Changes of State

Grade 9 Chemistry
 States of Matter
Solid – fixed shape, fixed • ..\Links\Eureka_Episode_1
volume, strong forces
between particles

This occurs because the

particles are in a fixed
lattice. So they can not
rearrange their shape.

The particles in a solid

vibrate in position. They
are in motion but do not
go that fast.
 States of Matter
Liquid – variable shape, fixed • ..\Links\Eureka_Episode_17_-_Mole
volume, medium forces
between particles

When heat is added to a

substance, the particles
move faster.

Eventually they move so fast that

they break the lattice bonds
and can flow as a liquid.

This change of state is called

melting.
 States of Matter
3. Gas – variable shape, variable • ..\Links\Eureka_Episode_18_-_Evap
volume, very weak interaction
between particles.

If you continue to add heat, the

particles will move so fast that
they evaporate.

The molecules then break free of

the substance and become a
gas.

This change of state is called

evaporation
 States of Matter
There is actually a fourth • ..\Links\plasma_ball.flv
state of matter that will
not be discussed in this
course.

Plasma – variable shape,

variable volume,
electrons leave atoms,
particles are charged
 Changes of State
As heat is added to substances, • ..\Links\Stove_vs_Ice.flv
the substances change state
Solid  Liquid (melting)
Liquid  Gas (evaporation)

Some substances can even go

straight from solid to gas
Solid  Gas (sublimation) • ..\Links\Carbon_Dioxide_dry_ic

As heat is removed from a

substance,
Gas  Liquid (condensation)
Liquid  Solid (freezing)
 Changes of State
Temperature
How does the temperature versus
time graph look?
As heat is added, the substance
temperature raises.
At the melting point, the heat gets
used up breaking the bonds.
While the heat is being used to Boiling point
break the bonds, the
temperature stays constant.
The temperature begins to rise
again after the change in state.
The temperature stop rising again
at boiling point
Melting point
The temperature can then rise
again.

Time
 Changes of State
Temperature

What would the 100 C0

temperature versus
time graph look like if
the steam (water
vapour) started at
1150 C and cooled to
– 300 C? 0 C
0

Time