Korean Language Guide (2013) PDF

Korean Language Guide - PDF
Learn Korean: LP's Korean Language Learning

By Luke Park
2013
1
Korean Language Guide
The following are the complete list of the lessons created so far in this Korean Language Guide.
Welcome
Korean Alphabet
Sentence Order
Particles
Topic Particle -
!dentifier Particle -
Sub"ect Particles - and
Additi#e Particle -
Ob"ect Particle -
Time Place Particle -
Pronouns
Pronouns $!% &ou' - % % %
Pronouns $(e% She' - % % %
Pronouns $(e% She' - % %
Pronouns $The)' - % %
Pronouns- This% !t% That
Nouns
*ouns - Present% Past
*ouns - *ominalising
*ouns - *ominali+ing ,erbs
*ouns - *umbers and -ounting
d!ecti"es
Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past
Ad"ecti#es - Polite .Present% Past/
Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e
Ad"ecti#es - -onnecti#e
#er$s
,erbs - Present% Past
,erbs - Polite .Present% Past/
,erbs - 1uture .Will/
,erbs - -ontinuous
,erbs - -onnecti#e
,erbs - -an
,erbs - (a#e
,erbs - Want
2
,erbs - 0escripti#e !
,erbs - 0escripti#e !!
,erbs - Speech
d"er$s
Ad#erbs -
Particles
Particles -
Particles -
Particles - %
Particles - .onl)/
Possessi"e
Possessi#e -
%on!unctions
-on"unctions - And
-on"unctions - 2ut .3 /
-on"unctions - 2ut . /
-on"unctions - 2ecause% So .3 /
-on"unctions - 2ecause . /
-on"unctions - !fOnce .3 /
-on"unctions - !fOnce .3 /
-on"unctions - When .3 /
-on"unctions - While .3 /
4W5(
d"anced Gra&&ar
-omparati#es 6 Superlati#es
!mperati#es - %
(a#e to -
Allowed to - !"
! li7e doing - # % $#%
! thin7 - 3 &'( $Opinion'
! thin7 !t seems - )* $General'
! used to do - +,-
! used to do - .
$! learned that' 3 /0&
$! found that' - 3 .
! heard &ou said - 3
3
There is ! ha#e - 1 12
'(ecial )*(ressions
Are )ou doing8 - 3 8 .!nformal/
Are )ou doing8 - 3 345 8 .Polite/
Are we doing8 - 45 8
Go to do - 3 67
To do something - 3 89
Tr) doing - :
Of course% !9#e done it before - ;<
Gi#e the fa#our of doing - =
Would )ou li7e to go8 - >?5 8
Shall we do something8 - @ABC 8
!t9s cold% isn9t it8 - D5 8
Let9s do it - E
:as) to do 0ifficult to do - 3 8F 3 8-G
! 7now how - -HI%
!9m in the habit of - 3 J 3 K5
2ecause !9m - 3 5
! will go first - LM>
P+rases
As ! was doing - 3 :NO
,t+er Lessons
Addressing people
Pronunciation
4
Learning t+e Korean Language -or t+e First .i&e/
Please refer to Audio ;ecordings - !ntroduction% to learn about <W(&< listening to Korean is so
important in learning Korean.
Welcome &ou All to the Korean Language Guide=

This blog was first created in >??@ as an eAperiment to help people who would li7e to learn Korean
language online b) pro#iding some basic grammar lessons on Korean.
O#er the )ears% ! was able to put up more and more Korean language lessons online% and as of now%
in Banuar) >?55% there are more than C? online Korean lessons in this blog.
The principles in writing these online Korean language lessons ha#e been that ! remain intentional
about ma7ing them as eas) to understand and readil) applicable in dail) life as ! can% and
comprehensi#e enough to co#er ma"or points of the Korean language which includes both
the 0ritten and '(oken forms.
*ow% what do ! mean b) 1ritten and s(oken forms8
!n Korean% the #erb endings change depending on whether the language is used in writing or speech.
Note: !n Korean grammar% the #erbs come at the end of a sentence. 1or more on the sentence order%
please read Sentence Order.
1or eAample% < PQRS< which means <! went to school< is a written form% and < PQR
S-< is a spo7en form.
PQRS D ! went to school $1ritten -or& as in writing% boo7s% diar) and
newspaper'
PQRS D ! went to school $s(oken -or& as in con#ersations% mo#ies and
dramas'
As )ou can see% the ending of a #erb changes from Sto S-% both of which mean <went<.
Therefore )ou9d write in one wa) but spea7 in a slightl) different wa). 2ut don9t be too alarmed at
the difference% as there are simple patterns to it% and )ou9ll get to learn them along the wa).
!t is also important to learn the differences in degrees of formalities in the Korean language.
There are three ma"or t)pes in the degrees of formalit)E
!nformal
Polite
(onorific
!n eApressing the politeness in the speech% Korean differs from :nglish in that the #erb endings
change depending on the age and ran7 of the person being addressed to and the social setting one
finds oneself in. 1or eAample% when !9m as7ed% <Where are )ou going8< ! might answer% <!9m going
to school< in the following wa)sE
5
QR7- .!nformal% to people of the same age as me or )ounger than me% especiall) among
close friends/
QR75- .Polite% to people older than me% and in formal social situations/
QR7TUN- .(onorific% this is rarel) used in normal con#ersations. ! would sa)
this t)pe of spea7ing is onl) found in #er) formal settings such as on the news or in the
arm)./
&ou would use the polite form e#en when the person )ou9re spea7ing to is of the same age as )ou or
)ounger than )ou if )ou9re not #er) close to the person andor )ou9re in a formal social setting. !9d
sa) it9s best to stic7 to the polite form first and then use the informal form later as )ou gain more
understanding of the Korean language.
The ma"or mar7 of the di#ision is probabl) the age. The polite language is used to people abo#e
one9s age and informal language to people eFual to and below one9s age.
(owe#er% generall)% the polite language is generall) used in man) social situations and the informal
language is usuall) used among close friends.
! am tr)ing to la) out some basics to the language of Korean. (owe#er it9d be good at this point to
di#e into the lessons and learn them for )ourself.
&ou can start reading the Korean language guide on this website% Learn KoreanE LP9s Korean
Language Learning% from the top to bottom in the order as it9s designed to guide )ou from the basics
to intermediate and ad#anced Korean lessons.
2efore )ou go% here is a bit of histor) of V$Hangeul% the Korean alphabet'E
Korean is the official language of Korea% both *orth and South. There are around CG million people
who spea7 Korean around the world.
.5/
V$the Korean alphabet' was in#ented b) Se"ong the Great in the 54th centur). 2efore that time%
people used (an"a $the eFui#alent of the -hinese characters' which was not onl) difficult to learn
but was also considerabl) different to the Korean grammar and sentence order.
.>/
Vis a phonetic writing s)stem which means that the words correspond to pronunciation.
The :nglish alphabet is phonetic whereas the -hinese characters are not.
!f )ou learn the :nglish alphabet% )ou can read an :nglish writing fairl) well although )ou ma) not
understand the meaning.
Korean is e#en more phonetic than that of :nglish and man) other languages% in that each
consonant and #owel in Korean mostl) ha#e onl) one sound.
1or eAample%
D n
D a $as in car and mama% short sound'
HD .na/ $which means <!< as in <!< am Lu7e'
6
1ollowing the guide for the Korean language down the column on the right-hand of the page% we9re
now mo#ing onto learning the sounds of the consonants and #owels of V.
&ou9ll learn to write and pronounce each of these consonants and #owels% and how to form a
character in this neAt lesson.
Keep on reading=
! hope )ou en"o) this "ourne) of learning a new language=
! thin7 it9s alwa)s eAciting to learn a new language= I0
Lu7e
2e-erences
.5/ Wi7ipediaE Korean language% httpEen.wi7ipedia.orgwi7iKoreanJlanguageK(istor)% accessed
Ban >?55.
.>/ Wi7ipediaE Se"ong the Great% httpEen.wi7ipedia.orgwi7iSe"ongJtheJGreatK(angul% accessed
Ban >?55.
7
.+e Korean l(+a$et
Learning Korean for the first time=
3angeul or V $the Korean alphabet' literall) means <the Korean writing.<
!n V% the Korean alphabet% consists of 5L consonants and 5? #owels.
-osonantsE WXYZ[\]^_àbcd
,owelsE efghijklmn
!n addition% there are 4 double consonants and 55 double #owels.
0ouble consonantsE opqrs
0ouble #owelsE tuvwxyz{|}~
Additionall)% there are 55 final double consonants.
1inal double consonantsE
Please also refer to the audio recording of different Korean consonant-#owel combinations that !
produced with m) own #oice% here% Korean alphabet - -onsonants and ,owels .
&ou will get to learn these basic consonants and #owels% learning how to read% write and pronounce.
Click on the alphabet to listen to their corresponding pronunciations.
(Provided by Korean language learning online, Sogang Mn#ersit)'
E4%onsonants5
D g
D n
D d
D l% r $ is a sound somewhere between l and r'
D m
! D b
" D s
# D <no sound< when used as a first consonant% <ng< when used as a final consonant.
$ D "
% D ch
& D 7
' D t
( D p
) D h
4#o1els5
D a
* D )a
+ D eo
8
, D )eo
- D o
. D )o
/ D u
0 D )u
1 D eu
2 D i
E4Dou$le consonants5
3 D gg -lic7 on the lin7 to hear the difference between the sounds of % 3and &.
4 D dd *ote the difference in soundsI % 4and '.
5 D bb *ote the difference in soundsI!% 5and (.
6 D ss *ote the difference in soundsI "and 6
7 D "" *ote the difference in soundsI $% 7and %
Nore lin7sE 3% 4% 5% 6% 7
4Dou$le #o1els5
8 D ae
9 D )ae $rarel) used'
: D e
; D )e
< D wa
= D wae
> D oe
? D wo
@ D we $rarel) used'
A D wi
B D ui
O 3o1 to -or& a c+aracter
There are two wa)s of ma7ing a character% using the consonants and #owels as building bloc7s.
5.!nitial consonant H ,owel
>.!nitial consonant H ,owel H 1inal consonant
5. :Aamples
D H D ga
D H +D neo
D H -D do
CD H /D luru
DD H 1D meu
ED !H 2D bi
>. :Aamples
FD H H D gag
GD H +H D neon
HD H -H "D dod
9
D H 1H D leulreul
ID $H 8H #D "aeng
-haracters with final consonants of % 3and &% all sound the same. Thus F% Jand Kwill
sound eAactl) the same.
For e*a&(le6
L% M% N Their final consonants all sound the same. -lic7 on the lin7s to hear.
*ow% below is a list of the final consonants and their respecti#e sounds.
3 &D
!5 (D !
'"6$% )D
D
D
D
#D #
For e*a&(le6
3.3/ D fishing
./ D 7itchen
O.P/ D front
./ D seed
Q.R/ D da)
1or a more detailed eAplanation and audio files% clic7 here.
When the initial consonant of second andor third characters is #% for eAample% and %
the sound of the final consonant of each letter is pronounced with the neAt #owel. 2ecause #has
no sound% is pronounced as !Aand as P8. These are "ust made-up words to show
)ou how these wor7.
.!A/
.P8/
1or more eAamples on this pronunciation% clic7 on the lin7.
4Final dou$le consonants5
There are also 55 additional final double consonants. Their sounds are as follows. As )ou can see%
the first consonant of the double consonants is pronounced. $eAcept SD % TD and UD !' !
do not recommend that )ou learn these eAhausti#el) right awa) because that is a hard wor7 and !
rarel) emplo)ed them in m) grammar lessons an)wa). So it would be better to come bac7 to these
when )ou come across them from time to time.
VD
WD
XD
SD
10
TD
YD
ZD
[D
UD !
\D
]D !
)g7
^ ._/ D amount
./ D sit
./ D man)
./ D read
./ D boil
./ D spacious
./ D a single wa)
.C/ D lic7
./ D recite $a poem'
./ D lose $a thing'
`.a/ D price
:Acellent pronunciation lessons b) Sogang Mn#ersit) $Korean language learning online'
SourceE httpE7orean.sogang.ac.7r
Also% chec7 out the Korean Wi7i Pro"ect for additional eAplanations of the Korean consonants and
#owels and respecti#e pronunciations.
1or writing practices%
-onsonants
,owels
-onsonants H ,owels
SourcesE
Slow but ST:A0&E httpEc)"n.com5@4
- % KidnTeen E httpEwww.7idnteen.comhannnumhan.asp
11
'entence ,rder
Please refer to Audio ;ecordings - Sentence Order% to listen to the sentences used in this lesson.
!n regards to the order of a sentence% there are four basic t)pes in Korean. These areE
S H *
S H ,
S H A
S H O H ,
P S D sub"ect% * D noun% A D ad"ecti#e% O D ob"ect and , D #erb.
The tense of a sentence is determined b) the last part of a sentence% namel)% b) a noun% #erb or
ad"ecti#e.
!n Korean% ad"ecti#es function li7e #erbs in that the) can be con#erted to different forms to
determine the tense of a sentence.
1or eAample%
!n :nglish% the past tense of <go< is <went.<
!n Korean% the past tense of <7< $gada% go' is <S< $gatta% went'.
The #erbs function in the same wa) in :nglish and Korean.
(owe#er% in the case of ad"ecti#es% the past tense of <good< in :nglish is not <gooded< but it is
written% <was good.<
-ontrar) to this% in Korean% <#< $jota% good' has a past tense form of <#< $joatta% was
good'.
-ompareE
!n :nglish% <good< $present' Q <was good< $past'
!n Korean% <#< $present' Q <#< $past'
Therefore% the ad"ecti#es in Korean function li7e #erbs in that the) can be con#erted to a past tense
or future tense% or an) other tense forms.
This con#ersion of a #erb$or ad"ecti#e' to its past% future% present continuous or past continuous
tense forms is called a #erb $or ad"ecti#e' <con"ugation.<
2efore proceeding to the eAplanation section below% ! recommend that )ou read
the <particles< alongside this post.
To understand Korean grammar% it is crucial that )ou become familiar with the concept of a distinct
part of speech called% <particles.<
Particles are function words that indicate what the sub"ect or ob"ect is in a sentence.
12
1or eAample%
is a topic particle
is a identifier particle
is an ob"ect particle
1or more information and eAplanation on particles% please refer to $Particles - % % % % '.
*ow% let9s ha#e a loo7 at the four main t)pes of Korean sentences.
*oteE S D Sub"ect% * D *oun% , D ,erb% A D Ad"ecti#e% O D Ob"ect
17 ' 8 N
PQ'D ! am a student
A'D Lisa is a teacher
-D Andrew was a doctor
MTQ'5D ! am a middle school student 4(olite s(oken -or&5
1or more eAplanations on the S H * pattern% please read *ouns - Present% Past7
D !
Q'D student
AD Lisa
'D teacher
-D Andrew
D doctor
D ! $polite'
TQ'D a middle school student
27 ' 8 #
=D Bu-)oung runs 41ritten -or&5
=5D Bu-)oung runs 4(olite s(oken -or&5
=D Bu-)oung #igorousl) runs
PAn ad#erb comes before a #erb.
=D Bu-&oung $a Korean male name'
AD run
D run 4s(oken -or&5
5D run 4(olite s(oken -or&5
D #igorousl)
1or more information and eAplanations on #erbs% please read ,erbs - Present% Past and ,erbs -
Polite .Present% Past/.
37 ' 8
D (e is big
13
D She is small
4D Anne is prett) 41ritten -or&5
45D Anne is reall) prett) 4(olite s(oken -or&5
%D The mountain is beautiful
7#D The weather is #er) good
D he
D big
D she
D small
bD Anne
D reall)% #er)
4D prett)
cD mountain
%D beautiful
D weather
#D good
1or more information and eAplanations on ad"ecti#es% please read% Ad"ecti#es - Present%
Past% Ad"ecti#es - Polite .Present% Past/ and Ad"ecti#es - -onnecti#e.
97 ' 8 , 8 #
P,D ! ate an apple.
D Bi-sung drin7s water.
?D The birds are singing songs.
PQD Anna attends college $uni#ersit)' 41ritten -or&5
PQ5D Anna attends college $uni#ersit)' 4s(oken -or&5
-,D &oung-hee planted a flower in the garden )esterda).
P*otice that the time$-' and place$' are inserted between S and O.
D !
D apple
,D ate
dD water
3D drin7
e D a bird
D birds
?D song
D sing
ND attend 41ritten -or&5
5D attend 4(olite s(oken -or&5
-D )esterda)
D garden
fD flower
D plant $#erb'
14
!n addition% unli7e :nglish% it is Fuite common to lea#e out the sub"ect in a sentence in Korean.
When the sub"ect is 7nown b) the readers or spea7ers% it is often left out. Therefore% depending on a
situation or conteAt% it is OK to write or spea7 without beginning the sentence with a sub"ect.
A sub"ect ma) not be used in a sentence if it is 7nown who or what the sub"ect is. So% the sentences
below are also correct and it is common in spo7en Korean $con#ersations'.
Q'D $amis' a student
'D $amis' a teacher
D was a doctor
TQ'5D $amis' a middle school student
D runs
D #igorousl) ran
D $amisare' big
D $amisare' small
#%D $amisare' reall) good 4s(oken -or&5
,D ate an apple
-D dran7 water 4s(oken -or&5
?-D sang songs 4s(oken -or&5
-,-5D planted a flower )esterda) 4(olite s(oken -or&5
1or more help with the particles% please refer to the following postsE
Particles -
Particles -
Particles - %
Particles - .onl)/
Possessi#e -
15
Learn Korean Language: Particles
Particles are functional words that do not ha#e an) meaning in themsel#es.
The) are li7e helpers in that the) are attached to the end of nouns to indicate what that noun is and
how it functions in a sentence.
The following lin7s show the list of most common particles used in Korean language.
O Particles -
O Particles -
O Sub"ect Particles
O Particles -
O Particles -
O Particles -
16
.o(ic Particle - :
Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - Topic Particle for the audio recording of the
sentences found in this lesson.
Particles are functional words that do not ha#e an) meaning in themsel#es.
The) are li7e helpers in that the) are attached to the end of nouns to indicate what that noun is and
how it functions in a sentence.
This particles section is di#ided into se#eral parts.
These areE
- Topic particle R Sub"ect particles
- !dentifier particle S
- Additi#e particle
- Ob"ect particle
- Timeplace particle
Note: and are 9Sub"ect particles.9 The eAplanations are gi#en in the 9Sub"ect
Particles9 section.
Please ha#e a loo7 at the following eAamples to learn how particles are used in sentences.
1or eAample%
PQ'D ! am a student
% the topic particle% is attached to the end of % which means the pronoun <!<% to show that the
topic is about <!< or the sub"ect is <!<.
(ere is another eAample%
P!Q'D ! am a student% too.
!n this sentence% % the additi#e particle% is attached to to show that in addition to a person or
people who are students% <!<% too% am a student.
*ow% let us go through each of these particles.
: 4.o(ic Particle5
The first particle% we9ll learn% is % the topic particle. is used for a sub"ect or topic of a
sentence. is used for nouns without a final consonant% and for nouns with a final consonant.
Let me eAplain%
PD ! am
17
D A person is
consists of H
D n $an initial consonant'
D a $a #owel'
As )ou can see% is a word without a final consonant% therefore is attached to it.
On the other hand% which means 9a person9 has gas a final character% and gconsists of H
H
D r%l $an initial consonant'
D a $a #owel'
D m $a final consonant'
is a word with a final consonant. Therefore% is attached to it.
The reason for these two different t)pes of the topic particle% % is that for words with a final
consonant% it is easier to pronounce them with rather .
-ompare these two pronunciations%
D sa-ram-nun
D sa-ram-un Q sa-ra-mun .0/
As )ou can see% is more rigid and aw7ward to pronounce% whereas is more fluid and
eas) to pronounce. is actuall) pronounced 0. The final consonant of g% which is % is
transferred to to ma7e it sound h.
$ sounds a bit li7e <Sarah Noon< whereas ma) sound li7e <Saram *oon<.'
Listen to the pronunciations for )oursel#es in the Google Translate.
The following are eAample sentences using % the topic particle.
PQ'D ! am a student
D (e is 7ind
D This is a pencil
D The s7) is high
D She studies
SD Bohn went
,D &oung-su ate
D ! $pronoun'
Q'D a student
D he
D 7ind
D this
D pencil
D s7)
D high
D she
D stud)
18
iD Bohn
7D go
D &oung-su $a male name'
D eat
Mse Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words.
*oteE There are no articles in the parts of speech in Korean. <A% an and the< which are used to
identif) and specif) a noun in :nglish and other languages are absent in Korean grammar.
%ontinue to t+e ne*t section:
!dentifier Particle -
19
;denti-ier Particle - :
Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - !dentifier Particle for the audio recording of the
is used similarl) as in that the) indicate a sub"ect but is used when it is necessar)
to identif) the person or thing that is tal7ed about in a sentence.
1or eAample%
PD ! bought
7D ! bought
*oteE is changed to jwhen it is used before .
2oth of these two sentences mean <! bought< but 7puts more emphasis on the sub"ect of
the sentence% <!<.
!n the sentence% 7% it is more concerned about '1+o' bought rather than 9what9 ! did.
On the other hand% P% is more concerned about '1+at' ! did.
7D ! bought .!t wasn9t an)one else but I who bought/
PD ! bought .! bought rather than doing something else/
!t is similar to the wa) in :nglish where a person stresses a certain word to gi#e it more emphasis or
importance.
1or eAample%
Who bought a new t-shirt8
7-D ; bought it.
Note: !t is incorrect to sa)% P-% because the person is as7ing about 1+o bought a new t-shirt
rather than as7ing about what the) did.
What did )ou do in the par78
P-D ! sle(t $! too7 a nap'
Note: The person ma) be as7ing to se#eral people about what the) did in the par7. One person
might sa) the) too7 a stroll while another person ma) ha#e had lunch there. 2ut as for me% what !
did was 'slee(ing'.
Therefore%
P-D ! slept
!t is wrong to sa) 7-in this case because the person is not as7ing about 1+o slept
but 1+at the) did in the par7. !f the person as7ed me% 9Who slept in the par789% ! would answer% j
7-or 7-$Nar7 slept'.
20
The identifier particle% % identifies the sub"ect of a sentence. is concerned about who did
the things as7ed.
Li7e the eAample abo#e% is used for words without a final consonant and for words with
a final consonant.
(ere are eAample sentencesE
7D ! dran7 $!t wasn9t an)one else but me'
',D &ounger brothersister ate $!t wasn9t someone else but them'
7D Nin-"i came $!t wasn9t some other person but Nin-"i'
N7SD Anthon) went $!t wasn9t some other person but Anthon)'
MD That is the (an ;i#er
D The building is high
D The par7 is largespacious
3D drin7
'D )ounger brothersister
D eat
D Nin-"i $a female name'
D come
ND Anthon)
7D go
MD that
D the (an ;i#er $in Seoul'
D a building
D high
D a par7
D spacious% large
Mse Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words.
21
'u$!ect Particles - : and :
and both are used for the sub"ect of a sentence but introduces a topic or a sub"ect
whereas identifies a sub"ect.
!n addition to their differences alread) eAplored abo#e% here is another big difference between the
two particles.
The topic particle% % is used in cases when we ma7e a general or factual statement whereas
is not.
1or eAample%
D A cheetah is fast
AD A cheetah is slow $This would be a wrong statement'
(owe#er% if )ou #isited a +oo and saw a cheetah who seems to mo#e #er) slowl)% )ou might sa)%
7AD $That' cheetah is slow
So the identifier particle% % indicates a certain person or thing that the spea7er and listener
7now or are aware of. !n this case% it would be that cheetah in the +oo.
D The sea is blue
D The sea is blac7 $!n general% this is a wrong statement.'
2ut sa)% )ou saw the sea at night and )ou ma) eAclaim%
7= D The sea is blac7=
The sea in this sentence is identified as a particular sea at night% and both the spea7er and listener
7now which sea is being tal7ed about. This is not a general statement. Therefore the identifier
particle% % is used in this case.
Of course% 7is also perfectl) acceptable. (owe#er% the difference is that the sea in this
sentence is also a particular sea that is 7nown b) both the spea7er and the listener.
D The sea is blue $A general statement'
7D The sea is blue $The sea is identified and 7nown b) the spea7er and
listener'
!t9s similar to the wa) articles are used in :nglish.
1or eAample%
An apple is red D $A general or factual statement about an apple'
The apple is red D 7$A particular apple that the spea7er identifies and
indicates to the listener'
22
dditi"e Particle <
Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - Additi#e Particle for the audio recording of the
The additi#e particle% % is similar to sub"ect particles and in that it is used for a sub"ect
$or topic'. (owe#er% adds the meaning of 9too9 or 9also9 to a sub"ect.
P!Q'D ! am a student% too
!D (e is 7ind% too
!D This is a pencil% too
!D The s7) is high% too
!D She studies% too
!SD Bohn went% too
!,D &oung-su ate% too
As a further eAplanation% please ha#e a loo7 at the following eAampleE
,D 0a#id was a 7ing
!,D Solomon was a 7ing% too
alwa)s refers to the sub"ect. 1or eAample% !,describes Solomon in terms of the
fact that he was a 7ing% too. *ot onl) was 0a#id a 7ing but Solomon was also a 7ing.
D 0a#id
kD a 7ing
D Solomon
NPS-D Benn) went outside
A!PS-D &uri went outside% too
ND Benn)
P7D go outside% lea#e
AD &uri
As )ou can see% is used when one wants tal7 about the same Fualit) or description about a
different sub"ect.
When we want to tal7 about additi#e Fualities andor descriptions about the same sub"ect% is
used.
1or eAample%
8D 0a#id was a shepherd.
,D 0a#id was also a 7ing.
23
The two sentences abo#e both describe a certain thing about the same sub"ect% % and refers
to the rest of the sentence rather than the sub"ect. ,describes a fact that 0a#id <was
also a 7ing.< Therefore 0a#id was both a shepherd and 7ing.
is used to gi#e an additi#e Fualit) or description about the same sub"ect.
(ere is one more eAample%
NQ'D Benn) is a college $uni#ersit)' student
N'D Benn) is also a music teacher
Benn) is both a college student and music teacher.
*oteE !n spo7en Korean% lis usuall) used instead of .
NQ'D Benn) is a college $uni#ersit)' student
N'D Benn) is also a music teacher
24
,$!ect Particle - :
The ob"ect particle% % is attached to an ob"ect which the #erb describes.
P0,D ! ate noodles .Literally, noodles ate/
,D read a boo7
0D dran7 co7e
T, ;D watched T,
U,D wore clothes
,D built a house
,D made a ca7e
D !
0D noodles
D eat
mD a boo7
D read
0D co7e
3D drin7
:D see% watch
nD clothes
UD wear
oD house
D build
D a ca7e
D ma7e
The usage difference between and is that is used for nouns without a final consonant% and
for nouns with a final consonant for the pronunciation9s sa7e.
,D too7 a photo
P,D planted a tree
D bought some bread
D sold a car
D crossed a ri#er
AD passed a bridge
+D did homewor7
D a photo
D ta7e $a photo'
PD a tree
D plant $#erb'
pD bread
D bu)
qD a car
D sell
25
rD a ri#er
D cross $#erb% motion'
AD bridge
PD pass $#erb% motion'
D homewor7
D do
26
.i&e : Place Particle -
Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - TimePlace Particle for the audio recording of the
The TimePlace Particle% % is used for an) words related to time and place.
The particle phrase is usuall) placed at the beginning of a sentence after a sub"ect.
sD Sam
D Korea
7D go
D Bun-su
4 tD Na)
D come
SD Sam went to Korea .Sam% to Korea% went/
4 D Bun-su came in Na) .Bun-su% in Na)% came/
Note: 5 tis Banuar)% > tis 1ebruar) and so on.
&ou can also ma7e long sentences li7e the following eAamplesE
5? 7SD Sam went to Korea last )ear in October during the
autumn season .Sam% last )ear% in October% in Autumn% to Korea% went/
>??? !=D Bun-su came to Australia in summer >???. .Bun-
su% in >???% in summer% to Australia% came/
D last )ear
5? tD October
7D autumn
>??? !D in the )ear >???
D summer
=D Australia
*oteE is used for words both with or without a final consonant.
QRD to school
D to hospital
Please note also that when is used as a Place Particle% it is usuall) used with 9go9 and 9come9 to
indicate a place to which )ou9re going or coming% and functions li7e 9to9 in :nglish. 1or eAample%
D to a par7% D to 2ritain and D to the airport.
When )ou want to sa) )ou did something at a particular place '-or a certain (eriod o- ti&e6'
is used for that location or place. !n this case% the function of is similar to <in% at or on< in
:nglish. 1or eAample%
27
D pla)ed $had fun' at the par7 .At the par7% $we' pla)ed $had fun'/
D sta)ed in 2ritain .!n 2ritain% $!' sta)ed/
8D waited at the airport .At the airport% $we' waited/
D a par7
D pla)% ha#e fun
D 2ritain
D sta)
D airport
8AD wait
(owe#er% in the case of 9was9% )ou can use instead of for some strange reason ! do not
7now. The following two sentences mean eAactl) the same.
1,D ! was in 2ritain
1,D ! was in 2ritain
2ut in the case of other #erbs% is not allowed.

8
(ere are a few more eAamplesE
3SD went to a countr)side
7!D A friend of mine came $to #isit me' to hospital
1,D was home
Q,D listen to a lecture at the uni#ersit)
D A lot of people came to the theme par7
%3A",D ! ate cereal in the morning .!n the morning% ! ate cereal/
#> 3$7D !t started raining at > o9cloc7 in the afternoon .Lit. The rain fell/
3D countr)side
7D go
D a friend
D a hospital
!D a #isit
D come
!D came to #isit
oD home% house
1D be
QD college% uni#ersit)
D a lecture
%D listen% hear
D a lot% man)
D a person
D people $ uis attached to a noun to ma7e it plural'
D a theme par7
28
%D morning
3A"D cereal
D eat
#D afternoon% pm
> vD > o9cloc7 $5 vis 5 o9cloc7% C vis C o9cloc7 and so on'
ED rain
AD fall down
29
Learn Korean Language: Pronouns
Mnli7e :nglish% pronouns are not essential for sentences to be grammaticall) correct in Korean
language% and in man) instances% the pronouns can be omitted from normal sentences all together.
!t is also important to notice that some pronouns $e.g. % % ' are much less freFuentl) used
than other pronouns in spo7en Korean.
1or more information% please refer to the following lin7s showing the list of most common
pronouns used in Korean language.
O Pronouns $!% &ou' - % % %
O Pronouns $(e% She' - % % %
O Pronouns $(e% She' - % %
O Pronouns $The)' - % %
O Pronouns- This% !t% That
30
Pronouns =;6 >ou? - 6 6 6
!n this lesson% we are going to learn about pronouns% especiall)% <! and &ou%< then <(e% She and
The)%< and how their forms are changed depending on the degree of politeness.
Let9s start with <!<E
;n-or&al -or& =6 ;?
D !
PD ! H $Topic particle'
w$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
7D ! H $!dentifier particle'
P!D ! H $Additi#e particle'
PD ! H $Ob"ect particle'
x$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
jD m)
D mine $written Korean'
&$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
Note: becomes jwhen combined with $!dentifier particle'
Polite -or& =6 ;?
D !
MD ! H $Topic particle'
y$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
7D ! H $!dentifier particle'
M!D ! H $Additi#e particle'
MD ! H $Ob"ect particle'
z $usuall) in spo7en Korean'
{D m)
D mine $written Korean'
& $usuall) in spo7en Korean'
*ow for <&ou<E
31
;n-or&al -or& =6 >ou?
D &ou
D &ou H $Topic particle'
G$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
27D &ou H (Identifier particle) $written Korean'
N7$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
!D &ou H $Additi#e particle'
D &ou H $Ob"ect particle'
|$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
}D )our $written Korean'
~$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
2D )ours $written Korean'
N&$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
Polite -or& =6 >ou?
D &ou
D &ou H $Topic particle'
D &ou H $!dentifier particle'
!D &ou H $Additi#e particle'
D &ou H $Ob"ect particle'
D )our
D )ours $written Korean'
Note: Bust a word of caution% is #er) infreFuentl) used when addressing someone in spo7en
Korean because it has a nuance of confrontation% and it can be offensi#e when used wrongl).
Therefore ! ad#ise that )ou do not use at all when spea7ing in Korean=
!n Korean% if )ou want address someone directl)% it9s more common to use their designated position
or status in societ)% for eAample% '$teacher'% '$(ead of an) compan)'% $Wife of
an) respectable man'% %M$middle-aged man'% %($middle-aged woman'% C%)$elderl)
man'% C*N$elderl) woman'
Note: 0octors are called '$0octor-teacher' or "ust '$teacher'% and an) person can
be called 'if )ou learned something from that person and e#en if someone is not )our
teacher% )ou ma) choose to call himher 'if )ou respect them% and don9t ha#e an) other
particular to name to call them.
32
(owe#er% please let me ma7e this clear that it seems that is more freFuentl) used in songs and
dramas% and in songs do not sound confrontational% and offensi#e at all. Actuall) the) sound
#er) endearing in some songs for some reason. 2ut in dramas% can still be confrontational and
offensi#e% and so it9s more li7el) used in the scenes where characters ha#e #erbal arguments.
&ou ma) also hear +when someone is addressed. +is used in place of $because
is a#oided in spo7en Korean as eAplained abo#e'. +literall) means <that side.< +is not used
freFuentl) at all. !t9s used between people who share a similar position or status in societ)% and ha#e
"ust met and are not sure how to address the other person.
e.g.
Person AE ,--58 $(a#e )ou had lunch8'
Person 2E %-. %.5. +58 $*o% not )et% what about )ou8'
33
Pronouns =3e6 '+e? - 6 6 6
This is the second part of <Pronouns< lesson.
1or the first part on <! and &ou - % % % " % please clic7 on the lin7.
2efore ! start listing different forms of <(e and She< ! must sa) that the)9re #er) infreFuentl) used
in actual spo7en Korean.
!n Korean% when people refer to someone% the) mostl) use a person9s name% their position or status
in societ)% or omit it altogether if people tal7ing to each other alread) 7now who the)9re tal7ing
about.
(owe#er% ! include the following list for the sa7e of completeness. !t is li7el) that the following are
more freFuentl) used in songs% dramas% and boo7s.
Note: Among the pronouns listed below% one that is more freFuentl) used in spo7en Korean
than others would be which means <he or she< depending on the conteAt.
is a #er) informal form of <he and she%< and so% it is usuall) used among close friends%
and when referring to other people of similar age in a close social networ7.
Therefore% would probabl) ne#er be used when referring to someone who is older or
senior than )ou.
:#en when )ou9re referring to someone who is )ounger or "unior than )ou% )ou would
probabl) a#oid using if some degree of respect is eApected for each other in a gi#en
con#ersation. Alternati#el)% )ou9d use that person9s name% or use the full #ersion of % which
is %.
Note:
D %
is a contracted form of *which means <that gu)galbo)girl.<
is a contracted form of %which means <a child.<
;n-or&al -or& =6 3e?
D (e
$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
is a contracted form of *which means <that gu)galbo)girl<
D (e H $Topic particle'
34
is a contracted form of
7D (e H $!dentifier particle'
!D (e H $Additi#e particle'
D (e H $Ob"ect particle'
D his
D his $written Korean'
;n-or&al -or& =6 '+e?
D She
is a contracted form of *which means <that gu)galbo)girl<
D She H $Topic particle'
7D She H $!dentifier particle'
!D She H $Additi#e particle'
D She H $Ob"ect particle'
D her
D hers $written Korean'
35
Polite -or& =6 3e:'+e?
D (eShe
D (eShe H $Topic particle'
D (eShe H $!dentifier particle'
!D (eShe H $Additi#e particle'
D (eShe H $Ob"ect particle'
D hisher
$ is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean'
D hishers $written Korean'
36
Pronouns =3e6 '+e? - 6 6
1ollowing the pre#ious post% Pronouns $(e% She' - % % % % we9re going to learn more
about the #arious wa)s in which <(e and She< are used in spo7en Korean.
There are three basic wa)s to refer to someone $he or she'% namel) % and . The) are used in a
similar wa) to Pronouns- This% !t% That.
D (e or She $This person'
D (e or She $That person'
D (e or She $The person we9re tal7ing about who is not present here'
% and are the personal eFui#alents of % M% which are used to refer to <things or
inanimate ob"ects.<
)*a&(le sentences:
/E 01% P
()o-minE (e)% Tom. .+is =(erson? is Anna.
E /%1. 1P% P273.
TomE (e) ()o-min% (i Anna% nice to meet )ou.
E M8Q4 58
TomE Who is t+at =(erson? in front of the uni#ersit) building o#er there8
/E % .
()o-minE Well% t+at =(erson? is Sung-"un.
E % A&% 75/08 4637)M8,.*.
TomE Oh% right. And% who was t+at (erson $not present'8 The gu) we had a dinner together
with in the cit) a while ago.
Note: As has been eAplained in the pre#ious post%
% and are #er) informal forms of <he and she%< and so% it is usuall) used among close
friends% and when referring to other people of similar age in a close social networ7.
Therefore% % and would probabl) ne#er be used when referring to someone who is
older or senior than )ou.
:#en when )ou9re referring to someone who is )ounger or "unior than )ou% )ou would
probabl) a#oid using % and if some degree of respect is eApected for each other in a
37
gi#en con#ersation. Alternati#el)% )ou9d use that person9s name% or use the full #ersion of %
which is %.
38
Pronouns =.+ey? - 6 6
As ! ha#e eAplained in the pre#ious post% <(e and She< are #er) infreFuentl) used in spo7en
Korean. !t is the same in the case of <The)< as well. !t is hardl) e#er used in normal con#ersations
$eAcept for 2% the informal form of <The)< which is more freFuentl) used in informal
spo7en Korean'
What we do instead is to refer to someone b) their names% position or status in societ) or not "ust
mentioning <(e% She% or The)< at all in con#ersations as long as the spea7ers ha#ing a con#ersation
7now who the)9re tal7ing about.
2ut for the sa7e of completeness% ! include the #arious forms of <The)< below. The)9re more li7el)
to be used in songs% dramas and boo7s with the eAception of 2which% as ! said earlier%
are used Fuite often in informal spo7en Korean among close friends or people of similar age in a
close social networ7.
Note: :ssentiall)% and 2are both used as <The)< in informal spo7en Korean%
and are usuall) interchangeable.
;n-or&al -or& = : 6 .+ey?
D The)
2 $usuall) in spo7en Korean'
$when referring to a group of gu)s or a miAed-seA group'
$when referring to a group of gals onl)'
D The) H $Topic particle'
D The) H $!dentifier particle'
!D The) H $Additi#e particle'
! 2! $usuall) in spo7en Korean'
D The) H $Ob"ect particle'
D Their
2$ is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean'
D Theirs $written Korean'
& 2&$usuall) in spo7en Korean'
39
Polite -or& =6 .+ey?
D The)
D The) H $Topic particle'
D The) H $!dentifier particle'
!D The) H $Additi#e particle'
D The) H $Ob"ect particle'
D Their
$ is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean'
D Theirs $written Korean'
40
.+is6 ;t and .+at
!n this lesson% we learn about some of the most common and useful words% 9This% !t and That.9
This D
!t D
That D M
)*a&(le sentences
4;n-or&al 1ritten -or&5
. D This is a pencil.
9. D !t is a window.
M. D That is a flower.
4Polite 1ritten -or&5
UN. D This is a pencil.
9UN. D !t is a window.
MUN. D That is a flower.
*oteE 1or more information on the formalit) and the written and spo7en forms% please read *ouns -
Present% Past.
% Mand are mainl) used in the written form. The eFui#alent spo7en forms are %
and M.
Please note that % and Mare actuall) contracted forms of % Mand .
Q
Q
Q M M
(ere are the sentences in the s(oken -or&7
4;n-or&al s(oken -or&5
.
9.
M.
4Polite s(oken -or&5
5.
95.
M5.
<(ere% there and o#er there< are used in similar wa)s to <This% it and that<.
(ere D 8
41
There $it' D 8
O#er there D M8
Alternati#el)% $A bit more formal'
(ere D :$Lit. This place'
There $it' D :$Lit. That place $it' '
O#er there D M:$Lit. That place o#er there'
)*a&(le sentences
:-;458 D Where is this place8 $Where are we8'
:<5. D This place is Seoul $We9re in Seoul.'
M:B458 D What is that place o#er there8
:<3=5. D That place $!t' is a Seoul -it) -ouncil.
M8-;458 D Where is that o#er there8
M8>5. D That is *amdaemun $shopping center'.
A&8?@ABC5. D And this place is Se"ong -ultural -enter.
8is also usuall) contracted to Dfor the pronunciation9s sa7e.
Q 8 D
Q 8 D
Q M8 MD
Similarl)% % and are used with to ma7e the following words to denote a certain direction.
+D This direction
+D That direction $it'
M+D That direction
)*a&(le sentences
+E5. D This wa) is $to' the li#ing room.
+FG45. D That wa) $!t' is $to' to the #erandah.
M+H45. D That wa) is $to' the eAit.
s.Sam/E 8A'E-;1-58 .Where is the toilet here8/
.Nin"i/E A'EM+1-5. $The toilet is that wa).'
s.Sam/E ,-;1-58 .What about a boo7store8 $Lit. Where is a boo7store8'/
.Nin"i/E ,+1-5. .The boo7store is this wa)./
% and are used with nouns to mean 9this% it and that9 respecti#el).
PD This tree
D That house $!t'
MD That mountain
I1-5D This apple is delicious
M!I1-5D That apple is delicious% too.
J,$KLM5D This restaurant is famous for 2ibimbap. $Lit. This
restaurant% 2imbimbap is famous.'
42
M@T 5D That building is the @T building. $The landmar7 building in
Seoul'
Note:
2ibimbap - is a popular Korean dish. The word literall) means <miAed meal.< 2ibimbap is ser#ed as
a bowl of warm white rice topped with P% namul $sautUed and seasoned #egetables' and &N'%
gochu"ang $chili pepper paste'. A raw or fried egg and sliced meat $usuall) beef' are common
additions. The ingredients are stirred together thoroughl) "ust before eating. !t can be ser#ed either
cold or hot..5/
;eferenceE .5/ Wi7ipediaE 2ibimbap% httpEen.wi7ipedia.orgwi7i2ibimbap
43
Nouns - Present6 Past
Nouns 4M5
!n this lesson% we9re going to learn how to sa) a word in present and past tenses plus how to use the
same eApression in polite forms.
Present and Past .enses
:ach table below show how to sa) 9an apple9 and 9a pencil9 in four different wa)s. The table is
di#ided into present and past tenses% and positi#e and negati#e forms. Also% the first table shows the
written form of Korean and the second table shows the spo7en form.
The 1ritten -or& is used in literature such as boo7s% newspapers and an) form of writing
that is not 9con#ersational.9 The written form% in essence% is literar)% factual and declarati#e. !t
is rarel) used in normal e#er)da) con#ersations. (owe#er% the news on T, uses this written
form of Korean. !t is also used in public speeches. The reason is probabl) due to the fact that
the news and public announcements or speeches are usuall) all declarati#e andor factual.
The s(oken -or& is the usual wa) in which people spea7 and ha#e a con#ersation. !t is
used in all t)pes of spo7en Korean such as normal con#ersations% dramas% and mo#ies% with
the possible eAceptions of news% documentaries and other factual% formal t)pes of programs
on T, and radio.
;n-or&al
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e

,
Negati"e 7%N
%N
7%N,
%N,
;n-or&al
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e

-
,-
Negati"e =? %N
=? %N
=? %N,-
=? %N,-
D an apple
D a pencil
D is an apple
44
7%ND is not an apple
D was an apple
7%N,D was not an apple
D is a pencil
$' %ND is not a pencil
,-D was a pencil
$' %N,-D was not a pencil

Note: The #erb ending% % is used for nouns without a final consonant% and for nouns with a
final consonant. Li7ewise% in the spo7en form% is used for nouns without final consonant and
for nouns with a final consonant. ThereforeE
Note: !n spo7en Korean% the particles are usuall) omitted. !n the abo#e eAample% are in
brac7ets to show that the) are usuall) left out.
1or more information on the particle% please read Particles - % .
Polite For&
:ach table below shows the polite form of the respecti#e written and spo7en forms we9#e loo7ed at
abo#e which were in the informal form.
Polite
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e UN
UN
ON
,ON
Negati"e 7%PN
%PN
7%N,ON
%N,ON
Note: To change the informal form to the polite form% the following rules appl)E
!n the case of the (resent tense%
Q UND $or in the case of nouns with a final consonant% e.g. '
is ta7en off and replaced b) UN
7%N Q 7%PND %Nis changed to %PN
!n the case of the (ast tense% is changed to ON.
Q ON
Q 7%N, 7%N,ON
45
Polite
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e 45
5
-5
,-5
Negati"e =? %N5
=? %N5
=? %N,-5
=? %N,-5
Note: To change the informal form to the polite form% the following rules appl)E
!n the case of the (resent tenseE
Q 45D changes to 45$or 5in the case of nouns with a final
consonant% e.g. '
Q %N %N5D changes to 5
!n the case of the (ast tense% is attached at the end.
Q - -5
Q %N,- %N,-5
(ere are some eAample sentences in the written form.
7D is a shop
7!D is a bag
Q&8D was beef
',D was a teacher
%ND is not a flower
7%N,D was not a port
%N,D was not an animal
Tr) translating the following sentences in the spo7en form. What do the) mean8
3R
$S8-
,-
$' %N
$' %N,-
T&8$' %N,-
ns1ers:
is a cloc7watch
is a house
was a pigeon
was a person
is not a cloud
was not a building
46
was not chic7en $meat'
*ow tr) rewrite the :nglish sentences abo#e in the polite spo7en form of Korean% and pronounce
them one b) one.
At this point% !9d recommend that )ou get hold of someone who is Korean to teach )ou the correct
pronunciation of each sentence% but ! thin7 man) of )ou would not ha#e that 7ind of luAur). So
alternati#el)% as imperfect as it ma) be% !9d recommend the Google Translate9s 9Listen9 feature. !t
allows )ou to listen to the pronunciation of the words )ou put in.
Google Translate
1or those of )ou who would li7e to 7now how to t)pe in Korean% please refer to this post 9(ow to
t)pe in Korean.9
47
Nouns - No&inalising
is attached descripti#e forms of #erbs an ad"ecti#es to nominalise them% i.e. ma7e them nouns.
Q $0escripti#e !'
H D D something that )ou do
Q $0escripti#e !!'
H Q D something that )ou did
Q $0escripti#e'
H D UD something that is big large
*ominalised ,erbs $0escripti#e !'
D something that )ou do that does
7D something that goes
D something that comes
D something that )ou eat $food'
3D something that )ou drin7
D something that )ou read
%D something that )ou listen
D something that spea7s )ou tal7 about
:D something that )ou watch
VD something that )ou write use
-D something that )ou ma7e
*ominalised ,erbs $0escripti#e !!'
D something that )ou did
WD something that went
XD something that came
D something that )ou ate
D something that )ou dran7
*ominalised Ad"ecti#es $0escripti#e'
D something that is man) $in Fuantit)'
YD something that is small $in Fuantit)'
UD something that is big large
D something that is small
D something that is spacious
Z D something that is cramped
D something that is high
48
[ D something that is low
D something that is fast
D something that is slow
DD something that is long
\D something that is short
Note: (owe#er% in spo7en Korean is pronounced .
e.g.
D something that )ou do
DD something that is long
Also% attach to to ma7e it informal spo7en form% or 5ma7e it a polite spo7en form.

D
45
D45
When a plural form is used% uis attached to instead.
D things that we do
DD things that are long
)*a&(le sentences
]^7'45D This laptop is the one that is the fastest.
=_45D These bottles of fruit "uice are all what we dran7
from alread).
J!458 D Are these food something that we eat toda) as well8
$DAre we going to eat these food toda) as well8'
`7$:458 D !s T, something )ou9re watching now8 $D Are )ou watching T,
now8'
&8-a5D These fish are all what ! caught at the
sea )esterda).
49
Nouns - No&inalising #er$s
!n this lesson% we9re going to learn how to nominalise a #erb% which means con#erting a #erb to a
noun.
1irst% ta7e off the plain form of a #erb% and then attach to it. $1or a list of #erbs in the plain
from% please refer to ,erbs - PresentPast'
The following is a list of some of the #erbs which ha#e been con#erted to nouns.
Q 8D reading
Q V V8D writing
Q % %8D listening
Q 8D spea7ing
Q 8D doing
Q 7 78D going
Q 8D coming
Q : :8D watching
Q 8D eating
Q 3 38D drin7ing
Q E E8D sleeping
Q b b8D wal7ing
Q A A8D running
Q 8D bu)ing
Q 8D selling
Q 8D standing
Q 8D sitting
Q c c8D li#ing
Q d d8D d)ing
)*a&(le 'entences
b88effD Wal7ing is an eAercise that $we' can do easil)
Pgh8#%D ! li7e shopping $Lit. ! li7e doing shopping'
P%_i8#%D (annah li7es eating an icecream
$QR78FjD !t9s not eas) going to school in a rain) da)
k?"-0 lm-8+D Bane wanted 9selling9 an old -0 pla)er
ghD shopping
#%D li7e
PD (annah $Also a Korean female name'
%_iD icecream
ED rain $noun'
D come
xD a da)
50
$D a rain) da) $Lit. a rain-coming da)' $1or more information% refer to ,erbs -
0escripti#e !'
QRD a school
FD eas)
efD eas) $Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e'
fD eAercise
kD Bane
?JD old
-0 lm-D a -0 pla)er
D want $Please refer to ,erbs - Want to learn how to form 9want to do9'
(ere are some more eAample sentences using nominali+ed #erbs.
8n8$N_8o. D 2u)ing and selling are the business9s basis.
$N_D business
8oD basis% foundation
b8n?%8#%+. D Bi-)oung li7ed wal7ing in the
par7 and listening to birds singing.
D Bi-)oung $A female name'
D a par7
bD wal7
eD a bird
?D a song
%D listen% hear
-p<8% V8% %8% 8qr@T5. D When we learn a
foreign language% reading% writing% listening and spea7ing are all #er) important.
-D a foreign language
p@D learn
p<D When we learn $To learn how to use 'when'% please read -on"unctions - When'
qD all
r@D #er)
T5D important
51
Nouns - Nu&$ers and %ounting
There are two wa)s of pronouncing numbers in Korean. These areE
Sino-Korean numerals - % % % ...
*ati#e Korean numerals - P% % % ...
The Sino-Korean numerals are used for dates% minutes and prices.
The nati#e Korean numerals are used for counting% age and hours.
'ino-Korean Nu&erals 4Dates6 @inutes and Prices5
The 7e) to memori+ing the pronunciations of the Sino-Korean numerals is to learn from 5$' to
5?$'% and use these ten numbers as building bloc7s to learn the rest of the numbers. (ere is a list
of the first ten numbersE
5 D
> D
T D
L D
4 D
@ D
C D
G D
V D
5? D
1rom 55 to 5V% what )ou need to do is sa) 5?$' first and sa) the ones9 number.
1or eAample%
55 D 5? H 5 Q H D s
5> D 5? H > Q H D s
5T D 5? H T Q H D s
5C D 5? H C Q H D st
5V D 5? H V Q H D s
1rom >? and onward% it wor7s in the same wa). 2ut in addition% >?% T?% ...% V? are pronounced in the
following wa)E
>? D H D s$Lit. two-ten'
T? D H D s$Lit. three-ten'
4? D H D s
G? D H D s
V? D H D s
52
Additionall)%
>5 D sH D s$Lit. two-ten one'
>> D sH D s
T> D sH D s
L4 D sH D s
4C D sH D st
GV D sH D s
5?? is % and >?? is uwhich literall) means 9two-hundred.9 Then how do )ou sa) T?? as a Sino-
Korean numeral8 &es% it9s u$Lit. three-hundred'
5?? D
5?5 D u
5?4 D u
5>C D ust
>?? D u
>5V D us
T>L D us
4?G D u
CT5 D tus
VL4 D us
5??? is % then >??? is8 &es% it9s v. Then how do )ou sa) T>GT in a Sino-Korean wa)8 !t9s v
u. .Lit. three-thousand two-hundred eight-ten three/
5??? D
5??5 D v
5?T4 D vs
>L>C D vust
GLV> D vus
What is 5????8 !t9s . !t is not sv $or ten-thousand'. >???? is % T???? is and so on.
5???? D
5???> D
5??TL D s
>?@CT D wuts
GLGT> D vus
*ow 5????? is sand >????? is s. At this point% it9d help )ou understand the naming
s)stem of these numbers if )ou thin7 them in terms of their number of +eros. (ere is what ! meanE
5???? is
5?%???? is s
5??%???? is u
53
5???%???? is v
5%????%???? is $*OT '
5?%????%???? is s
5??%????%???? is u
5???%????%???? is v
5%????%????%???? is
&ou can see that numbers obtain a new name e#er) time the) get additional L +eros. This is different
to :nglish where the name of numbers change after e#er) additional T +eros. 1or eAample%
9thousand9% 9million9 and 9billion9.
(owe#er% when we write numbers% we follow the international standard in that the comma is placed
after e#er) threes. The eAamples abo#e where the comma is placed after e#er) L +eros are for the
purpose of easier understanding onl). ThereforeE
D 5?%???
sD 5??%??? $*OT 5?%????'
uD 5%???%??? $*OT 5??%????'
Let9s re#ise what we9#e learned abo#eE
55 D s
5> D s
5T D s
>? D s
>4 D s
T? D s
L? D s
4? D s
4@ D sw
C? D ts
G? D s
5?? D
5?5 D u
5?C D ut
5>? D us
54? D us
>?? D u
>?> D u
4TC D ust.4?? HT? H C Q uH sH D ust/
5??? D
>??? D v
>4?? D vu
5???? D
5?4?? D u.5???? H 4?? Q H uD u/
54
4TGLC D vust.4???? H T??? H G?? H L? H C Q H vH uH
H D vust/
The following are the eAamples of how the Sino-Korean numerals are used for dates% minutes and
prices.
4Date5
The order in which the date is written is re#ersed in Korean. A da) of the wee7 comes first% then a
month and then a )ear. .a )ear D % a month D t% a da) of the wee7 D /
*otice how the Sino-Korean numerals are used in pronouncing dates.
>G Ban >?5? Q >?5? 5 t>G D vs t s
5C5?>?55 Q >?555?5C D >?55 5? t5C Dvs vt st
*oteE 5? tis not s% but rather 3. This eAception is due to the aw7wardness of pronouncing
s% which is Fuite cumbersome to pronounce. Therefore 5? tis 3for the pronunciation9s
sa7e.
4@inutes5
The Sino-Korean numerals are also used for 9minutes9 but not for 9hours9. The nati#e Korean
numerals which are used for pronouncing the number of 9hours9 are eAplained below in the second
section of this post.
.an hour% o9cloc7 D v% a minute$s' D % am D 6% pm D #/
VETG am Q 6V vTG D 6%x3 s
@E5V pm Q #@ v5V D #y3 s
4Prices5
The Korean currenc) is called 9won.9 !ts s)mbol is 9W9% and it9s pronounced .
W5>%G?? Q 5>%G?? D vu
WTV%5T? Q TV%5T? D vus
Nati"e Korean nu&erals 4%ounting6 ge and 3ours5
The basic numbering s)stem of the nati#e Korean numerals is the same as that of the Sino-Korean
numerals. (owe#er% in addition to one to ten% there is a need to learn the special pronunciations of
tens% i.e. >?% T?% L?% 4?% @?% C?% G? and V?.
55
1rom 5??% the pronunciation is the same as the Sino-Korean numerals we9#e loo7ed at abo#e.
.hundred $5??' D % thousand $5???' D % ten thousand $5????' D /
5 D P
> D
T D
L D
4 D y
@ D y
C D z
G D {
V D %x
5? D
55 D |P
5> D |S
5T D |}
5C D |z
20 A _
>5 D _P
>> D _S
>T D _}
30 A
90 A ~
B0 A
44 D y
C0 A 4
D0 A ~
C4 D ~y.C? H 4 Q ~H yD ~y/
E0 A
F0 A %~
5?? D
5GV D u%x.5?? H G? H V Q H H %xD u%x/
2elow are the eAamples of how the nati#e Korean numerals are used in counting% age and hours.
4%ounting5
The nati#e Korean numerals are used for counting% e.g. the number of people in a class% the number
of cars in a car par7% the numbers of apples on an apple tree% the numbers of pencils or pens on a
des7% etc.
5% >% T% L% 4 ... D P% % % % y% ...
When counting% we use distincti#e identifier words called counters. :ach 7ind of ob"ect $or person
for that matter' has their own counter to distinguish them from other 7inds. This counter s)stem is a
56
bit li7e the s)stem found in :nglish% i.e. T cups of "uice% 4 glasses of water. (owe#er% the Korean
counting s)stem eAtends to e#er) ob"ect.
1or eAample%
three cups of "uice D =_?
fi#e glasses of water D y
siA people D y =?
fi#e cars D y
three apples D ?
two pencils D qE
four boo7s D 2
ten roses D '|
Listed below are some of the most common counters used in counting.
D people
AD animals
D cars
D ob"ects $this is #er) widel) used for an) inanimate ob"ects'
ED long% lean ob"ects
D trees
D flowers
mD shoes
D paper
D boo7s
D age
D floor ..+e 'ino-Korean nu&erals are used for counting the number of floors% i.e. the
first floor D % the second floor D % and the eighth floor D /
Please also note that Pbecomes % and the final consonant of each of % % and _is
omitted when the) are attached to counters. 1or eAample%
$d' D a glass of water $*OT P'
$@' q'D two pieces of paper $*OT S''
$' ?mD three pairs of shoes $*OT }m'
$' 2MD four people $*OT M'
$P' _cD twent) $)ears of age' $*OT _c'
The counters wor7 in a similar wa) to some of the counter words in :nglish% e.g. is similar to
9pieces9 and mis similar to 9pairs9.
4ge5
As we9#e loo7ed at abo#e% the counter% % is attached to )ears of age. 1or eAampleE
5 D c
57
> D qc
T D ?c
L D 2c
4 D yc
C D zc
5? D |c
55 D |c
5> D |qc
5T D |?c
5C D |zc
>? D _c
>L D _2c
T> D qc
4G D {c
43ours5
The nati#e Korean numerals are also used for 9hours9 but not for 9minutes9 which use the Sino-
Korean numerals.
5?E>4 am Q 65? v>4 D 6 3s
CET? pm Q #C vT? D # z 3sor # z 32$ means 9a half9'
4@ont+s5
D 5 month
qD > months
?D T months
2D L months
yD 4 months
yD @ months
zD C months
D G months
%xD V months
|D 5? months
)*a&(le sentence
> QRN&> =!Q+D ! went to school for > months and had a
brea7$holida)s' for > wee7s.
58
d!ecti"es - Present6 Past
4d!ecti"es5
We9re going to loo7 at ad"ecti#es in this post. 1irst of all% please ha#e a loo7 at the two tables below%
which are similar to the wa) the 9nouns9 were presented in the pre#ious post% *ouns - Present% Past.
As !9#e mentioned before in *ouns - Present% Past% there are two primar) forms in which Korean is
used% the written and spo7en forms.
The 1ritten form is used in literature such as boo7s% newspapers and an) form of writing
The s(oken form is the usual wa) in which people spea7 and ha#e a con#ersation. !t is used
in all t)pes of spo7en Korean such as normal con#ersations% dramas% and mo#ies% with the
possible eAceptions of news% documentaries and other factual% formal t)pes of programs on
T, and radio.
Please also note that there are two wa)s of eApressing negati#es% for eAample% #means 9good9
and means 9man)9% and the) can be eApressed in the negati#e form in the following two wa)sE
17 .ake o-- t+e (resent tense o- an ad!ecti"e6 and attac+ j=or j%-or t+e s(oken
-or&?7
.+e 0ritten For&
#jD not good
jD not man)
.+e '(oken For&
#j%D not good
j%D not man)
27 ttac+ -to t+e (resent tense o- an ad!ecti"e7
.+e 0ritten For&
#D not good
D not man)
.+e '(oken For&
#%D not good
%D not man)
59
2elow are the two tables showing the informal written and spo7en forms of the ad"ecti#e% .
$Please read Ad"ecti#es - Polite for polite forms'
Please note that the words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more common in each
form% i.e. j is more commonl) used than in the written form whereas
is more commonl) used than j%in the spo7en form.
;n-or&al
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e
Negati"e j

j

;n-or&al
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e 0 -
Negati"e j%
0
j-
-
(ere are the meanings of the different forms of an ad"ecti#e% .
D fast
j D not fast
D waswere fast
j D waswere not fast
0D fast
j% 0D not fast
-D waswere fast
j- -D waswere not fast
The List of Common Adjectives
Present Past
Positi"e 0ritten '(oken 0ritten '(oken
3ig+ % -
Lo1 [ [% [ [-
Big -
60
'&all =siGe? % -
'(acious - , ,-
%ra&(ed Z Z% Z Z-
@any % -
'&all
=Huantity?
Y Y- Y, Y,-
Kind + +-
Fast 0 -
'lo1 A -
)asy F e3 e e-
Di--icult -G -3 - --
;nteresting 1 1- 1, 1,-
Ne1 3 -
3ot =tangi$le? 3 -
%old =tangi$le? 73 7 7-
0ar& + +-
%ool 3 3 3+ 3+-
0onder-ul ' ' '+ '+-
Beauti-ul % %3 % %-
3onest . . .+ .+-
Lo"ely _ _63 _6 _6-
3u&$le + +-
The following are the rules for the con"ugation of ad"ecti#esE
;? Present =0ritten? Q Past =0ritten?
17 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain a -inal consonant6 add or 7
for the #owels% and -
for the #owels% +% /% 1and 2
)7g7
Q D was thin
Q D was high
Q Y Y,D was small $Fuantit)'
Q ,D was thic7
Q 7 7,D was thin
Q 1 1,D was interestingfun
61
Note: .+e rules 2 to C o"erride t+e rule 17
27 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter is 6 it c+anges to 7
)7g7
Q +D was 7ind
Q +D was warm
Q 3 3+D was cool
Q 8 8+D was ama+ing
Q ' '+D was wonderful
37 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain !as a -inal consonant6 take it o-- and add 7
=)*ce(t -or Z1+ic+ c+anges to Z?
)7g7
Q % %D was beautiful
Q D was hot $tangible'
Q 7D was cold $tangible'
Q D ND was cold $feeling'
97 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain no -inal consonant and t+e "o1el6 16 take it o--
and add +667
)7g7
Q D was big
Q 4 4D was prett)
3o1e"er6 1+en t+e "o1el $e-ore t+e last c+aracter is 6 t+en 6 6can $e used instead7
Q % % %D was sic7 $illness'
Q P P PD was bad

lso6 in t+e case o- as t+e last c+aracter6 6 is used7
Q D was fast
B7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain t+e "o1el6 26 take it o-- and add ,6 67
)7g7
Q A D was slow
Q '8 'D was handsomegood-loo7ing
Q '8 'D was ugl)
62
C7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contains as a "o1el and )as a -inal consonant6 t+ey
c+ange to 8and 66 i7e7 c+anges to 7
)7g7
Q D was red
Q D was )ellow
Q D was blue
;;? Present =0ritten? Q Present ='(oken?
First o- all6 take o-- ad!ecti"es and t+en:
17 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain a -inal consonant6 add or 7
for the #owels% and -
for the #owels% +% /% 1and 2
)7g7
Q %D small $si+e'
Q %D high
Q Y Y-D small $Fuantit)'
Q -D thic7
Q 7 7-D thin
Q 1 1-D interestingfun
27 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter is 6 it c+anges to 7
)7g7
Q D boring
Q 3 3D cool
Q D humble
Q 8 8D ama+ing
37 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain !as a -inal consonant6 take it o-- and add 7
=)*ce(t -or Z1+ic+ c+anges to Z?
)7g7
Q D N3D cold $feeling'
Q -G -3D difficult
Q 3D hot $tangible'
Q _ _63D lo#el)
63
97 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain 1as a "o1el and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 1
to +7 =)*ce(tions6 1+ic+ c+anges to 06 and p&to p&?
)7g7
Q D biglarge
Q 4 4D prett)
3o1e"er6 1+en t+e "o1el $e-ore t+e last c+aracter is 6 t+en 1can $e c+anged to instead7
Q % % %D sic7 $illness'
Q P P PD bad
B7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain 2as a "o1el and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 2
to ,7
)7g7
Q A D slow
Q '8 'D handsomegood-loo7ing
Q '8 'D ugl)
C7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contains as a "o1el and ) as a -inal consonant6 is
c+anged to 86 and )is taken o--7 =i7e7 is c+anged to ?
)7g7
Q -D red
Q ?D )ellow
Q ?D blue
;;;? Past =0ritten? Q Past ='(oken?
'i&(ly c+ange to 7
Q -D was biglarge
Q -D was high
Q -D was slow
Q -D was red
Q + +-D was warm $both tangibilit) and feeling'
Q -D was hot $tangible'
64
d!ecti"es - Polite 4Present6 Past5
Polite For&
!n the pre#ious post% Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past% we learned to distinguish between
the 1ritten and s(oken forms of Korean. !n addition to it% we9re going to further distinguish
between the (olite and in-or&al forms in Korean.
What are the difference between the informal and polite forms8
;n-or&al - Generall) spea7ing% the informal form is used among people of the same age or
to people who are )ounger b) older people. !t is also used b) people who are closel) related
such as such famil) members and relati#es. People who are close friends would use this
form depending on the familiarit) and acceptabilit).
Polite - The polite form is used when spea7ing to people who are older than )ou or of a
higher ran7 than )ou such as in the compan)% arm) and other institutions. (owe#er% people
generall) use the polite form in man) social settings regardless of one9s age. !nitiall)% it
would be best to stic7 to the polite form when learning Korean% as this would be the
predominant form of spea7ing to people in man) social en#ironments. (owe#er% if )ou
attend school or other similar institutions where )ou9d ma7e friends and the en#ironment is
more casual% it might be more appropriate to use the informal form.
2elow are the two tables showing the polite form of the written and spo7en forms of Korean. Please
note that the words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more common in each form% i.e.
jON is more commonl) used than Nin the written form whereas 0
is more commonl) used than j%5in the spo7en form.
Polite
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e N ON
Negati"e jON
N
jON
ON
Polite
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e 05 -5
Negati"e j%5
05
j-5
-5
65
%on!ugations rules
;? ;n-or&al 1ritten -or& I Polite 1ritten -or& =Present tense?
First o- all6 take o-- ad!ecti"es6 and t+en:
17 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 add \N7
)7g7
Q ND biglarge
Q ? ND strong
Q ND fast
Q A ND slow
Q ND 7ind
Q ND warm $touch% feeling'
Q 3 3ND cool $touch% feeling'
27 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+ ON7
)7g7
Q OND small $si+e'
Q OND man)
Q Y YOND small $Fuantit)'
Q F FOND eas)
Q -G -GOND difficult
Q OND hot $touch'
Q OND new
;;? ;n-or&al 1ritten Q Polite 1ritten =Past tense?
.ake o-- t+e (ast tense o- ad!ecti"es6 and t+en attac+ ON7
)7g7
Q OND was biglarge
Q OND was small $si+e'
Q # #OND was good
Q OND was fast
Q OND was slow
Q e eOND was eas)
Q - -OND was difficult
Q OND was hot $touch'
Q 7 7OND was cold $touch'
Q OND was new
66
;;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken?
ttac+ at t+e end o- t+e ad!ecti"es o- all -or&s7
)7g7
Q % %5D high
Q % %5D not high
Q - -5D was high
Q - -5D was not high
Q % %5D man)
Q % %5D not man)
Q - -5D were man)
Q - -5D were not man)
Q 5D biglarge
Q 5D not biglarge
Q - -5D was biglarge
Q - -5D was not biglarge
1or help with the pronunciations of these ad"ecti#es in #arious forms% please use the 'listen' feature
on Google Translate.
67
d!ecti"es - Descri(ti"e For&
!n the pre#ious posts% Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past and Ad"ecti#es - Polite .Present% Past/% we learned
that ad"ecti#es in Korean function li7e #erbs in that the) can be con"ugated into present and past
tenses% and #arious other forms.
(owe#er% when describing nouns using ad"ecti#es placed in front of them% for eAample% 9a beautiful
bird9% the ad"ecti#es must be con"ugated to the descripti#e form.
)7g7
Q % %f.A plain form Q A descripti#e form/
%fD a beautiful bird
The Table of Common Adjectives and Their Descriptive Forms
0ritten For& Plain Positi"e Descri(ti"e
3ig+
Lo1 [ [
Big
'&all =siGe?
'(acious
%ra&(ed Z Z
@any
'&all
=Huantity?
Y Y
Kind
Fast
'lo1 A
3andso&e 1 1
Jgly '8 'D
)asy F ef
Di--icult -G -f
;nteresting 1 1
Boring
3ot f
%old 7f
0ar&
%ool 3 3
68
0onder-ul ' '
Beauti-ul % %f
Pretty 4 4
3u&$le
Lo"ing _ _6f
2ed W
>ello1 G
%on!ugations rules
First o- all6 take o-- ad!ecti"es and t+en:
17 ttac+ to any ad!ecti"es o- one c+aracter 1it+ a -inal consonant7
=Note: .+e ne*t rules o"erride t+is rule7?
)7g7
Q D man)
Q man) people
Q D small
Q a small dwarf
Q D thin
Q a thin arm
Q D high
Q a high s7)
27 ttac+ to any ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter is and 7
)7g7
I1 Q I1D delicious
Q I1J delicious food
Q 1 1D handsomegood-loo7ing
Q 1 a good-loo7ing car
Q 1 1D interestingfun
Q 1A a fun mo#ie
Q D not interesting $boring'
-0D a boring drama $soap opera'
69
NoteE The meaning of 1is 9to eAist9% and its opposite is which means 9to not eAist9.
Therefore% the ad"ecti#es which ha#e a stem of 1can also be used with .
)7g7
Q I1 I.tast)delicious Q not tast)delicious/
Q 1 .handsomegood-loo7ing Q not handsomegood-loo7ing $ugl)'/
Q 1 .interestingfun Q not interestingfun $boring'/
37 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant o- eit+er or )6 re(lace t+e&
1it+ 7
)7g7
Q DD long
Q D a long pencil
Q D sweet $taste'
Q o sweet chocolate
Q WD red
Q W a red apple
Q GD )ellow
G@D a )ellow umbrella
97 For ad!ecti"es 1+o -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 !6 take it o-- and attac+ to
t+e&7
)7g7
Q F efD eas)
Q ef an eas) problemFuestion
Q % %fD beautiful
Q %f a beautiful flower
Q 7fD cold $tangible'
7fD a cold floor
Q fD hot $tangible'
fD hot coffee
K)*ce(tion:
Q Z ZD narrow% small% cramped $space' $*OT '
Zf'D a smallcramped pla)ground
B7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter does not +a"e a -inal consonant6 !ust attac+ to it7
)7g7
70
Q D nicecool
Q E a nicecool hat
Q 4 4D prett)
Q 4q prett) shoes
Q D fast
Q E a fast car
Q A D slow
Q a slow speed
;rregular
Q # #D good
Q # a good man
Please note% howe#er% that the descripti#e form is usuall) used in writings% as in written Korean.
!n spo7en Korean% it is more natural to sa) 9beautiful flowers9 as 9 %359 rather than 9%
f5.9 $1or more on the 's(oken -or&6' please read Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past'
)7g7
%35D The flowers are beautiful.
E75D The car is good-loo7ing.
7e35D The Fuestion is eas).
Also% in spo7en Korean% the particles are often omitted eAcept for the particle.
%35D The flowers are beautiful.
E5D The car is good-loo7ing.
e35D The Fuestion is eas).
Again% in casual con#ersations% these sentences would more naturall) flow b) using 9}.9
%25
E25
F25
The difference between 9 e359 and 9 F259 is that 9F259 is less blunt than 9e359
which sounds more factual and generalised.
F25D $! see that' The problemFuestion is eas).
e35D The problemFuestion is eas).
!25D $! see that' The room is spaciouslarge.
!-5D The room is spaciouslarge. $!t can sound Fuite blunt and "ust factual.'
71
d!ecti"es - %onnecti"e For&
This lesson is about the connecti"e -or& of ad"ecti#es. This form is used to list se#eral ad"ecti#es in
a seFuence% and to connect one sentence to another.
The con"ugation rule for the connecti#e form is eas).
Ta7e off ad"ecti#es and then attach to them.
0ritten For& Present %onnecti"e
3ig+ &
Lo1 [ [&
Big &
'&all =siGe? &
'(acious &
%ra&(ed Z Z&
@any &
'&all =Huantity? Y Y&
Kind &
Fast &
'lo1 A A&
,utgoing &
Luiet &
)asy F F&
Di--icult -G -G&
;nteresting 1 1&
Boring &
3ot =tangi$le? &
%old =tangi$le? &
0ar& &
%ool 3 3&
0onder-ul ' '&
Beauti-ul % %&
Patient k1 k1&
3u&orous 8 8&
%al& &
72
3u&$le &
Lo"ely _ _&
.+e connecti"e -or& o- ad!ecti"es is used in t1o situations:
To list adjectives in a sequence
To connect one sentence to another
17 .o list ad!ecti"es in a seHuence
!f ! was to sa) 97ind% beautiful and humble9 in Korean% the ad"ecti#es must be changed to their
connecti#e forms eAcept the last ad"ecti#e of a sentence which determines its tense.
)7g7
Q &D 7ind
Q % %&D beautiful
D humble
Q &%& 7ind% beautiful and humble
Q &%&+ was 7ind% beautiful and humble
lternati"ely6
Q %&&+ was beautiful% humble and 7ind
Q &&% was humble% 7ind and beautiful
As )ou can see% the last ad"ecti#e determines the tense of a sentence.
27 .o connect one sentence to anot+er7
The connecti#e form of ad"ecti#es is also used to connect sentences.
A5D &uri is 7ind
P%35D Nina is beautiful
5D Binsu is humble
A&% P%&% 5.
&uri is 7ind% Nina is beautiful and Binsu is humble.
;5D And) is humorousfunn)
5D 1ran7lin is Fuiet
35D Bessica is outgoing
73
;8&% &% 35
D And) is humorousfunn)% 1ran7lin is Fuiet% and Bessica is outgoing.
3D A soft drin7 is cool
D Tea is hot
!D Grapes are sweet
3&% &% !.
D A soft drin7 is cool% tea is hot% and grapes are sweet.
74
#er$s - Present6 Past
4#er$s5
*ow% we come to learn% possibl)% the most important sub"ect of all Korean grammar% the '"er$s7'
! ha#e drawn up tables below to displa) #arious con"ugations of #erbs. 2ut first of all% we need to
pa) attention to a distinct feature in Korean #erbs% namel)% the (lain -or&.
The plain form is the most basic form of #erbs% from which all the other con"ugations of #erbs are
deri#ed and produced.
(owe#er% the plain form is almost ne#er used in both written and spo7en Korean. The onl) instance
where the plain form is used is when #erbs are listed in the dictionar). Therefore% it is necessar) to
7now the plain form if )ou9d li7e to 7now the meaning of certain #erbs and find them in the
dictionar).
)*a&(les o- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s
D do
D eat
7D go
AD run
;n-or&al
0ritten
For&
lain Present Past
Positi"e ,
Negati"e j j

j
- ,
;n-or&al
'(oken
For&
lain Present Past
Positi"e - ,-
Negati"e j j%
-
j-
- ,-
Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more commonl) used in each case%
i.e. j is more commonl) used than in the written form% and - is more
commonl) used than j%in the spo7en form.
75
A Table of Commonl! "sed #erbs
0ritten '(oken
lain Present Past Present Past
Go 7 W S S-
%o&e X -
2un A -
)at , - ,-
'tand -
'it % -
Buy -
'ell % -
Gro1 E0 EG E E0 E-
.+ro1 . . . . .-
Borro1 A -
Lend = =, =,-
Play % -
0rite V -
2ead , - ,-
Listen % % , - ,-
Li"e c c c% c-
Die d d d, d- d,-
%on!ugations 2ules
;? Plain Q Present =0ritten?
17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 re(lace 1it+ 7
)7g7
Q D eat
D eat an apple
Q b bD wal7
bD A human wal7s
Q D belie#e
P4D ! belie#e Besus
76
27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 re(lace 1it+ X7
)7g7
Q E D sleep
`D *ow birds sleep $D At the moment% the birds are sleeping'
7 Q WD go
%QRWD Nina goes to school
Q : D watchloo7see
=E=D ()un-"u often loo7s outside
37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 re(lace it 1it+ 7
)7g7
Q D sell
7D This shop sells fruit
Q c D li#e
@8D Bi-u li#es here
Q D push
ED push a car
;;? Plain Q Past =0ritten?
First o- all6 take o-- a "er$6 and t+en:
17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 attac+ 6as a -inal consonant7
=e*ce(tion: For t+e "o1el6 /6 attac+ ,7?
)7g7
7E H rD SD went
E H rD D bought
E H rD D stood
EE H rD D slept
E0E E0H rD ED grew
)*ce(tion:
qE H ,D q,D put
=E H ,D =,D gi#e
Q +D did $*OT '
Note: .+e -ollo1ing rules o"erride t+e rule 17
77
27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 add or 7
For "o1els6 and -6 add 7
For "o1els6 +6 /6 1and 26 add 7
)7g7
E xH D D flew
cE H D cD li#ed
E H D D pla)ed $had fun'
E H ,D ,D ate
dE H ,D d, D died
E uH ,D ,D lifted up
E H ,D , D pushed
37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as 2as a "o1el6 and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 2to ,
and attac+ 6as t+e -inal consonant7

)7g7
AE Q Q A D ran
AE A Q Q D borrowed
8E Q Q 8 D won
.E . Q . Q .D threw
NE Q Q N D attended
97 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as -as a "o1el and no consonant6 c+ange -to <and
attac+ 6as t+e -inal consonant7
)7g7
Q D came
Q : ;D sawloo7edwatched
B7 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as 1as a "o1el6 re(lace it 1it+ +and t+en attac+ 6as
t+e -inal consonant7
)7g7
E Q Q D grew
VE Q Q V D wrote
]E Q Q ] D sprouted
78
;rregular -or&
)7g7
Q +
Q % ,
;;;? Plain I Present ='(oken?
17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a "o1el6 or +and no -inal consonant6 !ust dro(
o--7
)7g7
Q 7 7D go
Q D stand
Q D bu)
E0 Q E0D grow
)*ce(tion: c+anges to 7
)7g7
Q D do
Q D want
Q D sa#e $a life'
27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a "o1el6 -or /and no -inal consonant:
-c+anges to <
/c+anges to ?
)7g7
Q nD come
Q : D seewatchloo7
Q q D place $something' on% lea#e $something as it is'
Q = D gi#e
Q = D lend
37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter is 6 dro( it o-- and t+en attac+ a -inal consonant6 6 to t+e
c+aracter (receding 6 and t+en attac+ or to t+e&7
-or "er$s 1+ose c+aracter (receding +as a "o1el6 or -7
-or "er$s 1+ose c+aracter (receding +as a "o1el6 +6 /or 27
)7g7
Q 7 >0D di#ide
79
Q E 0D cut
Q 0D climb
Q $6D filter% sift
Q q S6D hurr)
Q 6D roll
Q 7 76D go cross
=lso6 -or "er$s 1+ic+ +a"e a last consonant o- 16 re(lace it 1it+ +7?
Q V D write
Q &D eAtinguish $a fire'
Q D float
97 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as 2as a "o1el and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 2to ,7
)7g7
Q D lose
Q 8 D win
Q . .D throw
B7 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+:
-or c+aracters 1+ose "o1el is or -
-or c+aracters 1+ose "o1el is +6 /6 1 or 27
)7g7
Q c c%D li#e
Q %D sell
Q %D sit
Q %D pla) $ha#e fun'
Q -D eat
Q -D bite
Q -D age
Q -D read
;rregular -or&
Q % -D listenhear
;#? Past =0ritten? Q Past ='(oken?
'i&(ly c+ange to 7
Q S S-D went
80
Q -D came
Q -D ran
Q , ,-D ate
Q -D dran7
81
#er$s - Polite 4Present6 Past5
Polite For&
This lesson is about the (olite -or& of #erbs% in addition to the informal form which we learned in
the pre#ious lesson. Let9s go o#er again the differences between the informal and polite forms.
;n-or&al - Generall) spea7ing% the informal form is used among people of the same age or
to people who are )ounger b) older people. !t is also used b) people who are closel) related
such as such famil) members and relati#es. People who are close friends would use this
form depending on the familiarit) and acceptabilit).
Polite - The polite form is used when spea7ing to people who are older than )ou or of a
higher ran7 than )ou such as in the compan)% arm) and other institutions. (owe#er% people
generall) use the polite form in man) social settings regardless of one9s age. !nitiall)% it
would be best to stic7 to the polite form when learning Korean% as this would be the
predominant form of spea7ing to people in man) social en#ironments. (owe#er% if )ou
attend school or other similar institutions where )ou9d ma7e friends and the en#ironment is
more casual% it might be more appropriate to use the informal form.
Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more commonl) used in each case%
i.e. jON is more commonl) used than ONin the written form% and -5 is
more commonl) used than j%5in the spo7en form.
Polite
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e ON ,ON
Negati"e jON
ON
jON
,ON
Polite
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e -5 ,-5
Negati"e j%5
-5
j-5
,-5
%on!ugation 2ules
;? ;n-or&al Plain Q Polite Present =0ritten?
82
First o- all6 take o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en:
17 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 add \N7
)7g7
Q ND do
Q 7 ND go
Q ND come
Q V ND write
Q ND spea7
0 Q ND hope
Q E0 END grow
27 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 add ON7
)7g7
Q OND eat
Q b bOND wal7
% Q %OND listen
Q OND read
Q U UOND wear
Note: .+e rule 3 o"errides t+e rule 27
37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 c+ange it to !and add N7

)7g7
Q c ND li#e
Q ND pla) $ha#e fun'
Q I ND 7now
Q ND fl)
Q $ ND hang $up'
Q ND roll $up'
Q ND push
;;? ;n-or&al Past Q Polite Past =0ritten?
.ake o-- t+e in-or&al (ast -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en add ON7
Q + +OND did
S Q SOND went
Q OND came
Q ; ;OND watched
Q , ,OND ate
Q OND ran
Q OND met
83
;;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken?
Must add to t+e in-or&al s(oken -or&s7
Q 5D do
Q 7 75D go
Q n n5D come
Q 5D not do
Q 5D not watch
Q 5D not bu)
Q E E5D not sleep
Q ,- ,-5D ate
Q $,- $,-5D wal7ed
Q - -5D met
Q +- +-5D didn9t do
Q S- S-5D didn9t go
Q ,- ,-5D didn9t eat
Q - -5D didn9t borrow
A brief re#ision of the differences between the 1ritten and s(oken forms
The 1ritten form is used in literature such as boo7s% newspapers and an) form of writing
The s(oken form is the usual wa) in which people spea7 and ha#e a con#ersation. !t is used
in all t)pes of spo7en Korean such as normal con#ersations% dramas% and mo#ies% with the
possible eAceptions of news% documentaries and other factual% formal t)pes of programs on
T, and radio.
84
#er$s - Future 40ill5
0e're going to learn +o1 to -or& a -uture tense o- "er$s in t+is lesson7
Please ha#e a loo7 at the table below.
;n-or&al 1ill do 1on't do
0ritten
For&
C j
C
'(oken
For&
C j
C
Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternati#es in the negati#e form is more
commonl) used in each of the written and spo7en forms% i.e.E
j is more commonl) used than Cin written Korean.
C is more commonl) used than jin spo7en Korean.
%on!ugation rules
First o- all6 take o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s and t+en:
;? 0ill
17 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 attac+ Zto t+e&7
)7g7
Q CD will do
Q 7 >D will go
Q D will come
Q P D will meet
Q E0 ED will grow
27 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+ to t+e&7
)7g7
Q D will eat
Q D will sit
Q D will read
Q U UD will wear
Q a aD will catch
Note: .+e rule 3 o"errides t+e rule 27
85
37 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 !ust attac+ to t+e&7
)7g7
Q D will push
Q D will fl)
Q c cD will li#e
;rregular -or&
Q % D will listen
;;? 0on't
'i&(ly attac+ jto "er$s7
)7g7
Q jD won9t do
Q 7 7jD won9t go
Q jD won9t come
Q jD won9t bu)
Q jD won9t eat
Q U UjD won9t wear
Q jD won9t sit
Q jD won9t push
)*a&(le sentences
>8 D Will )ou go home8
0CD Sarah will swim
AD 0a#id will beat Goliath
!8tD ! will pla) the guitar in m) room
C->D Bohn will enter the museum
oD home
iD Bohn
-7D enter
8D guitar
D pla) $the instrument'
0D Sarah
D swim
D 0a#id
AD Goliath
Luestion For&
2aise t+e tone o- your "oice at t+e last sylla$le to turn it into a Huestion -or&7
86
C8 D Will )ou do$pla)' soccer8
>8 D Will )ou go$lea#e' alread)8
8 D Will )ou wash8 $Will )ou ta7e a shower8Will )ou ta7e a bath8'
i8 D Will )ou watch the Ol)mpics8
QR>8 D Won9t )ou go to school8
,8 D Won9t )ou ha#e lunch8
8 D Won9t )ou read this boo78
Polite For&
Let9s briefl) go o#er the differences between the in-or&al and (olite forms again.
While the in-or&al -or& in the eAamples abo#e is used b) people who are of the sa&e age andor
close% or when older (eo(le are tal7ing to )ounger people in in-or&al situations% the polite form is
commonl) used b) younger people addressing older people% and in an) -or&al situations.
Polite
0ritten
For&
0ill do 0on't do
CN jN
CN
Polite
'(oken
For&
0ill do 0on't do
C45 j45
C45
commonl) used in each of the written and spo7en forms% i.e.E
jN is more commonl) used than CNin written Korean.
C45 is more commonl) used than j45in spo7en Korean.
%on!ugations rules
;? ;n-or&al I Polite =0ritten?
'i&(ly c+ange to N7

)7g7
87
Q C CND will do
Q > >ND will go
Q ND will eat
Q 3j 3jND won9t drin7
Q Aj AjND won9t run
;;? ;n-or&al I Polite ='(oken?
'i&(ly c+ange to 457
)7g7
Q C C45D will do
Q 45D will come
Q -> ->45D will enter $go in'
Q 45D won9t seewatch
Q 45D won9t run
)*a&(le sentences

>458 D Will )ou go home8
0C45. D Sarah will swim.
A45. D 0a#id will beat Goliath.
C->45. D Bohn will enter the museum.
ME8t45. D ! will pla) the guitar in the li#ing room.
458 D Will )ou wash8 $Will )ou ta7e a shower8Will )ou ta7e a bath8'
>458 D Will )ou go$lea#e' alread)8
C458 D Will )ou do$pla)' soccer8
-458 D Will )ou watch the World -up8
QR>458 D Won9t )ou go to school8
,458 D Won9t )ou ha#e lunch8
458 D Won9t )ou read this boo78
88
#er$s - %ontiunous
%ontinuous For& 4N &15
!n this lesson% we9ll learn about the 'continuous' form. !t would be similar to the '-ing' form in
:nglish.
;n-or&al
0ritten
For&
Plain For& Present %ontinuous
Positi"e &1
Negati"e j

j&1
&1
D do
j D not do
&1D is doing
j&1 &1D is not doing
commonl) used in the 1ritten form% i.e.E
j is more commonl) used than in written Korean.
;n-or&al
0ritten
For&
Past Past %ontinuous
Positi"e + &1,
Negati"e j
+
j&1,
&1,
+D did
j +D didn9t do
&1,D was doing
j&1, &1,D wasn9t doing
%on!ugation 2ules
.ake o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en add &1=? -or t+eir (ositi"e -or& and j
&1=? -or t+eir negati"e -or&7
)7g7
Q V V&1D is writing
89
V&1D Peter is writing a letter.
Q P= P=&1D is ser#ingdistributing
:%QRJP=&1D 2o-)oung is ser#ing school meals to
children.
Q % %&1,D was listening
6?%&1,D Paul was listening to a Tim Keller9s message.
Q E Ej&1,D was not sleeping
%8Ej&1,D The bab) was not sleeping
Q &1,D was standing
9)64R&1,D The :nglish guardsman was
standing continuousl) in front of the 2uc7ingham Palace.
'(oken For&
;n-or&al
'(oken
For&
Present
%ontinuous
Past %ontinuous
Positi"e &1- &1,-
Negati"e j&1-
&1-
j&1,-
&1,-
&1-D is doing
j&1- &1- D is not doing
&1,-D was doing
j&1,- &1,- D was not doing
.+e con!ugation rule is t+e sa&e as t+e 1ritten -or& e*ce(t at t+e end o- sentences c+anges
to 7
,&1-D ! am eating lunch
A%A&1-D Bulia is not running
@07&1-D ()un-woo is climbing a mountain.
=6-n-i&1-D Nin-"u is ma7ing a fruit salad and fried
salmon.
%&!7.&1,-D Since a while ago% the hedgehog was not
mo#ing.
90
Polite For&
Polite
0ritten
For&
Present %ontinuous Past %ontinuous
Positi"e &1ON &1,ON
Negati"e j&1ON
&1ON
j&1,ON
&1,ON
&1OND is doing
j&1ON &1OND is not doing
&1,OND was doing
j&1,ON &1,OND was not doing
Polite
'(oken
For&
Present %ontinuous Past %ontinuous
Positi"e &1-5 &1,-5
Negati"e j&1-5
&1-5
j&1,-5
&1,-5
&1-5D is doing
j&1-5 &1-5 D is not doing
&1,-5D was doing
j&1,-5 &1,-5 D was not doing
%on!ugation rules
;? ;n-or&al Q Polite =0ritten?
'i&(ly at t+e end o- t+e in-or&al 1ritten 'continuous' -or&s c+anges to ON
Q &1 &1OND is doing
Q 7&1 7&1OND is going
Q &1 &1OND is coming
Q b&1 b&1OND is wal7ing
Q &1 &1OND is ma7ing
;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken?
91
'i&(ly add at t+e end o- t+e sentences o- t+e in-or&al 'continuous' s(oken -or&7
QR7&1-5D Bi-h)e is going to school
&1-5D &oung-su is swimming
A:&1,-5D -hul-min was watching a mo#ie.
`6E1,-5D Bung-su was in the li#ing room until a short while
ago.
5? 6)64%!&1,-5D Mntil about 5? minutes ago%
there was no one standing in front of the 2uc7ingham Palace.
92
#er$s - %onnecti"e
%onnecti"e For& 4&5
This lesson is about the connecti#e form which is primaril) used in two wa)sE
17 .o list "er$s7
27 .o link one sentence to t+e ne*t7
We9ll ha#e a loo7 at these functions of the connecti#e form in detail below.
.a$le o- %o&&on #er$s and .+eir %onnecti"e For&s
0ritten
For&
Plain %onnecti"e
Do &
Go 7 7&
%o&e &
)at &
Drink 3 3&
0alk b b&
2un A A&
'tand &
'it &
Get u( -P -P&
'lee( E E&
Buy &
'ell &
Gro1 E0 E0&
.+ro1 . .&
Borro1 A A&
Lend = =&
Play &
0rite V V&
2ead &
Listen % %&
Li"e c c&
93
Die d d&
%on!ugation rule
.ake o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en attac+ to t+e&7
Q &
Q 7 7&
.+e connecti"e -or& o- "er$s is used:
17 .o list "er$s7
17 .o list "er$s7
1or eAample% if ! wanted to sa) <! get up% eat and go.<% the #erb stems are changed to their
connecti#e forms eAcept the last #erb which determines the tense of a sentence.
Q -P -P&
Q &
Q b b&
-P&&7D get up% eat and go
-P&&SD got up% ate and went
-P&&>D will get up% eat and go
!n each instance% the last #erb determines the tense of a sentence.
The eAample below shows how three sentences can be lin7ed together using the connecti#e form of
#erbs.
AQR75. $&uri goes to school'
%5. $Binsu pla)s outside'
P-5. $Nina reads a boo7'
AQR7&% &% P-5.
&uri goes to school% Binsu pla)s outside and Nina reads.
(owe#er% the #erbs in each sentence can be con"ugated into different tenses.
AQRS-5. D &uri went to school
5. D Binsu will pla) outside
P-5. D Nina reads $or Nina is reading'
94
AQRS&% &% P-5.
D &uri went to school% Binsu will pla) outside and Nina is reading.
)*a&(le sentences
)7g7
! heard and spo7e D %&+
! studied% re#ised and taught D &% O&% 7.
! washed and ate dinner. D P&M8,.
,Q&%5. D This shop sells and bu)s fruit and
#egetables.
P&% )&% ,,-5. D ! met m) friend% had fun and ate lunch
together.
$7&&&-75D !t9s raining and snowing% the wind is
blowing and the lightning stri7es.
NT, :&% %&1&% %.E&1-5. D 0aniel is
watching T,% Su+anne is ma7ing brea7fast and Samson is still in bed.
95
#er$s - %an
%an do 4 C15
!n this lesson% we9ll learn about how to con"ugate #erbs to form 'can' and 'cannot'.
;n-or&al %an do %ould do
0ritten C1 C1,
'(oken C1- C1,-
;n-or&al %an't do %ouldn't do
0ritten C

C,
+
'(oken C-

C,-
+-
Note: C and C, is more commnl) used than and +in written
Korean. Similarl)% and +- is more commonl) used than -and C,-in
spo7en Korean.
%on!ugation rules
O0ritten For&P
First o- all6 take o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s7
17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 attac+ Z1to t+e&6 and -or
"er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 attac+ 1to t+e&7
)7g7
Q C1D can do
Q 7 >1D can go
Q : 1D can see
Q E 1D can sleep
Q 3 E1D can drin7
Q A 1D can run
Q 1D can pla)
Q c c1D can li#e
Q 1D can fl)
96
27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+ 1to t+e&7
)7g7
Q 1D can eat
Q U U1D can wear
Q 1D can sit
Q a a1D can catch
;rregular -or&s
Q % 1$can hear'
Q b $1$can wal7'
O'(oken For&P
dd in -ront o- t+e s(oken -or& o- (ositi"e "er$s to e*(ress 'can't do' and 'couldn't do7'
)7g7
Q D can9t do
Q n nD can9t come
Q D can9t see
Q 7 7D can9t go
Q - -D can9t hear
Q - -D can9t eat
Q S- S-D couldn9t go
Q ,- ,-D couldn9t hear
Q ,- ,-D couldn9t eat
)*a&(le 'entences
A1D A cheetah can run fast.
@1D A lar7 can fl) in the s7).
-f1D Solomon can sol#e a difficult riddle.
*C->. D A pet cannot enter the museum.

8t1-D ! can pla) the guitar.
-D Bohn can9t eat seafood.
0%QRS-D 2ecause Sarah was sic7% she couldn9t go to school.
D cheetah
AD fast% Fuic7l)
@D lar7
D fl)
D Solomon
97
-fD difficult
D riddle
D sol#e
*D a pet
CD museum
-7D enter
8D guitar
D pla) $the instrument'
iD Bohn
D seafood
0D Sarah
%D sic7
Polite For&
For&al %an do %ould do
0ritten C1ON C1,ON
'(oken C1-5 C1,-5
For&al %an't do %ouldn't do
0ritten CON
N
C,ON
+ON
'(oken C-5
5
C,-5
+-5
Note: The ones in $old c+aracters are &ore co&&only used alternati#e of the two in each boA.
%on!ugation rules
17 ;n-or&al Q Polite =0ritten?
2e(lace 1it+ ON7
Q C1 C1OND can do
Q >1 >1OND can go
Q C1 C1OND can spea7
Q 1, 1,OND could come
Q -1, -1,OND could stand
98
27 ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken?
ttac+ at t+e end o- sentences7
Q C1- C1-5D can do
Q >1- >1-5D can go
Q 1- 1-5D can gi#e
Q 1,- 1,-5D could recei#e
Q 0>1,- 0>1,-5D could go up
)*a&(le 'entences
A1OND A cheetah can run fast.
@1OND A lar7 can fl) in the s7).
-f1OND Solomon can sol#e a difficult riddle.
*C->ON. D A pet cannot enter the museum.
8t1-5D ! can pla) the guitar.
-5D Bohn can9t eat seafood.
0%QRS-5D 2ecause Sarah was sic7% she couldn9t go to school.
99
#er$s < 3a"e
3a"e =1? : Don't +a"e =?
This lesson co#ers how the #erb% '+a"e'% is used. !t can be eApressed in two wa)sE
1D there isare $Lit. is present'
7&1D ha#e% possess
D there isn9taren9t $Lit. is not present'
7&1jD do not ha#epossess
;n-or&al
0ritten
For&
3a"e Don't +a"e
1
7&1 7&1j
7&1
;n-or&al
'(oken
For&
3a"e Don't +a"e
1- -
7&1- 7&1j%
7&1-
Note: The 1ords in $old letters are the more commonl) used of the two alternati#es in each of the
Written and Spo7en forms.
3a"e =1?
1 means 't+ere is:are'% for eAampleE
%71D There is a pupp) in the garden.
9-71D There9s an ant on the des7.
(owe#er% 1 can also mean '+a"e'. !t is used more freFuentl) than the alternati#e% ' 7&1'%
which is more cumbersome to pronounce.
Written form Q 1% 7&1
Spo7en form Q 1-% 7&1-
100
)*a&(le 'entences
0ritten For&
1. D ! ha#e a boo7. $Lit. There is a boo7'
3R71. D ! ha#e a watch.
-1. D ! ha#e a mobile phone.
7&1. D ! ha#e a boo7.
-7&1. D ! ha#e a mobile phone.
'(oken For&
m$' 1-.
-$' 1-.
3R$' 1-.
m$' 7&1-.
-$' 7&1-.
Note: 5. Mse : with Q1Q and : with Q 7&1Q.
>. The particles are usuall) o&itted in spo7en Korean.
When )ou sa)% 9! ha#e a brother or sister9% 7&1 %NN,. be used because it implies
ownership. Onl) 1 can be used in relation to people.
For e*a&(le6
0ritten For&
>'1. D ! ha#e a )ounger brother.
'1. D ! ha#e a )ounger sister.
'(oken For&
$' 1-. D ! ha#e an older brother.
5P$' 1-. D ! ha#e an older sister.
>'$' 1-. D ! ha#e a )ounger brother.
'$' 1-. D ! ha#e a )ounger sister.
Don't +a"e =?
literall) means 't+ere isn't:aren't'. (owe#er% it can also mean 'don't +a"e'
For e*a&(le6
0ritten For&
D don9t ha#e $Lit. there isn9taren9t'
7&1j 7&1 D don9t ha#e $Lit. don9t ownpossess'
101
'(oken For&
-D don9t ha#e $Lit. there isn9taren9t'
7&1j% 7&1- D don9t ha#e $Lit. don9t ownpossess'
Note: 1or the negati#es% the 1ords in $old letters are the more commonl) used of the two
alternati#es in each of the Written and Spo7en forms.
)*a&(le 'entences
0ritten For&
. D ! don9t ha#e a boo7.
3R7. D ! don9t ha#e a watch.
-. D ! don9t ha#e a mobile phone.
7&1j. D ! don9t ha#eown a boo7.
-7&1j. D ! don9t ha#eown a mobile phone.
'(oken For&
m$' -.
3R$' -.
-$' -.
m$' 7&1-.
-$' 7&1-.
Luestion For&
!n spo7en Korean% in order to change a sentence into a Fuestion% )ou simpl) need to raise )our tone
at the last letter.
To see how it9s done% it9d be probabl) best to watch a nati#e Korean do it for )ou. (owe#er% as !
figure most of )ou would not ha#e that 7ind of luAur)% ha#ing a nati#e spea7er do it for )ou
whene#er )ou want% ! encourage )ou to listen to the Korean audios or recordings online or watch
Korean dramas or mo#ies and familiari+e )ourself with the intonation of Fuestions. 1or eAcellent
free audio and #ideo resources% please tr) 9Tal7 To Ne !n
Korean9 $httpEwww.tal7tomein7orean.com'.
$' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e an older brother8
5P$' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e an older sister8
>'$' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger brother8
'$' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger sister8
m$' -8 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a boo78
3R$' -8 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a watch8
-$' -8 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a mobile phone8
102
Polite For&
Polite
0ritten
For&
3a"e Don't +a"e
1ON ON
7&1ON 7&1jON
7&1ON
Polite
'(oken
For&
3a"e Don't +a"e
1-5 -5
7&1-5 7&1j%5
7&1-5
;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken?
Must add at t+e end o- a sentence7
1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e an older brother8
5P1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e an older sister8
>'1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger brother8
'1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger sister8
-58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a boo78
3R-58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a watch8
--58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a mobile phone8
;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite =0ritten?
2e(lace 1it+ ON7
1ON. D ! ha#e a boo7.
3R71ON. D ! ha#e a watch.
-1ON. D ! ha#e a mobile phone.
7&1j. D ! don9t ha#eown a boo7.
-7&1j. D ! don9t ha#eown a mobile phone.
103
#er$s < 0ant
#er$s - 0ant 4N &5
;n-or&al
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e & &,
Negati"e &j
8
&j
8,
;n-or&al
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e &- &,-
Negati"e &j%
8-
&j-
8,-
Note: &jand 8both mean <! don9t want to do.< (owe#er% !n written Korean%
&jis more commonl) used whereas in spo7en Korean% 8-is more commonl)
used. 8-literall) means <! hate to do.<
The bold letters indicate which one is more commonl) used.
$ule
.ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ &: &,: 8: 8,: &-: &
,-etc7
)*a&(les =0ritten For&?
Q &D ! want to do.
Q &D ! want to eat.
Q &,D ! wanted to fl).
Q &jD ! did9t want to pla).
Q 3 3&jD ! didn9t want to drin7.
PP7&jD ! didn9t want to eat a banana.
&jD ! didn9t want to fl) in the s7).
)*a&(les ='(oken For&?
Q &-D ! want to do.
Q &-D ! want to eat.
104
Q &,-D ! wanted to fl).
Q 8-D ! don9t want to pla).
Q 3 38,-D ! didn9t want to drin7.
PP8-D ! don9t want to eat a banana.
8,-D ! didn9t want to fl) in the s7).
Luestions ='(oken For&?
E&-8 D 0o )ou want to sleep8
. E&-. D &es% ! want to sleep.
B&-8 D What do )ou want to eat8
0&-. D ! want to eat noodles.
-;7&-8 D Where do )ou want to go8
7&-. D ! want to go to a par7.
For&al For&
For&al
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e &ON &,ON
Negati"e &jON
8ON
&jON
8,ON
For&al
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e &-5 &,-5
Negati"e &j%5
8-5
&j-5
8,-5
Note: The informal spo7en form is used $et1een close -riends or when older people are tal7ing to
)ounger people in in-or&al situations. The formal form is used commonl) $et1een adults% b)
people in -or&al situations or when )ounger people are spea7ing to older people.
$ules
For t+e -or&al 1ritten -or&6 t+e su--i* 6 6 is re(laced $y ON7
For t+e -or&al s(oken -or&6 attac+ at t+e end o- a sentence7
)*a&(les =0ritten For&?
Q &OND ! want to do.
Q &OND ! want to eat.
105
Q &,OND ! wanted to fl).
Q &jOND ! did9t want to pla).
Q 3 3&jOND ! didn9t want to drin7.
)*a&(les ='(oken -or&?
Q &-5D ! want to do.
Q &-5D ! want to eat.
Q &,-5D ! wanted to fl).
Q 8,-5D ! did9t want to pla).
Q 3 38,-5D ! didn9t want to drin7.
@ore e*a&(les
E&-58 D 0o )ou want to sleep8
}. E&-5. D &es% ! want to sleep.
B&-58 D What do )ou want to eat8
0&-5. D ! want to eat noodles.
-;7&-58 D Where do )ou want to go8
7&-5. D ! want to go to a par7.
;n addition:
When tal7ing about a third person% 9 &-9 is used instead of &% and 9 &-9 instead
of &-.
)*a&(les
Q 7 7&-
'7&-D Lu7e wants to go to the theatre.
=_3&-D Sunmi wants to drin7 an apple "uice.
106
#er$s - Descri(ti"e For& ;
The descripti#e form ! of #erbs ta7es the meaning of QNing7Q (ie. Continuous!6 or is used as a
present tense clause in#ol#ing <which% that% who etc.<.
0ritten
For&
Plain Descri(ti"e ;
Positi"e A A
Negati"e Aj Aj
.+e .a$le o- %o&&on #er$s and .+eir Descri(ti"e For&s ;
0ritten For& Plain Descri(ti"e ;
2un A A
)at
Go 7 7
'tand
%o&e
'it
Buy
'ell
Gro1 E0 E0
.+ro1 . .
Borro1 A A
Lend = =
Play
0rite V V
2ead
Listen to % %
Li"e c
Die d d
These descripti#e forms ! are used in front of nouns to describe them% and form a present tense
clause in#ol#ing <who% which% that< of :nglish. 1or eAample% the descripti#e form ! of 7is 7
and 78means a <train which goes<. Literall)% 7means <going< therefore 78D a
going train.
107
O 2ules
First6 take o-- a "er$ and t+en6
17 add
)g7
Q D eating
Q a dwarf who eats an apple $ Lit. an apple-eating dwarf'
Q E ED sleeping
Q E= a princess who sleeps $ Lit. A sleeping princess'
Q d dD d)ing
Q d a soldier who is d)ing $ Lit. a d)ing soldier'
Q jD not belie#ingunbelie#ing
Q j_ Thomas who does not belie#e $D Lit. unbelie#ing Thomas'
27 .ake o-- a "er$ 1it+ a -inal consonant6 and add 7
)g7
Q D selling
Q 7 A shop which sells antiFues $ Lit. An antiFue-selling shop'
Q c
Q : A place where !9m li#ing $ Lit. A li#ing place'
@ore e*a&(les
E0k'D A cactus which grows in the desert $ Lit. A desert-growing
cactus'
7. D All the boo7s that ! read are informati#e.
108
#er$s - Descri(ti"e For& ;;
The descripti#e form !! of #erbs ta7es the meaning of QNed7Q (ie. past tense! or is used as a past
tense clause in#ol#ing <who% which% that etc.<.
0ritten
For&
Plain Descri(ti"e ;;
Positi"e A
Negati"e Aj Aj

.+e .a$le o- %o&&on #er$s and .+eir Descri(ti"e For&s ;;
0ritten For& Plain Descri(ti"e ;;
2un A
)at
Go 7
'tand
%o&e
'it
Buy c
'ell
Gro1 E0 EG
.+ro1 . .
Borro1 A
Lend =
Play
0rite V
2ead
Listen to %
Li"e c c
Die d d

,erbs can be used in front of nouns to describe them% and form a past tense clause in#ol#ing <who%
which% that< of :nglish. 1or eAample% the descripti#e form !! of Pis and 8
means a <train which left<. Literall)% means <left< therefore 8D a left train
109
O 2ules
First6 take o-- a "er$ and t+en6
17 For "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant6 add
)g7
Q D ate
Q a dwarf who ate an apple
Q d dD dieddead
Q d a dead soldier $D a soldier who died'
Q jD disbelie#ed
Q j_ Thomas who disbelie#ed
Q D read (past tense!
Q 8 an article that ! read
27 For "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant and "er$s 1it+ as a -inal consonant6 re(lace it 1it+
as a -inal consonant7
)g7
Q A D borrowed
Q a boo7 which ! borrowed $Lit. a borrowed boo7'
Q V D wrote
7D the gospel which St. Lu7e wrote
Q N D stopped
)_7:D a place where the bus stopped
%entences& 'egatives
Q 8A 8AjD didn9t wait
Q =8Ajk a ser#ant who didn9t wait for the Lord
Q jD didn9t eat
Jj-D a dog who didn9t eat food
Q 8 8jD didn9t gi#e up
8jD Bob who didn9t gi#e up till the end
110
#er$s < '(eec+ =in s(oken Korean?
#er$s in s(oken Korean
The following dialogue between two close friends in#ol#e #erbs in the informal spo7en form.
D well
ghD shopping
D )es
6D am
#D pm
LM>D !9ll go first
This dialogue should be eas) to comprehend.
A3D The con#ersation starts
@E @% B8
@E L-.
@E -;78
@E . QR7.
@E 78
@E V 3.
@E 8
@E QR.
@E -8
@E . -.
@E -H8
@E '7=!.
@E 3 ?8
@E . B8
@E Pgh7.
@E 8
@E #T 3.
@E L,-8
@E . ,-. PLM>. 1-3
@E 73
Sang-uE Bi-u% what are )ou doing8
Bi-uE !9m eating.
Sang-uE Where are )ou going8
Bi-uE !9m going to school.
Sang-uE When are )ou going8
Bi-uE At V o9cloc7.
Sang-uE Wh)8 .are )ou going to school8/
Bi-uE ! stud) at school.
Sang-uE !s it fun8
Bi-uE &es% it9s fun.
Sang-uE (ow do )ou stud)8
111
Bi-uE N) teacher teaches me.
Sang-uE Ahh... reall)8
Bi-uE &eap. (ow about )ou8
Sang-uE !9ll go shopping
Bi-uE When8
Sang-uE At T o9cloc7 pm.
Bi-uE 0id )ou ha#e a meal8
Sang-uE &es. ! ha#e. !9ll go first then. 2)e3
Bi-uE 2)e3
This is a con#ersation between Sang-u and Bi-u. This is a t)pe of con#ersation that is common
between close friends% )et it is eAtremel) simple to understand e#en for beginners of Korean. So pa)
attention to how these Qs(oken -or&sQ are used.
O A list of written forms and their respecti#e spo7en forms.
0ritten For& - '(oken For&
.1or detailed eAplanation% refer to $,erbs - Present% Past'/
go D 7-
come D -
do D -
eat D - -
gi#e D =-
recei#e D - %
pla) D - %
sleep D E-
run D A-
teach D 7- 7
learn D p@- p3
These spo7en forms are informal so )ou should onl) use them with #er) close friends.
112
d"er$s -
d!ecti"e Present d"er$
Positi"e
Negati"e j j
Note: jis more commonl) used in written Korean while is more common in
spo7en Korean.
$ules
17 .ake o-- an ad!ecti"e o- t+e (resent tense and attac+ : jto it7
27 ttac+ -to a (ositi"e -or& o- ad"er$s to turn it into its negati"e -or&7
0ritten Present d"er$
3ig+ %
Lo1 [ [
Big
'&all
=siGe?

'(acious
Delicious I1 I1
@any %
'&all
=Huantity?
Y Y
Kind
Fast % A
'lo1 A A
3andso&e 1 1
Note:
Ad#erbs come "ust before #erbs to describe actions.
% and each ha#e two ad#erbial forms. % Aand are more commonl)
used than % and .
)*a&(le sentences
P_I1,D ! ate m) stea7 <deliciousl)< $Lit. ! en"o)ed m) stea7'
113
ÂbD A tortoise wal7s slowl)
L,D ! ate a big meal. $Lit. ! ate a meal a lot.'
A7E= D Let9s go home Fuic7l)=
"#,A. D -heol-su ran fast to the finish line.
@,D Seong-u made a large ca7e. $Lit. Seong-u made his ca7e
big.'
P7$AD The higher a bird flies% the farther it sees. $Lit. A bird which
flies high sees afar.'
114
Particles < ::
The dati#e particle% % is mainl) used for someonesomething to whom )ou are gi#ing
something. is a honorific form% is a formal form and is an informal form.
)g7 1
%)-D To m) father% ! ga#e a present.
%)D 1ather
D present
-AD gi#e $honorific form'
-D ga#e $honorific form'
)g72
%-D To m) dad% ! ga#e a present.
%D 0ad
D present
-AD gi#e $honorific form'
-D ga#e $honorific form'
)g73
5P=,. D To older sister% ! ga#e water
5PD older sister
dD water
=D gi#e
=,D ga#e
$' is used when )ou are recei#ing something from someone. Again% $'
is an honorific form% is formal and is informal.
)g71
%&D 1rom the president% ! recei#ed a pri+e.
)g72
D 1rom mum% ! recei#ed a letter
D mum
D letter
D recei#e
D recei#ed
)g7 2
QJ,D 1rom older brother% ! heard news
D older brother
QJD news
%D hear
,D heard
115
Direction Particle < :
Particles - :
is used -or 1ords 1+ic+ +a"e a -inal consonant6 and -or 1ords 1itt+at a -inal
consonant7 =)*ce(tion: is still used -or 1ords 1+ic+ +a"e as a -inal consonant7?
e7g7
]'A $y truck
-A $y:1it+ a &o$ile (+one
()A $y:1it+ a co&(uter
A $y car
A $y:1it+ a (encil
;7 : is used -or tools:&et+ods:trans(ort 1it+ 1+ic+ you do so&et+ing7
)g71
79@D With scissors% ! cut a paper.
iD With a pencil% ! drew a picture.
*+D With a bow% ! did hunting.
79D scissors
@D paper
ED cut
D cut $past'
D pencil
iD picture
AD draw
D drew
D bow
*D hunting
D do
+D did
*D do hunting
)g7 2
#*AAD With his good brain% 0a#id beat Goliath.
Pv:D 2) m) imagination% ! saw the hea#en.
>r8UA&8aD With its large bea7% the gull caught a fish.
D 0a#id
#D good
*AD head $brain'
116
AD Goliath
8D winbeat
D imagination
vD hea#en
:D see
:D saw
>r8D a gull
D big% large
AD bea7
&8D fish
aD catch
aD caught
)g7 3
$+8,SD 2) a plane% ! went to an island.
QR5 3W$D 2) car% it ta7es an hour to school.
KTX <T 3W$D 2) KTX% it ta7es T hours to go from Seoul to
2usan.
$+8D plane
D island
7D go
SD went
qD car
QRD school
3WD hour
$AD ta7e $time'
$D ta7e $time'
KTX D Korea Train :Apress
;;7 : is used -or a destination:(lace -or 1+ic+ you are +eaded7
vWD ! am headed for the hea#en
v-7D a door for entering the hea#en
P-5D *aomi left for Noab
-SD Bim went home.
The difference between and is that emphasises where one is headedhas gone
whereas doesn9t.
PSD ! went home. $! didn9t go to an) other place.'
117
Particles - 6 4Fro&6 toR at:in5
6 4Fro&6 to5
and are used after placestimes "ust li7e <from< and <to< in :nglish.
)*a&(le sentences
QRD 1rom home to school
5 3> 3D 1rom 5pm to >pm
-D ! came from :ngland
0SD ! climbed up to the summit of the mountain.
M8%nD -ome bac7 b) e#ening
D :ngland
D mountain summit
M8D e#ening
4t:in5
is used after places to mean that something is happening at a particular place.
)*a&(le sentences
QRJ+. D At school% we pla)ed American football.
JoL,D At a Bapanese restaurant% ! ate sushi.
p-.D !n a par7% we pla)ed badminton.
!+D !n m) room% ! studied.
A'E/3+D !n the bathroom% ! had a shower.
JD American football
JD Bapanese restaurant
oLD sushi
D par7
p-.D badminton
D room
D stud) $noun'
+D studied
A'ED bathroomtoilet
/3D shower
/3+D had a shower $Lit. did a shower'
Note: !n spo7en Korean% is usuall) omitted.
For e*a&(le:
Q + +-$! studied'
Q /3+ /3+-$ ! had a shower'
Q M8, M8,-$! had dinner'
118
Particles - 4only5
4,nly Particle5
essentiall) means <onl)< and it is used after a noun. Sometimes% .is used before a noun to
emphasi+e the <onl)-ness.<
P. D Onl) ! left.
%T, :. D Onl) 0ad watched T,.
0_0. D Onl) ;uth came to !srael.
. D ! dran7 onl) water.
_71q. D Stephen bought onl) shoes7
.P,. D Onl) ! ate.
.-+. D Onl) Paul studied Korean.
.. D Onl) Bohn left.
can be also used for nominali+ed #erbs.$*ouns - *ominali+ing ,erbs' !n this case% +is
attched after a nominali+ed #erb.
)g7
P8+. D ! did onl) eating.
5 =-8+. D Paul% for a wee7% did onl) stud)ing Korean.
2I0E8+. D The 7oala% which ! saw at the +oo% did onl)
sleeping.
2I0D The 7oala% which ! saw at the +oo
1or a detailed eAplanation of the descripti#e #erb% see $,erbs - 0escripti#e !'
119
Possessi"e -
2ule
O Add to a noun. ("ote# $ainly used in a written %or$!
)g7
H Q PD m)
H Q D )our
H Q D his
H Q D her
(owe#er% in most spo7en Korean% the) are simplified for easier pronunciation.
)g7
Q P
Q 2$pronounced ~'
Q 3% $not commonl) used'
57$who' Q 5$whose'
1or all possessi#es% onl) jand }$~' are commonl) used in spo7en Korean. !n most cases is
omitted.
)g.
N) car D
&our shoes D 2$pronounced N'
Nichael9s car D E$written form' or $spo7en form'
*otice that has been omitted% and Ehas been simplified to q.
58 $Whose car is it8'
$q' $&ou can either answer b) sa)ing or '
!n spo7en Korean% 9heshe9 or 9hisher9 are rarel) $almost ne#er' used. !nstead% hisher name is
addressed as a sub"ect in a first sentence% and then omitted for sentences following. This is the same
for possessi#e forms. !nstead of 9hisher9% 9Nichael9sLisa9s9 are used.
)g7
Lisa9s friend5E A7!44. $Lisa9s handbag is reall) prett)'
Lisa9s friend>E 48 P!&. $;eall)8 !% too% want to bu) that'
Another thing to note is that }is attached to a personal name if a noun being possessed is a
grouporganisation. $Spo7en 1orm'
Lisa9s friend5E A24$Lisa9s house is reall) big'
Lisa9s friend>E A2QR!. $Lisa9s school% too% is big'
120
Note: A school% house% compan) and countr) are some of the 9grouporganisation9 nouns that reFuire
}attached to a personal name which are being possessi#e. An) other personal items such as one9s
bag% car and so on do not need }attached to a personal name.
121
%on!unctions < nd
A&4and5
A&can onl) be used between sentences.
&esterda) D -
2oo7 D m
2anana D PP
read D
read.past/ D ,
sleep D Eslept D
)g7
-,. A&. .&esterda)% read boo7. And slept./
PPI1. A&. .2anana is delicious. And sweet./
The two sentences are lin7ed b) A&but the) are still separate. To lin7 two or more sentences
into one sentence% please refer to ,erbs - -onnecti#e.
: 4'and' -or nouns5
is used for nouns. Mse after nouns without a final consonant% and for nouns with a final
consonant. is onl) used to "oin nouns.
)g7
nD Sea and Nountain
nPD &ou and !
LD rice and bread
@D boo7% pencil and paper
122
%on!unctions - But6 lt+oug+
6P4But5
6Pcan onl) be used between sentences.
2oo7 D m
2anana D PP
read D
want to read D &
wanted to read D &,$#er$s - 0ant'
sleep D Eslept D
li7e D #$plain'
li7e D #%$present' $#er$s - Present:Past'
)g7
&,. 6P. .! wanted to read a boo7. 2ut ! slept./
PPI1. 6PP#%j. .2anana is delicious. 2ut ! don9t li7e it/
The two sentences are lin7ed b) 6Pbut the) are still separate.
N:N 4But6 lt+oug+5
To lin7 two or more sentences into one sentence% 3 or 3 are used.
O For "er$s6 add to #er$s - Descri(ti"e ;
O For ad!ecti"es6 add to d!ecti"es - Descri(ti"e
)g7
Q V VD write but although ! write
VV% D ! write words but ! cannot read Although ! write% ! cannot
read
Q D li#e but although it li#es
% 5D !t li#es in the water but it cannot li#e on the ground
Although it li#es in the water% it cannot li#e on the ground
-f Q -fD difficult but although it9s difficult
-p@8-f1D A foreign language is difficult to learn but it9s
interesting Although a foreign language is difficult to learn% it9s interesting.
O For "er$s and ad!ecti"es6 add to a (lain -or& 1it+out 7
)g7
Q V VD write but although ! write
VV% D ! write words but ! cannot read
Q c cD li#e but although it li#es
123
c% 5D !t li#es in the water but it cannot li#e on the ground
Q -G -GD difficult but although it9s difficult
-p@8-G1D A foreign language is difficult to learn but it9s
interesting.
124
%on!unctions - But 4:5
is freFuentl) used in casual spo7en Korean. means <but<
For e*a&(le6
A_-C % 6A-C70D ! 7now how to do$spea7writeread'
Gree7 but ! don9t 7now how to do$spea7writeread' !talian.
L % 28-. D ! eat $coo7ed rice' but ! don9t eat side dishes.
! % A'EZ%D The room is spacious but the bathroom is cramped$small'.
2ules
17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ to it7
Q D do but
Q 7 7D go but
Q D come but
Q D eat but
Q 3 3D drin7 but
Q D bu) but
Q D sell but
Q b bD wal7 but
Note: Ta7e a final consonant% % off a plain form of #erbs and then attach .
I Q %$7now'
Q $sell'
27 dd to Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e -or& o- ad!ecti"es7
Q UD big large but
Q D small but
Q 79 7fD close but $in distance'
Q $ LD far but $in distance'
Q D a lot man) but
Q Y YD few little but
Q fD hot but $temperature'
Q 7fD cold but $temperature'
)*a&(le sentences =s(oken -or&?
QR7% QR75. D ! go to school toda) but ! don9t go to school
tomorrow.
A:6S% :&A7,-D ! went to see a mo#ie but there was no
mo#ie that ! wanted to watch.
467% `. D $!(eShe' was small $height' before but
$!(eShe' amis tall now.
125
J:8I1-:% -:NI-. D This meal loo7s delicious
but it9s not delicious $at all' after !9#e tried it.
126
%on!unctions - Because6 'o
%on!unctions - Because and 'o 4N5
3 has man) usages and <because and so< is one of them.
$ules
O dd to a s(oken -or& o- t+e (resent tense o- "er$s or ad!ecti"es7 $Ad"ecti#es -
PresentPast% ,erbs Y PresentPast'
Q D 2ecause $!' do $!' do and so
Q 7 7D 2ecause $)ou' go $)ou' go and so
Q P PD 2ecause $)ou' lea#e $)ou' lea#e and so
Q #% #%D 2ecause $!' li7e $!' li7e and so
Q - -D 2ecause $)ou' eat $)ou' eat and so
Q a% a%D 2ecause $!' catch $!' catch and so
Q 0 0D 2ecause $he9s' fast $he9s' fast and so
Q % %D 2ecause $it9s' high $it9s' high and so
Q % %D 2ecause $she9s' small $she9s' small and so
Q D 2ecause $it9s' big $it9s' big and so
)*a&(le 'entences
:7
D 2ecause ! pla) bas7etball% !9m tall.
D ! pla) bas7etball and so !9m tall.
7`
D 2ecause he9s gone to Korea% now he9s not in America.
D (e9s gone to Korea and so he9s not in America.
P#
D 2ecause a tree is big% ! li7e it.
D A tree is big and so ! li7e it.
Q#%QS
D 2ecause ! li7e science% ! went to college.
D ! li7e science and so ! went to college.
%AF
D 2ecause the building is high% we ha#e to use an ele#ator.
D The building is high and so we ha#e to use an ele#ator.
127
:D bas7etball
D Korea
D America
PD tree
QD science
QD collegeuni#ersit)
D building
AFD ele#ator
%on!unctions - 'o 4?5
A sentence containing 3 can be di#ided into two separate sentences and ?is used to lin7
them.
)*a&(le sentences
:. ?7. D ! pla) bas7etball. So !9m tall.
S. ?`. D (e9s gone to Korea. So he9s not in America.
P. ?#. D A tree is big. So ! li7e it.
Q#. ?QS. D ! li7e science. So ! went to college.
. ?AF. D The building is high. So we ha#e to
use an ele#ator.
128
%on!unctions - Because 45
%on!unctions - Because 4R ;<6 5
is more freFuentl) used in written Korean and 3 is fa#oured in spo7en Korean because of
its bre#it).
$ules
.ake o-- a (lain -or& and (ast tenses o- "er$s and ad!ecti"es and t+en attac+ 87
=But N,. a (resent tense o- "er$s ie7 I 8 is 1rong/ I 8is
rig+t/?
Q 8D 2ecause ! do
Q 7 78D 2ecause ! go
Q 8D 2ecause ! bu)
Q : :8D 2ecause ! see
Q 8 8D 2ecause ! eat
Q #% #%8D 2ecause ! li7e
Q + +8D 2ecause ! did
Q S S8D 2ecause ! went
Q , ,8D 2ecause ! ate
Q 8D 2ecause it9s big
Q 8D 2ecause it9s small
Q = =8D 2ecause it9s hot
Q D D8D 2ecause it9s cold
Q 8D 2ecause there is a lot
Q 8D 2ecause it9s long
Q I1 I18D 2ecause it9s delicious
Q 8D 2ecause it was high
Q 4 48D 2ecause it was prett)
Q 8D 2ecause it was fast
Q + +8D 2ecause it was strong
)*a&(le sentences
- %o&(are and contrast and N7
TJ#%8TJ,. D 2ecause ! li7e -hinese food% ! ate
-hinese food. =0ritten Korean?
TJ#%8TJ,-5. D 2ecause ! li7e -hinese food% ! ate
-hinese food. ='(oken Korean?
TJ#%TJ,-5D 2ecause ! li7e -hinese food% ! ate -hinese
food. ='(oken Korean? -on"unctions - 2ecause% So
129
%QR78-. D 2ecause ! go to school earl) in the
morning% ! got up earl).
%QR7--5D 2ecause ! go to school earl) in the morning% ! got
up earl).
<D8U. D 2ecause the winter is cold% people
wear warm clothes.
<>N3U-5D 2ecause the winter is cold% people wear
warm clothes.
k":78?. D 2ecause on the
internet% there is a lot of false information% we should be careful about what we read.
k>":7%@J5. D 2ecause on the internet%
there is a lot of false information% we should be careful about what we read
Note: The ob"ect particle% % is omitted and some words are abbre#iated in the spo7en form. 1or
eAample%
Q >
Q Q ? " @
Although it is less commonl) used% a sentence containing two clauses can be di#ided into two
sentences using ;<and . ;<is attached to the front of a second clause and
replaces .
TJ,. ;<TJ#%8. D ! ate -hinese food
because ! li7e -hinese food.
TJ,-5. $;<' TJ#%5. D ! ate -hinese food because ! li7e
-hinese food.
-. ;<%QR78. D ! got up earl) because ! go
to school earl) in the morning.
--5. $;<' %QR75. D ! got up earl) because ! go to school
earl) in the morning.
Note:
;<is abbre#iated to ;<or it is altogether omitted in spo7en Korean.
is mainl) used in literature and the news reporters use it often. (owe#er% people still use
occasionall) in con#ersations instead of 3% especiall) when one wants to eAplain and reason.
130
%on!unctions - ;-:,nce 4N:5
3 is used after a #erb and the clause containing 3 must alwa)s come first and its meaning
is <ifonce ! do such and such.<
$ules
17 .ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add to it7
Q D !fOnce $!' do
Q 7 7D !fOnce $)ou' go
Q . .D !fOnce $)ou' throw
27 .ake o-- a "er$ 1it+ a -inal consonant and add to it7
Q # #D !fOnce $!' li7e
Q D !fOnce $)ou' eat
Q a aD !fOnce $!' catch
)g7
QR7C1D !fOnce ! go to school% ! can stud).
77A1D !fOnce )ou go to med school% )ou can become a doctor.
7-D !fOnce )ou bring $me' a boo7% ! will read $it' to )ou.
QRD school
C1D can do
D med school
D doctor
A1D can become
mD boo7
7D bring
D read
131
%on!unctions - ;-:,nce 4N5
is a a con"unction meaning 9if once.9
and both mean 9if once9 but is used more often in spo7en Korean.
is used in the middle of sentence% for eAample%
7% D !fonce Binsu comes here% please gi#e this boo7 $to him'
2ut if is used at the end of a sentence% it means 9because.9
Please read% 2ecause !9m - 3 % to learn how is used in this sense.
Ta7e off #erbs ad"ecti#es and add .
Q D !f )ou do
7 Q 7D !f )ou go
D !f )ou come
D !f $there are' man)
1D !f there isare
D !f there isare not
:Aample sentences
]71n=?5D !f there are apples in the supermar7et% please bu) and
bring $them'.
B873MI=?5D !fonce the game starts% please let me 7now.
!C= D Once )ou arri#e home% please callcontact me=
E0M6=?5. :&5. D Once the flowers in the
garden grow a lot% please call me. $2ecause' ! want to see $them'.
Please note 5used at the end of sentence mean <because.< Please refer to 2ecause !9m - 3
.
132
%on!unctions < 0+en
%on!unctions - 0+en 4N 5
O $ules
First6 take o-- a plain form o- "er$s=,erbs - PresentPast? t+en:
17 dd N to "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant
Q D when ! eat
Q D when ! sit
Q D when ! belie#e
Q d dD when ! die
27 dd N Zto "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant7
Q 7 >D when ! go
Q D when ! come
Q E D when ! sleep
Q cD when ! bu)
37 dd N to "er$s 1it+ as a -inal consonant
Q D when ! sell
Q c cD when ! li#e
Q D when ! pla) $muc7 around'
)g7
M8$7. D When we were eating dinner% the rain came.
E?5. D When )ou sit on the chair% be careful.
d;>. D When the soldier was d)ing% he left a message.
QR>W. D When ! go to school% ! go b) car.
. D When ! come home% ! #isit m) friend9s house.
@ADE. D When we sleep% we dream.
cFGWD When people bu) food% the) go to a
supermar7et.
O .ake o-- and add N to t+e (ast tense o- "er$s
Q , ,D when ! ate
Q D when ! sat
Q , ,D when ! belie#ed
Q d, d,D when ! died
133
Q D when ! sold
Q c cD when ! li#ed
Q D when ! pla)ed $muc7ed around'
)g7
3&c-p. D When ! li#ed in -hicago% ! learned :nglish.
% 7#D When we pla)ed outside% the weather was good.
Note:
M8 $7 ( A 0+en 1e 1ere eating dinner6 t+e rain ca&e.
M8 , $77 A 0+en 1e 1ere eating dinner6 t+e rain ca&e7
2oth or , can be used and the) mean the same thing. This is because the final
#erb% % determines the tense of a sentence. The former is a more casual form than the latter.
134
%on!unctions < 0+ile
%on!unctions - 0+ile 4N:N=?5
3 form is more freFuentl) used in written Korean while 3 is more freFuentl) used in spo7en
Korean.
$ules
17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+ no -inal consonant and add : to it7
Q H D while doing
Q 7 7H 7D while going
Q = =H =D while gi#ing
Q H D while bu)ing
Q : :H :D while watching
Q H D while spea7ing
Q 3 3H 3D while drin7ing
Q E EH ED while sleeping
27 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant and add H: to it7
Q H D while eating
Q H D while recei#ing
Q I IH ID while loo7ing for
Q H D while reading
)*ce(tions
Q b $H $D while wal7ing
Q % H D while listening
)*a&(le sentences
0ritten Korean
PfH r]J_;. D While doing eAercise% ! watched NatriA.
P?H A+. D While listening to music% ! studied
geograph).
*EH E2. D While sleeping% (omer snored.
_K_aH . D At Starbuc7s% while
reading a maga+ine% Nin"i dran7 coffee.
&B7H 70;,. D While going to wor7 b) car%
Bunho listened to radio.
135
'(oken Korean
fr]J_;-. D While doing eAercise% ! watched NatriA
?A+-. D While listening to music% ! studied geograph).
$*' E2-. D While sleeping% (omer snored.
$' _K_a-. D At Starbuc7s% while reading a
maga+ine% Nin"i dran7 coffee.
$' &B70;,-. D While going to wor7 b) car% Bunho
listened to radio.
r]J_D NatriA $The mo#ie'
?D music% song
AD geograph)
*D (omer $a male name as in Simpsons'
D Nin"i $a female name'
_K_D Starbuc7s
aD maga+ine
D coffee
BD wor7% compan)
0;D radio
D Bunho $a male name'
Note:
The spo7en Korean usuall) omits a sub"ect because it is usuall) understood b) the spea7ers as to
who the) are tal7ing about. 1or eAample% if ! were tal7ing about m)self% ! wouldn9t need to use P
to sa) something about me because it is assumed that ! am tal7ing about me.
Li7ewise% the third person sub"ects li7e *and can also be omitted when a person being
tal7ed about is alread) 7nown b) people ha#ing a con#ersation.
The ob"ect particle% % is omitted in spo7en Korean.
136
B013
B013 - 0+en6 0+ere6 0+o6 0+at6 3o1 and 0+y
Note: Please refer to ,erbs - PresentPast for the spo7en form of #erbs.
When% where% who% what% how and wh) are #er) useful words to ma7e a Fuestion and the) are
con#enient to use in con#ersations with friends. (ere are some simple sentences. &ou ma) hear
these this pattern of the speech a lot from Korean dramas% animations% and people.
To show )ou how the) are used% !9#e made simple sentences using the #erb%<go<.
WhenE 78 D When do )ou go8 $Lit. when go8'
WhereE -;78 D Where do )ou go8
WhoE 5778 D Who is going8
WhatE B778 D What is going8
(owE -H78 D (ow do )ou go8
Wh)E ;78 D Wh) do )ou go8
Note: The sub"ect is usuall) omitted.
)g7
'a&: ! will go to school.
Menny: 78 .(ere% it would mean 9When will )ou go89/
'a&: Peter told me that we are going to a museum=
Menny: 78 .When are we going8/
n8 D When do )ou come8
;8 D Wh) do )ou hit me8
;<-8 D Wh) do )ou cr)8
B8 D What do ! gi#e to )ou8 or What do )ou gi#e to me8 .0epends on the conteAt/
3onori-ic For&
While the spo7en form abo#e is used $et1een close -riends or when older people are tal7ing to
)ounger people in in-or&al situations. The honorific form is used commonl) $et1een adults% b)
people in -or&al situations or when )ounger people are spea7ing to older people.
O Bust add at the end of a sentence.
WhenE 758 D When do )ou go8 $Lit. when go8'
WhereE -;758 D Where do )ou go8
WhoE 57758 D Who is going8
WhatE B7758 D What is going8
(owE -H758 D (ow do )ou go8
Wh)E ;758 D Wh) do )ou go8
137
n58 D When do )ou come8
;58 D Wh) do )ou hit me8
;<-58 D Wh) do )ou cr)8
B58 D What do ! gi#e to )ou8 or What do )ou gi#e to me8 .0epends on the conteAt/
138
d"anced Gra&&ar
%o&(arati"es S 'u(erlati"es
%o&(arati"es 4N:5
3 :is used to compare two persons or things. The personthing that :is referring to is the one
that comes after <3er than< in :nglish. The <3:< phrase can also come before a sub"ect. So the
sentences below ha#e the same meaning.
Note: particles are more freFuentl) used than particles% and in the spo7en Korean%
almost eAclusi#el) are used.
P':7D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling.
7':7D <!< am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling.
':77D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling.
':77D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling. 4s(oken -or&5
':775D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling. 4-or&al s(oken -or&5
':D than )ounger sibling
'D )ounger sibling
D height
D big
7D tall
7D short
D !
jD changes to jbefore
{D the honorific form of jused in formal eApressions
is usuall) added before an ad"ecti#e. D more
@ore e*a&(les
:/LLD Nan is cle#erer than an animal.
P%:/D The *ile ;i#er is longer than the Ama+on ;i#er.
A:D !ron is stronger than copper.
:D 2lood is thic7er than water.
7:/05D Binsu is faster than Binho.
M:/5D N) older brother does it better than me.
:L/#%5D ! li7e rice more than bread.
'u(erlati"es 45
is added before an ad"ecti#e to ma7e it a superlati#e.
139
7D Binsu is the fastest
7wTD The cheetah is the fastest among the land animals.
Fm_]?RD Nt. :#erest is the highest mountain in the world.
E7?RI1JD Pi++a is the most delicious food in the world.
%f5D The most beautiful thing is lo#e. 4-or&al s(oken
-or&5 $*ouns - Present% Past'
?RD world
I1D delicious
I1D delicious .descripti#e form/ Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e
%fD beautiful .descripti#e form/
D thing
140
;&(erati"es - 6
;&(erati"e Positi"e Negati"e
;n-or&al
For&al 5
75
-5
5
75
5
3onori-ic ?5
7?5
-?5
?5
7?5
-3?5
The informal form is used among #er) close friends or when tal7ing to a )ounger person who is
#er) close to )ou in informal situations.
The formal form and the honorific form are used in formal situations. (owe#er% if ! were to choose
which one to use% ! would choose the honorific form because the formal form is a bit casual-ish. !t is
safe to use the honorific form if )ou are unsure which one to use.
Note: The honorific form of #erbs is present in Korean such asE
Q -3D eat
Q E =3D sleep
Q d %73D die% pass awa)
-9s honorific form is -?5. !t is usuall) used when tal7ing to people abo#e )our age or in
formal situations.
$ules
;n-or&al (ositi"e =;&(erati"e? A Present positi#e $spo7en Korean'
= D 0o=
MA7= D Go o#er there= $Lea#e me alone='
EM-. D :at some of these snac7s.
M!. D 0rin7 some water.
;n-or&al negati"e A Ta7e off a plain form of #erbs and attach to it.
7= D 0on9t go=
A:= D 0on9t watch this mo#ie=
. D 0on9t eat this.
. D 0on9t read this boo7.
141
For&al (ositi"e and negati"e A Attach to informal forms
3onori-ic (ositi"e A
5. Ta7e off a plain form of #erbs and then attach ?5to #erbs without a final consonant.
>. Attach ?5to #erbs with a final consonant.
T. 1or #erbs with a final consonant of % drop it off and attach ?5to it.
7?5= D Please go=
A?5. D Please come here.
AP?5= D Please lea#e Fuic7l)=
--?5. D Please eat alread).
&8a?5. D Please catch the fish with )our hands.
~-?5= D Please wa#e )our hands= $ ~D wa#e'
NVNV!?5= D Please turn round and round= $ D turn round% spin'
3onori-ic negati"e A Ta7e off a plain form of #erbs and attach ?5.
'?5= D Please don9t fool around=
M:7?5. D Please don9t go to that place. $Keep awa) from that place.'
C1?5. D Please don9t touch things in the museum.
142
3a"e to -
;n-or&al -or&
;n-or&al 3a"e to 3ad to
0ritten
"
+
O
'(oken
K
+-
O-
;n-or&al Don't +a"e to Didn't +a"e to
0ritten j%!" j%!O
'(oken j%!K
!K
j%!O-
!O-
Note: The words in bold are the more commonl) used alternati#e of the two in each boA.
$ules
17 ttac+ : ": K: O-etc7 to t+e in-or&al s(oken -or& o- "er$s7 ,erbs -
Present% Past
Q D ha#e to do
Q 7 7D ha#e to go
Q n nD ha#e to come
Q D ha#e to see
Q - -D ha#e to eat
Q ! !D ha#e to drin7
27 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and t+en attac+ j%!": j%!O: j%!
etc7 to it7
Q j%!"D don9t ha#e to do
Q 7 7j%!"D don9t ha#e to go
Q j%!"D don9t ha#e to come
Q : :j%!"D don9t ha#e to see
Q j%!"D don9t ha#e to eat
Q 3 3j%!"D don9t ha#e to drin7
37 ttac+ -and !K: !O,-to t+e -ront and $ack o- t+e in-or&al s(oken -or& o- "er$s
res(ecti"ely7 ,erbs - Present% Past
143
!KD don9t ha#e to do
7!KD don9t ha#e to go
n!KD don9t ha#e to come
!KD don9t ha#e to see
-!KD don9t ha#e to eat
!!KD don9t ha#e to drin7
)*a&(le sentences
&ritten 'or$
<7. D Seong-min has to go to Seoul toda).
=QR7j%!". D Nin-"u doesn9t ha#e to go to school tomorrow.
*PArQ-+D 2ecause of her sic7ness% Ashle) had to
ta7e $lit. eat' medicine e#er)da) last )ear.
(poken 'or$
=R5QKD ! ha#e to finish the science assignment b) this
Thursda).
*PAP%7!KD 2ecause Ashle) has been healed now% she
doesn9t ha#e go to the hospital.
&N7r@-!KD !f the chillies are too spic)% )ou don9t ha#e to eat them.
For&al -or&
For&al 3a"e to 3ad to
0ritten N
SN
+ON
OON
'(oken 5
K5
+-5
O-5
For&al Don't +a"e to Didn't +a"e to
0ritten j%!SN
!SN
j%!OON
!OON.
'(oken j%!K5
!K5
j%!O-5
!O-5
Note: The rules for the con"ugation are the same as abo#e.
)*a&(le sentences
&ritten 'or$
144
<7N. D Seong-min has to go to Seoul toda).
=QR7j%!SN. D Nin-"u doesn9t ha#e to go to school tomorrow.
*PArQ-+OND 2ecause of her sic7ness% Ashle)
had to ta7e $lit. eat' medicine e#er)da) last )ear.
(poken 'or$
=R5QK5D ! ha#e to finish the science assignment b)
this Thursda).
*PAP%7!K5D 2ecause Ashle) has been healed now% she
doesn9t ha#e go to the hospital.
&N7r@-!K5D !f the chillies are too spic)% )ou don9t ha#e to eat
them.
SourceE Learn KoreanE LP9s Korean Language Learning
145
llo1ed to - !"
;n-or&al For&
;n-or&al are allo1ed to 1ere allo1ed to
0ritten !" !O,
'(oken !K !O,-
;n-or&al aren't allo1ed to 1eren't allo1ed to
0ritten " O,
'(oken K O,-
Note:
!Kmeans Qallo1ed to doQ and !Kmeans Qdon't +a"e to do6Q N,. Qnot allo1ed to
do7Q This needs some eAplanations.
1irst of all% means <o7 or allowed.< !Kliterall) means <doing is o7.< !literall) means
<not doing< therefore !Kliterall) means <not doing is o7< which means <don9t ha#e to do.<
Kmeans Qnot allo1ed to do7Q literall) means <if ! do< and Kmeans <not o7<
therefore Kliterall) means <if ! do it% it9s not o7< which can be eApressed as <not allowed to
do<
-ompare this with (a#e to -
(owe#er% )ou don9t ha#e to 7now these eAplanations to use them. Actuall)% !9#e ne#er thought about
wh) these mean what the) mean until toda). The best wa) to learn them is to use them freFuentl)
until the) become memorised.
$ules
17 ttac+ !": !O,: !K: !O,-to t+e (ositi"e in-or&al s(oken -or& o-
"er$s ,erbs - Present% Past
Q !"D allowed to do
Q 7 7!"D allowed to go
Q !"D allowed to see
Q - -!"D allowed to hear
Q - -!"D allowed to eat
Q ! !!"D allowed to drin7
Q !"D allowed to run
Q % %!"D allowed to sit
Q % %!"D allowed to pla)muc7 around
146
2a7 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant and attac+ ": O,
: K: O,-to it7 =;ncludes "er$s 1it+ as a -inal consonant?
Q "D aren9t allowed to do
Q 7 7"D aren9t allowed to go
Q TN TN"D aren9t allowed to dance
Q "D aren9t allowed to pla)muc7 around
Q "D aren9t allowed to push
Q "D aren9t allowed to spin
2$7 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant and attac+ ": O
,: K: O,-to it7
Q "D aren9t allowed to eat
Q "D aren9t allowed to sit
Q U U"D aren9t allowed to hide
Q a a"D aren9t allowed to catch
Q "D aren9t allowed to pic7 up
Q V V"D aren9t allowed to fold
)*ce(tions
Q % "D aren9t allowed to listen
Q b $"D aren9t allowed to wal7
)*a&(le sentences
&ritten %or$
W&X-!"D At a buffet $restaurant'% people are allowed to
eat as much as the) want.
3Y7!"D Those who ha#e finished the eAam can go home.
!CZ8". D !t is not allowed to spea7 loudl) in the librar).
'%[[J". D !nfants are not allowed to eat solid food.
Q'r,E8!O,D Mntil last )ear% students were
allowed to use a stall #ending machine.
(poken %or$
T, !KD &ou are allowed to watch T,. $&ou can watch T,.'
-!KD &ou are allowed to eat this ca7e. $&ou can eat this ca7e%'
\]pKD &ou are not allowed to bu) alcohol and tobacco.
-%!O,-D Mntil )esterda)% ! was allowed to muc7 around.
Â%-7O,-D Mntil last )ear% people were not
allowed to enter the ,ictoria par7.
147
For&al For&
For&al are allo1ed to 1ere allo1ed to
0ritten !SN !O,ON
'(oken !K5 !O,-5
For&al aren't allo1ed to 1eren't allo1ed to
0ritten SN O,ON
'(oken K5 O,-5
Note: The rules are the same as abo#e.
)*a&(le sentences
&ritten %or$
W&X-!SND At a buffet $restaurant'% people are allowed
to eat as much as the) want.
3Y7!SND Those who ha#e finished the eAam can go home.
!CZ8SN. D !t is not allowed to spea7 loudl) in the librar).
'%[[JSN. D !nfants are not allowed to eat solid food.
Q'r,E8!O,OND Mntil last )ear% students were
allowed to use a stall #ending machine.
(poken %or$
T, !K5D &ou are allowed to watch T,. $&ou can watch T,.'
-!K5D &ou are allowed to eat this ca7e. $&ou can eat this ca7e%'
\]pK5D &ou are not allowed to bu) alcohol and tobacco.
-%!O,-5D Mntil )esterda)% ! was allowed to muc7 around.
Â%-7O,-5D Mntil last )ear% people were not
allowed to enter the ,ictoria par7.
148
; like doing - #6 $#%
; like doing - #
#is a contracted form of #$ Q '
means <doing< and if )ou remember% << is an identifier particle. !9d also li7e to call it a
specificit) particle.
1or eAample%
,_-9#D ! li7e eating a sandwich at lunch $among a #ariet) of
things to eat at lunch% a sandwich is m) choice'
3#D ! li7e li#ing in the countr) $Although ! could li#e in the cit) or
urban area% ! li7e li#ing in the countr)'
#means two things
5. ! li7e
>. !t9s good
Msuall)% its meaning is <! li7e doing< in spo7en Korean. !n written Korean% < #< is more
li7el) to mean <it9s good to do something.< (owe#er% the meaning depends on the conteAt.
;n-or&al Positi"e Negati"e
0ritten # j#
#
'(oken #% #%
For&al Positi"e Negati"e
0ritten #ON j#ON
#ON
'(oken #%5 j#%5
#%5
Note: The words in bold are the more commonl) used alternati#es of the two in each boA.
$ules
17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and t+en attac+ #
149
27 ;- a "er$ +as a -inal consonant o- 6 it is o&itted7
Q #D ! li7e doing% it9s good to do
Q #D ! li7e eating% it9s good to eat
Q : :#D ! li7e watching% it9s good to watch
Q % %#D ! li7e listening% it9s good to listen
Q b b#D ! li7e wal7ing% it9s good to wal7
Q V V#D ! li7e writing% it9s good to write
Q #D ! li7e reading% it9s good to read
Q -#D ! li7e ma7ing% it9s good to ma7e
Q c #D ! li7e li#ing% it9s good to li#e
Q #D ! li7e wrapping% it9s good to wrap
)*a&(le sentences
f#D ! li7e eAercising. !t9s good to eAercise.
à77#D ! li7e going to the beach at wee7ends. !t9s good to go to
the beach at wee7ends.
`5E#D On a 1rida) night% ! li7e eating pi++a. On a 1rida)
night% it9s good to eat pi++a.
CbA:#%D When !9m bored% ! li7e watching mo#ies. When )ou9re bored%
it9s good to watch mo#ies.
; like doing - $#%
$is a contracted form of and is an ob"ect particle.
$#%"ust means <! li7e doing<
;n-or&al Positi"e Negati"e
0ritten $#% $#%j
$#%
'(oken $#% $#%j%
$#%
For&al Positi"e Negati"e
0ritten #%N #%jON
$#%N
'(oken $#%5 $#%j%5
$#%5
Note: is a contracted form of .
150
2ules are t+e sa&e as a$o"e7
Q $#%D ! li7e doing
Q $#%D ! li7e eating
Q : :$#%D ! li7e watching
Q % %$#%D ! li7e listening
Q b b$#%D ! li7e wal7ing
Q V V$#%D ! li7e writing
Q $#%D ! li7e reading
Q -$#%D ! li7e ma7ing
Q c #%D ! li7e li#ing
Q #%D ! li7e wrapping
)*a&(le sentences
f#%jD ! don9t li7e eAercising.
à77$#%D ! li7e going to the beach at wee7ends.
`5E$#%ND On a 1rida) night% ! li7e eating pi++a.
CbA:$#%5D When !9m bored% ! li7e watching mo#ies.
151
; t+ink - N &'(=,(inion?
&'(is usuall) used when )ou are eApressing )our opinion on something li7e what people
should and shouldn9t do and what people should and should not be allowed to do etc.
;efer to (a#e to - % Allowed to - ! " and ! li7e doing - # % $ #
% to learn following eAamples.
$ules
ttac+ &'(to t+e (resent in-or&al 1ritten -or& o- "er$s7
eg7
$&'(D ! thin7 we should do it.
>7!"&'(D ! thin7 it9s OK to go to a par7.
@3#&'(D ! thin7 it9s good to drin7 mil7
Note: $D % >D
)*a&(le sentences
M8E&%-P"&'(.D ! thin7 people should go to bed
earl) at night and get up earl) in the morning.
89Q-&'(. D ! thin7 people should eat a
lot of fruits and #egetables to become health).
T, !"&'(5D ! thin7 it9s allowable to watch a lot of T,.
3WQc"&'(ND ! thin7 it9s not acceptable to be late for an
appointment
#&'(D ! thin7 it9s good to read a lot of boo7s.
=d3j#&'(ND ! thin7 it9s not good to drin7 a lot of
soft drin7s.
152
; t+ink : ;t see&s - )*: )%=General?
)*means <! thin7 heshethe) isare doing $something'< or <!t seems heshethe) are
doing $something'.<
Please note that although grammaticall) ) is right. !n spo7en Korean% it9s usuall)
pronounced ).
4#er$s5
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e ) +.)
Negati"e j)
)
j.)
+.)
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e )* +.)*
Negati"e j)*
)*
j.)*
+.)*
Note: !n written Korean% it is written ) whereas in spo7en Korean% it is spo7en as
)*. !t is mostl) li7el) due to the fact that is a lot more cumbersome to pronounce than
when spea7ing.
$ules

17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ )*: j)*etc7 to it7
27 Dro( o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s t+at +a"e as a -inal consonant7
37 .ake o-- a (ast tense -or& o- "er$s and attac+ .): .)*etc7 to it7
Q )*D ! thin7 the) do !t seems the) do
Q )*D ! thin7 the) eat !t seems the) eat
-P Q -P)*D ! thin7 the) get up
E Q E)*D ! thin7 the) sleep
: Q :)*D ! thin7 the) watch
Q )*D ! thin7 the) wash
A Q A)*D ! thin7 the) run
Q )*D ! thin7 the) muc7 around
c Q )*D ! thin7 the) li#e
+ Q +.)*D ! thin7 the) did
153
, Q ,.)*D ! thin7 the) ate
; Q ;.)*D ! thin7 the) watched
c Q c.)*D ! thin7 the) li#ed
Q .)*D ! thin7 the) muc7ed around
)*a&(le 'entences
M8)*D ! thin7 people are pla)ing soccer o#er there.
-M-c.)*D ! thin7 this dog li#ed in that 7ennel. D ! thin7 this
dog used to li#e in that 7ennel.
M!%87E&1)*D ! thin7 a bab) is sleeping in that room.
PLA)*D ! thin7 ! don9t eat $a meal' fast7
4d!ecti"es5
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e #) #.)
Negati"e #j)
#)
#j.)
#.)
'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e #)* #.)*
Negati"e #j)*
#)*
#j.)*
#.)*
$ules
17 ttac+ a descri(ti"e -or& o- ad!ecti"es to )*7
27 .ake o-- a (ast tense -or& o- ad!ecti"es and attac+ ,.)*7
Q # #)*D ! thin7 it9s good !t seems good
Q )*D ! thin7 there9s a lot There seems a lot
Q U U)*D ! thin7 it9s big !t seems big
Q )*D ! thin7 it9s small !t seems small
Q 4 4)*D ! thin7 it9s prett) !t seems prett)
Q LL LL)*D ! thin7 he9s cle#er (e seems cle#er
Q . .)*D ! thin7 she9s honest She seems honest
Q # #.)*D ! thin7 it was good !t seemed good
Q I1, I1,.)*D ! thin7 it was delicious
Q , ,.)*D ! thin7 it was fun
154
Q e e.)*D ! thin7 it was eas)
Q .)*D ! thin7 there was a lot
)*a&(le sentences
6JI1)*D ! thin7 Thai food is delicious
'eU)*D ! thin7 this house is enormousl) big.
Q3Ye.)*D ! thin7 the maths test was reall) eas).
8M9.)*D According to m) memor)% ! thin7 there
were a lot of flowers on that hill.
4Nouns5
0ritten
For&
Present Past
Positi"e &k) &.)
Negati"e &7%) &7%N,.)

'(oken
For&
Present Past
Positi"e &$ k' )* &.)*
Negati"e &$' %)* &$' %N,.)*
Note: The ob"ect particle% % is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean. kis also usuall) omitted.
)9s original meaning is <loo7 li7e.< Therefore% )*phrases can ha#e alternati#e translations but
essentiall) the) mean the same thing.
)*D ! thin7 the)9re doing. !t loo7s li7e the)9re doing.
4)*D ! thin7 it9s prett). !t loo7s prett).
fk)*D ! thin7 it9s a chic7en. !t loo7s li7e a chic7en $food'.
$ules
ttac+ k): .): k)*: .)*to a noun7
%$ k' )*D ! thin7 it9s a pupp) $!t loo7s li7e a pupp)'
&$ k' )*D ! thin7 it9s a cat
g8$ k' )*D ! thin7 it9s a cuc7oo
155
P$ k' )*D ! thin7 it9s a tree
$ k' )*D ! thin7 it9s a person
QR$ k' )*D ! thin7 it9s a school
)*a&(le sentences
E MhI%8 D 0o )ou 7now what that animal is8
E ME)*. D ! thin7 that is a lion. $That loo7s li7e a lion'
E E%). )*. D ! don9t thin7 that is a lion. ! thin7 it9s a tiger.
E i78 jM$AMB8 D !s it8 Then what is that o#er there afar8
E %)*. k)*. D ! don9t thin7 it9s a human. ! thin7 it9s an
animal.
E k. D !t9s a chimpan+ee.
E k)-. D ! thought that was a chimpan+ee. $!t loo7ed li7e a chimpan+ee'
Note: )9s past tense is )-and so &)-D ! thought it was a cat.
For&al For&s
$ules
0ritten Korean A %+ange to ON7
'(oken Korean A ttac+ to t+e end o- a sentence7
eg7
6JI1)OND ! thin7 Thai food is delicious
'eU)*5D ! thin7 this house is enormousl) big.
Q3Ye.)*5D ! thin7 the maths test was reall) eas).
8M9.)*5D According to m) memor)% ! thin7
there were a lot of flowers on that hill.
.+ey:+e:s+e t+ink=s? A N )
)is a shortened form of )&and it is used to eApress what the)heshe thin7$s'. )is
usuall) used in spo7en Korean. Attach to )to ma7e it formal.
C*N7-M-c.)D Grandma thin7s this dog li#ed in that
7ennel. D Grandma thin7s this dog used to li#e in that 7ennel.
7M!%87E&1)D Num thin7s a bab) is sleeping in that room.
7PLA)5D N) friend thin7s ! eat $a meal' fast7
156
6JI1)D Paul thin7s Thai food is delicious
'8>M9.)5D According to m) )ounger
$brothersister'9s memor)% (eshe thin7s there were a lot of flowers on that hill.
%$ k' )D The)heshe thin7$s' it9s a pupp) $!t loo7s li7e a pupp)'
&$ k' )5D The)heshe thin7$s' it9s a cat
157
; used to do < +,-
,-is used with #erbs and ad"ecti#es to mean <used to<.
;n-or&al 0ritten For& '(oken For&
Positi"e +, +,-
Negati"e j,
+,
j,-
+,-
P The letters in $old are used more commonl) in each corresponding form.
2e(lace in "er$s in t+eir (ast tense 1it+ ,
Q S S,D used to go
Q S S,D used to not go
Q ,D used to come
Q , ,,D used to eat
Q ,D used to drin7
Q #%+ #%+,D used to li7e
Q -+ -+,D used to hate
Q ; ;,D used to watch
Q , ,,D used to listen
Q , ,,D used to read
Q ,D used to write use
Q c c,D used to li#e
Q ,D used to bu)
)*a&(le sentences
$46' <TQR,-D ! used to attendgo to Seoul Niddle School $beforein
the past'.
46)y#%+,-D ! used to li7e mushrooms in the past. P$but not now'
> 6c,-D ! used to li#e in :ngland > )ears ago.
olQ'Q,,-D ! used to read a lot of no#els when ! was a
primar) school student.
46)_m,% `/D ! used to ride a bus a
lot but now ! use the subwa) more.
.+e sa&e a((les to ad!ecti"es
Q # #,D $it' used to be good
Q # #,D used to be not good
Q ,D used to be big large K
158
Q ,D used to be small
Q ,D used to be tall KK
Q ,D $there' used to be a lot man)
Q Y, Y,,D used to be fewlittle $in Fuantit)'
K ,can also mean <tall< when used to refer to height of a person or animals.
:.g. 7,D used to be tall $ D height'
KK ,is used for ob"ects onl) such as buildings% mountains or s7).
:.g. n-_]?386op7',
D The :mpire State 2uilding used to be the tallest building in *ew &or7 -it) before other
buildings were built.
)*a&(le 'entences
6=',% `JY2D There used to be a lot of cars
in the car par7 but now there are onl) a few. $ JY2D #er) few little'
P4 6!:,% `@A:/D This
apple tree used to smaller than m) height but now it9s bigger $taller' than our house.
Polite For&
Polite 0ritten For& '(oken For&
Positi"e +,ON +,-5
Negati"e +,ON
j,ON
+,-5
j,-5

-)y-+,% `-5D ! used to hate mushrooms when !
was )oung but now ! eat them well.
<PqP!,% `%5D There used to be no lea#es on
trees% but now there are man) a lot of a plent) of lea#es.
3+E=S,-5D ! used to tra#el to countr)sides often last )ear.
7rE=,-5D When ! go to 2usan% ! used to bu) and eat rice ca7es
Fuite often.P
46,% `s/5D ! used to write with a
pencil a lot but now ! use a pen more often.
159
46tu.,,% `?J!%&% 46?!-5. D !
used to onl) listen to pop music but now ! also listen to classics and other songs of the past.
/f3-<7E=6S,-5D When it was hot in summer% we used
to go to a cool streambroo7 and pla) around there. PP
P D bu) and eat
PP 67D to go and pla)
160
; used to do < .
.means <used to< or it refers to an action or state in the past.
A noun is usuall) followed b) .which describes the noun.
e.g. 87.:D This is the place where ! used to wor7 had wor7ed.
The past tense form of 9.9 is +.and it means essentiall) the same as .when used in this
sense.
e.g. 87.:D 87+.:D This is the place where ! used to
wor7 had wor7ed.
Ta7e off #erbsad"ecti#es and add .
.$+.' D used to do
7.$S.' D used to go
.$.' D used to come
N.$.' D used to attend
c.$c.' D used to li#e
.$,.' D used to eat
.$.' D used to be tall
)*a&(le sentences
M7N.QD That building is the uni#ersit)college $building' where
! used to attend.
7.ED This is the snac7 that ! was eating.
746.ED This is the snac7 ! used to eat in the past.
8vwc.D This is the town where Lincoln used to li#e had li#ed.
M3> 6!?R7'.D That tower is the
building which used to be the tallest in the world until > )ears ago.
m_7E=S.TJ5D This restaurant is the -hinese restaurant
where Nin-"ae used to go often.
161
=; learned t+at? N /0&
3/0&$' is used when )ou tal7 about something )ou9#e learned b) )our own eAperience or from
someone else or some other things $e.g. boo7s% T, and internet'.
;eplace of a plain form of #erbsad"ecti#es with /0&.
Q /0&D $learned that someone' was doing
)*a&(le sentence:
6/0&D ! learned that Binsu was doing a ma"or in music
7/0&D $! learned that' was going
/0&D $! learned that' was coming
/0& D $! learned that' was eating
3/0& D $! learned that' was drin7ing
c/0& D $! learned that' was li#ing
/0& D $! learned that' was ma7ing
/0& D $! learned that' was wor7ing
E/0& D $! learned that' was sleeping
/0& D $! learned that' was high
[/0& D $! learned that' was low
/0& D $! learned that' was biglarge
/0& D $! learned that' was small $in si+e'
/0& D $! learned that' was fast
A/0& D $! learned that' was slow
/0& D $! learned that' was man)
Y/0& D $! learned that' was small $in Fuantit)'
Attach to /0&to ma7e it a polite form.
/0&5$Polite spo7en form'
7/0&5
/0&5
/0&5
)*a&(le sentences:
-;7/0&5D $(e was' going somewhere in a hurr)
8R/0&5D $! learned that' a giraffe has a long nec7.
162
Up7x/0&5D $! learnedsaw that' a big ship was coming towards the
port
y'(N/0&5D $! learned that' ! became $more' relaAed as ! thin7
that wa)
'(N/0&5.
As ! thin7 $li7e that'% $! learned that' ! became more relaAedfeel at ease.
D comfortable% relaAing
D become relaAed
1or more transcripts 6 translations% clic7 this lin7% Ahn -heol-Soo !nter#iewE On Bo) and
(appiness.
163
=; -ound t+at? - N.
.is used when )ou found that something was contrar) to m) pre#ious opinioneApectation or
opinionseApectations of others.
1or eAample%
.D $! found that the)' were alread) doing it
;eplace of #erbsad"ecti#es with .
.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere doing it
7.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere going $somewhere'
.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere coming $here'
.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere eating
3.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere drin7ing
c.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere li#ing $somewhere'
.D $! found that there' were man)
Y.D $! found that the)' were small $in Fuantit)'
.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere fast
A.D $! found that heshethe)' waswere slow
)*a&(les sentences
\CYI% .D ! thoughtfigured that there won9t be
man) people in the art galler)% but there were man) people.
-1-8 D !s Bim at home8
%N% %-;7.D *o% a while ago $! saw him' going somewhere.
A__0378 D There are man) people in the cit) as it9s -hristmas%
aren9t there8
%N% '(:.D *o% there weren9t as man) people as ! thought.
&ou can also use .when )ou saw someonesomething somewhere doing something but now no
longer Fuite sure what happened to them neAt% i.e. where the) are or what the) are doing now.
N-;1-8 D Where9s Binnie8
%z.D A while ago% $! saw her' wor7ing at the shop. $Though !9m not
Fuite sure where she is or what she9s doing now'
164
-;S-58 D (as Beong-su gone somewhere8
% P6P7.D &es% $! saw him' going out to meet his friend $! don9t 7now
about the details of where he is or what he9s doing though.'
165
; +eard : >ou said - N
can mean <! heard< or <&ou said.<
The meaning of depends on the conteAt% i.e. what sentence follows neAt.
1or eAample%
% <WH8 Sn.
D (e)% Beong-su% ! heard )ou9re going to Seoul. (a#e a nice trip=
% <WH. %.S-8
D (e)% Beong-su% )ou said )ou9re going to Seoul. &ou ha#en9t left )et8
Add to #erbs ad"ecti#es.
$present written form' H D HD &ou said )ou9d do
WHD ! heard )ou go $are going' &ou said )ou go $are going'
XHD ! heard )ou come &ou said )ou come
HD ! heard )ou eat &ou said )ou eat
HD ! heard )ou drin7 &ou said )ou drin7
HD ! heard )ou sleep &ou said )ou sleep
-HD ! heard )ou wa7e up get up &ou said )ou wa7e up get up
HD ! heard )ou pla) ha#e fun &ou9d said )ou pla) ha#e fun
+$past written form' H D +HD ! heard )ou did &ou said )ou did
SHD ! heard &ou said )ou9#e gone
HD ! heard &ou said )ou9#e come
,HD ! heard &ou said )ou9#e eaten
HD ! heard &ou said )ou9#e bought
E$let9s do' H D EHD &ou said let9s do ! heard )ou want us to do
7EHD &ou said let9s go ! heard )ou want us to go
EHD &ou said let9s eat ! heard )ou want us to eat
EHD &ou said let9s pla) ha#e fun ! heard )ou want us to pla) ha#e fun
EHD &ou said let9s ma7e ! heard )ou want us to ma7e
)*a&(le sentences:
%% %4 32-H. {8 D (e)% Sang-cheol% ! heard )ou
alwa)s get up at 4ET?. Aren9t )ou tired8
166
%% %4 32-H. `C 3D (e)% Sang-cheol% )ou said )ou
alwa)s get up at 4ET?. !t9s C o9cloc7 now.
% 2WH8 D (e) Tom% ! heard )ou9re going to *epal tomorrow.
%% 3-NSH8 D (e)% Nin-"eong% ! heard )ou9#e been to S)dne).
SD ha#e been
3% k!k!J,H8 D (e)% Bessica% ! heard )ou9#e eaten a lot of
!ndian food in !ndia.
LEH8 p&8 D &ou said let9s eat= 2ut )ou aren9t hungr)8
%_iEH8 ;778 D &ou said let9s bu) icecream. 2ut wh) are
we going to a ca7e shop8
167
.+ere is : ; +a"e < 1:12
1is used colloFuiall) to mean <There isare< or <! ha#e.<
1or eAample%
M81D There is a la7e o#er there.
P|'3_VA1D ! ha#e a GalaA) ST.
Similarl)% )ou could also use <12< to mean <There isare< or <! ha#e.<
(owe#er% 12is used when )ou did not ha#e an) prior 7nowledge of the presence of something or
ha#ing owned something.
M812D There is a la7e o#er there. $! didn9t 7now there was a la7e o#er there.'
% P12D Oh% ! ha#e a wallet. $! thought ! didn9t ha#ebring it.'
1and 12are #er) similarl) used as 1is also used when )ou did not ha#e an) prior
7nowledge of the presence of something.
M812D There is a la7e o#er there. $D M81'
1,2% which is the past tense of 12% is also freFuentl) used to mean <! had<.
% P12D Oh% ! ha#e a wallet. $! thought ! didn9t ha#ebring it.'
% P1,2D Oh% ! had a wallet. $! thought ! didn9t ha#ebring it.'
Additionall)% 12 1,2can be used to mean <!)ouheshethe) ha#e< whereas 1is usuall)
used to onl) mean <! ha#e.<
% 12D Oh% )ou ha#e a wallet. $We thought )ou didn9t ha#ebring )our wallet.'
% 1,2D Oh% Binsu had a wallet. $We thought Binsu didn9t ha#ebring his
wallet.'
168
)*a&(les sentences
81D There9s a theme par7 here. $D 812'
Pf1D $(e)' ! ha#eown a Kindle.
% P-12 1,2D Oh% ! hadbrought a mobile phone $! thought ! forgot to bring
it'
% |'3]12D Oh% )ou ha#e a GalaA) *ote.
169
'(ecial )*(ression
re you doingT - N T 4;n-or&al5
is commonl) used in situations where )ou see somebod) doing something and )ou want to
as7 them what the) are doing. Again% can onl) be used when )ou are actuall) watching
somebod) doing something% and )ou want to as7 them what the) are doing.
O 2ule
.ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add T
Q 8 D Are )ou doing8
Q 7 78 D Are )ou going8
Q 8 D Are )ou reading8
Q : :8 D Are )ou watching8
Q V V8 D Are )ou writing8
Q 8 D Are )ou eating8
Q 3 38 D Are )ou drin7ing8
Q E E8 D Are )ou sleeping8
Q : :8 D Are )ou sending8
)g7
8 D Are )ou wor7ing8
QR8 D Are )ou doing school homewor78
,8 D Are )ou ha#ing lunch8
78 D Are )ou going home8
RB78 D Are )ou going to church8
d 38 D Are )ou drin7ing water8
A:8 D Are )ou watching a mo#ie8
?V8 D Are )ou writing an essa)8
E3:8 D Are )ou sending a tAt message8
E8 D Are )ou sleeping alread)8
&ou can add % -;% 57% % -Hor .when% where% who% what% how or wh)/ in front of
3 8 to ma7e these sentences.
B8 D What are )ou doing8
B8 D What are )ou reading8
B:8 D What are )ou watching8
BV8 D What are )ou writing8
B8 D What are )ou eating8
170
B38 D What are )ou drin7ing8
B:8 D What are )ou sending8
-;78 D Where are )ou going8
57E8 D Who is sleeping8
578 D Who is doing8
-HV8 D (ow are )ou writing8
;8 D Wh) are )ou doing8
2elated (osts:
Are )ou doing8 - 3 345 8 .Polite/
Are we doing8 - 45 8
171
re you doingT - N 345T 4Polite5
345is commonl) used in situations where )ou want to as7 somebod) what the)9re doing.
345can onl) used when )ou9re actuall) seeing somebod) doing something% and )ou want
to as7 them what the) are doing.
O 2ule
.ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add 345T
Q 3458 D Are )ou doing8
Q 7 73458 D Are )ou going8
Q 3458 D Are )ou reading8
Q : :3458 D Are )ou watching8
Q V V3458 D Are )ou writing8
Q -3458 D Are )ou eating8
Q 3 3458 D Are )ou drin7ing8
Q E =3458 D Are )ou sleeping8
Q : :3458 D Are )ou sending8
Note: ;rregular "er$s
Q 3458 *OT 3458
Q E =3458 *OT E3458
Q -3458 *OT 3458
)g7
3458 D Are )ou wor7ing8
,-3458 D Are )ou ha#ing lunch8
73458 D Are )ou going home8
RB73458 D Are )ou going to church8
d 3458 D Are )ou drin7ing water8
A:3458 D Are )ou watching a mo#ie8
?V3458 D Are )ou writing an essa)8
E3:3458 D Are )ou sending a tAt message8
=3458 D Are )ou sleeping alread)8
B3458 D What are )ou doing8
B3458 D What are )ou reading8
172
B:3458 D What are )ou watching8
BV3458 D What are )ou writing8
B-3458 D What are )ou eating8
B3458 D What are )ou drin7ing8
B:3458 D What are )ou sending8
-;73458 D Where are )ou going8
57=3458 D Who is sleeping8
573458 D Who is doing8
-HV3458 D (ow are )ou writing8
;3458 D Wh) are )ou doing8
173
re 1e doingT - : 45T
458 is usuall) used when )ou want to as7 someone what )ou $both singular and
plural' are doing% or will be doing immediatel).
1or eAample% when )ou are in a group of people who are doing things as a group% and )ou want to
as7 a leader of the group what )ou all will be doing.
@AM878 D Are we going there8 .!nformal/
@AM87458 D Are we going there8 .Polite/
Note: 8 D Are )ouwe doing8
3,0)#)26 the polite form of <Are )ou doing8< usuall) uses < 3458< whereas the polite
form of <Are we doing8< uses < 458<
See Are you doing ! " 8 % Are you doing ! " 345 8
O 2ule
.ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add : 45T
Q 458 D Are we doing8
Q 7 7 458 D Are we going8
Q 458 D Are we reading8
Q : : 458 D Are we watching8
Q V V 458 D Are we writing8
Q 458 D Are we eating8
Q 3 3 458 D Are we drin7ing8
Q E E 458 D Are we sleeping8
Q : : 458 D Are we sending8
)*a&(le 'entences
f458 D Are $we' eAercising8
M87458 D Are $we' going there8
7458 D Are $we' going b) this car8
458 D Are $we' eating this8
$458 D Are $we' eating with this8
8E458 D Are $we' sleeping here8
MA:458 D Are $we' watching that mo#ie toda)8
$:458 D Are $we' watching with this8
174
@AB458 D What are we doing toda)8
B458 D What are $we' reading8
B:458 D What are $we' watching8
BV458 D What are $we' writing8
B458 D What are $we' eating8
B3458 D What are $we' drin7ing8
B:458 D What are $we' sending8
-;7458 D Where are $we' going8
-;E458 D Where are $we' sleeping8
57458 D Who is doing8
-HV458 D (ow are $we' writing8
;458 D Wh) are $we' doing8
@ore )*a&(le 'entences
@A-;7458 D Where are we going8
% `3745. D Ah% we9re going to the cit).
7458 D Are $we' going b) this car8
}% -?5. D &es% please get in.
B458 D What will we eat8 #er$% ! &uture '(ill)
_745. _7#%?58 D We will eat spaghetti. 0o )ou li7e it8
}% #%5. D &es% ! li7e it.
175
Go to do - N 67
3 67is used when )ou want to eApress the purpose of going somewhere.
1or eAample%
6S-D &oung-su went to stud)
-A6!CS-D Bim went to the librar) to borrow boo7s
;eplace with 67S-SS-5SON
67D go to do
:67D go to watchsee
67D go to eat
367D go to drin7
E67D go to sleep
a67D go to catch
67D go to bu)
A67D go to borrow
)*a&(le sentences
%4 6S. D Nin-hee went to bu) iPhone 4.
3a7&8a6S-5D Bessica went to the seaside with
friends to catch fish.
Note: &8means 9meat.9 Technicall)% fish is 9&89 but often% "ust &8is used in spo7en Korean
to refer to 9fish.9
M86PS-D Binsu went out to ha#e dinner with &oung-
"in and Sam.
#7})~A:6S-5D Pil-seung went to watch the mo#ie%
(obbit% with $his' famil).
176
.o do so&et+ing - N 89
This is the eApression used to show that )ou purpose to do something. 1or eAample%
%0Q789|e+D To go to college% Abraham studied
hard.
!n the sentence abo#e% the reason wh) Abraham studied hard is because he9s purposed to go to
college.
,89m_-SD To eat lunch% we went into the restaurant.
We went into the restaurant because we9d purposed to eat lunch.
Therefore% the clause containing 3 89is the reason for doing something re#ealed in the rest of
the sentence.
2ules
O Add 9to a nominali+ed #erb. Also see $*oun% ! *o+inali,ing #er$%'
89D To read
V89D To write
%89D To listen
89D To spea7
789D To go
89D To come
:89D To watch
89D To eat
E89D To sleep
A89D To run
89D To bu)
89D To sell
89D To stand
89D To sit
c89D To li#e
d89D To die
)g7
V89-+. D To read Korean words% ! studied Korean.
E:89opS. D To see the Statue of Libert)% we went to *ew
&or7.
177
A789$+87G. D To go to the Philippines% she bought a
flight tic7et.
!03-*N89+D ;uth% who arri#ed in Budah% to
support her mother-in-law% she wor7ed. $An eAcerpt from 08'
VD Korean $writing'
-D Korean $language'
ED The Statue of Libert)
AD The Philippines
$+87GD flight tic7et
D Budah
D ;uth
3-*ND Nother-in-law
D support
89D To support
178
.ry doing - N :
:means <see< and 3 :is a special eApression which means <tr) doing<. This eApression is
used #er) commonl) in ordinar) con#ersations.
O ;ule
Add :to a spo7en form of a #erb. $#er$% ! -re%ent. -a%t'
:D tr) doing
7:D tr) going
-:D tr) eating
!:D tr) drin7ing
-:D tr) reading
-:D tr) listening
:D tr) bu)ing
%:D tr) sitting
:D tr) seeingloo7ingwatching
07:D tr) going up
:D tr) pla)ing $the instrument'
The tables below are showing the written and spo7en forms% and their respecti#e positi#e and
negati#e forms.
;emember that the plain form of #erbs is the most basic from which man) other forms of #erbs
deri#e and the plain form itself is rarel) used in both written and spo7en Korean.
! ha#e omitted the present negati#es for both written and spo7en forms because people ne#er use it
in this wa).
!nstead of sa)ing% <don9t tr) eating<% people would sa)% <don9t eat< which is .
There are two wa)s of eApressing past negati#es and one is more common than the other. <-3<
form is more commonl) used.
Factual:
Declarati"e
=0ritten?
lain Present Past
Positi"e -: - -;
Negati"e -:j -:j
-;
179
Dialogue:
%on"ersation
='(oken?
lain Present Past
Positi"e -: - -;-
Negati"e -:j -:j-
-;-

)g7
PTJ-;. D Anna tried eating -hinese food.
_P-3-;. D -harles tried reading Bonathan :dwards9
boo7.
46-22;D 2ecause ! tried eating it before% ! tried bu)ing a
coconut again. $/on0unction% ! 1ecau%e. 2o'
46D in the past% before
l D again
-= D Tr) listening to this music=
!= D Tr) drin7ing this tea=
07. A&. D Tr) going up this hill= And tr) loo7ing
at the blue s7)=
7;-8 D Tried going to German)8 $D (a#e )ou been to German)8'
?"Q%;-8 D Tried sitting on this old sofa8
%;-8 D Tried pla)ing the piano8
For&al For&
;efer to #er$% ! &or+al '-re%ent. -a%t)
)g7
0ritten For&
-N A tr) eating
-;OND tried eating
-:jOND ha#en9t tried eating
-;OND ha#en9t tried eating
180
'(oken For&
-5D tr) eating
-;-5D tried eating
-:j-5D ha#en9t tried eating
-;-5D ha#en9t tried eating
181
,- course6 ;'"e done it $e-ore < ;<
=,- course?6 ;'"e done it =$e-ore? - =e? =6? ;<
eD Of course
6D before
;<D !9#e done it
Msuall)% when we use ;<% eand 6are implied and omitted. So if ! sa)% < ;<%<
it means% <=,- course?6 ;'"e (layed soccer =$e-ore?7<
When ;<is used as a Fuestion li7e Q ;<TQ% it means% Q>ou +a"e (layed soccer
$e-ore6 +a"en't youTQ
;<is a formal form and ;is an informal form.
;<is a contracted form of ;5.
)g7
;. D $Of course'% !9#e pla)ed soccer $before'. 4;n-or&al5
;8 A &ou ha#e pla)ed soccer $before'% ha#en9t )ou8 4;n-or&al5
Msuall)% ;<form is used as an answer to a Fuestion.
)g7
;-58 D (a#e )ou pla)ed soccer $before'8
;<D $Of course'% !9#e pla)ed soccer $before'.
;<D $Of course'% ! ha#en9t pla)ed soccer $before'.
lternati"e ans1ers
$'% ;-5D $&ea'% !9#e pla)ed soccer $before'.
$%-'% ;-5D $*o'% ! ha#en9t pla)ed soccer $before'.
)e%erences# 3ry doing ! : % It4% cold. i%n4t it ! D5 8
$ule
!nformal present spo7en form of #erbs H ;<
)g7
;<D $Of course'% !9#e done it $before'
182
-;<D $Of course'% !9#e tried.eaten/ it $before'
7;<D $Of course'% !9#e been.gone/ there $before'
;<D $Of course'% !9#e bought it $before'
U-;<D $Of course'% !9#e tried it on.worn it/ $before'
c%;<D $Of course'% !9#e li#ed there $before'
)*a&(le 'entences
$6' -;-58 D (a#e )ou tried 7imchi $before'8
$e' -;<. D $Of course'% !9#e tried 7imchi $before'.
<7;-58 D (a#e )ou been to Seoul $before'8
<7;<. D $Of course'% !9#e been to Seoul $before'.
c%;<. D $Of course'% !9#e li#ed in the States $before'.
_-;<. D $Of course'% !9#e made pasta $before'. .Therefore% ! 7now how to
coo7 pasta./
7;<8 D &ou9#e been to Bapan% ha#en9t )ou8
T7;<8 D &ou ha#en9t been to -hina% ha#e )ou8
m-;<8 D &ou ha#en9t tried curr) before% ha#e )ou8
!c%;<8 D &ou9#e ne#er li#ed in :cuador before% ha#e )ou8
Note: Kimchi is traditional Korean food. !t is a hot and spic) pic7led cabbage dish. 5in6 to p7oto%
of 6i+c7i
183
Gi"e t+e -a"our o- N - N=
This is an important lesson because N= is #er) freFuentl) used in ordinar) con#ersations.

1irst of all% = means Qgi"eQ and when we attach the spo7en form of a #erb in front of =% it
means someone Qgi"es t+e -a"our o- doing so&et+ing -or so&eoneQ7
1or eAample% !n=means <gi#e the fa#our of helping to somebod)< which essentiall)
means Q; +el( so&eoneQ7
!n=,D Nin-hee ga#e the fa#our of helping to Nom. $Nin-hee
helped Nom'
!n the sentence abo#e% Nin-hee helped her Nom and this helping has been done to her and for her.
The concept of gi#ing is profound in the Korean language.
!n man) occasions where somebod) does something for somebod) or to somebod)% the sentences
in#ariabl) includes N=7
O 2ule
ttac+ t+e s(oken -or& o- "er$s in -ront o- =7
=D gi#e the fa#our of doing
7=D gi#e the fa#our of going
n=D gi#e the fa#our of coming
-=D gi#e the fa#our of eating
!=D gi#e the fa#our of drin7ing
-=D gi#e the fa#our of reading
=D gi#e the fa#our of writing
=D gi#e the fa#our of seeing
-=D gi#e the fa#our of listening
=D gi#e the fa#our of bu)ing
%=D gi#e the fa#our of selling
7=D gi#e the fa#our of teaching
!n=D gi#e the fa#our of helping
'entences
3)7=,D &oung-ho ga#e $me' the fa#our of going to town
together $&oung-ho went to town with me.'
3D town
)D together
184
A?@An=,D :lliot ga#e $us' the fa#our of coming to our home. $:lliot
came to our house.'
@AD we
oD house
P'L-=,D ! ga#e m) little brothersister the fa#our of eating hisher
meal. $! ate m) little brother9ssister9s meal for them.'
'D little sibling $gender neutral'
D meal% rice
R@AQ7=,D Professor Piper ga#e the
fa#our of teaching Bohn -al#in9s theolog) to us. $Professor Piper taught us Bohn -al#in9s
theolog).'
RD professor
D honorar) suffiA $usuall) attached to the name of professions which in#ol#e teaching'
1or eg. 'D teacher% RD pastor% RD professor
QD theolog)
P-D $someone' ga#e the fa#our of reading a letter to me.
.$someone' read a letter to me $for me'/
D letter
D -article% !
D the contracted form of =,
?--D Peter ga#e the fa#our of listening to m) song. .Peter
listened to m) song for me./
?D song
-D the contracted form of =,-$which is the spo7en form of =,'
-%M7!n-5D Some middle-aged man ga#e the fa#our of helping to me
$Some middle-aged man helped me.'
-3 D some 3 $random% passer-b)'
%MD middle-aged man $a general term for e#er) married men or men aged between
approAimatel) >C to 44 )ears of age.
On a side note% some men who are actuall) )oung get offended if some children call him %M
because that means that )oung man loo7s older than he actuall) is.'
185
-%(D some middle-aged woman
%(D a middle-aged woman $a general term for e#er) married women or women aged between
approAimatel) >C to 44 )ears of age.
Again% almost all women who are actuall) )oung get offended or e#en hurt if some people call her
%(because that means that )oung lad) loo7s old. Let us ha#e some discernment.'
-%D some child
186
0ould you like to goT - >?5T
3$'?58 is used when )ou eApress )our desire to do something together with someone% or
when )ou want someone to do something. So it is similar to <Would )ou li7e to do something80o
)ou want to do something8< in :nglish.
O 2ule
17 For "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant6 add Z?57
D C?58 D Would )ou li7e to do8
7D >?58 D Would )ou li7e to go8
D c?58 D Would )ou li7e to bu)8
3D E?58 D Would )ou li7e to drin78
27 For "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant6 add ?57
D ?58 D Would )ou li7e to eat8
D ?58 D Would )ou li7e to sit8
D ?58 D Would )ou li7e to read8
)g7
E?58 D Would )ou li7e to drin7 coffee8
,?58 D Would )ou li7e to eat lunch8
')>?58 D Would li7e to go to the cinema together8
'D cinema% theatre
,D lunch% noon
)D together
Note: !f )ou omit off $'?5% ie. $' it becomes an informal form.
E?8 D Would )ou li7e to drin7 coffee8
,?8 D Would )ou li7e to eat lunch8
')>?8 D Would li7e to go to the cinema together8
187
'+all 1e do so&et+ingT - @ABCT
$ules
17 For "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant6 attac+ as a -inal consonant and add 7
eg7 I cT A '+all 1e $uyT
27 For "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant6 attac+ 7
eg7 U Q UT A s+all 1e 1earT
;rregular
eg7 % Q T
Q C8 D Shall we do8
Q 7 >8 D Shall we go8
Q 8 D Shall we eat8
Q 3 E8 D Shall we drin78
Q : 8 D Shall we watch8
Q % 8 D Shall we listen to8
Q 8 D Shall we hang outmuc7 around8
)*a&(le 'entences
@A>8 D Shall we go to a theme par78
@A_K_E8 D Shall we drin7 coffee at Starbuc7s8
@A,6>8 D Shall we go ha#e lunch together8
AA:6>8 D Shall we go watch the (arr) Potter mo#ie8
@Af6_'>8 D Shall we go to a g)m to eAercise8
Note: Attach to to ma7e it formal.
@A>58 D Shall we go to a theme par78
@A_K_E58 D Shall we drin7 coffee at Starbuc7s8
@A,6>58 D Shall we go ha#e lunch together8
AA:6>58 D Shall we go watch the (arr) Potter mo#ie8
@Af6_'>58 D Shall we go to a g)m to eAercise8
188
;t's cold6 isn't itT - D5T
5is used similarl) to <isn9t it8< of :nglish. 1or eAample% Dmeans <cold<% and D5
means Q;t's cold6 isn't itT or ;t's cold6 e+T or ;t's cold6 rig+tTQ
This is used when )ou want to chat up somebod) or when )ou are loo7ing for a confirmation.
O 2ule
Ta7e off an ad"ecti#e and add 5to it.
Q D D5D !t9s cold% isn9t it8
Q = =5D !t9s hot% isn9t it8
Q 5D There is a lot% isn9t there8
Q Y Y5D There is little% isn9t there8
Q 5D !t9s high% isn9t it8
Q [ [5D !t9s low% isn9t it8
Q 5D !t9s large% isn9t it8
Q 5D !t9s small% isn9t it8
Q # #5D !t9s good% isn9t it8
Q P P5D !t9s bad% isn9t it8
Q 5D !t9s deep% isn9t it8
Q I1 I15D !t9s delicious% isn9t it8
Note: 5is often contracted to in speech. Therefore Q D5 D<.
D<D !t9s cold% isn9t it8
=<D !t9s hot% isn9t it8
<D There is a lot% isn9t there8
Y<D There is little% isn9t there8
<D !t9s high% isn9t it8
[<D !t9s low% isn9t it8
<D !t9s large% isn9t it8
<D !t9s small% isn9t it8
#<D !t9s good% isn9t it8
P<D !t9s bad% isn9t it8
<D !t9s #er) deep% isn9t8
I1<D !t9s delicious% isn9t it8
)*a&(le sentences
7D<8 D The weather is cold% isn9t it8
67J=<8 D The weather in Thailand is #er) hot% isn9t it8
0<8 D Nount (alla is high% isn9t it8
<8 D The ri#er water is #er) deep% right8
<8 D The house is small% eh8
189
7I1<8 D Kimchi is delicious% isn9t it8
D weather
6D Thailand
0D Nount (alla
D ri#er water
oD house
D 7imchi $A traditional Korean fermented dish made of cabbages with spic) seasonings'
190
Let's do it - E
This should be eas) to learn. Bust replace of a plain #erb with to ma7e a phrase% <Let9s
$#erb'<. Note: This is an in-or&al form.
Q ED Let9s do it
Q ED Let9s eat
Q 3 3ED Let9s drin7
Q 7 7ED Let9s go
Q ED Let9s sit
Q : :ED Let9s see
Q ED Let9s read
Q V VED Let9s write
Q % %ED Let9s listen
Q A AED Let9s run
Q b bED Let9s wal7
Q ED Let9s bu)
Q ED Let9s sell
)*a&(le 'entences
@AD we
)D together
$@A' $)' :ED Let9s do bas7etball. $Let9s pla) bas7etball'
$@A' $)' EED Let9s eat a pi++a $together'
$@A' $)' 3ED Let9s drin7 coffee $together'
$@A' $)' a77ED Let9s go to beach $together'
$@A' $)' ED Let9s sit on the bench $together'
$@A' $)' A:ED Let9s watch a mo#ie $together'
$@A' $)' RED Let9s read a teAtboo7 $together'
$@A' $)' %-%ED Let9s listen to ipod $together'
$@A' $)' ED Let9s bu) new shoes $together'
$@A' $)' M'&ED Let9s sell that fridge $together'
The -or&al form of )Let*s +verb,) is eAactl) the same as that of the formal spo7en present form.
&ou ma) want to refer to #er$% ! &or+al '-re%ent. -a%t) <Please< is implied in the phrase.
Q 5D $Please.' Let9s do it
Q -5D $Please.' Let9s eat
Q 3 !5D $Please.' Let9s drin7
Q 7 75D $Please.' Let9s go
Q %5D $Please.' Let9s sit
Q : 5D $Please.' Let9s see
Q -5D $Please.' Let9s read
Q V 5D $Please.' Let9s write
191
Q % -5D $Please.' Let9s listen
Q A 5D $Please.' Let9s run
Q b $-5D $Please.' Let9s wal7
Q 5D $Please.' Let9s bu)
Q %5D $Please.' Let9s sell
)*a&(le 'entences
@AD we
)D together
$@A' $)' :5D .Please/ Let9s do bas7etball $Let9s pla) bas7etball'
$@A' $)' E-5D .Please/ Let9s eat a pi++a $together'
$@A' $)' !5D .Please/ Let9s drin7 coffee $together'
$@A' $)' a775D .Please/ Let9s go to beach $together'
$@A' $)' %5D .Please/ Let9s sit on the bench $together'
$@A' $)' A5D .Please/ Let9s watch a mo#ie $together'
$@A' $)' R-5D .Please/ Let9s read a teAtboo7 $together'
$@A' $)' %--5D .Please/ Let9s listen to ipod $together'
$@A' $)' 5D .Please/ Let9s bu) new shoes $together'
$@A' $)' M'&%5D .Please/ Let9s sell that fridge $together'
192
)asy to do : Di--icult to do - N 8F: N 8-G
This one is eas) to learn. All )ou need to do is attach a no+inali,ed 8er$ to For -Gto sa)
that something is eas) or difficult.
0ritten For&s
8FD eas) to do
8FD eas) to understand
8FD eas) to sol#e
:8FD eas) to see
%8FD eas) to listen
8FD eas) to sa)
78FD eas) to go
'(oken For&s
8e3D eas) to do
8e3D eas) to understand
8e3D eas) to sol#e
:8e3D eas) to see
%8e3D eas) to listen
8e3D eas) to sa)
78e3D eas) to go
0ritten For&s
8-GD difficult to do
8-GD difficult to understand
8-GD difficult to sol#e
:8-GD difficult to see
%8-GD difficult to listen
8-GD difficult to sa)
78-GD difficult to go
'(oken For&s
8-3D difficult to do
8-3D difficult to understand
8-3D difficult to sol#e
:8-3D difficult to see
%8-3D difficult to listen
8-3D difficult to sa)
78-3D difficult to go
193
)g7
-;-8 D (a#e )ou tried sol#ing this problem8 .3ry doing ! : /
. 8-3. D &es. This problem is reall) difficult to sol#e.
@A_:67E. D Let9s go watch a circus.
%:8-3D 2ecause of the crowd% it9s difficult to see.
E8-35D !t9s difficult to understand woman.
%N5. >E7/8-35D *o. Nan is more difficult to understand.
y'(58 D 0o )ou thin7 so8
}. y'(5. D &es. ! surel) do.
A?58 D -an )ou hear me8
%N5. QA%8-35. D *o. 2ecause of the sound of music% it9s difficult to
hear.
37=?5D please teach me how to do fishing .9i8e t7e fa8our of doing ! = /
?5. 38e35. D O7. 1ishing is eas) to do.
D problem
D sol#e
-:D tr) sol#ing
_D circus
>ED man
ED woman
'(D thin7
y'(D thin7 so
D reall)% #er)
D #er)
D music
QAD sound
3D fishing
194
; kno1 +o1 - -HI%
; =don't? kno1 +o1 - -HI%:70
0ritten
For&
; kno1 +o1 to do ; don't kno1 +o1 to do
;n-or&al -H -H
For&al -HN -HN
'(oken
For&
; kno1 +o1 to do ; don't kno1 +o1 to do
;n-or&al -HI% -H70
For&al -HI%5 -H705
Note: ! include the written form of this eApression for the sa7e of completeness. (owe#er% please
focus on the spo7en form as the eApression is mainl) used in con#ersations.
$ules
17.ake o-- a (lain -or&:(ast tense o- "er$s and attac+ I%7
=)*ce(tion: For t+ose "er$s 1+ic+ contain as a -inal consonant6 take it o--7 eg7 I
-I%?
27 ttac+ to I%: 70to turn it into a -or&al -or&7
-HI%D ! 7now how to do
-HI%D ! 7now how to eat
-H7I%D ! 7now how to go
-H:I%D ! 7now how to see
-H%I%D ! 7now how to listen
-HI%D ! 7now how to use
-H-I%D ! 7now how to ma7e
-HUI%D ! 7now how to wear
-H70D ! don9t 7now how to do
-H770D ! don9t 7now how to go
195
)*a&(le sentences
-H-I%5. D &ong-"un 7nows how to ma7e$coo7'
7imchi stew.
<A%= 0-HI%8< D <Bulia= 0o )ou 7now how to boil$coo7' noodle
soup8<
7U&8-HaI%8 &87#%a-.
D 0o )ou 7now how ! caught this big fish8 This fish has good strength and so ! caught it
with a lot of effort.
MP-HI%5. D ! 7now how to plant a tree.
A-HI%8 D 0o )ou 7now how to use this remote controller8
<-H7%?58 D 0o )ou 7now how to go$get' to Seoul8
-H770. D ! don9t 7now how to go to 2usan.
-Hr705. D ! don9t 7now how to tie a nec7tie.
C%)E-H:?5. D Grandpa doesn9t 7now how to send a teAt
message.
Note: %?5and ?5are honorific forms of I%and 70respecti#el). %?5and ?
are onl) used for second- and third-persons.
1or eAample%
! 7now how to use the subwa).
6-H%?5.
6-HI%5.
0o )ou 7now how to use the subwa)8
-H%?58
(eshe alread) 7nows how to use the subwa).
-H%?5.
196
3a$itually =@ade:co&(elled to? - N JN K5
This phrase has two parts. The first part is 3 J% and the second part is 3 K5.
The meaning of <3 J< is eFui#alent to <when$e#er' or if%< and that of <3 K5< is eFui#alent
to <am madecompelled to< or <habituall)$usuall)'.<
1or eAample%
J,7J% $KL=K5D When$e#er' ! go to a restaurant% ! am
madecompelled to order a bibimbap. $! habituall)usuall) order a bibimbap.'
J,D a restaurant
7D go
7JD When$if' ! go
$KLD a Korean dish $The dish consists of rice with #arious 7inds of #egetables% beef$usuall)
mince'% fried egg% Korean red chili paste and sesame oil.'
=D order $n.'
=D order $#.'
=K5D ! habituall) order
Note: The plain form of Jand K5is 9J9 which means 9to become.9 Therefore% the literal
translation of the sentence abo#e isE
J,7J% $KL=K5D When$e#er' it becomes that ! go to a
restaurant% it becomes that ! order bibimbap
Also% in the first part when a noun is used instead of a #erb% 7Jis used instead.
1or eAample%
%J% :"D When it is morning% ! habituall)$usuall)' read a
newspaper
The literal translation of the sentence abo#e is% <When it 9becomes9 morning% ! 9become9 reading a
newspaper.<
The sentence doesn9t ma7e sense grammaticall) in :nglish but ! hope the literal translation will help
)ou get the nuance of the phrase.
%on!ugation rule
.ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ J: K5to it7
$do' Q JD When$e#er' ! do
197
$do' Q K5D ! habituall)usuall) do $or ! am madecompelled to do'
K5D ! habituall) do
7K5D ! habituall) go
K5D ! habituall) come
K5D ! habituall) eat
EK5D ! habituall) sleep
K5D ! habituall) spea7
%K5D ! habituall) listen
:K5D ! habituall) watch
)*a&(le 'entences
cJ% %_iK5D When$e#er' it is late at night% ! habituall) eat
an icecream
7J[EK5D When$e#er' it is noon% because !9m tired$sleep)'% !
habituall) ha#e a nap $Lit. sleep a nap'.
()J% %K5D When$e#er' ! turn on the computer% ! habituall)
listen to music.
3P7J% A:K5D When$e#er' ! go to town% ! habituall) go to
mo#ies $Lit. watch mo#ies'.
fJ% 3K5D When$e#er' ! eAercise% ! habituall) drin7 a lot
of water.
Jsually
As a side note% when )ou would li7e eApress something that )ou QusuallyQ do and not what )ou are
<madecompelled to< do% Q=Q is often used.
1or eAample%
J,7% <=< $KL=5D When ! go to a restaurant% ! usuall) order a
bibimbap. $There is no nuance of being <madecompelled to< order a bibimbap.'
f&P<=< !5D After eAercise% ! usuall) drin7 a lot of water.
$Some people ma) not drin7 a lot of water and other people ma) not drin7 water at all but as
for me% ! <usuall)<$whether <!9m madecompelled to< or not% we do not 7now' drin7 a lot of
water.'
198
3P7=A5D When ! go to town% ! usuall) go to mo#ies. $Lit. watch
mo#ies'
QR=$-75D ! usuall) wal7 to school.
B=75D ! usuall) go to wor7 b) car.
199
Because ;'& - N5
5is used as a statement in which )ou gi#e reasons eAplanations for what )ou do or did.
5D 2ecause $!' do
5is a polite spo7en form
is a informal spo7en form $howe#er% if is used in the middle of a sentence $i.e. as
a con"unction% lin7ing two sentences'% it means 9if9'
1or eAample%
-8 D &ou came $bac7' alread)8
,. ?*-D 2ecause the Fueue was too long. So ! "ust came
$bac7'.
% *nD !f the Fueue is too long% "ust come $bac7'.
Ta7e off #erbsad"ecti#es and add 5.
Q 5D 2ecause $!' do
+ Q +5D 2ecause $!' did
,5D 2ecause $!' ate
75D 2ecause $!' go
S5D 2ecause $!' went
5D 2ecause $he' came
5D 2ecause $there' were man)
p&5D 2ecause $!' was hungr)
5D 2ecause $it9s' fast
I15D 2ecause $it9s' delicious
:.g.
%-58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8
}% -M8,5. D &eah no% $because' ! ate too much for dinner last
night.
Note: }means 9)es.9 }is used when )ou agree with the statement of the Fuestioner.
0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8 }. $&eah% ! won9t ha#e brea7fast'
Although in :nglish% we sa) 9)es9 to a negati#e Fuestion to mean a positi#e answer% 9no9 is used in
Korean to mean a positi#e answer $i.e. 9no9 is used to mean a 9double negati#e9 $D positi#e''.
200
0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8 &es% !9ll ha#e brea7fast $in :nglish'
0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8 %-% 5D *o% ! will ha#e brea7fast $in Korean'
%-is a contracted form of %Nwhich means 9no.9
)*a&(le sentences
]^258 D $(e)%' )ou bought a new laptop
}% 46]^5. ?]^-5D &eah% $because' the laptop
! had before was too slow. So ! bought a new laptop.
8m_J4I1. 8?8 D $2ecause' this restaurant9s food is
reall) delicious. Shall we eat here8
?% #. D &eah% !9d li7e to.
{:5D &ou loo7 tired
-5D $2ecause' ! didn9t ha#e much sleep last night.
JP:5D &ou loo7 #er) eAcited=
% +75D &eah% $because' !9m going on a trip to (ong Kong
tomorrow=
e$a simplified form of f' D new
D bu)
D bought
25D $he)% )ou' bought
]^D laptop $literall)% noteboo7'
AD slow
D was slow
?D o7% )eah
D sleep $noun'
ED sleep $#erb'
D slept
{D tired
{:D loo7 tired
JD #er)
PD eAcited
D (ong Kong
+7D go on a trip
201
; 1ill go -irst - LM>
LM>is used colloFuiall) to mean 9)ou will go homelea#e first.9
!t9s used when )ou lea#e a place before )our friend$s'.
1or eAample%
After schoolwor7% if )ou lea#e first before others% )ou ma) sa)E
PLM>. :ED ! will lea#ego home first. See )ou tomorrow.
Li7ewise%
LMH ,erb $Ta7e off and add Zfor #erbs without final consonants% and for
#erbs with final consonants'
:.g.
Q C
LMCD !9ll do first
Q
LMD !9ll eat first
LMCD ! will do first
LM> D ! will go first
LMD ! will watchsee first
LM D ! will eat first
LMED ! will drin7 first
LME6>D ! will go to sleep first
LMcD ! will bu) first
)*a&(le sentences
PLMED ! will drin7 this water first
PLME6>D 2ecause !9m sleep)% !9ll go to sleep first
p&PLMD !f )ou9re not hungr)% !9ll eat first
`PLMD !f )ou9re not reading this boo7% !9ll read it first
202
-7J. LM>. D Toda)% 2ecause ! gotta get home earl).
!9ll go $home' first. See )ou tomorrow
203
P+rases
s ; 1as doing - N :NO
3 :NOmeans <As ! ha#e beenwas doing $something'<
This phrase is used when )ou want to con#e) a nuanced meaning of <)ou9#e been doing something%
and learned found eAperienced saw heard something along the wa).<
:NOis actuall) a contracted form of :N
:NOD As ! ha#e beenwas doing $something'
7:NOD As ! ha#e beenwas going $somewhere'
:NOD As ! ha#e beenwas coming $somewhere'
c:NOD As ! ha#e beenwas li#ing $this wa)'
:NOD As ! ha#e beenwas eating
)*a&(le 'entences:
c:NO% |e&%NG$pD As ! ha#e been
li#ing $until now'% ! learned that hard wor7 alone ma) not bring success.
c:NO% D$D As ! ha#e been li#ing
$until now'% ! learned understood that without hard wor7% )ou cannot e#en dream of
success.
7:NO% +1/0&D As ! was going $somewhere'% there was a +oo
on m) right-hand side.
:NO% c,/0&5D As ! was eating% ! found that ! was alread) late.
6:NO% P&P*"8A&% f#P% B7C
#"715. D As ! ha#e been li7e that% ! "ust do m) best and wait for
results% and if !uc7 finds its wa) to me% or the societ) finds me helpful% ! get good results.
To Listen to (ow :NOis Msed% Watch This !nter#iewE
Ahn -heol-Soo !nter#iewE On Bo) and (appiness
204
,t+er Lessons
ddressing Peo(le
ddressing -riend's na&e
When a person is addressed is attached to their name. !f m) name were @.Bin-u/% m) friend
would call me% @= .Bin-u-)a/. This is li7e <(e) @Bin-u=<
This colloFuialism should onl) be used between close friends. This is an informal eApression. At
school% friends call each other this wa)% and teachers to students but not #ice #ersa.
*ote that is used for names without a final consonant and for names with a final consonant.
)g7
Q %=
This is pronounced .57EBi-nu-ga/ since #has no sound when used as an initial consonant.
Q @ @=
!t is pronounced .5EBi-nu-)a/
Q =
Q =
Q B B%=
So when )ou call )our Korean friend9s name% "ust add to their name.
Pronunciation
(ere is the lin7 to the Pronunciation posts on 5earn :orean; 5-4% :orean 5anguage 5earning.
205

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Learn Korean: LP's Korean Language Learning

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