Networks Basics

C Viven Rajendra
viven@cse.iitb.ac.in
Contents

What is a network?

How does it work?

HUB, Switch, Router.

Classifying network.

Proy, !P, Su"net, #NS.

Wi$i, net%on, si%&le a&&lications.

Co%&uter Network
' ( co%&uter network is a
grou& of interconnected
)network ca&a"le
de*ices+.
' Co%&onents , Network
!nterface Cards, Hu"s,
Switches, Routers and
gal*anic ca"le.
How does it work?

What is co%%unicated?

When is it co%%unicated?

How is it co%%unicated?

-a%&le , .alking, torch light co%%unication.

We need a &rotocol , Set of rules go*erning data

co%%unication.

.CP/!P is such a &rotocol.

Basic Hardware Co%&onents
' Network !nterface Card 0N!C1
' Hu"
' Switch
' Router
' Ca"le
Network !nterface Card
' (llows a network
ca&a"le de*ice access
to a co%&uter network
such as the internet.
' .he 2(C address
identifies the *endor
and the serial nu%"er
of the N!C which is
uni3ue to the card.
Hu"
' ( network hu" or
re&eater hu" is a de*ice
for connecting %ulti&le
twisted &air or fi"er o&tic
-thernet de*ices
together.
' When a &acket arri*es at
one &ort, it is co&ied to
all the &orts of the hu"
for trans%ission
Switch
' ( switch is a de*ice
that &erfor%s
switching.
' !t forwards and filters
datagra%s 0chunk of
data co%%unication1
"etween &orts "ased
on the 2ac4(ddresses
in the &ackets.
Router
' $orward data &ackets
"etween networks
using headers and
forwarding ta"les to
deter%ine the "est &ath
to forward the &ackets.
' Processor, 5S,
%e%ory.
Router
Ca"les
' Category 6 ca"le, known
as Cat 6 or 7Ca"le and
.ele&hone7, is a twisted
&air ca"le.0899 2"&s1
' (n o&tical fi"er is a glass
or &lastic fi"er that
carries light along its
length.0:9 ;"&s1
Classifying Networks

5n the "asis of scale or etent of reach of network ,

<(N, 2(N, W(N.

5n the "asis of connection %ethod , hardware

technology , 5&tical fi"re, -thernet, Wireless <(N.

$unctional relationshi&, Client4Ser*er, Peer4to4&eer.

5n the "asis of network to&ology, Physical layout,

2esh, Star, Bus, Ring, Hy"rid
<ocal (rea Network 0<(N1
' 2ost current <(Ns
run on -thernet and
use the !--- =9>.?
&rotocol for
co%%unication.
' !!.B <(N is a *ery
good ea%&le.

<arge co%&uter networks usually s&anning a city.

2etro&olitan (rea Network
Wide (rea Network 0W(N1
W(N 0contd..1
' Co*ers a "road area 0i.e., any network whose
co%%unications links cross %etro&olitan,
regional, or national "oundaries1.
' .he largest and %ost well4known ea%&le of
a W(N is ,
Networking "asics
' What is a Proy?
' What is an !P address?
' What is su"net %ask?
' What is #efault gateway?
' #o%ain Na%e Syste% 0#NS1
Proy
' !nterface "etween internal and eternal
network0!nternet1
' Pri%ary ad*antages,
@ Security 0fro% outside1
@ (ccess control 0 sites, *irus1
@ -fficient network utiliAation due to caching
Proy configuration in "rowsers
' !nstitude wide , net%on.iit".ac.in
' Port =9 for net%on
' <#(P userna%e B &assword for net%on
' Proy not re3uired for
@ C.iit".ac.in
@ 89.9.9.9/=
' (uto%atic &roy configuration UR<,
@ htt&,//www.cc.iit".ac.in/auto&roy.&ac
Proy configuration in "rowsers
Proy configuration in "rowsers
Proy configuration in "rowsers
!P address
' (n !nternet Protocol 0!P1 address is a nu%erical
identification that is assigned to de*ices
&artici&ating in a co%&uter network utiliAing the
!nternet Protocol for co%%unication "etween its
nodes.
' .he for%at of an !P address is a ?>4"it nu%eric
address written as four nu%"ers se&arated "y
&eriods. -ach nu%"er can "e Aero to >66.
' 2ine is 89.>.>98.D>
Su"net %ask
' ( &ortion of the networkEs co%&uters and
network de*ices that ha*e a co%%on,
designated !P address routing &refi.
' ( %ask used to deter%ine what su"net an !P
address "elongs to.
' (n !P address has two co%&onents, the
network address and the host address
' Hostel4> su"net is >66.>66.9.9, so allowed
i&4addresses are 89.>..
#efault gateway
' ( node 0a router1 on a co%&uter network that
ser*es as an access &oint to another network.
' Fiewed si%&ly as an entry &oint and an eit
&oint in a network.
' ( default gateway is used "y a host when an
!P &acketEs destination address "elongs to
so%e&lace outside the local su"net.
' Hostel4> has a co%&uter , 89.>.>69.8
#efault gateway contd..
#o%ain Na%e Syste% 0#NS1
' (ssociates *arious infor%ation with do%ain
na%esG
' !t ser*es as the 7&hone "ook7 for the !nternet
"y translating hu%an4reada"le co%&uter
hostna%es, e.g. www.google.co%, into !P
addresses, e.g. >9=.DD.8==.8HH, which
networking e3ui&%ent needs to deli*er
infor%ation
#NS -a%&le
Suggested Material
' Iurose, Ross , Computer Networking: A
Top-Down Approach.
' WikiPedia @ Co%&uter Network ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_netw
ork
' Su"net %ask , http://www.tech-
faq.com/subnet-mask.shtm
#e%o
' SSH
' Putty
' Secure shell
' Pine
' !!.B newsgrou&

.hank Jou