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2213 Fibrocystic change, Breast

(1) Cyst, Fibrosis, Adenosis (2) Epithelial hyperplasia


(3) Apocrine metaplasia: 上皮細胞較大,Cytoplasm 較紅,核仁明顯
(4) ill-defined,adipose(黃) & fibrosis(白),Dilated Cyst 之中有分泌物,之間有 Collagen fiber
(5) Cyst 會破,引起發炎反應,裡面 Foamy macrophage 聚集
(6) Terminal ductal lobular unit (7) Adenosis: Acini 的量變多,管腔 Dilated
(8) 沒 Hyperchromasia,核也沒很藍,核仁不大不明顯,細胞大小差異不明顯,核膜平滑
(9) 細胞排列有方向性

2161 Fibroadenoma, Breast


(1) Well-defined,Gland 和 Myxoid stroma 均一分布 (2) 常見良性腫瘤,小於 30 歲女性
(3) Intrapericular pattern: Duct 都被壓扁了,疏鬆結締組織圍繞扭曲的乳腺上皮
(4) 如果 Stroma 更 overgrowth、Mitosis 更活躍,則可能為 Phyllodes tumor
(5) Spindle cell 刺激腺體上皮的增生 (6) 核型態差不多

2123 Infiltrating ductal carcinoma(IDC), Breast


(1) ill-defined (2) Nest & Cord 的型態,Ductal structure
(3) 上皮排列無方向性、不規則、具稜角;背景是 Desmoplasia
(4) Pleomorphism、Hyperchromasia、高 N/C ratio、核仁清楚、mitosis
(5) Cribriform: Duct 塞滿癌細胞,卻形成了許多小空腔
(6) Comedo necrosis: 內有 Necrosis 的 Debris,外圍 High grade 腫瘤細胞,像青春痘
(7) DCIS 管腔有兩層細胞,IDC 剩一層(Invasion)
(8) Artifact: 外圍的空隙

2207 Infiltrating lobular carcinoma, Breast


(1) ill-defined,Desmoplastic stroma
(2) 較 Uniform,Pleomorphism 不高,可能被誤認為 Lymphocyte。
(3) Indian file pattern: 單一顆排成一列,
(4) 或單個出現,之間的 Cohesiveness 不好,有空隙,多呈 Single cell files,少數以 Nest
(5) Concentric ring: Single cell 排列成多圈同心圓,包圍正常 Acinus
(6) 和一般 Epithelium 比,size 差不多,不像 Ductal carcinoma 細胞較大顆
Lobular carcinoma Ductal carcinoma
長相 常常是 bilateral,或是單邊 multifocal
轉移 常轉移到 Ovary,稱為 Krukenberg tumor,也會到子宮或骨髓 Fixed in position

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2206 Paget’s disease, Breast
(1) 由 Breast 的 DCIS 或 IDC 而來
(2) 上皮 erosion,Neutrophil infiltration
(3) 質淡染、核 Pleomorphism、Hyperchromasia、核仁明顯、Mitosis
(4) Basal layer 正常,Basement membrane 完整
(5) Pagetoid spreading: 單顆 Paget's cell 跑到 epidermis 表層

2215 Osteomyelitis, Bone


(1) Lamella bone 壞死 (2) Bacterial clump
(3) Inflammation: Neutrophil(主),Plasma cell(少)
(4) Fibrosis: Granulation tissue 和 Fibroblast
(5) 不規則邊緣,和深染多核 Osteoclast;Osteocyte 壞死
(6) Creeping apposition: 新骨在死骨表面堆積 (Medulla 中特別明顯)

2211 Osteosarcoma, Bone


(1) Metaphysis 長出來,Pathologic fracture (2) 骨頭壞死,Spindle cell 浸潤
(3) 核 pleomorphism、大小形狀不一、hyperchromasia
(4) 核仁明顯、N/C ratio、Mitosis、核膜不規則
(5) Osteoid 堆積(Lace-like) (6) 有些會產生軟骨,但診斷關鍵在類骨質

2009 Fibrous dysplasia, Bone


(1) Woven bone 無法變成 Lamella bone,不是 Neoplasm
(2) Intramedullary cavity
(3) Cortical bone 變薄、病理變化;Lamellar bone 也有反應性的改變
(4) Osteoblast rimming: Lamellar bone 旁圍一排 Osteoblast
(5) Lamellar bone: Collagen fiber 排列有方向性
(6) Stroma desmoplastic reaction: 形成 woven bone
(7) Woven bone: Collagen 均勻堆積,沒有平行排列;沒有 Osteoblast rimming

1917 Giant cell tumor, Bone


(1) 良性腫瘤,很少轉移,但有很強侵略性,侵犯到骨外軟組織
(2) ill-defined,成年人長骨的 Epiphysis
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(3) 巨大細胞均勻分布,多核(20-30 個),質嗜鹼性
(4) 核空泡狀,Mitosis 少,無 Atypical mitosis,核 Pleomorphism 不明顯。
(5) 細胞邊界不清楚,有時候會像 Syncytial growth
(6) 骨頭 Erosion;Trabecullar bone 被破壞;Hemosiderin 堆積(出血)

2057 Osteoarthritis, Joint


(1) 軟骨磨損嚴重
(2) Osteophyte: 外圍軟骨會增生骨化
(3) Subchondral sclerosis: 磨損嚴重的區域,其下的骨質會增生
(4) Transverse and Vertical Fibrillation: 磨擦下會發生
(5) Subchondral cyst: 因為小骨折,關節液會進到組織中
(6) Cyst 沒有 Cell lining
(7) Bone eburnation: 在完全沒有軟骨覆蓋的地方形成(象牙質變性),比較厚

2157 Gouty arthritis, Joint


(1) Interphalangeal joint,滑液囊(Synovium)
(2) Gouty tophus
(3) 金黃色沉積物;灰色沉積(溶掉),有些 Needle-like
(4) Pannus(發炎的滑液囊):
Granuloma
Synovium 和硬骨之間的 Cartilage 消失
Synovial cell 增生、變多層

2026 Lipoma, Soft tissue


(1) Well-defined,薄的 Fibrous capsure 包覆
(2) 像成熟 Adipocyte,Clear,細胞大小差異不大,核小,無 Pleomorphism

2162 Liposarcoma, myxoid type, Soft tissue


(1) 外表結節狀(Lobulation)
(2) Chicken wire: 分枝明顯、血管分布豐富
(3) Myxoid stroma (4) 脂肪細胞: 一些空洞
(5) Cellarity 不高,很多細胞長得像正常脂肪細胞
(6) Primitive mesenchymal cell: 小小深染質少的樣子,沒有 Fat vacuole
(7) Lipoblast: 有些細胞開始出現 Vacuole,推擠細胞核(彎曲、凹陷)
(8) 很難看到 Mitosis
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Frozen diagnosis: Glioblastoma
(1) 細絲狀背景 (2) Glia cell 密度較正常高
(3) Glia cell、Astrocyte 這類常有很多 process 形成的腫瘤
(4) Satellitosis: Oligodendrocyte 包圍 Neuron
(5) 內皮細胞增生: 一團一團,高惡性 Glioma 的特色

1433 Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM), Brain


(1) Fibrillary background
(2) 內皮細胞增生: High grade 特徵,Cytopalsm 變多、紅,多層
(3) 核較大,Hyperchromatin,Mitosis
(4) 核有拉長,Nuclear atypia,細胞差異更大,膜不規則
(5) Nuclear overlapping: 在 Cellularity 較高處
(6) Necrosis: 在 Astrocytoma 為 Grade IV 的 Glioblastoma multiforme
(7) Glomeruloid endothelial cell proliferation: 內皮細胞增生(此片沒有)
(8) Nuclear pseudo-palisading: 不一定出現,沒有很重要
(9) 小腦有 Cyst 和 Ceuronodule,可能是以下幾個 Grade I 的
Pilocytic astrocytoma
von Hipple-lindau syndrome 有關的 Hemangioblastoma
Ganglion neuroma
WHO WHO designation St.Anne/Mayo designation Histologic criteria
grade
I Pilocytic astrocytoma
II Diffuse astrocytoma Grade II Nuclear atypia
III Anaplastic astrocytoma Grade III Mitosis
IV Glioblastoma mutiforme (GBM) Grade IV Endothelial proliferation
and necrosis

1912 Candidiasis, Brain


(1) Molecular layer、Purkinje layer、Granular layer
(2) Hemorrhage、Edema (3) Yeast form;Pseudohyphae
(4) Liquefactive necrosis (5) 發炎細胞 Infiltration

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2111 Pilocystic astrocytoma, Cerebellum
(1) Well defined,Grade I,頭髮狀+囊狀
(2) 血管的變粗與增生;沒有 Endothelium 增生
(3) Compact areas: 細胞較多,Cell process 較明顯
(4) Rosenthal fibers:都比 Process 還要粗很多,只在 Compact area
(5) Microcyst: 細胞比較疏鬆,有一些 Colloid-like fluid 在裡面
(6) Bipolar tumor cells with hairy processes: cell process 粗、長一些;排列近於平行;bipolar

2148 Oligodendroglioma, Brain


(1) Grade II,Cellularity 高
(2) 許多細 Capillaries,血管增生有分支,甚至網狀
(3) Round shaped tumor cells,染色質粗、深染,不過核的 Pleomorphism 及 Mitosis 均不明顯
(4) 荷包蛋: 空亮的 Cytoplasm 圍著核,形成 Halo 的樣子
(5) 沒有 Fibrillary background!
(6) Calcification
(7) Microcysts
(8) Perineuronal satellitosis: tumor cells 喜歡繞在血管及 neuron 外

(1) 只有 Oligodendroglioma 會有 1p/19q deletion,Small cell astrocytoma 沒有


(2) 治療藥物 Procarbazine-lomustine-vincristine (PCV)
(3) Small cell astrocytoma 在 CEP7 上有 EGFR amplification,以及 PTEN 上的 DMBT1 deletion

1978 Meningioma, Meninx


Grade I,Pleomorphism 不是很厲害,有紅紅的 Cytoplasm
Whorl: 打轉的結構,一團一團的 Lobule
Whorl 外,沒有明顯的 Fibrous capsule
Syncytial growth: 細胞邊緣看不清楚
Pseudoinclusion: 類似 Orphan Annie eye
Psammoma body: 同心圓鈣化

Grade II: 低倍下就沒有 whorl pattern


Grade III: 最嚴重,復發率最高、預後最差

2082 Japanese B Encephalitis, Brain


(1) Perivascular lymphocyte cuffing: 在血管旁有 Lymphocyte 的聚集
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(2) Microglial nodule: 受 Virus 感染,Cell 密度相對較高
(3) Macrophage (4) Neuronophagia

2152 Ateriovenous Malformation(AVM),


(1) 大小厚薄不一血管,有些血栓,出血
(2) 沒有小血管,都是動脈(壁厚有肌肉)或靜脈(沒 Elastic lamina)
(3) 靜脈局部擴張
(4) Gliosis: 旁邊 Cellularity(Astrocyte)變高
(5) 肌肉層或 Intima 常被 Hyalinized connective tissue 取代

1897 Hemorrhage, recent and old, Brain


(1) Fresh hemorrhage (2) Liquefactive necrosis
(3) Edema: 空泡狀 (4) Hemosiderin (Old hemorrhge)
(5) Foamy macrophage

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Chondroblastoma Intercellular intercommunication

1. Chondrosarcoma 細胞質空泡,Pushing border  logulated pattern

2. Ewing Sarcoma PAS stain (glycogen),細胞一致,小而圓

3. Fibrous cortical defect(小),Non-ossify fibroma(大) Fibroxanthoma


Giant cells Foamy cells Fibrous tissue Storiform pattern

4. Fibrous dysplasia 可看到 Osteoid,但看不到 Osteoblast 圍繞

5. Fibrous dysplasia

6. Callus formation 假骨質 大腿骨呈直角,軟骨增生參雜

7. Myositis ossificans 常被誤認為 Osteosarcoma

8. Giant cell tumor

11. Gouty arthritis

12. Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Disease CPPD Pseudogout


幾乎沒有什麼 Tissue reaction

13. Renal osteodystrophy with Brown tumor formation


腳彎,骨化不全面,Fibrous tissue,osteoclast activity 變強,出血

14. Liposacroma

15. Retinoblastoma Leukokoria,Rosette

Melanoma,spindle cell 預後好,epithelial cell 預後差

16. Osteoarthritis 磨損裂開,Fibrillation,關節腫脹,Eburnation,Osteophyte

17. Osteochondroma 像 mushroom

18. Osteoid osteoma 變厚

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Woven bone、Loose connective tissue、Dilated and Congested capillaries
三者形成 Radius structure (鳥巢狀)

19. Osteosarcoma 較惡性

20. Osteosarcoma Well differentiated


骨頭都朝同一方向平行排列

21. Panes Codman's triangle

22. Rheumatoid arthritis 關節較腫,棕色淡黃色 Myxoid,Pannus

23. Pigmented villonodular necrosis PVNS


棕色海帶,Giant cell

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