Tìm Hiểu Công Nghệ Nhà Máy Nhiệt Điện Uông Bí Mở Rộng

TNG CNG TY LP MY VIT NAM
LP NNG CAO NGHIP V K6

------------------
BO CO THC TP
Ni dung
TM HIU CNG NGH NH MY NHIT
!IN UNG B" M# $%NG
H tn : N&'()* H+' H,*&
Ngnh : K- T.'/0 !12* N3*&
Ngy sinh: 44 5 66- 6786
Ung B, thng 09 nm 2006
0
MC LC
TNG CNG TY LP MY VIT NAM...............................................0
BO CO THC TP...............................................................................0
Ni dung.......................................................................................................0
Ngy sinh: 44 5 66- 6786..............................................................................0
Ung B, thng 09 nm 2006........................................................................0
L91 *:1 ;<'...................................................................................................2
TNG =UAN V> NH MY NHIT !IN UNG B" M# $%NG....3
M1: S!"M #!N!$"%N# &'"N.........................................................3
M2: U$B%N! #!N!$"%N# &'"N......................................................3
M12: FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM.......................................................3
M1(: )U!' *%' S+S!M...........................................................................3
S, -. /HUN# M0 B1N# /2" NH3 M4+ -%5N U6N# B7 M,
$8N#............................................................................................................(
6 !?C T"NH CHUNG@...............................................................................9
6@6@ CC THIAT BB CH"NH V THIAT BB PH CCA LD HEI@.........9
6@4@ CHU T$NH GIF GH1I J1IJ'10K@...........................................................9
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4@M@ CC THIAT BB PHUN CCA TU$BINNGNOPJ0QIK@.........................16
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M@e KIM T$A BEM CkP LD HEI.......................................................(1
M@M KIM T$A $D $l KH"@....................................................................(2
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M@6 KIM T$A MY NGHI>N@..............................................................(3
M@g KIM T$A KAT CkU THoP............................................................(3
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M@7 KIM T$A MY@...............................................................................(9
M@6p KIM T$A CUnI CqNG@...............................................................(6
m@6 rE !s B% PHN LtC BI TuNH !IN TvI NH MY...........(9
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m@4 CC YjU CwU KHI THIAT KA@.....................................................91
m@e Vx THIAT BB LtC BI TuNH !IN@.............................................92
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nghiDY hSZhiDn <Ti hS <[t nMOA./hnh >\ >Jy A]n @Ut nhi^W nng FM_ng <`
YhHA >W AhS Ang AWXA <a, <bA GiDt F nng FM_ng <iDn
@MOA t\nh h\nh thMA tc F thicW nng FM_ng Adng nhM sM FCA hJW ABC mXt
sE nh my <in <M_A K[y PMng te thJY nin 60./hnh >\ >Jy /hnh YhB <f
giCS AhS gng Ang ty '%'"M" Fm tgng th]W !&/ PV n nh my nhiDt
<in U6N# B7 mh @Xng >Oi Ang sWUt 300 Mi >Oi h\nh thjA Ah\C khS t@CS
tCy > <[y F PSCnh nghiY <]W tin ABC l%5 N"M thVA hiDn thmS hinh thjA
ny .
SCW mt thNi giCn AhWnn G? > K[y PVng ote 2001Z2006p nh my <f
<M_A hSn thnh t@Sng ni^n >Wi sMOng ABC t[Y th` An GX Ang nh[n >in
tgng Ang ty '%'"M" Adng nhM nh[n P[n Aq nMOA. lOi thnh tAh ny
<nh gi sV Yht t@i`n >M_t GJA ABC ngnh FrY my liDt NCm. Na Aa sV Gicn
<gi >^ AhUt <MC L1^H`H te ngMNi Fm thW <f <jng Fn Fm AhB > F_i
nhWJno ti^n > kinh nghiDm t@i thjAp <f h FTi lN.
Nh my nhiDt <iDn Ung B mh @Xng >Oi sE >En <]W tM 300 t@iDW
USs, <[y F nh my <M_A K[y PVng >Oi Ang nghD tin ticn, hiDn <Ti. t
<[y hXi tH nhi^W Ang nghD hiDn <Ti ABC AA nMOA nhM NgC, NhJt, /CnCPC,
uR mi t@MNng Fm >iDA tTi <[y F mi t@MNng Fm >iDA vWEA tc o F sV kct
h_Y giwC An GX, kx sM, Ang nh[n 'iFCmC >Oi AA AhWyn giC nMOA ngSip
lOi nhwng g\ m L1^H`H <f > <Cng Fm khyng <?nh mXt thc > FVA
mOi. -` AhWnn G? AhS kc hSTAh >M;n KC h;n nwC.

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TNG =UAN V> NH MY NHIT !IN UNG B" M# $%NG
Nh my nhiDt <iDn Ung B <M_A AhiC Fm 1( gai th]W te M1 <cn
M1(, t@Sng <a AH th` ABC AA gai th]W <a nhM sCW:
M1: S!"M #!N!$"%N# &'"N
M2: U$B%N! #!N!$"%N# &'"N
M3: INTER PLANT PIPING
M4: WATER TREATMENT PLANT
M5: DEMINERALIZATION PLANT
M6: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
M7: COAL HANDING PLANT
M8: COOLING WATER SYSTEM
M9: COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM
M1: ASH HANDING PLANT
M11: FL!E GAS DES!LPH!RIZATION
M12: FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
M13: HYDROGEN #!N!$"%N# &'"N
M1(: )U!' *%' S+S!M
sMOi <[y ti Kin t@\nh Gy AH th` h;n >^ teng Yh]n t@Sng nh my
nhiDt <iDn, t@Sng <a AA thict G? > thng sE thCm khqS thmS ti FiDW nh
my nhiDt <iDn Ung B mh @Xng.
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S, -. /HUN# M0 B1N# /2" NH3 M4+ -%5N U6N# B7 M, $8N#
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'z h;i !nZ920Z1:,6Z9(3 ki`W " <M_A AUY <` <Et thCn Cnth@CAitm ABC
liDt NCm >Oi hm FM_ng AhUt Ahy F 20::0 k{|}g, hm FM_ng t@S 2:,:~,
<X nm 9,(~ AhUt GEA h <]W @C 3,11~.
hng sE >^ >Jn hnh Fz h;i :
1. /ng sWUt <?nh mjA <]W @C, t|h 920
2. /A thng sE PCnh <?nh ABC h;i:
4Y sWUt, MYC 1:.6
NhiDt <X ABC h;i Ahnh > h;i vW nhiDt t@Wng giCn, C
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NhiDt <X h;i hT Y h <]W >S ABC Fz h;i, C
0
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NhiDt <X khng kh @C ngSi, C
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122
Nh[n tE kh theC ABC FW=ng kh @C ngzCi 1,3
HiDW sWUt Fz h;i th ~ :,:
}Ah thMOA GW=ng <Et F 21,K12,K9m, PWng tAh GW=ng <Et F
1106 m
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. /CS <X ABC GCS h;i F 6 m. zng sWUt nhiDt ABC PWng tAh
GW=ng <Et F 60000 kACF|m
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h.
BW=ng <Et PTng kn kh >Oi thict G? >Jn AhWy`n t@S kh h YhC PMOi .
t Yh]n t@n ABC GW=ng <Et ote Gn ngSip, AA Eng gaY h;i vW nhiDt > AA
Eng Fin thng <M_A GCS Ahm Gng AA hXY nhiDt. }hng kh S AA hXY
ny G? ht vWC AA F t@Sng AA hXY nhiDt PS Y sWUt [m ABC khng kh tTS
:
@C te hXY nhiDt S giwC AA Eng gia h <]W >S ABC FA GHi. t <y ABC
GW=ng <Et, >Ah Fz t@MOA > >Ah Fz sCW tTS thnh mXt YhW nghing.
t khSCng <Et <M_A GCS vWCnh Gng AA tUm >Ah Fz kn kh, Aa sV GE
t@ ABC AA Eng > Aa 16 >zi <Et <M_A GE t@ h >Ah t@WOA > >Ah sCW tTS
thnh 2 FOY h ACS <X 1,: m > 22,(: m. t t@n <nh ABC mi >zi <Et Gn
t@n h ACS <X 29,:m Aa GE t@ AA >zi Kq, tTS thnh mXt gaA
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sS >Oi <MNng nm ngCng. /a GE t@ AA AC nh > AA F thm.
/A >zi <Et Aa AUW h\nh KSrn >Oi hCi khSCng h <MNng kh thj AUY.
}hSCng giwC <M_A AUY <` AhWnn G? AhS >iDA <Et P]W nhin FiDW >Oi AA t@HA
KSy > AA Anh vWTt thyng. Hn h_Y khng kh <M_A AWXn >S h <]W >S
ABC >zi <Et Gng AA <MNng KSrn. /A Eng <M_A FrY <bt h khSCng kh t@Wng
t[m. -` FrY <bt >zi P]W nhin FiDW, Aqm jng <i^W khi`n ngn FC ABC P]W
nhin FiDW, thict G? <nh FC > >zi <Et. ng <` FrY Aqm jng <i^W khi`n
ngn FC <Et thCn m?n ABC >zi <Et thCn <W_A grn t@Sng khW >VA miDng >zi
<Et thCn. lzi <Et GCS g=m thict G? gim st ngn FC <Et thCn > thict G?
YhWn m A; kh sE 6 ABC >zi <Et <M_A AUY <` <nh FC Yh]n nhin FiDW
Ahnh.
BW=ng <Et Aa h\nh Fng t@H >Oi AA ATnh Aa ki`W Png kh <Xng hA
thmS hMOng Ah Fz sCW.
/a mXt khW >VA g=m AA Eng tTS thnh >Ah Fz GCS vWCnh AhW >i ABC
GW=ng <Et te ACS <X 10,(:0 m o&h]n t@n ABC YhW t@Sp Fn <cn ACS <X <y
ABC Yh]n ti nhiDt nang. @Sng khW >VA ny Aa @Ut nhi^W AA Eng h ACS <X
<bt AA >zi <Et giwC mjA 10,6:0 m > 2(,6:0 m GW=ng <Et <M_A Ft gTAh
Ah?W FC h KWng vWCnh.
BX vW nhiDt GjA KT ACS Y <M_A GE t@ giwC ACS <X 31,:20 > (2,:60
m PA thmS >Ah Fz sCW ABC GW=ng <Et Adng nhM Yh]n Gn Yhqi > t@i ABC
>Ah Fz, Yh]n m ticY giY >Oi >Ah Fz sCW ABC GW=ng <Et. BX vW nhiDt GjA
KT <M_A t@mS t@n >Ah Fz ABC GW=ng <Et Gng AA thCnh t@mS <bA GiDt > AA
kY.
BX vW nhiDt GjA KT hT Y <W_A GE t@ giwC ACS <X 3,200 m >
60,9(0m PA thmS >Ah t@MOA ABC GW=ng <Et Adng nhM Yh]n Gn Yhqi > t@i
ABC >Ah Fz n;i ticY giY >Oi >Ah t@MOA ABC GW=ng <Et. /a 16 GX <bt h
9
>Ah t@MOA > 9 GX <bt h >Ah ATnh ABC GW=ng <Et. 'STi thLY s PHng F
thLY h_Y kim
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sA thmS >Ah t@MOA > Gn ATnh Aa sV Yh[n Gg ABC AA Eng <cn AA
thict G? thgi GHi. BX vW nhiDt mnh <M_A GE t@ h <]W @C ABC GW=ng <Et >
GCS g=m 32 hng thyng <jng >Oi khSqng AAh AAh nhCW 6(2mm. /Ah
Eng thLY <M_A giC Ang Ahc tTS Gng Eng thLY sn (2K: mm.
&h]n <y GW=ng <Et <M_A Fm sTAh Gng AAh YhWn nMOA @C Fn <cn
ACS <X 39,:m. HD thEng YhWn nMOA @C g=m thict G? Fm sTAh Gng nMOA
AhWyn Png.
/A G^ mbt giC nhiDt ABC GW=ng <Et <M_A <bt h ACS <X (( m h Yh]n
Eng gia > Yh]n YhC sCW <M_A Fm sTAh Gng AA thict G? thgi GHi AS @t Aa
hnh t@\nh ngrn. /A mng > AA G^ mbt giC nhiDt <Ei FMW h Yh]n Eng gia
<M_A Fm sTAh Gng AA thict G? thgi GHi AS @t Aa hnh t@\nh Pi >Oi mjA AS
@t 10,6m. BX h[m nMOA <M_A Fm sTAh Gng AA thict G? thgi GHi >Oi Ahi^W
s[W AS @t 2,9 m. t AA Ah ngSbt ABC Eng gia PA thmS AA GjA >Ah Fz Aa
GX vW nhiDt t@]n.
sA thmS <MNng khai h Ah ngSbt ABC Eng gia Aa AA thict G? <M_A
FrY nhM sCW:
BX vW nhiDt <Ei FMW ACS Y %%, ki`W AhWy`n <Xng t@VA FMW.
BX vW nhiDt <Ei FMW ACS Y %%%, ki`W AhWy`n <Xng t@VA FMW.
BX vW nhiDt <Ei FMW hT Y %%, ki`W AhWy`n <Xng Pzng ngM_A.
BX vW nhiDt <Ei FMW hT Y %, ki`W AhWy`n <Xng Pzng ngM_A.
szng kh h YhC sCW <M_A AhiC @C Fm hCi Pzng khA nhCW > t]ng thj nhUt ABC GX
sUy khng kh ki`W Eng.
Ti <]W @C ABC GX sUy khng kh AA Pzng kh <M_A kct h_Y >S Eng
khai ngCng. HCi FW=ng khai te <MNng gia ngCng ny s AUY kh AhS FA GHi
tInh <iDn. /A >Cn F <M_A FrY <bt t@n AA <MNng gia h <]W @C > <]W >S
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ABC FA GHi. SCW <a, gia <M_A kct h_Y >S t@Sng Eng gia ngCng > te <[y
khai s <M_A Kq thmS AA <MNng Eng gia > vWTt %s. Ti <]W >S ABC vWTt
%s
mi Eng gia <M_A AhiC Fm hCi, AA >Cn > AA nrY G?t s <M_A FrY <bt h AA
<MNng gia ny. /nh PQn hMOng s <M_A FrY t@VA ticY >S vWTt %s. /ng
sWUt ABC vWTt %s <M_A <i^W khi`n Gng AA khOY nEi thBy FVA h AA t@HA
giwC mStS@, hXY sE > Anh PQn hMOng. /A nrY G?t sC AhwC > AA >Cn
<M_A GE t@ thmS Pfy t@n AA <MNng gia h <]W @C ABC vWTt %s. SCW <a AA
FW=ng khai <M_A AUY thng vWC hD thEng )#s @C Eng khai .
6@4@ CHU T$NH GIF GH1I J1IJ'10K@
#ia FTnh <M_A hCi vWTt )s ht te khng kh thng vWC Eng ht gia.
/A Anh PQn hMOng <M_A FrY t@VA ticY h Yh]n ht gia, AA >Cn <M_A FrY <bt
h <]W thgi ABC vWTt. 'W=ng gia sCW vWTt <M_A kct h_Y FTi h Eng gia ngCng
>Oi hCi FW=ng sSng sSng te mXt vWTt khA nwC. /a sV t@Ah kh te Eng gia
ngCng thng vWC AA >Cn <cn AA thict G? AhWy`n hMOng o( <MNngp, >iDA
t@Ah gia AhS my nghi^n Adng <M_A AhiC Fm ( <MNng >S ( my nghi^n
tW;ng jng. e Eng gia ngCng <MNng gia Ahnh s <M_A AUY >S GX sUy
khng kh > mi nhnh ^ YhC
Fz h;i. &h]n gia nh h;n s <M_A AUY vWC >Cn > thict G? <S <cn AA >zi PQn
gia. Ti <]W >S ABC Fz h;i gia s <M_A AhiC > AUY >S hCi Eng gaY.
MXt Yh]n FOn gia <M_A AUY >S AA >zi <Et thng vWC thict G? <S,
FW=ng gia ny <M_A AhiC Fm hCi <MNng. -MNng gia thj nhUt s Aa nhiDm >H
AUY kh thj AUY >S hCi >zi <Et h Gn PMOi > AA Yh]n h t@n <nh ABC >Ah
t@MOA Fz h;i, <MNng gia thj hCi AUY kh AhS AA >zi <Et h Yh]n sCW ABC Fz
h;i. @Sng Ang AA Eng gia s Aa AA Yh]n Ahn, hCi <MNng Ahn AhS vWTt
11
gia s; AUY > mXt AhS <MNng gia nang <cn AA my nghi^n. Mi vWTt gia s
Aa nhiDm >H AUY gia AhS ( >zi <Et, mXt hng ABC Yh]n t@MOA Fz hSbA sCW Fz.
6@e@CHU T$NH NHIjN LIU
'z h;i GCS g=m ( hD thEng nghi^n thCn okhLY kn, <;np >Oi hCi
GWnkm@ AhjC thCn m?n. hCn <M_A sUy > nghi^n thCn t@Sng my nghi^n
ki`W 3:0| 90, my nghi^n thCn AhjC khSqng 2,9 tUn Gi thLY. HCi hD thEng
nghi^n AUY thCn AhS 1 GWnkm@ thCn m?n, <` >Jn hnh gn <?nh AA my AUY
thCn m?n th\ mjA thCn m?n t@Sng GWnkm@ t nhUt Yhqi F ( m.
t mi <]W @C ABC GWnkm@ Aa GE t@ my AUY thCn. -X m?n ABC thCn
thmS thict kc F $909~. Nng sWUt ABC my AUY thCn m?n <M_A <i^W khi`n
Gng AAh thCy <gi PiDn tAh ABC Ag >Cn <i^W khi`n h AA mjA te 1, <cn ,9
ot|hp, tM;ng jng >Oi >iDA mh >Cn te 20 <cn 100~. &hM;ng tiDn >Jn AhWy`n
thCn m?n Aa <X <Jm <bA ACS F s PHng khng kh ngSi t@Ni, khng kh ny
<M_A ht vWC <MNng ht kh ABC tWCGin nLn kh ABC Fz h;i. HD thEng AUY gia
>Jn AhWy`n thCn >S hD thEng AUY thCn m?n Aa <X <Jm <bA ACS g=m hCi
tWCGin nLn kh ki`W BZ0Z1, mXt AhicA >Jn hnh > mXt AhicA PV Yhzng.
/ng sWUt ABC tWCGin nLn kh F K10
3 3
m |h, Y sWUt F :900 kYC, tiW thH
<iDn nng 190 ki, tEA <X >zng vWCy n 3000 >zng|Yht.
/A Eng gia te tWCGin nLn kh <M_A kct h_Y >S mXt <MNng gia FSTi
329x
>Oi AA thict G? <S FMW FM_ng, Y sWUt > nhiDt <X ABC gia. }hng
kh <M_A YhWn te Eng gia ny >S mXt hD thEng GCS g=m 6 Eng gaY <M_A
GE t@ Gn PMOi hCi GWnkm@ thCn m?n. e mXt t@Sng AA Eng gaY kh <M_A
AUY >S AA my AUY thCn m?n vWC AA >Cn tM;ng jng > AA thict G? <S FMW
FM_ng <cn mi my AUY thCn m?n. e hCi Eng gaY Azn FTi khng kh <M_A
AUY >S GX YhJn t@Xn gia <` >Jn AhWy`n thCn m?n Aa <X <Jm <bA ACS thng
vWC AA >Cn > thict G? <S FMW FM_ng Fn <cn thict G? t@Xn ticY thmS h <]W @C
ABC >zi <Et >Oi FW=ng gia nang s; AUY. t Yh]n t@Xn AWEi Ang thCn m?n Aa
<X <Jm <bA ACS s <M_A t@Xn thm >Oi Pzng kh s; GX sCW <a <M_A Fm
12
nang Fn > thng vWC Eng AUY thCn m?n na s P]n P]n <M_A nang h;n, sCW
<a <M_A AUY >S Yh]n KSrn ABC >zi <Et >Oi nhiDt <X FA ny khSqng 300 C
0
.
-bA tnh ABC P]W nhin FiDW Png AhS PV n nhM sCW:
MJt <X 0,99
NhiDt <X <nh FC 99 C
0
Yn 9900kACF|kg
SY 0,:Z3,9 ~
Y 0,01 0,9~
-X nhOt h 3 C
0
200 ASt
@Tm G;m P]W nhin FiDW F ki`W t@Tm G;m t@Wy^n thEng >Oi AA G;m
ki`W t@HA tqi thj nhUt > thj hCi Ang >Oi AA GX giC nhiDt > Aa AA GX FA
P]W nhin FiDW giwC Ahng. s]W nhin FiDW <M_A AUY >S Fz h;i te Eng gaY
Y sWUt AhWng ABC AA G;m ki`W t@HA tqi thj nhUt thng vWC Eng Aa <MNng
knh sn 100mm, h <[y Yhqi Aa thict G? <S FMW FM_ng P]W > Ahng Yhqi
Aa AA >Cn Agng >Jn hnh Gng tCy <` AAh Fy khi ticn hnh sC AhwC.
/A >Cn F >Jn hnh Gng mStS@, AA nrY G?t, AA thict G? <S FMW
FM_ng P]W >S Fz h;i, AA >Cn AAh Fy <MNng P]W nhin FiDW > AA >Cn <i^W
khi`n FMW FM_ng P]W >S Fz h;i s <M_A FrY <bt PA thmS <MNng Eng P]W
nhin FiDW h g]n Fz h;i. -MNng h=i P]W nhin FiDW te AA >zi <Et ABC Fz h;i
s <M_A thVA hiDn vWC <MNng Eng Aa <MNng knh sn 90 mm, Ahng Aa FrY
<bt AA >Cn > AA thict G? <S FMW FM_ng P]W. -MNng h=i P]W nhin FiDW s
<M_A <MC t@VA ticY >S AA G=n P]W nhin FiDW > >S AA G;m ht thj hCi.
NgW=n h;i <M_A AUY <cn AA GX giC nhiDt, P]W nhin FiDW s <M_A FUy
te Eng gaY h;i tV Png ABC tg my >Oi AA thng sE h;i F Y 1( kg|Am
2
> t 290 C
0
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4@6@TU$BINN.
hmS s; <= ABC nh my 300Mi, tWCGin ki`W }Z300Z1:0Z1& s <M_A
FrY <bt <` YhHA >H AhS >iDA AhWy`n <Xng my Yht <iDn "/BBZ320Z33.
WCGin Aa 3 AyFinPm@s, ki`W t@HA <;n > ngMng tH >Oi mXt GX giC nhiDt h;i,
Ang sWUt PCnh <?nh F 303 Mi > tEA <X vWCy F 3000>|Yh.
/A thng sE Ahnh ABC tWCGin <` AUY <iDn nng PCnh <?nh okhng
t@Ah h;i <` ti tW]n hSnp.
'MW FM_ng h;i Ahnh : (,2 t|h
NhiDt <X h;i Ahnh 93 C
0
4Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei 1:1kg|Am
2
/A thng sE h <]W @C ABC KiFCnh ACS Y : 4Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei (1
kg|Am
2
, nhiDt <X 329,: C
0
/A thng sE <]W >S ABC KiFCnh ACS Y : 4Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei
3:, kg|Am
2
, nhiDt <X 93 C
0
4Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei h G\nh ngMng 0,069kg|Am
2
H;i Ahnh te Fz h;i >Oi AA thng sE <f <M_A KA <?nh s <M_A AUY
>S hCi khEi >Cn ACS Y. Mi khEi GCS g=m 1 >Cn Ahbn > hCi >Cn <i^W
khi`n. e AA khEi >Cn, h;i s <M_A Yh[n YhEi <cn Yh]n t@n > Yh]n PMOi
ABC Ki FCnh ACS Y thng vWC ( Eng Fin thng ACS Y. liDA Yh[n YhEi h;i h
tWCGin s PS AA >zi YhWn thVA hiDn, AA thnh Yh]n ABC >zi YhWn <M_A GE
t@ h AA hXY AhjC >zi YhWn nm t@Sng Yh]n th[n Gn t@Sng ABC KiFCnh ACS
Y.
1(
iFCnh ACS Y g=m hCi Yh]n, Yh]n th[n ngSi > Yh]n th[n t@Sng.
'MW FM_ng h;i h KiFCnh ACS Y F ki`W Pzng ngM_A. -MNng h;i ABC KiFCnh
ACS Y Aa t]ng <i^W khi`n AhB <Xng > 1: t]ng Yhqn h=i. e <a t]ng <i^W
khi`n > 9 t]ng Y sWUt <M_A GE t@ h Yh]n th[n t@Sng > tTS thnh Pzng h;i
Gn t@i ABC KiFCnh ACS Y, t]ng h;i h Gn Yhqi <M_A GE t@ h Yh]n th[n
ngSi ABC KiFCnh ACS Y. iFCnh ACS Y khng Aa t@Ah h;i <` ti tW]n hSn.
H;i h <]W @C ABC KiFCnh ACS Y <M_A AUY <cn Yh]n ti nhiDt ABC Fz
h;i. SCW ti nhiDt, h;i <M_A AUY >S hCi khEi >Cn t@Wng Y, mi khEi >Cn
g=m mXt >Cn Ahbn > mXt >Cn <i^W khi`n. H;i h KiFCnh t@Wng Y <M_A Yh[n
YhEi thng vWC >Cn tict FMW. /A >Cn <i^W khi`n KiFCnh t@Wng Y h Ahc <X
>Jn hnh G\nh thMNng ABC tWCGin s <M_A mh hSn tSn > khng thCm giC
>S >iDA <i^W Ahnh mjA <iDn nng. iFCnh t@Wng Y F ki`W KiFCnh t@VA FMW,
<MNng h;i ABC na Aa 19 t]ng AhB <Xng. iFCnh t@Wng Y Adng Aa 3 <MNng
t@Ah h;i <` giC nhiDt nMOA ngMng > nMOA AUY Fz h;i. Ti <]W @C ABC KiFCnh
t@Wng Y, h;i vWC hCi Eng Fin thng AUY <cn Yh]n giwC ABC KiFCnh hT Y.
iFCnh hT Y <M_A Ahc tTS thmS ki`W KiFCnh hCi Pzng, mi <MNng Eng GCS
g=m hCi t]ng. iFCnh hT Y Aa hCi <MNng t@Ah h;i <` giC nhiDt nMOA ngMng,
tTi <]W @C ABC KiFCnh hT Y h;i <M_A AUY >S G\nh ngMng.
Ut Aq AA @StS@ ABC tWCGin <M_A Fm Gng thLY @n te FSTi thLY h_Y
kim Ah?W nhiDt, AA @StS@ ACS > t@Wng Y Aa F khSCn h giwC Azn @StS@ hT Y
<M_A Ahc tTS m khng Aa F khSCn h giwC.
Ut A AA khOY nEi ABC tWCGin <M_A Fm thmS ki`W khOY nEi Ajng,
nC khOY nEi <M_A @n Ang >Oi t@HA.
/A giSng AWEi ABC WCGin > AA giSng giwC ABC KiFCnh ACS Y,
KiFCnh t@Wng > hT Y <M_A Fm thmS ki`W giSng h;i FCGi@inth. Ti KiFCnh
ACS > t@Wng Y Aa s PHng FSTi giSng FCGi@inth thSqi.
Mi @StS@ ABC tWCGin <M_A < t@n hCi g <, AA Yh]n Ahn ABC g <
t@MOA <M_A giC Ang Ahc tTS nhM F AA micng Ahn og < Aa 6 micng Ahnp.
19
/A th[n ABC g < WCGin <M_A <bt t@n > grn AE <?nh >S AA khWng
mang. &h]n Kq ABC KiFCnh hT Y Adng <M_A <bt t@n AA khWng mang. @n
th[n ABC tUt Aq AA g < WCGin Aa AA <i`m nmS @ing.
/A Yh]n Pfn nh PS nhiDt <M_A thVA hiDn thmS AAh <a F giC nhiDt
Yh]n th[n ABC KiFCnh ACS Y <ny thmS hMOng ABC g < t@MOA > AA Yh]n ABC
KiFCnh t@Wng > hT Y.
&h]n th[n ABC g < <M_A nmS >S AA <i`m nmS ABC @StS@. WCGin Azn
<M_A AUY km >Oi hXY sE, na <M_A FrY h > hXY sE sE ( > hD thEng thBy
FVA n[ng @tS@. HXY sE ny <M_A AUY <` vWCy t@HA Gng tCy > <` >Jn hnh
hD thEng thBy FVA n[ng @StS@. Ti tWCGin Azn <M_A AUY AA GAh KiFCnh ACS
Y > t@Wng Y. H;i giC nhiDt <M_A AUY te <MNng Eng ti nhiDt nang.
4@4@ BNH NGLNG@
hmS s; <= ABC hD thEng WCGin Aa mXt G\nh ngMng ki`W 300}Z
1200 Z (. B\nh ngMng F ki`W hCi Pzng FOY <;n h YhC t@MOA > F FSTi Yh
h_Y >Oi >iDA >Jn hnh Gng nMOA Gicn. siDn tAh G^ mbt Fm mt ABC G\nh
ngMng F 1:900m
2
> <M_A tTS thnh Ghi AA Eng titCniWm >Oi Ahi^W Pi F
1(000m > <MNng knh ngSi F 19,09mm.
B\nh ngMng F thict G? Ah[n khng, Y sWUt thict kc Gn t@Sng FOY >
kh s <M_A PWy t@\ PVC >S Pzng h;i AUY <cn G\nh ngMng, nhiDt <X > FMW
FM_ng nMOA Fm mt Jn hnh > AA
thict G? ABC hD thEng tWCGin: HD thEng Fm sTAh Eng G\nh ngMng, hD thEng
Ah[n khng kn kh > AA thict G? Kq kh G\nh ngMng.
l G\nh ngMng <M_A giC Ang Ahc tTS > hn te AA tUm thLY ACAGSn,
YhC ticY KA >Oi nMOA ABC AA gin Eng <M_A YhB mXt FOY titCniWm. /A
Eng G\nh ngMng <M_A kct h_Y thnh AA Pn Eng FOn Gng AAh hn AA <]W
Eng >S AA Gqng titCniWm.
16
Nhnh nEi ABC G\nh ngMng <M_A hn >S AA <]W >zi Kq ABC KiFCnh
hT Y ABC tWCGin. -` giqi vWyct >iDA Pfn nh PS nhiDt > G\nh ngMng <M_A
FrY <bt t@n AA gi A[n Gng, Ahng <M_A thict kc <` tV A[n Gng tqi t@ng
ABC G\nh ngMng khi khng Aa nMOA. NMOA <MC >S G\nh ngMng t@Sng vW
t@\nh >Jn hnh WCGin s <M_A thng vWC AA Yh]n Kq ABC KiFCnh hT Y >
tqi t@ng ABC FM_ng nMOA ny <M_A AhWy`n <cn khWng mang ABC KiFCnh hT
Y.
NMOA Fm mt s S khSCng nMOA Aa Y ABC G\nh ngMng, S khSCng Kq nMOA ABC G\nh ngMng > te <a s <M_A <MC >S ng
Kq. liDA ny Adng tTS <i^W kiDn AhS YhLY Peng > Fm >D sinh GUt Aj Pn
Eng nS t@Sng khi <Cng >Jn hnh WCGin.
Ti Yh]n Gn t@n ABC G\nh ngMng Aa GE t@ AA thict G? nhJn h;i <`
nhJn h;i te <MNng @ nhnh hT Y. H;i ny s <M_A Fm mt Gng >iDA
YhWn nMOA ngMng >S AA thict G? nhJn h;i thng vWC AA G;m nMOA ngMng
> AA tWycn Eng. B\nh ngMng Adng F mXt GX YhJn nhJn h;i > nMOA <` tTS
sV >Jn hnh G\nh thMNng AhS hD thEng WCGin h thNi <i`m khhi <Xng tg
my, ngeng tg my > >Jn hnh tg my.
4@e@CC BEM NLC NGLNG@
sS sV ngMng tH ABC h;i Kq WCGin nn h Yh]n Gn PMOi ABC G\nh
ngMng Aa sV thW nMOA ngMng m sCW ny nMOA ngMng FTi ticY tHA <M_A <MC
t@h FTi Fm nMOA AUY AhS hD thEng. /A G;m nMOA ngMng <M_A s PHng <`
YhHA >H mHA <Ah ny. t hD thEng nMOA ngMng Ahnh Aa hCi G;m nMOA
ngMng ki`W }/BZ:00Z10 <M_A FrY <bt h khSCng nang ABC G\nh ngMng >
<MC na t@h FTi AhW t@\nh nMOA AUY AhS Fz vWC AA GX YhWn giqm n > hD
thEng ti tW]n hSn hT Y. /A G;m ny Aa Ang sWUt :00m
3
|h > AXt nMOA
1:
F 10m.g. hng thMNng th\ mXt G;m nMOA ngMng hSTt <Xng Azn Ai kiC
h Ahc <X PV Yhzng > khi A]n thict th\ G;m sn sng tV <Xng khhi <Xng.
B;m nMOA ngMng ki`W }/BZ:00Z10 F G;m Fi t[m ki`W <jng, mStS@
<iDn Aa Ang sWUt (90ki <M_A Png <` t@Wy^n <Xng G;m ngMng.
&h]n ht G;m khng Aa t@HA > <]W ht @C ngSi PS >Jy s FSTi t@e
<M_A t@MNng h_Y G? @ng kh > @z @ nMOA. < PMOi ABC G;m Fm Gng
kim FSTi, g < <M_A Gi t@;n > Fm mt Gng nMOA ngMng FUy te t]ng G;m
t@Wng giCn. < t@n F ki`W g < t@HA KWyn t[m > na <M_A FrY <bt <`
Ah?W tqi t@ng > FVA t@Wy^n KWEng te @StS@ ABC G;m. h[n g < Aa FrY G\nh
AhjC P]W > AA khSCng nMOA Fm mt .
liDA <MC kh te AA F Gn t@Sng ABC G;m khi nTY nMOA >S G;m
<M_A <MC >S khSqng khng ABC G\nh ngMng. /a AA G;m ti tW]n hSn >^
G\nh ngMng <` <Tt <M_A <X >Jn hnh gn <?nh ABC G;m nMOA ngMgn khi
khng Aa ngW=n nMOA ngMng Ahnh AhS tWCGin hSbA khi FMW FM_ng nMOA
ngMng Ahnh Ahqy >S G\nh kh.
4@M@ CC THIAT BB PHUN CCA TU$BINNGNOPJ0QIK@
-` giw <M_A Y sWUt thict kc oAh[n khngp tTi G\nh ngMng A]n Yhqi
Fin tHA Kq kh > AA AhUt khng ngMng tH <M_A Ft >S t@Sng G\nh ngMng
Gng AA ASn <MNng khA te Gn ngSi. -` <Tt <M_A mHA <Ah ny, A]n thict
Yhqi s PHng AA thict G? ht kh <bA GiDt te Gn ngSi. -` <Tt <M_A mHA
<Ah ny A]n thict Yhqi s PHng nhM AA thict G? ht kh. @Sng s; <= hD
thEng WCGin Aa FrY <bt 3 thict G? Ahnh > mXt thict G? YhWn khhi <Xng.
NgWyn trA hSTt <Xng ABC thict G? YhWn h;i F PVC t@n hSTt <Xng ht
ABC AA FW=ng h;i @C khi >zi Kq >Oi >Jn tEA FOn. }hi YhWn khhi <Xng, s
PHng thict G? YhWn h;i mXt t]ng ki`W
1 2200 1
.
/A <bA tnh hSTt <Xng ABC thict G? YhWn khhi <Xng :
4Y sWUt h;i hSTt <Xng 3,9 kg|Am
2
1
NhiDt <X h;i hSTt <Xng 200 C
0
'MW FM_ng h;i hSTt <Xng 2200 kg|h
4Y sWUt h <]W Kq ABC AA thict G? YhWn 0,102Z0,119kg|Am
2
hict kc ABC thict G? YhWn mXt t]ng @Ut <;n giqn. /a mXt <MNng FOn
kh kh S, tWy nhin FW=ng kh ny Aa hiDW sWUt thUY > khng th` tTS
@C <M_A nhi^W Ah[n khng PS <a thict G? YhWn h;i mXt t]ng <M_A Y PHng
>S giCi <STn <]W <` tTS Ah[n khng FA khhi <Xng WCGin. Bhi >\ AA thict
G? YhWn ABC s; <= giCn WCGin Aa s PHng 3 thict G? YhWn h;i ki`W
2 :90 3
. /A thict G? YhWn ny Aa GC t]ng nLn > Aa kh vW nhiDt
t@Wng giCn > AWEi Ang ABC hn h_Y h;i t@Ah.
NMOA ngMng Ahnh h <]W @C ABC G;m nMOA ngMng Jn hnh > h;i te hn
h_Y khZh;i. NhiDt ngMng tH FTi <M_A AhWy`n <cn nMOA ngMng Ahnh <` tTS
thnh >zng tW]n hSn, mHA <Ah ABC na F <` tict kiDm nMOA ngMng > nMOA
ngMng <M_A Kq >S G\nh ngMng sCW mi t]ng. hict G? <S t t@ng kh s
<M_A FrY <bt h Eng nhnh ABC <MNng Kq Ahnh >S hD thEng Ah[n khng <`
ki`m sSt khEi FM_ng kh Kq ABC AA >zi YhWn.
/A <bA tnh >Jn hnh ABC thict G? YhWn ki`W
2 :90 3
:
'MW FM_ng h;i >Jn hnh :90 kg|h
4Y sWUt h;i >Jn hnh 3,9 kg|Am
2
NhiDt <X h;i >Jn hnh 200 C
0
4Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei h <]W Kq ABC >zi YhWn 1,09Z1,1 kg|Am
2
4@m@CC BNH GIA NHIT@
-` YhHA >H AhS >iDA giC nhiDt ti tW]n hSn AhS nMOA ngMng Ahnh
ABC WCGin th\ t@Sng s; <= ABC hD thEng Aa GC G\nh giC nhiDt hT Y. Ut Aq
AA G\nh giC nhiDt hT Y <^W Aa ki`W nm ngCng.
19
/A <bA tnh >Jn hnh ABC G\nh giC nhiDt :
B\nh giC nhiDt hT Y sE 1 :
}i`W
1 9 , 2 03 (00 H
B^ mbt t@CS t@CS <gi nhiDt (00m
2
4Y sWUt thict kc nMOA ngMng 29 kg|Am
2
4Y sWUt thict kc h;i 3,0 kg|Am
2
}i`W
1 9 , 2 06 900 H
B^ mbt t@CS <gi nhiDt 900m
2
4Y sWUt thict kc nMOA ngMng 29kg|Am
2
4Y sWUt thict kc h;i 6,0 kg|Am
2
}i`W
1 9 , 2 06 600 H
B^ mbt t@CS <gi nhiDt 600m
2
4Y sWUt thict kc nMOA ngMng > Y sWUt thict kc h;i tM;ng tV
G\nh giC nhiDt hT Y sE 2
/A thnh Yh]n A; Gqn ABC G\nh giC nhiDt F > G\nh > hD thEng Eng.
l G\nh <M_A Ahc tTS te thLY /CAGSn > hD thEng Eng <M_A Fm Gng thLY
khng @.
B^ mbt t@CS <gi nhiDt ABC G\nh giC nhiDt t@ng giEng nhM AA Ga Eng
na <M_A tTS Ghi AA Eng h\nh Ahw U <MNng knh sn 16mm >Oi Ahi^W Py
ABC thnh Eng F 0, mm. /A Eng <M_A grn >S AA tUm thLY > nghing
>^ YhC >Ah ngn t@Wng giCn. liDA s PHng AA Eng h\nh Ahw U tTS <i^W
kiDn mh @Xng tM;ng <Ei PiDn tAh t@CS <gi nhiDt.
B\nh giC nhiDt hT Y sE 2 > sE 3 Aa AA G\nh ngMng h;i giC nhiDt te
KC ki`W nm ngCng. h` tAh ABC G\nh nMOA ngMng ABC G\nh giC nhiDt sE 3
khSqng 1
3
m > G\nh giC nhiDt hT Y sE 2 F 9,9
3
m .
20
H;i giC nhiDt AhS G\nh giC nhiDt hT Y <M_A t@Ah te h;i ABC WCGin.
H;i Aa Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei 0,26 kg|
2
cm > <X nm F 9~ s <M_A AUY >S G\nh
giC nhiDt sE 1. H;i <M_A AUY >S G\nh giC nhiDt sE 2 Aa Y sWUt 1 kg|
2
cm
> nhiDt <X 100 C
0
> h;i <M_A AUY >S G\nh giC nhiDt sE 3 Aa Y sWUt (,3
kg|
2
cm > nhiDt <X 2(3 C
0
.
4@6@ BNH KHR KH" GSPHPIH0QIK@
B\nh kh kh ki`W Z1000|120 >Oi Ang sWUt 1000 t|h. A PHng
Ahnh ABC G\nh kh kh F kh AA kh hzC tCn t@Sng nMOA AUY <qm GqS Cn
tSn AhS Fz h;i > WCGin. NgSi @C na Adng Aa tA PHng nhM 1 G\nh giC
nhiDt <` FMW t@w nMOA AUY <f <M_A kh kh.
B\nh kh kh GCS g=m Z120Z1 > mXt thY kh kh ki`W Z
1000Z(.
&h]n h\nh t@H ABC G\nh kh kh Aa <MNng knh 3(00mm, thnh G\nh
Py 26mm. gng Ahi^W Pi ABC G\nh kh kh F 21000mm, PWng tAh h\nh
hA F 16
3
m , PWng tAh AhjC thVA F 120
3
m .
/A thng sE AhWng ABC thY kh kh :
-MNng knh Yh]n h\nh t@H 3000mm
/hi^W Py th[n thY 26mm
sWng tAh h\nh hA (9,9m
3
-MNng knh <Ei FMW ABC thY nEi >Oi G\nh kh kh F 2(00mm.
&h]n th[n ABC thY kh kh <M_A giC Ang Ahc tTS Gng thLY /CAGSn.
hmS s; <= ABC hD thEng kh kh AA Pzng sCW s <M_A AUY >S thY
kh kh:
NMOA ngMng Ahnh ABC WCGin h <]W @C ABC G\nh giC nhiDt hT Y.
21
H;i giC nhiDt te Yh]n t@Ah h;i ABC WCGin hSbA te Eng gaY h;i tV
Png.
H;i te th[n >Cn WCGin.
H;i te G\nh Kq <ng Fin tHA ABC Fz h;i.
Hn h_Y khZ h;i t@Ah te G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y sE 9 > sE 6.
hY kh kh s <M_A AUY :
NMOA ngMng h;i giC nhiDt ABC G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y sE 9 > sE 6.
-MNng ti tW]n hSn ABC AA G;m nMOA AUY.
-MNng ti tW]n hSn te Yh]n YhWn giqm n >S AA GX vW nhiDt ABC
Fz.
H;i giC nhiDt ABC AA thict G? tTS Gt.
NMOA AUY <M_A AUY te G\nh kh kh >S AA G;m nMOA AUY thng vWC
AA tWycn Eng @ing @. Na Adng <M_A Png <` AUY nMOA te G\nh kh kh
>S <]W ht ABC AA G;m Kq ABC GX giC nhiDt hT Y sE 2.
e Yh]n t@n ABC thY kh kh hn h_Y kh h;i <M_A Kq te G\nh kh
kh @C khng kh Gn ngSi. S; <= AhS YhLY AUY Pzng h;i nMOA ny >S AA
!mAtS@ ABC WCGin <` Fm tng hiDW sWUt ABC hD thEng.
-` GqS >D G\nh kh kh khng G? tng Y sWUt mXt AAh khng mng
mWEn, AA <MNng h;i giC nhiDt s kct nEi t@VA ticY thY kh kh > G\nh kh
kh >Oi nhCW. t mi <MNng s FrY <bt 2 >Cn Cn tSn > Ahng s <M_A <i^W
khi`n Ghi hCi >Cn Cn tSn KWng. 4Y sWUt <bt Kq ABC >Cn ny F 10, 9(kg|Am
2
Ghi >\ h;i giC nhiDt G\nh kh kh h Ahc <X >Jn hnh ABC WCGin F h;i FUy
te <MNng t@Ah sE 3 ABC WCGin >Oi Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei 10,: kg|Am
2
> nhiDt
<X h mjA YhH tqi tiW AhWnn F 39( C
0
. lOi Pqi <i^W khi`n YhH tqi ABC tg
my, G\nh kh kh <M_A >Jn hnh >Oi Y sWUt t@M_t.
4@g@CC BEM NLC CkP G}~PK@
22
NMOA AUY <M_A AUY >S AA G;m nMOA AUY te G\nh kh kh. hmS s;
<= ABC tg my s Aa 3 G;m nMOA AUY <M_A t@Wy^n <Xng Ghi AA mStS@ <iDn
KSCy Ahi`W <M_A FrY <bt. HCi G;m Fm >iDA > mXt G;m PV Yhzng , nhM >Jy
mi G;m Fm >iDA s AUY 90~ YhH tqi tg my.
B;m nMOA AUY Aa thict kc kh YhjA tTY, g=m nhi^W thnh Yh]n kct
nEi @ing @. -a F :
B;m AUY tng Y
}hEi hXY sE tng sE
}hOY nEi thBy FVA
B;m AUY nMOA AUY Ahnh
MStS@ <iDn
-bA <i`m AH th` ABC AA G;m nMOA AUY F hXY Gnh @ng t@Wy^n <Xng
ABC AA G;m tng Y > G;m AUY nMOA AUY Ahnh te mXt mStS@ > >iDA s
PHng khOY nEi thBy FVA <` <i^W khi`n sE >zng vWCy ABC G;m AUY nMOA
Ahnh.
-bA tnh >Jn hnh ABC AA thnh Yh]n Ahnh ABC G;m nMOA AUY :
MStS@ <iDn :
-a F <Xng A; khng <=ng GX , tiW thH <iDn nng (96ki
EA <X vWCy 1(6>|Yh
HiDW sWUt 96,~
gn thUt <iDn nng 196ki
B;m tng Y :
-?nh mjA FMW FM_ng 90:t|h
4Y sWUt ht tWyDt <Ei 11,9 kg|Am
2
oh AA <i^W kiDn thict kcp
4Y sWUt Kq 19,39 kg|Am
2
NhiDt <X nMOA AUY 1:9 C
0
EA <X vWCy 1(6>|Yh
23
iW thH <iDn nng 13:ki
B;m tng Y Fm tng Y sWUt <]W >S ABC G;m AUY nMOA Ahnh AhS
Fz h;i <` khng tTS @C sBi GSng Gang t@Sng nMOA AUY. B;m tng Y F FSTi
G;m mXt <]W >S > t]ng <;n. FD ABC hXY Gnh @ng tng tEA tM;ng
<M;ng >Oi (,3: otjA F tEA <X vWCy h <]W @C F 6900>|Yhp, tiW thH <iDn
nng (392}i. }hOY nEi thBy FVA <M_A GE t@ h Ang >Oi FOY > ABC hXY
Gnh @ng tng tEA. Bnh s; AUY, Gnh thj AUY > > hXY tTS thnh khSCng
>Jn hnh ABC khOY nEi thBy FVA. s]W >Jn hnh <M_A FMW thng t@Sng
khSCng ny. lJn tEA vWCy h <]W @C <M_A <i^W khi`n Gng A]n sE.
B;m AUY nMOA Ahnh :
'MW FM_ng nMOA AUY (9t|h
4Y sWUt ht tWyDt <Ei 19,3 kg|Am
2
NhiDt <X nMOA AUY 1:9 C
0
4Y sWUt Kq tWyDt <Ei 23,9 kg|Am
2
iW thH <iDn nng (12ki
lJn tEA vWCy <M_A <i^W khi`n thng vWC khOY nEi thBy FVA. SV t@M_t
tEi thi`W ABC khOY nEi thBy FVA F 2,(~. B;m Aa Yh]n t@Ah nMOA te t]ng
t@Wng giCn <` YhWn >S GX giC nhiDt ABC Fz h;i >Oi khEi FM_ng 22t|h, Y sWUt
tWyDt <Ei 91,0 kg|Am
2
.
4@8@CC BNH GIA NHIT CAO P@
HCi G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y s <M_A FrY <bt thmS s; <= ti tW]n hSn ACS
Y oG\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y sE 9 > sE 6p. B\nh giC nhiDt sE 9 Aa GX kh vW
nhiDt te KC. B\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y F ki`W BZ2Z100Z2(Z2,0 3 > GX
kh vW nhiDt h;i ki`W *Z2Z200Z2(Z2,0 3 F AA thict G? ki`W khSCng
nm ngCng <M_A giC Ang Gng YhM;ng YhY hn. Mi thict G? Aa mXt
khSCng nMOA > AA > GE t@ ngCng <M_A nEi >S khSCng ny. NMOA AUY
AUY >S Yh]n PMOi ABC G\nh giC nhiDt > h;i giC nhiDt <M_A AUY >S Yh]n
2(
t@n ABC G\nh giC nhiDt. /A GX YhJn A; Gqn ABC AA G\nh giC nhiDt F > >
hD thEng Eng. B^ mbt t@CS <gi nhiDt F AA <STn Eng h\nh Ahw U <M_A giC
Ang Ahc tTS te AA Eng Aa <MNng knh sn 16mm > Ahi^W Py thnh Eng
F 1,( 2mm. lJt FiDW Ahc tTS Eng F thLY khng g, thLY "Wstmnit.
Ut Aq AA GX kh vW nhiDt ABC G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y sE 9 > sE 6
<^W <M_A thict kc <` Aa th` ngeng hSTt <Xng > Aa AA thict G? GqS >D kAh
hSTt nhCnh, mHA <Ah F <` ngeng hD thEng > @ nhnh <MNng nMOA AUY
t@Sng t@MNng h_Y mjA nMOA ngMng tng Fn mXt AAh khnn AUY h mXt t@Sng
AA G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y. H;i giC nhiDt ABC G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y <M_A FUy
te <MNng h;i t@Ah ABC WCGin.
H;i >S G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y sE 6 <M_A AUY te AA <MNng ti nhiDt
FTnh >Oi AA thng sE nhM sCW :
4Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei (0,kg|Am
2
NhiDt <X 32,2 C
0
H;i >S G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y sE 9 <M_A t@Ah te <MNng t@Ah sE 2 ABC
WCGin >Oi AA thng sE nhM sCW :
4Y sWUt tWyDt <Ei 1:, kg|Am
2
NhiDt <X (26,9 C
0
}h ngMng tH > khng ngMng tH ABC Yh]n h;i giC nhiDt t@Sng G\nh
giC nhiDt hT Y <M_A Kq te th[n > G\nh s <M_A thVA hiDn thmS s; <= Ang
nghD <f <M_A AhUY nhJn. -` GqS >D G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y sE 9 khng G?
tng Y <cn mjA vW ACS s Aa AA >Cn Cn tSn <M_A FrY <` <qm GqS Cn
tSn.
29
e@MY PHT V CC H THnNG PH T$@
e@6@MY PHT !IN !sNG B%@
My Yht <=ng GX GC YhC ki`W oBBZ320Z23p <M_A AUY <` Kqn sWUt
<iDn h Ahc <X Fin tHA > na <M_A nEi t@VA ticY >Oi WCGin h;i. /A yW A]W
ABC my Yht >^ nhiDt <X mi t@MNng KWng vWCnh F te 9
0
/ <cn (9
0
/ >
t@Sng mi t@MNng khng Ahy ng okh vWy`np, n;i khng Aa GHi te t@MNng, h
<X ACS khng vW 1000m sS >Oi mbt nMOA Gi`n.
e@4@TFM TT V> THNG rn K THUT CCA MY PHT@
My Yht F my @StS@ h\nh t@H Yht <iDn 3 YhC, GCS g=m Yh]n AE
<?nh ostCtS@p > Yh]n vWCyo@StS@p. StCtS@ g=m Aa Fi > AWXn P[y, na s
<M_A nEi @C mTAh Gn ngSi. $StS@ Aa AWXn kAh te <M_A AUY <iDn 1 Ahi^W.
Nng FM_ng A; kh, t@Wy^n te t@HA ABC tWCGin sCng t@HA @StS@ ABC my
Yht, s <M_A AhWy`n thnh <iDn nng Gng <iDn te. sMOi qnh hMhng ABC
Pzng <iDn, Pzng te tnh <M_A kAh thAh h AWXn P[y ABC @StS@. 'VA <iDn
<Xng > Pzng <iDn <M_A sqn sinh @C h AWXn P[y ABC stCtS@ PMOi sV qnh
hMhng ABC Pzng <iDn te.
26
-` FSTi G tgn thUt nhiDt t@Sng AA AWXn P[y > Fi ABC stCtS@, AWXn
P[y ABC @StS@ Adng nhM AA tgn thUt A; kh PS >iDA vWCy @StS@, nMOA AUt Fm
mt s <M_A AUY t@VA ticY >S AA AWXn P[y ABC stCtS@ Azn AWXn P[y ABC
@StS@ > Fi ABC stCtS@ s <M_A Fm mt Gng kh hyP@S. NMOA AUt h AA
AWXn P[y ABC stCtS@ <M_A AA G;m G;m tW]n hSn > na <M_A Fm mt Gng
AA GX t@CS <gi nhiDt, AA GX t@CS <gi nhiDt ny <M_A FrY <bt h Gn ngSi
my Yht. }h hyP@S Fm mt <M_A tW]n hSn h t@Sng my Yht PMOi tA
PHng ABC hCi vWTt, AA vWTt ny <M_A FrY <bt h t@HA ABC @StS@ > <M_A Fm
mt Gng thict G? Fm mt kh <M_A <bt h <]W AWEi ABC stCtS@.
liDA tW]n hSn ABC nMOA h thict G? Fm mt Gng kh > AA GX t@CS
<gi nhiDt <M_A thVA hiDn thng vWC AA G;m m AA G;m ny <M_A FrY <bt
h YhC Gn ngSi my Yht.
hng sE <?nh mjA ABC my Yht ong >Oi Y sWUt <?nh mjA ABC
hyP@S > nhiDt <X <?nh mjA ABC thict G? Fm mtp nhM sCW:
gng <iDn nng,kl" 396900
-iDn nng hiDW nghiDm, ki 303000
HD sE <iDn nng 0,9
-iDn Y , l 19000
szng ABC stCtS@, " 1030
szng ABC @StS@, " 2600
-iDn Y @StS@ ,l (:6
HiDW sWUt ,~ 9,:
-?nh mjA ngrn mTAh 0,92
SE YhC 3 YhC
}ct nEi YhC }LY
SE FM_ng AA <]W @C ABC AWXn P[y stCtS@ 9
]n sE Pzng <iDn, H 90
2:
EA <X vWCy ABC @StS@
1
min
3000
Hng sE vWn tnh,s 2,33
EA <X vWCy tOi hTn ABC @StS@,
1
min
9:0|2(00
CTJ 0.U*& VW JX YZ* J[H 0.1\0 Y] ^_` `T0 :
HyP@S Fm mt :
4Y sWUt theC <?nh mjA, MYC 0,(
SCi FDAh AhS YhLY, MYC
02 . 0
4Y sWUt AhUY nhJn tEi <C, MYC 0,9
NhiDt <X <?nh mjA Fm FTnh , C
0
(2
NhiDt <X tEi thi`W Fm FTnh, C
0
20
-X sTAh ABC hyP@Sokhng thUY h;np,~ 9
Hm FM_ng SKyo}hng ACS h;np,~ 1,2
-X nm tM;ng <Ei h nhiDt <X <?nh mjAokhng FOn h;np,~ 20
NMOA Fm mt h AWXn P[y stCtS@ :
@h khng PCnh <?nh h 29 C
0
,k.Am 200
-X PQn h 29 C
0
,
cm S |
9
@h khng KA <?nh tEi thi`W <M_A AhUY nhJn, k.Am 100
YH h 29 C
0
,9
SCi FDAh <M_A AhUY nhJn
9 , 0
Hm FM_ng <=ng tEi <C Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A
kg g |
100
Hm FM_ng SKy tEi <C Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A
kg g |
100
NhiDt <X <?nh mjA ABC nMOA AUt, C
0
(2
SCi FDAh Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A C
0
10
4Y sWUt h <]W @C ABC AWXn P[y,MYC 0,39
2
szng PCnh <?nh, m
3
|h 39
SCi FDAh Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A m
3
|h
3
#iOi hTn Y sWUt ABC Pzng PCnh <?nh, MYC 0,1
NMOA h AA GX Fm mt Gng kh > AA GX t@CS <gi nhiDt ABC hD thEng
Fm mt AWXn P[y ABC stCtS@ :
NhiDt <X <?nh mjA ABC nMOA AUY, C
0
39
NhiDt <X tEi thi`W, C
0
19
NMOA ABC GX Fm mt Gng kh :
4Y sWUt tEi <C, MYC 0,(
szng <?nh mjA <cn mXt GX Fm mt Gng kh, m
3
|h 190
4Y sWUt Ahnh FDAh h Pzng <?nh mjA, MYC 0,12
SE FM_ng GX Fm mt Gng kh, GX (
NMOA h AA GX t@CS <gi nhiDt :
FD Pzng PCnh <?nh <cn mXt GX t@CS <gi nhiDt, m
3
|h 190
SE GX t@CS <gi nhiDt, GX 2
/A thng sE kx thWJt thm ABC my Yht :
'MW FM_ng P]W >S g < ABC my Yht okhng Aa AA giSng Ahn
t@HAp, F|Yht 290
4Y sWUt theC ABC P]W h g < t@HA, MYC 0,0Z0,12
'MW FM_ng P]W >S giSng ABC t@HA h Aq hCi <]W ABC my Yht,
F|Yht 200
/hnh FDAh Y sWUt , MYC 0,0:Z0,09
NhiDt <X P]W tEi thi`W h g < > <]W >S ABC giSng Ahn, C
0
39
}hSqng khng kh ABC my Yht, m
3
:
}hSqng khng ABC stCtS@, m
3
93
29
}hSqng khng ABC my Yht Ang >Oi hD thEng hyP@S,m
3
9:
SE FM_ng <]W >S ABC thict G? Fm mt 2
Ya' J<' J.Q JTJ 0.U*& VW J[H .2 0.W*& bcJ. 0.cJ. d
HD sE Fm FTi ABC >iDA AMng GjA thmS mjA Pzng <iDn |<iDn nng Fin
vWCn <cn AA thng sE PCnh <?nh ABC >iDA kAh te my Yht, khng
vW, Y.W 2|2,9
hNi giCn kAh te AMng GjA khng vW, s 20
NhiDt <X Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A,
0
/ :
/WXn P[y ABC stCtS@ 109
/WXn P[y ABC @StS@ 119
hLY ABC stCtS@ 109
NMOA AUt h <]W @C ABC AWXn P[y stCtS@ 9
l nang ABC stCtS@ :9
}h nang h <]W @C ABC khWng kY Ahgi thCn :9
BCGit ABC g < 0
BCGit ABC g Ahn 90
s]W h <]W >S ABC g < > giSng Ahn (9
s]W h <]W Kq te g < > giSng Ahn 69
e@e@THIAT KA CCA MY PHT@
l kn kh ABC stCtS@ <M_A giC Ang Ahc tTS nhM F mXt Yh]n khng
th` thS @C <M_A. Na GCS g=m Yh]n giwC, <[y F Yh]n GE t@ Fi > AWXn P[y
> hCi <]W AWEi. /A GX YhJn ABC AWXn P[y > AA GX Fm mt Gng kh
<M_A GE t@ h AA <]W AWEi. /A <]W PQn AWEi ABC AWXn P[y <M_A FrY <bt h
30
Yh]n AWEi ABC >zng t@M_t, Gn t@n F AA <]W AWEi, Gn PMOi F AA <]W AWEi
k.
'OY > ABC stCtS@ 
GA <]W @C ABC stCtS@ <M_A kct h_Y >Oi AA FOY > GA Gn t@Sng, Yh]n m
grn AA mng Ahrn ABC vWTt. /A nC ABC AA mng Ahrn ABC vWTt <M_A FrY
<bt h FOY > GA Gn t@Sng. /A Yh]n ABC > GA <M_A GE t@ nm ngCng.
Ti AA FOY > GA > @StS@ Aa AA <MNng <bA GiDt m thng vWC AA <MNng
ny kh Fm mt Aa th` S GUt Aj GX YhJn nS ABC @StS@. SV kn kh ABC
AA Ah nEi > > FOY GA Gn ngSi Aa AA P[y ACS sW >Wng > AA P[y
ny <V;A Pn >S <y ABC AA <MNng @fnh <M_A tTS thnh giwC AA <]W AWEi
ABC > > AA Yh]n ABC FOY > GA Gn ngSi. /A FOY > GA Gn t@Sng >^
YhC > ABC stCtS@ <M_A Fm kn Gng AA P[y ACS sW. /A AC <M_A <bt h
Yh]n Gn PMOi <` >S Gn t@Sng > m khng Yhqi thS @Ni FOY > GA Gn
ngSi @C.
'i stCtS@ <M_A giC Ang Ahc tTS te AA tUm thLY kx thWJt <iDn Aa
Ahi^W Py 0,9mm > <bt PA thmS t@HA ABC stCtS@, Ahng <M_A AhiC thmS AA
Eng thng gia. B^ mbt ABC AA thCnh thLY <M_A YhB mXt FOY s;n AAh <iDn.
/A ATnh ABC Fi stCtS@ <M_A hn >S AA >zng ngCng ABC FOY >. 'i ABC
stCtS@ <M_A LY Gng AA >zng LY Fm Gng thLY khng nhim te. }hW >VA
>nh @ng ABC AA <]W AWEi <M_A Fm Ahbt Gng AhEt LY, AA AhEt ny <M_A
Fm Gng thLY khng nhim te > Ahng <M_A FrY <bt h giwC Fi > AA
>zng LY.
/A <MNng @ nhnh Gng <=ng > AA <MNng @ nhnh te s <M_A FY
<bt Gn PMOi AA AhEt LY <` Fm giqm AA Pzng Yht tn <iDn te ABC stCtS@.
/a AA @fnh ngCng h Ah AA Ahm ABC stCtS@ <` tTS thnh kct nEi m^m
giwC Fi ABC stCtS@ >Oi > <` giqm <X @Wng ABC Fi >Oi t]n sE @Wng 100H
KWEng >S > > mang.
31
/WXn P[y ABC stCtS@ F FSTi 3 YhC, hCi FOY Fat, Aa AA GMOA ngrn >
AA P[y PQn hSn >? h YhC <bt sn o@CnsYSsitiSn mFmmmntC@y ASnPWAtS@sp.
/A AWXn P[y <M_A Fm AhrA FTi >Oi nhCW > AA P[y PQn <M_A AAh <iDn
hSn tSn, Ahng <M_A Fm Ahbt FTi >Oi nhCW Gng AA Ahm <bA GiDt > AA
giSng tTi AA @fnh. liDA GqS n AAh <iDn AhS AA thCnh <M_A thVA hiDn
Fin tHA s PHng >Jt FiDW GqS n AAh nhiDt. NMOA FA S AA <MNng
AWEi ABC <MNng AUY nMOA <` hSn Ahnh AA P[y PQn.
liDA Fm AhrA AA <]W AWEi AWXn P[y <M_A thVA hiDn Gng AAh WEn,
GWXA FTi > s PHng >Jt FiDW tTS h\nh. /A thict G? Ah GS <X @Wng <M_A FrY
<bt h AA Yh]n Fm AhrA ABC AA <]W AWEi AWXn P[y <` thmS Pi Fin tHA <X
@Wng.
liDA AUY > Kq nMOA Fm mt AA AWXn P[y stCtS@ <M_A thVA hiDn
thng vWC AA Eng gaY t@zn. liDA kct nEi AA Eng gaY >Oi AA thCnh Fm
mt ABC AWXn P[y <M_A thVA hiDn thng vWC AA >zi nhVC hWnh vWCng.
NMOA Fm mt h Yh]n AWXn P[y s PQn <cn AA <]W <UW
nEi > Ahng <M_A nEi thnh AhWi.
/A Eng Kq <M_A PQn @C Gn ngSi te AA <i`m Gn t@n ABC Eng gaY
<` ki`m sSt >iDA nTY nMOA Fm mt >S t@Sng AA Eng gaY Adng nhM YhHA
>H >iDA Kq kh te t@Sng Eng gaY @C ngSi. @Sng vC t@\nh >Jn hnh AA >Cn
h <MNng Eng Kq Yhqi <M_A <ang FTi >Oi FM_ng Kq t nhUt < PWy t@\ >iDA Kq
kh Fin FHA te hD thEng Fm mt AWXn P[y ABC stCtS@.
liDA ki`m sSt nMOA Fm mt iDA <S nhiDt <X Gng AA thict G? Aqm jng nhiDt
<M_A FrY h AA ATnh PMOi ABC Fi stCtS@.
e@M@THIAT BB LM MT BNG KH" HYS$O@
32
-` Fm mt Fi stCtS@ > AWXn P[y @StS@ ngMNi tC s PHng kh hyP@S.
HD thEng g=m ( GX Fm mt, AA GX Fm mt ny <M_A FrY <bt h > ABC
stCtS@. /A Eng Y FVA > AA Eng Kq <M_A nEi >Oi AA GX Fm mt Gng kh
te Gn ngSi my Yht. /A <STn Eng nEi ki`m t@C <M_A AUY <` Kq kh te
AA GX Fm mt Gng kh khi AUY nMOA > Ahng <M_A FrY h <i`m ACS nhUt
ABC AA khSCng. /A Eng Kq Ang >Oi AA >zi Aa khaC <M_A nEi >Oi AA Eng
nEi ABC GX Fm mt Gng kh. @Sng vW t@\nh hSTt <Xng ABC my Yht AA
>zi Aa khaC ny s <M_A mh Fin tHA > nMOA s <M_A Kq >S AA YhW Kq.
e@m@$OTO$@
$StS@ <M_A Ahc tTS te mXt FSTi thLY @n <bA GiDt Aa AMNng <X <` Aa
th` Ah?W <M_A AA Ahc <X >Jn hnh AH th` ABC my Yht. /WXn P[y ABC @StS@
<M_A Ahc tTS Gng AA P[y <=ng Aa AA <]W AUY Gng GTA > Aa hD thEng
Fm mt t@VA ticY Gng hyP@S thmS s; <= thng gia >Oi <MNng kh >S te
khm hh ABC stCtS@.
/A Ahm giw AWXn P[y Aa AA <]W PQn kh @C > >S, AA <]W ny
t@ng >Oi AA @fnh Gn t@Sng. &h]n AAh <iDn AhS AA F > AWXn P[y <M_A
thVA hiDn Gng YhM;ng YhY YhB LY t@Sng h_Y AhUt s;n Ah?W nhiDt. /A
>zng t@M_t Aa th` Fm >iDA <M_A t@Sng <i^W kiDn nang <` Aa th` AAh nhiDt
<M_A Yh]n t@HA ABC @StS@ > <M_A FrY <bt h <]W @C ABC g <. /A thCnh ABC
thict G? Yh[n YhEi Pzng GE t@ h F t@Wng t[m ABC @StS@ <M_A kct nEi >Oi
AWXn P[y > AA >zng t@M_t Gng thCnh Ai AAh nhiDt FSTi m^m > AA >t
<bA GiDt <M_A Fm kn <` PWy t@\ sV kn kh ABC @StS@.
/A >zng giw <]W AWEi AWXn P[y ABC @StS@ giw AA SWthCng, Ahng
<M_A giC Ang Ahc tTS Gng FSTi thLY khng nhim te <bA GiDt >eC >Oi Yh]n
th[n > >zng t@Wng t[m. lzng giw <]W AWEi AWXn P[y ABC @StS@ s <M_A giw
Gng >zng t@M_t.
33
/A <STn <=ng ngrn mTAh <M_A <bt Ah=ng Fn t@n AA <]W AWEi AWXn
P[y SWthCng <` GqS >D AA G^ mbt khng G? <qS Pzng >^ YhC g]n AA <]W
AWEi ABC @StS@.
e@6@ !f C T$C@
< t@HA my Yht F FSTi Aa Ah[n, na Aa AA Yh]n Ahn h\nh A]W tV
An Ahnh ki`W tCy S. HD thEng P]W Gi t@;n F thmS ki`W AMng GjA, P]W
Gi t@;n <M_A AUY PMOi Y sWUt PM ABC Eng P]W Y FVA ABC tWCGin na AUY P]W Gi t@;n t@Sng t@MNng h_Y
ngeng my Yht khnn AUY.
s]W Gi t@;n Fm AhS my Yht khhi <Xng P Png. liDA <MC thict G?
gim st nhiDt <X ABC GCGt > nhiDt <X P]W Gi t@;n PS AA thict G? AhWy`n
<gi nhiDt <iDn t@h <qm nhiDm. liDA ki`m t@C Kq P]W Gi t@;n Gng mrt
thMNng <M_A thVA hiDn vWC AC knh h nhnh Eng Kq. HD thEng Aa AA Yh]n
AAh Fy g < khi Yh]n mang > AA tWycn Eng <` GqS >D g <.
e@g@ THANH NGANG MC CHI THAN@
hCnh ngCng mrA Ahgi thCn Png <` YhHA >H >iDA AUY Pzng <iDn
kAh te >S AA >zng t@M_t ABC @StS@. liDA thS G AA >MOng mrA AhS thCnh
ngCng mrA Ahgi thCn <M_A thVA hiDn Gng AA FSTi <zn Gny <M_A AAh <iDn.
/a hCi Ahgi <M_A FrY <bt AAh Fy >Oi >, Ahng nEi thmS Pfy h > ABC thCnh
ngCng mrA Ahgi thCn <` <S t@h khng AWXn P[y ABC @StS@ > h <]W >S <`
GqS >D >iDA <ang AWXn P[y ABC @StS@.
e@8@GIO{NG CHN K"N T$C@
3(
#iSng P]W Ahn t@HA ki`W t@zn <M_A FrY <bt h FOY > Gn ngSi ABC
my Yht <` GqS >D >iDA @z @ kh hyP@S vWC > stCtS@. #iSng Ahn g=m
Yh]n > <M_A grn >S FOY > Gn ngSi ABC my Yht > nrY AhHY tTS
thnh.
mXt khSCng Y FVA >Oi Yh]n Ahn h\nh t@zn, FrY <bt Ang >Oi t@HA Ah <` FTi
khm nh. B^ mbt Gn t@Sng ABC Yh]n Ahn Aa mXt FOY >Jt FiDW GCGt AhEng
mC st <` giqm <X mC st giwC t@HA > Yh]n Ahn. &h]n Ahn <M_A t@mS tV
PS >S t@HA. lt Ahbn nm ngCng s giw AhS giSng Ahn khng G? t@M_t @C
khi t@HA. @HA ABC @StS@ khng Aa qnh hMhng <cn sV >Jn hnh ABC giSng
Ahn.
e@M@H THnNG K"CH T CCA MY PHT@
HD thEng tV kAh thAh thy@ystS@ //Z2Z930Z2900Z2.:0( <M_A AUY
<` <i^W khi`n >iDA kAh te ABC my Yht >Oi AA thng sE kAh te tEi thi`W
nhM sCW: %
#mnm@CtS@ @StS@
2600", U
mKAitm
(:6 l.
HD thEng kAh te thy@istS@:
szng <?nh mjA ABC @StS@ my Yht 2900"
-iDn Y <?nh mjA kAh te 930 l
}Ah te FA GCn <]W > Ahc <X AhTy khng tqi
/A Ahc <X >Jn hnh nm t@Sng hD thEng Yht <iDn, <M_A vWy <?nh
t@Sng s; <= AUY <iDn ABC my YhtR
CTJ 0.U*& VW b- 0.'h0 J.c*. J[H .2 0.W*& bcJ. 0i d
szng nTY t@VA ticY Fin tHA ABC hD thEng kAh te, " 2900
szng <?nh mjA ABC @StS@ my Yht, " 2600
-iDn Y nTY Fin tHA ABC hD thEng kAh te, l 930
-iDn Y <?nh mjA kAh te ABC @StS@,l (:6
szng gn <?nh AVA <Ti AMng GjA khng FOn h;n, " (160
-iDn Y gn <?nh AVA <Ti AMng GjA khng FOn h;n,l 12:0
hNi giCn AMng GjA kAh te khng nhi^W h;n, s 20
FD AMng GjA Pzng 1,6
FD AMng GjA <iDn Y 2,:
EA <X >Jn hnh ABC hD thEng kAh te:
39
@Sng thNi giCn kAh te, <iDn Y tng te mjA PCnh <?nh
Fn <cn gi t@? AVA <Ti > ngM_A FTi, <iDn Y giqm >Oi
mjA <X 2~ gi t@? PCnh <?nh, khng FOn h;n, ms
hNi giCn ngeng kAh te, <iDn Y giqm te PM;ng AVA
<Ti KWEng [m AVA <Ti, khng nhi^W h;n, ms
29
30
-X Ahnh KA ABC <iDn Y ABC my Yht <M_A <i^W Ahnh tV
<Xng thmS <iDn Y Ahnh h mjA hzC <=ng GX F tMhng, ~ 0,9
HD thEng kAh te <MC @C sqn FM_ng <iDn nng tEi <C h mjA <X
sCi FDAh <iDn Y my Yht sS >Oi <i`m <bt, khng FOn h;n, ~
9 , 2
sqi <S ABC <i`m <bt <iDn Y my Yht,~ 0Z110
-iDn Y <?nh mjA h hCi <]W ABC AWXn P[y thj AUY ABC AA
my Gicn Y <S <iDn Y stCtS@ my Yht, l 100
szng thj AUY <?nh mjA te my Gicn Y <S Pzng stCtS@ my
Yht, " 9
szng <?nh mjA AUY <iDn tV Png AhS nh my <iDn, l (00
SCi FDAh >^ <iDn thc Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A, ~ *Z20*
10
]n sE <?nh mjA ABC Pzng <iDn tV Png AUY AhS nh my
<iDn, H
90
SCi FDAh Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A ABC t]n sE, ~
6
-iDn Y <?nh mjA ABC Pzng t@VA ticY te AvWy tAh <iDn ABC
nh my, l
220
SCi FDAh <iDn Y Aa th` AhUY nhJn <M_A, ~ *Z20*
10
-iDn nng tiW thH t@Sng giCi <STn kAh te GCn <]W thng vWC
mTAh AUY te mTAh tV Png ngrn hTn >Oi thNi giCn khng vW
10s, }l" 90
HD thEng kAh te GCS g=m :
My Gicn Y kAh te ! o/3Z630|20B 3p
Bqng kAh te B oBZ2Z2900Z1290 0(p
36
/A <iDn t@h GqS >D $ o/HZ3B 3p
Bqng kAh te GCS g=m :
hy@istS@ S o/Z2Z3000|1290 0(p
&h]n <iDn nng &S
&h]n <i^W khi`n > <i^W Ahnh /$
HD thEng kAh te F mXt thict G? <iDn YhjA tTY m khi hSTt <Xng na s
ticn hnh <i^W khi`n kAh te ABC my Yht h Ahc <X >Jn hnh tiW AhWnn >
khnn AUY.
/A thict G? ABC hD thEng kAh te <M_A AUY <` hSTt <Xng t@Sng mi
t@MNng kn > Aa thng gia. Mi t@MNng khng kh F khng g[y ng >
khng Aa GHi thCn. /A thng sE >Jn hnh :
NhiDt <X tiW AhWnn te 1
0
/ <cn (9
0
/
-X nm tM;ng <Ei : #i t@? t@Wng G\nh h 2:
0
/ F 0~ > gi t@? ACS h
39
0
/ F 100~
HD thEng Ahnh FMW hy@istS@ g=m hCi knh <i^W khi`n Gicn Pzng
tM;ng tV nhCW > mi knh <M_A AUY @ing tUt Aq AA Ahc <X >Jn hnh ABC
my Yht. NcW nhM mXt GX AhWy`n <gi thy@istS@ G? hng th\ GX AhWy`n <gi
PV Yhzng s tV <Xng <M_A kAh hSTt. liDA thCy thc > sC AhwC GX AhWy`n
<gi <f G? hng s <M_A thVA hiDn m khng qnh hMhng <cn >iDA >Jn hnh
ABC my Yht. /A knh <i^W khi`n <M_A GJt Fn sSng sSng >Oi AA Pzng
<M_A Ahnh FMW. @Sng t@Tng thi gn <?nh, mXt knh s <MC >S >Jn hnh >
knh kiC h Ahc <X PV Yhzng. @Sng t@MNng h_Y Pzng >Jn hnh G? gin <STn
th\ Pzng PV Yhzng s <M_A tV <Xng <MC >S. -iDn Y h <]W @C ABC hD thEng
Ahnh FMW <bt >S @StS@ my Yht <M_A thCy <Ei tV <Xng thng vWC GX Ahnh
FMW kAh te kx thWJt sE o"l$1 h knh 1 > "l$2 h knh 2p thCy <gi gaA
<i^W khi`n thy@istS@.
BX Ahnh FMW kAh te tV <Xng <M_A AUY <` thVA hiDn AhjA nng sCW :
-qm GqS Ahc <X kAh te GCn <]W
3:
-qm GqS <i^W Ahnh tV <Xng Pzng <iDn my Yht >S Pzng <iDn
Ahnh h thict G? <ang <iDn my Yht.
#iqm YhH tqi <iDn nng AhB <Xng ABC my Yht
/hWy`n <gi khnn AUY thict G? AhWy`n <gi thy@istS@ sCng Ahc <X
AhWy`n <gi
Ngeng my Yht, khi ngeng my Yht thWJt tSn giqm YhH tqi <iDn
nng AhB <Xng > sCW khi ngrt my Yht @C khi mTAh th\ GX AhWy`n
<gi thy@istS@ AhWy`n sCng Ahc <X AhWy`n <gi <iDn
/UY <iDn AhS hD thEng kAh te <M_A thVA hiDn Gng hD thEng tV Png
ABC nh my <iDn > Pzng <iDn <M_A Ahnh FMW thnh Pzng mXt Ahi^W.
NgW=n <iDn Ahnh AUY AhS GX Ahnh FMW kAh te tV <Xng <M_A thVA hiDn te
my Gicn Y tV Png ABC nh my o'1 <Ei >Oi knh 1 > '2 <Ei >Oi knh
2p. HD thEng AvWy AE <?nh <M_A s PHng nhM F ngW=n AUY <iDn PV Yhzng.
NgW=n <iDn PV Yhzng ny s <M_A tV <Xng <MC >S >Jn hnh khi <iDn nng
tV Png giqm hSbA mUt hyn. liDA kAh te GCn <]W AhS my Yht <M_A thVA
hiDn Gng thict G? kAh te GCn <]W U! > >iDA ny s thCy thc GX Ahnh FMW
Pzng <iDn (00l, 90H sCng Pzng <iDn mXt Ahi^W, sCW <a <M_A AUY >S
AWXn P[y ABC @StS@ my Yht. HD thEng kAh te GCn <]W s FUy <iDn te hD
thEng tV Png ABC nh my. W t@\nh kAh te GCn <]W kLS Pi khSqng :s >
ncW >iDA kAh te GCn <]W khng thnh Ang th\ hD thEng !% s <M_A ngrt.
e@6p@ H THnNG LM MT MY PHT BNG KH" HYS$O@
HD thEng ny <M_A AUY <` AUY kh HyP@S, /AGSn<iSKit hSbA kh SKy
>S my Yht <` PWy t@\ Y sWUt PCnh <?nh > Gg sWng AhS FM_ng hyP@Sgmn
G? @z @ m >iDA @z @ ny F khng th` t@nh khi t@Sng vC t@\nh >Jn hnh
ABC my Yht Adng nhM t@Sng vW t@\nh FMW giw > GqS vWqn hyP@S,
ACAGSnPiSKit, nit; A]n thict AhS >iDA >Jn hnh Cn tSn thict G?.
3
HD thEng Fm mt hyP@S <M_A <i^W khi`n te Gqng <i^W khi`n, na
<M_A <bt g]n my Yht. HyP@S <M_A AUY Gng AA tWycn Eng te Ah P tqi
ACAGSn PiSKit, te hD thEng AUY kh thmS Eng PQn <cn Gqng <i^W khi`n kh.
Ti <MNng AUY kh hyP@S > AUY kh h Gqng <i^W khi`n kh Aa AA <STn Eng
Fin thng Aa th` P?Ah AhWy`n <M_A <` tTS thnh AA khm hh h <MNng Eng <`
ngn Ahbn hiDn tM_ng t@Xn FQn giwC kh hyP@S > khng kh t@Sng Eng.
}h hyP@S hSbA khng kh te Gqng <i^W khi`n <M_A AUY >S > ABC
my Yht vWC Eng gaY, Eng gaY ny <M_A FrY h Yh]n Gn t@n.
/CAGSnPiSKit <M_A AUY >S > my Yht thng vWC Eng gaY h Gn PMOi.
t Yh]n Gn PMOi ABC Eng gaY ACAGSnPiSKit Aa FrY <bt <MNng Eng <`
Kq AhUt Fng onMOA hSbA P]Wp <` <^ Yhzng t@MNng h_Y AhUt Fng S
t@Sng > my Yht hSbA >S t@Sng hXY <UW nEi m tn hiDW tM;ng jng ABC
na s <M_A Yh[n YhEi <cn Yhzng <i^W khi`n Ahnh.
-MNng Eng Kq kh hyP@S > ACAGSnPiSKit te my Yht @C khng kh
<M_A nEi >Oi Eng Kq m sCW <a Eng ny s PQn @C Gn ngSi Yhzng <bt my
Yht. Ti mi <]W ABC AA <MNng Eng Aa FrY <bt 2 >Cn AAh Fy > giwC
Ahng AS FrY <bt AA >Cn <i^W khi`n <` YhHA >H >iDA FUy mQW kh AhS sV
Yh[n tAh thnh Yh]n haC hA.
&hM;ng YhY Fm mt Gng hD thEng Fm mt s PHng kh hyP@S kh
h FOY > ABC my Yht <M_A ticn hnh nhM sCW. HD thEng hyP@S kh GCS
g=m Yh]n Fm FTnh, thict G? GCy h;i > Pfn nh PS nhiDt. NgWyn trA Fm
>iDA ABC hD thEng ny F Fm mt Gng kh hyP@S tW]n hSn. }h hyP@S
<M_A Fm mt tTi thict G? GCy h;i, n;i ny AA Pzng AhUt Fm FTnh kh hyP@S Cn, Ahc <X >Jn hnh
ABC khEi Fm FTnh <M_A FVC Ahn Gng >iDA <i^W Ahnh >Cn Pfn nh nhiDt.
Hn h_Y kh Yh[n tAh te >ng Aa Y ABC > my Yht <M_A AUY >S
GX YhJn ticY nhJn ABC thict G? Yh[n tAh kh Jn hnh > h
39
<]W @C ABC GX YhJn ticY nhJn <M_A Kq @C khng kh thng vWC Eng thng gia
<bA GiDt, Eng ny tAh GiDt khi hD thEng thng gia AhWng.
liDA Yht hiDn @z @ kh hyP@S h khSCng Yh[n YhEi, AA hXY <UW nEi,
> giSng Ahn t@HA, hD thEng nMOA Fm mt AWXn P[y ABC stCtS@ s <M_A
thVA hiDn Gng AA thict G? Yh[n tAh kh AE <?nh, AA thict G? ny <M_A AUY
<` FUy mQW Fin tHA > Yh[n tAh hn h_Y kh. hict G? Yh[n tAh kh thj
nhUt <M_A Png <` Yht hiDn @z @ kh hyP@S h > ABC khSCng Yh[n YhEi.
hict G? Yh[n tAh kh thj 2 <M_A Png <` ki`m sSt sV KWUt hiDn ABC kh
hyP@S h AA > ABC giSng Ahn t@HA h Gn YhC tWCGin > YhC AA >zng
t@M_t. hict G? Yh[n tAh kh thj 3 <M_A Png <` Yht hiDn kh hyP@S t@Sng
nMOA FA ABC hD thEng nMOA Fm mt AWXn P[y stCtS@.
/A GX FA kh <M_A FrY <bt <` GqS >D AhS thict G? khng G? GHi Gnn
S t@Sng khSCng nhJn kh ABC GX YhJn Yh[n tAh kh h Yh]n FUy mQW kh
AhS > khSCng Yh[n YhEi <iDn > hXY <UW nEi. HXY thW, khSCng nang >
AA GX FA <M_A FrY <` ngn ngeC P]W > h;i nMOA S khSCng nhJn kh
ABC thict G? Yh[n tAh kh h Yh]n FUy mQW te > Ahn t@HA.
/WXn P[y stCtS@ my Yht <M_A Fm mt Gng >iDA AWng AUY nMOA AUt
AUY >S AA Eng PQn ABC AWXn P[y stCtS@ Gng mTAh kn: G;m Z GX t@CS <gi
nhiDt Z GX FA Z AA Eng gaY Y FVA ABC my Yht Z Eng PQn ABC AWXn P[y
stCtS@ AA Eng gaY Kq ABC my Yht G\nh nMOA G;m.
NMOA AUt nang <M_A Fm mt h GX t@CS <gi nhiDt <cn nhiDt <X yW
A]W > FA vWC AA GX FA A; kh > FA te.
NMOA <f <M_A FA > Fm mt S
G\nh nMOA, G\nh ny <M_A AUY <` AhjC nMOA FA ABC hD thEng. /dng Aa hD
thEng AUY kh t@; onit;p <` GqS >D G^ mbt ABC nMOA FA > Adng Aa hD thEng
Gg sWng nMOA FA tV <Xng AhS G\nh nMOA ny.
(0
}h nit; AUY >S G\nh Yhqi Aa hm FM_ng nit; khng thUY h;n
99,9~. /A giSng kn kh s <M_A AUY <` Kq Y sWUt nit; te G\nh t@Sng
t@MNng h_Y Y sWUt tng Fn t@n 20k&C. /hng <M_A AUY <` YhHA >H >iDA
AUY nMOA Gg sWng Fin tHA >S G\nh nMOA.
/hW t@\nh ABC tWycn Eng h <]W @C ABC AWXn P[y stCtS@ s ngn Aqn
nMOA FA Kq @C te AWXn P[y khi ngeng G;m khnn AUY. -` Yht hiDn @C kh
hyP@S nm t@Sng nMOA FA @C khi my Yht tC Aa AA GQy kh m tTi <a Aa
grn thict G? Yh[n tAh kh tV <Xng.
liDA <qm GqS Pzng nMOA FA <M_A thVA hiDn thng vWC thict G? <S
FMW FM_ng, AA thict G? Aqm jng <M_A grn >S miDng F s <M_A FrY h <]W
>S my Yht.
B;m tV <Xng AhWy`n <gi s tV <Xng khhi <Xng khi Y sWUt hD thEng
giqm KWEng 2(3k&C thmS nhM Y sWUt <ny tOi te Y kc m Y kc ny <M_A
FrY h <]W @C ABC AWXn P[y stCtS@ Adng nhM khi ngeng >Jn hnh G;m. NcW
FMW FM_ng nMOA FA <Tt <cn gi t@? tEi thi`W > AA G;m tV <Xng AhWy`n <gi
khi Y sWUt giqm s khng hSn t@q FTi FMW FM_ng nMOA FA th\ my Yht s
tV <Xng ngeng.
-` Kq kh t@Sng hD thEng khi <MC nMOA FA >S th\ hD thEng Aa AWng
AUY AA Eng Kq kh, Ahng <M_A FrY <bt >S AA <i`m ACS nhUt ABC AA Eng
gaY Kq > Eng gaY Y FVA ABC my Yht, Ahng s PQn @C ngSi > ABC
stCtS@. /A thict G? Kq kh Adng <M_A FrY <bt h AA GX t@CS <gi nhiDt, GX FA,
G;m.
lzng tW]n hSn nMOA Fm mt ABC thict G? Fm mt Gng kh > AA
GX t@CS <gi nhiDt s tTS thnh hD thEng nMOA Fm mt AhS tg my. liDA tW]n
hSn nMOA Fm mt s <M_A thVA hiDn Gng AA G;m ABC thict G? Fm mt
Gng kh, Aa 1 G;m >Jn hnh > 1 G;m PV Yhzng >Oi Y sWUt tEi <C ABC hD
thEng F 0,(M&C. NMOA Fm mt <` >Jn hnh G;m ABC thict G? Fm mt
Gng kh s <M_A AUY thmS 2 FW=ng sSng sSng >S ( GX Fm mt Gng kh
(1
ABC my Yht, AA GX t@CS <gi nhiDt ABC hD thEng Fm mt stCtS@, AA GX Fm
mt P]W my Yht Adng nhM AA thict G? khA ABC hD thEng nMOA Fm mt.
e@66@H THnNG !I>U KHIN MY PHT@
&h]n AAh nhiDt AhS AWXn P[y > thCy <gi nhiDt <X thLY ABC tWCGin
<M_A thVA hiDn thng vWC Aqm Gicn nhiDt <iDn t@h, na <M_A FrY <bt h AA
khW >VA Aa nhiDt <X ACS nhUt <` <S nhiDt <X ABC AWXn P[y stCtS@ giwC AA
thCnh > <S nhiDt <X ABC thLY h Yh]n <y ABC AA @fnh.
NhiDt <X ABC Ag > Yh]n kh nang <M_A <S Gng Aqm Gicn nhiDt <iDn
t@h <M_A FrY <bt h AA Gqng Gn ngSi > Gn t@Sng > stCtS@.
NhiDt <X P]W <M_A <i^W khi`n Gng Aqm Gicn nhiDt <iDn t@h, Ahng
<M_A FrY <bt h Eng nhnh Kq ABC g < my Yht > h Eng nhnh ABC giSng
Ahn t@HA.
NhiDt <X nMOA <M_A ki`m sSt Gng nhiDt kc h <MNng Eng AUY nMOA
AhWng, h <MNng Eng Kq ABC GX Fm mt my Yht Gng kh.
NhiDt <X AWXn P[y @StS@ <M_A KA <?nh Gng Yh]n m^m thmS YhM;ng
YhY t@h khng thmS Ang thjA:
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NhiDt <X AWXn P[y @StS@ h <i^W kiDn nang,
0
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NhiDt <X AWXn P[y @StS@ h <i^W kiDn FTnh,
0
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@h khng AWXn P[y @StS@ h Pzng t@VA ticY t@Sng <i^W
kiDn Fm nang h nhiDt <X -
2
, *m
$
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@h khng AWXn P[y @StS@ h Pzng t@VA ticY t@Sng <i^W
kiDn Fm FTnh h nhiDt <X -
1
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M@=UY T$NH KIM T$A V THR NGHIM CC THIAT BB
K THUT
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hmS AA tiW AhWnn FrY ghLY <f Ahn, tC A]n Yhqi ki`m t@C tgng th` AA vWy
t@\nh > teng thnh Yh]n @ing GiDt, ki`m t@C A; kh, <iDn > thW FVA thmS
AA yW A]W ABC !lN.
M@6 KIM T$A NGUYjN VT LIU@
/A mQW >Jt A]n ki`m t@C thmS mbt, thCnh, <MNng EngR, AA thict G?
<A vWCn t@ng <M_A ki`m t@C tTi Yh[n KMhng sqn KWUt Ang <Ti PiDn ABC
!lN t@Sng thNi giCn <A > K F nhiDt. GCS g=m:
$StS tWCGin, Anh, th[n > AA >Cn Ahnh
ng G\nh ngMng > mbt Eng
/nh > t@HA G;m nMOA ngMng
/nh, t@HA G;m tng Y > G;m AUY Fz h;i
ng > mbt Eng GX giC nhiDt ACS Y > hT Y
-MNng Eng nMOA AUY
NgSi AA YhM;ng YhY ki`m t@C thmS yW A]W, tC Aa th` A]n Yhqi
ki`m t@C >Oi AA YhM;ng YhY Yh h_Y >Oi khq nng ki`m t@C Gng siW [m,
ki`m t@C tiC > ki`m t@C khng Yh hW hSbA ki`m t@C thW tInh.
M@4 KIM T$A TU$BINN
-Ei >Oi mXt GX YhJn A]n ki`m t@C kx FMng nhM WCGin, A]n Aa nhi^W
GMOA ki`m t@C AH th`, t nhUt F AA ki`m t@C sCW <[y A]n <M_A ki`m t@C ticn
hnh thCy AhS ki`m t@C h;i.
}i`m t@C <X @Wng tInh t@n AA Anh <Ti PiDn AhS tWCGin
}i`m t@C <X gn <?nh nhiDt > AhTy th t@n @StS tWCGin
}i`m t@C <X @Wng t@n @StS Anh sCW khi <M_A A[n Gng tEA <X
}i`m t@C vW tEA tEi thi`W F 1 Yht h tEA <X 120~ sS >Oi tEA <X <?nh
mjA <Ei >Oi tUt Aq AA @StS tWCGin. Nhwng @StS nhM >Jy Yhqi <Y jng mi
yW A]W.
(3
/[n Gng <Xng > A[n Gng tInh mXi @StS ABC tWCGin, Aa Anh >
khn Aa Anh.
/A thict G? <=ng GX ABC AA GX YhJn tWCGin hSbA ki`m t@C <=ng GX
thng thSng tWCGin Aa sV h t@_ ABC my tnh <` Ahjng minh thSq mfn
mi GE t@ A; kh.
}i`m t@C thict G? t@n tSn GX AA thict G? FrY <bt Aa GX AhWy^n <Xng
>Jn hnh ABC >Cn <i^W khi`n > >Cn stSY khi Aa sV Aa ACS Y > t@Wng Y.
}i`m t@C th nghiDm s <M_A ticn hnh t@n AA thict G? <i^W khi`n >
AA >Cn <i^W khi`n YhH.
/A thict G? ngrt vW tEA <M_A FrY <bt > ki`m t@C.
M@e KIM T$A BEM CkP LD HEI
-Ei >Oi G;m AUY Fz h;i, A]n <M_A ki`m t@C AA thng sE thmS tiW
AhWnn mOi nhUt "SM! &../ 2 vWy YhTm ki`m t@C AA thng sE G;m Fy
t[m AhS YhLY AA Gi`W <= Fin tHA <M_A <MC Fn t@Sng khSqng te 0 <cn
FM_ng Kq tEi <C > tEA <X 100~, 0~ > tEA <X tEi thi`W <Tt <M_A, tEA <X
<?nh mjA.
Mi AWXA ki`m t@C s <M_A ticn hnh h AA <i^W kiDn h AA nhiDt <X
<]W >S > Y sWUt <]W >S > tEA <X m G;m <Tt <cn g]n >Oi AA thng
sE|<i^W kiDn <bt @C Ang tEt. }i`m t@C s <M_A ticn hnh h tEA <X FMW FM_ng
<Tt 100~, 0~, 60~, (0~ > 0~ FMW FM_ng <?nh mjA.
}i`m t@C AXt Y tInh P]W ht oN.&.S.Hp s <M_A ki`m t@C t@n G;m AUY
Fz h;i <]W tin Ahjng minh @ng Yh[n KMhng <Y jng AA yW A]W ABC h_Y
<=ng > Pin giqi @ tTS GSng Gang ABC Anh F tEi thi`W > F Gqn AhUt
khng g[y hng haA.
/A AWXA ki`m t@C @ing GiDt s <M_A ticn hnh t@n G;m tng Y >
G;m AUY Fz h;i.
((
}i`m t@C N.&.S.H s <M_A ticn hnh thmS vWi YhTm ki`m t@C mOi nhUt
"SM! &../. .2 AhS YhLY Gi`W <= ticY tHA Gi`W th? te 20~ FMW FM_ng <cn
FM_ng Kq tEi <C h tEA <X t@HA 100~.
@Sng khi ticn hnh ki`m t@C N.&.S.H G;m AUY Fz h;i s AhTy t nhUt
F 9 Yht h 30~ giqm AEt Y nhm Ahjng minh khq nng >Jn hnh GEA h;i
Aa khS. }i`m t@C ny s <M_A ticn hnh h FMW FM_ng Kq tEi <C.
/hi tict ABC YhM;ng thjA ki`m t@C N.&.S.H s <M_A ticn hnh Ghi nh
th]W t@Sng giCi <STn thict kc Aa sM AhUY thWJn ABC <Ti Pin ABC AhB <]W tM.
M@M KIM T$A $D $l KH"@
}i`m t@C @z @ kh s <M_A ticn hnh h AA mEi nEi gifn nh hSbA t@n AA
mEi hn Ahn giwC AA Eng > mbt sng Eng ABC tUt Aq AA GX t@CS <gi nhiDt
ki`W Eng > GCS g=m G\nh ngMng ncW Aa.
M@m KIM T$A H THnNG nNG@
B^ Py >Ah Eng h nhwng Ah WEn nang Yhqi ki`m t@C Gng siW [m.
/A ghi AhLY ny <M_A giw FTi > nXY AhS !lN khi Aa yW A]W.
NcW Aa vWy <?nh ki`m t@C ngQW nhin Gng tiC , Ah vWy <?nh <Ei >Oi
mEi hn AWEi > PS !lN FVC Ahn > vWyct <?nh.
@Sng ki`m t@C Gng tiC FOY hn <]W tin <M_A KA <?nh F FOY hn
hSn Ahnh <]W tin.
Ut Aq <MNng Eng khng ki`m t@C Gng 100~ vWCng tWycn Yhqi <M_A
ki`m t@C Gng thW FVA >Oi Y sWUt FVA ki`m t@C Gng 1,9 F]n Y FVA thict kc.
}i`m t@C tSn GX mEi hn. /A t FD Yh]n t@m vWi thmS sE FM_ng AA
mEi hn > <Ti PiDn Pqi kAh thMOA. /A yW A]W t@n Aa th` Y PHng AhS tUt
Aq AA mEi hn tTi Ang t@MNng > Yh[n KMhng.
/A miDng YhWn, <]W nEi At, hn <Ei <]W > hn <nh t@Sng Eng thLY
h_Y kim s <M_A ki`m t@C Gng hTt te > AhUt thUm m]W.
(9
}i`m t@C Gng hTt te thmS tiW AhWnn "SM !:09Z0 hSbA tM;ng
<M;ng. }hi s PHng YhM;ng YhY AhUt thUm mW, Y PHng tiW AhWnn
"SM !169Z0 hSbA tM;ng <M;ng > <M_A Y PHng thmS Ah PQn ABC nh
Ahc tTS AhUt thUm.
M@6 KIM T$A MY NGHI>N@
MXt my nghi^n <Ti PiDn s <M_A ki`m t@C AA th nghiDm sCW.
Cp }i`m t@C <X Ft gia
Gp h nghiDm khng tqi <` ki`m t@C A[n Gng @StS, <X @Wng > nhiDt <X g
<. SCW khi th nghiDm, my nghi^n s <M_A thS @C <` ki`m t@C g <.
M@g KIM T$A KAT CkU THoP.
}i`m t@C Gng tiC F A; sh AhS >iDA ki`m sSt Ahnh AhUt FM_ng AA
mEi hn ncW khng khq thi s s PHng mXt YhM;ng YhY <M_A Yh PWyDt
khA. liDA ki`m t@C ny <M_A Y PHng >Oi 29~ AA Ahi tict <M_A hn >Oi
AA kct AUW Ahnh.
Nh th]W Yhqi ticn hnh th nghiDm khi Aa yW A]W <` Ahjng minh
AEng sWUt ABC AA AnW > AA thict G? n[ng thmS AA tiW AhWnn <f <M_A Yh
AhWnn, AA Ahjng nhJn ki`m t@C Yhqi <M_A ghi @ >Jt FiDW Ahc tTS, th
nghiDm hn > khng Yh hW mQW, AA P[y AY, maA, YWFi KAh, K
mSnS@Cy, GWFSng >zng > AA hTng mHA Fin vWCn khA. SCW khi hSn thnh
AA th nghiDm Yhqi ghi @ tqi t@ng Fm >iDA Cn tSn ABC AA thict G? thmS
!lN yW A]W. Nh th]W Yhqi AWng AUY <]y th nghiDm tTi Ang t@MNng. Ut Aq AA thict G? > my
maA Yhqi <M_A ki`m t@C <XA FJY tTi Ang t@MNng thmS yW A]W ABC !lN, <`
(6
<qm GqS sV Yh h_Y AA yW A]W kx thWJt k` Aq khi AA thict G? <a <M_A
ki`m t@C th nghiDm tTi n;i sqn KWUt. -bA GiDt, AA th nghiDm AhjA nng >
Y FVA t@n AA Ahi tict FrY @Y hSn tSn > <=ng GX AhMC <M_A th nghiDm
tTi n;i sqn KWUt, Yhqi <M_A ticn hnh tTi Ang t@MNng.
@Sng vW t@\nh FrY <bt, Yhqi Aa FEi >S < !lN ki`m t@C ticn <X
Ang >iDA > ki`m t@C <X Ahnh KA t@Sng YhTm >i yW A]W. &hqi t@Cng G? AA
thCng gin giS, sn Oi tCy >?n Cn tSn <` !lN hSbA <Ti
PiDn ABC !lN Jt FiDW, thict G? <S FMNng > AA thict G? A]n thict khA <` !lN s
PHng <` ki`m t@C, AhTy th, AA F]n <S <TA <?nh k AA Yh]n >iDA <f thVA
hiDn > AA ki`m t@C t@n.
M@8 KIM T$A HN@
!lN ki`m t@C AA Ang tA hn ABC nh th]W thmS vWi <?nh, t@MOA khi ticn
hnh hn tTi Ah, nh th]W Yhqi FJY AA ti FiDW sCW > t@\nh !lN tTi Ang
t@MNng <` Yh PWyDt. @Sng t@MNng h_Y nh th]W thW AA th]W YhH thVA
hiDn AA hTng mHA Ang >iDA, th\ nh th]W >Qn Yhqi FJY AA ti FiDW ki`m
sSt AhUt FM_ng Aa Fin vWC <cn AA hTng mHA <a. NgSi @C, AA ti FiDW ny
sCW khi <M_A Yh PWyDt ABC !lN, Yhqi giCS AhS AA th]W YhH <` hSn thnh
AA hTng mHA Ang >iDA. Nh th]W Yhqi Aa t@Ah nhiDm <S tTS FTi, ncW A]n,
nh[n >in ABC th]W YhH >|hSbA mWC srm thict G? Gg KWng <qm GqS yW A]W
ABC AA ti FiDW ki`m t@C AhUt FM_ng <f thng vWC.
@n AA mEi hn, AA Yh]n Y FVA > Yhi Y FVA Yhqi thVA hiDn thmS
AA yW A]W kx thWJt vWi t@\nh hnoi&Sp. Nh th]W s Gin sSTn AA ti FiDW
i&S > AA ti FiDW &$ tM;ng jng. s PHng AhS AA mEi hn tTi Ang
t@MNng PWy nhUt > t@\nh !lN Yh PWyDt t@MOA khi ticn hnh Ang >iDA.
!lN s AhUY nhJn mXt Yh]n hCy tSn GX ti FiDW i&S > >Qn Aa vWy^n yW
(:
A]W nh th]W AWng AUY FTi AA ti FiDW ABC GUt k\ Yh]n nS hCy tSn GX ti
FiDW i&S.
M@7 KIM T$A MY@
icn hnh ki`m t@C teng my Yht PimmF tTi KMhng nh sqn KWUt thmS
<ng tiW AhWnn %S* 30(6|2. icn hnh AA F]n ki`m t@C ny <` <qm GqS
Ahjng minh AhS giUy <qm GqS ABC nh sqn KWUt. -Ti PiDn A; vWCn !lN hCy
ki`m <?nh <M_A Gg nhiDm s Yhqi F ngMNi ki`m Ahjng. Ut Aq gi Aq > Ahi
Yh ki`m t@C ny nh th]W Yhqi t@q.
My Yht PimmF AhMC <M_A AhWy`n GX <i^W Ahnh Yhqi ki`m t@C
FTi <` <Y jng <ng tiW AhWnn > Ahjng thVA t@MOA khi AhWy`n tOi Ang
t@MNng FrY <bt.
Z }i`m t@C ngSi Ang t@\nh. }hi FrY <bt <]y <B, nh th]W Yhqi ticn
hnh ki`m t@C, <i^W Ahnh > AhTy th tSn GX. Mi gi Aqo P]W > nhin
FiDW PimmFp Adng nhM Ahi Yh Fin vWCn tOi >iDA KA ticn AA th nghiDm
ki`m t@C ny Nh th]W <^W Yhqi Ah?W t@Ah nhiDm thCnh tSn.
liDA ki`m t@C AA thict G? YhH t@_ nhM my nLn kh, GX AhjC kh, hD
thEng nhin FiDW, hD thEng nMOA Fm mt, hD thEng sUy > thSt kh, rA vWy
> GX nTY <iDn, Gqng <i^W khi`n > hD thEng Yh[n YhEi s <M_A thVA hiDn
@ing GiDt <` Yh AhWnn > Ai <bt <i^W khi`n.
icn hnh ki`m t@C AhTy th my Yht PimmF t@Sng t nhUt :h| ngy
t@Sng 9 ngy Fin ticY <M_A >Jn hnh m khng Aa hng haA g\. @Sng thNi
giCn ny nh th]W Yhqi ghi FTi tUt Aq AA YhLY <S <` nXY FUy Yh AhWnn.
@Sng thNi giCn ki`m t@C tqi t@ng Yhqi PCS <Xng te 29~ <cn 110~ > my
Yht PimmF Yhqi AhrA Ahrn <Y jng Jn hnh, khi my Yht PimmF <f <M_A Ahjng t <Y jng
vWC AA AWXA ki`m t@C, th\ ki`m t@C AhTy th <M_A ticn hnh, AA ki`m t@C
ny s GCS g=mo nhMng khng nhUt thict Yhqi Aa <]y <Bp
A <?nh t@Tng thi thict G? khi Grt <]W
}i`m t@C <ang <iDn > ki`m t@C <iDn Y tV <Xng
}i`m t@C FbY hS <=ng GX
}i`m t@C FbY <i FbY FTi 3 F]n khq nng khhi <Xng te KC
}i`m t@C FbY >Jn
hnh my Yht PimmF.
M@6p KIM T$A CUnI CqNG@
Nh th]W Yhqi <MC >S gi <UW th]W Ahi Yh AhS AA Ang tA thCnh
t@C > <M_A ticn hnh t@MOA thng GS hM hng hct hTn thmS Yh]n ", mHA
2.1. Ut Aq AA hTng mHA Aa Yht hiDn Fi t@Sng thNi giCn ki`m t@C s <M_A
nh th]W ticn hnh sC AhwC thmS <i^W khSqn GqS hnh ABC h_Y <=ng. /hi
Yh ki`m t@C > sC AhwC GUt k mXt Ahi tict hng nS <^W PS nh th]W Yhqi
Ah?W.
hCnh t@C nh my t@MOA khi Aa Ahjng Ah nghiDm thW AWEi Ang.
+W A]W tEi thi`W s <M_A FiDt k thmS Pi nhM PMOi <[y, t@Sng <a vW t@\nh
Yht hiDn Aa th` kLS Pi YhH thWXA >S AA Yht hiDn t@Sng vW t@\nh ki`m
t@C.
Z Ut Aq AA g t@HAog < Ahbn > ngng t@HAp s Yhqi <M_A ki`m t@C >^ <X
Ahnh KA >Jt FiDW GCGit nhM njt >, AA thict G? <Ci EA G? Fng hSbA khng
kht. }i`m t@C siW [m > ki`m t@C thnm thUW s <M_A thVA hiDn AhS mHA
(9
<Ah ki`m t@C ny. /A GD < s <M_A ki`m t@C >^ njt >, AA >zng > mbt
tVC s <M_A ki`m tTi AA <i`m ki`m t@C.
Z $StSo t@HA > Anh vWCyp. Sn GX AA Yh]n vWCy Yhqi <M_A ki`m t@C njt
> > mi mzn, A Kt. }i`m t@C thnm thUW > ki`m t@C mCgnC FWK Yhqi
<M_A thVA hiDn t@n AA ngng t@HA, AA tUm Ahrn t@HA, AA @fnh G > AA
Anh <Xng. /A giqi Ahn @Ah @rA, ncW Y PHng s Yhqi <M_A ki`m t@C <X <X
Pzn > <X mi mzn >Jt FiDW. }i`m t@C thnm thUW s <M_A ki`m t@C AhS tUt Aq
AA GWFSng, khOY nEi <` ki`m t@C njt >. Ut Aq AA <Ci Ahng Anh > PUy
nLS s <M_A ki`m t@C >^ <X Fng > AA AhWy`n <Xng khng G\nh thMNng.
Z h[n > AA Anh tInh. }i`m t@C Gng mrt s <M_A ticn hnh t@n tUt Aq
AA th[n > Anh tInh <` Yht hiDn mi njt >, n mzn > A Kt. NcW Aa
yW A]W, >iDA ki`m t@C thnm thUW Yhqi <M_A thVA hiDn t@n AA Anh tInh >
A <i`m tOi hTn khA.
/A mEi ni giwC th[n > AA GX YhJn mCng Anho nm ngCngp, AA
khSqng hho t@MOA > sCW khi Grt GWFSngp s <S <M_A Gng AA my <S khm
hh <` ki`m t@C <X >nh. NcW Aa yW A]W, ki`m t@C Gng khSCn F Adng <M_A
thVA hiDn AhS mHA <Ah ny.
}i`m t@C siW [m hSbA thnm thUW khng Yh hW, ncW yW A]W, s ticn
hnh t@n th[n AA GWFSng ACS Y, t@Wng Y > hT Y <` ki`m t@C njt >.
liDA <S A]n thict s <M_A ticn hnh <X Pfn Pi khng G\nh thMNng. liDA <S
A]n thict s <M_A ticn hnh <` Yht hiDn <X Pfn Pi khng G\nh thMzng.
Z /A <i`m ki`m t@C khA, AA <MNng Eng >M_t, Eng KcY gifn nh > gi <
Aa th` ticY AJn <M_A s <M_A ki`m t@C njt >. gfy hSbA G? Yh\nh @C. Ut Aq
AA <]W >zi, <Ci <n > <MNng @fnh tM;ng jng s <M_A ki`m t@C Yht hiDn
mi mzn hSbA qnh hMhng mi mzn PS h;i.
Z /A >Cn tWCGin, AA th[n, mbt tVC, Yh]n An > t@HA >Cn GCS g=m AA Yh]n
ticY KA khA nhM YistSn, Fz KS, AyFCnh, R s <M_A ki`m t@C njt >, > >
AA tA <Xng PM ABC mi mzn, n mzn > <X AhEng mi mzn, ncW Aa yW
90
A]W ki`m t@C thnm thUW > ki`m t@C >? t@ mbt tVC s <M_A ticn hnh. NcW Aa
yW A]W, ki`m t@C thnm thUW > ki`m t@C mbt tVC s <M_A ticn hnh.
Z }i`m t@C G\nh ngMng. &h]n > G\nh ngMng, nhM tUm >, <MNng Eng <,
AA mEi nEi gifn nh, AA tUm ngn > AA Fz KS < s <M_A ki`m t@C <X Gicn
PTng, n mzn, mi mzn > njt >. /A hXY nMOA G\nh ngMng > > s <M_A
ki`m t@C @ing GiDt > AA hM hng ABC FOY s;n AhEng n mzn. ng G\nh
ngMng, AA Eng > mbt sng s <M_A ki`m t@C hng haA PS <X @Wng, n mzn,
mi mzn > sV GUt G\nh thMNng. NcW Aa yW A]W, >iDA FUy mQW s <M_A ticn
hnh <` Kmm KLt Gqn AhUt <X Py mng. }i`m t@C hWnh vWCng s <M_A ticn
hnh <` khyng <?nh khng Aa @z @.
Z B;m AUY Fz h;i. NcW khng Aa Yht hiDn thUy t\nh t@Tng GUt G\nh thMNng
t@Sng vW t@\nh >Jn hnh t@MOA <a, > thSq mfn AA vW t@\nh thCnh t@C >^
G;m, khi AA AWXA thCnh t@C Ah tJY t@Wng >S AA g t@HA, ngng t@HA > ncW
Y PHng s GCS g=m Aq ki`m t@C AA thict G? A[n Gng. Ut Aq AA g t@HA
Ahbn > ngng t@HA s <M_A ki`m t@C >^ njt > > hM hng. }i`m t@C thnm
thUW hSbA ki`m t@C siW [m ncW Aa yW A]W s <M_A ticn hnh t@n AA g
t@HA. hict G? <f <M_A A[n Gng s <M_A ki`m t@C AA tA <Xng >^ tqi tA
<Xng PA t@HA PM.
Z -Xng A; PQn <Xng. Ut Aq AA g t@HAog t@HA < > g t@HA < Ahbnp s <M_A
ticn hnh ki`m t@C AA khWyct tJt >Jt FiDW GCGit nhM njt >, G? Fng hSbA
hng haA hSbA mzn khng G\nh thMNng. }i`m t@C thnm thUW s <M_A thVA
hiDn t@n Aq g t@HA > ngng t@HA <` Yht hiDn njt >.
/h t@e t@MNng h_Y Yht hiDn @C AAh >Jn hnh khng G\nh thMNng
nhM nhiDt <X, AMNng <X Pzng <iDn > <X @Wng AWXn P[y vW ACS, ncW AA
AWXA thCnh t@C Gng AAh thS @Ni AA thict G? s khng A]n thict.
Z }hi Aa AA t@HA t@bA t@Sng >Jn hnh Kqy @C > Yht hiDn @C thict G? G? @z @,
AA >Cn ny > AA <MNng Eng ABC na s thS PNi <` ki`m t@C Gn t@Sng.
91
/A Yh]n An, AhEt > mbt tVC >Cn s Yhqi <M_A ki`m t@C njt >, trA nghn,
n mzn > GE t@ <ng >? t@ mbt tVC.
m @ B% LtC BI TuNH !IN@
m@6 rE !s B% PHN LtC BI TuNH !IN TvI NH MY
Nh th]W AWng AUY mXt sE hD thEng FA GHi <=ng GX >Oi GX FA GHi
tInh <iDn Yh h_Y >Oi Fz h;i <Et thCn, <f >Jn hnh h Ang sWUt tEi <C Fin
tHA ABC Fz. HD thEng s GCS g=m nhMng khng nhUt thict Yhqi <]y <B.
S; <= >? t@ ABC hD thEng FA GHi tInh <iDn
}ct AUW gi < g=m AA tUm <, AA GWFSng nLS > <Ci EA
#iCn mi Aa mi hin > mng KEi
/A khS Fin <Xng Ahnh AhS tUt Aq AA AC >S > AA thict G? <iDn
92
/A AC >S A]n thict <^W Yhqi <=ng GX >Oi AA sn FEi >S, FEi Gn ngSi, k` Aq A]W thCng, thCng FmS > thCng >?n.
/A YhW t@S
/A AVA Yhang GCS g=m AA sj <, AA sj AAh <iDn, > AA <UW nEi
ACS Y te AA my Gicn Y Ahnh FMW.
/A AVA Frng
/A my Gicn Y Ahnh FMW <=ng GX >Oi thict G? > Gqng <i^W khi`n
<iDn Y tV <Xng.
/; AUW AA AVA Fng, AVA g > Gqng <i^W khi`n g.
/A P[y nEi, thict G? <iDn > AY ACS Y
HD thEng thng gia nang AhS AA ngn sj AAh <iDn, k` Aq GX KUy
kh, vWTt <Xng A; <iDn > AA Eng AhiC gia.
/Ah nhiDt > GCS Ahm
/A AhWng GS <Xng, thict G? <S FMNng > <i^W khi`n A]n thict AhS
>Jn hnh Cn tSn > hiDW vWq thict G?.
/A <i`m FUy mQW thMNng t@VA, ki`W Png <M_A Yh PWyDt, tTi <]W
>S > <]W @C GX kh tInh <iDn.
HD thEng nEi <Ut thmS h_Y <=ng.
hi Ang tTi Ang t@MNng
h nghiDm ki`m t@C tTi n;i sqn KWUt.
lJn hnh AhTy th > hiDW Ahnh tTi Ah
}i`m t@C <bA tnh.
m@4 CC YjU CwU KHI THIAT KA@
BX kh GHi tInh <iDn thWXA kct AUW thLY hn GCS g=m hCi ngn sSng
sSng, Ang sWUt mi ngn Yh h_Y >Oi 90~ FMW FM_ng khai thqi h <i^W kiDn
>Jn hnh BM/$ ABC Fz h;i.
-X ging nhiDt khng <M_A >M_t vW :
0
/ giwC <]W >S > <]W @C
93
/A GX kh GHi tInh <iDn <M_A thict kc > GqS hnh >Oi n=ng <X GHi
<]W @C GX kh GHi nh h;n 300mg|m
3
No khp h <i^W kiDn >Jn hnh 100~
Ang sWUt PCnh <?nh khi <Et GUt k\ FSTi nhin FiDW thCn nS <f m tq m
khng A]n thict kc thm GUt k\ hS AhUt nS > PH nhM CmSniCA hCy CKit
sWnYhW@iA. Nh th]W Yhqi nW @ t@Sng h= s; mNi th]W ABC m\nh <iDn t@h
sWUt tnh tSn ABC t@S tM;ng jng >Oi teng FSTi thCn <f AhS.
SE t@MNng kh GHi <M_A tnh tSn sCS AhS n=ng <X GHi <]W @C nh
h;n (00mg|m
3
No khp t@Sng <i^W kiDn mXt t@MNng khng hSTt <Xng.
/A khSCng sj AAh <iDn <M_A t@Cng G? mXt hD thEng PWy t@\ nhiDt <X
G^ mbt AA sj < t@n <i`m sM;ng ABC khai <f <M_A thVA tc Ahjng minh.
}hng AhUY nhJn GUt k\ thict kc ngWyn mQW nS.
Nh th]W Yhqi AWng AUY <]y <B AA tUm, mn Yh[n Pzng, hSbA AA
thict G? khA <` Aa th` Yh[n AhiC <=ng <^W Pzng khai t@n tict PiDn ngCng
GX kh GHi. lJn tEA khai thqi vWC GX kh GHi nh h;n 1.9m|s h <i^W kiDn
BM/$ khi <Et thCn thict kc.
hict G? YhH g=m Aa AA AA nEi <Ut s <M_A t@Cng G? <` nEi <Ut AA
thict G? ACS Y < Yhang <iDn Y PM. /A tn hiDW Aqnh GS Adng <M_A t@Cng
G?. /A F mh Yhqi <M_A <ang kn > hiDW vWq. /A mbt nrY GAh Aa nrY GqS
>D > nhwng F mh Aa Grt >t Yhqi <M_A nt kn Gng nt hSbA mdi thLY.
BX kh GHi <M_A thict kc Aa mXt hD thEng @C khng tqi.
-MNng Eng A]n thict te hD thEng @C nMOA Ang >Oi >Cn AAh Fy >
<UW nEi Eng m^m Adng <M_A t@Cng G?.
m@e Vx THIAT BB LtC BI TuNH !IN@
l thLY GX kh GHi Yhqi kn gia|kh > <M_A Ahc tTS te AA tUm
tMNng GCS Ahm > mi Ahc tTS sn hn FTi >Oi nhCW Aa AAh nhiDt > GCS
vWCnh Gng AA AXt Gn > AA sMNn tng Ajng YhC ngSi.
l GX kh GHi <M_A Ahc tTS Gng thLY m^m P hn Py 6,0 mm
9(
/A AC @C >S <M_A G t@ tTi AA FEi >S, @C > t@Wng giCn. /A AC ny
Yhqi F FSTi Gqn F^.
l thict G? <M_A Ahc tTS Ah?W <M_A Y FVA ngeng hSn tSn ABC vWTt
khaio ).sp hSbA vWTt gia o&."p nhM Y PHng t@Sng tnh tSn Y FVA thict kc
te GW=ng FC. Nh th]W Yhqi nW @ t@Sng h= s; PV th]W ABC m\nh Y FVA tEi
<C m > thict G? Aa th` Ah?W <Vng <M_A m khng G? Gicn PTng >Inh >in.
MXt GX khS Fin <Xng Cn tSn <UW nEi tUt Aq AA ngW=n <iDn ACS Y >Oi
AA AC @C >S, AA A; AUW @Wn|g > AA GW=ng sj AAh <iDn Yhqi <M_A GE
t@ sCS AhS khng th` S mXt GX YhJn Aa <iDn nS <a th\ Ah Aa th` Gng
AAh ngrt ngW=n <iDn GX YhJn <a > GX YhJn k^ AJn, ncW khng th\ Yhqi
ngrt tSn GX ngW=n <iDn ABC hD thEng FA GHi.
/A AY ACS Y Yhqi <M_A iDA FrY <bt Yhqi <M_A ki`m t@C <X kn kht ABC > GX FA
GHi. Nh th]W Yhqi t@\nh vWy t@\nh ki`m t@C <` !lN Yh PWyDt.
&hqi Aa S >| hSbA nrY AC sn. -M_A thict kc AAh nhiDt <`
AhS YhLY >S t@Sng GX kh GHi <` GqS PMng.
/A AC @C >S > sn Yhqi <M_A t@Cng G? AA thict G? Kict Ahbt Yh h_Y,
AA thict G? ny Yhqi <M_A kLS Ang <` G >S AA khm hh Ah AS ABC micng
<Dm. /A khWng AC sn > F AhS ngMNi >S, AA P]m AC > AA <]W nEi
<` ki`m t@C Yhqi <M_A kLS Pi @C <cn ngSi G^ mbt AAh nhiDt ngSi. NgSi
@C, Azn Yhqi AWng AUY Jt FiDW tM;ng <M;ng thmS yW A]W. -X Py tUm GCS Ahm khng
<M_A nh h;n 0,( mm.
m@M PHyU V CHzC N{NG CHIA KHFI@
99
HD thEng AhiC khai Aa AhjA nng Ahi <^W khai. liDA FVC Ahn <M_A thVA
hiDn t@n An Aj t@n kct vWq Yh[n tAh t@S <` <nh Gang K t@Sng hD thEng.
Mi <MNng PQn khai >S > @C <^W Aa mXt khm gifn hh.
&hW t@S, AA YhW ny Aa Ang sWUt khng <M_A nh h;n h >Jn
hnh Ang sWUt tEi <C Fz Fin tHA BM/$ khi <Et GUt k FSTi thCn thict kc nS
> <M_A thict kc sCS AhS khng <ang K h YhW.
/A YhW <M_A Ahc tTS Gng thLY ACAGSn khng mng h;n 6,0mm >
<M_A ging Yh h_Y, <` t@nh Ft khai AhMC K F @C te YhC PMOi AA t@MNng
Frng ABC GX kh GHi, mi YhW <M_A t@Cng G? AA tUm mng t@mS t@n AA
P]m ABC > GX kh GHi.
Nh th]W Aa t@Ah nhiDm <qm GqS mi YhW t@S <^W Aa Ang mXt AUW
h\nh nhM nhCW, gaA <y YhW nh nhUt F 60
0
/, mi YhW <^W Aa GX giC
nhiDt ki`W <MNng h;i > mXt AC @C >S. Mi AC @C >S <^W Aa mXt Ag nEi
Pi <` tAh FOY AAh nhiDt > Aa th` ticY AJn te mXt sn >S. Mi YhW thW
t@S Aa hCi F ki`m t@C <MNng knh 100mm > mXt GAh <UW nEi <cn hD thEng
thqi K. &hW t@S <M_A <UW nEi <` < Aq tqi t@ng AA GX AUY FiDW k` Aq AA
thict G? h t@_ AhS hD thEng < t@S. /A miDng FUy mQW t@S Aa nrY <M_A GE
t@ g]n mbt GAh <y YhW. l? t@ ny Yhqi <M_A !lN Yh PWyDt. MXt thict
G? Yht hiDn mjA t@S ACS <M_A t@Cng G? > <UW nEi te AA <Dm thng kh <cn
hD thEng thqi K Adng s <M_A AWng AUY. }i`W thict G? Ah GS Adng Yhqi
<M_A !lN Yh PWyDt. /A tn hiDW GS <Xng <M_A th` hiDn t@Sng Yhzng
<i^W khi`n thqi K > Yhzng <i^W khi`n tg my.
m@m CC CC PHFNG V CC LNG@
/A AVA Yhang Yhqi F AA AVA Aa khWng Ajng, khng AhUY nhJn AA
AVA Yhang <M_A nmS Ang Gng t@ng FM_ng, AA AVA Frng <M_A Ahc tTS
Gng thLY ACAGSn > <M_A thict kc khWng Ajng, PWy t@\ <M_A <X thyng >
AhEng @Wng khi >Jn hnh.
96
/A AVA Frng Yhqi <M_A tTS Png hSbA FrY mng ngn <` ngn GHi
thW ngM_A t@h FTi, AA AVA Frng s <M_A < te AA P]m t@n mi. /VA Yhang
Yhqi <M_A <?nh A sCS AhS giqm thi`W hM hTi > hiDn tM_ng Yhang <iDn.
m@6 rz !f V Hj THnNG G|@
AA sj AAh <iDn Yhqi Aa <X nm ACS, <bA GiDt Ah <cn YhM;ng YhY < AVA
Aa tnh <cn <X gn <?nh tnh G^n, mjA PWy t@\ > hiDW sWUt. -Ei >Oi hD thEng
g, mi GX kh GHi Aa hCi hD thEng g @ing GiDt, mXt AhS AA AVA Yhang >
mXt AhS AA AVA Frng. Mi hD thEng g <M_A <i^W khi`n tV <Xng > <XA FJY.
}i`W thict G? ABC hD thEng g Aa th` F ki`W PJY Gng AA GC vWCy FrY
<bt t@n AA t@HA ngCng, hSbA ki`W <iDn te. #iC tEA g <S <M_A khi >Wng
gaA >Oi AA AVA Frng tTi GUt k <i`m nS khng <M_A nh h;n 100#.
Mi hD thEng g <M_A <i^W khi`n te GW=ng <i^W khi`n t@Wng t[m >
sE AhW k g t@Sng mXt giN Aa th` thCy <gi <M_A. hict kc thict G? g Yhqi
<qm GqS <M_A GE t@ AA AVA Frng > Yhang sCS
AhS giqm thi`W tEi <C GHi vWCy t@h FTi sCW khi g.
9:
6@ H THnNG !I>U KHIN CHUNG
Nh AWng AUY /% Yhqi AWng AUY tSn GX Yh]n Ajng > Yh]n m^m
> Yh]n m^m <i^W khi`n GCS g=m tSn GX Yh]n m^m jng PHng ABC nh
my ny. -Ei >Oi khW >VA tg myoU/MSp Yh]n AWng AUY F tSn GX Yh]n
Ajng ki`W s/S. -Ei >Oi Yh]n nh my B*&, nh AWng AUY /% A]n tiW
AhWnn hS tSn GX Yh]n Ajng s/S hSbA &'/. /h <M_A s PHng mXt hD
thEng PWy nhUt thng sWEt hD thEng S/MS > hD thEng ny PS nh AWng
AUY /% vWyct <?nh. NcW s PHng AA &'/ tTi AA t@Tm <i^W khi`n tTi Ah,
th\ AA &'/ ny Yhqi Ang mXt A; sh sqn KWUt > Ang mXt mQW tiW AhWnn
hS t@n mXt A; sh nh my, khng Ah >Oi mXt khW >VA <i^W khi`n tTi Ah
nhM tnh tM;ng <=ng Yh]n Ajng t@n tSn GX hD thEng S/MS.
/A yW A]W ny nhm <qm GqS @ng Ah Aa mXt hD thEng Yh]n Ajng,
Yh]n m^m <i^W khi`n > giCS ticY <M_A s PHng >Oi mXt GX Yh]n m^m <i^W
khi`n AhWng. S PHng mXt A; sh Pw FiDW < ghi AhLY sE FiDW t@Wng t[m > hD
9
thEng MM% AhWng <` nh[n >in <i^W khi`n P Fm vWmn. -S tTS, GqS
PMng > h t@_ t@Sng FA >Jn hnh. }hng AhUY nhJn t@i`n khCi GUt k mXt
hD thEng MM% ABC Gn thj GC nS nhm <qm GqS yW A]W thEng nhUt hSn
tSn >^ giCS ticY MM%, A; sh Pw FiDW th, <= hST, > nhJt k hD thEng tgng
th`. Nh AWng AUY my maA Aa t@Ah nhiDm kct h_Y nh thict kc >Oi nh
AWng AUY /% <` <qm GqS F tUt Aq AA thict G? <i^W khi`n MM% > %/MS
<M_A thict kc, AUW h\nh > ki`m t@C Ahnh KA thmS AA tiW AhWnn @ing ABC
PV n m yW A]W kx thWJt nh my <bt @C.
g@ THIAT BB S PHDNG@
/A Yh]n PV Yhzng AhS nh my GCS g=m AA Yh]n <f <M_A nai tW[n
thmS t@Sng mHA ".
/A Yh]n PV Yhzng <bA GiDt GCS g=m Aa tEi thi`W AA hTng mHA FiDt
k PMOi <[y > Ahi tict t@Sng Gqng AA Yh]n PV Yhzng <bA GiDt AhS nh my
<iDn. /A Yh]n PV Yhzng khng Grt GWXA s tW[n thmS <^ ngh? ABC nh sqn
KWUt khi G? sV AE > <M_A thCy thc.
sV Yhzng <bA GiDt, AA hTng mHA sCW s <M_A AWng AUY:
My Art 6.6kl > (00l AhS mi ki`W > mi FSTi Ang sWUt
MXt A]W PCS 6.6kl AhS mi ki`W > mi FSTi Ang sWUt
MXt <Xng A; 6.6kl AhS mi ki`W > mi FSTi Ang sWUt
MXt G <i^W khi`n AhS mi ki`W, AhjA nng > Ang sWUt
MXt AWXn nEi Gicn Y AhS mi ki`W > mi FSTi Ang sWUt.
99
MXt Eng thLYo AA Eng g khng <M_A AhUY nhJn AhS >iDA PV Yhzngp
GCS g=m 290 m AhS mi FSTi AY 6.6kl, MXt Eng thLY @ing s <M_A AWng
AUY AhS mi A AY.
SW A]W Ah\ AhS mi ki`W > mi FSTi Ang sWUt
BEn AWXn Art > GEn AWXn <ang AhS mi ki`W > mi FSTi Ang sWUt
BEn @;Fm <i^W khi`n AhS mi FSTi > FSTi Ang sWUt.
HD thEng Yh[n YhEi (00l s <M_A thict kc >Oi PV Yhzng mTAh 10~
>Oi sE FM_ng AA mTAh <bA GiDt thmS yW A]W AhS nh my. MTAh PV Yhzng
s Aa <]y tUt Aq AA thict G? <iDn <f <M_A ki`m t@C
> AA my Gicn Pzng <iDn. /ng sWUt mTAh PV Yhzng GCS g=m Pqi Ang
sWUt s PHng AhS >iDA >Jn hnh nh my nhMng khng thUY h;n Ang sWUt
ABC mTAh FOn nhUt. /ng sWUt > sE FM_ng s YhH thWXA >S sV <=ng ABC
!lN.
MXt ngn my Art PV Yhzng 6.6kl s <M_A GE t@ t@n hD thEng Yh[n
YhEi 6.6kl tTi khW >VA t@Tm G;m tW]n hSn <` AhS YhLY AUY <iDn AhS G;m
tW]n hSn mOi t@Sng tM;ng FCi Aa Ang sWUt 100ki.
sV Yhzng khng Grt GWXA, Yh]n ny YhH thWXA >S yW A]W ABC !lN
> s PVC t@n thCm khqS ABC nh AWng AUY.
60
K\0 L'h*@
gng Ang ty <iDn FVA liDt NCm o!lNp vWyct <?nh <]W tM K[y PVng
nh my NhiDt <iDn Ung B <Et thCn mh @Xng Ang sWUt 1K300Mi, > PV
<?nh s PHng nhi^W ngW=n >En khA nhCW <` Ahi t@q AA khSqn thCnh tSn
thmS h_Y <=ng. M >\ na H= s; mNi th]W <M_A GCnh hnh. liDA thCnh tSn
AWq nh ti t@_ Ah <M_A ticn hnh thmS yW A]W ABC !lN > >Oi sV AhUY
nhJn ABC nh ti t@_.
!lN <f FVC Ahn AA nh tM >Un > nh th]W AH th` AhS AA hTng
mHA Ang t@\nh. l gng Ang ty 'iFCmC <f thnh nh tgng th]W thVA hiDn
PV n ny, t@Sng h= s; <f Ah @C @ nhwng YhTm >i, thNi giCn hSn thnh
Adng nhM AA <i^W kiDn AH th` khA t@Sng h= s; mNi th]W.
61
HiDn nCy Ang t@\nh Nh my nhiDt <iDn Ung B mh @Xng <Et Gng
thCn <Cng ticn hnh Gn giCS AhS Gn !lN. l <Cng thVA hiDn vW t@\nh
AhTy th, ki`m sSt thVA hiDn teng hTng mHA Ang t@\nh S hSn tUt.
'OY kx sM khS 6 thWXA gng Ang ty FrY my >iDt nCm 'iFCmC, thVA hiDn
>iDA thVA tJY > nhJn thjA >^ Ang t@\nh Nh my nhiDt <iDn Ung B mh
@Xng Adng nhM >Oi Ang >iDA Ang tA >^ sCW. -f Fm Gi GS AS thW hSTAh
ny nhm <nh gi nhwng g\ <f thW <M_A sCW mXt thng thVA tJY tTi nh
my. Wy nhin nhwng nhJn thjA ny F AhMC <]y <B, nhMng F mXt GMOA
Yht t@i`n t@Sng vW t@\nh nhJn thjA > ticY AJn >Oi Ang >iDA ABC gng
Ang ty <Ei >Oi AA kx sM.
MHA FHA. @Cng
gng vWCn >^ nh my nhiDt <iDn Ung B mh @Xng. 3
S; <= AhWng mbt Gng ABC nh my nhiDt <iDn Ung B mh @Xng (
1. -bA tnh AhWng 9
1.1 /A thict G? Ahnh > thict G? YhH ABC Fz h;i 9
1.2 /hW t@\nh gia 9
1.3 /hW t@\nh nhin FiDW 10
2. /A thict G? Ahnh > thict G? YhH ABC W@Ginm 12
2.1 W@Ginm 12
2.2 B\nh ngMng 1(
2.3 /A G;m nMOA ngMng 16
2.( /A thict G? YhWn ABC tW@Ginm 1:
2.9 /A G\nh giC nhiDt 1
2.9 B\nh kh kh 20
2.: /A G;m nMOA AUY 21
2. /A G\nh giC nhiDt ACS Y 23
3. My Yht > AA hD thEng YhH t@_ 2(
3.1 My Yht <iDn <=ng GX 2(
3.2 am trt AA thng sE kx thWJt ABC my Yht 2(
3.3 hict kc ABC my Yht 29
3.( hict G? Fm mt Gng HyP@S 31
62
3.9 $StS@ 31
3.6 < Ag t@HA 32
3.: hCnh ngCng mrA Ahgi thCn 33
3. #iSng Ahn kn t@HA 33
3.9 HD thEng kAh te ABC my Yht 3(
3.10 HD thEng Fm mt my Yht Gng kh HyP@S 3:
3.11 HD thEng <i^W khi`n my Yht (1.
(. Wy t@\nh ki`m t@C > th nghiDm AA thict G? kx thWJt (2
(.1 }i`m t@C ngWyn >Jt FiDW (2
(.2 }i`m t@C tW@Ginm (2
(.3 }i`m t@C G;m AUY Fz h;i (3
(.( }i`m t@C @z @ kh ((
(.9 }i`m t@C hD thEng Eng ((
(.6 }i`m t@C my nghi^n (9
(.: }i`m t@C kct AUW thLY (9
(. }i`m t@C hn (6
(.9 }i`m t@C my (:
(.10 }i`m t@C AWEi Ang (
9. BX FA GHi tInh <iDn 91
9.1 S; <= GX YhJn FA GHi tInh <iDn tTi nh my 91
9.2 /A yW A]W khi thict kc 92
9.3 l thict G? FA GHi tInh <iDn 93
9.( &hW > AhjA nng AhiC khai 9(
9.9 /A AVA Yhang > AVA Frng 99
9.6 Sj < AVA Yhang > hD thEng g 96
6. HD thEng <i^W khi`n AhWng 9:
:. hict G? PV Yhzng 9

63
6(

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