Ti liu k thut

Trang trc

L thuyt vin thng
1. H thng vin thng in t
2. Cng ngh chuyn mch
3. K thut truyn dn
4. ng dng in thoi

1. H thng vin thng in t
1.1. H thng vin thng in t ngy nay
1.2. Lch s pht trin cng ngh vin thng in t
2. Cng ngh chuyn mch
2.1. Khi qut chung
2.1.1. Nhu cu i vi h thng chuyn mch
2.1.2. Pht trin cng ngh chuyn mch
2.1.3. Cc chc nng ca h thng tng i
2.2. Chuyn mch cuc gi
2.2.1. Phn loi chuyn mch cuc gi
2.2.2. Chuyn mch PCM
2.2.3. Phng php thit lp mng chuyn mch kiu phn chia thi gian
2.3. Phng php iu khin
2.3.1. Phn loi phng php iu khin
2.3.2. Phng php iu khin c lp
2.3.3. Phng php iu khin chung
2.3.4. Phng php iu khin bng chng trnh c lu tr
2.4. Thit b ngoi vi
2.4.1. Khi qut chung
2.4.2. Thit b giao tip tng t
2.4.3. Thit b giao tip s
2.5. Mng li truyn thng cng cng
2.5.1. Mng li truyn thng v iu kin kt cu
2.5.2. Mng chuyn mch v in thoi
2.5.3. Mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn
2.5.4. Mng d liu chuyn mch gi
2.5.5. Phng php bo hiu
2.5.6. Mng li vin truyn thng tch hp
3. K thut truyn dn
3.1. Phn m u
3.1.1. Nguyn l
3.1.2. Lch s pht trin ca truyn dn
3.2. Truyn dn s v tng t
3.2.1. Tn hiu tng t
3.2.2. Thit k mch
3.2.3. Ghp knh phn cp
3.2.4. Ch truyn dn tng t
3.2.5. c im ca truyn dn s
3.2.6. H phn cp s
3.3. Cng ngh bo tn hiu PCM
3.3.1. Cu hnh c bn ca kiu truyn tin PCM
3.3.2. Ly mu
3.3.3. Lng t ho
3.3.4. Ch truyn dn tng t
3.3.5. c im ca truyn dn s
3.3.6. H phn cp s
3.4. Truyn dn chuyn tip
3.4.1. B lp ti to
3.4.2. M truyn dn
3.5. Ghp knh phn chia thi gian v cng ngh truyn dn ng b
3.5.1. Ghp knh nhm s cp
3.5.2. Cng ngh ghp knh cao cp
3.6. Truyn dn s ng b v ng b ho mng li
3.6.1. Cng ngh truyn dn s ng b
3.6.2. Kiu tn hiu phn cp s ng b
3.6.3. Phng php ghp knh phn cp ng b
3.6.4. Tiu chun ho phn cp s ng b
3.6.5. S ng b ho mng
3.7. S pht trin ca cng ngh truyn dn
3.7.1. H thng chuyn mch tng t v truyn dn s
3.7.2. Gii thiu h thng chuyn mch s v truyn dn s
3.7.3. Chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch tuyn v truyn dn s
3.8. Cng ngh truyn dn thu bao
3.8.1. Phn gii thiu
3.8.2. ng truyn dn
3.8.3. Kt ni u cui thu bao
3.8.4. Thit b ti thu bao
3.8.5. Nhng hn ch v s ho tuyn dy
3.8.6. Cu trc thu bao ca mng a dch v ISDN
3.8.7. Phng php truyn dn thu bao s
3.8.8. Xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh
4. ng dng in thoi
4.1. ATM ch truyn khng ng b
4.1.2. Gii thiu chung
4.1.3. Thut ng
4.1.4. ng lc


1. H thng vin thng in t
1.1 H thng vin thng in t ngy nay
Cng ngh vin thng in t tip tc tin b nhanh chng k t khi c pht minh h thng in
tn v in thoi n mc n cch mng ho cc phng tin thng tin truyn thng khong mt
th k trc y. Ngy nay, h thng vin thng in t c xem nh cc phng tin kinh t
nht c c trao i tin tc v cc s liu. Ngoi ra song song vi tng trng v x hi kinh
t, vic hnh thnh cc phng tin cn thit cho vin thng in t tr nn phc tp hn v c
khuynh hng k thut cao nhm p ng nhu cu ang tng v cc dch v c cht lng cao v
dch v vin thng tin tin hn; mc d vy cc thit b c th c hnh thnh theo cc cch khc
nhau v c cc mc phc tp khc nhau theo cc yu cu ca ngi s dng.
V c bn chng c m phng nh sau (din gii) :

Hnh 1.1. Cu to ca mng li vin thng.
a. Ngun thng tin: Con ngi hay my pht ra thng tin cn truyn i. Thng tin pht ra c
phn loi thnh ting ni, m, v hnh nh (k t, k hiu v hnh nh).
b. Thit b truyn: B phn hay thit b chuyn thng tin pht ra thnh cc tn hiu c
truyn i qua ng truyn dn.
c. ng truyn dn: Mt phng tin truyn cc tn hiu t thit b truyn n thit b nhn.
Cc loi cp ng trc, cp quang, khng gian, v cc hng sng c dng rng ri cho mc
ch ny. Cc tn hiu c gi i qua ng truyn b nhiu bi cc yu t nh ting n.
d. Thit b nhn: L mt b phn hay thit b dng bin i cc tn hiu nhn c thnh cc
tn hiu ban u.
e. Ngi s dng: L con ngi hay my nhn thng tin c phc hi t thit b nhn. H
thng vin thng in t c s dng ph bin nht l h thng thng tin in thoi trong
con ngi l ngun thng tin cng li l ngi s dng, cn my in thoi dng lm thit b
truyn thit b nhn. Hin nay loi my (bng) dch v thng bo thng tin trong my hot
ng nh ngun thng tin v con ngi nh l ngi s dng c nh cu cao. Ngoi ra, vic
giao tip gia my vi my nh vic trao i s liu hin cng ang hot ng. Nh trnh by
hnh 1.2, cc qu trnh trao i c tin hnh thng qua giao din gia ngi vi my, v gia
my vi my, nh trong trng hp cc phng php thng thng, s tr nn ngy cng
thng dng hn.

Hnh 1.2. Truyn, nhn thng tin
Xu th pht trin cc mng li vin thng hin nay c m t ngn gn phn sau. Trc ht, l
gii thch v vic a dng ho cc dch v vin thng v cc phng tin.
Cng vi cc dch v vin thng in t thng dng da trn c s cc h thng in thoi v in
tn hot ng mt cch c lp thng qua vic s dng mng li thu bao in thoi, mng li
chuyn mch r-le in tn, v mng li thu bao in tn, mt s cc phng tin c phc tp
cao v rt mnh cng tng ln nh cc cc phng tin truyn s liu v hnh nh truyn thng
tin cc loi v cho php thc hin cc dch v phi in thoi ang c lp t v vn hnh, ang
cch mng ho cuc sng ca chng ta.
Dch v phi in thoi c a ra hin nay yu cu cc thit b v phng tin vin thng tin tin
v chuyn mn ho cao .Thc t ny cng tr nn r rng hn khi chng ta kim tra cc loi tn
s hin ang dng; khng ging nh cc phng tin ph thng ch yu cu cc dng tn hiu 4
KHz cho cc loi dch v, cc di tn 1-4 MHz, 12-240 KHz, v 12-240 KHz ang c s dng,
mt cch tng ng cho Video, cc s liu tc va v cao, truyn fax p ng cc c tnh
dch v ca chng; ng thi khi cung cp mt dch v, cc tn s khc nhau c th c s dng
c kt qu ti u. Theo , vic thit lp nhiu mng li vin thng khc nhau, s dng cc di
tn khc nhau v cc dch v khc nhau l iu khng thc t v khng kinh t. Do vy mt nhu cu
cp bch l pht trin cng ngh cc mng li vin thng vi dung lng c th giao tip vi
nhau, c kh nng x l cc loi dch v khc nhau c th a ra s dng trong tng lai gn.
Vi mc ch ny, cc nh nghin cu v k s tham gia vo lnh vc ny ang c gng kt hp
cc mng li vin thng hin nay mt cch c h thng v c hiu qu.
Th nh, xu hng gn y c c im l tng nhu cu i vi mng li s. T khi pht hin ra
cc nguyn l v in thoi t vic chuyn nng lng m thanh thnh nng lng in truyn
i ting ni cho n khi pht sinh ra phng php truyn bng ghp knh in thoi, cc dch v
in thoi a ra s dng cc h thng chuyn mch phn chia khng gian thng qua cc ng
truyn tng t. iu ny cng da vo cng ngh tng t. Vo u nhng nm 1960, phng
php PCM-24 c thng mi ho mt cch thnh cng v vy chng minh rng phng php
truyn dn s l kinh t hn nhiu so vi phng php truyn dn tng t. k t , cc h thng
tng i s s dng h thng truyn dn s c lp t v vn hnh mt cch rng ri.
Nhng u im ca cc mng li vin thng s l: Khi s dng h thng tng i tng t v
ng truyn dn s, b m ho v b gii m c s dng cho cc dch v thoi bin i cc
tn hiu ngc li thnh ting ni ti thi im chuyn mch; Khi s dng h thng s v ng
truyn dn s, ch cn c mt thit b u cui vi kh nng thc hin chc nng n gin v cc tn
hiu s dc u ni mc ghp knh. Mt u im khc ca vic s dng h tng i s l n
lm tng cht lng truyn dn. Trong mng li in thoi s, cc tn hin c m ho ti
tng i ch gi c gii m, sau c m ho ti tng i trung chuyn v cui cng c
gi n tng i b gi.
Theo , bng cch s dng phng php ny, c th trnh c vic tng lng ting n pht ra
khi chuyn cc tn hiu tng t thnh cc tn hiu s. Ngoi ra, do ng truyn dn s tri qua t
thay i v mc hn l ng truyn dn tng t, hin tng mt ng truyn s c th t nh
hn. thc hin mc ch ny, nu s dng mt ng truyn s gia hai tng i, th s mt
ng truyn c th c gim bt t 10 dB xung cn 6dB. ng thi, trong mng in thoi s,
i vi mt ng in thoi, 64 kbps c dng nh tc bt c s; cc s liu, fax, v thng tin
video c tc nh hn mc bt ny c th c gi i mt cch tng i d dng hn thng qua
mng in thoi s. Nh trnh by, cc thit b c th c chia s theo cc yu cu dch v v
v th c th c s dng mt cch linh hot ng dng cho cc loi dch v hin ang tn ti
cng nh cc dch v mi.

Hnh 1.3. Tin trnh trong s ho
Cc nh nghin cu v k s cc nc tin tin ang c gng pht trin loi mng truyn thng
s ny. Tin b thc hin c trong cng ngh s c gii thch s dng m hnh Hnh 1.3.
Mt ng truyn s dc s dng gia hai tng i trong mng li s tch hp c m phng
trong s . ng thi mng ISDN (mng a dch v s) cng c pht trin trong cc dch v
tch hp c cung cp vi cc thit b u cui c s ho. Ngoi ra, do cc loi dch v vin
thng c a ra ngy cng tr nn phong ph, mt phm vi rng ln cc loi thit b u cui,
mt trong 3 phn quan trng mng li vin thng, ch yu l, cc thit b u cui, ng truyn
dn v cc thit b tng i, hin nay c s dng rng ri. Hu ht cc thit b u cui cng
cng hin nay u c thit k vn hnh cng d dng cng tt, tuy nhin mt s cc thit b
u cui ny gi l cc thit b u cui tch hp, c trang b vi cc tnh nng tin tin dng cho
cc dch v c bit. T , vic s dng truyn thng s tr nn a dng ho hn, v vic c gng
pht trin cng ngh ph hp cho cc mc ch cng s c thc hin
1.2 Lch s pht trin cng ngh vin thng in t
Trong sut lch s ca loi ngi, vic pht minh ra ngn ng l cuc cch mng truyn thng ln
nht u tin. Sau t lu con ngi pht sinh ra tn hiu bng la c kh nng truyn t cc
thng tin c hiu qu v nhanh chng ti cc vng xa. Cu truyn lch s cho thy vo khong nm
1000 trc cng nguyn, cc i qun Hy Lp s dng phng php ny thng bo cc chin
thng ca h cho cc cng dn ang nng lng ca Hy Lp. Trong mt thi gian di, phng php
ny c s dng mt cch rng ri p ng cc nhu cu v truyn thng. Mt cuc cch
mng thng tin khc na ln hn xy ta khi con ngi bit c lm th no ghi li ngh v
t tng ca mnh bng cch dng cch dng cc ch vit. Vi kh nng ny, con ngi c kh
nng truyn thng tin m khng b gii hn bi thi gian v khng gian. ng thi, vic pht minh
ny a ta cc dch v a th v thng bo. Hong R-ma c th truyn i thng tin cn
thit n cc vng xa n 160 km cch xa thnh Rm trong mt ngy bng h thng (mng li)
ng b h xy dng nn trong ton quc. Vic pht minh ta cng ngh in thc y hn
na vic pht trin cc phng tin truyn tin v cho con ngi c kh nng thng tin vi nhiu
ngi hn v vi cc khu vc cch xa nhau.
T cui th k 18 n th k 19, cng ngh pht thanh v truyn thng bng in c pht
trin v bt u c dng rng khp. i pht thanh v truyn hnh c pht minh v thi gian
ny lm thay i th gii chng ta rt nhiu. Trong phn tip theo, cc pht minh ln khc v
nhng pht hin lin quan n cng ngh thng tin in t xy ra trong sut 160 nm qua cng
nh xu hng pht trin ca chng tng lai c tho lun mt cch ngn gn. Nm 1820,
Georgo Ohm a ta cng thc phng trnh ton hc gii thch cc tn hiu in chy qua
mt dy dn rt thnh cng. V nm 1830, Michall Faraday tm ta nh lut dn in t trng.
Nm 1850, i s Boolean ca George Boolers to ta nn mng cho lgc hc v pht trin cc
r-le in. Chnh vo khong thi gian ny khi cc ng cp u tin xuyn qua i Ty Dng
nh in tn c lp t. James Clerk Maxwell a ra hc thuyt in t trng bng cc
cng thc ton hc nm 1870. Cn c vo hc thuyt ny, Henrich Hertz truyn i v nhn c
sng v tuyn thnh cng bng cch dng in trng ln u tin trong lch s. Tng i in
thoi u tin c thit lp u tin nm 1876 ngay sau khi Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra
in thoi. 5 nm sau, Bell bt u dch v gi in thoi ng di gia New York v Chicago v
Guglieno Mareconi ca Italia lp t mt trm pht sng v tuyn pht cc tn hin in tn.
Trong th k 21 vic pht trin v p dng c tnh thc t v cng ngh lin quan ang tip tc pht
trin nhanh chng v trong qu trnh , cch mng ho th gii chng ta. Nm 1900, Einstein, mt
nh vt l ni ting v hc thuyt tng i, vit rt nhiu ti liu quan trng v vt l cht rn,
thng k hc, in t trng, v c hc lng t. Vo khong thi gian ny phng th nghim Bell
ca M pht minh v sng ch ra ng phng in cc cho cc knh thin vn xoay c v Le
de Forest tr thnh ngi khi xng trong lnh vc vi mch in t thng qua pht minh ca ng
ta v mt ng chn khng ba cc. Vic ny c tip theo bng pht minh mt h thng tng i
tng t t ng c kh nng hot ng khng cn c bng chuyn mch. Nm 1910, Erwin
Schrodinger thit lp nn tng cho c hc lng t thng qua cng b ca ng ta v cn bng
sng gii thch cu to nguyn t v cc c im ca nguyn t v R.H Goddard ch to
thnh cng tn la bay bng phn lc cht lng, v my t-l-tp c pht minh. ng thi, vo
khong thi gian ny, pht thanh cng cng c bt u bng cch pht sng. Nm 1920, Ha rold
S. Black ca phng th nghim nghin cu Bell pht minh ra mt my khuch i phn hi m
bn m ngy nay vn cn dng trong lnh vc vin thng v cng ngh my in ton. V.K.
Zworykin ca RCA, M pht minh ra n hnh bng in cho v tuyn truyn hnh, v cc cp
ng trc, phng tin truyn dn c hiu qu hn cc loi dy ng bnh thng, c sn
xut. Nm 1939, dch v pht sng truyn hnh thng xuyn c bt u ln u tin trong lch
s v nm 1930, Claude Schannon ca phng th nghim Bell, bng cch s dng cc cng thc
ton hc tin tin thnh cng trong vic t ra hc thuyt thng tin dng xc nh lng thng
tin ti a m mt h thng vin thng c th x l vo mt thi im nh. Hc thuyt ny
c pht trin thnh hc thuyt truyn thng s. ng thi, ra-a c pht minh trong thi k
ny. Nm 1940, phng th nghim Bell t nn mng cho cc cht bn dn c tch hp cao
ngy nay qua vic pht minh ra n ba cc v Howard Aiken ca i hc Harvrd, cng cng tc vi
IBM, thnh cng trong vic lp t mt my in u tin c kch thc l 50feet v 8feet. Sau
t lu, J. Presper Ecker v John W. Mauchly ca i hc Pennsylvania ln u tin pht trin
my in ton phn tch gi l ENIAC. Von Neuman da vo my ny, pht trin thnh cng
sau my in ton c lu gi chng trnh. PCBs c a ra vo nhng nm 50, lm cho
vic tch hp cc mch in t c th thc hin c. Cng trong nm , RCA phng thnh
cng v tinh nhn to vo khng trung v la-re dng cho truyn thng quang hc c pht
minh. Vo nhng nm 60, cc loi LSIs, cc my in ton mini c b nh kiu bong bng, cp
quang, v my phn chia thi gian c pht trin v thng mi ho mt cch thnh cng vo cc
nm 70, cc loi CATVs hai hng, a Video, my in ton ho, truyn nh qua v tinh, v cc
h thng tng i in t ho ton b c a ra
2. Cng ngh chuyn mch
2.1 Khi qut chung
2.1.1 Nhu cu i vi h thng chuyn mch
My in tn c Samuel F.B Morse pht minh nm 1837, ln u tin trong lch s, cc tn hiu
in c s dng truyn tin; cc s liu c m ho c dng nh mt phng tin
truyn dn. Vic truyn ting ni tr thnh c th thc hin c khi Alexander Graham Bell pht
minh ra in thoi nm 1876. Ni chung, vic truyn thng tin cp n qu trnh chuyn thng tin
t ngi pht thng tin n ngi s dng. Thng tin c xc nh l cc t tng v cc s liu
cn thit cho ngi s dng. ng thi, mt s phng tin truyn tin c s dng trong sut
lch s loi ngi. Loi tn hiu la c dng rng khp trong qu kh l mt v d in hnh.
Tuy nhin, v nhu cu v cc dch v truyn thng cht lng cao v ng tin cy cng tng ln, con
ngi bt u dng in thay cho la lm phng tin truyn thng quan trng nht. Trong
tng lai gn, ngi ta d nh l nh sng s thay th in lm phng tin chnh. H thng
truyn thng cp n mt s thit b hay cc b phn s dng cho php ngi cp tin chuyn
thng tin cho ngi s dng; cc b phn ny hay thit b c phn loi thnh cc h thng truyn
tin phn tn v h thng truyn thng tng i nh ghi Hnh 2.1. Trong trng hp u, ngi
cp tin ch cp thng tin trong ngi s dng ch nhn c thng tin truyn i. Mt trong cc v
d r rng cho cc loi ny bao gm c i pht thanh v v tuyn truyn hnh.
H truyn thng
H truyn thng phn tn
i v v tuyn, truyn hnh v.v.
H truyn thng tng i
Mng li truyn thng in thoi v.v.
Hnh 2.1. Phn loi cc h thng truyn thng.
Trong h truyn thng tng i, ngi cp thng tin v dng thng tin cha c xc nh v h
thng s dng c kh nng cung cp v s dng thng tin vo cng mt thi gian. V d cho vic
ny l h thng truyn thng in thoi. H truyn thng tng i cp n qu trnh chn la
chn nhng ngi ang cch xa nhau hoc gia cc my t cch bit nhau v sau giao tip
vi nhau bng ting ni hoc bng cc s liu. phn tch mt cch c hiu qu, th cc iu kin
sau y phi c p ng.
Trc ht, chn mt bn nhn thng tin v sau chn ng giao tip, mt h tng i c
dng cho mc ch ny. Cc loi h tng i hin c th c truyn tin bao gm cc h tng i
in t ch yu dng cho cc dch v in thoi v cc h chuyn mch s liu dng truyn s
liu.
Th hai, cc h truyn dn c dng truyn thng tin cc mc cht lng c th chp nhn
c khng k n khong cch cn phi c m bo. Hin nay cc h thng truyn dn bng
dy nh cc loi cp cn bng, cp ng trc, si quang v cc h thng truyn dn khng dy (v
tuyn) s dng cc sng cc ngn ang c dng rng ri.
Th ba, cc mng li truyn tin phi c thit lp c xem xt n vic b tr h tng i v
ng truyn dn, cht lng giao din tng th, v duy tr cht lng truyn dn, ngoi ra, mng
li tuyn c lp ra, phn phi s mt ng truyn, k hoch nh s, cc vn lin quan
n tnh cc phi c thit k theo nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Cc h thng truyn thng tng
i tip tc c nng cp mt cch nhanh chng k t khi pht minh ra h thng in thoi
cch y gn 100 nm. V c bn, tt c cc h thng u cn my in thoi chuyn cc tn
hiu ting ni thnh tn hiu in v ngc li cng nh cc h truyn dn truyn cc tn hiu
in. Mt mng li truyn tin c th c xy dng bng cch ni trc tip cc thu bao cung cp
v nhn thng tin qua mng li khi s lng thu bao ny cha phi nhiu qu. V d, c minh
ho (a) ca hnh 2.2, 8C2=28 ng l cn thit trong trng hp ch c 8 thu bao c
ng k trong h thng. Tuy nhin, khi s dng h tng i vi chc nng giao tip gia cc thu
bao nh trnh by (b) hnh 2.2 s cc ng in thoi cn thit phi bng vi s thu bao
ng k trong h thng. Nh trnh by, iu quan trng thit lp cc mng li thng tin mt
cch kinh t v c hiu qu.

Hnh 2.2. Cc phng php ca mng chuyn mch cho 8 thu bao
2.1.2 Pht trin cng ngh chuyn mch
H tng i dng nhn cng gi l loi dng in t c xy dng New Haven ca M nm
1878 l tng i thng mi thnh cng u tin trn th gii. p ng yu cu ngy cng tng
v cc dch v in thoi mt cch tho ng v kt ni nhanh cn cuc ni chuyn v v mc
ch an ton cho cc cuc gi, h tng i t ng khng cn c nhn cng c A.B Strowger ca
M pht minh 1889. Version ci tin ca m hnh ny, gi l h tng i kiu Strowger tr thnh ph
bin vo cc nm 20. Trong h tng i Strowger, cc cuc gi c kt ni lin tip tu theo cc
s in thoi trong h thp phn v do c gi l h thng gi theo tng bc. EMD
(Edelmatall-Drehwahler) do cng ty Siemens ca c pht trin cng thuc loi ny; h thng ny
cn c gi l h tng i c v cc chuyn mch ca n c vn hnh theo nguyn tc c in.
Do i chin th gii th II bng n, s c gng lp nn cc h tng i mi b tm thi nh ch.
Sau chin tranh, nhu cu v cc h tng i c kh nng x l cc cuc gi ng di t ng v
nhanh chng tng ln. Pht trin loi h tng i ny yu cu phi c s tip cn mi hon ton
bi v cn phi gii quyt cc vn phc tp v tnh cc v vic truyn cuc gi ti sinh yu cu
phi c x l nhiu khu. Ericsson ca Thu in c kh nng x l vn ny bng cch pht
trin thnh cng h tng i c cc thanh che (Cross bar). H tng i c cc thanh cho c
c im ho bi vic tch hon ton vic chuyn mch cuc go v cc mch iu khin c
pht trin ng thi M. i vi mch chuyn mch cho, loi thanh cho kiu m /ng c s
dng; bng cch s dng loi chuyn mch ny c mt b phn m/ng vi im tip xc c
gip vng, cc c tnh ca cuc gi c ci tin rt nhiu. Hn na, mt h iu khin chung
iu khin mt s cc chuyn mch vo cng mt thi im c s dng. l cc xung quay s
c dn li vo cc mch nh v sau c xc nh kt hp trn c s ca cc s quay
c ghi li la chn mch ti sinh.
Nm 1965, Mt h tng i in t thng mi c dung lng ln gi l h ESS s 1 c thng
mi ho thnh cng M do vy m ra mt k nguyn mi cho cc h tng i in t. Khng
ging vi cc h tng i thng thng s dng cc chuyn mch c, h thng ESS s 1 l h tng
i s dng cc mch in t. Vic nghin cu loi h tng i ny c khi u t u nhng
nm 40 v c xc tin nhanh sau khi c pht minh ra n ba cc vo nhng nm 50. H tng i
in t mi c pht trin khc v c bn vi cc h thng thng im l trong khi h sau ny
s dng mch iu khin chuyn mch dng cc l-gc kiu dy th h trc y dng cc thao tc
logic bng cc phng tin phn mm lp t trong h thng. Ngoi ra, h tng i in t mi
trin khai to c s iu khin mt cch linh hot bng cch thay th phn mm cho php ngi
s dng c dch v mi. ng thi, vn hnh v bo dng tt hn, tng i ny c trang b
chc nng r chn on. Tm quan trng vic trao i thng tin v s liu mt cch kp thi v c
hiu qu ang tr nn quan trng hn khi x hi tin n th k 21. p ng y mt phm vi
rng cc nhu cu ca con ngi sng trong giai on u ca k nguyn thng tin, cc dch v mi
nh dch v truyn s liu, dch v truyn hnh bao gm c dch v in thoi truyn hnh, cc dch
v truyn thng di ng ang c pht trin v thc hin. Nhm thc hin c hiu qu cc dch v
ny, IDN (mng li s tch hp) c kh nng kt hp cng ngh chuyn mch v truyn dn thng
qua qui trnh s l s l mt iu kin tin quyt. Ngoi ra, vic iu ch xung m (PCM) c dng
trong cc h thng truyn dn c p dng cho cc h thng chuyn mch thc hin vic
chuyn mch s. Da vo cng ngh PCM ny, mt mng a dch v s (ISDN) c th x l nhiu
lung vi cc dch v khc nhau ang c pht trin hin nay.
2.1.3 Cc chc nng ca h thng tng i
Mc d cc h thng tng i c nng cp rt nhiu t khi n c pht minh ra, cc chc
nng c bn ca n nh xc nh cc cuc gi ca thu bao, kt ni vi thu bao b gi v sau
tin hnh vic phc hi li khi cc cuc gi hon thnh, hu nh vn nh c. H tng i dng
nhn cng tin hnh cc qu trnh ny bng tay trong khi h tng di t ng tin hnh cc vic ny
bng cc thit b in.
Trong trng hp u, khi mt thu bao gi i mt tn hiu thoi ti mt tng i, nhn vin cm
nt tr li ca ng dy b gi vo cm ca dy ch gi thit lp cuc gi vi pha bn kia.
Khi cuc gi hon thnh, ngi vn hnh rt dy ni ra v qa n v trng thi ban u. H tng
i nhn cng c phn loi thnh lloi in t v h dng c-qui chung. i vi loi dng in t,
th thu bao lp thm cho mi c-qui mt ngun cp in. Cc tn hiu gi v tn hiu hon thnh
cuc gi c gi n ngi thao tc vin bng cch s dng t trng. i vi h dng c qui
chung, ngun in c cung cp chung v cc tn hiu gi v tn hiu hon thnh cuc gi c
n gin chuyn n ngi thao tc vin thng qua cc n. i vi h tng i t ng, cc cuc
gi c pht ra v hon thnh thng qua cc bc sau:
1) Nhn dng thu bao ch gi: Xc nh khi thu bao nhc ng nghe v sau cuc gi c ni
vi mch iu khin.
2) Tip nhn s c quay: Khi c ni vi mch iu khin, thu bao ch gi bt u nghe
thy tn hiu mi quay s v sau chuyn s in thoi ca thu bao b gi. h tng i thc hin
cc chc nng ny.
3) Kt ni cuc gi: Khi cc s quay c ghi li, thu bao b gi c xc nh, th h tng i
s chn mt b cc ng trung k n tng i ca thu bao b gi v sau chn mt ng ri
trong s . Khi thu bao b gi nm trong tng i ni ht, th mt ng gi ni ht c s dng.
4) Chuyn thng tin iu khin: Khi c ni n tng i ca thu bao b gi hay tng i trung
chuyn, c hai tng i trao i vi nhau cc thng tin cn thit nh s thu bao b gi.
5) Kt ni trung chuyn: Trong trng hp tng i c ni n l tng i trung chuyn, mc 3)
v 4) trn y c nhc li ni vi trm cui v sau thng tin nh s thu bao b gi c
truyn i.
6) Kt ni ti trm cui: Khi trm cui c nh gi l trm ni ht da trn s ca thu bao b gi
c truyn i, th b iu khin trng thi my bn ca thu bao b gi c tin hnh. Nu my
khng trng thi bn, th mt ng ni c ni vi cc ng trung k c chn kt ni
cuc gi.
7) Truyn tn hiu chung: kt ni cuc gi tn hiu chung c truyn v ch cho n khi c
tr li t thu bao b gi. Khi tr li, tn hiu chung b ngt v trng thi c chuyn thnh trng
thi my bn.
8) Tnh cc: Tng i ch gi xc nh cu tr li ca thu bao b gi v nu cn thit, bt u tnh
ton gi tr cc phi tr theo khong cch gi v theo thi gian gi.
9) Truyn tn hiu bo bn: Khi tt c cc ng trung k u b chim theo cc bc trn y
hoc thu bao b gi bn, th tn hiu bn c truyn n cho thu bao ch gi.
10) Hi phc h thng: Trng thi ny c xc nh khi cuc gi kt thc. Sau , tt c cc
ng ni u c gii phng.
Nh vy, cc bc c bn do h thng tng i tin hnh x l cc cuc gi dc trnh by
ngn gn. Trong h thng tng i in t, nhiu c tnh dch v mi c thm vo cng vi cc
chc nng trn. Nhng iu ny s c bn thm sau ny.
Cc im c bn sau y phi c xem xt khi thit k cc chc nng ny.
1) Tiu chun truyn dn: mc ch u tin ca vic u ni in thoi l truyn ting ni v theo
l mt ch tiu ca vic truyn dn p ng cht lng gi phi c xc nh bng cch xem
xt s mt mt khi truyn, rng di tn s truyn dn, v tp m.
2) Tiu chun kt ni: iu ny lin quan n vn duy tr dch v u ni cho cc thu bao. Ngha
l, l ch tiu v cc yu cu i vi cc thit b tng i v s cc ng truyn dn nhm bo
m cht lng kt ni tt. Nhm mc ch ny, mt nng li tuyn linh hot c kh nng x l
ng thng c hiu qu vi t l cuc gi b mt t nht phi c lp ra.
3) tin cy: cc thao tc iu khin phi c tin hnh ph hp, c bit cc li xut hin trong
h thng vi cc chc nng iu khin tp trung c th gp phi hu qu nghim trng trong thao
tc h thng. Theo , h thng phi c c chc nng sa cha v bo dng hu hiu bao
gm vic chn on li, tm v sa cha.
4) linh hot: s lng cc cuc gi c th x l thng qua cc h thng tng i tng ln rt
nhiu v nhu cu nng cp cc chc nng hin nay tng ln. Do , h thng phi linh hot
m rng v sa i c.
5) Tnh kinh t: Do cc h tng i in thoi l c s cho vic truyn thng i chng, chng phi
c hiu qu v chi ph v c kh nng cung cp cc dch v thoi cht lng cao. Cn c vo cc
xem xt trn y, mt s loi tng i t ng c trin khai v lp t k t khi n c a
vo ln u tin.
2.2 Chuyn mch cuc gi
2.2.1 Phn loi chuyn mch cuc gi
C nhiu loi chuyn mch cuc gi bao gm cc chuyn mch loi c in v in t c s
dng trong cc tng i. Chng c th c phn loi rng ln thnh cc loi chuyn mch phn
chia khng gian v cc loi chuyn mch ghp.

Hnh 2.4. Chuyn mch xoay kiu ng.
A. Loi chuyn mch phn chia khng gian
Cc chuyn mch phn chia khng gian thc hin vic chuyn mch bng cch m/ng cc cng
in t hoc cc im tip xc c b tr theo cch qung nhau nh cc chuyn mch xoay v
cc chuyn mch c thanh cho. Loi chuyn mch ny c cu to bi cc b phn sau:
1) Chuyn mch c kiu chuyn ng truyn
1. Chuyn mch c kiu m/ng
2. Chuyn mch c kiu r-le in t
3. Chuyn mch in t kiu chia khng gian
Nh c trnh by hnh 2.3 v 2.4, loi chuyn mch c kiu chuyn ng truyn l loi chuyn
mch thc hin vic vn hnh c tng t nh chuyn mch xoay. Chuyn mch la chn dy ri
trong qu trnh dn truyn v tin hnh chc nng iu khin mc nht nh. Do tnh n gin
ca n, n c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng tng i t ng u tin pht trin. Tuy
nhin, do tc thc hin chm, s mn cc im tip xc, v thay i cc hng mc tip xc gy
ra do vic rung ng c hc, ngy nay n t c s dng. Loi chuyn mch c kiu m/ng
c pht trin ci tin yu im ca cng tc c kiu chuyn ng truyn bng cch n gin
ho thao tc c hc thnh thao tc m/ng. Loi chuyn mch ny khng c chc nng iu khin
la chn v c thc hin theo gi thuyt l mch gi v mch iu khin l hon ton tch ring
nhau. Nh vy, vi kh nng cung cp iu khin linh hot, n c dng rng ri hin nay v
c coi l chuyn mch tiu chun, v loi c s dng nhiu nht l loi chuyn mch thanh
cho.
Chuyn mch kiu r-le in t l loi chuyn mch c r-le in t mi im ct ca chuyn
mch loi thanh cho. i vi chuyn mch c loi m/ng c m t trn y, th thao tc
m/ng c thc hin nh vic nh im ct thng qua thao tc c hc theo chiu ng/chiu
ngang trong khi chuyn mch kiu r-le in t, th im ct c th c la chn theo hng ca
lung in trong cun dy ca r-le.
V vy v nguyn tc cc thao tc c hc cng nh vic m/ng ca cc im tp xc th c
tin hnh nhanh chng hn.
Chuyn mch in t hiu phn chia khng gian c mt cng in t mi im ct ca chuyn
mch c thanh ct cho. N c nhng bt li sau y so vi loi chuyn mch im tip xc; khng
tng thch vi phng php c do c s khc nhau v mc tn hiu hoc chi ph v cc c
im thoi kh xu bao gm c hin tng mt cuc gi v xuyn m.
Theo , tr trng hp c bit, n cha lc s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, do cc mch in t
nh cc ICs hay cc LSIs tr nn tch hp hn, d kin chng c s dng nhiu hn trong
tng lai gn y.
B. Chuyn mch ghp
Cc loi chuyn mch ghp c vn hnh trn c s cng ngh truyn ti tp trung c s dng
rng ri trong h thng truyn dn. Cc chuyn mch ny c cng chung mt cng c hiu qu
v kinh r cao hn. C cc loi chuyn mch ghp phn chia thi gian ghp cc cuc gi da
vo thi gian v chuyn mch ghp phn chia tn s ghp cc cuc gi trn c s tn s.
Nguyn l s dng cho loi chuyn mch phn chia thi gian l n tch nhp thng tin c pha
nh bng cch s dng ma trn nhp c pha thay i trong khi nguyn l dng cho phng php
phn chia tn s l tch cc tn hiu c cc tn s cn thit bng cch s dng b lc c th thay
i. Phng php chia tn s c bit l c cc vn k thut nh l vic pht sinh cc loi tn
s khc nhau v vic cung cp v ngt cc tn s ny cng nh b lc c th thay i. ng thi n
khng kinh t. Theo , phng php ny c nghin cu rng ri trong thi k u ca s pht
trin h thng tng i in t nhng cha c vo s dng cho h tng i phn ti. Mt khc,
phng php phn chia thi gian c ngh vo thi k u pht trin h tng i in t v n
ang c nghin cu tip ngy nay. Phng php iu ch ny c phn loi thm thnh iu
ch theo bin xung (PAM) tin hnh bng chuyn mch PAM v iu ch xung m c thc
hin nh chuyn mch PCM. Mi chuyn mch c phn loi thm nh sau.

Hnh 2.5. Phn loi chuyn mch ghp.
mt nhiu thi gian pht trin thnh cng chuyn mch PAM. Khi c a ra, do thit k
n gin ca n, chuyn mch PAM c s dng cho h tng i c dung lng loi va. V d
c th ca n l ESS kiu 101, mt loi PBX iu khin t xa c dng M cho cc mc ch
c bit v n cha ph hp cho cc h thng tng i dung lng ln vi nhng vn ca n v
cc c im thoi nh tp m v xuyn m. ng thi, v n l loi tng t, tng lai ca n l
khng r rng. Chuyn mch PCM c d kin l mt trong cc thnh phn chnh ca IDN hay
ISDN x l nhiu loi thng tin cng mt lc bao gm c s liu.
Mng s tch hp kt hp h truyn dn v h chuyn mch thng qua s dng cng ngh PCM.
Do phng php ny s dng mch s, n c d nh c vi mch ho trc tip trong tng
lai gn y. Khi s dng loi chuyn mch ny, vic chuyn mch c tin hnh trong giai on
dn knh theo cc c tnh thoi n nh ca PCM. Do vy, bi v chuyn mch r-le nhiu mc c
th thc hin c nh s dng chuyn mch ny, mt mng li truyn thng mi c th c
thit lp d dng thng qua vic dng loi chuyn mch nay. Nh c trnh by, phng php
ny s c s dng rng ri trong tng lai.
2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM.
Chuyn mch PCM l loi chuyn mch ghp hot ng da vo cng ngh dn knh chia thi
gian v iu ch xung m. PCM l phng php truyn bin ca PAM sau khi lng ho n
v sau bin i n thnh ra m nh phn. Theo , vic ti m ho c th c tin hnh d
dng v n c th d dng phn bit c vi cc tn hiu ngay c khi c tp m v xuyn m trong
ng truyn dn. Ngoi ra, thc hin chuyn mch phn chia thi gian c th dng, cc
chuyn mch thi gian trao i khe thi gian v chuyn mch phn chia thi gian trao i
theo khng gian cc khe thi gian c phn chia theo thi gian.
A. Chuyn mch T
Cc s liu a vo c np vo cc khe thi gian trong mt khung (frame). kt ni mt
ng thoi, thng tin cc khe thi gian c gi t bn u vo ca mch chuyn mch n
pha u ra. Mi mt ng thoi c nh hnh vi mt khe thi gian c th trong mt lung s
liu c th. Theo mch chuyn mch thay i mt khe thi gian ca mt lung s liu c th n
khe thi gian ca mt lung s liu khc. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh trao i cc khe thi
gian. hnh 2.6 m t qui trnh chuyn mch cc khe thi gian. Khe thi gian a vo c ghi li
tm thi trong b nh m. Nh th hin trn hnh v, cc khe thi gian a vo c lu gi a
ch 1 (address 1) n ch x (address x) ca khung th hin lung u vo. S liu ca khe thi gian
1, khe thi gian 2, v khe thi gian X c lu gi li cc t th nht, th hai v th X tng
ng. Vo lc ny, s lii ca mi frame c thay th bi s liu mi mt ln.
Chc nng chuyn mch khe thi gian lin quan n vic chuyn mch t mt khe thi gian c
a vo n khe thi gian c la chn ngu nhin c a ra. V d, nu chuyn t khe thi
gian 7 ca lung u vo n khe thi gian 2 ca lung u ra, thng tin t thu bao c ghi
khe thi gian a vo s 7 c gi n thu bao c ch th bng khe thi gian s 2 u ra.

Hnh 2.6. Qui trnh chuyn mch theo khe thi gian.
C sn cho loi qui trnh ny l phng php c ngu nhin theo dy ghi ln lt (SWRR) trong
cc s liu c ghi ln lt t pha u vo v c c mt cch ngu nhin t pha u ra.
Phng php c ln lt ghi ngu nhin (RWSR) l phng php ghi cc s liu mt cch ngu
nhin t pha u vo v c chng theo trnh t pha u ra, cn phng php ghi ngu nhin
c ngu nhin (RWRR) l vit v c cc s liu mt cch ngu nhin.
B. Chuyn mch khng gian
Chc nng chuyn i khe thi gian gia cc khe thi gian u vo/u ra c gii thch phn
trn chu trch nhim cho chc nng chuyn mch hon thin i vi tt c cc khe thi gian. By
gi, nu mch chuyn mch x l thu bao M nh l mt im cui ca khe thi gian n, th cn
c b nh c s "M" c to bi cc t c dng tc thch hp. V d, trong trng hp tn
s mu l 8 KHz, th h thng c 128 khe thi gian c th c kh nng vit v c cc s liu vo
b nh mi 125 u giy/128=976 nano giy (nsec.). Tuy nhin, nu h thng tr nn ln hn, th cc
yu cu v b nh v tc truy nhp c th khng p ng ni vi cng ngh ang c hin nay.
V d nh, h thng vi 16.384 khe thi gian c kh nng vit v c cc s liu cho mi 76,3 nano
giy (125u giy/16.384). Do vy tng hiu sut ca h thng, mt phng php m rng dung
lng s dng cc b phn tiu chun l cn thit. Mt trong cc phng php c sn cho mc
ch ny l vic i cc khe thi gian trong mt lung khe thi gian ti cc khe thi gian ca mt
lung khc bng cch u ni qua li cc nhm chuyn mch khe thi gian vi cng lgc. Cng
ngh ny c gi l chuyn mch phn chia khng gian - thi gian s dng cc thanh u cho
theo khng gian. y, thanh u cho theo khng gian tng t nh thanh qut s dng cc tip
im r-le tr trng hp yu cu mt cng logic vn hnh tc cao. Mt thanh qut c m
phng vi bn u vo ca trc ng v bn u ra ca trc nm ngang. Mt cng lgic c dng
im ct cho ca trc ng v trc nm ngang. S tip xc ph hp c tin hnh thng qua
vic kch hot cng lgic tng ng trong thi hn ca khe thi gian v nh thng tin c
truyn i t bn u vo n pha u ra.

Hnh 2.7. Thanh ct cho khng gian
trong chuyn mch phn chia thi gian.
V d, mt khe thi gian trong lung u vo lin tc c "K" cc t PCM khc nhau kch hot mt
cng thch hp thc hin vic chuyn mch ti trc nm ngang mong mun. u vo ca trc
ng cn li c th c ni vi u ra ca trc nm ngang bng cch kch hot mt cch ph hp
cc cng tng ng. ng thi, khe thi gian tip theo, mt ng dn hon ton khc vi
ng trc c th c lp ra.
y ch l cc khe thi gian ca trc ng v trc nm ngang c pht sinh mt cch tng
ng trong cng mt thi im v v vy thanh qut, vic chuyn khe thi gian khng c thc
hin. Nh trong trng hp chuyn i khe thi gian, mt b nh iu khin c thng tin kch
hot cc cng ti cc khe thi gian mong mun l cn thit. H thng c th c "m" cc u vo v
"n" cc u ra c m t hnh 2.7. "m" v "n" c th l ging nhau hoc khc nhau tu thuc vo
cu hnh ca h thc hin vic tp trung, phn phi, v cc chc nng m rng.
V vy, i vi mng chuyn mch khng gian, mt thanh qut nhiu mc c th c s dng. Khi
mun gi cc tn hiu t u vo 1 n u ra 2, cng S21 phi c kch hot trong thi hn ca
khe thi gian mong mun. Nu Sm1 c kch hot vo cng thi gian , u vo "m" c gi
n u ra 1. Nh gii thch, mt vi thanh qut c th c kch hot ng thi trong thi hn
ca khe thi gian nht nh v v vy s cc ng ni ng thi c th c l mt trong hai s
"m" hoc "n" tu theo s no l nh hn
2.2.3 Phng php thit lp mng chuyn mch kiu phn chia thi gian
Mt mng li c th c lp nn bng cc s dng mt trong cc chuyn mch T, chuyn mch
S, hay phi hp c hai, theo mng li c th c thit lp nh sau:
Chuyn mch T n
Chuyn mch S n
Chuyn mch T-S
Chuyn mch S-T
Chuyn mch T-S-T
Chuyn mch S-T-S
S phi hp phc tp hn ca S v T
A. T-S-T
Cu hnh ny cho php h thng x l cc cuc gi mt cch khng b ngt qung do b kho nh
hnh 2.8. Trong vic iu khin mng, vic la chn khe thi gian u vo/u ra v khe thi gian
chuyn mch khng gian l khng lin quan n nhau. Ngha l trong trng hp ca T-S-T, th
khe thi gian u vo c th c u ni vi khe thi gian u ra bng cch dng khe thi gian
trong ng cho ca chuyn mch khng gian. Trong trng hp khe thi gian 3 ca u vo
c xc nh vi cc cuc gi phi u ni vi khe thi gian 17 ca u ta mong mun gii
thch vic kha trong mng li s v u cui khng gian c th cp ng ni t chiu di u
vo n chiu rng u ra, khe thi gian 3 v 17 phi c trao i vi nhau. Nh th, vic u ni
t c khi khe thi gian 3 ca u vo v khe thi gian 17 ca u ra cn ri. Vo lc ny ch c
th c c mt ng thng, nu khe thi gian 3 c dng, khe thi gian 17 c th c s
dng nhng vo lc ny cc cuc gi b kho.
Trong trng hp mng T-S-T, b bin i khe thi gian u vo c th chon mt trong cc khe
thi gian s dng. Nu h thng c 128 khe thi gian, khe thi gian u vo 3 c th c ni
vi mt khe thi gian bt k ca khng gian tr khe thi gian u vo 3. Theo trong trng hp
ca T-S-T iu quan trng phi tm kim ng dy ri cng nh cc khe thi gian s s dng.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mng li c th cung cp t nht mt hay nhiu ng ni cc
khe thi gian u vo/u ra.

Hnh 2.8. Cu trc mng T-S-T.
S-T-S
Trong trng hp ca S-T-S, qu trnh tng t nh T-S-T c tin hnh. Trn hnh 2.9, mt
mng S-T-S c m t. Vic la chn khe thi gian u vo/u ra c xc nh bng ng
giao tip theo yu cu. Do b bin i khe thi gian c th c thay i bng cch dng hai
chuyn mch khng gian, linh hot ca u ni c ci thin. V d, nu khe thi gian 7 cn
phi c ni n khe thi gian 16, th ch c mt yu cu duy nht l khe thi gian phi c kh
nng trao i khe thi gian 7 v 16.
iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng mt trong cc s "n" bt k ca thi gian. Cc mng
li T-S-T v S-T-S c th c thit k c cng kh nng kt ni cuc gi v t l kho cuc
gi. Vic ny chng t l t l phn b 1:1 c tin hnh gia vic phn chia thi gian v phn
chia khng gian.

Hnh 2.9. Cu trc mng S-T-S
2.3 Phng php iu khin
2.2.1 Phn loi phng php iu khin
Mc d c nhiu loi h thng tng i ang c hin nay, tt c cc h thng c th c phn
loi nh c ghi Bng 2.1. u tin chng c th c phn loi theo phng php iu khin
m/ng ca chuyn mch cuc gi thnh phng php iu khin c lp, phng php iu
khin chung, v phng php iu khin theo chng trnh lu gi.
Cc phng php
Qu trnh
u ni
iu khin
c lp
iu khin
chung
iu khin
bng chng trnh
c lu gi
Loi iu khin
trc tip
0 x x
Loi iu khin
gin tip
0 0 0
0 : C tn ti
x : Khng c hin nay tr cc trng hp c bit
Bng 2.1 Phn loi phng php iu khin chuyn mch.
Phng php iu khin c lp cn c gi l phng php iu khin n chic; y l
phng php la chn cc ng ni khi mi chuyn mch tin hnh mt cch c lp vic iu
khin la chn v mi chuyn mch c trang b bng mt mch iu khin. Bi v tnh n gin
ca mi mch phng php ny c s dng rng ri cng vi phng php tng bc trong cc
h tng i u tin c pht trin. Tuy nhin, vic la chn ng c hiu qu cho ton b h
thng l kh khn bi v phm vi la chn ca mi mch iu khin phn no b gii hn.
Phng php iu khin thng thng l phng php tp trung cc mch iu khin vo mi ch
v sau theo di trng thi u ni ca ton mch la chn cc ng ni. Khi s dng
phng php ny, cc mch iu khin c tp trung chia s s lng ln cc cuc gi cho
nn kh nng ca cc mch iu khin l rt ln. ng thi cc chc nng phc tp c th c
tin hnh mt cch kinh t. Hu ht cc h tng i kiu c hc phn chia khng gian bao gm c
h tng i thanh cho cng s dng phng php ny. Phng php iu khin theo chng
trnh c lu gi l mt trong cc loi phng php iu khin chung; chng c tp trung kh
cao v chc nng v nh l thit b x l thng tin a nng, n tin hnh mt s iu khin u
ni. Hu ht cc h tng i in t ang dng hin nay u p dng phng php ny. Cc u
vo iu khin trc tip cho mt h tng i l cc xung quay s dc gi n t cc my in
thoi. Cc c im x l u ni thay i rt ln tu thuc vo vic s dng cc loi u vo ny.
Phng php iu khin trc tip l phng php trong cc xung nhn c trc tip kch hot
cc mch iu khin nhm chn cc ng ni mt cch lin tip. Khi p dng phng php
ny, vic vn hnh c th c tin hnh mt cch n gin tuy nhin cu hnh mng li tuyn v
s quay, l ng ni, phi c mi quan h tng ng 1-1. Theo , cu hnh mng l t linh
hot v kh nng thp hn. Do , phng php ny l khng ph hp vi h tng i c dung
lng ln c kh nng x l cc cuc gi ng di.
Phng php iu khin gin tip l phng php tp trung cc xung quay s vo mch nh, c
tt c cc s v sau la chn cc ng ni cuc gi thng qua vic nh gi tng hp. Theo
vi phng php ny c c tnh ho bi dung lng x l ng thng cao v c kh nng
bin i cc s gi, tng ng, cc s gi v cc ng ni c th c xc nh c lp lp
nn mng li tuyn linh hot. c bit, chc nng ny l cn thit c th s dng mt cch c
hiu qu cc tuyn gi ng di. Tc vn hnh ca mch iu khin trong cc phng php
iu khin chung v iu khin theo chng trnh lu gi l nhanh hn nhiu so vi thao tc quay
s. Theo cc s oc quay c tp hp li trong mt mch nh tch bit tm thi nhm s
dng mch iu khin tch hp cao v sau chng c c vi tc cc k nhanh iu
khin ton b chng ngay lp tc. V l do ny, hu ht cc h tng di s dng phng php iu
khin chung v iu khin theo chng trnh lu gi u dng phng php iu khin gin tip
loi tr mt s trng hp trong thi k ban u cu qu trnh pht trin.
2.3.2 Phng php iu khin c lp
Cc h tng i theo tng bc nh ca Strowger hoc h tng i EMD s dng phng php
iu khin c lp trong tng mch iu khin ring c b tr km theo cho mi chuyn mch.
Mc d c, y vn l v d tt ca ci gi l iu khin phn tn; n tin hnh vic iu khin
chuyn mch mt cch thng nht bng cch kch hot mt cch c lp cc iu khin chuyn
mch phn tn. Mch phn tn c bt li l n lm gim kh nng chuyn mch hoc cc chc
nng chuyn mch. Tuy nhin, v h thng c trang b loi mch ny c kh nng c lp cc li mt
cch c hiu qu, h ny c th c thay i hoc c m rng d dng. c bit, phng php
ny rt c th c dng rng ri khi cng ngh thit b mi bao gm tch hp cao ca mch
in t tr nn php trin hn. Phng php iu khin c lp oc phn loi thm thnh cc loi
iu khin trc tip v iu khin gin tip. phn tip theo, chng c xem xt chi tit hn.
A. Kiu iu khin trc tip
Nh m t phn trc y, cc xung sinh ra khi thu bao quay s c a vo trc tip, tip
n c x l mt cch lin tc la chn ng ni. Theo , mt chuyn mch chn
ng c nh ra bng s quay nhn c v sau chn ng dy ri trong s . H
thng c to nn bi mt nhm cc chuyn mch nh vy.
Hai loi chuyn mch hin c l loi chuyn mch c hc kiu chuyn ng n chn cc
ng ra thng qua vic dch chuyn nhiu chiu n nh dch chuyn quay v chuyn theo ng
thng v mt loi chuyn mch c hc kiu chuyn 2 cp phi hp hai cch chuyn nhiu chiu
nh chuyn theo chiu ng. C nhiu phng php kch hot cc chuyn ng c ni trc
y; mt phng php quay bnh rng ng h s dng cc phng tin in t hoc ng c c
bit v mt h thng ngun chuyn ng dch chuyn tng chuyn mch bng cch lp t mt
my pht in chung mt s chuyn mch hoc thng qua cc bnh rng hoc cc phi hp
phc tp khc.
B. Kiu iu khin gin tip
Phng php iu khin trc tip c th c s dng cho cc h tng i dung lng nh mt
cch khng kh khn. Tuy nhin, khi s dng cho h thng c dung lng ln, cu hnh mng tr
nn phc tp v khi lp t mt ng trung k gia cc tng i c lu lng nh, th hiu qu
ca n b gim xung ng k. gii quyt cc vn ny, phng php iu khin gin tip
c pht trin. Ngha l mch nh s gi c lp t trong h tng i c cc s gi
c lu gi. Khi tng i b gi c xc nh, vic chuyn i s phi c tin hnh tu theo
vic thit lp mng li dy cng nh vic thc hin nhn s lin tc v thm cc s c quay.
Phng php ny c gi l phng php iu khin gin tip hay phng php chuyn i c
lu gi. Hng ca ng trung k c th c chn bng cch quay mt s thp phn gii hn
n 10; v vy khi dng phng php iu khin c lp cu hnh mng li tuyn phn no b hn
ch trong khi i vi phng php iu khin gin tip th ng truyn dn c th hot ng vi
hiu qa cao v cu hnh mng li tuyn khng quan h trc tip vi cc s c quay. Nh
trnh by trn, phng php iu khin c lp l v d c bit ca iu khin phn tn. C th
phn b cc chc nng chuyn mch (xc nh cuc gi, nhn s c quay, xc nh ng trung
k, chn ng dy ri, cp in, truyn/nhn mt s tn hiu, gi li, xc nh thi im kt thc
gi, hi phc v cc chc nng khc) cho cc loi mch khc nhau u ni cc nhnh. Mi mch
c kt cu n gin v mt vi chuyn mch c tp hp thnh nhm hnh thnh h tng
i.
2.3.3 Phng php iu khin chung
H iu khin chung l phng php tch gia mch chuyn mch gi ca h tng i v mch
iu khin v phn chia mt s nh cc mch iu khin thnh nhiu iu khin u ni t hiu
qu cao hn. iu khin u ni c tin hnh thng qua cc qu trnh sau: giai on tp trung
ng khi cc cuc gi pht sinh t cc thu bao c tp hp li sau c ni vi mng
chuyn mch gi, giai on phn b trong cc cuc gi tp hp c phn loi theo cc
hng, thi k ti pht sinh trong cc cuc gi t pha tng i i din c ti pht li v sau
c chuyn n tng i bn kia, v mt on chn cui cng khi cc cuc gi n c ni
vi pha b gi. Phng php iu khin chung tng phn hay l h thng nh du theo giai on
l phng php chia cc chc nng trn y thnh cc thi k khc nhau v sau phn b chng
cho mt s loi cc mch iu khin chung. Mt khc h nh du chung l phng php cho php
mch iu khin chung iu khin cc u ni thng qua mng chuyn mch gi ca mt tng i.
Khi s dng phng php iu khin chung tng phn, h tng i c th c tch ra thnh cc
ngn v theo khi no cn thit, c th b sung cc ngn mt cch d dng m rng h thng.
Tuy vy, nhng bt li sau y thng gp khi s dng phng php ny: vic x l thng tin iu
khin gia mi ngn l kh khn, s ln cc thit b trung k c a vo thng qua khong trng
trong cc mch gi tch ring, dung lng x l ng thng b gim ng k do ton b h thng
khng c tch hp hon ton v cc chc nng phc tp. Do vy, hin nay h nh du chung
c dng rng ri hn. H tng i s 5 ca M l v d in hnh s dng phng php nh
du theo giai on v h tng i kiu C45 ca Nht dng h nh du thng thng.
A. H nh du thng thng
Nh trnh by phn trc y, h nh du thng thng l phng php iu khin ton b
vn hnh ca vic u ni chn lc trn mng thng qua vic s dng chuyn mch cuc gi.
iu ny khng c ngha l ch c mt mch iu khin hoc mt h tng i c s dng. Thay
v, n c ngha l mt mch iu khin iu khin ton b h thng thoi. Trong trng hp i vi
h tng i thanh cho, cch thc hin chung l vic iu khin cc cuc gi c thc hin thng
qua vic s dng cc mch iu khin chung khc nhau tu thuc vo tc iu khin yu cu. V
vy, i khi c 2 thit b thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau c lp t cnh k nhau. Khi s
dng phng php ny, chuyn mch gi ton b c kim tra u tin v sau thng tin cha
c chim gi ca mi phn c tp hp li chn ng ni. V vy, hin tng kho ng
thng, pht sinh do tnh trng my bn, c th c gi mc ti thiu c hiu qu cao hn. Do
c cc l do ny, nn hu ht cc h tng i c pht trin gn y s dng h nh du chung.
Trn hnh 2.10, ng ni cuc gi ca h tng i s 5 c th hin.

Hnh 2.10. ng ni cuc gi ca h tng i s 5.
Thao tc ni cuc gi ca h thng chuyn mch thc hin nh sau:
(1) Ni m: t lc thu bao nhc ng ni cho n khi truyn tn hiu mi quay s.
(2) Tip nhn xung quay s: s c ghi vo thanh ghi khi my thu bao ch gi quay s.
(3) Ni cuc gi i: Da vo s nhn c trong thanh ghi ch gi ng ra ca tng i trung
chuyn ni vi my thu bao b gi c xc nh
(4) Ni trong ni b tng i: Nu my thu bao b gi nm trong tng i ni ht, th ng gi
trong tng i ni ht c la chn.
(5) Ni cuc gi n: Khi cuc gi n t mt tng i khc, thanh ghi u vo b chim bi mt
ng trung k vo.
(6) Ni trung chuyn: Nu h thng chuyn mch l trung chuyn, th cuc gi n c chuyn
ti tng i xa hoc tng i cui.
kim tra xem nhng chc nng trn c thc hin bnh thng khng, h thng chuyn mch
thng c trang b thm chc nng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng ca b iu khin t ng,
chc nng pht hin li, v tr, thi gian gy li v thit b ghi.
B. Phng php iu khin chung tng phn
Vic iu khin u ni ca h thng chuyn mch c thc hin qua nhng qu trnh sau: giai
on tp trung ng theo lu lng cn x l sau khi xc nh c tn hiu gi, giai on phn phi
cc cuc gi cho cc a ch da trn s quay, giai on thc hin ni r-le, v cui cng l giai
on la chn cui cng khi cc cuc gi c ni ti cc thu bao b gi. Theo nh trn, mi giai
on c s iu khin khc nhu, H thng nh du giai on l phng php phn chia s iu
khin thnh nhiu nhm v sau phn loi phm vi iu khin u ni tng ng phn phi.
H thng ny khc vi h thng nh du chung ch phm vi gim st ca mt mch iu khin
chung l mt b phn ca mng chuyn mch cuc gi nh ch r trong hnh 2.11

Hnh 2.11. Phng php iu khin chung tng phn.
Phng php ny c c im nh sau:
(1) Phm vi mng chuyn mch gi do mt mch iu khin nh
(2) H thng chuyn mch c th phn chia v xp t li bng cch kt hp cc b phn mt
cch khc nhau linh hot hn.
(3) Vn hnh mng tuyn c th thc hin linh hot tu theo yu cu v ng thng.
(4) Nhng li xy ra ch c nh hng t nht i vi ton h thng v cc mch iu khin
c m-un ho.
(5) Kh nng ca mng chuyn mch gi b gim bt r rt.
(6) Hiu qu ca ng trung k gim xung nhiu
(7) Cn c nhng ng trung k d phng gia cc mng chuyn mch phn phi
(8) Thng tin v iu khin phi truyn gia cc mch iu khin chung
Nh trn, phng php iu khin chung tng phn thit k n gin c s dng rng ri
trong cc m hnh h thng tng i c ng ni cho trc y.
2.3.4 Phng php iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr
Vic iu khin c lp v iu khin chung c phn loi trong kha cnh s ca h thng
iu khin. Tri li, nu chng ta xem xt h thng t kha cnh php tnh x l cc bin i logic th
mch iu khinr ca h thng chuyn mch c th phn loi tip thnh mch logic dy v mch
logic lu tr. Ni chung mch iu khin s c thc hin vi nhng php tnh logic nh (AND),
(OR), v (NOT), v kt hp vi thao tc b nh xc nh trng thi tip theo sau khi lu tr
phn ghi trc . Vi mc ch , c 2 phng php thao tc: logic dy l phng php kt hp
cc r-le, mch im tip xc hay cng in t v sau ni cc thao tc logic cn thit thit lp
h thng. Thao tc iu khin c xc nh bng phng php ni dy. Nhng mch iu khin
ca phn ln cc h thng chuyn mch k c h thng chuyn mch thanh che pht trin trc
y u c thc hin theo phng php ny.
Mch logic lu tr l phng php thc hin cc php tnh logic theo ch th trn mch nh bng
cch s dng mt my tnh in t a nng. Th d, CPU ca my tnh in t ch gm c mt
mch cng v mch logic c s.Nhng php tnh v thao tc phc tp c th thc hin bng cch
dng mch c s nhiu ln theo thng tin nh ghi li trong chng trnh. Cc loi thao tc ny
c xc nh bi cc mch dy c nh (hardware: phn cng) v cc chng trnh a vo b
nh (phn mm) quyt nh, v cc thao tc c gi l nhng php logic lu tr. Phng php
iu khin dng cc mch logic lu tr gi l iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr (SPC). Mch ni
dy ton phn dng cho cc thao tc chuyn mch nht nh nh xc nh thu bao ch gi, chn
ng, h s xung quay s khng c trong CPU thc hin iu khin chung trong phng php
ny. Nh trong trng hp my tnh in t tng hp, h thng ch c cc mch c bn c chc
nng logic v s hc. Trnh t thc hin thao tc chuyn mch c lu trong mch nh di dng
nhng lnh chng trnh v sau theo cc lnh thc hin thao tc chuyn mch bng cch
kch hot cc mch c s nhiu ln. Phng php ny i hi s bin i logic tc cp v mch
nh c dung lng ln. Do n c s dng rng ri vi s xut hin ca mch in t vn
hnh n gin.
Li th ng k nht ca phng php iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr l iu khin rt linh
hot. Trc y, cc h thng truyn thng ch yu s dng truyn ting ni 1:1. Tuy nhn ngy
nay cc h thng chuyn mch phi c kh nng x l nhng dch v truyn thng mi nh truyn
ting ni/hnh nh v cc loi trao i s liu v dch v chuyn mch in thoi nh quay s tt v
in thoi hi ngh, iu i hi phi c tnh linh hot, tnh c th m rng v tnh sn sng. h
thng tng i in t (ESS) c pht minh phc v nhng loi dch v ny. ESS hot ng
theo phng php iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr ny.
A. Nguyn tc mch logic lu tr
Trc ht, n khc vi cc mch logic ni dy thng thng nhng im sau. Hnh 2.12 minh
ho mt mch tun t s dng logic ni dy gm cc cng logic nh V, Hoc v Khng, nhng
mch logic kt hp bng ni dy p ng cc nhu cu ca mch im tip xc v mch nh
lu tr cc bn tin v thao tc qua v sau ch th trng thi thao tc. Hot ng ca mch logic
ni dy c xc nh thng qua vic thc hin ni dy. Qu trnh ny tng t nh vic vn hnh
ca cng nhn lnh ngh.Ngha l, mch ny x l nhng cng vic thng l n gin lin quan
ti trng thi dng in v thng tin a vo. Do n c th thc hin nhng cng vic c bit
nhng khng thc s linh hot. Mch logic lu tr c bit lc th hin trong hnh 2.13. Chng
trnh lu tr trong mch nh l mt b lnh th hin mc thao tc. Mt khc n th hin chc nng
ph hp vi n v mch logic kt hp ca mch logic dy dn. Mch x l s hc logic din gii
cc mnh ln c c v ch nh a ch b nh ca lnh c c tip . Phn ln nhng
thng tin trong a ch ny c ghi li khi nhp lnh. Mch x l s hc logic qua nh gi a ch
tng phn v thng tin u vo ti thi im xc nh a ch y ca mnh lnh s c
x l tip theo. Khi hon tt mt lot cc thao tc bng cch thc hin cc lnh mt cch tun t
nh bn ti, v sau i ti nhng lnh th hin kt qu iu khin l u ta v sau c.
B. Phng php chuyn mch iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr
Vic iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr ca h thng tng i in t c mt b nh c nh
ghi nh cc chng trnh v mt b nh tm thi vit v c cc d liu mt cch t do. Trong
b nh c nh, cc lnh thao tc chuyn mch, s in thoi, s ca thit b u cui, thng tin
chn ng trong mng, loi dch v u cui, v cc loi thng tin dch s c lu tr c nh.
Mt khc, b nh tm thi c dng nh trng thi ca tng thit b u cui v cc cuc gi
c iu khin, cc giai on

Hnh 2.12. Mch logic dy dn.

Hnh 2.13. Mch logic lu tr.
iu khin, v kt qu tn thi ca cc php tnh s hc ang thc hin. Trong hnh 2.14, cu hnh
ca h thng tng i in t s dng iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr c minh ho. Mng
chuyn mch cuc gi thc hin ni v ct cc cuc gi. B qut c s dng xc nh trng
thi ca tng trm u cui ca mch gi, nh cc mch ng thu bao, ng trung k, v thit
b nhn xung quay s; n qut trng thi bt-tt theo chu k v sau gi thng tin u vo cho
mch iu khin trung tm. Mch iu khin trung tm, mt mch iu khin in t gm mt mch
iu khin v tng thanh ghi, qun l v vn hnh ton b h thng iu khin.
N cng c dng cho thit b thao tc s hc ca my tnh in t tng hp. N hot ng theo
chng trnh lu tr trong mch nh c nh. Bng cch truyn cc trng thi ghi trong mch nh
tm thi mt cch tun t theo thng tin u vo, n thc hin iu khin cuc gi bng cch s
dng phng php phn chia thi gian. Mch b nh c nh l mt b lu tr chng trnh s
dng ch yu nh cc chng trnh v mch nh tm thi c dng nh trng thi x l
cuc gi v do gi l b lu tr cuc gi. B x l trung tm gm 2 b phn .
Chc nng iu khin mng chuyn mch c dng thc hin m/ng chuyn mch gi, iu
khin ng trung k hoc cc php kim tra c lin quan vi cc ng gi. Mch iu khin
trung tm, da vo kt qu cc giai on lnh thc hin, ghi ra danh sch cc lnh c lin quan
ti trnh t thao tc ca mch chuyn mch gi trong mch nh tn thi: Danh sch lnh hon
tt c gi n mch kch hot chuyn mch ch th phng php thao tc cho mch chuyn
mch gi.
H thng tng i in t, cng vi cc mch c bn ni trc y, ni chung c mt bn vn hnh
v bo dng cho cc dch v sa cha. H thng ny cng thc hin mt chng trnh sa cha
phc hi nhng li xy ra trong h thng v t ng chn on cc v tr li. Kt qu thc hin

Hnh 2.14. Thit lp h thng tng i in t.
nhng chc nng ny c in ra qua my in. Nhn vin sa cha cn c vo cc bn bo co ,
thay cc bng li sa cha. Ngoi ra bn bo dng v sa cha c dng thay cc s
quay, ng r- le v cc chc nng dch v. Ngi qun tr c th thc hin vic ny bng cch
thay i thng tin din gii tng ng hoc cc chng trnh. Ni chung, nhng iu kin sau y
phi c p ng cho hot ng thch hp ca h thng tng i in t s dng phng php
iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr.
(1) Vit cc chng trnh hiu qu
(2) Dung lng ln v mch nh tit kim
(3) iu khin tc cao
(4) tin cy cao
(5) Dch v mi d thch ng
(6) Mch c tiu chun ho
(7) Chc nng t chn on v sa cha
C. Cc loi dich v chuyn mch cuc gi
C 2 loi dch v trong h thng chuyn mch chung: thng tin v dch v chuyn mch cuc gi v
truyn v x l d liu. Trong phn sau y s m t vn tt cc dch v thoi trong h thng
chuyn mch chung:
(1) Quay s tt: Cc s ca my thu bao thng gi tt bng 2 hay 3 s c bit
(2) Gi ch: Nu my thu bao b gi bn, th cuc gi ti thu bao c t ng thc hin li
khi thu bao c gii phng bng cch quay mt s c bit
(3) n nh cuc gi t ng: Mt cuc gi c th thit lp gia bn ch gi v bn c gi vo
thi gian nh trc.
(4) Hn ch gi: Hn ch gi i (PBX v loi khc )
(5) Gi vng mt: Bn tin ghi c kch hot khi thu bao b gi vng mt
(6) Hn ch gi n : Cn gi l vn hnh i ngu. Ch nhng thu bao dc bit mi c php
gi.
(7) Chuyn thoi: Mt cuc gi n s c chuyn ti mt my in thoi khc
(8) T ng chuyn ti s mi: Dng khi thay i s in thoi
(9) Chn la s i din: S i din c th la chn t do
(10) Ni s i din ph: Mt cuc gi c t ng chuyn ti s tip theo khi khng c tr li
ca s i din quay
(11) Bo c cuc gi n khi ang bn: Khi nhn c cc cuc gi khc trong lc ang bn
(12) Ch cuc gi: Nhn c cuc gi t bn th ba khi ang bn th c th t t ng cuc
gi vi bn th ba
(13) Gi cho thao tc vin khi bn : Gi cho in bo vin khi bn
(14) Thoi 3 ng: 3 Thu bao c th gi cng lc
(15) Gi hi ngh: 3 hay nhiu hn my thu bao c th tham gia gi cng lc
(16) Gi my: Thu bao c th gi cho bn th ba sau khi gi my vi ngi ang ni
(17) t gi tt c: Tt c hay mt s in thoi trong tng i c gi cng lc thng bo
(18) Tnh cc tc th: C th tnh cc ngay lp tc
(19) Dch c tnh cc chi tit: C chi tit v cc cho cc cuc gi
(20) Bo thc: Tn hiu bo thc vo gi nh trc
(21) Tm cuc gi xu: C th t ng tm ra s ca my ch gi
Mt trong s cc chc nng ni trn ang c a vo h thng chuyn mch dng thanh cho.
Tuy vy, h thng tng i in t s dng mch nh dung lng ln v phng php iu khin
bng chng trnh lu tr c tnh linh hot c th cung cp dch v mt cch tit kim v hiu
qu hn.
2.4 Thit b ngoi vi
2.4.1 Tng qut
Cc h thng chuyn mch s hin nay ang thay th h thng chuyn mch tng t l nhng h
thng chuyn mch ln ang hot ng. Nh vy cc h thng chuyn mch s cn phi c
trang b kh nng giao tip vi mng tng t hin tn ti. Cc h thng chuyn mch s trn mng
in thoi cng cng phi lm nhiu hn l vic p ng cc in thoi s. Ngha l, cc h thng
chuyn mch s phi c kh nng x l nhiu loi in thoi khc nhau k c loi tng t. Do
cc mch giao tip tng t nh mch thu bao tng t hay mch ng trung k tng t
(analog) l phn chnh ca cc h chuyn mch s. Mt s cc thit b giao tip analog trong h
thng l mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng nht xc nh nhng tham s nh gi c, kch
thc, mc tiu th in. Gi ca nhng mch thu bao tng t chim khong 80% hoc hn
trong gi thnh sn xut ton b h thng. V vy cc nh sn xut h chuyn mch dng mch
VLSI thay th cho mch giao tip analog gim gi thnh ca mch thu bao analog

Hnh 2.15. Kt cu ca h thng chuyn mch s chung.
Hnh 2.15 minh ho cu hnh ca h thng chuyn mch s in hnh. Cc ngun thng tin v thu
bao tng t gm cc in thoi dn dng, thng mi v cng cng. Modem d liu c th dng
lm ngun thng tin tng t. V modem dng gi thng tin s s dng mch tng t. Mch
trung k dng giao tip vi cc h chuyn mch khc, vi in thoi vin v mch dch v cng
nm trong s ny. Thng tin tng t c ni vi h chuyn mch s qua mt gi phi tuyn
MDF. MDF trang b vi cc b phn hn ch vt th in do b st hay cc ngun cao th khc,
cung cp cc a im tin li cho vic ni h chuyn mch vi cc ngun bn ngoi. Thit b bo
v s cp ny cng vi thit b bo v th cp, c dng bo v cc b phn in t trong h
thng chuyn mch s.
2.4.2 Thit b giao tip tng t
Cc chc nng c bn ca mch thu bao tng t c th tm tt bng t "BORSCHT" gm ch
u, ca tng chc nng, l:
Ngun c qui (B)
Bo v in p cao (O)
Bo chung (R)
Bo hiu hoc gim st (S)
B lp/gii m (C)
Hybrid (chuyn i 2 dy/4 dy) H
o th (T)
A. B np c qui
B ny dng cung cp in gi cho tng my in thoi thu bao v ng thi dng truyn
cc tn hiu nh nhc my hoc xung quay s.
B. Bo v in p cao
Cc b phn in t nhy cm ca h thng chuyn mch cn phi c bo v mt cch y
chng khng b vt qu in p do chp hoc in thng mi khng n nh. Nh vy cn
phi lp t sn cc phn t bo v trong h thng chuyn mch d cho h thng ny c th chng
li c tc ng v dng do in p qu cao sinh ra. Mt khc dng in ny c th a vo c 2
u cui ca hai dy in thoi hoc gia mt trong hai dy v t (GND).
C. Chuyn tn hiu gi
Chc nng ny dng chuyn cc tn hiu gi thng bo rng cuc ni chuyn ca khch hng
sp b chm dt. Bi v tn hiu cao th xoay chiu c dng lm tn hiu gi, h thng ny c kh
nng x l hin tng phng in trong qu trnh truyn v c trang b cc phng tin ngn cn
thao tc sai trn mch. H thng ny cng cn phi c trang b qut gi.
D. Xc nh tn hiu
Chc nng ny dng d pht hin cc tn hiu nhc my/t my pht sinh t thu bao hoc cc tn
hiu xung quay s. Mch ny phi c tin cy cao.
M ha, gii m
Chc nng ny dng m ho cc tn hiu ting ni tng t thnh cc tn hiu ting ni s v
ngc li.
Hybrid
Chc nng chnh ca hybrid l chc nng chuyn i 2 dy thnh 4 dy. Nh cc chc nng ph,
vic chm dt, cch in v cc chc nng chuyn i t cn i sang khng cn i cho cc tn
hiu xoay chiu c sn.
o th
Cc ng dy thu bao thng b hng do b ngp nc, chp mch vi ng dy in hoc b
t dy. Ngi ta nghin cu ta mt li thit b kim tra t ng pht hin trc cc loi li
ny bng cch theo di cc ng dy thu bao mt cch thng xuyn theo chu k. Thit b ny
c ni vo ng dy trong phng php analog kim tra v o th.
Nh vy, thit b giao tip analog ca h thng chuyn mch s thng c mt bus test-in (o th
u vo) v test - out (o th u ra)cho cc loi giao tip ny. Ni chung, thc hin chc nng
o th vo v o th ra ngi ta dng mt r-le.
2.4.3 Thit b giao tip s
Mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca h thng chuyn mch s l n c th s dng cc tn
hiu truyn dn s m khng phi thay i chng. Nh vy c ngha l cc dng bt PCM (ghp
knh chia thi gian) s dng trong h thng chuyn mch cng ging nh cc dng bt s dng
trong hu ht cc thit b truyn dn. Kt qu l ngi ta c th s dng cc mch tng i n
gin giao tip gia cc h thng chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn v tit kim hn. H
thng phn cp s l t hp cc thit b truyn dn s chy vi nhiu loi tc bit. Mi nc nh
ra tc bit cho cc h thng ca h. Trong trng hp nc M, thit b ng truyn dn s
c gi l thit b ti T v h thng c s dng rng ri nht l cc thit b ti T. T1 truyn dng
bit tc 2 hng 1,544 Mbps (mega bites per second). Cc thit b ti T khc c l T1C, T2, T3
v T4. Vic s dng chng c xc nh theo cc kiu ghp knh. V 1.544 Mbps l tc bit c
s, nn hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s c cc mch giao tip vi tc bit ny. Cc nc
Chu u s dng 2.048 Mbps l tc bit c s. Hai iu kin di y phi c p ng
giao tip mt cch c hiu qu gia h thng chuyn mch s v thit b truyn dn s.
1) Yu cu v in: lin quan n in p, xung in, dng sng, tr khng v tc bit. c ng
dng cho tt c cc h thng chuyn mch v cc thit b truyn dn.
2) Yu cu v loi bit: Xc nh r cc bit ny l ting ni cc d liu, s nh dng khung, s nh
dng tn hiu hay l cc s liu bo dng v sa cha. Ngoi tr vi trng hp t i, cc bit ny
khng lin quan trc tip n cc thit b truyn dn v chng ch c ng dng cho cc h thng
chuyn mch.
Hai iu kin trn y xc nh 1 cch y cc tn hiu c truyn qua cc thit b truyn dn.
DS1 (tn hiu s 1) l tn hiu c s dng rng ri nht. Tn hiu ny nh r yu cu v in cho
cc tn hiu c truyn thng qua vic s dng thit b truyn dn T1 v gi tr ca tng bit c
dng bit. V vy, cc loi knh nh D1, D2, D3 v D4 m p ng c cc c im k thut
ca DS1 (tn hiu s 1) c kh nng hot ng cng vi thit b truyn dn. Ngoi ra, cc yu cu
cho cc thit b giao tip s c lin quan n gi tr bit ca dng bit nh sau.
Dng bit ny c xc nh cho mt 1, c s dng ly thng tin ng b t thit b ti T.
Mt dng bit phi c t nht l 1, trong s 12,5% hay hn Os s khng c pht ra lin tc.
cc nc s dng lut m , dng bit c to thnh t cc khung bao gm 193 bit trong 1
khung (frame). Mt khung bao gm 1 bit khung v 24 knh, v mi knh c 8 bit. Cc bit khung
c s dng gi thng tin tn hiu v xc nh v tr ca mi mu tin.
Thng tin tn hiu (nhc my, t my) ca mi knh c a vo trong LSB (bit t quan trng
nht ) ca mi knh ca mi khung th 6. Bit ny c gi l bit dch chuyn.
Ngoi cc yu cu v tn hiu s 1 k trn (DS1), h thng chuyn mch s cn thc hin cc chc
nng sau:
Cc m knh c chn ph hp phi c gi n tt c cc ng trung k cn ri. Cc
m ny phi p ng t trng 1 v chng phi c gii m thnh hu nh l in 1 chiu 0 volt.
Thng thng, chng c truyn thng qua vic lp 01111111.
Thng thng, "0" c thm vo kt thc khng gi i cc t m cc bit ca n l 0. iu
c ngha l nu m s 00000000 c a ra hin th, n s c thay th bng 00000010.
Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong khung cng vi bit dch chuyn. Do nu vic thm "0" v
s dch chuyn xy ra cng 1 lc m knh ch c s dng cho vic truyn d liu, th ch c 6
bit trong mi knh c dng v tc bit lc by gi s l 48 Kbps. gii quyt vn ny,
ngi ta ang mong i 1 qui lut DS1 mi cm bit dch chuyn v vic thm "0", s c a
ra trong tng lai gn.
Thm ch nu cc dng bit a vo c ng b ho, pha c th c thay i. Do , mi
dng bit phi c kh nng chm li mi lin h pha thch hp c thnh lp trc khi thc
hin vic chuyn mch.
Vic giao tip DS1 phi c kh nng bo m c vic bo dng sa cha v cc chc nng
bo co v cnh bo.
Ngoi cc chc nng trn, thit b giao tip s phi c trang b cc chc nng bo li 2 cc, pht
ra s ln nh khung li v trt qu . y thng l nhng ln c ni n nh "GAZPACHO",
1 t da theo cc k t u tin ca mi chc nng. l
Vic pht ra m khung
Vic xp hng khung
Nn dy 0 (Zero)
i cc
X l cnh bo
Khi phc li ng h
Tm trong khi nh li khung
Bo hiu gia cc tng i
2.5 Mng li truyn thng cng cng
2.5.1 Mng li truyn thng v iu kin kt cu
Mng li truyn thng c th c nh ngha i khi l mt h thng chuyn thng tin. Cc
mng li truyn thng in hin nay ang c s dng x l cc loi thng tin khc nhau bao
gm mng li in thoi, mng li in tn, v mng li truyn s liu. Ngoi ra, ISDN l mt
mng li c kh nng x l tch hp cc loi thng tin trn. V kha cnh loi cuc gi v cc dch
v, cc mng li truyn thng c th c phn chia thnh mng truyn thng cng cng, mng
truyn thng chuyn dng v mng truyn thng di ng. Da vo phm vi cc dch v truyn thng
c a vo hot ng, cc mng truyn thng c th c phn loi tip thnh mng truyn
thng ni b, mng truyn thng ni ht, mng truyn thng lin tnh, mng truyn thng quc t.
Nu chng ta phn loi chng v x l chuyn mch, ta c th c mng truyn thng tc thi v
mng truyn thng nhanh (dash). Nh ni trn, cc mng truyn thng c th c phn ra
nhiu hn na tu theo nhu cu v i hi ca ngi s dng. V cn bn, mng truyn thng bao
gm mt h thng chuyn mch nh r ng ni cuc gi theo yu cu ca thu bao v mt
h thng truyn dn truyn thng tin gi n ngi nhn. V cn bn, n phi p ng nhng
iu kin sau y.
1. C kh nng kt ni cc cuc gi c gi i t tt c cc thu bao ch gi c ng k trong h
thng n thu bao b gi vo bt c lc no hoc vo thi gian nh trc.
2. C kh nng p ng cc yu cu v nhng c tnh ca truyn dn.
3. S ca thu bao b gi phi c tiu chun ho.
4. C kh nng thc hin vic truyn tin mt cch cn thn v tin cy cao.
5. Cn c mt h thng ghi ho n hp l.
6. Hot ng ca n cn phi va tit kim va linh hot.
thc hin c nhng iu trn, mng tng i phi c thit k, sau a vo hot ng
mt cch ng n bng cch xem xt cht lng cuc gi, kh nng x l cuc gi, chi ph lp t
v chi ph vn hnh, mi lin h gia h thng truyn dn v h thng chuyn mch. Cc mc c
nu ra trn y c th c tng hp thnh s kt ni cuc gi v tiu chun truyn dn, k hoch
nh s, tin cy v h thng ghi ho n
2.5.2 Mng chuyn mch v in thoi
V cc thu bao ng k trong h thng ri rc, nn v cn bn m ni th h thng ny phi c
kh nng x l tt c cuc gi ca h mt cch tit kim, tin cy v nhanh chng. t c mc
ch ny, cc c tnh v nhng yu cu i hi ca thu bao phi c xem xt m bo cc
dch v thoi cht lng cao. Mt mng ni ht vi mt hoc hai h thng chuyn mch c th
c thit lp nu cn thit. i vi cc thu bao sng trong mt vng ring bit c th ch cn mt
h thng tng i. Nhng nu s thu bao trong mt vng ring bit vt qu mt gii hn no ,
c th lp t nhiu tng i. Ni chung, cc mng li ng dy c th c lp ra nh minh
ho trong hnh 2.16. Mng li mc ni tip trong hnh (a) c lp ra bng cch ni tt c cc
mng li dy ca tt c cc vng theo kiu ni tip. Tri li, mng li vng trong hnh (b) c
thit lp theo kiu trn. Nh c m t trong hnh (c), mng hnh sao c tp trung vo 1 im
chuyn mch. Trong hnh (d) trng hp mng c mc theo kiu li cc ng ni cc pha
vi nhau c thc hin. Cng vy, nu c yu cu, mng li ghp c th c lp t nh
hnh (e).

Hnh 2.16. Cc kiu mng li ng dy

Hnh 2.17. Thit lp mng tng i
Bt c mng li no c cp trc y c th c lp t p ng nhng nhu cu v
yu cu ca thu bao. Trong trng hp c mt vng rng ln cn nhiu h thng chuyn mch,
thng thng th mng mc theo hnh li c thit lp. i vi nhng vng nng thn hoc
nhng vng xa xi nh nng tri hoc cc lng chi c mt gi thp, ngi ta s dng mng
hnh sao. Cc phng php ni mng c th dng cho cc mng li ng dy c phn no phc
tp hn. Thng thng vic ni mng c thc hin theo 4 mc nh c minh ho trong hnh
2.17; trung tm ni ht, trung tm lin tnh, trung tm khu vc, trung tm vng. Trong mng li
phn cp c cc mc nh trn, vic to hng thay th bao gm cc hng c mc s dng cao
v cc hng thay th c s dng. Nu 1 cuc gi c pht sinh, hng c mc s dng cao
s c tm u tin. Cuc gi ny c ni vi bn b gi thng qua hng thay th ca tng i
mc cao k tip.
2.5.3 Mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn
p ng mt cch thch ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca vic truyn s liu v cc dch v
thoi mi, cc dch v chuyn mch s liu c pht trin v c thc hin bng cch s dng
mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn v mng d liu chuyn mch gi.
A. Mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn :
Mng d liu chuyn mch l mt phng php ni cc ng dy thng tin t cc bn gi n cc
bn nhn v sau thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia cc bn vi nhau. Mng li in thoi l
mt v d in hnh. Mng li in thoi c lp ra thc hin vic trao i thng tin ting ni,
cn mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn c lp t trao i d liu. N biu th cc iu kin
giao tip ca mng v cung cp cc thit b u cui cn thit cho cc dch v truyn m s nh cc
thng tin d liu, fax bng s; dch v telex. Vi mng li ny, cc d liu c th c truyn i
nhanh hn, tin cy hn v tit kim hn l s dng mng li in thoi hin c hay mng li
thu bao cho cc dch v in thoi s. Thi gian i hi kt ni cng ngn hn nhiu. Mng d
liu chuyn mch gi ( y ang ni n l "mng chuyn mch gi") thit lp ng trao i
thng tin nh trong trng hp mng li in thoi thng thng, v sau trao i thng tin. Mt
khi cuc gi c thit lp, mt ng mch c lp gia 2 ngi s dng c lp ra sao cho s
dng mch ny nh mt ng dy chuyn dng cho n khi chm dt cuc gi. Bi v h thng
chuyn mch khng lin quan trc tip vi thng tin ang truyn qua ng dn, n khng gy bt
c hn ch no v cc kiu thng tin, cc m thng tin v trt t iu khin truyn dn. Ngoi ra,
khng c s chm tr trong truyn dn do thi gian x l trong h thng chuyn mch. Ngha l, c
th ni rng mng chuyn mch gi c mt thng sut cao trong mng li. Mng li in thoi
cng cng (PSTN) c dng cho vic trao i thng tin ting ni v n c trang b cc h thng
chuyn mch v truyn dn cn thit. Trong bng 2.2 c ghi cc h thng chuyn mch ang dng
hin nay v c tnh ca chng.
Phng php chuyn
mch
Phng php chuyn
mch gi
Phng php chuyn
bn tin
Phn b mch trao
i thng tin
Cho mi cuc gi Cho mi packet Cho mi bn tin
Phng php phn phi
mch trao i thng tin
Ngay tc th Chuyn ngay tc th theo
lung
Ngay tc th
Thi gian tr hon Khng ng k (cuc
m thoi c th thc
hin c)
Mt cht (cuc m thoi
vn c th c)
Nhiu
Loi thng tin trao i Khng hn ch Dng gi C th nh dng bn tin
Tnh thng sut ca thi
gian *
C Khng Khng
iu khin li trong mng Khng C C (i vi mt t s
khc khng c)
Phm vi cc dch v ph
c a vo hot ng
t Trung bnh Nhiu
Bng 2.2. Cc c tnh v phn loi h thng chuyn mch
* y l mt c tnh duy tr qung thi gian gia cc tn hiu v vic chuyn chng. c tnh
ny phi c p ng trong vic truyn tn hiu dng sng nh ting ni.
Mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc thit b u cui, thit b mch d liu, cc chuyn mch a
phng, b tp trung a phng v my pht li. Cc nguyn tc hot ng ca mng li ny
c minh ho trong hnh 2.18. Cc tn hiu s t thu bao u cui c mu ho tu theo tc
ca ng h nhn c t DCE v sau gi n ng dy thu bao. B tp trung a phng
ghp cc tn hiu ny cng vi cc tn hiu c gi n t cc mch thu bao khc v sau
truyn chng n h thng chuyn mch. H thng chuyn mch thc hin vic chuyn mch
nhng tn hiu ny v sau truyn chng n thu bao mun gi theo trnh t ngc li. Cc
ng dy thng tin s dng trong mng chuyn mch gi l loi 4 dy, c th thc hin phng
php trao i thng tin i ngu ton b, tuy nhin thu bao u cui kia cng c kh nng thc
hin phng php thng tin na i ngu.
Cc dch v c a vo hot ng trong mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc ng dy thu
bao thng thng cho cc cuc gi i v n, dch v chuyn dng gi v nhn, dch v kt ni,
dch v gi trc tip bt u cc cuc gi m khng cn quay s, dch v nhn dng trm u
cui v dch v gi tt.

Hnh 2.18. Nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch tuyn.
B. Thit lp mng li
1) Khi nim v thit lp mng li
Mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn nh trong trong hnh 2.19 bao gm phn cp chuyn mc thp,
phn t mt trm u cui n LS (chuyn mch a phng) c s dng thu nhp v ghp
knh cc d liu chuyn mch v mt phn cp mc cao thc hin chc nng chuyn
mch. Thng thng phn cp mc thp ca mng li in thoi, cc b phn tp trung a
phng ch c lp t trong cc trm chuyn mch c trang b cc h thng i. Tri li, trong
mng chuyn mch gi cc b tp trung a phng m c t ri rc, cc xa h thng chuyn
mch, tp trung lu lng gi v mt ni m h thng tng i c lp t.
Tn hiu s c tp trung v c ghp knh nh ni trn c chuyn mch ti h thng
chuyn mch phn chia thi gian v sau chuyn ti thu bao u cui b gi.

Hnh 2.19. Phn cp mng chuyn mch
Trong phn cp b tp trung a phng, nhng tn hiu cn thit cho h thng chuyn mch c
chuyn thnh cc d liu dn knh / tch knh t trm u cui. Cc thu bao c ni vi cc
h tp trung a phng hoc trc tip vi cc trm a phng LS. Trn tuyn truyn dn gia
ngi thu bao v h thng chuyn mch, c nhng mch thu bao, b phn phc hi gia cc
tng i v mch c nhim. Ngoi ra b phn phn hi khng bao gm trong mch thu bao ca
mng in thoi trong khi i vi trng hp mng tuyn, b phn phn hi bao gm trong b phn
mch thu bao.
2. Cc thit b mng
1) Phng php R- le
Phng php r - le trong phng php chuyn mch tuyn c minh ho trong hnh 2.20. Thit
b dng trong mng chuyn mch gm nhng thit b iu khin thu bao, thit b truyn d liu tc
cao, cc b tp trung a phng v mt h thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian. Cc thit b
iu khin thu bao l cc thit b t khu vc t trm u cui n b tp trung a phng. Cc
thit b ny bao gm nhng khi dch v d liu, b dn knh 0, dn knh 1 v mt khi iu khin
mng (NCU). B dn knh 0 chuyn cc tc dch v khc nhau ca ngi s dng sang 64 Kbps
v B dn knh 1 li chuyn cc tn hiu ca nhm 0 t 64 Kbps sang 1,544 Mbps trc khi truyn
chng i. Thit b truyn d liu tc cao l mt ng 1,544 Mbps ni t b tp trung a
phng n h thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian. N bao gm mt thit b ng b khung,
thit b ng b dng tp trung, thit b cung cp tn hiu ng h s, v b dn knh 1. Gia thit b
ng b dng tp trung ca b tp trung a phng v thit b ng b khung ca h thng chuyn
mch phn chia thi gian, thng tin v ng b cn thit cho vic nhn dng knh c trao i
trong khi bo hiu v truyn dn d liu cao tc. B dn knh 1, trong trng hp l b phn ca
thu bao, ghp tc nhm 0 t 64 Kbps thnh nhm s cp 1,544 Mbps hoc ngc li. ng h
ng b cn kch hot thit b ny nhn c t thit b cung cp tn hiu ng h s. B tp
trung a phng thu nhp nhng tn hiu d liu c ghp thnh nhm 0 vi 64 Kbps t nhng
trm u cui khc nhau v ghp chng thnh nhm s cp 1,544 Mbps. Ngoi ra, n cng pht
hin ngun ch gi v ngt mch theo yu cu ca tng trm u cui.

Hnh 2.20. Phng php r-le ca mng chuyn mch tuyn
2) H thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
H thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian, nh bn ti trc y, bao gm mt thit b ng
thoi phn chia thi gian, thit b x l trung tm v thit b vo ra. Thit b x l trung tm l mt
thit b iu khin, mt trong nhng thit b quan trng nht ca h thng chuyn mch. Thit b
vo/ra chuyn v nhn thng tin x l chuyn mch gia cc thit b x l trung tm v kt qu
ca n n v i t bo dng v sa cha. N gm mt thit b a t, thit b bng t, thit b
hin th v my in dng. Thit b gi phn chia thi gian l mt thit b trong chuyn mch phn
chia thi gian c thc hin, thit lp mt ng gi bng cch bin i cc khe thi gian trn
ng truyn ghp knh phn chia thi gian ca nhm s cp, di s iu khin ca CPU.

Hnh 2.21. Nguyn tc h thng chuyn mch s phn chia thi gian
Trong hnh 2.21 minh ho h thng chuyn mch s phn chia thi gian gm cc chuyn mch thi
gian v khng gian. Nh hnh v, c 2 ng vo v mi ng c ghp vi 3 knh, v 2 ng
ra mi ng c ghp vi 3 knh. ng vo/ra c ghp knh c gi l xa l (ng
truyn tc cao - highway). Chuyn mch thi gian thc hin chc nng thay i trt t thi gian
ca cc khe thi gian trn highway, cn chuyn mch khng gian b tr cc cng theo cch c bit
v thay i cc knh highway vi nhau kt ni. Khi nh kt ni cuc gi X vo knh th nht ca
ng ra 1 vi ng ra 1, th t knh ca X phi thay i v knh th nht ca ng ra 1 b A
chim. Nh vy vic bin i khe thi gian c thc hin chuyn mch thi gian v do X ca
knh th nht b chuyn sang knh th 2. Sau , cuc gi X c ni vo knh th 2 ca ng
ra 1 khi cng phn chia thi gian G22 c m/ng trong pha th 2 ca xung P2. Vic kt ni
c thc hin trn c s cc th tc trn. Trong h thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian,
nhng tn hiu c ghp knh c chuyn mch v c a n nhng tuyn dn knh
theo hng mong mun m khng phi qua qu trnh m ho v gii m.
2.5.4 Mng d liu chuyn mch gi
A. Lch s pht trin
Cng ngh chuyn mch gi do lc lng khng qun M sng to da theo ngh ca Paul
Baran nm 1961 p ng nhu cu lp mt h thng truyn thng c tin cy cao. Khng qun
M khi u vic nghin cu cng ngh ny nhm c c h thng truyn tin cy c th chng
li s tn cng bt ng ca k ch. Kt qu ca cuc nghin cu nh sau:
(1) Mng truyn tin phn tn
(2) D liu lu tr trong cc khi (gi)
(3) Cn phi c chuyn mch lu tr
Cn c vo nhng kt qu nghin cu ny, B Quc phng M k mt hp ng pht trin vi
cng ty BBN (Bolt Beranek and Newman) v trong nm 1969, cng ty ny sng ch thnh cng
mng ARPA (Cc cng trnh nghin cu tin tin). truyn tin, mng ARPA gn vi h thng
chuyn mch IMP (b x l thng bo giao tip) v ni vi cc trung tm my tnh ln ca i hc
Illinois, U.S.C., v cc ni khc qua mt mng 50 Kbps ni gia cc h thng chuyn mch. Trn
c s thnh cng ca mng PRPA v cng ngh chuyn mch gi, nhiu nc khi xng
nghin cu v mng d liu chuyn mch gi v da trn kin ngh chun X.25 cn cho vic tiu
chun ho vic giao tip gia mng chuyn mch gi cng cng v trm u cui ca ITU - T, pht
trin thnh cng v a vo s dng cc dch v khong nm 1975. Nhng v d in hnh l
TYMENET ca Hoa K, GTE TELENET dch v thng mi ca mng ARPA, DATAPAC ca
Canada, TRANSPAC ca Php, PSS ca Anh, DATEX-P ca c, DDX-P ca Nht, v
DACOMNET ca Hn Quc.
2) Nhng nguyn tc:
Mng d liu chuyn mch gi ch s dng nhng u im ca chuyn mch tuyn v mng d
liu chuyn thng bo; d liu truyn dn c chia thnh cc n v truyn dn c kch thc nht
nh gi l gi (128 bytes hoc 256 bytes) trc khi a vo mng chuyn mch gi (t y gi l
"mng gi"). Mng gi chuyn mch cc n v gi v ri chuyn ti trm u cui nhn gi. Nhng
nguyn tc ny c minh ho trong hnh 2.22. D liu do ngi s dng gi i c chia thnh
nhng n v gi v sau chuyn theo trnh t v mng gi.
Do , thng tin ngn c a vo mt gi, trong khi thng tin di ch c gi i sau khi b chia
thnh nhiu gi. Trong mi gi c a ch ca trm u cui gi l ID ca trm. Cc gi chuyn i t
trm ch gi c tm thi gi trong h thng chuyn mch gi. H thng chuyn mch gi, da
theo a ch ca trm u cui ghi trong gi nhn, la chn con ng tt nht ti a ch cho v
ri chuyn n vo h thng chuyn mch tip theo. H thng chuyn mch a ch n nhn ly
v phn phi cho cc trm u cui tng ng v nh vy truyn ton b thng tin ca mt gi.
Cc th tc (Protocol) truyn tin nh lp ng truyn dn, xo b nhng li trong truyn dn v gi
li nhng thng bo truyn dn c thc hin khi trao i d liu gia trm u cui v h thng
chuyn mch v gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau. Cc trm u cui trao i gi li
c phn loi thnh trm u cui ch gi v trm u cui ch khng gi tu theo ch
trao i thng tin, ngha l c dng cc th tc hay khng. Khc vi cc mng truyn dn thng sut
nh in thoi hin nay hay cc mng chuyn mch, ch chuyn mch gi tr hon vic truyn
dn v n thc hin truyn dn lu tr trong mch v hot ng da theo cc th tc truyn tin. Tuy
nhin, do nhng l do trn, nhng trm u cui chy theo nhng tc khc nhau v cc m s
dng c th trao i vi nhau c th cung cp nhiu dch v hn, c kh nng m rng v cht
lng truyn tin cao. Ngoi ra, n khc vi cc mng in thoi hin c l h thng ghi ho n ca
n c th tnh cc cc cuc gi theo t l khi lng thng tin c truyn dn.

Hnh 2.22. Nguyn tc chuyn mch gi
3) c im
y l mt mng truyn tin rt tin cy c th chn ng bnh thng khc bng n v gi c
th gi thay th ngay c khi h thng chuyn mch v mch ca mng gi c li v c a ch ca
i tc trong gi c truyn i.
(1) tin cy cao
y l mt mng truyn tin rt tin cy c th chn ng bnh thng khc bng n v gi, c th
gi thay th ngay c khi h thng chuyn mch v mch ca mng gi c li v c a ch ca i
tc trong gi c truyn i.
(2) Cht lng cao
V chuyn mch gi hot ng theo ch truyn dn s biu hin bng 0 v 1, cht lng truyn
dn ca n l tuyt ho. N cng c th thc hin truyn dn cht lng cao bng cch kim tra
xem c li khng trong khi truyn dn gi gia cc h thng chuyn mch v gia thu bao vi
mng.
(3) Kinh t
H thng chuyn mch gi dng cc ng truyn tin tc cao ni vi cc h thng chuyn
mch nm trong mng nhm ghp knh cc gi ca cc thu bao khc nhau tng tnh kinh t v
hiu qu truyn dn ca cc ng truyn dn.
(4) Tin trnh chuyn mch
Do h thng chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch, phi s dng ch chuyn mch lu tr a
d liu vo b nh trong h thng chuyn mch bng n v gi, nhng tin trnh ny c th thc
hin d dng trong h thng chuyn mch v c th pht trin mt phm vi dch v rng ln. Ngoi
ra, h thng ny c th thay i tc truyn tin ca tng thu bao, chuyn i m thu bao v th
tc truyn v nhn theo trnh t iu khin truyn dn thu bao. Ngha l, h thng ny cho php
thu bao ng k nhng dng h thng chuyn mch khc nhau hot ng vi cc tc v ch
th tc khc nhau lin lc vi nhau.
(5) Cc dch v b sung
H thng chuyn mch gi c th cung cp nhng dch v b sung nh trao i thng bo, th in
t v dch v khp kn khi cc gi c lu tr trong h thng chuyn mch. Hn na, mt dch v
la chn nhanh chng a d liu vo cc gi yu cu cuc thoi ca thu bao ch gi, quay s tt
v cc dch v thay th tip vin c th c thc hin.
B. Thit lp mng
1) Khi nim v thit lp mng
Mng chuyn mch gi nh ch r trong hnh 2.23, gm mt h thng chuyn mch cp cao ni
nhng h thng chuyn mch v mt h thng tp trung cp cao t cc trm u cui ti cc h
thng chuyn mch. H thng tp trung cp thp gm c mt PMX v cc trm u cui. Thit b
ghp knh gi phc v cc trm u cui loi chung v loi gi. l mt thit b dng tp hp
d liu t cc trm u cui loi chung dng gi, lu tr tm thi d liu t cc trm u cui loi
gi trong thit b v sau ghp knh/tch knh nhng gi trc khi gi chng i cc h thng
chuyn mch. Nhng thit b ghp knh gi ny c thit lp di dng hnh sao trong h thng
chuyn mch gi nh sau:

Hnh 2.23. Phn cp mng chuyn mch gi
2) Cc phng tin dng cho mng chuyn mch gi
(1) Ch r-le
Ch r-le ca h thng chuyn mch gi c ch r trong hnh 2.24. Trm chuyn mch gi
gm nhng h thng chuyn mch gi, thit b ghp knh gi v nhng thit b o th iu
khin.
Thit b ghp knh gi dng lu tr tm thi thng bo nhn c t nhng trm u cui loi
chung vn hnh theo ch ng b v ri bin i sang dng gi. Nhng gi ny c ghp knh
trc khi truyn cho nhng h thng chuyn mch gi. Cc thit b u cui c th c dng trong
h thng chuyn mch gi c tip tc phn loi thnh cc thit b u cui loi gi v nhng thit
b u cui loi chung. Thit b u cui loi gi l nhng thit b hot ng trn c s chun X.25
theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T. Cc thit b u cui khc c th phn loi theo tc vn hnh v
phng php ng b c gi l cc thit b u cui loi chung. Chng c phn loi ging nh
mng chuyn mch tuyn. ng truyn dn gia thit b ghp knh gi v h thng chuyn mch
cng ging nh ng truyn dn ca mng chuyn mch tuyn.
(2) H thng chuyn mch gi
H thng chuyn mch gi c th c phn loi thm thnh mt h thng x l trung tm v iu
khin tn hiu cao tc. H thng x l trung tm iu khin thit b iu khin bo hiu cao tc v
thit b vo/ra thng qua vic s dng phng php iu khin bng chng trnh ghi sn. N cng
a ra nhng thng tin cn thit qua a t hoc my in dng cng nh phn tch thng tin trong h
thng chuyn mch gi v ri truyn nhng mnh lnh chi tit ti tng thit b theo kt qu thu
c. Thit b iu khin bo hiu cao tc nhn mt gi c ghp knh t thit b ghp knh
gi v trao i nhng tn hiu gia cc h thng chuyn mch gi. N truyn/nhn thng tin
truyn d liu mt cch chnh xc, kim tra cc dng thng tin lin quan ti cc thit b v cc li.
Ngoi ra n cn c th yu cu truyn li khi c li.
(3) Mng chuyn mch gi
Mng chuyn mch d liu gi thng c nhng chc nng sau:
(A) iu khin vic nh tuyn
Trong trng hp mt mng gi vi 4 h thng chuyn mch gi nh trong hnh 2.25, thu bo s 1
c gn vi mt thu bao duy nht khi n c ng k trong mng.

Hnh 2.24. Phng php phc hi mng chuyn mch gi
Khi thu bao 1 mun truyn cc gi cho thu bao 2, thu bao 1 t mt b nhn dng (s ca thu
bao khc/s ca knh logic) xc nh ni n ca gi ghi vo trong gi v ri gi n vo h
thng chuyn mch A. H thng chuyn mch gi A xc nh mt h thng chuyn mch m n
phi gi gi nhn n. Tin trnh ny gi l iu khin nh tuyn. Nh ch r trong hnh 2.25,
gi ca bao 1 c th gi i ti bt k mt con ng no trong s b, c v d. Tuy vy hng d cn
phi c chn bo m khong cch ngn nht v hiu qu cao nht. Nu hng d b trc trc
hoc lu lng qu ln, gi cn c gi theo b v c. Thc t, h thng chuyn mch hot
ng trn c s mt bng l trnh; ni dung ca bng ny c th thay i khi cn tu theo tnh trng
ca h thng chuyn mch k cn v s lu thng ca mng. Bng ny cn phi c son tho
v s dng theo nhng nguyn tc nh sn nh l thut ton nh tuyn c nh.

Hnh 2.25. V d v mng chuyn mch gi
B) Knh logic
Trong vic truyn d liu, qu trnh truyn tin gia 2 thu bao khng c thc hin mt cch t
ng ngay c khi ng thng tin c kt ni bng in. Trong trng hp mt cuc gi in
thoi, ch c mt ng lin lc c ni khi pha c gi tr li in thoi. Nh vy ch c knh
vt l l c thit lp. Loi knh ny gi l knh logic. Trong mng gi, knh logic ny c phn
loi thnh cuc gi o, cuc gi o vnh vin v d liu biu tu theo loi ca chng.
Cuc gi o
Khi mt ng thoi c thit lp trn mng in thoi, knh c dng cho n khi gi xong.
iu ny cng ging nh trng hp cuc gi o ca mng gi. Nh trnh by trong hnh 2.26, khi
mt thu bao ch bt u gi thu bao ny gi mt gi yu cu gi bao gm s in thoi ca i
tc v s knh logic thu bao s dng trn mng.

Hnh 2.26. Th tc truyn tin gi
Khi nhn c gi ny, mng gi i gi gi u vo trong c knh logic m thu bao u cui s
dng n cho thu bao s 2. Nu thu bao s 2 dng trong trng thi c th nhn c cuc gi,
n gi gi thng tin chp nhn gi cho mng. Mng gi gi thng tin nhn c cho thu bao s 1
nh l mt gi kt ni cuc gi v nh vy lp c ng lin lc logic gia thu bao 1 v 2. Sau
vic truyn gi d liu c thc hin qua knh logic lc c thit lp. Mt cuc gi o
c thit lp thng qua cc th tc trn. Mt gi yu cu xo c gi i khi chm dt lin lc
v knh logic ny c gii phng qua vic dng mt gi ch th xo v gi xc nhn xo. Cng nh
trong trng hp gi in thoi, cuc gi o l cuc gi thit lp ra mt mch logic cho trao i d
liu v sau gi d liu ch qua knh v cui cng xo knh i khi hon tt lin lc.
Gi o vnh vin
Gi o vnh vin l phng php thit lp ng lin lc logic vnh vin gia 2 thu bao v do
khng cn phi thit lp hoc xo knh logic nh trong trng hp gi o.
D liu biu
Khng nh nhng knh logic ni trc y, y l mt phng php khng cn thit lp mt knh
logic gia 2 thu bao. Thay vo , thu bao ch gi ch vic gi mt gi c s ca pha i din
trong mi gi v da theo s mi gi, mng gi gi ti h thng chuyn mch tip theo.
Cc gi s c gi i qua cc loi tuyn khc nhau. Phng php ny c bit cli khi chuyn
v nhn nhng thng bo ngn.
(C) Ghp knh gi
Ni chung, mt thu bao c th c nhiu s knh logic ngay khi nu mt ng dy c ni vt l
vi mng gi. Nu thit b u cui c th x l d liu t nhiu ngun cng mt lc, mt cuc gi
cho nhiu hn 2 thu bao c th thit lp c. y gi l ghp knh gi.

Hnh 2.27. Ghp knh gi
(D) iu khin trnh t
Do cc gi d liu chuyn qua mt knh logic c th chuyn theo nhiu ng khc nhau, trnh t
gi d liu c th thay i. Vic iu khin trnh t l mt qu trnh sa cha v ngn nga vic
xy ra. Trong mt gi d liu c mt trng th tc truyn v trng th tc nhn; Thu bao truyn
gn s th tc truyn khi truyn i mt gi. Trnh t ca gi d liu nhn qua mng c kim tra
ti h thng chuyn mch cui cng gn vi ngi thu bao b gi; trnh t sai s c sa li v
gi nhn trng lp s c loi b. Nhng gi thp hn gi b mt cng b loi b gi i nhng
gi ng ti thu bao cui theo ng trnh t.
V phng php biu d liu khng c mt ng lin lc logic nn vic iu khin trnh t c
thc hin thu bao u cui ch khng phi trn mng.
(E) Trng thi ng ct
H thng chuyn mch gi l mt h thng chuyn mch lu tr, lu gi tm thi cc d liu trong
b nh. Nhiu my thu bao c chung mt h thng chuyn mch v v c ca b nh trong h
thng c gii hn, nn xy ra tnh trng ch tc do thiu b nh. i khi ch tc c th lan sang cc
h thng chuyn mch bn cnh cho n khi ngng li ton b lung ca cc gi thng tin trn
mng. ch tc c xy ra do nhiu vn k c do khc nhau v tc truyn tin gia cc thu bao.
(F) iu khin lung
S lng gi d liu a vo mng cn c gii hn trnh ch tc. Nhng phng php dng
cho mc ch ny gm mt tin trnh hn ch b m hn ch s lng ti a cc gi d liu
truyn i, mt tin trnh gi l phng php iu khin ca s truyn i mt s lng nht nh
cc gi d liu qua mng n trm u cui i din v ch tip tc truyn gi d liu tip theo sau
khi c s xc nh nhn c cc gi , mt tin trnh gi l WABT, phng php ny gi tn
hiu khng sn sng nhn khi thiu b m hn ch u vo, v mt tin trnh gi l phng
php trung tm qun l mng, iu khin trng thi ca ng thng trong mng bng cch to ra
mt trung tm qun l mng. Trong thc t, mt s tin trnh m t trn cng c s dng cng
mt lc trong mng gi.
(G) Dch v b xung
H thng chuyn mch nhm c nhng dch v b sung tho mn mt cch hiu qu hn nhng
nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
Kt ni khp kn
Nh minh ho trong hnh 2.28, kt ni khp kn l mt dch v cho php ngi s dng dng mng
gi nh l mt mng thu. Vic truyn tin ca kt ni khp kn v my thu bao chung khc khng
th thc hin c.

Hnh 2.28. Kt ni khp kn
2.5.5 Phng php bo hiu
thc hin vic ni mch, thng tin cn thit iu khin phi c trao i gia in thoi v h thng chuyn mch
v gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau. Phng php bo hiu l mt th tc v phng php truyn nhng thng
tin ny, v d, gia in thoi v h thng chuyn mch, nhng yu cu tip ni v phc hi, ch nh la chn bng xung
quay s, tr li thng bo bng m ch gi hoc m chung trao i vi nhau.Ngoi ra, nhng tn hiu gia cc tng i
vi nhau nh kch hot, tr li, la chn, kt thc, ngt v thng tin cc c trao i gia cc h thng chuyn mch
trn mng in thoi. Trong hnh 2.29 minh ho lung tn hiu c bn.
2.5.6 Mng truyn thng tch hp
Cc in thoi thng thng ch c s dng ni vi mt pha i din tng ng nhm thit lp mt cuc gi. Trong
truyn s liu, cc ng dy chuyn dng dng cho mt s lng hn ch cc thu bao cng c s dng. Ngoi ra,
cc mng li in tn hin nay ang hot ng nh l cc h thng c lp vi cc h thng thng tin khc. Mt khc,
tm quan trng ca vic m bo cc phng tin thch hp trao i thng tin ngy cng tng khi x hi ngy cng
tin gn ti thi i thng tin. ng u vi nhng thay i y, cc h thng chuyn mch in t ang c tch
hp v nhng c im mi c pht trin. Thm na, vic nghin cu cc dch v mi hoang ton p ng cc yu
cu ca ngi s dng cng ang c tin hnh. Mi gn y, cc c gng nhm kt hp cc hnh thc khc nhau ca
cc h thng thng tin ang c thc thi nhm to c hiu qu cao hn v chi ph t hn. Ni chung, mc tiu c bn
ca truyn thng c th c coi nh l qu trnh gi v nhn cc thng tin cn thit qua cc loi phng tin truyn
thng khc nhau. ng thi, s giao tip my-my c s dng x l cc s liu cng nh iu khin cc tn hiu.
Nhng dch v k trn c th phn loi theo chc nng thnh cc dch v chuyn mch in thoi, video v thng tin s
liu. Tu theo dng thng tin c x l, m cc phng php phc v, cc c tnh lu lng, rng cc di tn truyn
dn, v cc c tnh ca cc thit b u cui s c xc nh. Kt qu l, nu mt mng li thng tin vi mc ch c
bit v d thit k c thit lp, n c th s khng linh hot p ng nhng i hi mi mt cch c hiu qu.
Ngc li, nu nhiu loi dch v thng tin c kt hp thnh mt mng li hot ng th mng li , cho d hi
km hiu qu i cht, vn c th d dng vn hnh, thay i v m rng. Ngoi ra, cc tng i nh vy s d dng iu
khin. Nhm mc ch y, ISDN (Mng s a dch v) c kh nng kt hp nhiu h thng khc nhau vo mt h thng c

hiu qu ang c nhu cu rt cao.
Cc di tn s di y do ISDN x l. Mt thng tin di tn hp c rng khong 4 KHz cn cho cc in thoi v
truyn s liu tc chm; Thng tin di tn trung c rng khong vi chc ln 4 KHz s dng cho pht thanh, truyn
hnh cht lng cao hoc gi fax tc nhanh; thng tin di tn rng c rng khong vi trm KHz dng cho truyn s
liu tc cao gia in thoi truyn hnh bng hp v cc my vi tnh ; v cui cng l cc thng tin di tn cc rng c
rng MHz dng cho cc chng trnh tivi thng mi hoc thng tin hnh nh chnh xc. Hy xem bng 2.8
Phn loi Thng tin di bng
hp
Thng tin di
bng trung bnh
Thng tin di
bng rng
Thng tin di
bng rng cc i
rng di tn 2 4 3 16 48 hn 1000
Truyn thng bng
ting ni
Telephone ph dng
Truyn thng bng hnh
nh
TV tnh TV di tn hp; telephone
Truyn bn tin Fax tc chm; th nm ngang khong cch xa
Truyn s liu bng giy, th Computer VS Computer
Bng t
Ngoi ra, chng c th c phn loi theo dng dch v chuyn mch s c cung cp nh sau: x l lu lng tc
thi cho in thoi v cc TV, x l lu lng nhanh ni c lin lc my-my hoc khng c ngi vn hnh v x l
lu lng khng tc thi. Thnh cng ca mng li truyn thng tch hp ph thuc vo vic cc thng tin cp trn
c kt hp vi nhau nh th no cho hiu qu. Nhm t c mc ch y, cc iu kin sau y phi c tho
mn:
Phng php bo hiu : Nn dng phng php bo hiu knh chung c chc nng chuyn mch iu khin t xa
K hoch nh s : H thng nh s cho cc thu bao chung cn c tiu chun ho. Mt phng n s kn gii
hn vic truy nhp cc cuc gi trong phm vi mt nhm nht nh cn c vn dng
Phng php tnh cc : Vic tnh cc chi tit cn c thc hin tu theo khong cch, thi gian gi, rng di
tn truyn dn v cc loi dch v
Thit b u cui : Thit b u cui loi a nng
3. K thut truyn dn
3.1 Phn m u
3.1.1 Nguyn l
Truyn dn l chc nng truyn mt tn hiu t mt ni ny n mt ni khc. H thng truyn dn gm cc thit b pht
v nhn, v phng tin truyn cng b lp li gia chng nh trong hnh 3.1
Nhng phng tin pht s truyn v pht i nhng tn hiu u vo (tn hiu gc) truyn chng mt cch hiu qu
qua phng tin, thit b nhn tch ra nhng tn hiu gc trong nhng tn hiu nhn c. ng thi b lp li x l vic
b li trong qu trnh truyn. Cc phng tin truyn bao gm dy ng, cp ng trc, radio, ng dn sng v cp si
quang.

Hnh 3.1. Cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn
Truyn dn bao gm phn truyn dn thu bao ni lin my thu bao vi tng i v phn truyn dn tng i ni tng i
vi tng i. Truyn dn gm truyn bng cp, truyn radio, lin lc v tinh, truyn TV, lin lc si quang, ng dn sng,
lin lc di t cng b chuyn tip phc hi s dng cc phng tin truyn dn, kt cu kt hp v mng ng b ho
ca cc thit b ny, vic bo dng v phn qun l mng ca mng truyn dn v.v. Do khng phi l qu ng khi
ni rng s pht trin k thut truyn dn a ti s pht trin lin lc thng tin m trong phn ny s trnh by v
truyn dn tng t v truyn dn s.
3.1.2 Lch s pht trin ca truyn dn
S pht trin lin lc vin thng bt u t khi pht minh ra h thng in tn hot ng theo ch ch s. Ngha l
khi Morse pht minh ra my in tn nm 1835 v vic lin lc vin thng s bt u bng pht dng chm v gch ngang
nm 1876, vic s dng ch tng t bt u vi pht minh in thoi ca A.G. Bell. T cng ngh lin quan
c pht trin kh mnh m.
Phng php truyn dn a l cng bt u t khi c dy dn ba mch thc hin M nm 1925 v qua pht trin
cp ng trc c 240 mch, hin nay s dng phng php lin lc c bn vi cp ng trc c 3.600 - 10.800 mch,
FDM (Ghp knh theo tn s) nhiu mch 1.800 mch bi vi ba.
Mt khc t nm 1930, phng php 24 mch PAM (iu ch bin xung) v PWM (iu ch rng xung) pht
trin nhng cha ph bin. Ngay sau A.H. Reeves pht huy PCM (iu ch m xung).
Nhng phng php lin lc vin thng mi kt hp nhng phng php PCM cng khng c p dng thun li. Nm
1948, ngay sau khi kt thc chin tranh th gii th hai, thit b PCM th nghim c thit k v sn xut M.
Nhng n cng khng c thc hin v lc ng in t ch l mt phn t tch cc v ng m dng cho m ho b c
nhiu vn khi thc hnh. S pht minh k thut bn dn tip theo pht minh cht bn dn ng vai tr quyt nh trong
vic p dng PCM. Lc vic ghp knh cp ting ni bi phng php PCM nh du bc pht trin to ln trong
lch s lin lc vin thng. Phng php PCM c tnh thi i ra i khi c nhu cu mch sng mang gn tng ln v
vic ghp khng th thc hin c v c kh khn trong vic thit lp mi hoc thm cp trao i. D nhin cng c sn
phng php sng mang gn FDM nhng n khng th so snh c vi phng php PCM v mt kinh t v cht
lng truyn dn. Hn na phng php FDM cng khng th hot ng c trong iu kin yu km ca cp a
phng v ng di, nhng phng php PCM c u im ln l c th hot ng c trong iu kin nh vy. Do
h thng T1 (b in thoi 1) dng trong lin lc vin thng cng cng s dng phng php PCM Chicago (M) trong
nm 1962, phng php PCM-24 p dng Nht nm 1965, phng php Chu u hin nay (CEPT) pht trin v s
dng trong nhng nm 1970. Lc ITU-T kin ngh G.733 nh l mt phng php Bc M (NAS) v G.732 nh l
phng php Chu u. Mt khc lin lc quang cng nh du bc pht trin v lin lc vin thng c tch cc
nghin cu vi vic pht minh laser nm 1960. Khi , vic nghin cu s dng sng khng gian v ng dn chm tia
quang hc l phng tin truyn dn rt si ng, kh nng truyn dn quang hc s dng si quang lm phng tin
truyn dn c pht huy nm 1966, phn chnh ca nghin cu lin lc quang hc tp trung vo truyn dn si cp
quang s dng si quang hc lm phng tin truyn dn qua vic b sung tn hao truyn dn si cp quang 20 dB/km
trong nm 1970. Hin nay vi vic pht trin phng php kh nng siu i FT-1.7G, F-1.6G v.v. Trong tng lai ngoi
vic pht trin lin tc v ghp knh v k thut lin lc quang hc nh trn, chng ta c th pht trin k thut lin quan
nh truyn dn thu bao s v pht trin k thut u ni, k thut CCC (kh nng knh xo ) trn mng c, k thut
UNI (giao tip mng - ngi s dng) v ting ni, s liu, thng tin hnh nh v k thut NNI (giao tip nt - mng), k
thut t hp siu cao VLSI (t hp quy m rt ln) bao gm cc loi k thut m ho, k thut truyn dn s ng b,
mng ni cho, v bo dng mng, mng CCR (cu hnh li iu khin khch hng), IN (mng thng minh) v v.v.
chun b cho di hp ISDN trong giai on thc hin mt phn


Hnh 2.29. Lung tn hiu c bn
Phng php chuyn bo hiu li c phn loi thnh phng php bo hiu knh kt hp v bo hiu knh chung
(CCS). Trong h thng chuyn mch thng thng, tn hiu c pht v thu qua mt knh thoi ring l. gi l bo
hiu knh kt hp. Trong phng php bo hiu knh chung, nhng knh gi tch bit nhau v do cc tn hiu c
thu thp vo nhng knh truyn cao tc c bit trc khi c truyn v nhn. Phng php ny c th chuyn nhiu
thng tin theo 2 chiu d cc knh thoi c b bn hay khng. Do n tng cng c hiu qu ca ton b h thng
bng cch kim tra ton b mng tuyn v n linh hot p ng nhng dch v mi. V nhng l do , n l iu l
tng i vi ISDN. Phng php ny nh trng hp phng php iu khin chng trnh lu tr, ph hp vi h
thng chuyn mch in t c cc chc nng tp trung.


Hnh 2.30. Bo hiu knh kt hp (a) v Bo hiu knh chung (b)
Bo hiu knh kt hp c chia thnh h thng bo hiu trong bng s dng di tn ting ni v h thng bo hiu
ngoi bng s dng tn s bo hiu khc vi di tn ting ni. M a tn dng to m bng cch kt hp tn s s
dng 2 trong s 6 tn s ca di tn ting ni. l mt v d in hnh v bo hiu trong bng. Xung quanh s hay u
vng trc tip l th d v h thng bo hiu ngoi bng. Bo hiu knh chung gip h thng s dng cc thit b bo
hiu; nhng phng tin phc tp c th c thit lp mt cch kinh t v c th truyn nhiu thng tin hai chiu vi tc
cao. Phng php bo hiu s 6 / s 7 theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T l v d in hnh thuc v phng php ny.
A. Phng php bo hiu R2 - MFC
y l mt cch bo hiu knh kt hp v mt v d in hnh l phng php R2 - MFC. Phng php ny c
ITU-T tiu chun ho nm 1968. N c th c phn loi thm thnh bo hiu gim st v bo hiu chn lc nh sau:
1/ Bo hiu gim st
Nhng tn hiu gim st c chuyn ti h thng chuyn mch tu theo cc trng thi thay i ca mng xy ra c hai
u ca ng gi, v d nh sau:
Ri (Idle): ng trung k sn sng s dng
Chim (Seizure): tn hiu bo rng h thng chuyn mch pha ch gi chim ng trung k i ti h thng
chuyn mch pha b gi
Chp nhn chim (Seizure acknwledgement): tn hiu thng bo xc nhn tn hiu chim ca h thng chuyn mch
pha ch gi.
Tr li / Xung o (Answer/meter): tn hiu bo tr li ca my thu bao b gi cho h thng chuyn mch pha ch gi
Xung tnh cc / Chp nhn chim (Metering/Seizue acknwledgement): tn hiu lin quan ti xung tnh cc ca in
thoi cng cng. i khi dng lm tn hiu bo chim.
Xo v (Clear back): tn hiu thng bo ti h thng chuyn mch pha b gi rng thu bao b gi t my.
Xo i (Clear forward): tn hiu thng bo ti h thng chuyn mch pha b gi rng thu bao ch gi t my.
Kho: tn hiu bo rng tn hiu tng ng khng th a ra ngoi c.
2) Tn hiu la chn:
Tn hiu la chn xem xt s ca my thu bao b gi. Trn c s , c th xc nh c v tr ca my thu bao b gi.
15 tn hiu hng i v 15 tn hiu hng v c to ra bng cch s dng kt hp tn s ca 2 trong s 6 tn s trong
bng truyn v nhn cc loi thng tin khc nhau.
Tn s s dng
Tn hiu hng i: 1,380Hz, 1.500Hz, 1.620Hz, 1.740Hz, 1.860Hz v 1.980Hz
Tn hiu hng v: 540Hz, 660Hz, 780Hz, 900Hz, 1.020Hz v 1.140Hz
Nhiu ngha c ch nh cho tng tn hiu trn v nhng ngha tn hiu c din gii khc nhau tu theo v tr ti tn
hiu hng v A - 3, A - 5, hoc chui bo hiu truyn v nhn s lng ln thng tin.
Tn hiu hng i
Phn loi vo nhm I, II: I - 1, I - 2,........................................... I 15
II - 1, II - 2,.......................................................II - 15
Tn hiu hng v
Phn loi vo nhm A, B: A - 1, A - 2,........................................ A - 15
B - 1, B - 2,....................................................... B - 15
(1) Tn hiu hng i
C 15 tn hiu hng i trong nhm I v 15 trong nhm II. Tn hiu nhm I ch yu l th hin cc s ca my thu bao b
gi. Tn hiu u tin trn chui bo hiu pht i c din gii l tn hiu nhm I. Cng nh vy, tn hiu v u tin
c din gii l tn hiu nhm A. S dng tn hiu v c th (A - 3, A - 5) th c th thc hin c vic chuyn i t
nhm I sang nhm II. Khi c chuyn sang nhm nhm II bng tn hiu v A - 5, th c th chuyn i c sang nhm
I. Vic chuyn i t nhm A sang nhm B ch c th thc hin c vi tn hiu v A - 3. Mt khi chuyn sang nhm
B th khng th chuyn sang nhm A c.


Tn hiu s
Tn s Ghi ch
1.980 1.860 1.740 1.620 1.500 1.380 i
540 660 780 900 1.020 1.140 V
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 0 0
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0
13 0 0
14 0 0
15 0 0
Bng 2.3. a ch tn s bo hiu R2 - MFC
Tn hiu i nhm I
Trong nhm I, c 2 ngha nh trong Bng 2.4
Tn hiu I - 1 ~ I - 10
Ni chung, chng tng ng vi ch s ca s my thu bao b gi
(I - 1 = 1, I - 2 = 2, ....... I - 9 = 9 , I - 10 = 0 )
i vi nhng cuc gi quc t, ngn ng ch s c s dng ni vi in bo vin, c th khi cuc gi quc t kt
thc tng i cui ( ngha 1). Nu khng cn ti ngn ng, chng c s dng nh l nhng ch s phn bit th
hin nhng tng i cui. Chng ch c truyn i khi h thng chuyn mch r-le quc t yu cu nhng ch s phn
bit v ngn ng bng tn hiu hng v A - 12.
Tn hiu Nhm I Nhn xt
Ngha 1 Ngha 2
I - 1 Ngn ng: Php Ch s 1
I - 2 Ngn ng: Anh Ch s 2
I- 3 Ngn ng: c Ch s 3
I - 4 Ngn ng: Nga Ch s 4
I - 5 Ngn ng: Ty Ban Nha Ch s 5
I - 6 D phng (ngn ng) Ch s 6
I - 7 D phng (ngn ng) Ch s 7
I - 8 D phng (ngn ng) Ch s 8
I - 9 D phng (s phn bit) Ch s 9
I - 10 S phn bit Ch s 0
I - 11 Ch th M nc (cn B trit na m di
O/G)
Truy nhp ti I/C in bo vin (m II)
I - 12 Ch th M nc ( khng cn b trit m di ) Truy nhp ti in bo vin tr hon (m 12)
yu cu khng c chp nhn

I - 13 Ch th gi th (gi bng thit b o th t
ng)
Truy nhp ti thit b th (M 13) khng k
ni vi v tinh

I - 14 Ch th M nc (gn b trit na m di
O/G)
Cn b trit na m di I/C k c ni vi v
tinh

I - 15 D phng Chm dt xung (M 15) chm dt nhn dng
Bng 2.4. Nhm I tn hiu hng i
Tn hiu I - 11 ~ I - 15
Do cc h thng to ra (khng k cc my thu bao)
Trong h thng chuyn mch r-le quc t, ngha 1 ch c s dng cho tn hiu u tin, ngha 2 dng cho cc tn hiu
khc.
Tn hiu Ngha Nhn xt
II - 1 My thu bao khng u tin
II - 2 My thu bao u tin
II - 3 Thit b bo dng
II - 4 D phng
II - 5 in bo vin
II - 6 Truyn d liu
II - 7 My thu bao (hoc in bo vin khng c phng tin chuyn tn hiu i)
II - 8 Truyn d liu
II - 9 My thu bao u tin
II - 10 in bo vin c phng tin truyn tn hiu i
II - 11 - 15 D phng cho s dng ca quc gia
Bng 2.5. Nhm II tn hiu hng i cng trung chuyn
Nhm II Tn hiu hng i
Nhng tn hiu ca nhm II th hin cc cp ca pha ch gi. Bin i t nhm I sang bng tn hiu hng v A - 3 hay A
- 5
Tn hiu II - 1 ~ II - 6: Dng cho cc cuc gi trong nc
Tn hiu II - 7 ~ II - 10: Dng cho cc cuc gi quc t
Tn hiu II - 11 ~ II - 15: D tr cho cc cuc gi trong nc
Tn hiu Ngha Nhn xt
A - 1 Gi s tip theo (n + 1) ca s bn b gi
A - 2 Gi s p cht (n - 1)
A - 3 nhn a ch y , chuyn sang nhn tn hiu
ca nhm B

A - 4 Tc nghn trong mng quc gia
A - 5 Gi cp my ch gi
A - 6 a ch y , tnh cc, thit lp cc iu kin thoi
A - 7 Gi s th n - 2
A - 8 Gi s th n - 3
A - 9 D tr cho s dng trong nc
A - 10 D tr cho s dng trong nc
A - 11 Yu cu thng tin v s dng B trit m di
A - 12 Gi digit v ngn ng hoc ch s phn bit
A - 13 Gi thng tin v bn cht knh
A- 14 Yu cu thng tin v s dng B trit m di
A - 15 Tc nghn trong tng i quc t hoc ti u ra ca n
Bng 2.6. Nhm A tn hiu hng v
(2) Tn hiu hng v
Do cc h thng to ra (khng k cc my thu bao)
Nhm A tn hiu hng v
To ra do tn hiu hng i ca Nhm I hoc tn hiu hng i ca Nhm II cho nhng trng hp c bit. Chng th
hin nhng yu cu v s thu bao b gi v nhn thng bo y .
Tn hiu Ngha Nhn xt
B - 1 D tr cho s dng quc gia
B - 2 Pht tone thng tin c bit
B - 3 ng thu bao bn
B - 4 Tc nghn (sau khi chuyn t nhm A sang Nhm B)
B - 5 S cha c gn
B - 6 ng thu bao ri, tnh cc
B - 7 ng thu bao ri, khng tnh cc
B - 8 ng thu bao khng hot ng c
B - 9 - 15 D tr cho s dng quc gia
Bng 2.7. Nhm B tn hiu hng v
- Nhm B tn hiu hng v
c chuyn i bng tn hiu hng i nhm II hay tn hiu v A-3. Chng th hin thng tin v trng thi ca nhng
my thu bao b gi v thit b chuyn mch ca cc h thng chuyn mch pha b gi.
B. Bo hiu s 7
H thng bo hiu s 7 (SS No.7) ca ITU-T c thit lp p ng nhng yu cu pht trin bo hiu ca mng s
ho hon ton da trn knh 64 Kbps. SS No.7 l mt h thng bo hiu knh chung. Nhng h thng bo hiu SS No.7
trc y hot ng 2.400bps v c thc hin trn nhng knh tng t chun VF. Chng khng c cng nng y
v cng khng ph hp vi mng s hin nay v c bit l vi ISDN. Tuy nhin ngi ta c th thy rng c nhiu
im tng ng trong ho v cu trc thng bo gia CCIS/ITU-T v SS No.7.
Ni mt cch n gin, ITU-T SS No.7 c m t nh l mt h thng bo hiu knh chung a dng c tiu chun
ho quc t:
Ti u ho vn hnh vi cc mng s c chuyn mch s dng B iu khin chng trnh lu tr (SPC).
C th p ng nhng nhu cu hin nay v tng lai v chuyn thng tin cho nhng b lin x l bin ng vi nhng
mng thng tin s iu khin gi, iu khin t xa, s dng v qun l mng d liu c s v bo dng bo hiu.
Cung cp mt phng tin tin cy chuyn thng tin ng trnh t khng tht lc hoc trng lp.
ITU-T SS No.7, trong nhng nm t 1980, c bit n nh mt h thng bo hiu cho ISDN. S tht ng nh vy.
Khng c c cu h tng SS No. t trong mng s, th khng c ISDN vi s truy nhp khp mi ni. Cn phi lm r
mt iu quan trng. ITU-T SS No.7 bn thn n l s la chn bo hiu trong mng s PSN (Mng in thoi cng
cng - khi khng c ISDN). N c th t ng vng mt mnh trong chc nng ny. SS No.7 l mt h thng truyn d
liu thit k cho mt mc ch duy nht: bo hiu. N khng phi l mt h thng a nng. Do vy chng ta phi nhn
nhn SS No.7 nh l (1) mt mng d liu chuyn dng v (2) mt h thng bo hiu.
1) Mi lin h ca SS No.7 vi OSI
ITU-T SS No.7 c lin h vi OSI ti mt mc nht nh. C mt nhm ngi ta tin rng SS No.7 cn c hon
ton thch ng vi 7 tng ca OSI. Tuy nhin, cc nhm lm vic ITU-T chu trch nhim cho tng v thit k SS No.7
ngn ngi v s chm tr hoc l cho ngi s dng s liu, hoc l cho ngi s dng in thoi ca mng s PSN
hay ISDN. Vic chm tr trong lc quay s u tin l mt trong nhng bin php vn hnh ch yu ca mt he thng
bo hiu. ti thiu ho mc tr, 7 tng OSI c b bt tng 4. Thc ra, khuyn ngh ITU-T Q.709 qui nh
khng nhiu hn 2.2 giycho mc tr quay s ca 95% cc cuc gi. hn ch mc tr ny, mt gii hn c t ra
cho s lng cc im lm tr, n c gi l STPs, m c th c truyn qua bi mt bn tin bo hiu v mt thit k
vn c ca SS No.7 di dng mt h thng 4 tng. Hnh 2.31 ch ra lin quan gia th tc SS No.7 vi cc tng ca OSI.
Chng ta nn ghi ch rng nhng chc nng mng bo hiu SS No.7 tng 3 bao gm cc chc nng x l bn tin bo
hiu v cc chc nng qun l mng. Hnh 2.32 cho thy cu trc tng qut ca h thng bo hiu SS No.7 Schlanger
c nhng nhn xt thch hp nh sau:
:Bo hiu c thc hin mt cch c th to ra mt mng li lin lc ph cho ngi s dng u cui mng.
Cng nh vy mt s ngi lp lun cho rng ton b mu chun ca SS No.7 nh l mt th tc trong h thng lin lc
ph ch cn tn ti tng 3 OSI (tng mng li) v pha di."
H thng lin kt m
OSI
H thng bo hiu
No.7 (SS No.7)
7 Tng ng dng
6 Tng gii thiu
5
4 Tng vn ti 4 Phn ngi s dng (SCCP)
3 Tng mng li 3 Cc chc nng mng li bo hiu
2 Tng lin kt s liu 2 iu khin lin kt bo hiu
1 Tng vt l 1 Lin kt s liu bo hiu
"Cc qu trnh ng dng trong phm vi mt mng thng tin gi ln chc nng to th tc lin lc vi nhau y ht nh
nhng ngi s dng cc u cui. Do vy mu chun 7 tng tng t cn p dng trong ng dng ny".
"Th tc h thng bo hiu c thy bao hm cc hot ng, iu hnh v bo dng (OA & M) c lin quan ti vin
thng. V cc th gii c th b li cun vo cc hot ng nh vy (nhng ngi s dng thc s cc u cui), cng
nh cc qu trnh ng dng OA & M, nn s phn bit gia cc thc th tng mng li v ngi s dng u cui tr
nn m nht".
Dng nh c nhiu c gng nhm a SS No. 7 vo OSI t tng 4 v pha trn. Cc c gng ny kt qu to ra
s to thnh tng ph ca tng 4 trong SCCP (phn iu khin u ni bo hiu) v cc phn ca ngi s dng.
Phn 2 s m t mt cch ngn gn cc chc nng ca cc tng trong h thng bo hiu s 7 SSNO7 4 tng.
- Lung bn tin bo hiu
TUP phn ngi s dng telephone
"Other type" m ch ISDN
DUP iu khin v ch th. D liu phn ngi s dng


Hnh 2.32 Cu trc tng qut cc chc nng ca ITU-T SS No.7
Trch t ITU-T Rec. Q701
2) Cu trc h thng bo hiu
Hnh 3.22 minh ho cu trc c bn ca SS No.7 cho thy hai phn ca h thng: phn truyn bn tin (MTP) v cc phn
cho ngi s dng. C 3 phn cho ngi s dng:
- Cho ngi s dng in thoi (TUP)
- Cho ngi s dng s liu (DUP) v mt b phn "khc" m trong ng cnh ny mun ni ti phn ngi s dng ISDN
(ISUP). Hnh 3.21 v 3.22 cho thy cc tng 1, 2 v 3, l cc tng cu thnh MTP. Cc on ch dn k tip m t chc
nng ca tng tng ny theo quan im h thng.
Tng 1 xc nh cc c tnh vt l, in v chc nng ca ng lin kt s liu bo hiu v phng tin truy nhp
n. Trong mi trng mng s liu ng s 64 Kbps l phn kt ni c bn bnh thng. Phn kt ni bo hiu c th
truy nhp c bng chc nng chuyn mch cung cp kh nng t ng ti to li cu hnh lin kt bo hiu.
Tng 2 thc hin chc nng lin kt bo hiu. N xc nh cc chc nng v cc th tc truyn cc bn tin bo hiu
qua mt ng lin kt s liu bo hiu ring l. Mt bn tin bo hiu c truyn qua ng lin kt bo hiu theo cc
n v tn hiu c chiu di thay i. Mt n v tn hiu bao gm thng tin iu khin truyn tin thm vo vi ni dung
thng tin ca bn tin bo hiu.
Chc nng lin kt bo hiu bao gm:
Gii hn mt n v tn hiu bng cc c.
Chng nhm ln c bng vic chn thm cc bit.
iu khin li bng cch pht li v iu khin chui n v tn hiu bng dy s trong tng n v tn hiu v thng
bo xc nhn lin tc mt cch r rng.
Pht hin li lin kt bo hiu bng cch kim tra li trong n v tn hiu v phc hi lin kt bo hiu bng cc th tc
c bit.
Tng 3 vi chc nng mng bo hiu, v nguyn tc, a ra nh ngha cc chc nng v th tc truyn chung v c lp
ca cc lin kt bo hiu ring l. C 2 loi chc nng tng 3:
(1) Cc chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu. Trong khi truyn bn tin, nhng chc nng ny hng bn tin ti lin kt bo
hiu hoc phn cho ngi s dng tng ng.
(2) Cc chc nng qun l mng bo hiu. Chc nng ny iu khin xc nh hng theo thi gian thc, iu khin
v ti to li cu hnh mng khi cn thit.
Tng 4 l phn cho ngi s dng. Mi phn cho ngi s dng xc nh cc chc nng v cc th tc c trng cho
tng ngi s dng ring bit, d l in thoi, s liu hay phn ngi s dng ISDN.
Bn tin bo hiu c nh ngha bi chun ITU-T Reg. Q.701 nh l mt tp hp thng tin, c nh ngha ti tng 2
hay 4, c lin quan ti 1 cuc gi, s qun l v.v. m sau c chuyn i nh mt thc th bi chc nng chuyn bn
tin. Mi mt bn tin u cha ng "thng tin dch v" bao gm 1 ch s dch v nhn dng phn ngi s dng ngun v
c th l xc nh bn tin lin quan ti vic ng dng ni a hay quc t ca phn ngi s dng.
Thng tin bo hiu ca bn tin cha ng thng tin ca ngi s dng, nh cc s liu hoc cc tn hiu iu khin cc
cuc gi, thng tin qun l v bo dng, dng v kch c bn tin. N cng bao gm 1 "nhn". Nhn ny gip cho vic
nh hng bn tin bi tng 3 qua mng bo hiu ti ch ca n v hng bn tin ti phn ngi s dng hoc tuyn
mong mun.
Trong lin kt bo hiu, thng tin bo hiu nh vy c cha trong cc n v tn hiu bn tin (MSUs) m cc n v ny
li bao gm cc chc nng iu khin truyn c lin quan ti cc chc nng tng 2.
Trong SS No.7 c mt s thut ng c s dng cn phi hiu trc khi i tip cc bc sau:
Cc im bo hiu (signalling Points): l nhng nt trong mng c s dng bo hiu knh chung.
Quan h bo hiu (Signaling Relation) (tng t vi quan h lu lng): l bt c hai im bo hiu no m kh nng
lin lc gia cc phn ngi s dng tng ng vi chng tn ti, c gi l c 1 quan h v bo hiu.
Cc lin kt bo hiu (Signaling links) cc lin kt bo hiu chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu gia 2 im bo hiu.
Cc im ngun v ch (Originating and Destination Points): l cc v tr ca chc nng phn ngi s dng ngun v
v tr ca chc nng phn ngi s dng nhn tng ng.
im truyn bo hiu (Signaling Transfer Point (STP)): l mt im m trong mt bn tin nhn c trn mt lin
kt bo hiu c truyn i ti mt lin kt khc.
Nhn tin (Massage Label): mi bn tin c mang theo mt nhn. nhn tiu chun, phn c s dng cho vic nh
tuyn c gi l nhn nh tuyn (routing label). Nhn nh tuyn bao gm:
im ch v ngun ca bn tin
Mt m s dng phn ti, y c th l phn t quan trng nht trong kt cu ca mt nhn m n nh ra phn giao
dch ca ngi s dng tng 4.
Nhn tiu chun nu rng mi mt im bo hiu trong mng bo hiu c gn cho mt m nhn dng theo s m
c thit lp cho mc ch to nhn.
nh tuyn bn tin (Message Routing): l qu trnh la chn cc lin kt bo hiu c s dng cho tng vic nh
tuyn bn tin bo hiu trn c s phn tch nhn nh tuyn ca bn tin kt hp vi cc s liu nh tuyn c
nh trc ti mt im bo hiu c bit no .
Phn b bn tin (Messaga Distribution): l qu trnh xc nh phn ngi s dng m mt bn tin s c gi ti. S
la chn c thc hin nh s phn tch ch s dch v.
Phn bit bn tin (Message Discrimination): l qu trnh xc nh s nhn mt bn tin ti mt in bo hiu l im
ch cu bn tin. Quyt nh ny da trn s phn tch m ch ca nhn nh tuyn trong bn tin. Nu im bo hiu
l im ch, bn tin c chuyn ti chc nng ch ca bnt tin. Cn nu khng, bn tin s c chuyn ti chc
nng nh tuyn chuyn tip trn ng lin kt bo hiu.
Qun l mng bo hiu (Signaling Network Management): c thit lp bi 3 lnh vc k thut:
- Qun l lu lng bo hiu.
- Qun l lin kt bo hiu.
- Qun l nh tuyn bo hiu.
Cc chc nng qun l lu lng bo hiu l:
iu khin nh tuyn bn tin, k c sa i tuyn bn tin duy tr s kt ni.
m bo lung bn tin cng vi cc sa i v nh tuyn bn tin.
Cc thao tc iu khin lung hn ch nh hng ca qu ti.
Cc chc nng qun l lin kt tn hiu iu khin cc b lin kt u ni theo khu vc, bao gm c vic khi phc lin
kt. Chc nng ny cung cp cc s liu lin kt ca cc lin kt khu vc ti cc chc nng qun l lu lng tn hiu.
Chc nng qun l nh tuyn bo hiu. Chc nng qun l nh tuyn bo hiu ch c s dng khi lin kt bo hiu
hot ng ch gn nh kt hp (quasi - associated). Ch gn nh kt hp lin quan ti nhng lin kt bo hiu
m s dng 1 tuyn khc vi tuyn bn tin thng thng. Nhim v qun l tuyn l truyn thng tin v nhng thay i
trong kh nng c th c cc tuyn bo hiu trong mng li bo hiu to iu kin cho cc im bo hiu xa c th
c cc tc ng qun l lu lng bo hiu mt cch thch hp.
Mt danh sch cc c tnh k thut v mng li thng tin s c trnh by bng 3.2. Nhng c tnh ny c lit
k theo th t m tc gi cho l tng xng vi tm quan trng ca chng i vi lnh vc in thoi ni chung. Tuy
nhin trong cc ng dng ring bit khc, s cn nhc no c th cho l t nhiu quan trng hn. Chng hn, mc
cui cng, s gim bt tnh rc ri kh hiu l c im ni tri khin mng s c a chung trong qun s.
3) n v bo hiu s 7
C th c 3 dng n v tn hiu cho SS No.7 nh sau; Cu hnh ca mi n v tn hiu c trnh by hnh 2.23
MSU (n v tn hiu bn tin). Truyn cc s liu gia tng 3 v tng 4.
LSSU (n v tn hiu trng thi lin kt). Thng tin v trng thi cc lin kt tn hiu chuyn pht s liu
FLSU (nv tn hiu chn thm). c chuyn pht khi MSU v LSSU khng c chuyn pht

Hnh 2.33. Kch thc ca n v tn hiu SS No.7
(1) Kch thc n v tn hiu s 7
Nh trn cho thy, cc kch thc n v tn hiu dng cho h thng bo hiu SS No.7 khc vi MSU, LSSU v FISU. Mi
trng ca n v bo hiu c ngha nh sau
A- Trng chung
DF (c d liu). Ch nh im bt u v kt thc ca n v bo hiu.
Mu: h7e (0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0)
BSN (dy s li). Th hin dy s ca n v tn hiu cui cng thu nhn c mt cch chnh xc.
BIB (bit ch th li). Dng cho yu cu pht li ca cc n v bo hiu khi c li xut hin.
FSN (Dy s tin). Th hin dy s ca n v tn hiu s c pht.
FIB (Bit ch th tin). Dng ch th vic pht li ca n v bo hiu bng BIB
LI (Ch th di)
Ch ra s Octet ca trng gia LI v CK (1 octet = 8 bits). H thng chuyn mch u cui b gi thc hin CRC so
snh tnh trng li ca n v bo hiu nh gi. Trng ny c s dng cho vic nh gi ny.
B-Trng duy nht LSSU
- SF (Trng trng thi). Trng ny th hin trng thi ca lin kt bo hiu
C- Trng duy nht MSU.
- SIO (Tm bit thng tin dch v). y l mt b tm bit xc nh phn ngi s dng m trong s bao gm thng tin
c pht i.
- SIS (Trng thng tin bo hiu). M im ch, m im ngun, m lin kt bo hiu, v b tm bit t 2 ~ 272 c th
thay i
(2) Phn loi nhm n v bo hiu
FAM (Bn tin a ch tin). Cc bn tin s c chuyn tip theo thng tin a ch
FSM (Bn tin thit lp tin). Cc bn tin s c chuyn i tip sau cc bn tin a ch. Cc bn tin ny s li c
phn loi thnh cc bn tin chung c cc thng tin cn thit cho vic nhn dng cc ng ch gi hoc thit lp cuc
gi v cc bn tin c cc tn hiu lin tc. Nhng bn tin ny c gi ngc li yu cu c thm thng tin cho thit
lp cuc gi.
SBM (Bn tin thng bo thit lp thnh cng gi v). y l mt nhm bn tin s gi cc thng tin lin quan ti s
thnh cng ca vic thit lp cuc gi. C cc bn tin hon thin a ch v bn tin tnh cc.
UBM (Bn tin thng bo thit lp khng thnh cng gi v). y l mt nhm bn tin chuyn v cc thng tin v
vic thit lp cuc gi khng thnh cng.
CSM (Bn tin gim st cuc gi). y l mt nhm bn tin theo di cc cuc gi c thit lp
CCM (Bn tin gim st mch). L nhm bn tin theo di cc nhm ng thu bao.
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