Frequency Distribution

An important method for summarizing

and organizing quantitative data is the
formation of a frequency distribution.
 Frequency Distribution

A frequency distribution is a tabular

arrangement of data in which various
items are arranged into classes and the
number of items falling in each class
(called class frequency) is stated. Data
presented in this form of frequency dist. Is
also called grouped data. Data which have
not been arranged in this form is called
raw data or ungrouped data.
Class Limits and Class Boundaries
Each class is described by two numbers.
These no. are called class limits; the
smaller no. is called the lower class limit
and the larger no. is upper class limit.
Class Limits and Class boundaries

Class limits are not always exactly what they

look like. The true limits of a class are
called class boundaries. The smaller value
is called lower class boundaries and larger
value is called upper class boundaries.
Class boundaries are not always halfway
the stated class limits. for discrete
variables, C.B.are the same as C.l.
 Open –end classes
Sometimes , frequency tables are formed in
which a class has either no lower class
limit or no upper class limit.Such a class is
open end class.
The Class Marks or Midpoints

That value which divides the data into two

equal parts.it is obtained by adding the lower
and upper class limits or class boundaries of
a class and dividing the resultant by 2
 Size of class interval

The size of class interval also called class

width or class length is the difference b/w the
upper class boundary and the lower class
boundary
 Formation Of Frequency
Distribution
• Determine the greatest and the smallest number in the raw
data and find range ,i.e., the difference b/w thr greatest and
the smallest value
• Decide the no. o classes
• Determine the approximate class interval size by dividing the
range by the desirable no. of classes
• Decide what should be the lower class limit
• Find the upper class limit by adding the class interval size
• Describe the values in the raw data into classe and determine
the no. of cases falling in each class i.e., class frequency