Basic Hydraulic Principles 1 6/29/00

EQUATIONS FOR BASIC HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES

Lesson 1: Fluid Properties
Force = Mass (M) times acceleration (a) (Newtons Law)
or
Weight (pounds) = mass (slugs) times gravity (g in ft/sec
2
),
where acceleration, g = 32.2 ft/sec
2
Density (r) = Mass of fluid/unit volume, where r
water
= 1.94 slugs/ft
3
Unit weight (g) = weight of fluid/unit volume = rg
where g
water
= 62.4 pounds/ft
3
Dynamic viscosity of fluid (m, in or ) is defined by , where t is the shearing
stress in lbs/ft
2
, and the right-hand term is the rate of change of velocity in the fluid.
Kinematic viscosity (n, in ft
2
/sec) = m/r
Pressure (P) = unit weight of water (g
water
) times depth (y),
which says pressure increases linearly with depth.
Lesson 2: Forces on Submerged Objects
Force on a vertical rectangular gate:
, where D = depth, W = width (triangular pressure prism)
Force is always equal to volume of pressure prism, and acts through the centroid of the pressure
prism. Force is also equal to the pressure at the centroid of the gate area times the area of the
gate.
To calculate centroid of a complex shape:
, were F
R
is the resultant force
Lesson 3: Similitude and Dimensional Analysis
Reynolds Number, Re = Vlr/m (Velocity, length, density/viscosity)
Froude Number, where V = velocity, D = depth, g = gravity, 32.2 ft/sec
2
sec lb
ft
2
-------------
slug
sec ft
------------ t m
v
y
----- =
F
gWD
2
2
-------------- =
F
R
y
R
S F y ( ) or y
R
S F y ( )
F
R
------------------- = =
Fr
V
gD
----------- =
Basic Hydraulic Principles 2 6/29/00
Lesson 4: Ideal Energy Equation
Continuity Q = V
1
A
1
= V
2
A
2
Energy
Lesson 5: Velocity Profiles
t = g (D - y) sin q = g (D - y) S, where t = shear stress at any level in the fluid
Laminar Flow: velocity at depth y
unit discharge
average velocity of section
Turbulent Flow: (smooth bed)
(rough bed)
where , called the shear velocity or friction velocity
Also, from continuity eqn, Unit discharge, q = Q/W
Lesson 6: Energy Equation for Real Fluids
where and is called kinetic energy coefficient or Coriolis coefficient, where
v
i
= average velocity for subarea a
i
, and V is average velocity for total area A,
and h
l(1-2)
is the head loss between points 1 and 2
Lesson 7: Flow Resistance
Hydraulic radius, R = A/P, where A = flow area, P = wetted perimeter
Shear stress at bed, t
0
= gRS
f
(general) where S
f
= slope of energy grade line
or t
0
= gRS
o
(steady-uniform flow) where S
o
= bed slope
Shear Velocity,
V
1
2
2g
------ y
1
Z
1
+ +
V
2
2
2g
------ y
2
Z
2
+ + =
v
g
m
--- q Dy
y
2
2
-----


sin =
q
g
m
--- q
D
3
3
------ sin =
V
q
D
----
g
m
--- q
D
2
3
------ sin = =
v 5.75u
*
9yu
*
u
-----------


log =
v 5.75u
*
30y
k
---------


log =
u
*
t
0
r =
a
1
V
1
2
2g
------------ y
1
Z
1
+ +
a
1
V
2
2
2g
------------ y
2
Z
2
h
l 1 2 ( )
+ + + =
a
v
i
3
a
i
( )

V
3
A
--------------------- =
u
*
t
0
r gRS = =
Basic Hydraulic Principles 3 6/29/00
Mannings equation
or
Chezy equation , where
Darcy-Weisbach eqn
Lesson 8: Uniform Flow
Conveyance
Lesson 9: Flow in Channels with Variable Roughness
Total Discharge of channel with overbank flow (floodplain flow):
, where K
i
is the conveyance of subarea i
Lesson 10: Momentum
Conservation of Momentum
Lesson 11: Specific Energy
Specific Energy
At critical depth, Fr = 1, or , (assuming a = 1.0)
Lesson 14: Local Losses
Local loss , where k
expansion
= 0.0 to 1.0
k
contraction
= 0.0 to 0.5
V
1.49
n
----------R
2 3
S
f
=
Q
1.49
n
----------AR
2 3
S
f
K S
f
= =
V C RS
f
= C
1.49
n
----------R
1 6
=
V
8
f
--- gRS =
K
1.49
n
----------AR
2 3 Q
S
f
-------- = =
Q
T
Q
i
N

K
i
S
f
N

= =
a
S K
i
3
a
i
2
( )
K
T
3
A
2

------------------------
S K
i
3
a
i
2
( )
SK
i
( )
3
Sa
i
( )
2

------------------------------------
K
1
3
a
1
2
K
2
3
a
2
2
. . . K
N
3
a
N
2
+ + + ( )
K
1
K
2
. . . K
N
+ + + ( )
3
a
1
a
2
. . . a
N
+ + + ( )
2
------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = = =
SF Qr V2 V1 ( ) =
E
aV
2
2g
---------- D + =
V
c
2
2g
------
D
c
2
------ =
h
e
k
a
1
V
1
2
a
2
V
2
2

2g
---------------------------------- =
Basic Hydraulic Principles 4 6/29/00
Lesson 15: Water-Surface Profile Computations
Water-surface elevation at upstream section:
, where , and
Lesson 16: Rapidly Varied Flow at Constrictions
Mattais equation 1:
or
where Dh = (D
1
+ Z
1
) - (D
3
+ Z
3
), and
C = C k
F
k
f
k
r
where C is a function of the channel contraction ratio, m = (Q - q)/Q, and the bridge length to
width ratio, L/b, and all other coefficients can be determined from charts.
Lesson 18: Flow over Weirs
General equation:
where b = width normal to flow
C = discharge coefficient (different for each type of weir and flow conditions)
H = total upstream head
h
u
h
d
a
d
V
d
2
2g
------------
a
u
V
u
2
2g
------------ h
f
h
e
+ + + = h
f
S
f
L =
S
f
S
f
d
S
f
u
=
Q
A
3
a
3
1 k
e
+ ( )
----------------------------- 2g Dh
a
1
V
1
2
2g
------------ h
f 1 3 ( )
+



= Q CA
3
2g Dh
a
1
V
1
2
2g
------------ h
f 1 3 ( )
+



=
Q b C H
3 2
=