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    K.Anita Priyadharshini: Carbohydrates

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    Aaronmiguel27
    Carbohydrates can be classified into three main groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides contain a single sugar unit, disaccharides contain two sugar units, and polysaccharides contain many sugar units. Common carbohydrate reactions include enolization, reducing properties, oxidation, dehydration, osazone formation, and formation of esters. Carbohydrates can also undergo epimerization, where an epimer is transformed into its chiral counterpart, as well as mutarotation, where the optical rotation changes as alpha and beta anomeric forms of cyclic sugars interconvert. There are several methods used for synthesizing carbohydrates in both ascending and descending sugar series.

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    K.Anita Priyadharshini: Carbohydrates

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    Aaronmiguel27
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    Carbohydrates can be classified into three main groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides contain a single sugar unit, disaccharides contain two sugar units, and polysaccharides contain many sugar units. Common carbohydrate reactions include enolization, reducing properties, oxidation, dehydration, osazone formation, and formation of esters. Carbohydrates can also undergo epimerization, where an epimer is transformed into its chiral counterpart, as well as mutarotation, where the optical rotation changes as alpha and beta anomeric forms of cyclic sugars interconvert. There are several methods used for synthesizing carbohydrates in both ascending and descending sugar series.

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    Carbohydrates can be classified into three main groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides contain a single sugar unit, disaccharides contain two sugar units, and polysaccharides contain many sugar units. Common carbohydrate reactions include enolization, reducing properties, oxidation, dehydration, osazone formation, and formation of esters. Carbohydrates can also undergo epimerization, where an epimer is transformed into its chiral counterpart, as well as mutarotation, where the optical rotation changes as alpha and beta anomeric forms of cyclic sugars interconvert. There are several methods used for synthesizing carbohydrates in both ascending and descending sugar series.

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    8 views11 pages

    K.Anita Priyadharshini: Carbohydrates

    Uploaded by

    Aaronmiguel27
    Carbohydrates can be classified into three main groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides contain a single sugar unit, disaccharides contain two sugar units, and polysaccharides contain many sugar units. Common carbohydrate reactions include enolization, reducing properties, oxidation, dehydration, osazone formation, and formation of esters. Carbohydrates can also undergo epimerization, where an epimer is transformed into its chiral counterpart, as well as mutarotation, where the optical rotation changes as alpha and beta anomeric forms of cyclic sugars interconvert. There are several methods used for synthesizing carbohydrates in both ascending and descending sugar series.

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    CARBOHYDRATES

    PPTBY
    K.ANITAPRIYADHARSHINI
    INTRODUCTION
    Generalnamesforcarbohydratesincludesugars,
    starches,saccharides,andpolysaccharides.Theterm
    saccharide isderivedfromtheLatinword"
    sacchararum"fromthesweettasteofsugars.
    Thename"carbohydrate"meansa"hydrateof
    carbon."Thenamederivesfromthegeneralformulaof
    carbohydrateisC
    x
    (H
    2
    O)
    y
    xandymayormaynotbe
    equalandrangeinvaluefrom3to12ormore.For
    exampleglucoseis:C
    6
    (H
    2
    O)
    6
    orismorecommonly
    written,C
    6
    H
    12
    O
    6
    .
    CLASSIFICATION
    Thereareavarietyofinterrelatedclassificationschemes.The
    mostusefulclassificationschemedividesthecarbohydrates
    intogroupsaccordingtothenumberofindividualsimple
    sugarunits.
    Monosaccharides containasingleunit;eg.glucose
    disaccharides containtwosugarunits;eg.galactose
    polysaccharides containmanysugarunitsasinpolymers
    mostcontainglucoseasthemonosaccharideunit.eg.starch
    REACTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
    ENOLIZATION
    REDUCING PROPERTIES
    OXIDATION
    DEHYDRATION
    OSAZONE FORMATION
    FORMATION OF ESTERS
    EPIMERIZATION
    Epimers are diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one
    stereogenic centre.
    The sugars -glucose and -glucose are epimers.
    Epimerisation isachemicalprocesswhereanepimer istransformedinto
    itschiral counterpart.Itcanhappenincondensedtannins
    depolymerisation reactions.Epimerisation canbespontaneous(generally
    aslowprocess),orcatalyzedbyenzymes,e.g.theepimerizationbetween
    thesugarsNacetylglucosamine andNacetylmannosamine,whichis
    catalyzedbyReninBindingProtein.
    MUTAROTATION
    Mutarotation is the change in
    the optical rotation that occurs by
    epimerization (that is the change
    in the equilibrium between two
    epimers, when the corresponding
    stereocenters interconvert).
    Cyclic sugars show mutarotation
    as and anomeric forms
    interconvert
    Structure of Glucose
    Structure of Fructose
    METHODS OF ASCENDING
    SUGAR SERIES
    KILIANIFISCHERSCYANOHYDRINSYNTHESIS
    SOWDENSMETHOD
    WOLFROMSMETHOD
    KOCHETKOVSMETHOD
    METHODS OF DESCENDING
    SUGAR SERIES
    WOHLS METHOD
    RUFFS METHOD
    WEERMANS METHOD
    MACDONALDS METHOD

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