Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences

Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences of Individuals in Various Foreign Countries

University of Texas at Dallas
Shawn M. Carraher
Nancy Leyva
Philip Le
Ivan Houellemont
Alijan Shafi
















Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
Abstract
This paper examines the values, ethics, and cultural differences of individuals in the US
and other various foreign countries including Mexico, Russia, China and Thailand. It defines
cultural values as a basis of religion, education, family, career and how they affect individuals in
terms of wealth/social lifestyle. It defines ethics in terms of what individuals believe to be moral
or immoral due to their upbringing and their way of life. And lastly, it defines the cultural
differences including power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance,
pragmatism, and indulgence of people from Mexico and how they cope with the environment,
given their circumstances, compared to people from the US.

Values
Values are an essential part of any culture in all countries. Values create the foundation of
family traditions and how they are followed by its members. Countries have different values that
have evolved over the years and continue to grow and transform throughout their respective
regions. Cultures base their way of life by what they consider to be most valuable whether it is
based on religion, education, family, careers, or social values. Not all cultures are the same and
many vary in a number of ways.
The Rokeach Value Survey categorizes the values of a culture into two sets of values
called terminal values and instrumental values. Terminal values are goals that one would want to
achieve during their lifetime. It is a desirable end-state of existence. These values vary depending
on the different cultures. Instrumental values are based on behavior that one would prefer to have
in order to achieve terminal values. Rokeach Value Survey is used to demonstrate how you feel
about what is important in your life according to how you rank the eighteen values in order in
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
each set of values, terminal and instrumental. Each ranking gives insight to how important they
are as a whole and how they contribute/play an integral part of a daily lifestyle.
Cultural values of the United States are generally a neutral platform to compare to other
countries because everything is well spread out across the country. The United States is diverse
and rich in culture that its values have evolved vastly in the past decades due to the fact that there
are more people than before and also a vast majority of different cultures. American values take
a piece of important values from various cultures and are adapted to a new form so they can
show the difference in which form shows which result. Using Rokeach Value Survey in
American culture would result in varied results among all people due to the diversity. Values
would be ranked in orders that reflect the individual that has taken the survey. People with
American cultural values have the freedom to pick and choose what is the most important value
ranging from salvation to living a pleasurable, leisurely life in terminal values to responsible or
imaginative instrumental values, regardless of their ancestors traditional values. These values
show how the American culture is spread out throughout the land and how diversified the in
inhabitants are. An individuals values are not identical to his actions, but under certain
circumstances they may prompt him to take actions to make these values a reality (Magun,
Rudnev, 2010).
American culture has strayed away from the traditional values such as religion and
education. Religion is not as a high ranked value as it is in most other cultures. The topic of
religion does not raise eyebrows to where there may be conflict among individuals. Each
individual has his own right to believe in which ever religion he/she prefers. In families in
America that still hold on to those religious values are due to families practicing values carried
down throughout generations. This is because the elders of the family enlighten the younger
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
members about the religion they follow and hope that they follow it as well. People have the
ability to make choices regarding whether or not religion will be a value to continue prioritizing.
Education on the other hand is a value that tends to be of importance in most groups in the
United States, Those who go to Post Secondary Education are those who should go, since the
benefits are greater than the costs (Finnie, 2012). Education is highly regarded in the US
because it gives benefits to the people, who go finish college, by giving them a better chance at
getting jobs. Nearly the majority of the country strives to continue their education to obtain
successful careers and build a better future for themselves and their families. Unlike most other
countries where education is not an important value, mostly because it is not financially possible,
American culture embraces it. Even if an individual does not have the financial capabilities of
getting a higher education, the system helps take care of that problem with loans and grants. One
does not have to be financially stable in order to get an education in the US; he must only have
the drive and determination to complete college. With that, he will have the opportunity to make
a better living by making use of himself and getting a degree. Capable, ambitious, independent,
and responsible instrumental values come hand in hand in educational values. People are focused
greatly on terminal social values such as living an exciting life, a comfortable life. They are
working hard to prove they can be at the top of the social ladder that they forget the humbling
values such as self-respect, and equality. One terminal value American culture is proud to have is
freedom; this value will be passed on for years to come.
In Mexican culture the value that would likely be first, in terms of terminal values, would
be family, security, and taking care of loved ones. In Mexico, families stay strong and take care
of one another. Each family member looks out for the other and makes sure the younger ones are
following in the right path. Mexicans value their family very high in terms of respect and care.
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
Everyone takes part in making the others better in their own sense. The male is the head of
household and the person at the top of the hierarchy. He makes all the decisions and people abide
by his rules. The male is the provider and has sole responsibility for his family. Traditionally, the
male is the one who will work to provide for the family such as labor and bring home food, and
the female will stay at home to take care of the children and the parents of the adults. Generally
in Mexican culture families will have big celebrations often and would choose to have a good
time than stress on earning money. Making money isnt as popular in the Mexican culture
because they tend to spend a lot of their hard earned cash on celebrations. They value family and
celebrations more than financial stability.
People in Mexican culture tend to be ambitious and helpful. Individuals tend to help
others in need regardless of the condition/situation. They are well rounded in instrumental
values. Mexicans realize the situation because in some time of their lives they have been through
the same thing and they can relate. Religion is a key staple in their values. Most groups in
Mexican culture are Catholic. Children are baptized after a couple months of being born, and
grow up to attend mass every Sunday. Religion is taken very seriously in this culture and as a
result, there are more Mexicans who are Christians. As far as educational values, education is not
a primary value mainly because of financial stability. Most Mexicans do not have a secure
financial background which is why they dont believe in further education. Mexican families
often do not send their children to school for the full 12 years. Typically, the children will attend
primary school and grade school and drop out after leaving grade school. This is generally due to
financial problems, and the children begin to work to help provide for the family as well.
Financial stability plays an important part in whether a Mexican child receives a proper
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
education or not. Almost all the children have to work and go to school if they wish to plan for a
better future.
A core terminal value for Chinese culture is harmony. The culture is balanced and has a
way of creating coordination among an uncoordinated state. People in Chinese culture tend to
have inner harmony, freedom from inner conflict. They are at peace, and reserved among society
and people in their own culture as well as other communities. Everyone is stable in their
environment and no one has a means to start conflict amongst another. Education in China is one
of the highest, if not the highest, ranked values. It is the key to being successful. Parents stress
the necessity of education in order to be successful in life. Also doing good in school is
mandatory or else the culture feels as though it is a waste if the child is not performing up to par.
Chinese education is strict and longer than that of the United States. In school, children are given
open-ended questions in order to provoke critical thinking. This gives the children a better grasp
of what is being taught than just memorizing pointless facts. Chinese children learn how to think
outside the box which helps them cope with adversity better than others because they have skills
to assists them in solving problems. The difference in the countries education system is due to
the government. China is a communist government, altering the way the educational system is
handled. The government plays an important part in educational purposes because they make it
clear that having means to a higher education gives an individual a better chance at being
successful.
Chinese culture values family over their own rights. Having big family means that they
are more close than a regular family. Chinese families usually have their extended family and
two generations living in the same household. Families have the tendency of being reserved and
keeping family matters within the family. If a problem does occur, members usually talk it out
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
with each other and try to figure out a solution. Elders are respected in the culture and also have
high regard for the actions they take. Males make the decisions in the household, beginning with
the eldest male in the family. It starts from the top and everyone follows the lead. Also when a
difficulty arises, the members usually come to the elders for advice on how to approach it.
Religion plays a significant role in the Chinese culture. Everyone prays for the well-being of
their family and friends. Also they fear god whenever committing a crime because they know
that eventually they will be punished. There are a few different religions that are practiced by
Chinese people. The religion that is practiced in a family depends on the beliefs of their
ancestors and what the family has been raised to practice. Those same beliefs are passed down
from generation to generation. A child born in a Chinese family will have their same religious
belief as their parents until they die because going against your native religion is considered
unlawful in this culture. A culture in China has been produced that values isolation and inhibits
curiousity (Gong, Peng). The social values of the Chinese culture are dependent on education,
social status, and family. People with a higher education and successful careers are typically at
the top of the social ladder as well as families that come from wealthy backgrounds. Being
highly educated and well off financially means that more respect is awarded to those individuals.
They are seen as being better than someone who is not very educated or who doesnt have as
much wealth. The top of the social class encourages individuals to try harder to become more
educated and financially stable. This gives way to a study done by Schwartz which identified two
dimensions that mapped 10 universal value types in china. One was the tension between
conservation/traditionalism and the other was anchored by self-enhancement at one end and self-
transcendence at the other (Zhao, Xiaoquan). This is why China is one of the fastest growing
economies in the world and its workplaces see drastic improvements. Traditional Chinese values
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
lead most Chinese employees to be anxious about achieving success in the workplace (Choi,
2008).
Compared to the previous countries, Russia has distinctly different values. For one, in
Russian culture, women are responsible for the children as well as being the providers of their
families instead of the men. Russian women are viewed as strong beings that can take care of
themselves and others. The families are generally small, consisting of one or two children
because women must work to maintain the household. Russian families depend on all the
members of the household to work together. 96 percent of Russians regard children as one of
the principal conditions for family happiness and having healthy family relationships keeps
husbands and wives together for a longer period of time (Bashkirova, E.I, 2011). Education in
Russia is straightforward. Students are taught to memorize lessons and textbooks. They take tests
which measure the memory of their minds and how well they can store a good amount of
information over the course of a semester. An analysis of the values of the teacher, who plays a
key role in school education and upbringing, provides an understanding of what values are
relayed to the new generation via this channel of socialization (Griaznova, Magun,
2013).Teachers are not able to make a subject unique because they have a set value of course
material that they need to follow and going away from that means that they lose their jobs. As
with China, Russias reasons for such strict behavior in education are due to the government. The
government plays in integral part of shaping a childs future by making him/her learn what they
want them to learn. Religious values are not a big part of the Russian culture. Russians are
Christians, Russian Orthodox, and atheists. They have a very distinct nature when it comes to
religion because it is well spread out throughout the country.
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
As expected, all cultures have vast differences, making each country unique. The main
similarity in most cultures is related to their family values. Most families in the different cultures
are united and have a support system in which family values are the foundation. Russia and
China have strict values when it comes to education, making the people in their culture
successful. Overall, a piece of cultural value in countries around the world can be found in the
United States. The variations in individuals personal, societal, and cultural experiences generate
value differences, as well as the stability of values and value systems (Xiao, Kim, 2009). The
freedom the American culture has to express themselves has created a broad opportunity for
countries to share their own beliefs and form new values and traditions.

Ethics
Ethics, the moral practices that people have which determine what they believe is moral
or immoral. This plays an important role in the business world because it is groundwork on how
people interact with each other. It can determine if a deal is made or if a deal is not made, it also
determines how you interact with a person. Due to its importance in business, people in this
industry must figure out how to use anothers ethical value to their advantage whether or not they
are similar.
There are several ways that people approach ethics. Donelson R. Forsyth developed an
ethics questionnaire in order to measure the difference in peoples moral thoughts. Forsyth
developed the survey due to his interest to Milgrams studies of obedience to authority, whom
was heavily criticized on his technique. Forsyth explains about one of the ways in which people
approach ethics deals with two factors, relativism and idealism. These two factors lead to four
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
distinct moral philosophies which are: Situationism, Subjectivism, Absolutism, and Exeptionism
(Forysth, 1992, p. 462).
The Situationism philosophy deals with high levels of both relativism and idealism. One
could describe a situationist as a person who, Reject moral rules; ask if the action yielded the
best possible outcome in the given situation. (Forysth, 1992, p. 462). These are the type of
people who do not base their own set of morals of a set of universal moral principles and they
tend to not rely on moral absolutes but rely instead on what they come up themselves.
(Singhapkdi, 1994, p. 71). According to a comparison test that Singhapkdi (1994) conducted
between Thailand and United States of America, business people from Thailand are considered
more situationistic than business men from the United States of America. However, business
men from the United States of America are still considered situationistic but to a lesser degree
than the business men from Thailand because they do not hold the same extreme tendencies as
the people in from Thailand. (74-75). The people who fall into this category are people who are
not afraid of making themselves look like the bad guy for the sake of progress. There is another
philosophy that is similar to Situationsim which is the Subjectivism philosophy.
The Subjectivism philosophy has people with a high level relativism and a low level of
idealism. You could describe this type of person as who also reject moral rules; (Forysth,
1992, p. 462) but they also base moral judgments on personal feelings about the action and the
setting (Forysth, 1992, p. 462). People such as these are similar as to situationistic people
however, what sets them apart is that Individuals personal values and perspectives should
guide their moral choices, rather than universal ethical principles or desire to achieve positive
consequences (Forysth, 2008, p. 815). A country that is similar to the subjectivism moral
philosophy is Indonesia (Davis, 1998, p.382). This was found out during an analysis between the
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
United States of America, Eastern Europe, and Indonesia. According to Davis (1998) that
Indonesians had an equivalent, to that of Americans and Eastern Europeans on the right-to-
know issue, the Indonesians judged the violations more tolerantly (p. 385). These two moral
philosophies are highly dependent on what an individuals moral standards are because of the
high relativism however, the next two philosophies that will be introduced have to deal a set of
universal moral standards.
The next moral philosophy, Absolutism, has people who have low relativism and high
idealism. These are the people are generally described as people who, Feel actions are moral
provided they yield positive consequences through conformity to moral rules. (Forysth, 1992, p.
462). People such as this only do what is best for the people and they try to do it in a way that it
does not harm anyone, much like the Islamic marketing ethics. The CEOs of Islamic marketing
have a value-maximization approach as Saeed (2001) explains that this approach is based on
justice (p. 130) which also can be viewed as term of fair play and just dealing. Fair play and
just dealing can be defined as, to give and take in business according to the interest of all
concerned, while just dealing is defined as a virtue which causes one to be fair to oneself and
others (Saeed, 2001, p. 130). The Islamic marketing approach is a perfect example due its
similarity with absolutism moral philosophy.
Finally we have the Exptionism moral philosophy, this philosophy contains people who
have low relativism and low idealism. People who fall into this category can be described as
people who Feel conformity to moral rules desirable, but exceptions to these rules are often
permissible. (Forysth, 1992, p. 462). A country that fits into this description is Canada (Forysth,
2008, p. 823).
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
After exploring these four moral philosophies one can see how important ethics are to
business around the world. Situationism, the philosophy where you do not compare your moral
standards to a set standard of universal morals and where you seek the positive consequences.
Subjectivism, the philosophy that is similar to that of situationism but differs from it since one
decides for themselves how they are going to act and what their morals are. Absolutism, the
moral philosophy where one holds their morals to a set universal standard and only act according
to those standards. Lastly we have Exeptionism, the moral philosophy where follow universally
set moral rules but leave an open mind to exceptions to those rules.

Cultural Differences
Power Distance
The sense of power distance in Mexico is much larger than that of the citizens in the
United States. Being accustomed to democracy for the past 200 years, American citizens are
usually striving to equalize power and representation between the upper and lower classes. The
United States Constitution itself even attempts to balance power between the three branches of
government. Equal power means equal rights and that is what the democracy helps achieve in
the US. A history of slavery and class struggles has brought modern day American citizens to be
constantly aware of social class differences and the people are always attempting to rectify it.
They are taking extreme measures to make sure that mistakes in the past are not made again in
the future because they hurt the US in many ways. Mexican citizens however are much more
accepting of the classes they are categorized into. In his book, Why Mexicans Think & Behave
the Way They Do!, Boy Lafayette De Mente explains that the hierarchical class system in
Mexico dates back to the Spanish reign almost 200 years ago. De Mente insists that a persons
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
race, family, and place of birth largely determined their status in life. His way of life is
predetermined by the location where he was born. Many Mexicans today still use both their
paternal and maternal last names, as was custom in order to display their social class and
ancestry (De Mente 26-27). Because of these past precedents, Mexicans generally accept their
given status in life much more than their northern neighbors in the United States. They make
sure and note which background they are from for that lets others know what kind of lifestyle
they live. Another modern day example of Mexicos class-system is in their dress code. Unlike
in the United States, where many believe that entrepreneurs and employees should wear
whatever they are most productive in, Mexican businessmen always dress their best to
differentiate themselves from lower class workers (De Mente 129-130). Any international
businesspersons hoping to do business in Mexico would be wise to remember the importance of
dress code. They believe in the saying dress to impress because that is what is needed to show
how much of a success they are in their individual lives. Such seemingly trivial matters could
cause potential Mexican business partners or correspondents to look down on their American
brethren, diminishing hopes of establishing healthy business relationships because ones dress
code shows how deep their pockets are.
Individualism
Mexicans tend to be much more group-oriented than American citizens. Americans are
usually very set on distinguishing themselves from the crowd. Whether in personal lives or the
workforce, American citizens are comfortable working on their own and usually strive towards
being recognized for their individual talents and achievements. In her book, Comparing Cultural
Differences: Mexico with Canada and the United States, Eva Kras suggests that Most Americans
also tend to separate the different relationship segments of their lives such as work, family, and
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
friends. They are also usually direct and rather blunt when it comes to communicating with
others keeping work life and personal life separate. Mexicans, on the other hand, do not separate
their work lives from their personal lives. In American and Mexicans: Cracking the Cultural
Code, Ned Crouch explains that Mexicans in the workforce tend to value the greater good of
their group over personal gain. They like the idea of group advancement and fulfillment rather
than personal achievement. They are less likely to respond positively for a monetary raise unless
it is offered to the entire group. That shows how loyal they are to helping each other out when it
comes to payroll/promotion. Offering an incentive that provides more for the greater good of the
group, such as healthcare benefits is often more successful at motivating Mexican employees
(Devlyn). Mexican collectivism can also be seen through their sense of space. Unlike
Americans, who will naturally distance themselves from others in public for the sake of personal
space, Mexicans are far more likely to gather wherever people already are. Whenever they see
someone who is in their circle, they tend to make it obvious to everyone that they are related
somehow. It is important to Mexican citizens that they join a group and maintain peace within it.
Crouch explains that this explicit need for acceptance into group most likely stems from early
childhood rather than adulthood. In Mexico, most children tend to share bedrooms, toys, and
clothes among other things with siblings which may have instilled a smaller sense of personal
and private space (Crouch). This sense of collectivism and belonging seem to be limited to those
from the same background. Sharing personal belongings and assets gives rise to certain
commodity in the Mexican culture where everyone helps each other out even in the direst
circumstances. In a study done by Kyung Taeg Lee, it was found that Mexican employees who
were under a foreign manager reported higher amounts of stress and lower levels of job
satisfaction. A large factor that plays into Mexicans strong sense of collectivism is their
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
Roman-Catholic background. Recent statistics show that 86.7% of Mexican citizens claim to be
Catholic. That makes them the 18
th
nation with the largest percentage of Catholics. The United
States, on the other hand, only boasts 22.6% of their population as followers of Catholicism,
making them number 75 (Cheney). The Catholic upbringing teaches Mexican citizens from a
young age to value the importance of society as a whole and not to forsake others in an attempt
to better themselves. Their respect and admiration of society gives them the opportunity to be
more productive as a group than as individuals. Because of their collective group mentality,
Mexicans value networking even more than Americans and are far more likely to do business
with someone they know and like over someone unknown to them even if they are offered higher
quality performance or better rates. Mexicans are often seen doing more partnerships than
Americans because of the sole fact that they trust each other more than Americans do of one
another. They also find it warming when a person of the same values and religion as them has a
successful business and is able to support him/her family. All Mexicans give a helping hand to
their fellow brothers because their unity drives their determination to be successful. One helps
another and the other helps another seemingly which gives way to a more productive
environment.
Masculinity
Although Mexicans are very group oriented, they can also be competitive and
performance-driven when it comes down to business. Geert Hofstedes cultural index gives
Mexico a rating of 69. This is a relatively high score and is even a little higher than the United
States score of 62, which is also considered high. In this aspect, both countries are nearly
identical. Countries that are considered masculine in nature tend to have citizens who exhibit a
live in order to work mentality where individual performance is taken into consideration. In
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
this sort of society, there is heavy emphasis on competition and performance. Also, managers
are expected to be assertive and decisive and conflicts are usually resolved through direct
confrontation (Posthuma, White, Dworkin, Ynez, &Swift). There is less emphasis on caring for
the needy and overall quality of life (Hofstede). One point in which Mexican workers do differ
from American employees is in management styles. The United States generally has high
success using a participative management style that shares information and power with
employees by encouraging workers of every level and position to contribute ideas and giving
them input in decision-making. Comparing research results and data in order to gain more
knowledge about the task at hand gives way to a better understanding of the motive of a
particular project. This style of management does not tend to be as successful in Mexico.
Mexican workers tend to have a more paternalistic culture and are more comfortable with
managers being more parent-like. They would rather be told what to do instead of being creative
and doing extensive research to follow through with the orders while being more like puppets
that need guidance in every part of the project to complete a task at hand. They prefer to have
clear directions and expect their employers to take care of their needs (Pelled & Hill 200).
Uncertainty Avoidance
According to Kras, most American citizens believe themselves to be the masters of their
own lives. They believe for the most part that their destiny is within their control and they do or
become whatever they want to with enough effort. Also, they believe that their fate is in their
hands and that their actions are going to correlate into effects that occur later on in their lives.
With that mentality, they have a more realistic approach to lifes goals and have a genuine way
of fulfilling them. Mexicans tend to have more of a fatalistic view on life. This outlook on life is
most likely tied to the strong Roman-Catholic influence in the nation. They believe that nobody
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
is able to accurately predict the future and thus it is better to avoid taking unnecessary risks.
They believe that no matter how hard they try, whatever is written in their destiny is what is
going to happen eventually. This also causes them to be much more rigid in their beliefs and
behaviors and is less likely to approve of unorthodox ideas and actions. Their risk factor is very
low due to the fact that they seldom take untraditional actions that may jeopardize their financial
stability. Because of this, Mexican businessmen are not as likely to jump onboard daring new
enterprises. (Kras)
Pragmatism
Mexico and the United States are both very close in levels of pragmatism. They have
respective scores of 24 and 26, putting them in the lower spectrum making them both normative.
This means that the American and Mexican citizens seek to explain why everything happens and
how they came to be. They are under the impression that everything happens for a reason and
that nothing they do can negate that. Neither culture is generally satisfied with having
unanswered questions. Both cultures also focus on the short-term goals. The United States
businesses often measure their success by examining their quarterly reports and Mexican
business usually focus on immediate gains, often overlooking the notion of saving for the long
run (Hofstede).
Indulgence
Americans tend to have a work hard, play hard mentality. They tend to indulge on
their desires more than many countries but there are those who still manage to save for future
families or retirement. They take a very strategic step into planning for the future because they
have the mentality that anything can happen and having a safety net is always a positive. Mexico,
on the other hand, is considered an even more indulgent nation than the United States. Because
Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
of their fatalistic view on life, Mexicans tend to focus on gratifying their immediate desires
without much concern for the future at all. They spend most of their paycheck because it gives
them instant gratitude rather than saving for the future. Mexican citizens generally do not believe
that they have much control over the future so they do not put much stock in saving and
preparing for it. They also tend to have an optimistic view of the future anyways so there is not
much consideration of such (Hofstede).
Conclusion
Individuals in foreign countries differ greatly from individuals in the US in terms of
values, ethic and cultural differences mainly because of their upbringing from generation to
generation. Mostly all of the differences can be accounted by the environment in which
individuals are raised because that shapes their future. Some similarities also exist within the
cultures and that can attain to individuals being familiar with another individuals
environment/lifestyle.













Values, Ethics and Cultural Differences
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