tuy nhIn, Iuc hp dn o nhung nhIf d
do cung da yu dn nI s cac haf san ra nhu vy dong gop mf
cach khng dang k vao s cac haf da co maf frong cn bang
nhIf).
u sao, if nhf fa co fh fuong fuong mf fhoI dIm khI cac
IuchpdndamanhnhucacfuongfachafnhnmanhfhaoIun
o frn. Cac fruong hp dn khng nhung duoc sInh ra boI khI
Iuong cac haf, ma con boI moI dang nang Iuong. Qua df quay
xungquanhmaffroInhanhhonmfifsovoIfruonghopnumaf
froIkhngnongquanhuvy,boIvnangIuongfrongsucnongcua
maffroIchofhmmfifvaongunIuchpdncuano.Onhung
nhIf d sIu cao, nang Iuong cac haf o cn bang nhIf co fh fro
APH!T!TIN 131
fhanh Ion dn muc cac Iuc hp dn gIua chung fro fhanh manh
bangbfcuIucnaokhac.TacofhuocfinhrangfrangfhaIdoda
dafduocomfnhIfdkhoang100frIufrIufrIufrIufrIud
/|10mu32K).
OnhIfddo,moIdIukyIadacofhxayra.Khngnhung
cac Iuc hp dn da manh va su fao ra haf do cac fruong hp dn
dakhmkha-mangayyfuongvhafcofhdakhngcobfcu
ynghIag.ChnfroI,khoangcachmabnngoaInofakhngfh
nhnduocmffinhIugIucdocofhgnhonmfbuocsongcua
mfhafdInhnhocnbangnhIf.NoImfcachkhngchafcho
Iam,IucdomIhafcofhIaIonbangcavufruquansafduoc!
TakhngbIfdurovbanchfIuongfucuaIuchpdndu
dsuyIunmfcachfhngmInhvIchsuvufrufruocfhoIdIm
do. Ta co fh uoc Iuong fh fhIn rang nhIf d 10 mu 32 K daf
duocvaokhoang10mum43gIysauIucbafdu,nhungkhng
fhy ro Iam Ia su uoc Iuong do co y nghIa g khng. Nhung mac
du cac man cho khac da duoc koo dI, vn con IaI mf man cho o
mfnhIfd10mu32K,chankhngchofanhnvcacfhoIdIm
sokhaInhf.
TuynhIn,khngcomfsukhngchacchannaofrongsdo
IaquanfrongdIvoIfhInvanhoc vaonam1976.IydoIafrong
suf ca gIy du fIn vu fru chac da o mf frang fhaI cn bang
nhIf, frong do s Iuong va su phn b cac haf, k ca noufrIno,
duoc xac dnh boI cac dnh Iuf cua co hoc fhng k, chu khng
phaIboIcacchIfIfcuaIchsufruocdocuachung.
HInnaykhIdodnhIucuahII,hoaccuabucxacucngan,
hoaccacuanoufrIno,fadangquansaffansucuamffrangfhaI
cn bang nhIf da kf fhuc ngay sau gIy du fIn. Thoo su hIu
bIf cua fa hIn nay, khng co g ma fa quan saf hIn nay phu
fhucvaoIchsucuavufrufruocfhoIdImdo.|acbIf,khngco
g fa quan saf hIn nay phu fhuc vao vIc vu fru fruoc gIy du
fIncodanghuongvadngfinhhaykhng,coIo,frubanfhnfy
sphofonfrnhafhafnhn).VIcnaygIngnhufhmfbuafIc
duoc chun b rf cn fhn - cac chf fuoI nhf, gIa v chon cn
Steven Weinberg 132
fhnnhf,ruoungonnhf-rIIaIduocdafffvaomfnIIond
duocdunsIvaIgIo.KhomabIfduoc-dubanIanguoIsanhan
nhf-bandaduocdonmonang.
CofhcomfngoaII.HInfuonghpdn,nhuhInfuong
dIn fu, co fh duoc fh hIn duoI dang song cung nhu duoI dang
fac dung fInh qua khoang cach quon fhuc hon. HaI oIocfron o
frang fhaI nghI so dy nhau voI mf Iuc fInh dIn phu fhuc vao
khoangcachgIuachung,nhungnufaIacfoIIacIuImfoIocfron,
fhoIocfronkIasokhngcamfhybfcusufhaydInaofrongIuc
fac dng In no cho dn khI co du fhoI gIan cho cac fIn fuc v su
fhay dI khoang cach duocmangboI mfsong dInfu fu haf nay
qua haf khac. Khng cn phaI noI Ia cac song nay Ian fruyn voI
vn fc anh sang - chung Ia anh sang, fuy rang khng nhf fhIf
Iaanhsang fhyduoc.Cungnhuvy,numf nguoI khngIco
acyIanmaffroIquaIaI,faofrnmafdfsokhngcamfhyanh
huong fruoc fam phuf, fhoI gIan cn cho mf song dI voI vn fc
anhsangfumaffroIdnquadf.ykhngphaIIamfsonganh
sang,mfsongcuanhungfruongdInvafudaodng,maIamf
songhpdn,frongdosudaodngIaofruonghpdn.Cungnhu
dIvoIcacsongdInfufagpchungcacsonghpdnomoIbuoc
songduoIdanhfubucxahpdn.
uc xa hp dn fuong fac voI vf chf yu hon nhIu so voI
bucxadInfuhoaccasovoInoufrIno|vIydodo,dufafInfuong
coIyvaocosocuavIcfnfaIbucxahpdn,nhungcgangIon
nhfchodnnaydakhngdafduockfquaIaphafhInsonghp
dnfubfkyngunnao).ucxahpdndododaphaIfubocn
bang nhIf voI cac fhanh phn khac cua vu fru so khaI - fhuc ra
khInhIfdkhoang10mum32K.TudonhIfdhIudungcua
bucxahpdnquaIadagIamfyInghchvoIkichfhuoccuavu
fru. o chinh Ia dnh Iuf gIam ma nhIf d cua cac fhanh phn
conIaIcuavufrufunfhoofrusuhuycaccapquark-phanquark
va Iopfon - phan Iopfon chu khng phaI buc xa hp dn, da nung
nongphnconIaIcuavufru.Chonn,vufruhInnayphaIchua
mfbucxahpdnomfnhIfdgnbangnhungbohonmffy
sovoInhIfdcuacacnoufrInovaphofon-cofhkhoang1K.Su
APH!T!TIN 133
phaf hIn buc xa do so Ia mf quan saf fruc fIp fhoI dIm xua
nhf cua Ich su vu fru ma vf Iy Iy fhuyf hIn nay co fh nghI
dn.TIcfhaykhngcomfcomaybonhfnaodphafhInmf
phngbucxahpdn1KfrongmffuongIaInhnfruocduoc.
Nho mf Iy fhuyf co finh suy doan cao d fa co fh ngoaI
suyIchsuvufrufroIuIdnmffhoIdImmfdvhan.Nhung
vIc nay chua Iam cho chung fa fhoa man. Chung fa fu nhIn
munbIfcaIgdafnfaIfruocIucdo,fruockhIbafdugIanno
vanguIdI.
MfkhanangIadakhngIucnaofhucsucomffrangfhaI
v han. Su gIan no hIn nay cua vu fru co fh da baf du o cuI
mfgIaIdoancoIaIfruockIa,khImfdvufrudadafduocmf
fr s rf cao nhung huu han. TI so noI mf if v kha nang nay
frongchuongsau.
Tuy nhIn, du chung fa khng bIf rang no co fhf, fh if
nhf v maf IgIc co fh da co mf Iuc baf du, va ban fhn fhoI
gIankhngcoynghIagfruocIucdo.ChungfaffcaduquonvoI
ynghIvmfnhIfdkhngfuyfdI.KhngfhIamIanhbfcu
vfgduoIm273,16dC,khngphaIvvIcnayquakho,hoac
boIvchuaaInghIdnmffuIanhdufaIfnhmaIaboIvnhung
nhIfdfhphondkhngfuyfdIkhngcoynghIa-fakhng
fhcoifnhIfhonIakhngcochufnhIfnao.Cungnhuvy,coIo
faphaIquonvoIynghImffhoIgIanbangkhng fuyfdI-mf
fhoI dIm frong qua khu ma fruoc do v nguyn fac khng fh
vachrabfcuchuInhnquanao.VndchuaduocgIaIdapva
cofhmaImaIvnkhngduocgIaIdap.
IvoIfI,dIufhoamannhfcoduocfucacIpIunfrn
vvufruIucfhfsokhaIIasufuongduongcofhcogIuaIchsu
vufruvacocuIgIccuano.TunhInngaynayphbaynhIu
haf va IoaI fuong fac khac nhau. Nhung ma fa da hoc cach nhn
duoIfinhdadangdo,ccoIcachafvafuongfackhacnhaunhuIa
cacmafcuamfIyfhuyffruonghIuchunfhngnhfdongIan.
VufruhInnayIanhdnmuccacfinhdIxunggIuanhunghafva
fuong fac khac nhau da b Iu mo v mf kIu dng dac, chung
Steven Weinberg 134
khng xuf hIn frong nhung hIn fuong bnh fhuong, ma phaI
duoc bIu dIn bang foan hoc, frong cac Iy fhuyf fruong hIu
chuncua chung fa. CaI ma fa Iam by gIo nho foanhoc daduoc
IamfrongvufrufhfsokhaInhonhIf-cachInfuongvfIyfh
hInmfcachfrucfIpfinhdongIancobancuafunhIn.Nhung
khngmfaIcomafIucdodfhydIunay.
APH!T!TIN 135
PHNKT:VINCANHTR!OCMT
VufruchacsoconfIpfucgIannomffhoIgIannua.Vs
phn cua no sau do, m hnh chun cho mf IoI fIn doan mo h:
nophufhuchoanfoanvaovIcmfdvufrubohonhayIonhon
mfgIafrfoIhannaodo.
NhufadafhyochuongII,numfdvufrubohonmfd
foIhanfhIucdovufruIavhanvasomaImaIgIanno.Conchau
chungfa,nuIucdoco,sofhynhungphanungnhIfhachdIdn
kffhucchmchmfrongffcacacvsao,dIaIosaunhungIoaI
frobuIkhacnhau;nhungsaoIundon,nhungsaonofron,cofhca
nhung I don. Cac hanh fInh co fh fIp fuc quay frn quy dao
chmdndImfifkhIchungbucxasonghpdn,nhungkhng
khI nao nghI sau mf fhoI gIan huu han. NhIf d nhung phng
bucxavanoufrInovufrusofIpfuchafyInghchvoIkichfhuoc
cuavufru,nhungchungkhngfhmfdI;ngaybygIofacofh
phafhInphngbucxacucngan3K.
MafkhacnumfdvufruIonhongIafrfoIhanfhkhIdo
vufruIahuuhanvasugIannocuanosomfIucnaodokffhuc,
va duoc fhay bang mf su co ngay cang manh. Nu chang han,
mf d vu fru gp dI gIa fr foI han cua no va nu gIa fr dang
duoccngnhnhInnaycuahangsHubbIo|15kmmIgIycho
mIfrIunamanhsang)IadungfhkhIdovufruchodnbygIo
cofuIIa10000frIunam;nosofIpfucgIannofrong50000frIu
namnuavasaudobafducoIaI|xomhnhbn).SucodungIasu
gIannofhoochIunguocIaI:sau50000frIunam,vufrusoIyIaI
kichfhuochInnayvasau10000frIunamnuasaudonosodn
gnmffrangfhaIkydcomfdvhan.
SufifnhfIaphnducuagIaIdoanco,cacnhafhInvan
|nu co khI do) so co fh fIu khIn bang su quan saf ca dch
chuyndoIndchchuynxanh.AnhsangfunhungfhInhagn
Steven Weinberg 136
chacdaduocbucxaomffhoIdImvufruIonhonsovoIkhIanh
sangdoduocquansaf,dodokhInoduocquansaf,anhsangnay
so co vo nhu dch chuyn v phia du buoc song ngan cua ph,
nghIaIavphiaxanh.Mafkhac,anhsangfunhungvfrfIaxa
sophaIduocbucxaomffhoIkykhIvufrudangconfrongnhung
gIaIdoanducuasugIannocuano,khIvufruconbohonsovoI
khIanhsangduocquansaf,dodokhInoduocquansaf,anhsang
docovonhudchchuynvphiacacbuocsongdaIcuaph,nghIa
Iavphiado.
NhIf d cua cac phng phofon va noufrIno vu fru so ha
xung,rIsaudofangInkhIvu frugIan norIcoIaI,IunIun
fyInghchvoIkichfhuoccuavufru.NumfdvufruhInnay
gpdIfrsfoIhancuano,fhkhIdocacfinhfoancuafachIro
rangvufruIucIonnhfsodunggpdIbygIo,nhuvynhIfd
phngsongcucnganIucdosodungbangmfnuagIafr3KhIn
nay, hoac khoang 1,5 K. Sau do vu fru baf du co IaI va nhIf d
bafdufangIn.
Iucdukhngcobaodngg-fronghangnghnfrIunam
phng buc xa so Ianh dn muc cn co mf c gang Ion moI phaf
hIn duoc no. Tuy nhIn, khI vu fru da co hop IaI dn mf phn
fram kich fhuoc hIn nay, phng buc xa so baf du ngu fr bu
froI:bufroIbandmsonongnhubufroIbanngayhInnaycua
chungfa|300K).aymuoIfrIunamsaudovufrusocoIaImuoI
Innua, vaconchauchungfa|nuco)sofhybufroIsangmf
cachkhngchuduoc.CacphnfufrongkhiquyngIuacachanh
fInh va gIua cac sao va frong khoang khng gIua cac sao so baf
du fach fhanh nhung nguyn fu fhanh phn cua chung, va
nhung nguyn fu so vo ra fhanh nhung oIocfron fu do va nhung
hafnhnnguynfu.SaubayframnghnnamnuanhIfdvufru
soIa10frIud;khIdobanfhncacvsaovahanhfInhcungso
hoafanfhanhmffhuxupvufrugmbucxa,oIocfron,hafnhn.
Sau haI muoI haI ngay nua nhIf d so fang In 10 000 frIu d.
CachafnhnIucdobafduvofungrafhanhcacprofonvanofron
fhanh phn cua chung, pha huy foan b cng frnh fng hop haf
nhn frong cacvsaovafhoovu fru hoc. Mf fhoIgIanngan sau
APH!T!TIN 137
dooIocfronvapzIfronsoduocfaonnvoIsIuongIonnhungva
champhofon-phofon,vaphngnoufrInovaphannoufrInovufru
sofroIaIcnbangnhIfvoIvufruconIaI.
Ta co fh nao dua cu chuyn bun fo nay suf cho dn kf
fhuc, dn mf frang fhaI mf d va nhIf d v han khng7 ThoI
gIancofhnaodungIaIfrongkhoang3phufsaukhInhIfddaf
mf nghn frIu d khng7 Ro rang fa khng fh chac. MoI su
khngchacmafagapphaIochuongfruoc,khIfhkhaosaffymI
phnframgIydufIn,soquayIaIdIamchofabankhoankhI
fanhnvaophnframgIycuIcung.Truochf,foanbvufrudo
phaI duoc m fa fhoo ngn ngu co hoc Iuong fu o nhung nhIf d
frn 100 frIu frIu frIu frIu d |10 mu 32 K), va khng aI co
mf y nIm nao v vIc g xay ra Iuc do. NgoaI ra, nu vu fru
khngfhfdngfinhvadanghuong|xomcuIchuongV),fhfoan
b cu chuyn cua fa mf hf ca y nghIa fu Iu fruoc khI fa gap
phaInhungvndcuavufruhocIuongfu.
Tucacsukhngchacnaymfs nhavufruhocruframf
hyvongnaodo.CofhIavufrusofraIquamfkIunaybfvu
fruvasobafdugIannoIaI.Trongdda,saufrncuIcunggIua
cac fhn va nhung nguoI khng I o Rangorak, qua df b Iua va
nuoc pha huy nhung nuoc ruf IuI, cac nguoI con cua Thor fu da
ngucIaIfInInmangfhoobuacuachavacafhgIoIIaIbafdu
mfInnua.NhungnuvufruquafhucsogIannoIaI,sugIanno
cuanosochmdnmfInnuavasaudosocomfsucohop,kf
fhuc bang mf Rangorak vu fru khac, rI IaI co mf In nay bf
khacnua,vanhuvyfIpfucmaImaI.
NudoIafuongIaI,nocungrfcofhIaquakhucuachung
fa.VufrudanggIannohInnaycofhchIIagIaIdoanfIpfhoo
sucohopfruocvasunaybfvuaqua.|Thfra,nam1965,frong
fhngbaovphngbucxacucnganvufru,Icko,PoobIos,RoIIva
WIIkInson cho rang da co mf fhoI ky gIan no va co hop vu fru
hoanfoanfruocdy,vahoIpIunrangvufrudaphaIcohopdu
dnngnhIfdInifnhfIa10000frIuddcofhphavocac
nguyn f nangfao nn frong gIaI doan fruoc). Nhn IuI v fruoc,
Steven Weinberg 138
fa co fh fuong fuong mf chuong frnh khng chm duf gIan no
makhngcoIucbafdunao.
Mf s nha vu fru hoc b hp dn v maf frIf hoc boI m
hnhdaodng,dacbIfv,nhumhnhfrangfhaIdung,nofranh
mfcachkhnkhoovndphafsInhfroIdf.Nhungnogapmf
kho khan Iy fhuyf Ion. Trong mI chu ky fy s phofon frn haf
hafnhn|hoac,chinhxachon,onfropIchomIhafhafnhn)duoc
fangInchufifdomfIoaImasaf|goIIadnhofkhI)frongkhI
vufrugIannovacohop.VoIsuhIubIfhInnaycuafa,vufru
IucdosobafdumIchukymoIvoImffysphofonfrnhafhaf
nhnmoI,hoIIonhonfruoc.ChodnnayfIsdoIonnhungkhng
phaIvhan,chonnkhomafhyvufrudafraIquafruocdomf
schukyvhannhufhnao.
TuynhIn,moIvnddocofhgIaIquyf,vadumhnhvu
fruhocnaodofofadungdan,fhcungkhngIamchofaanfm
Iam.IvoIconnguoI,gnnhukhocanIongfInrangchungfaco
mfmIIInhdacbIfgdovoIvufru,rangdoIsngIoaInguoI
khngphaIchIIamfkfquaffnhInhaIhuoccuamfchuIfaI
nan koo IuI daI dn ba phuf du fIn, ma rang chung fa da duoc
faonnmfcachnaodongayfuIucdufIn.TrongkhIvIfdIu
nayfIdangofrnmfchIcmaybaycao30000fuf,bayfrnbu
froI WyomIng fu San rancIsco v nha o osfon. Phia duoI maf
dfxomrarfmmvadchu,conhungdammymuofmaoch
naychno,fuyfnhumhngkhImaffroImoc,nhungconduong
fhangfapfrndfnuocfufhanhphnaydnfhanhphkIa.Rf
khonhnrarangffcanhungcaIdochIIamfphnnhobocua
mf vu fru cuc ky khng fhn fhIn. IaI con kho nhn fhuc hon
nua rang vu fru hIn nay da fIn hoa fu mf dIu kIn so khaI
khng bnh fhuong mf cach khng fa nI va dung fruoc mf su
huy dIf fuong IaI do Ianh vInh vIn hoac nong khng chu duoc.
Vu fru cang fhy Ia d hIu bao nhIu fh IaI hnh nhu cang v
nghIabynhIu.
Nhung nu frong kf qua cua nghIn cuu cua fa khng co
dIu g an uI fa, fh if nhf cung co mf su khuy khoa nao do
ngay frong ban fhn vIc nghIn cuu. Con nguoI fa, nam hay nu,
APH!T!TIN 139
khng bang Iong voI vIc fu an uI mnh voI nhung cu chuyn v
cac fhn va nhung nguoI khng I, hoac fp frung suy nghI cua
mnh vaonhungcuchuyndoIsnghang ngay;hocungch fao
nhungkinhfhInvan,nhungvfInhnhnfaovanhungmaygIa
fc, va ngI o ban gIy suf hang gIo d xu Iy y nghIa cua cac s
IIumahofhufhpduoc.SucganghIuvvufruIamffrong
rf if caI IamchodoI sng con nguoI duoc nngIncaohon frnh
dcuamfhykch,vachonomfphnnaodangdopcuamfbI
kch.
Cacbang
Bng 1. Tnh cht ca mt s ht c bn

Tnh cht ca mt s ht c bn. Nng lng ngh l nng lng c gii phng nu
ton b khi lng ca ht c chuyn thnh nng lng.
Steven Weinberg 140

Tinhchfcuamfshafcoban.NangIuongnghIIanang
IuongduocgIaIphongnufoanbkhIIuongcuahafduocchuyn
fhanhnangIuong.
NhIf d nguong Ia nang Iuong nghI chIa cho hang s
oIfzmann;noIanhIfdmafrndomfhafcofhfaonnfudo
fubucxanhIf.
S hIu dung cua IoaI cho su dong gop fI dI cua mI IoaI
haf vao nang Iuong foan phn, ap suf va onfrpI, o nhung nhIf
drfcaohonnhIfdnguong.SdoduocvIfranhuIafichcua
ba fhua s: fhua s du Ia 2 hay 1 fuy fhoo haf co hoac khng co
mf phan haf khac voI no; fhua s fhu haI Ia s huong co fh co
cuaspIncuahaf,fhuascuIIa7/8hayIa1fuyfhoohafcofun
fhoo nguyn Iy IoaI fru PauII hay khng. ThoI gIan sng frung
bnh Ia fhoI gIan frung bnh ma haf sng sof fruoc khI no chu
mfsuphnraphongxafhanhnhunghafkhac.
Bng 2. Tnh cht ca vi loi bc x

TinhchfcuavaIIoaIbucxa.MIIoaIbucxaduocdacfrung
bangmfkhoangbuocsongnaododuoccho odyfhooconfImof.
!ng voI khoang buoc song do Ia mf khoang nang Iuong phfon
duocchoodyfhoooIocfronvn.NhIfdvfdonIanhIfd
ma o do buc xa vf don so co da s nang Iuong cua no fp frung
gnnhungbuocsongdacho;nhIfdnayduocchoodyfhood
KoIvIn.|Changhan,buocsongmaodoPonzIasvaWIIsondadIu
huongfrongsukhamphaphngbucxavufruIa7,35cm,nhuvy
APH!T!TIN 141
doIamfbucxacucngan;nangIuongphfonduocgIaIphongkhI
mf haf nhn fraI qua mf su bIn dI phong xa fhuong Ia vao
khoang mf frIu Iocfron vn, nhu vy do Ia mf fIa ; va b
mafmaffroIonhIfd5800K,nhuvymaffroIphafraanhsang
fhyduoc).CnhIn,cacsuphnchIagIuacacIoaIbucxakhng
phaIIahoanfoanfachbach,vakhngcomfsufhoafhunchung
naovcackhoangbuocsongkhacnhau.
Tuvung
Angsfrom mf phn fram frIu xonfImof |10 mu m 8). Ky

hIu 0A. Kich fhuoc nguyn fu dIn hnh Ia vaI angsfrom. uoc
songanhsangfhyduocdInhnhIavaInghnangsfrom.
Andromoda|TInhvnfInnu)ThInhaIongnfanhf.No
co hnh xoan c, chua khoang 3 x 10 mu 11 khI Iuong maf froI.
ChI Ia M31 frong cafaI cua MossIor, va NCC 224 frong CafaI
fngquafmoI.
aryonMfIoaI haf fuong facmanh gm nofron, phofon va
cachadronkhngbngoIIahyporon.SbaryonIafngsbaryon
comaffrongmfhfrudIfngsphanbaryon.
uc xa hng ngoaI Song dIn fu co buoc song gIua khoang
0,0001cmva0,01cm|muoInghndnmffrIuangsfrom),frung
gIangIuaanhsangfhyduocvabucxacucngan.CacvfonhIf
dphongbucxachuyusonghngngoaI.
uc xa fu ngoaI Song dIn fu voI buoc song fu 10 mu m 7
cm dn 2 x 10 mu 5 cm |10 dn 2000 angsfrom), frung gIan gIua
anhsangfhyduocvafIaX.
ucxacucnganSongdInfuvoIbuocsonggIuakhoang0,01
cm va 10 cm, frung gIan gIua buc xa v fuyn fn s rf cao va
hngngoaI.VfonhIfdvaIdKoIvInbucxachuyufrongdaI
songcucngan.
Steven Weinberg 142
ucxavfdonucxavoImfmfdnangIuongkhngdI
frongmIkhoangbuocsong,nhubucxaphafrafumfvfnung
nong hp fhu hoan foan. uc xa frong moI frang fhaI cn bang
nhIfIabucxavfdon.
uocsongKhoangcachgIuahaIdInhsong.IvoIsongdIn
fucofhdnhnghIabuocsongIakhoangcachgIuahaIdImmao
domoIfhanhphncuavocfofruongdInhoacfucogIafrcucdaI.
Cn bang nhIf Mf frang fhaI frong do haf dI vao mf
khoang vnfc, spIn, v.v... nao do dungcnbang voI fys chung
roI khoang do. Nu d khng b nhIu Ioan dn mf fhoI gIan du
Iu, fh bf cu mf h vf Iy nao mf Iuc nao do cung so dn gn
mffrangfhaIcnbangnhIf.
ChnfroITrongvufruhoc,khoangcachmangoaIdokhng
mffinhIuanhsangnaocofhcocohIdnduocchfa.Nuvu
fru co mf fuI xac dnh, fh khoang cach dn chn froI Ia vao co
fuIdonhnvoIvnfcanhsang.
Chuyn dng rIng Su dch chuyn v fri cac fhIn fh frn
bu froI do chuyn dng cua chung vung goc voI duong nhn.
ThuongdofhoogIycungmInam.
ChuynphaSuchuyndfngfcuamfhfumfcuhnh
nay dn mf cu hnh khac, fhuong voI mf su fhay dI v dI
xung. Vi du: su nong chay, su sI, va su chuyn fu finh dn bnh
fhuongquafinhsIudn.
Co hoc Iuong fu Iy fhuyf vf Iy co ban, phaf frIn frong
nhungnam1920nhuIasufhayfhcohoccdIn.Odysongva
hafIahaImafcuacungmffhucfhcoban.HafIInkfvoImf
song cho fruoc Ia Iuong fu cua no. Cac frang fhaI cua nhung h
IIn kf nhu nguyn fu hay phn fu chI chIm nhung muc nang
Iuongrorfnaodo,nangIuongduocxomIabIuongfuhoa.
Chum |fhIn ha) Thf nu Mf chum khng I bao gm frn
1000fhInhafrongchomsaoThfnu.Chumnaychuyndngxa
favoImfvnfckhoang1000km/s;nguoIfachorangnoocach
fa60frIunamanhsang.
APH!T!TIN 143
chchuyndoSudchchuyncuacacvachphvphiacac
buoc song daI hon do hIu ung oppIor dI voI mf ngun dI xa
khoIfa.TrongvufruhocIasudchchuynquansafduoccuacac
vach ph cua nhung fhIn ha xa b phia buoc song daI. KhI bIu
dInnhumfdfangfIdIcuabuocsong,noduockyhIuIaz.
ch chuyn xanh Su dch chuyn cua cac vach ph v phia
buc song ngan hon do hIu ung oppIor dI voI mf ngun dI foI
fa.
ang huong Mf finh chf duoc fhua nhn cua vu fru, ma
dIvoImfnguoIquansafbfkynoduocxomIagIngnhaufhoo
moIhuong.
ngfinhMffinhchfduocfhuanhncuavufru,madI
voImfnguoIquansafbfky,omffhoIdImbfkynoduocxom
IakhngdI.
frung fuyf dINangIuong foan phn ma mffhInfh
bucxafrongmIdonvfhoIgIan
frung bIu kIn Nang Iuong foan phn nhn duoc frong
mfdonvfhoIgIanvafrnmfdonvdInfichfumffhInfh.
ofrI Mf dng v nang cua hydr, H mu 2. Haf nhn cua
no|dofron)gmmfprfonvamfnofron.
uongdI|quangduong)fudofrungbnhKhoangcachfrung
bnh ma mf haf cho fruoc dI duoc gIua nhung va cham voI mI
fruongfrongdonochuyndng.ThoIgIanfudofrungbnhIafhoI
gIangIuacacvacham.
c on v nang Iuong frong h CCS. ng nang cua khI
IuongcuamfgamchuyndngvoIvnfc1cm/sIa1/2oc.
nfrpIMfdaIIuongcobanfrongcohocfhngkIInquan
dndhndncuamfhvfIy.nfrpIduocbaofoanfrongmoI
qua frnh frong do cn bang nhIf duoc gIu vung IIn fuc. nh
Iuf fhu haI cua nhIf dng Iuc hoc noI rang onfrpI foan phn
khngbaogIogIamdIfrongbfcuphanungnao.
Steven Weinberg 144
Iocfron Haf co ban co khI Iuong nho nhf. MoI finh chf
hoahoccuanguynfuvaphnfuduocxacdnhboIcacfuongfac
dIngIuacacoIocfronvoInhauvavoIhafnhnnguynfu.
IocfronvnMfdonvnangIuongfIndungfrongvfIy
nguynfu,bangnangIuongmamfIocfronfhuduockhIdIqua
mfhIudInfhmfvn.ang1,60219x10mum12oc.
oynman|gIand)CacgIandfuongfrungnhungdonggop
khacnhauvaoxacsufcuamfphanunghafcoban.
rIodmann|mhnh)Mhnhfoanhoccuacufruckhng
fhoIgIancuavufru,cancufrnfhuyffuongdIrng|khngco
mfhangsvufruhoc)vafrnnguynIyvufruhoc.
HadronMoIhaffhamgIavaofuongfacmanh.Hadronduoc
chIarabaryon|nhunofronvaprofon)funfhoonguynIyIoaIfru
PauII,vamoson,khngfhoonguynIynay.
HafhafnhnCachaf,profonvanofron,fmfhyfronghaf
nhncacnguynfufhngfhuong.ThuonggoInganIanucIon.
HangsoIfzmannhangscobancuacohocfhngkIIn
hfhangnhIfdvoInhungdonvnangIuong.ThuongkyhIuIa
k hoac k. ang 1,3806 x 10 mu 16 oc mI d KoIvIn, hoac
0,00008617oIocfronvnchomIdKoIvIn.
Hang s cu fruc fInh f Hang s co ban khng fhu nguyn
cua vf Iy nguyn fu va dIn dng Iuc hoc Iuong fu, duoc dnh
nghIa nhu bnh phuong cua dIn fich oIocfron chIa cho fich hang
sPIanckvavnfcanhsang.KyhIuanfa.ang1/137,036.
HangsNovfonHangscobancuacacfhuyfhpdncua
NovfonvaInsfoIn,KyhIuC.TrongfhuyfcuaNovfon,Iuchp
dn gIua haI vf Ia C nhn voI fich cua haI khI Iuong chIa cho
bnh phuong khoang cach gIua chung. Trong don v cua h mof
bang6,67x10mum8cm3/gs.
HangsPIanckHangscobancuacohocIuongfu,kyhIu
h.ang6,625x10mum27ocs.HangsnayIndufInduoc
duavaoIyfhuyfbucxavfdoncuaPIancknam1900.Saudono
xuf hIn frong Iy fhuyf phofon cua InsfoIn nam 1905 : nang
APH!T!TIN 145
IuongcuamfphofonbanghnhnvoIvn fcanhsangchIa cho
buocsong.
HInnaynguoIfafhuongdunghangshhon|hgach),bang
hangsPIanckchIacho2pI.
HangsvufruhocMfshangmanam1917InsfoInfhm
vao cac phuong frnh hp dn cua ng. Mf s hang nhu vy so
gyramfIucdyonhungkhoangcachrfxa,vasocnchomf
vufrufInhdcnbangIuchufhpdn.HInnaykhngcoIydo
gdchorangmfhangsvufruhocnhuvyfnfaI.
HII Nguyn f hoa hoc nho fhu haI va nhIu fhu haI frong
vufru.CohaIdngvbncuahIIIaHomu4mahafnhncohaI
profon va haI nofron va Ho mu 3 ma haf nhn co haI profon va
mfnofron.CacnguynfuhIIchuahaIIocfronngoaIhafnhn.
HIuungoppIorSufhaydIfnscuamffinhIu,dosu
chuyndngfuongdIgIuangunvanoInhnfinhIu.
HydrNguynfhoahocnhonhfvanhIunhf.Hafnhn
cua hydr bnh fhuong co mf phofon duy nhf. Con haI dng v
nang hon, dofrI va frIfI. Nguyn fu cua moI IoaI hydr du gm
mf haf nhn hydro va mf oIocfron: frong cac Ion hydr duong
khngcooIocfron.
Ion hydrxyn Ion OH- gm co mf nguyn fu xy, mf
nguynfuhydr,vamfoIocfrondI.
KoIvIn Thang nhIf d KoIvIn, gIng nhu fhang bach phn,
nhung voI d khng fuyf dI chu khng phaI d khng ung voI
dIm fan cua nuoc da. Im nay Ia 273,15 K o ap suf mf
afmfpho.
KhIIuongJoansKhIIuongbonhfmakhIdoIuchufhp
dnco fh fhangap suffrongva sInh ra mfh IIn kf boI Iuc
hpdn.KyhIuMj.
IopfonMoIIoaIhafkhngfhamgIavaocacfuongfacmanh,
baogmoIocfron,muon,vanoufrIno.SIopfonIafngcacIopfon
comaffrongmfh,frufngcacphanIopfon.
Steven Weinberg 146
Iuf bao foan Mf dnh Iuf quy dnh rang fng gIa fr cua
mfdaIIuongnaodokhngfhaydIfrongmoIphanung.
IufHubbIoHfhucgIuavnfcIuIxacuanhungfhInha
xa vua phaI va khoang cach foI chung. Hang s HubbIo Ia fy s
vnfcfrnkhoangcachfronghfhucdo,vakyhIuHhayHo.
Iuf RayIoIgh Joans H fhuc don gIan gIua mf d nang
Iuong |frn mf khoang buoc song don v) va buoc song dung cho
gIoI han buoc song daI cua phn b PIanck. Mf d nang Iuong
fronggIoIhandoIafIIvoInghchdaocuaIuyfhuabncuabuoc
song.
Iuf Sfofan oIfzmann H fhuc fI I fhun gIua mf d
nangIuongfrongbucxavfdonvaIuyfhuabncuanhIfd.
MfdSIuongmfdaIIuongnaodofrongdonvfhfich.
Mf d khI Iuong Ia khI Iuong frong don v fh fich; no fhuong
duoc don gIan goI Ia mf d. Mf d nang Iuong Ia nang Iuong
frong don v fh fich: mf d s hoac mf d haf Ia s haf frong
donvfhfich.
MfdfoIhanMfdkhIIuongcuavufrufhpnhfhIn
naycnchosuchmdufsudannocuavufruvaomfIucnaodo
va sau do so co mf su co fIp fhoo. Vu fru Ia huu han v khng
gIannumfdvufruvuofmfdfoIhan.
MosonMfIoaIfuongfacmanh,baogmmosonpI,mosonK,
mosonro,v.v...voIsbaryonbangkhng;.
MosonpIHadroncokhIIuongbonhf.CobaIoaI,mfhaf
dInfichduong|A +),phanhafcuanocodInfichm|A -),va
mfphanhaffrunghoahoInhohon|A 0).IkhIgoIIapIon.
Moson ro Mf frong cac hadron hf suc khng bn phn ra
fhanh2mosonpI,voIfhoIgIansngfrungbnh4,4x10mum24
gIy.
MossIor|s)SfrongcafaIcuamfsfInhvnvachumsao
fhoo cach sap cua CharIos MossIor. Thuong ky hIu M ... Vi du :
fInhvnTInnuIaM31.
APH!T!TIN 147
Muon MfhafcobankhngbncodIn fichm, gIngnhu
oIocfronnhungnanghon207In.KyhIu.IkhIgoIIamoson
muy,nhungkhngfuongfacmanhnhunhungmosonfhuc.
NamanhsanguongdIcuamffIasangfrongmfnam.
Nang Iuong nghI Nang Iuong cua mf haf khng chuyn
dng,nosoduocgIaIphongnufoanbkhIIuongcuahafcofh
bhuy.ChoboIcngfhucInsfoIn=mc2.
NguynIyIoaIfruPauIINguynIynoIrangkhngcohaIhaf
naocungmfIoaIcofhodungmffrangfhaIIuongfunhunhau.
aryon va Iopfon fun fhoo nguyn Iy nay, nhung phofon hoac
mosonfhkhng.
Nguyn Iy vu fru hoc CIa fhIf cho rang vu fru Ia dang
huongvadngfinh.
NgnhaTncuadaIsaodanhdumafphangfhInhacua
chungfa.IkhIduocdungdgoIfhInhacuacuachungfa.
NndnchuhafnhnThuyfchorangmoIhadronduco
bannhunhau.
NhIfdnguongNhIfdmafrnnofhmoIIoaIhafnaodo
so duoc fao ra rf nhIu boI buc xa vf don. No bang khI Iuong
haf nhn voI bnh phuong vn fc anh sang, chIa cho hang s
oIfzmann.
NhIf d cuc daI CIoI han frn cua nhIf d frong vaI Iy
fhuyf v fuong fac manh. Trong cac fhuyf do no duoc uoc finh
banghaIfrIufrIudKoIvIn.
NhIfdfoIhanNhIfdmaodoxayramfsuchuynpha.
NoufrIno Mf haf frung hoa dIn khng co khI Iuong chI
fham gIa cac fuong fac yu va hp dn. Ky hIu v. f nhf co haI
IoaInoufrInogoIIanoufrInofhucoIocfron|vo)vanofrInfhuco
muyon|v).
Pacsoc on v khoang cach fhIn van. uoc dnh nghIa Ia
khoangcachcuamfvfmafhsaI|ddchchuynmInamfrn
bufroI)IamfgIycung.KyhIupc.ang3,0856x10mum13
Steven Weinberg 148
kmhoac3,2615namanhsang.onvquyuocfrongvufruhocIa
mf frIu pacsoc hoac mgapacsoc, ky hIu Mpc. Hang s HubbIo
fhuongduocchobangkIImofmIgIymImgapacsoc.
Phn b PIanck Su phn b nang Iuong o nhung buoc song
khac nhau cua buc xa o cn bang nhIf, nghIa Ia, cho buc xa vf
don.
Phan haf Haf co cung khI Iuong va spIn nhu o mf haf
khac, nhung co dIn fich, s baryon, s Iopfon, v. v ... bang v d
Ionvanguocdu.MIhafcomfphanhaffuongung,fruvaIhaf
fhuc su frung hoa nhu phofon va moson A 0, chung Ia phan haf
cua ban fhn chung. Phan noufrIno Ia phan haf cua noufrIno;
phan profon Ia phan haf cua profon, v. v ...Phan vf chf gm
phanprofon,phannofronvaphanoIocfronhoacpzIfron.
Phfon Trong fhuyf Iuong fu v buc xa, haf ghop voI mf
songanhsang.KyhIu
PzIfronPhanhafcuaoIocfron,mangdInduongkyhIuo+.
ProfonHafmangdInduongfmfhycungvoInofronfrong
cachafnhnnguynfufhngfhuong.KyhIup,hafnhnhydr
Iamfprofon.
Quark Haf co ban gIa dnh coI nhu Ia fhanh phn cua moI
hadron. Chua quan saf duoc quark c Ip, va co nhung Iy Io Iy
fhuyfdchorang,macduIacofhcofhucfhoomfynghIanao
do,quarksokhngbaogIoduocquansafnhunhunghafcIp.
Quaza|nhungvfchunsao)MfIoaIfhInfhcomfdang
nhusaovakichfhuocgocrfbo,nhungcodchchuyndoIon.KhI
chungIangunvfuynmanhgoIIangunvfuynchunsao.
anchffhfcuachungchuaduocro.
Song hp dn Song cua fruong hp dn fuong fu nhu song
anh sang cua fruong dIn fu. Chung Ian fruyn voI vn fc bang
vnfcanhsang,299792km/s.ChuacobangchungfhucnghIm
duoc fhua nhn rng raI v song hp dn nhung su fn faI cua
chungIadofhuyffuongdIrngdoIhoI,vaifaInghIngosufn
APH!T!TIN 149
faInay.IuongfubucxahpdnfuongfunhuphofonduocgoIIa
gravIfon.
SaosIumoINhungvusaonkhngIfrongdoffcangI
sao, fru nhn frong, b n fung ra khoang khng gIan gIua cac v
sao.MfsaosIumoIfaorafrongmfvaIngaynhIunangIuong
nhumaffroIbucxafrongmfnganfrIunam.SaosIumoIcuI
cung quan saf duoc frong fhIn ha chung fa duoc KopIor |va cac
nhafhInvancuacacfrIudnhTrungQucvaTrIuTIn)nhn
fhynam1604frongchomsaoOphIuchus,nhungngunvfuyn
CasAduocchoIadomfsaosIumoIgndyhon.
SpIn Mf finh chf co ban cua haf co ban m fa frang fhaI
quay cua haf. Thoo cac dnh Iuf cua co hoc Iuong fu, spIn chI co
fh co nhung gIa fr nhf dnh bang mf s nguyn hay ban
nguynnhnvoIhangsPIanck.
Su faI hop Su kf hop cua haf nhn nguyn fu va oIocfron
fhanhnhungnguynfufhngfhuongfrongvufruhoc,sufaIhop
fhuongduocdungmfcachdacbIfdchIsufaofhanhnguynfu
hIIvahydronhIfdco3000K.
Tn s In fa su dI qua mf dIm cho fruoc cua dInh cua
bf ky IoaI song nao. ang fc d song chIa cho buoc song. Tinh
fhooHz.
ThIn ha Mf chum sao IIn kf voI nhau boI Iuc hp dn,
chuadn10mu12khIIuongmaffroI.CacfhInhafhuongduoc
xpIoaIfhoohnhdang:oIIp,xoanc,xoanccogachngang,hoac
dangkhngdu.
ThInhadInhnhOdydungdnoIvcacfhInhakhng
co vn fc dac bIf, va do do chI chuyn dng cung voI su chuyn
dngchungcuavfchfdosudannovufrugyra.MfynghIa
fuongfuduocganchocacfuhafdInhnhvanguoIquansafdIn
hnh.
ThoIgIandannodacfrungNghchdaocuahangsHubbIo.
Vao khoang 100 In fhoI gIan vu fru dung d dan no fhm mf
phnfram.
Steven Weinberg 150
ThngsgIamfcConsdacfrungchofyIgIamfcdcua
suIuIcuacacfhInhaxa.
Thuyf hIu chun Mf IoaI Iy fhuyf fruong fhuong duoc
nghIncuuraorIfcoInhuIanhungIyfhuyfkhadIvcacfuong
fac yu, dIn fu va manh. Nhung fhuyf nhu vy Ia bf bIn voI
mf phop bIn dI dI xung, ma kf qua bIn fhIn fu dIm nay
dndImkIafrongkhngfhoIgIan.anhfuhIuchun|gaugo)
duocdungphnnhIuIadoIydoIchsu.
TIa vu fru Haf mang dIn co nang Iuong cao fu khoang
khngvufrudIvaokhiquyncuafa.
TInh vn ThIn fh rng Ion, co dang nhung dam my. Mf
sfhInha;nhungcaIkhacfhucsuIanhungdammybuIvakhi
frongfhInhachungfa.
TrIfI ng v nang khng bn H3 cua hydr. Haf nhn cua
nogmmfphofonvahaInofron.
Tu do fIm cn Tinh chf cua vaI Iy fhuyf fruong v cac
fuong fac manh, noI rang cac Iuc fro fhanh mI Iuc cang yu o
nhungkhoangcachgn.
ThuyffrangfhaIdungThuyfvufruhocmaondI,CoIdva
HoyIodaphaffrIn,frongdocacfinhchffrungbnhcuavufru
khngkhInaofhaydIvoIfhoIgIan;vfchfmoInhfduocphaf
sInh ra IIn fuc d gIu cho mf d vu fru khng dI frong khI vu
frugIanno.
Thuyf fuong dI hop |fhuyf fuong dI dac bIf) Mf cach
nhnmoIvkhnggIanvafhoIgIanmaInsfoIndranam1905.
NhufrongcohocNovfon,comfnhomcacphopdIfoanhocIIn
h cac foa d khng fhoI gIan, ma nhung nguoI quan saf khac
nhau dung, mf cach nao do d cho cac dnh Iuf cua fu nhIn
duoccoIIanhunhaudIvoInhungnguoIquansafdo.TuynhIn,
frong fhuyf fuongdI hop cac bIn dIkhngfhoI gIan co finh
chf quan frong Ia Iam cho vn fc anh sang khng fhay dI,
khngphufhucvaovnfccuanguoIquansaf.MoIhchuahaf
vnfcgnbangvnfcanhsangduocxomIahfuongdIfinh
APH!T!TIN 151
va phaI duoc nghIn cuu fhoo cac dnh Iuf cua fhuyf fuong dI
hopchukhngfhoocohocNovfon.
Thuyf fuong dI rng |fhuyf fuong dI fng quaf) Iy
fhuyf v hIn fuong hp dn do InsfoIn phaf frIn frong fhp
nIn19061916.ThoocachphafbIucuaInsfoInfhyfuongco
ban cua fhuyf fuong dI rng Ia hIn fuong hp dn Ia mf kf
quacuasucongcuaconfInumkhngfhoIgIan.
Tuong fac manh IoaI manh nhf frong bn IoaI fuong fac
fngquafgIuacachafcoban.NochufrachnhImvcacIuchaf
nhn gIu cac profon va nofron o IaI frong cac haf hn nguyn fu.
Tuong fac manh anh huong dn hadrn chu Iopfon va phofon fh
khng.
Tuong fac yu Mf frong bn IoaI fuong fac fng quaf gIua
cac haf co ban. VoI nhung nang Iuong bnh fhuong no yu hon
fuong fac dIn fu hoac fuong fac manh nhIu, du rang manh hon
fuong fac hp dn. No chu frach nhIm v su phn ra fuong dI
chm cua nhung haf nhu nofron va muon va v moI phan ung
frong do co noufrIno. Ngay nay nhIu nguoI hIu rang cac fuong
facyuvadInfuvacofhcacacfuongfacmanhIanhungbIu
hIn cua mf Iy fhuyf fruong hIu chun fhng nhf co ban va
dongIan.
Vn fc anhsang Hang s co bancua fhuyf fuong dIhop,
bang 299729 km/s. Ky hIu c. MoI haf co khI Iuong bang khng
nhu phofon, nofrIno, hoac gravIfon chuyn dng voI vn fc anh
sang. Cac haf vf chf co vn fc anh sang khI nang Iuong cua
chungIarfIonsovoInangIuongnghImc2frongkhIIuongcua
chung.
Vu fru hoc vu n Ion Thuyf cho rang vu fru baf du fu
mffhoIdImhuuhanfrongquakhu,omffrangfhaIcomfd
vaapsufrfIon.
XphoIfNhungngIsaosangdIanh,comfsuIInhxac
dnhrogIuadfrungfuyfdI,chukybInfhIn,vamau.TnIa
fhoo fn cua ngI sao o XphoI frong chom sao Xphouf |Ong
Steven Weinberg 152
vua).uocdungdchIkhoangcachcuanhungfhInhafuongdI
gn.
XIan Hop chf hoa hoc CN, duoc fao nn fu cacbon va nIfo.
TmfhyfrongkhoangkhnggIuacacsaodosuhpfhuanhsang
nhnfhy.

3 Phut Dau Tien

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APH!T!

M hnh chun duoc phac hoa ra frn dy khng phaI Ia

uc franh vu fru ma fa da phac ra o dy Ia hnh anh mf

May fhay, khng cn dI dn mf quyf dnh duf khoaf v

Hnh 9 - fh chI su dch chuyn cua

Hnh 10. VaI gIan d oynman. O dy vo vaI gIan d

Con co fh dua su fuong fac dI xa hon nua. Nhu moI nguoI

Bng 1. Tnh cht ca mt s ht c bn

Steven Weinberg 140

Angsfrom mf phn fram frIu xonfImof |10 mu m 8). Ky

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