Tuber

Bulb
Rhizome
Corm
Stolon
Runner
Offset
Vegetative propogation
Vegetative propogation
Cutting
Grafting
Budding
Layering
Atificial Vegetative Propagation
Stem Cutting
1)Cutting the stem of
the plant
2) Placing the
cut stem into
a moist mud
pot
3)Development of
roots
Grafting
Scion Grafting
Bud Grafting
Grafting
Whip Grafting

Cleft Grafting
Grafting

Bud Grafting

Bud Grafting
Bud Grafting
Layering
Mound layering
Aerial layering
Mound Layering
Aerial Layering
Aerial layering

Advantages of vegetative
propagation

Easier, less expensive and rapid
Seedless plants can be reproduced by this method
New individual produced possesses exact qualities
of parents.
Flower produced are of superior quality.
Desired character of fruits can be maintained.


Sexual Propagation

Vegetative Propagation
Slow, uncertain, less economic Quicker, more certain, more economic
Seeds are viable and strong to face
environment
Seeds are less viable and less strong.
Seedless plants cannot be reproduced
by this method
Seedless plants can be reproduced by
this method

Parenteral characteristic are not
retained
Parenteral characteristic are retained

New varieties are possible New varieties are not possible

Due to dispersal of fruits and seeds
overcrowding does not take place
Overcrowding take place. No dispersal
of fruits and seeds

Economic importance of
vegetative propagation

By growing desired variety of a plant in
large number: Vegetative propagation
Micro propagation
By evolving new varieties of plant with
desired characterstic: Hybridisation


Hybridisation
Means crossing of
two plants having desired
characteristic and bringing together of
these useful character into a new plant
called the hybrid
Hybridisation

Intraspecific
Interspecific
Hybridisation

Cross pollination
Hybridisation
Steps of artificial cross
pollination

Choosing the variety with desired characteristic


Anther is removed which is called as emasculation


Stigma of this flower are dusted with pollen grains
from desired characteristic.


It gives rise to a hybrid


Somatic
Cell
Hybridization

Step of somatic hybridisation

Removing cell wall of plant cell ( Protoplasts)


Protoplasts are fused with the help of certain chemicals
which leads to formation of somatic hybrid by fusion of
nucleus( hetrokaryon)

Somatic hybrid is made to grow in suitable
medium where it regenerates cell wall to form plantlets







Advantages of Hybridisation

Production of hybrid which cannot be produced by
sexual method
Obtaining clones
For introducing useful gene in case of male sterility


Advantages of Hybridisation

It helps in producing crops that have:
Higher yield
Increase in size and number of fruits
Resistance to various disease
Better ability to survive


Advantages of Hybridisation

Hybrid is superior to parent plant
Common method for creating genetic
variation for experiment and research.


Micro propagation
Terms involved in
Micropropagation
Explant : Plant whose parts are detached
and used for plant culture
Culture medium: Artificial medium that
contains nutrients like vitamins, minerals
and hormones like auxins and cytokinns
Callus: Cell growth
Plantlets: Small plants




Steps of Micro propogation

A small piece of tissue generally from shoot tip is
taken


It is grown in the nutrient medium which contains
essential nutrients, hormones, vitamins


The cells grow into unorganized mass callus







Steps of Micro propogation

Cells differentiate into roots and shoots and plantlets
are formed


Plantlets are transferred to soil and grown to maturity









Disadvantages of
micro propagation

Tedious process
Expensive
Needs sterile condition

Uses of bio technology

Cheese
Yoghurt : Streptococcus thermophilus and
Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Alcoholic beverages
Vinegar
Vitamin B12 :Streptomyces olivaceous
Bacillus megatherium
Uses of bio technology
Vitamin B2 : Eremothecium ashbyi
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Enzymes
Enzymes Organism Appliction
Amylase Aspergillus niger

Chocolate, paper

industry, Textiles
Bacillius subtilis

Lipase Candida lipolytica Cheese, pasturized
milk
Proteases Mortierella
renispora
Manufacture of
glue, removal of
stain
Uses of genetic engineering
Proteins like insulin for
diabetes
Erythropoietin : Anaemia and
blood clotting
Variety of enzyme amylase,
lipase
Uses of genetic engineering
Antibiotics like penicillin,
streptomycin, tetracyclines
Vaccines for polio, mumps,
rabies , Hepatitis B
Vitamin C