PHT TRIN V S DNG HP L

NGUN TI NGUYN NC
GSTS Ng nh Tun
Tm tt - summary
Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc vo loi trung bnh trn th
gii c nhiu yu t khng bn vng. S khng bn vng ngy mt tng
trm trng do tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu, do s pht trin v s
dng thiu hp l k c khu qun l dn n Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c
xu th ngy cng suy thoi, cn kit, ngho nc. ngn chn v phc hi
c hiu qu ngun Ti nguyn nc, Bo co xut nhng gii php pht
trin v s dng hp l (hay pht trin bn vng) cn c quan tm thc
hin tch cc, thng nht, ng b kp thi.
Vietnam is an average country at water resources but having many un-
sustainable factors. The un-sustainability is more and more increasing
seriously due to the global climate change, the un-reasonable use,
management and development of water resources leading to the degradation,
exhaustion of water resources. For effective prevention and restoration of
water resources, this report recommends solutions for sustainable use and
development of water resources which need to be interested and implemented
timely and synchronously
I. Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc
vo loi trung bnh trn th gii c nhiu yu t
khng bn vng
1. Nc ta c khong 830 t m3 nc mt trong ch c 310 t m3
c to ra do ma ri trong lnh th Vit Nam chim 37% cn 63%
do lng ma ngoi lnh th chy vo. Tng tr lng tim tng kh
nng khai thc nc di t cha k phn hi o c tnh khong
60 t m3/nm. Tr lng nc giai on tm kim thm d s b
mi t khong 8 t m3/nm (khong 13% tng tr lng).
Nu k c nc mt v nc di t trn phm vi lnh th th bnh
qun u ngi t 4400 m3/ngi, nm (Th gii 7400m3/ngi,
nm). Theo ch tiu nh gi ca Hi Ti nguyn nc Quc t IWRA
th quc gia no di 4000m3/ngi, nm l quc gia thiu nc. Nh
vy, nc ta l mt trong nhng nc ang v s thiu nc trong mt
tng lai rt gn (Thc t nu k c lng nc t cc lnh th nc
ngoi chy vo th Vit Nam trung bnh t khong 10.600m3/ngi,
nm).
I. Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc
vo loi trung bnh trn th gii c nhiu yu t
khng bn vng
2. Cc yu t khng bn vng ca Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam.
1) Lng nc sn sinh t ngoi lnh th chim xp x 2/3 tng
lng nc c c, rt kh ch ng, thm ch khng s dng
c.
2) S phn b ca c nc mt ln nc di t rt khng u.
Theo khng gian, ni c lng ma nht l Bch M 8000mm/nm,
Bc Quang, B N t khong 5000mm/nm, trong khi Ca Phan R
ch t xp x 400mm/nm. Theo thi gian, ma l ch ko di t 3- 5
thng nhng chim ti 70- 85% lng nc c nm. Ma l, lng
ma mt ngy ln nht t trn 1500mm/ngy song ma cn tn ti
hng nhiu thng khng c git ma no. Ma, l t k lc trong
vng ng Nam l ven bin Min Trung. Hn hn xy ra nghim
trng. iu cn phi tch nc trong ma l iu tit b sung
ma cn l gii php tch cc nht, quan trng nht.
I. Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc
vo loi trung bnh trn th gii c nhiu yu t
khng bn vng
3) S khng thun li ca Ti nguyn nc trong s dng v khai
thc.
- Nc ta c khong 2360 con sng c chiu di ln hn 10 km. Trong s 13 lu
vc sng chnh v nhnh c din tch ln hn 10.000 km2 th c n 10/13 sng
c quan h vi cc nc lng ging, trong c 3/13 sng thng ngun Vit
Nam, h ngun chy sang nc lng ging, 7 sng thng ngun nc lng
ging, h ngun Vit Nam. iu ny Vit Nam khng nhng b rng buc ngun
li v nc ca quc gia th hai, th ba chia s, ng thun.
- Tng lng nc nm ng vi p = 75% khong 720 t m3, tng lng nc
ma cn c khong 170 t m3 (k c 30 t m3 iu tit t cc h cha tnh n
nm 2010). Tng nhu cu nc nm 2010 l 110 t m3, trong ma cn khong 85
t m3 (cha k n lu lng nc m bo mi trng sinh thi h lu). Nu
qun l khng tt th n nm 2010 kh nng thiu nc r rng vo tng ni,
tng thi k, c bit l cc vng Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Daklak, Daknng,
BSCL, Trung du S. Thi Bnh v sng Hng v di ven bin.
I. Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc
vo loi trung bnh trn th gii c nhiu yu t
khng bn vng
4) S cn kit ti nguyn nc ngy cng tng.
- Dn s tng, ch s lng nc trn u ngi gim. Nm 1943
l 16.641 m3/ngi, nu dn s nc ta tng ln 150 triu ngi
th ch cn t 2467 m3/ngi, nm xp x vi nhng quc gia
him nc.
- Do cc Quc gia thng ngun khai thc nc cc sng ngy
cng nhiu v c chiu hng bt li. V d: Trung Quc v
ang xy dng hn 10 h cha ln trn sng Mekong, sng
Nguyn; Lo v ang xy dng 35 cng trnh thu li- thy
in trong c 27 h cha trn sng nhnh v 8 p dng trn
sng chnh. Thi Lan, c 10 h cha va v ln v ang c
k hoch xy thm. Campuchia c d kin gi mc nc Bin
H vi mt cao trnh nht nh pht trin ti
I. Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc
vo loi trung bnh trn th gii c nhiu yu t
khng bn vng
- Nn ph rng ngy mt tng cao trng cph ( khi c
gi), ph rng ly g, ly ci, ly t lm nng ry kh
kim sot lm ngun nc v ma cn nhiu sng sui, kh
kit, v ma l lm tng tc xi mn t, tng tnh trm trng
ca l lt l cha k hu qu gy gim st ng k v a
dng sinh hc.
- nhim nc ngy mt trm trng do tc th ho, cng
nghip ho, hin i ho ngy mt tng nhanh trong khi nc
thi, rc thi cha c kim sot cht ch. l cha k
nhim do s dng ho cht bo v thc vt, phn bn ho hc
ngy mt tng kh kim sot, nhim nc do nc thi, cht
thi ca cc ao nui thu sn x trc tip khng qua x l vo
ngun nc.
II. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu.
1. Nhit khng kh c xu th ngy mt tng ln c khng
nh. Kch bn c th chp nhn l n nm 2070, cc vng
ven bin c kh nng tng thm +1,5oC, vng ni a +2,5oC.
Chng ko theo lng tng bc thot hi ln khong 7,7
8,4%, nhu cu nc ti tng ln, lng dng chy nc mt
s gim i tng ng khi lng ma khng i.
II. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu.
2. Bo. ElNino v LaNina lm tng thm tnh cc oan ca thi tit.
Hu qu lm tng thm tnh cc oan ca lng dng chy trong
nm trn cc dng sng.
Vo cc nm LaNina, s lng bo v ATN nh hng n thi tit
nc ta nhiu hn r rt so vi cc nm ElNino. Nu km theo nh
hng khng kh lnh th cc nm ny thng xy ra nhng trn lt ln
ko di, din rng.
Vo cc nm ElNino, s lng bo v ATN nh hng n nc ta t
song cng c nhng cn c cng rt mnh gy thit hi rt nghim
trng.
Ni chung Vit Nam bo c xu th ngy cng tng c cng ln
tn s. Tn sut bo b vo vng ven bin pha Bc v ven bin
Trung b c xu hng chuyn dch ln nhau theo tng thi k. Trong
nhng nm gn y bo c xu th b vo vng ven bin Min Trung
nhiu hn c bit l vng ven bin Cc Nam Trung B.
II. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu.
3. Hn. ElNino gn lin vi vic gy hn hn rt nng n nc ta.
Nhng nm c ElNino, lng ma v lng dng chy trong sng c
bit l trong ma cn thng b gim mnh, thm ch khng c dng
chy nh sng Lng Sng, S. Ly(Bnh Thun), sng LrongBuk
(Daklak), sng H Thanh (Bnh nh) Hn n ni ngay c sc vt
cng khng th sng c, ngi dn phi di chuyn chng n vng
khc. Hng chc ngn ha cy trng b cht do thiu nc.
4. Mn xm nhp su do mc nc bin dng ln trung bnh 20mm/nm
nh hng ln n vic cp nc v thot nc, suy thoi nc.
5. nhim nhim nc: do hn hn lng nc trong sng cn kit
khng kh nng pha long lm nc trong sng ngy cng b
nhim, suy thoi
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
1. Cc pht trin KTXH c lin quan n pht trin nh knh.
S pht trin dn s ko theo s pht trin din tch trng la v
sn lng thc.
Nm 2000 so vi nm 1900: Dn s Vit Nam tng gp 1,6 ln Fla
tng gp 2,56 ln, sn lng thc tng 8,2 ln.
Ph v trng rng. Nm 1943 che ph l 43%, n nay che
ph rng cn t khong 35% song cht lng rng b gim nng
n phn ln l rng th sinh, rng thoi ho, rng trng.
Xy dng h cha thu li, thu in trc nm 1994 c tng dung
tch khong 20 t m3 nc, tng dung tch hiu ch khong 16 t
m3.
S dng nng lng bng than, kh, qu trnh cng nghip, cht
thi pht thi kh nh knh mt t trng ng k.
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
2. Cc pht trin v s dng Ti nguyn nc thiu hp l,
thiu ng b.
a. Bt ca cc phn lu khai thc cc bi sng trong s
dng cho mc ch nng nghip. V d:
1) Nm 1900, bt ca sng C L l phn lu t nhin ca
sng Hng- sng C L tr thnh mt nhnh ca sng Cu-
sng cha nc ma, nc thi nhim cc cht hu c,
du m.
2) Nm 1937 bt sng y bng p y, sng y tr
thnh khc sng cht (t p y n Ba Th). Nm 1967,
bt ca y bng cng Vn Cc v Ca Ht khai thc
bng h t Vn Cc- p y. Hin nay sng y- sng
Nhu tr thnh con sng tiu nc thi, nc bn t cc
th ln H Ni, H Ty, ang ku cu.
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
b. Cc sng nh trong ni ca cc Thnh ph b nhim nng
do nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip.
1) Sui Phng Hong chy trong Thnh ph Thi Nguyn,
b nhim cht hu c nghim trng do nc thi ca nh
my sn xut Giy thi trc tip.
2) Cc sng T Lch, sng St, Kim Ngu chy trong ni
thnh H Ni b nhim rt nghim trng trc tip vo
sng Nhu.
3) Cc knh nhiu Lc- Th Ngh knh Tu H, knh Tn
Ho- L Gm, Knh Tham Lng, Knh i- T v cc knh
rch khc chy trong ni Thnh ph H Ch Minh trc
tip vo sng Si Gn gy nhim nghim trng.
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
c. Cc sng ni chung c th phn on nhim khi sng chy qua cc
khu th, khu cng nghip, lng ngh, hay hot ng nng nghip
d. Xy dng p dng s dng ht lng nc c bn to ra khc sng
kh di p.
1) Cc p dng thu li nh p Thch Nham trn sng Tr Khc,
p Li Giang trn sng i Giang, p ng Cam trn sng
Rng, p Nha Trinh- Lm Cm trn sng Ci Nha Trang 30 nm
trc y v ma kh vn c nc trn qua p. Vi chc nm gn
y do tng din tch ti, tng lng nc cp cho sinh hot,
cng nghip, mt khc do rng u ngun b ph nng n nn ma
kh l h lu ht nc c nm ko di vi ba thng nu khng c
ma- vng h lu cc p dng ny nhiu c dn sinh sng ven
sng v trn sng, tc ng ny l rt ng k.
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
2) Cc p dng thu in:
- To ra khc sng cht on gia h lu p v nh my. Tuy
dn c vng ny tha tht song i vi a dng sinh hc, h sinh
thi thu sinh, s tn tht khng th khng xt n.
- Do iu tit ngy m to ra na ngy h lu khng c nc
x. nh hng ny l ng k khng nhng n hot ng kinh t
x hi lin quan n ng thu m ngay c i vi cc hot ng
ca ng vt, thc vt c lin quan n nc.
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
e. Trong qui hoch, thit k cc h cha nc, trong mt thi gian
di khng quan tm n hoc quan tm khng y n dng
chy mi trng pha h lu p nn gy nhng khiu t ca
ngi dn, nhiu a phng khng ng c.
g. Khai thc nc qu mc, thiu qui hoch, k hoch ng b.
1) Khai thc nc ngm qu mc gy nhim trm trng
Daklak, Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun, i hi phi c bin
php b cp.
2) Theo qui hoch v ngun nc, n nm 2010 p ng
yu cu cp nc ti cho 5 tnh Ty Nguyn l 80.000 ha
cph. n nm 2000 ring tnh Daklak (c) trng c
260.000 ha cph. Hu qu l khng nc ti hng
chc ngn ha cph b cht.
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do
pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
h. Qun l ti nguyn nc b phn tn, tnh rng buc khng cht ch,
thiu thng nht nn xy ra tnh trng:
- Thiu nc nhn to do khng c qui trnh vn hnh h v ma
cn (nc sng Hng khng p ng yu cu mc nc cn thit
trong cc thng II, III hng nm).
- Thiu tp trung, thiu nghim lnh, nhiu c quan ban hnh
nhng khng c c quan no quyt nh. V d: Trn sng Krong
Ana on cu Giang Sn, Trm Thu vn Giang Sn c 3 qui nh
ca 3 B: B giao thng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B Nng
nghip v Pht trin Nng thn vi ba bin cm cng c 1 iu
cm: Cm ly ct trn on sng. Thc t khng c chp hnh:
Trc cu vn b xi, tu thuyn vn u kn khai thc ct gy xi l
b sng, lm sai lch s liu quan trc thu vn.
IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
1. Hn ch v gim thiu suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do bin i kh
hu ton cu.
a. Gim nh kh nh knh theo k hoch hnh ng ca Quc gia.
b. T 1994- 2020, xy dng thm khong hn 70 h cha Thu li,
Thu in c Vhi 10 triu m3 vi Vtb 50 t m3, Vhi 33 t m3,
trong c 46 h cha vi Vhi 400 triu m3.
c. Ci thin, nng cp v m rng cc h thng thot l, tiu ng.
1) Nng cp cc h thng c.
2) Qui hoch xy dng b sung h thng mi, c lp vi ti, cp
nc.
3) Thc hin nghim chnh cc Lut Ti nguyn nc, Bo v mi
trng, iubo m thot l, bo v b sng, chnh tr lng
sng, ca sng thng thot l
IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
d. Nng cp bin, ca sng.
e. Cng c bi trc sng m bo an ton vi mc nc
thit k qui nh.
g. Khai thc hp l t ai cha s dng.
h. Thc hin c ch sn xut sch.
2. Hn ch v gim thiu suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do Pht
trin, s dng Ti nguyn nc khng hp l.
a. Nng nghip: gim nhu cu nc.
1) Ti tit kim nc.
2) Gim tn tht nc:

IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
- Cng ho knh mng
- Nng cp cng trnh u mi
- Nng cao hiu qu qun l
Qun l theo nhu cu dng nc khng phi qun l theo kh
nng cng trnh.
To iu kin thun li cho s tham gia qun l ca x hi, cng
dn v cng ng.
Tng cng nng lc qun l.
3) Chuyn i c cu cy trng vt nui c nhu cu s dng nc thp.

IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
4) Phng chng nhim nc.
b. Cng nghip.
1) Nng cao hiu qu ti s dng nc.
2) Xy dng h thng x l nc thi.
3) Phng chng nhim ngun nc.
c. Du lch- Dch v- Sinh hot.
1) S dng nc tit kim chng lng ph.
2) Gim nhu cu nc mt cch hp l, ci tin thit b s dng
nc.
3) Phng chng nhim ngun nc.
IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
d. Khai thc s dng ngun nc i i vi bo v ngun nc, bo m
duy tr dng chy mi trng cho con sng kho mnh bo v v pht
trin h sinh thi thu sinh. Php l ho ni dung m bo dng chy
mi trng trong qui hoch, thit k vn hnh cc h cha nc thu
li, thu in v p dng. C k hoch bin php b cp nc ngm
nhng vng khai thc qu mc, phng chng hoang mc ho.
e. u t nghin cu kim k nh gi v qui hoch d bo di hn Ti
nguyn nc. D bo theo ma, nm v nhiu nm v ngun nc,
thin tai l lt, hn hn i km vi hin tng LaNina, ElNino c k
hoch s dng hp l v an ton ngun nc.
g. Qun l tng hp Ti nguyn nc. T chc Lu vc sng c c ch
qun l thch hp, hiu qu.
IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
h. Bo v mi trng nc, phng chng v gim thiu nhim nc,
thc hin ng cc Lut v cc vn bn di Lut c lin quan.
1) Hiu v thc hin y Lut Bo v mi trng, Lut Ti
nguyn nc, Lut iu, Chin lc quc gia v Ti nguyn
nc n nm 2020 v cc Ngh nh, Qui nh ca Chnh ph c
lin quan.
2) Thc hin ngi gy nhim phi tr ph.
3) To iu kin thun li cho x hi cng ng tham gia qun l v
bo v mi trng nc.
4) Ci to, ci thin khi phc c kim sot cc dng sng b
nhim, b t nh sng y, sng Nhu, sng Cu, sng Si Gn v
cc sng, knh ni .
IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
3. Hn ch v gim thiu suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do Qun
l, T chc v Lut php.
1) Nh nc sm ban hnh y ng b nhng vn bn
di Lut hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng v cc
Lut c lin quan n Ti nguyn nc.
2) Nh nc sm sa i Lut Ti nguyn nc cho ph
hp vi iu kin pht trin kinh t x hi hin nay ( bc l
mt s iu bt cp) v cc vn bn di Lut.

IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l
ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
3) Nh nc sm tp trung thng nht c quan qun l Ti nguyn nc
thng sut t Trung ng n a phng v sm thnh lp cc T
chc qun l lu vc sng thch hp vi nhim v chc nng r rng,
hot ng c hiu qu thc s do ngi trong lu vc sng t qun l
c s h tr ca Trung ng (ch khng phi ch dng li qun l qui
hoch, m thc cht qui hoch cha c. Lnh o qun l ch yu l
ngi ca Trung ng nn hot ng km hiu qu, hnh thc).
4) Nh nc nn c c ch, chnh sch ngi dn, cc t chc cng
ng tham gia thc s bo v Ti nguyn nc, bo v mi trng
nc, to iu kin cho ngi dn tham gia ngay t khi lp qui hoch
xy dng n khai thc s dng v bo v.
5) Nh nc sm ban hnh vn bn qui nh tng bc m bo dng
chy mi trng cho cc con sng con sng thc s c sng,
kho v lnh mnh lm c s cho pht trin bn vng Ti nguyn nc.
V. Kt lun
1. Suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do bin i kh hu v pht trin
kinh t x hi l r rng v ng k.
2. Tc ng ca bin i kh hu r rt nht l tng cao nhit
khng kh ko theo tng cao bc thot hi, tng cao nhu cu
s dng nc. N lm tng tn s v cng bo b vo
nc ta ng thi lm nc bin dng ln. Kt hp vi hin
tng ElNino- LaNina to nn nhng thin tai nh lt bo,
hn hn, l qut xm nhp mn ngy cng tng.
V. Kt lun
3. Tc ng ca pht trin kinh t x hi lm nhim nhng
on sng, thm ch c con sng (Ni ) hoc to ra nhng
con sng cht, khc sng cht.
4. Nhng bin php khc phc hay gim thiu ch c hiu qu khi
c thc hin ng b, thng nht hnh ng t trn xung
di v t di ln trn, t nng cao nhn thc, thc n
cc hot ng c th, tng vic lm c th.
CM N QU V CH LNG NGHE

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