TNH TON NG X CHU UN

CA DM B TNG D NG LC NGOI
BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

TS. NG NG QUANG
B mn Kt cu xy dng
Vin KH v CN xy dng GT
Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti

Tm tt: Kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi, sau mt thi gian b b qun, hin ang c
s dng ngy cng ph bin tr li. So vi d ng lc truyn thng l dng d ng lc trong,
c dnh bm, d ng lc ngoi c nhiu u im nh kh nng kim sot trng thi ca cp,
kh nng thay th cp khi b h hng, v.v... Ngoi ra, vi vic p dng vt liu cng cao,
kch thc ca mt ct b tng c th c gim ng k v dn n yu cu phi b tr ct d
ng lc ngoi mt ct b tng.
Trong khi kt cu b tng d ng lc trong c dnh bm thng c tnh ton da trn
gi thit mt ct phng, vic tnh ton kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi li phi c thc
hin trn c s xem xt s lm vic tng th ca ton kt cu. Mt s b phn nh cp d ng
lc cn c tnh ton trng thi bin dng ln.
Bi bo ny gii thiu cch tnh ton ng x chu un ca dm b tng d ng lc ngoi
vi vic p dng phng php phn t hu hn phi tuyn cng mt v d tnh ton trn phn
mm midas FEA i chng vi kt qu th nghim.
Summary: External prestressed concrete structures become more and more popular at
present because of many advantages versus the internal prestressed concrete. This technology
offers the ability of permanent inspection of the tendon status and their replacement in case of
failures. Moreover, the application of modern high strength materials leads to reduction of
concrete section dimensions. The use of external prestressed cable in such structures is
therefore necessary. While the behavior of internal prestressed concrete structures can be
predicted based on the plane section hypothesis, the behavior of external prestressed
concrete structures must be calculated with the entire structure analysis with regard of large
displacement of cables.
CT 2
This paper introduces briefly the way to apply the nonlinear finite element method to
predict the flexural behaviour of external prestressed concrete structures. Analysis results from
an example using midas FEA will also be presented.
I. GII THIU
Trong kt cu b tng d ng lc, ngi ta phn bit d ng lc trong, nu ct d ng lc
nm trong mt ct b tng v d ng lc ngoi trong trng hp ngc li. Hu ht cc kt cu
b tng d ng lc hin nay u s dng ct d ng lc trong v c dnh bm do chng c
nhiu li th v mt chu lc cng nh bo v chng r. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca dng d ng
lc ny l kh nh gi chnh xc trng thi ca ct d ng lc cng nh kh thay th chng
trong nhng trng hp cn thit. Nhiu cng trnh b tng d ng lc b h hng l do s ph
hoi khng quan st c t trc ca ct d ng lc trong.
D ng lc ngoi ln u tin c pht trin c vo nm 1935 nhng sau rt t


c s dng. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh ny li c s dng rng ri
tr li c trong cc cng trnh mi cng nh trong vic sa cha, nng cp cc cng trnh c,
xung cp. So vi d ng lc trong, cng ngh d ng lc ngoi c mt s u im ni bt nh
kh nng kim sot trng thi ct d ng lc cng nh thay th chng trong cc trng hp h
hng, min bin thin ca ct d ng lc nh ngay c khi b tng b nt, tit kim din tch
mt ct ngang b tng do ct d ng lc c a ra khi mt ct, v.v...
Trong khi kt cu b tng d ng lc trong c dnh bm thng c tnh ton da trn gi
thit mt ct phng vi iu kin tng thch v bin dng c lp ti cc mt ct th kt cu
b tng d ng lc ngoi c tnh ton trn c s xem xt ng x tng th ca ton kt cu. L
do l, trong kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi, ct d ng lc v b tng ch c kt ni vi
nhau ti cc v tr neo. Ngoi ra, do cc c im cu to hnh hc v c hc ca kt cu, vic
tnh ton kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi, bn cnh tnh phi tuyn ca vt liu b tng, cn cn
phi xt n tnh phi tuyn hnh hc ca ct d ng lc cng nh tnh phi tuyn iu kin bin
ti lin kt ma st trt gia ct d ng lc v b tng cc yn chuyn hng.
Rt nhiu nghin cu v tnh ton ng x ca kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi c
thc hin. Cc tc gi nh Harajli [1], Alkhairi, Naaman [2], v.v... xut mt s m hnh
khc nhau tnh ton theo phng php gii tch cho dng kt cu ny. Tuy vy, cc m hnh
ny ch c th c p dng tnh ton cc dng kt cu n gin. Da trn phng php phn
t hu hn, mt s m hnh khi qut hn cng c thnh lp nh m hnh ca Xiao-Han
Wu1 & Xilin Lu [3], v.v... Tuy nhin, cc m hnh ny mi ch mi c p dng hn ch trn
cc phn mm do chnh cc tc gi xy dng.
Bi bo ny trnh by cch p dng cc m hnh phn t hu hn thng thng, ang c
s dng trong cc phn mm ph bin hin nay, tnh ton kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi.
Mt s tnh ton i chng cho thy rng, phng php ny cho kt qu kh ph hp vi kt
qu o c t th nghim.
TCT2
2. PHNG PHP M HNH HO
2.1. M hnh ho b tng
Cho n nay, rt nhiu m hnh ton hc c xy dng m t ng x v tnh ton b
tng. Cc m hnh ny c th c chia thnh mt s nhm, nh m hnh n hi trc hng
(orthotropic elastic models), m hnh n hi phi tuyn (nonlinear elastic models), m hnh do
(plastic models), v.v... tnh ton kt cu b tng theo phng php phn t hu hn, m hnh
n hi phi tuyn c coi l thch hp nht. M hnh ny c xy dng da trn khi nim a
m un n hi. Theo , p ng phi tuyn ca b tng c m phng bi mt m hnh tuyn
tnh c m un n hi thay i.
Tiu chun ph hoi ca b tng trng thi chu lc nhiu trc c th c xy dng da
trn m hnh do Willam v Warnke ngh dng:

c
F
S 0
f

(1)
Trong , F l hm trng thi ng sut chnh (
xp yp zp
, , ), S l mt ph hoi, c m t
bi cc ng sut chnh v mt s tham s khc v
c
f l cng chu nn mt trc ca b tng
[4].
M hnh tng qut nht th hin quan h ng sut bin dng khi chu nn mt trc ca b


tng l m hnh do Popovics v Thorenfeldt kin ngh dng [5]:

( )
( )
cf c c
nk
c
cf c
1
n / f
f
n /

=

+
(2)
Vi, l cng chu nn mt trc ca b tng,
c
f
c c c
n E (E E ) = , l bin dng ca
b tng khi ng sut trong n t n
c

c
f , l m un n hi tip tuyn ban u ca b tng,
=
c
E
c
E

c
c
f

, v l h s gim ng sut sau khi t cc tr. k
m t quan h ng sut bin dng khi chu ko, m hnh c s dng kh ph bin
hin nay trong phn tch phn t hu hn l m hnh nhiu on thng do Hordijk xut nh
c th hin trn hnh 1. Trong , l m un n hi ca b tng sau khi nt, v
l cng chu ko dc trc ca b tng [6], [9].
t
R
c
T 0, 6 =
t
f

Hnh 1. Quan h ng sut bin dng ca b tng khi chu ko CT 2
Nt trong b tng c th c m phng nh m hnh vt nt phn tn (smeared crack
model) trong , nh hng ca nt c phn nh qua vic lm gim cng ca ca b tng
theo phng vung gc vi vt nt, hoc m hnh vt nt ri rc (discrete crack model) vi
vic m t vt nt nh dng vt l ca chng, ngha l ti vt nt, b tng khng cn lin tc.
Cho n nay, do nhng li th ca mnh, m hnh vt nt phn tn ang c s dng rng ri
hn trong phn tch phn t hu hn. Ph thuc vo phng php tnh ton, m hnh vt nt
phn tn li cn c phn bit thnh m hnh bin dng thnh phn (decomposed strain model)
v m hnh bin dng tng (total strain model). M hnh bin dng thnh phn phn bit bin
dng ca bn thn b tng v bin dng ca vt nt trong khi , m hnh bin dng tng xem
xt ng thi c hai thnh phn bin dng ny. p dng trong tnh ton, m hnh bin dng
tng n gin hn v ch s dng mt m hnh quan h ng sut - bin dng cho b tng khi
chu ko bao gm c vt nt v mt m hnh cho b tng khi chu nn.
Gia b tng v ct thp thng cng nh vi ct d ng lc c dnh bm tn ti mt lc
dnh bm. Trong cc phn tch thng thng, c trong phn tch kt cu tng th cng nh phn
tch cc b, ngi ta thng gi thit lc ny l ln m bo cho bin dng gia b tng
v ct thp l bng nhau [7].
2.2. M hnh ho cp d ng lc
Trong cc kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi, ct d ng lc thng c chiu di gia cc
neo cng nh gia cc yn chuyn hng l kh ln. iu ny cho thy rng, cn phi xt n


yu t phi tuyn hnh hc khi xem xt s lm vic ca ct d ng lc ngoi. Theo Xiao-Han
Wu1 & Xilin Lu [3], cng ca phn t cp,
p
k c th c m t nh l s kt hp ca 3
thnh phn l cng n hi tuyn tnh thng thng,
pL
k , cng do chuyn v ln,
pN
k , v
cng hnh hc hay cng ng sut ban u,
p
k

. Cc ma trn cng thnh phn ny
c xy dng t cc c trng c hc ca vt liu, cu to hnh hc ca phn t cp cng nh
chuyn v ca cc im nt.
(3)
( )
T
pL pL p pL p
T T T
pN pL p pN pN p pL pN p pN p
T
pN p p
k B E B A ds
k B E B B E B B E B A
k G GA ds
=
= + +
=

l
l
l
ds
Trong , l cc ma trn c xy dng t hm dng ca cc phn t b tng
cc neo hay yn chuyn hng, ln lt l din tch, m un n hi v chiu di ca
phn t cp d ng lc.
pL pN
B , B , G
p p
A , E , l
2.3. M hnh ho lin kt ma st trt gia ct d ng lc vi yn chuyn hng
Ti cc yn chuyn hng, lc c truyn t ct d ng lc ln b tng thng qua lc p
mt v lc ma st. Trong mt gii hn nht nh, ln ca lc ma st tng cng vi chuyn v
tng i gia b mt yn chuyn hng v ct d ng lc. Tuy nhin, khi chuyn v tng i
ny qu ln, lc ma st khng tng c na v ct d ng lc bt u trt trn yn chuyn
hng. Dng ng x ny c th c m hnh ho bng lin kt b mt ma st Coulomb v c
th c th hin bng mt l xo v mt mt trt. Mt u ca l xo c ni vi nt ca phn
t cp d ng lc v u kia ni vi mt trt. Lc trong l xo phn nh lc ma st. Lc ny
tng theo chuyn v tng i gia nt cp d ng lc v yn chuyn hng. Khi lc ma st t
n gii hn, mt trt s c php trt.
TCT2
III. V D P DNG VI PHN MM MIDAS FEA
Phn sau y s trnh by cch p dng cc phng php m hnh ho k trn tnh ton
qu trnh lm vic ca mt kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi c cc tc gi Tan v Ng [8]
th nghim. Vic tnh ton c thc hin trn phn mm midas FEA.
3.1. Gii thiu chung v midas FEA
midas FEA (Finite Element Analysis) l mt phn mm phn tch kt cu theo phng
php phn t hu hn ca hng MIDAS IT. midas FEA c th thc hin cc phn tch kt cu t
ph thng n c bit vi in hnh l kh nng phn tch phi tuyn vt liu, phi tuyn hnh
hc bin dng ln v phi tuyn iu kin bin, kh nng m phng qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
trin vt nt trong b tng, qu trnh chy do trong thp, kh nng tnh ton tng tc gia kt
cu v dng chy, kh nng tnh ton mi, mt n nh ng, v.v... [7]. Vi nhng kh nng
ny, midas FEA c th c s dng nh l mt cng c thch hp tnh ton ng x ca kt
cu b tng d ng lc ngoi.
3.2. Gii thiu kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi
Nm 1997, Tan v Ng [8] th nghim mt lot dm b tng d ng lc ngoi nghin


cu ng x ca chng trong qu trnh chu lc cng nh kho st cc tham s nh hng nh
khong cch gia cc yn chuyn hng v chiu cao ca chng, mc d ng lc, v.v...
Hnh 2 minh ho s b cu to ca cc dm th nghim. Cc c trng vt liu ca dm c
chn tnh ton i chng (dm s T2 vi hai yn chuyn hng) l:
Din tch ct thp thng vng nn:
2
201mm
Din tch ct thp thng vng ko:
2
402mm
Din tch ct d ng lc: 2 tao 7 si ng knh 9,5 mm, din tch
2
141mm
Cng chu nn ca b tng
c
f 28, 7MPa =
D ng lc c hiu
pe
f 1620MPa =
M un n hi ca ct thp thng l v ca ct d ng lc l

5
s
E 2 10 MP = a
5
s
E 1, 93 10 MPa =
1000
300
300
3000
Cp d ng
lc ngoi
2 D8
2 D16
300
200
300
300
110
150
150
150
50
300
300 300
A B C
A B C
Mt ct A-A Mt ct B-B Mt ct C-C
CT 2

Hnh 2. Cu to dm b tng d ng lc ngoi do Tan va Ng th nghim
3.3. Xy dng m hnh phn tch trn midas FEA
M hnh phn tch cho kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi c xy dng trn midas FEA
bao gm cc phn t khi cho b tng dm, phn t ct thp thng, phn t ct d ng lc v
cc phn t khi thp m t tm neo, gi cng nh yn chuyn hng.
c trng lm vic ca b tng c m t da trn m hnh Total Strain Crack vi vt
nt phn tn do midas FEA cung cp, trong , quan h ng sut bin dng khi chu nn c
m t theo theo phng trnh Popovics v Thorenfeldt (2) v quan h tng ng khi chu ko
c m t theo m hnh Hordijk.
M hnh vt liu ca ct d ng lc c xy dng da trn phng trnh Ramberg-
Osgood sa i c dng:



( )
3
p pf 0,167
6
pf
0, 97
f 200 10 0, 03
1 121



= +



+


(4)
Cc m hnh c s dng cho cc vt liu khc l ct thp thng v thp khi trong tnh
ton ny u c s dng t th vin ca midas FEA.
Lin kt tip xc gia yn chuyn hng v cp d ng lc c m t bng phn t tip
xc (interface element) v m hnh lm vic ca phn t ny l ma st Coulomb. Gc ma st
trong c gn l 30 , phn nh h s ma st gia cc vt liu tip xc ti yn chuyn hng.
ln ca d ng lc c xc nh bng cch th dn sao cho ng sut trong ct d ng
lc, trng thi khng ti, sau khi co ngn n hi xy ra ng bng d ng lc c hiu nh
s liu th nghim. Yu t phi tuyn hnh hc ca ct d ng lc c xem xt t ng trong
midas FEA khi khai bo chng l cc phn t dng cp la chn dng phn tch l Geometry
Nonlinear.


Hnh 3. M hnh phn tch trn midas FEA


Hnh 4. Cu trc vt nt v s p v ca b tng
giai on gn ph hoi
TCT2
Hnh 5. Quan h lc vng gia nhp
Th nghim
Phi tuyn
hnh hc
Khng phi
tuyn hnh
hc
-10 0 10 20 30 40
Chuyn v gia nhp (mm)
Lc (kN)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Hnh 6. Quan h ngoi lc ng sut trong cp
d ng lc ngoi
ng x chu lc ca kt cu c kho st thng qua cc tham s nh chuyn v ca im
gia nhp, bin dng v ng sut ca cc phn t mt gi, cc phn t mt trn v mt di
ca im gia nhp, d thay i ca ng sut trong cp d ng lc, v.v... xt n nh hng
ca tnh phi tuyn hnh hc ca cp d ng lc n s lm vic chung ca kt cu, hai m hnh
c tnh ton song song, mt c xt n tnh phi tuyn hnh hc v m hnh kia khng xt
n c tnh ny.


Hnh 3 th hin m hnh phn tch ca kt cu. Cc hnh 4, 5 v 6 cung cp mt s kt qu
thu c t vic tnh ton qu trnh chu lc ca dm. Nh c th thy trn hnh 5, kt qu tnh
ton quan h lc vng gia nhp kh ph hp vi kt qu th nghim. Hnh 6 minh ho s
thay i ng sut trong ct d ng lc ngoi. C th thy rng, gi tr ny tng khng nhiu
trc khi ct thp thng chy nhng sau tng rt t ngt. L do l, trc khi ct thp chy,
bin dng tng th ca kt cu b tng l khng ln nhng giai on gn ph hoi, i lng
ny li tng rt nhanh. Kt qu tnh ton cng cho thy rng, sau khi ct thp thng chy, hin
tng trt tng i gia yn chuyn hng v ct d ng lc ngoi xy ra.
IV. KT LUN
Vic phn tch trn phn mm midas FEA cho dm c c gii thiu trn cng nh
cho cc dm khc trong chui th nghim ca Tan v Ng cho kt qu kh ph hp vi th
nghim. iu chng t, cc m hnh vt liu v m hnh kt cu c p dng ph bin
tnh ton cc kt cu b tng thng thng c th p dng c hiu qu cho cc kt cu b tng
d ng lc ngoi. im c bit cn lu khi phn tch kt cu b tng d ng lc ngoi l tnh
phi tuyn hnh hc ca cp d ng lc. Mc d cc phn tch cho cc dm th nghim trn m
hnh c xt v khng xt n tnh phi tuyn hnh hc ca cp cho kt qu khng khc nhau
nhiu nhng cc kt cu c chiu di ln, nh hng ca yu t ny c th l ng k. ng
sut trong ct d ng lc ngoi thay i khng ng k trc khi ct thp thng chy nhng
sau tng ln rt nhanh. Nh vy, c th thy rng, trong giai on chu ti trng khai thc, kt
cu b tng d ng lc ngoi c th c tnh ton trong giai on bin dng nh v n hi
tuyn tnh.
Vi s pht trin ca cc loi vt liu mi, c cng cao, vic s dng kt cu dng d
ng lc ngoi s ngy cng ph bin. Do , vic tip tc nghin cu xy dng cc m hnh tnh
ton c xt n cc tham s khc nh nh hng ca cng b tng, cp d ng lc, qu
o ct d ng lc n s lm vic chung ca kt cu l rt cn thit t xy dng c
cc dng kt cu mi, hp l cho vic khai thc vt liu.
CT 2

Ti liu tham kho
[1] Harajli. Strengthening of concrete beams by external prestressing. PCI 38 (6).
[2] Alkhairi v Naaman. Analysis of beams prestressed with unbonded internal or external tendons.
Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 9, 1993.
[3] Xiao-Han Wu v Xilin Lu, Tendon Model for Nonlinear Analysis of Externally Prestressed
Concrete Structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 1, January 1, 2003.
[4] ANSYS. ANSYS 10 - Analysis Reference. 2006.
[5] Collins v Mitchell, Prestressed Concrete Structures, Response Publications, 1997.
[6] Rot. Crack Models for Concrete. Heron 1989.
[7] MIDAS IT FEA - Analysis Reference, 2008.
[8] Tan, v Ng. Effects of deviators and tendon configuration on behavior of externally prestressed
beams. ACI Struct. J., 94 (1)
[9] Nguyn Vit Anh. Tnh ton ng x chu un ca dm b tng cng cao. Lun n Thc s,
2008