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  • Hiv and Aids: Viral Life Cycle

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    The viral lifecycle begins when the HIV envelope protein gp120 binds to CD4 receptors on the target cell surface, followed by binding of coreceptors CXCR4 or CCR5. The viral envelope protein gp41 then mediates fusion of the viral and cell membranes. The viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and integrated into the host cell genome by integrase. The integrated provirus can remain dormant until host cell activation, upon which viral proteins are expressed to assemble new virions that bud from the cell. During clinical latency, the virus replicates in lymphoid tissues while the immune system attempts to contain it, resulting in a gradual decline in CD4+ T cell counts and increase in viral

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    MicroCards Ex 18

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    The viral lifecycle begins when the HIV envelope protein gp120 binds to CD4 receptors on the target cell surface, followed by binding of coreceptors CXCR4 or CCR5. The viral envelope protein gp41 then mediates fusion of the viral and cell membranes. The viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and integrated into the host cell genome by integrase. The integrated provirus can remain dormant until host cell activation, upon which viral proteins are expressed to assemble new virions that bud from the cell. During clinical latency, the virus replicates in lymphoid tissues while the immune system attempts to contain it, resulting in a gradual decline in CD4+ T cell counts and increase in viral

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    12 views1 page

    Hiv and Aids: Viral Life Cycle

    Uploaded by

    ridin007
    The viral lifecycle begins when the HIV envelope protein gp120 binds to CD4 receptors on the target cell surface, followed by binding of coreceptors CXCR4 or CCR5. The viral envelope protein gp41 then mediates fusion of the viral and cell membranes. The viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and integrated into the host cell genome by integrase. The integrated provirus can remain dormant until host cell activation, upon which viral proteins are expressed to assemble new virions that bud from the cell. During clinical latency, the virus replicates in lymphoid tissues while the immune system attempts to contain it, resulting in a gradual decline in CD4+ T cell counts and increase in viral

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    of 1

    10

    VIRAL LIFE CYCLE:


    viral gp120 binds CD4 on cell surface viral gp120 conformational change altered viral
    gp120 binds coreceptor CXCR4 (for T cell infection only) or CCR5 (for T cell or macrophage
    infection) viral gp41 brought close to cell membrane viral gp41 mediates viruscell fusion
    viral genome uncoated reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA genome to dsDNA integrase
    inserts randomly several copies of dsDNA into host genome integrated provirus remains latent
    when host cell activated (e.g., via chemokines), provirus genes expressed:
    gag encodes polyprotein of virion core
    pol encodes polyprotein of reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
    env encodes envelope glycoproteins
    six other genes encode for regulators of gene expression
    viral protease cleaves polyproteins infectious particles assemble at cell membrane and bud off
    cell membrane
    COURSE OF CD4 T CELL COUNT AND VIREMIA:
    1 Infection Stage (frst months): acute viremia contained by vigorous host immune
    response mononucleosis-like symptoms equilibrium established between viral production
    and host containment
    Clinical Latency Stage (710 years): virus replicates, especially in lymphoid organs host
    responds to contain infection, mutations allow virus to evade no or low-level symptoms
    viral load gradually increases, CD4 count gradually drops
    CD4 cells depleted by various mechanisms, including:
    immune attack on infected cells by CTLs
    cell lysis from extensive viral budding
    syncytium formation between infected and uninfected cells (via gp120CD4 interactions)
    Advanced Disease (AIDS): CD4 T cell count, 200 cells/L common opportunistic
    infections/neoplasms causing death (see card 86 for more details)
    Lipid layer
    gp120 (env)
    gp41 (env)
    gp41 mediates viral-cell
    fusion and syncytia formation
    gp120 binds CD4,
    CXCR4, and CCR5 on
    T cells and macrophages
    p24 capsid (gag)
    p17 matrix (gag)
    Reverse
    transcriptase (pol)
    Integrase (pol)
    Protease (pol)
    RNA
    0
    0 3 6 9 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
    100
    200
    300
    400
    500
    600
    700
    800
    900
    1000
    1100
    1200
    Acute viremia,
    mononucleosis-like symptoms
    Weeks
    C
    D
    4

    T

    c
    e
    l
    l
    s
    /

    L
    V
    i
    r
    e
    m
    i
    a

    (
    H
    I
    V

    R
    N
    A

    c
    o
    p
    i
    e
    s
    /
    m
    L

    p
    l
    a
    s
    m
    a
    )
    Years
    Opportunistic
    diseases
    Death
    1 Infection Clinical Latency
    Advanced Disease
    (AIDS)
    10
    8
    10
    7
    10
    6
    10
    5
    10
    4
    10
    3
    10
    2
    HIV and AIDS
    001-010_Harpavat_ConceptCards.indd 10 7/10/11 1:15 AM

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