HC TT TING ANH

Ti liu (bn 1.0) cung cp t trang T hc tt ting Anh:

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Phng php hc
Phng php hc ngoi ng
* Phn b thi gian hp l (u, m bo).
* 3 nguyn tc:
R1: bin vic hc ngoi ng => thnh thi quen hng ngy -> bt c trong hon cnh no cng khng b.
R2: t mc tiu, mc ch hc c th. t mc ch hp l (nhu cu hc, sc hc ca bn thn<), nn t mc tiu d c tnh khch
l bn thn, trnh t nhng mc tiu qu cao. Mc tiu/mc ch hc nng dn cho ph hp, t t nhng phi quyt lit! Thc hin
lin tc, u n.
R3: bit c im mnh, im yu ca mnh trong hc tp (nghe ni c vit). *kh nng hc thuc lng, kh nng thm m<. +.
Khi tr nh khng c tt: nn c i c li, dng lu mt , c cch ghi chp ph hp.
* Cch t mc tiu hc ngoi ng:
- Sinh vin khoa hc cn c nhiu hn nghe ni. Nghe ni cn t c kh nng trnh by cc chuyn , vn lin quan ti lnh
vc ca mnh<.
- khng nn v cng v cng kh lm c: dch th, vit tiu thuyt<
- nhng cng phi t c nhng chun chung.
* t mc tiu cho mnh:
- t mc tiu: s t, mu cu => cn n u hc n -> ngn ng trung gian.
- Chin lc giao tip ring: cu n gin -> cu phc tp.
- Pht m: ngi Anh nghe c l c.
- Ni: ni thng + mu cu n gin; hiu qu; khng dng hm .
* Mc li: mc li l mt qu trnh pht trin t nhin. Ngi thy khng bao gi ch ngi hc tr mc li m nu c sa ch ny ch
kia th cng l do mong ngi tr hc tt hn.
* ng dch:
- Ngn tr quy trnh hc ngoi ng ca mnh.
- Ngn tr vic xy dng nng lc ngoi ng ca chng ta.
- Khng dch hc tt hn *tt nhin, cn tun th nhng nguyn tc nht nh+.

Luyn nghe
Vi ngi hc ngoi ng, luyn pht m nhn din li ni ca ngi Anh v khi ni th gn vi ngi Anh ni ( c bit vi nhng
la tui 12 15 20 v >=)
* Tc nghe
- Chm (bi ging, hi ngh)
- Bnh thng (normal speech)
- Nhanh (fast speech)
* Nghe ting Anh theo kiu ngi Anh nghe ting Anh
- Bt trng m -> hiu ni dung (ton cu, ton on<)
+ Cc k thut:
> Visualization
> Dication
> Ng php chnh t
Trng m/t chnh => Hiu ca ton cu => hiu thng ip ngi ni mun truyn ti => Dng cu da trn nhng thng tin
thu c.
- Nghe ton bi:
+ Nm c ch (topic)
+ Nm c chnh ton bi (main ideal)
+ Nm c chnh tng on
+ Ly thng tin chi tit cn, thng tin chnh (detail)
- Nghe tng on
+ Nm c chnh tng on
+ Nm c thng tin chi tit ( ph, m rng).
+ Nm c ng , hm , thng ip ngm ca ngi ni.
- Nghe tng hp
+ Nm c nhng ni dung cn thit.
+ Nm c mc ch, cch thc t chc ca thng ip
* K thut b tr
- Visualization: hnh nh ha nhng g nghe c (miu t -> tng tng (hnh nh, cm gic, khung cnh, mi v) -> nhng g c
miu t)).
- Ng php chnh t
+ Nghe -> t chnh, trng m (adv, adj, n,..).
+ Hiu thng ip (Suy lun + tr nh)
+ Dng li cc cu ng vi thng ip nhn c.
* Trng m: cao hn, to hn, r hn -> im quan trng nht
- Ph thuc cu, ni dung cu
- Ph thuc v ca ngi ni
- Danh t, ng t, tnh t, adv.
* Mc tiu nghe:
- Ly chnh
- Ly thng tin chi tit
- Ly thng tin cn thit.
* on t:
- Cn c vo vn cnh
- Cn c vo cc t, cu khc v cu to ng php.
(!!) Khng th bit ht cc t khi nghe, khi c .
* Luyn tp:
- Nghe: 1 lt & nhiu lt : ch -> chnh -> chnh on -> chi tit.
- Cch nghe:
* La chn ti liu luyn tp:
- La chn ph hp vi trnh , nh hng thi.
- Lu : luyn nghe khng phi l bi b sung t mi. Mc tiu chnh ca luyn nghe l hiu ni dung bi. Hiu ni dung bi cn c
cc yu t: t vng, mu cu cn thit v vn cnh.
* La chn t thay th:
- Din t c cn hiu
- Din t mang tnh ph thng
- Din t mang tnh hc thut.
* Luyn nghe c 2 cp : listen accurately v listen efficiently
- Nghe chnh xc - listen accurately c 4 yu t: c cm gic c rng chng ta nh nghe ci g (knowing what to expect to hear), li
ni t nhin (natural speech), c kh nng phn bit c cc m, cc trng m; 4 nghe chui m thanh v ct c thnh cc m chnh
xc, (come on -> car on!!!), kh nng ct tch li ni.
- Nghe hiu qu - listen efficiently => im n ca chng ta l lm sao phi nghe hiu qu.
im 1: phn bit c thng tin quan trng v khng quan trng ca cu. Mun nghe hiu qu phi da vo nghe 1 cch chnh xc
t pht hin ra cc thng tin quan quan trng *important information = main ideal v unimportant information = details
information]. ng thi, ta phi Get the gist: ly c ct li ca thng tin.
im 2: phi c kh nng phn on. Khng ai nghe c hon ton tng ch c ting Anh v ting Vit. Phi c kh nng on theo
vn cnh (guessing ability); phi c kh nng tin on c sp ti h ni nh no, ni ci g (predicting ability); cn c thm kh
nng gii thuyt c ngha (interpret meaning).
im 3: luyn kh nng v mt tc . Ni nhanh -> nghe nhanh : cu trc li ni ca h, h phn tch ci ny, b sung ci ny<->
nghe ni cu trc -> phi nghe c nhanh => nghe bt c ng i, tuyn i ca cu chuyn . Ni chm khng c ngha l
ni tng cu tng ch m n c ngha l ni trng m cu.
+ Nghe hiu qu: listen efficiently, phi nghe c chnh l g?
+ Nghe -> tng tng c ra hnh nh; K thut thng thc tc phm.
* Suy ngh rng: gip mt phn no v cc cp v nghe ting Anh, chng ta c hiu bit v ci , nhng t ch i n
luyn cho chng ta th cn l qung ng di. D tr hay gi chng ta phi luyn tp lin tc hng ngy, khng nn dn p hc trong
thi gian ngn nhng lin tc s hiu qu hn, c bit vi luyn nghe ting Anh. Lc no, chng ta cng c th tng cng kh nng
nghe ca chng ta c!.



Luyn ni
* Nhim v
- Sn sinh ra kiu ni ca ngi Anh nghe ting Anh; ni theo kiu ca ngi Anh ni ting Anh.
- Mun pht m chun th lm nh th no? Phng hng hc ra sao?
* nh hng:
- Vi nhng ngi ln: khng nn tham vng ni nh ngi bn ng: chng ta hc ngoi mi trng bn ng.
- Nhng vn phi tin ti mt chun chung: chun Anh hoc chun M.
- y l bnh din khc nghit v thch thc nht vi ngi hc
- t c chun (hiu r c ngi Anh, M ni nh no, th no l chun, ci g c th b qua c.)
- Rt vt v v kh c. Luyn m hi mt cht nhng khi thnh cng, bn c ting Anh nghe s rt du mt. Nhng m khng c
trong ting Vit gy nhiu kh khn khi luyn.
- Pht m ting Anh i hi s kh luyn, ngi luyn gp kh khn khi luyn ni ting Anh v phi thay i cc thi quen trong ting
m .
- Khi luyn tp, ta cn thc hin ln lt tng cp ph hp mt: m t (trng m t) nhm t - cu ng cnh + yu t khc.
- Cn s kh luyn: lin tc ng phng php! Hng ngy dnh ra t pht luyn pht m; Luyn giao tip y cc yu t: trng
m, nguyn m, ph m< -> c nh vy mi gn c nh ting Anh ca ngi bn x.
- Suy ngh rng: gip mt phn no v cc cp v pht m ting Anh, chng ta c hiu bit v ci , nhng t ch i n
luyn cho chng ta th cn l qung ng di. D tr hay gi chng ta phi luyn tp lin tc hng ngy, khng nn dn p hc trong
thi gian ngn nhng lin tc s hiu qu hn, c bit vi luyn pht m ting Anh. Lc no chng ta cng c th tng cng kh nng
pht m ng ca chng ta c!
* Cc yu t ni chun, c 4 tiu ch -> chun ni:
- Pht m tt/chun (Good pronunciation).
- Tc ni t nhin (Natural speed).
- Nhp iu ph hp (Natural rhythm).
- Ng iu Anh t nhin (Natural intonation).
1. Pht m chun: nguyn m, ph m
- Pht m nhng t ring l; phi chun tng m mt th mi hiu c.
+ m c trong ting Vit
+ m gn vi ting Vit
+ m khc, khng c trong ting Vit.
+ Hu ht cc m ting Anh khng ging cc m ting Vit.
Trong ting Vit, cc m cui khng c pht m nhng trong ting Anh li ngc li.
=> Luyn: tp trung vo nhng m khng c trong ting Vit -> Tp trung vo nhng m cui cho chun (ging min Bc cn ch thm
v s, x<)
- V thanh v hu thanh l g? V thanh: c khng rung; Hu thanh: c hng rung.
2. Tc ni t nhin:
- Tc t nhin; ni vi tc bnh thng ca ngi Anh, M (khong 160 t/pht).
- Ngi Anh, M ni khng nhanh nu chng ta nghe ng kiu ngi Anh, M.
- Tc ngi my c.
- T nhin = m bo ( luyn m, rt gn, trng m*t, cu, thnh ng<+ ).
3. Nhp iu cu:
- Trong mi pht ngn ting Anh, u cha nhp iu ca n.
- Vit Nam: Thanh iu (Cc, cc<) v vn iu (nht l th<)
- Ting Anh: Nhp iu
- Nhp iu: gin cch ca cc trng m
- Kh: gia m tit c trng m ny vi m tit c trng m kia, khng phi l khong u nhau.
- Yu cu: gia 2 m tit no khng c trng m chng ta phi c chm li mt cht gia hai m tit c trng m c nhiu m tit
khng c trng m chng ta m bo c tc c ph hp nhp iu. Nu chng ta c nhanh th khng theo kp c nhng m tit
khc. Nhng ch c nhanh, chng ta phi luyn m. Khng c trng m th phi c vi dng yu ca t: the, to.
- Quan trng l chng ta khng c NUT t.
- Luyn nhp iu: Ly cc on ni bnh thng luyn nhp; Bi th mu gio; bi ht ngc; c, c theo nhp (trng); xy dng
bi c nhp v ph nhp (nhm mc tiu ngn ng hc). - Cu nhiu trng m, nhp iu nhanh v cu t trng m th nhp iu chm
hn.
- Cn c nhp iu ph hp th ngi Anh mi nhn ra thng ip.
4. Ng iu t nhin: ng iu t nhin khi ni
- Cu ni ting Anh u c ng iu.
- Nhiu ng iu, nhiu quy tc ngn ng hc.
- Ng iu th hin ngha ni dung v ngha sc thi: thng ip v tnh cm ngi ni.
- 5 ng iu c bn: Falling low rising high rising fall-rise v rise-fall
+ Xung
+ Ln thp
+ Ln cao
+ Ln xung
+ Xung ln

-> 5 ng iu c bn phi sinh ra cc ng iu khc.
- Cu m khng c ng iu th khng thnh ting Anh, ging nh thanh iu trong ting Vit. Thay i ng iu c th thay i
ngha ton cu. Ng iu phi i t cao xung thp: ng iu ln xung ty tng thng ip.
- Lin quan ti Pitch scale (khun ging). Pitch change: thay i cao ca ging = thay i thi , ngha ca thng ip.
- Luyn ng iu ting Anh: Trong ting Anh c bao nhiu ng iu? Khng nn c tham vng c c ng iu ht nh ngi Anh
nhng chng ta phi m bo c cc ng iu c bn c th giao tip hiu qu.
=>Ni l thuyt th d vy cn th hin ng ng iu ngi Anh th khng phi n gin.
* To cho mnh thi quen t ng (automatic): trng thy l pht m, khng qua khu dch sang ting m v ngc li.
* Ni: khi mi bt u, cng n gin (simple) cng tt; khi cn din t cc phc tp -> nn ct ra thnh nhiu cu n gin.
* Mu cu phc tp, vn hoa/T vng phc tp, vn hoa: cn t c mt trnh nht nh.
* Ch luyn ni: i t nhng ch n gin, t vng n gin, cu trc n gin.
- gim thiu ni dung mang tnh thng ip.
- khi trnh hn ch, mi bt u, trnh cch ni bng gi, c tnh hm . Cch ni bng gi, i hi din t chnh xc v cu, ng
iu, thi , s tinh t ca ngn t<
* Khi trnh bt u:
- Luyn nhng cu n gin.
- Trnh nhng ch phc tp.
- Luyn nhng ch quen thuc.
- Dn dn nng ln, luyn nhng ch phc tp.
- Trnh hm , phc tp.
* H truyn ting Anh n gin:
- t vng n gin
- Cu trc n gin
- ng lc, s khch l (motivation<)
* Cc cp pht m: 4 cp : c cp sau bao hm cp pht m di n.
Cp m ring l v cc ph m: isolated sounds vowel & consonants => ch n lnh vc m hc (phi pht m nh no? Pht m
trong tnh hung no?); Cp t (word level): quan tm ti trng m l ch yu; Cp nhm t (phrase level): mt s t ng lin
nhau: luyn m v trng m ca cc t ng cnh nhau trong mt cu; Cp cu (sentence level) phc tp hn.
- Cp t:
+ Cn bit c nhng nguyn m, ph m g? Pht m nh no? Vi ngi Vit pht m ra sao? Khc vi cc m Vit nh no?
+ Sau cp m l cp t, c trng m t, cn pht m chnh xc, trng m t phi pht m chnh xc.
(!!!) c th: trong 1 t, trng m ri vo 1 m tit c nh; nhng trong cc tnh hung khc nhau, trng m c th thay i (m
bo nhp iu chung ca cu) => tuy vy, trng m tng i c nh. Ngoi l i khi nhiu hn nguyn tc; Thuc trng m trong
tng t mt *Vd welcome, education< -> lun tnh t bn phi sang ch khng tnh t bn tri sang+.
+ Trng m: cao hn, to hn, di hn, r hn. Nhiu trng hp phc tp: chuyn t loi, tnh hung<. Ting Anh, khng c t no
khng c trng m nh ting Vit khng t no khng c thanh iu (ma m m m m<). Nhng t c 1 m tit th m tit chnh l
trng m. Rt kh cng khi luyn trng m t, nhn mnh trng m t. Khi luyn trng m cu, chng ta li c nhng nguyn tc khc.
Gp t mi, ta nn tra t in cho chc chn, tt nhin, chng ta vn c nhng nguyn tc suy lun trong mt s trng hp nht
nh. iu khin hi th ng s gip bt c nhp v trng m.
- Cp nhm t:
+ C nhng yu t g? C nhng yu t t -> trng m t, bao nhiu t c 2 hay nhiu trng m?
Vd in the corner of : Improve_it -> cp m ring l v trng m.
+ Trng m: Bt c t no cng c trng m, nhng c nhiu t c bit l nhng t 1 m tit, c bit hn na l nhng t ng php
nhng t khi vo cu n mi th hin ngha ca n, th n cng thay i cch pht m. Nu nh c trng m th ngi ta c dng
mnh, nu khng c trng m th ngi ta dc dng yu. *V d: some, but<Them, As, That, At, Then, There, And, Was, Has, Have,
Had, Does, Can, Must, For, Upon, Were, Do, Shall< Ch : trng m cc t rt ngn.
+ Luyn m: ngi Vit c th ct cc m thnh nhng phn ring l ( come_on, improve_it ). T tn cng bng mt nguyn m ng
cnh 1 t bt u = 1 nguyn m -> luyn m. *go on+; Mt t c ph m cui t + 1 t bt u bng 1 nguyn m -> luyn m *come on+;
Hai ph m ng lin nhau -> luyn m; => m cui ca t ny nhp vo, luyn vo m u ca t k tip; Chng ta s gp kh khn
do m ca chng ta khp li cui; -> tm cch xa b thi quen ni ca ting Vit; Vd: My names_Harry, This_is, Thats_our
daughter<
- Cp Phrase: pht m cc m ring l cho ng, pht m cc trng m t cho ng, phi c luyn m.
- Cp cu: Vd: the garden_is beautiful
+ Cn c vo mc ch ni xc nh trng m! Khng c nut t!
+ Cp t trong cu: garden, beautiful -> pht m ng trng m t.
+ Nu c luyn m phi luyn: en_is
+ Nhp iu: bao gi trong cu cng c trng m.
* Cc bc luyn ni:
1. tng
-> Chng ta s ni v ci g? What to say?
2. Dng cu (ng php, ng m)
-> 32 mu cu c bn + cc mu cu phi sinh.
3. Pht ra
-> C 1 cu m u: tuyn b ch , hng ni dung bi .
-> a ra v gii quyt vn .
-> Kt lun vn m ta trnh by.
* Cc bc luyn m:
- Trc y, ngi ta dng phng php bt chic. Vic c theo l bc khng th b qua, nhng c bt li, nu chng ta khng phi
l ngi bn ng th chng ta khng th c chnh xc c. Phng php cui 19 20, pp trc gic + bt chic cc ng tc pht m +
hiu bit cu m nh no (mc s ng).
- Cch th, chng ta phi khng ch hi th ca mnh theo kiu ngi Anh. Tp th khng ch hi, m bo nhp iu cho cu; Ht
vo 1 hi, th ra t t v trong lc th ra c 1 cu ting Anh; tp th v nhp iu theo cc vn th, bi ht mu gio/khc.
- Luyn vi ngi Anh, ngi M v m ny: Bc th nht: ko di 3 s bc th 2 ko di 1 s v bc 3 l c t nhin; C c ko
di , cha t ra vn di hay ngn (dng a DVD luyn ni v nghe).
- Phng php luyn m cho cu di: ct ra lm nhiu on v ni li vi nhau. Vd: Im in_a_rush, Im afraid<
- 4 bc ca pp mi:
1. Xy dng kin thc (knowledge building)
Chng ta hc phi bit c rng m ny c cu to nh no (mc s ng), bit cu to mc n gin.
A: m ming rng v y khng kh ra, m ny phi l m sau.
U: c U di v U ngn, l m trong c hng
Miu t ng tc chng ta cn phi lm.
2. Nhn ng tc ngi thy v bt chic (mechanical drill)
C hc, hon ton l chng ta bt chic.
3. Nhn din (identification)
Nhn din cc m trong li ni ca ngi khc
Ngi thy thng a ra t hoc vi t, ngi hc phi lng nghe xem c m m mnh hc hay khng.
Vd: garden< c 1 m a
-> bi tp luyn nhn din cu
4. Production: sn sinh ra m
Sau khi c kin thc v m , bt chic m , nhn din c m -> phi sn sinh ra c m .
Pht c m -> pht trong cc tnh hung khc nhau (hi thoi 2 ngi<etc).
=> Xy dng s hiu bit v m luyn c hc nhn din m trong li ni sn sinh li ni.
* Hnh thang nguyn m ca ting Anh


m trc: bn tri; m sau: bn phi; m gia: gia
Nguyn m ting Anh: nhng m trc h c gn ging m ting Vit; chng ta cn quan tm s ngn di, i: di v i ngn c th
lm thay i ngha ca t (sheep ship); e; @e. Cc m sau: rt khc m ting Vit: u: hay o<.. u khc m ting Vit; Hu ht cc m
ng sau phi trn mi: A ting Vit bt hn so vi A ting Anh; m ca n khc nhau => phn tch thy s khc bit. im cui
cng v nguyn m, nhiu bn mi hc cho rng nguyn m i l do 2 m ghp li vi nhau< nhng khng phi, 2 m khng bnh
ng, m trc l 1 m nguyn bn, m sau nh hng khp li m trc. Nguyn m i: m u nguyn bn, m 2 nh hng khp
m 1.
* Ph m ting Anh: phc tp hn nguyn m ting Anh rt nhiu.

Mt s ph m ging ting Vit; Phn ln ph m khng ging ting Vit; D ging ting Vit my i na th n vn c im khc,
m ting V thng ch ng ng trc th c pht m r cn m cui m ra, khng c pht m m ra m pht m khp li.
Cn ting Anh c th: xt di gc t, phn ln nhng m no ng u t th cng ng cui t c v pht m nh nhau
(cha ni n khi ghp vo cu, th n c th thay i).
c th th 2: ph m ting Anh thng c cp i, 1 ng hu thanh, 1 ng v thanh vd: /p/ C hng khng rung
C 3 ph m c th: n c hin tng bt hi /p/-> khng bt hi nhng/p/~ c bt hi, Kt, Gd.
* 6 nguyn tc trng m ting Anh:
Phng php t trng m: Ln va phi, ng t ngt ln cao qu hoc xung thp qu, iu ny nh hng n cc m khc khi
luyn m, chng ta ln xung m mt cht v lu v trng m tng phn.
1. T c 2 m tit, m th nht c trng m: butter, pretty<
2. C t hai m tit trng m ri vo m tit th 2, chng ta phi hc thuc long 1 s t thng dng nh begin, produce<. Tin t
khng c trng m.
3. Nhng t tn cng bng ic, ion th trng m ri vo m tit trc n: realistic, solution, education 4 m tit ri vo ca.
4. Nu tn cng bng cy, ty<. Th trng m ri vo m tit th 3 tnh t bn phi sang: democracy, reliability..
5. Ni chung, nhng t c t 3 m tit tr ln, trng m ri vo m tit th 3 tnh t bn phi sang: economy<
6. Nhng t ghp (compound), trng m ri vo b phn th nht ca t ghp greenhouse, blackbird<. Nu l tnh t th li ri
vo m tit th 2 bad-tempered (mt ngi hay c tnh cu knh), old-fashioned (thi trang c)<
Bi tp:
Bi 1: money, reason, permit, product, present, machine, village, window, water
Bi 2: ENGlish, SCIence, PHYsics, LANguage, staTIStics, comPUter, reACtion, linGUIStics, inforMAtion, regisTRAtion.
Bi 3: calculation, solution, relation, decsion, distribution, association, reaction, televison, operation.
Bi 4: biology, geography, photography, technology, biological, geographical, photographical, technological, policy, university,
society, electricity, political, managerial, sociological, electical.




Nng cao vn t vng 2500 t
* T vng:
- Nhng t ring l, ngha ring l.
- Kt hp t (collocation)
- Cm ng t (VP)
* T ring l:
- Quan trng
- Ngha tng ng
- Ngha vn cnh
* Nhng t c bn
- Cn s lng nht nh no
- Nhng t c tn s xut hin cao.
200 400 1000 2000 2500 3000
- Ti thiu: 2000 n 2500 t
=> Phi c phng php hc tng vn t vng mt cch t nhin, bn vng.
* S kt hp t, thnh ng:
- Ngha t k hp = ngha ca cc thnh t cng li.
- Ngha t kt hp # ngha ca cc thnh t cng li.
* Nhm ng t: ng t + mt thnh t khc -> rt c bit.
- Nhm ng t khng thnh ng
- Nhm ng t thnh ng
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c => t mi => hiu t mi => hiu ni dung c => vn t.
Vn cnh => ngha ca t => vn t + kh nng suy lun.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Nng cao vn t vng (c bn):
- Bt u bng cc cu chuyn vi s lng t vng c bn, v d 200 t.
- c, nh du t vng mi.
- c xong, c tip, c li.
- c n khi khng cn phi tra t in na => lc , trong u bn c cc t vng .
=> Tng t, cc cp t cao hn ta thy khng cn t vng na.
MC TI THIU CA T VNG C BN L 2500
=> Phng n nh nhng v vui tng vn t vng -> nn lm theo cch ny.
=> cch tng vn t vng ht sc thoi mi.
* S t vng
- Khng cn thit, khng nn.
- Ghi nhng g n tng, l nht v cn thit nht.
* Nng cao vn t vng (bc cao):
- Lin quan ti/vn dng vn cnh (context).
- Dng context on t mi.
=> mt t hon ton mi vi chng ta nhng da vo vn cnh n xut hin th chng ta c th on c t => mt phng thc ln,
c hiu qu nng cao vn t => c hng ngy v sch luyn k nng ny.
Bc 1: Nhn din t.
Bc 2: tm ra ngha ca t qua vn cnh nh -> yu cu: nhng t vng c bn phi bit.
Bc 3: tm ra nh ngha ca t -> s dng chnh xc -> cng c ngha ca t.
Bc 4: Final check : kim tra kh nng ghi nh v s dng t vng ca mnh.


Luyn c:
c hc: hc t, hc ni dung, hc vn ha, hc mu cu, kin thc chnh tr-x hi
* Cc bc c:
1. c lt t u n cui mt lt chng ta nm bt c ch ca bi c l g? c tht nhanh, khng c dng v bt c
l do g?
2. c v gch di nhng t mi, c gng cung cp cho chng ta nhng ng liu bc vo c hiu.
3. X l t mi nh th no? on nhng t m ghp li vi nhau! Tra trong t in! Tm hiu nhng t lin quan ti nhng hin
tng vn ha Anh.
4. c t u cho n cui 1 lt. c vi tc trung bnh, khng cn c nhanh. Nm c ni dung ton b bi, tc l, nhng
chnh ca bi (main ideals).
5. Chng ta c li tng on ly chnh ca tng on.
6. c li tng on ly nhng chi tit, nhng ph ( minh ha, lm r cho chnh).
7. c ly c nhng thng tin m chng ta cn n (m t lc c chng ta cha cp ti wanted information).
=> c i, c li nhiu ln (c c bi, c tng on) => khai thc c ht chi tit ca bi => hiu bit mt bi c
=> Hon thnh nhim v c hiu.
* Ch -> chnh bi -> chnh on -> chnh h tr.
* Tm hiu ngha t: on t/tra t/vn ha ca t<
* c lt nhanh nht mc c th vi kh nng ca bn, khng dng bt c dng no, t no?
250 t = 30s l va = 60s l chm.
700 t = xx giy.
* T mi, mu cu mi: gch, t sng.
* X l t: phn on, tra t / vn ha<
* Tra t:
- Khng nn dng A-V (hn ch<)
- Nn dng A A
+ Pht trin kh nng on t thng qua nh ngha.
+ Gip hiu chnh xc hn v t .
+ Trnh hiu nhm t ting Anh do b ngha ting Vit chi phi.
- Lu c im vn ha ca mt s t, nhng ni dung vn ha m t bao hm.
* Lu :
- Mun c hiu tt mt bi hc phi bit hu ht cc t, cng lm trong mt bi c ch mt vi t cha bit m thi.
- Thc hin lin tc, hng ngy. Tc ngy cng tng.
- Tuyt i khng s dng bin php dch t ting Anh sang ting Vit. S dng t in ting Vit c nhiu iu hi n nng lc xy
dng c hiu ca chng ta (tt nhin, trnh phi t mc t vng c bn).
* Dch:
- Dch l mt ngh. T ting Vit tng ng nhiu khi gy nhng hiu lm nghim trng.
- Dng 7 k thut tp trung ly c cc m chng ta c, tuyt i khng thng qua con ng dch.



Luyn vit
* Mc ch: c mt hnh nh v bi vit tng i chun.
* Cc yu t luyn vit tt:
1. Vn t vng: rt quan trng.
- Vn t th ng: vn t c c do tch ly, xut hin khi c s gi nh r rng -> cng nhiu cng tt.
- Vn t tch cc: khi vit, ni dng vn t ny; khi ni, vit phi lm cho t ny ra -> vn t ny phi ln th mi ni v vit c
tt.
2. B cc, cch thc t chc bi vit:
- M : tuyn b, ni dung trnh by.
- Thn bi: nhng vn trong m c lm r.
- Kt lun: khng cn tm lc nhng vn ni m cp ti cm xc v vn /tng lai ca vn /kh khn ca vn
nh th no<
3. Li t duy cht ch: sp xp logic, khng tha, khng thiu.
* Lm dn bi:
- Trong u
- Lm trc khi vit:
+ trc khi vit cn c ti liu trc.
+ c + ghi chp
+ trnh c vic b d i tm sch ri chp khi ang vit -> hn ch trong mch bi vit.


T hc c im g cn lu ?
Chung:
- Khng c hp tp, nng vi m phi kin nhn: dnh nhiu thi gian vi mc u n hc ting Anh; lin tc luyn tp
nhng g hc, c, cng c nhiu ln cng tt; tn dng ti a thi gian (c nhanh, g nhanh, ghi nhanh<).
- ng lc mnh m: cng vic, hiu bit, hng th. Chun b k cng v lu di.
- S dng tt ngoi ng, th hin qua 4 k nng: nghe-ni-c-vit.
- Lun t thc tnh khi hc, khi tham gia 1 tin trnh no .
- Lm ng nhng ci n gin nht, nh nht (mt khi khng th lm ng nhng th cn bn nht th kh c th lm ng nhng th
phc tp hn).
- T vng -> Vn phm -> Dch cu -> Phn tch cu -> Luyn xp t -> Luyn nghe -> Vit li cu nghe c -> Lm bi kho st ->
Luyn ni.
- C nhn ha: Tp trung ng php-c -> Tp trung nghe-ni -> Lm bi kim tra.

Vi tng k nng:
c: Cn bit ng php (cch rp thnh cu hon chnh, ngi bn x thy quen v hiu c), t vng v thc hnh c sch, bo, ti
liu lin tc. K nng c cng nh nghe, iu quan trng l nhng thng tin m bn nm bt c t bi c , chnh v vy, cn ch
vo k nng c lt v tm i ca on vn; Sau khi hiu c ni dung ca on vn, bn bt u tm nhng t vng mi, cu
trc mi m mnh cha bit, dch ngha v ghi chp li. Mt t vng c th c rt nhiu ngha, nn bn cn phi linh hot tm ra ngha
thch hp ca t y trong on vn; Chn lc nhng bi vit ph hp vi trnh ca bn (khi mi hc, nn chn nhng on vn ngn,
ni v cc ti ph bin. Sau th tng dn di cng nh s phc tp ca on vn. Cc ti cng phong ph cng tt, tuy
nhin, bn c th chn nhng ti ph hp vi s thch c nhn; ngun ti liu cho vic luyn tp k nng c cng rt a dng. bn c
th tm c cc cu chuyn song ng (khi mi bt u), nhng tp ch, bo, thm ch truyn tranh, li bi ht<).
Vit: Khi vng v t vng cng nh ng php cn bn, bn c th luyn tp k nng vit. K nng vit bng ting Anh cng khng
khc g ting Vit, ch khc nhau cch sp xp v tr cu, t<cn ngha th vn nh nhau. Bn khng cn phi bi ri khi vit mt
on vn bng ting Anh. Bn ch cn suy ngh ni dung chnh, sp xp v vit theo dn bi y. Bt u bng nhng on vn ngn,
bn hy tp ghi nht k bng ting Anh, k li nhng vic bn lm trong ngy, nhng suy ngh, cm xc ca bn. Ng php ch cn
ngn gn, n gin m bo s chnh xc. T vng tu theo vn t vng ca bn, nu khng bit t g, bn tra t in v ghi ch li
t y; Sau khi vit mt on vn xong, hy c li kim tra cc li ng php, t vng nu c v ghi ch li; Tp vit cc on vn
theo cc hnh thc khc nhau: trnh trng (th, n t, bi lun<) v thn mt (th gi bn, mu i thoi, truyn k<); Tham gia vo
c din n hc ting Anh v post bi vit ca mnh ln mi ngi cng gp , nhn xt, sa li. Bn c th hc t mt sch m
thoi song ng. C gng hc thuc lng cc cu ting Anh tng t vi cc cu ting Vit. K , che cu ting Vit ri c gng dch ra
ting Anh. Lm i lm li nhiu ln cho n khi khng cn li no. Ni chung khi thy cu ting Anh no hay trong sch hay trn bo
ch, hy hc thuc lng ri t tr bi bng cch vit li nguyn cu y.
Nghe: Nghe l mt k nng ht sc quan trng trong giao tip vi bt k ngn ng no. nghe tt, iu tt yu l phi nghe nhiu. C
gng to ra mi trng ting Anh cho chnh mnh. Bn luyn tp bng cch nghe ting Anh, nghe 1 bi, nghe i nghe li v lp li theo
bi vi ln xem c hiu thm khng. Khi nghe&xem, bn ch lng nghe cch sp xp t, cch s dng ngn ng ty theo hon cnh
nh th no, nghe cc ch khc nhau trau di kin thc ph thng v vn t vng< Bn c th nghe mt chng trnh v khoa
hc, i sng, th thao, cuc sng hoang d, lch s, a l, du lch< ti cng phong ph cng tt. Tuy nhin, bn cng nn chn
nhng ti m mnh quan tm, yu thch trnh s nhm chn. Thng thng, nu c ch no mc du bn s bit nu ngi ta
vit n xung nhng nhn khng ra khi nghe trn radio, l v bn pht m ch khng ng. Mt trong nhng l do khin bn
thy kh bt kp mt cu ni ca ngi ni ting Anh l v trong khi ngi ta ni cha dt cu th bn tm cch t cu tr li.
Trong lc phn vn y, bn khng th tp trung t tng lng nghe ngi ta ni g. By gi v bn hc vit rt k, nn bn s
khng lo ngi gp kh khn g khi t mt cu ting Anh tr li. Do bn c th tp trung t tng hon ton lng nghe ngi
ta ni. Ngoi ra c khi ngi ta pht m rp hai ba ch vi nhau, bn khng cn phi tm cch phn tch ra tng ch mt. Ch cn bit
h ngi ta pht m nh th l c ngha g. Mc ch ca k nng nghe l nm bt thng tin v ni dung ca bi nghe. Chnh v vy,
trong lc nghe, bn nn gi tinh thn th gin, thoi mi, ng qu cng thng, ng t p mnh phi nghe r tng cu, tng ch. Nu
khng nghe kp th bn c bnh tnh v c gng bt nhp li vi bi nghe.
Ni: ta ni d l v vit d, pht m khng ng v nht ni v bn c ni v pht m chun th nghe mi chnh xc c. Nay vit
kh ri, ch cn hc pht m ng v ng nht nht, xu h khi thc hnh vic ni. Hc ni nh tr em hc ni. Bn hc cc m c bn,
cc t th hin cc m c bn. Bn cn hc cch c h thng phin m v cch nhn bit du nhn, t da vo t in pht m
chun cc t vng mi, vic ny rt quan trng v mt khi bn pht m sai s rt kh sa. Bn hy tp ni mt mnh,tng tng trong
mt vn cnh no , hay ang ngi ni chuyn vi ai v mt ti no . Hi thoi vi bn b bng ngoi ng, cn ni ng v ni
to. Bn cng nn thng xuyn tp suy ngh trong u bng ngoi ng v nhng s vic m bn nh ni n. Trong khi lng nghe tin
tc trn radio hay TV bn hy ni theo pht ngn vin mc du nhiu khi khng hiu mnh ni g. l cch lm cho li bn do. Bn
s ngc nhin v khm ph rng cch pht m ca nhiu ch Anh khng c m/ting ng ng trong ting Vit. Ta hc ngoi ng
khi trng thnh nn thng c khuynh hng dng mt ting m pht m tng t dng cho ting Anh. u khng nn.
C hc pht m nh con vt, tc l ta nh con nt bn x, nghe ngi bn x pht m lm sao mnh c lp li y nh vy. Hy thu m
nhng g bn c, ni, ri nghe li nhn bit cch pht m ca mnh chun hay cha; c gng vn dng cc t vng, thnh
ng, ng php mi hc vo cuc tr chuyn, vic ny s gip bn nh nhanh v lu hn; tham gia vo cc cu lc b ting Anh hay hc
nhm, trao i cng bn b; khng ngi sai, mnh dn ni ln nhng g bn ngh. K nng ni lun i lin vi nghe, v vy nu gp kh
khn trong vic din t suy ngh, bn hy gii thch theo cch ngh ca bn, chnh ngi nghe c th gip bn v bn cng c th hc
c cch x l tnh hung mt cch kho lo hn.Tr li sch m thoi song ng, bn ghi m li mt s cu ch Anh thc tp. Sau
, che cu ting Vit v thc tp ni cu ting Anh mt cch t nhin. Chng bao lu bn s t tin l mnh c th ni lu lot mt s cu
ting Anh thng dng hng ngy v hu ht cc tnh hung ni khc. Khi bn pht m ng v ni gii, t ng kh nng nghe ca
bn s tng tin.

- Phng php thm cho cc k nng:
+ Ngh g vit ny c mt bi tp th ny: hy vit y mt trang giy tt c nhng g bn ang ngh trong u bng ting Anh. C
dng suy ngh ang chy trong u c hin th ht ln trang giy. Thm ch, nu vit sai mt t v nh phn ng t nhin, bn s
ngh ngay trong u rng: "Thi cht, mnh vit sai t ny ri!" th ng dng li sa m hy vit cu bn va ngh ln giy. Phng
php "Ngh g vit ny" ny c 2 li ch: mt l gip bn k nng vit ting Anh nhanh, ngh n u vit n nh qun tnh c sn,
khng phi nn c suy ngh; hai l gip tp thi quen suy ngh bng ting Anh.
+ Phng php rn luyn k nng suy ngh bng ngoi ng: Suy ngh bng ngoi ng l nng lc hnh dung c ngoi ng trong
u m khng phi tri qua giai on dch sang ting m . Khng c kh nng ny, ngi hc phi chuyn t ting nc ngoi sang
ting m mi hiu, ri mi c nim tr li bng ting m , sau li dch ra ngoi ng tr li. Vic chm, v lc giao tip th
khng lu lot. Tng t vi c v vit, s gim tc nhiu nu khng suy ngh c bng ngoi ng. Nu bn suy ngh bng ting
Vit ri vit hay ni bng ting Anh th s mt thi gian v cng sc dch iu ra ting Anh. Cha k bn cn phi suy ngh xem
dch nh vy ng cha. Chi bng tp suy ngh bng ting Anh tit kim khon thi gian ng k cng vi vic ting Anh s t
ng tun ra khi bn vit hay ni m khng gp my tr ngi. Bi vy sau y l mt s phng php chnh: Khi hc cc t c gng
lin tng ,gn ch vit,m thanh ca t vi hnh dng ca vt, khi nim, lin tng cu vi vn cnh; Hy chp nhn cch din t
ca ngi bn ng; Mt hnh ng li ni c lp i lp li nhiu ln d khc su v hnh thnh phn x c iu kin; Tc
nhanh ngi c khng c thi gian dch ra ting m .V d : c hiu mt bi kho u tin l 2 pht, sau gim dn xung cn 30
giy hay t hn; Nu c iu kin, tham gia cc hi ngh, CLB ni chuyn vi ngi nc ngoi,c sch bo, xem phim bng ngoi
ng, lt cc trang web b ch ca nc ngoi.
+ Tp t cu vi cc t mi Sau khi hc c mt t vng mi, cch nhanh nht nh ngha t l tp t cu vi n, thm ch
vit mt on vn trong c t mi bit. Li ch ca phng php ny l gip bn "khc ghi" t mi vo u bng cch vn dng n
vo thc t ch khng hc thuc lng.
+ Mun hoc ngoi ng c hiu qu, phi to c vng ngoi ng trong no: lc hc, ch c ngh v ni bng ngoi ng ch ng
c ch trung khu ting m . C nh vy,mi to lp c mt vng ngoi ng n nh, mnh , khng b trung khu ting m
c ch hoc xo b. Phi lp i lp li nhiu ln trong mt thi gian nht nh.Chng hn sng nay bn hc c mt cu mi, nhm vi
ln,chiu li nhc li, sng hm sau li nhc li mt ln na. Khi ni phi suy ngh bng ngoi ng,nht thit khng c ngh ting m
ri dch ra ngoi ng trong c. Cng lc mt nhn, ming ni, tai nghe, tay vit ra cu t ang hc. Khi hc lc u phi c to v r
nh cuc ku nhng chm ri, sau phi c nh dn v nhanh dn ri n cc nhanh, ri n mc ch c trong c m thi. Khi
bn ni c nhanh (d cha hon ton chun xc), phn ng nhanh vi tnh hung gn nh ngi bn a, ngha l c c mt
vng ngoi ng n nh trong v no, th vic duy tr n khng tn nhiu cng sc na. V nh vng ngoi ng ny m bn c th hc
thm nhiu ngoi ng na thun li hn nhiu.
+ Hc ngoi ng gn ging nh tr em hc ni: hc ngoi ng phi bt chc l chnh, bt chc cng ging cng tt.
+ Khi hc chn nn thay i phng php v hnh thc hc.Thng xuyn s dng mt phng php rt d khin cho chng ta cm
thy n iu nhm chn v mt mi, nhng ngi c ngh lc cng khng ngoi l. Nu thng xuyn thay i phng thc hc
chng hn nh chuyn i t c qua nghe t vit qua hi thoi, xem bng hnh... nh th s khin cho ngi hc c cm nhn mi m,
d dng tip thu tri thc.
+ Khng thot ly ng cnh. i vi thanh thiu nin, tr nh mang tnh my mc tng i cao, i vi ngi trng thnh, tr nh
mang tnh l gii cao. Ch c nhng vn c hiu mi c th cm th mt cch su sc, mi ghi nh c. Lin h vi ng cnh
chnh l nhn mnh phng php hiu qu ca s ghi nh mang tnh l gii.
+ C gng dch thm nhng th bn tip xc, chng hn nh qung co, cu ch gp ngu nhin. Dch thm nhng th bn tip xc, c li
cho vic m rng tri thc nng cao kh nng phn ng nhanh, khin cho bn thn c th nhanh chng ly t cu, c php t trung khu
i no, pht hin thy khng th lp tc b sung.
+ Ch c nhng ci c thy gio sa cha mi ng ghi nh k, ngha l cn phi ghi nh nhng ci c khng nh l ng.
Hc ngoi ng, khng ch nm bt nhng kin thc ng trong gio trnh, m cn phi thng qua gio trnh phn din hc c cch
trnh phm li. Cho nn ngoi vic hc tp nhng kin thc c thy gio hiu chnh ra, cn phi xem thm mt s sch ging gii
v li thng gp.
+ Hc ngoi ng, cn phi phi hp t nhiu phng din: c bo, tp ch, sc tham kho, nghe i, xem bng, tham d cc bui m
thot
+ Phi mnh dn tp ni, khng s sai. Cn phi nh ngi khc sa li, khng s xu h, khng nht ch. Thng xuyn vit v hc
thuc nhng m hnh cu thng dng.
+ Hc ngoi ng khng nn \"v a c nm\", nn nm nhng im ct li. Nhn t kt cu ca ngoi ng, nm c nhng cu trc
cu thng dng l rt quan trng. Trong cu thng c t, ng php c php v tp qun. Cn phi t tin kin nh mc ch nh,
s kin nhn s to ra ngh lc phi thng v ti nng hc ngoi ng.
+ Mt nh t tng M tng ni: "T tin l b quyt quan trng u tin ca s thng li" Nu bn khng tin l bn thn s hc tt ngoi
ng, th chc chn bn khng bao gi hc gii c, v tt nht l t b, khi bt u hc ngoi ng th phi tin tng bn thn c ngh
lc, tin rng s ghi nh c v nht nh s thnh cng...
+ Dont overstudy. Trying to study too much in one session will lower your ability to remember new things. The brain can only
remember so many items at once, and everyones brain is different. For example, some people can remember over 50 new words a week,
while others remember only 3-4. When you feel youve had enough, stop and take a break give your brain a rest. If you have been
studying for many years, take a break from your studies for a week or two. When you return to your studies you will find that you can
remember much more than before. Never study more than 3-4 times a week For example, study one day and rest the next.
ng c sc hc qu nhiu: Hc qu nhiu trong cng mt lc s lm gim kh nng ghi nh cc vn n mi ca bn. Khi no ca
bn chi c th ghi nh mt s lng kin thc nht nh trong cng mt lc, v mi ngi c cu to khi no khc nhau. V d, mt s
ngi c th ghi nh hn 50 t trong mt tun, trong khi nhng ngi khc c th ch c 3, 4 t. Khi bn cm thy bn hc , tm
dng v ngh ngi cho no bn c ngh ngi. Nu bn hc lin tc vi nm, hy dnh 1, 2 tun ngh ngi. Khi bn tr li hc tip, bn
s nhn ra bn cn nh nhng g bn hc hn c lc trc. ng bao gi hc nhiu hn 3, 4 ln mt tun- v d: hc mt ngy v ngh
ngi ngy tip theo.
+ Improve your memory: The brain is like a muscle. It needs exercise or it will lose its ability to process and store information. Set a
regular study time for yourself (just like if you were going to the gym every other day) and keep to your schedule. Your body clock will
prepare the brain for study if it becomes use to this schedule. If you are having trouble remembering, connect new words with things
you (or others) already have or know. (For example, I have a wall clock, a calendar and a desk at home, but I dont have a TV. My sister
has a TV, but she doesnt have a cellphone. 5 new nouns of real things I already know about in my life.)
Nng cao b nh ca bn: B no bn nh l c bp vy. N cn c luyn tp thng xuyn, nu khng n s mt i kh nng tip
nhn v lu tr thng tin. t ra mt thi gian hc tp nht nh( ging nh vic bn n sn tp th hnh mi ngy), v gi ng lch
hc. ng h sinh hc trong bn s chun b b no ca bn hc khi n thch nghi vi ci lch mi. Nu bn gp kh khn trong
vic ghi nh t no , c lin kt n vi hnh nh, vt th m bn hay ai u bit. (V d, ti c mt ci ng h treo tng, lch
v bn lm vic nh, nhng ti khng c TV. Ch gi ti c TV, nhng ch gi ti khng c in thoi cm tay- 5 t mi v nhng vt
th ti bit r trong cuc sng.)
+ Repeat new words out loud, until you are sure of your pronunciation. If possible, record yourself speaking and then listen to it, while
comparing it to your foreign teachers voice. (Ask your teacher for pronunciation help as often as you need.)
c to t mi: Cho n khi bn r cch pht m, v nu c th, ghi m bn ni chuyn, v nghe li ni, trong khi so snh vi ging ca
gio vin nc ngoi ca bn. (Nh gio vin ca bn hng dn cch pht m khi no bn cn).
+ Syllable stress: Break down words into syllables and remember that each word has only one syllable which is stressed Remember basic
rules for stress.
m cn nhn mnh: Tch t ra thnh tng m ring, v ghi nh rng tng t ch c mt m cn nhn mnh. Nh nhng quy nh c
bn trong vic nhn mnh.
+ Nouns: Find new vocabulary items in your environment. Use the foreign vocabulary to talk about them, not your native language.
(Seeing/knowing something real will help improve learning and memory. See #2 above.)
Danh t: Tm cc t mi trong mi trng hng ngy. S dng vn t vng nc ngoi ni v chng, ng dng ting m . (nhn/
v bit nhng vt th tht s gip nng cao kh nng hc tp v ghi nh)
+ Verbs: If your new vocabulary word is a verb, try to imagine yourself (and others) doing that action. Try making new sentences using
yourself, your friend(s), family, and/or groups of people using the new verb. (For example: I swim, he swims, they swim, we
swim etc.). When you have accomplished that, try to use three forms of the verb tense. (For example I eat, I ate, I have eaten.)
Verbs: Nu t vng mi l mt ng t, c tng tng chnh bn (hay ngi khc) ang thc hin hnh nh . C gng t cu
trong bn, bn ca bn, gia nh hoc mt nhm ngi, s dng ng t . (v d: I swim, he swims, they swim:<)Sau khi
bn lm th, c gng s dng 3 dng thi ca ng t : (I eat, I ate, I have eaten)
+ Adjectives: If your new vocabulary word is an adjective, use your word knowledge to connect with nouns and make sentences,
describing those items. For example: a shiny black wooden table, a beautiful gold watch, an expensive Nokia cellphone. Practice
this step with # above. (Remember that not all adjectives fit with all nouns.)
Tnh t: Nu t vng mi l tnh t, s dng nhng hiu bit ca bn v t vng lin kt chng vi danh t tp thnh cu hon
chnh, nhm miu t vt th. V d: Ci bn g en bng; ng h vng tuyt p; mt ci in thoi Nokia t tin. Luyn tp bc ny
vi bc #.
+ Grammar: Remember grammar structure - (subject + verb + object). Try to remember where certain words go, i.e., adjectives go before
the noun, the verb to be goes after the subject, etc.
Ng php: Ghi nh cu trc ng php (danh t- ng t- trng t). C ghi nh dng t v v tr ca n trong cu, v d: tnh t sau
danh t, ng t to be i sau ch ng<
+ Make notes in class: Keep a class notebook. The teacher will usually write a grammar or pronunciation point down on the board for
you. You should keep a record of what each class is about. Copying the class whiteboard to paper is one way to remember exactly what
you studied, and its easier to review later.
Ghi li: trong lp, cn c v vit. Gio vin thng s vit ra ng php hay nhng im cn nhn mnh trong pht m ln bng. Bn cn
ghi li nhng g bn hc c cc bui ln lp. ng thi, vic chp li nhng g trn bng en vo v vit cng l mt cch nh li
chnh xc nhng g bn hc, ng thi bn cng c th xem li d dng hn
+ Keep a pocket notebook with you wherever you go. When you see something that you havent studied yet, write it down (in your
language). When you get home, look-it up in the dictionary (always use more than one) and write the meaning down (in English) next to
your native word. By using these visual and writing skills it will help you in the learning process and prevent spelling errors.
Gi mt quyn s tay con cng bn. Khi bn gp mt t mi bn cha bit, ghi li n (bng ting m ), v nh, tra t trong t in (rt
quan trng), ghi li ngha t mi (bng ting Anh bn cnh t ting Vit). S dng hnh nh v k nng vit s gip bn trong qu trnh
hc v hn ch nhng li pht m.


Tham kho kinh nghim cho k thi TOEFL iBT
Bn khng nn nhn TOEFL test ch nh l mt yu cu c chp nhn nhp hc m hy coi n nh s nh gi v kh nng giao
tip ca bn. Bn hc TOEFL v l iu khng nh bn c th theo hc tt trong mi trng ting Anh. Bn th tng tng ngi
trong mt lp hc m bn khng th hiu c thy c ni g v bn b xung quanh mnh ni g th c nn du hc khng? Hy hc v
trnh ting Anh ca bn trc tin v sau im cao trong k thi s n vi bn.
Mun t im cao trong k thi H th bn phi hc theo chng trnh thy c ging dy lp. i vi TOEFL cng vy, nhng
gi y khng c thy c no a ra chng trnh cho bn m chnh bn phi tm hiu v ln cng cho mnh. TOEFL dng test
kh nng giao tip ca bn trong mi trng H. Chnh v l nu bn s thy cc bi nghe s thng xoay quanh cc vn hc
tp, trng lp.
Nh vy, v c bn hon thnh test c im cao th cch lm ng nht l tp trung nng cao kh nng giao tip ca bn. K nng
thc hnh test hay lm test ch nn c cp n sau khi bn c th giao tip vng tin bng ting Anh. K nng lm test ch c tc
dng tng i kh khi trnh ca bn tng i thp.
V d: Nu hai ngi c cng kh nng giao tip th ngi khng c k nng lm TOEFL test s t 500 im, nhng vi ngi c k
nng lm bi th c th t n 550 im. Tuy nhin, s chnh lch ny s khng cn nhiu khi m trnh c nng ln.
Bn s nghe rt nhiu ngi i hc luyn TOEFL ni rng t 500 n 550 th nhanh nhng t 550 n 580 th li khng n gin cht
no. iu ny cng d hiu v t 550 n 580 l trnh--ting-Anh ca bn phi c nng cao ln mt bc, trong khi t 500 n 550 ch
l trnh--lm-test ca bn c nng cao ln mt bc.
***
iu u tin mnh lm l hc vit. Ngy no cng vit, vit theo cc ch trong quyn Essay m em mnh cho. Ln u tin vit ht
hn 5 ting mi xong mt essay, cu c lng cng v rt di. Nhng cng vit nhiu th cng quen tay v quen cch suy ngh, nn vit
cng ngy cng nhanh.
KHI LUYN TP NH PHI TP VIT LUN TRN VI TNH. L do l cch t duy khi bn vit trn giy khc vi cch t duy khi
bn vit trn my tnh. Bn phi lm quen vi cch vit ny, khng b ngp khi thi tht
VIT U HNG NGY. Mnh khng vit nhiu, mi ngy ch khong 3 bi thi. Nhng 3 bi l 3 ch khng lin quan n nhau
phm vi suy ngh ca mnh c th tip xc vi nhiu vn . Nh th th c kh nng mnh gp li mt vn quen thuc trong bi thi
tht. Sau vi ngy th c th tm mt ch no kh gn vi ch vit check li xem mnh c phn x c nhanh hn khng. V
mnh khng c thi gian nhiu nn mnh tn dng thm mt c hi l ly bi ngu nhin v tp ch gch ra chnh thi. Ging nh
tp lm vn VN, vch ra gin bi c l coi nh thnh cng mt na.
Tm cho mnh mt ngi thy gii. Ngi thy s c bi vit ca bn, sa li sai cho bn, a ra nhng cm t hay v nhng gi tt.
C th discuss lun topic vi thy, ch cn 2 ting hc th bn c th gii quyt c c chc topic khc nhau vi s gip ca thy, m
trong cng mt lc kh nng ni ca bn cng c rn luyn lin tc.
LC GIN CU Phng chm l: Simplicity is the best polic y l nhng g cn thit cho bi Essay. Lin quan n integrated
essay. Theo mnh tt hn ht l mnh nn dng sn mt vi mu cho mnh, khi vo bi thi tht l mnh ch phi ghp ci khung dng
sn vo ni dung bi text v bi listening thi. Nh th tit kim c nhiu thi gian v bn s khng mt cho bi vit. VCH
SN RA GIY NHP 3 GCH U DNG POINT 1, POINT 2, POINT 3. Khi c bi text bn in 3 vo 3 points ny. Lc nghe bn
cng ghi chp li 3 points ca bi lecture vo lun. Nh th khi vit essay s khng mt , m li c details ca bi reading support
hoc l argue vi bi lecture lun. y l cch bm st nht bi. Cc bn tm c sch ca Princeton Review xem vi mu m sch
ny a ra. Rt b ch v hu dng. Princeton Review cn a ra cc mu cho bi ni na, cng rt tt v ph hp vi bi thi tht.
V SCH: Mnh khng c nhiu thi gian nn mnh ch dng s qua cc sch thi. Tuy nhin mnh c mt vi kin:NU BN
KHNG C NHIU THI GIAN TH BN NN DNG CC PHN MM EBOOK HC LUN. QUEN VI FORMAT CA
BI THI THT. Khng cn dng sch in trn giy na. - Longman: phn c kh hay. Kh hn ca Delta key v hp vi thc t thi hn.
Nn dng phn c ca sch ny. Cc phn khc mnh lt qua thy khng hay . - Delta key (rt tic l khng c ebook): phn nghe kh.
Nu bn nghe c Delta key tt th chuyn nghe bi thi tht khng cn vn g na. Phn ni ca Delta key c my ch ngy
xa c trn bi thi tht hay sao y, nhng m ni chung l st vi thc t. Phn vit mnh khng bit v khng kp gi n. - Barron: Sch
kh. Vi Barron th nn dng phn c v nghe. Mt cch rn luyn rt tt. - Sch luyn thi ca ETS: tham kho cho bi ni v bi vit . -
The Princeton Review: cc mu c vch sn cho bi vit intergrated task v cc bi ni.
V sch luyn TOEFL em thy th ny: Ch nn luyn mt quyn cho tht chc ri hy chuyn sang quyn khc, dng nhiu sch qu s
lon. Nu im TOEFL <550 (im test th ca cc bc) th nn luyn theo sch ca Barron's, cn nu >550 th luyn Cambridge v Toefl
Success ca Peterson's. V Writing th dng quyn ca Barron's CBT Essays (ci ny l theo hng dn ca thy em v em thy l ng).
Quyn Cliff th bi nghe khng ging thi tht lm v thy cng bo l bn M h khng dng quyn luyn thi. Theo mnh th
thi TOEFL khng cn phi tm qu nhiu ti liu v TOEFL. Ch cn 1 vi ti liu ta bit c cch thc thi ca TOEFL thi. Cn phn
kin thc th n l c qu trnh. Nhng ai ch hc vi ba thng c im TOEFL cao l do ngi ta chm ch tch ly kin thc qua
cc bi hc nghe, c, vit. Phn Grammar th ta nn c cc sch v ng php (ch khng phi TOEFL). Cn phn reading, chu kh
c nhiu sch bo TA hc thm t vng v c hiu, c th hc c lun cch vit vn ca h (tt cho phn writing). Phn
Listening th theo mnh nn luyn bng cch nghe cc bn tin nh BBC, CNN hay VOA... v xem cc phim ting anh (khng c ph
hay thuyt minh TV). V ngn ng trong l ngn ng hon ton t nhin (tr phim, nhng phim cng yu cu t nhin do cn m t
ng cuc sng thng ngy). Cn cc bn nghe bng ca cc gio trnh th l nhng on bng c thu li, cc situations trong
l ngi ta din ri ghi li, mnh thy n khng c t nhin cho lm.
Ti liu: S c nhiu bn chy cung cung tm v mt ng ti liu, tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian trn mng ch tm ti liu. V cui
cng th cng ch ng n c cha y 20% tng s ti liu m mnh c. Bn ch nn chn 1 hay hai quyn sch v TOEFL v ngi
c v lm ht t A-Z trong nhng quyn th bn hc c nhiu hn l c mi ti liu li chm mt mt cht. Bi v khi bn
ngn c ht c mt cun sch th n bao gm ton b chng trnh thi TOEFL; cn bn c lic bn ny, bn kia th cui cng bn
s chng nm c ton b chng trnh. Bn nn chn mt quyn v TOEFL chung chung (Barron, Cliff...) v quyn cracking TOEFL
ca ETS. Tt nhin l sau khi cy nt hai quyn ny th chng ai cm bn hc thm nhng quyn khc c. Nhng nn hc tng bc
mt chm m chc. Ti liu th hai bn nn c l b thi v bi lun mu TOEFL t cc nm trc.
l phn sch v, nhng hc sch v mi th chn m TOEFL cn l mt k test v giao tip v quan trng hn chnh l trnh
trao i ting Anh ca bn. Khi bn trao i vi ngi nc ngoi, nu bn ni cha c tt th bn c th tm cch din t khc: ni
ngn khng hiu th i ng vng< nhng bn khng th sut ngy bt ngi ta nhc li cu ni c. Do vy trc tin bn nn tp
trung vo k nng nghe v khi bn nghe c hiu c bn s t tin trong giao tip. Bn nghe nhiu s c phn x ni, s quen vi t
v s c im cao trong phn nghe TOEFL...
V BI NI: nn chia theo cc ch person, thing v..v< Vch ra trc cc t mnh s dng vi cc ch y, d cho thi c ra
lt lo th no th mnh vn c th s dng c t nht l mt vi t chung chung y mt cch hiu qa. Cc bn nn tm c bi vit
, trong phn speaking th phi, mnh c v p dung. Trn y l nhng g mnh mun chia s. Mnh cng bit l cha y ,
nhng hi vng c th gip c cc bn iu g . Phn nghe v c hu nh mnh khng luyn, v mnh c sn nn tng ri nn rt
xin li cc bn chng th hin k no c.
Phn x phi tht nhanh tr li phn speaking. Chuyn mnh mnh lo, chuyn ngi khc ng quan tm.
Tp tp trung khi nghe, tp trung tht tp trung. Cc ch listening khng kh, t ng n dng cng khng kh, vn phi tht tp
trung bao qut ht v cu hi ca n l hi v tng th, khng h hi v nhng ci chnh, ci quan trng. Chng cn phi take note, v
ch.
- Nu bn c nh i du hc mi nn hc v thi TOEFL v y l chng trnh nh gi trnh ting Anh hn lm, s dng trong mi
trng hc thut. Nu phc v nhu cu lm vic, hc tp trong nc, bn nn hc v thi ly cc chng ch TOEFL Institutional (cn
gi l TOEFL ni b) hoc TOEIC s ph hp hn
- T hc l chnh: i vi TOEFL, n lc t hc ca bn thn mi ngi ng vai tr quyt nh. Bn cn phi c c kin thc v k
nng, trong k nng rt quan trng. Nu c kin thc tt nhng khng t rn luyn k nng, bn cng s gp kh khn khi lm bi
thi v thi gian thi rt ngn.
Cch hc
Nn chia ra lm hai qu trnh:
- Nng cao trnh ting Anh cho k thi: Bn chun b bc ny bng hai quyn sch nh nu trn v b phim Friends. Nh vy l
qu .
- Nng cao k nng lm test: dng b m bn load
Bn hy chia qu thi gian ca bn theo t l 2-1, v d bn c 6 thng na l n test th bn nn b ra 4 thng nng cao trnh v 2
thng lm test. V phi c gng tiu th ht chng cng vic.
Nng cao trnh
-Nghe: Bn hy bt u vi tp phim u tin ca Friends (20-25 pht episode 1 saison 1). Nu bn thy kh hiu th bt subtitle ban u
ri va nghe va c. Sau bn tra t in nhng t bn cha hiu r, c gng hiu mch cu chuyn ri xem li mt ln na vn vi
subtitle hiu l ti sao ti n li ci ln th kia.
Ln th ba th bn b subtitle i v coi tip hc t. Mi ngy chng 1 ting ri n 2 ting. Sau khi bn kh hn th khng phi xem
n ba ln u. Sau hai thng bn s thy s t tin ca bn v nghe ting Anh c nng cao ng k.
-Cu trc bi thi: ng php th bn hc quyn sch th nht trn.
-Vit: tp vit cc essay trong cc bi essay mu v tham kho bi vit mu nng cao trnh vit.
Nng cao kh nng lm test
- Mi ln hc TOEFL bn dnh ra 30 pht c quyn sch th hai: Cracking TOEFL v 2 ting ri hon thnh mt thi.
- Rt kinh nghim t nhng cu sai v c gng p dng nhng phng php trong quyn cracking vo trong cch lm bi ca bn, n s
gip bn nng cao im s ca bn.
K thi TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) do Vin ETS (Educational Testing Service), Hoa K, t chc trn khp th gii.
TOEFL iBT (Internet- Based Test) l dng thi TOEFL hin i nht m cc nc, trong c Vit Nam, ang p dng. Ton b qu trnh
lm bi cng nh chm bi u qua mng Internet.
K thi TOEFL iBT gm 4 mn: Reading (c), Listening (Nghe), Speaking (Ni), Writing (Vit).
* Mn c thi c t 3 n 5 bi c, mi bi khong 700 t, vi nhiu dng cu hi khc nhau, ph bin nht l: xc nh chnh ca
bi vn, chnh ca cc on vn; tm thng tin c th trong bi c; in thm t, cu vo bi c; sp xp li chnh; chn cch din
t khc v cng mt vn ... p ng nhng yu cu , th sinh phi nm chnh ca bi. Bn cn nh rng ngi phng Ty
thng vit vn theo li din dch, trn c 2 cp : ton b vn bn v trong tng on vn. V vy, trong bi c, thng thng, on
vn u tin l on vn cho bit chnh ca bi. Cc on vn tip theo s khai trin nhng chnh . cp on vn, cu ch
on thng c vit trc, sau l cc ph nhm lm r chnh. V vy, bn nn rn k nng d on, suy lun tm ra chnh
ca on vn, bi vn. Chng hn, khi c cu: Mt s ngi mc phi chng lo u qu ng, bn hy suy lun: th no l lo u qu
ng? nhng ai thng mc phi hi chng ny? hi chng ny biu hin ra sao? cch tr liu?... Nhng d on c th ng, c th sai
nhng s gip bn c v hiu vn bn mt cch nhanh chng, d dng hn. Trong qu trnh c, tm c chnh no, bn nn ghi
ngay vo giy nhp, khng cn cu n ghi thnh cu, thnh cm t... Cch ghi d nht l ghi ng th t thng tin xut hin trong bi.
Nhng ghi chp ny s gip bn gii quyt nhanh hn nhng yu cu ca cc cu hi t ra.
* Mn Nghe thi TOEFL iBT thng c t 6 n 9 bi nghe. c th l nhng bi hi thoi hoc nhng bi ging trong cc trng
i hc M v tt c cc mng ti. Cc cu hi trong thi mn nghe thng hi chnh, hi nhng chi tit trong bi kim tra kh
nng ghi ch v kh nng nh ca th sinh; cng c th c nhng cu hi suy lun. D dng no th thng ngay on m u, ngi
ni s thng bo cho chng ta bit h s ni v vn g, mc tiu khi bn bc vn ; thm ch, c nhng ni dung chnh ca ton b
bi ni. V d: mt bi ging ca gio s c m u: Xin cho cc bn, hm nay, chng ta s bn tip v s tin ha t vn sang
ngi. Mc tiu ca bi ging l nhm chun b cho k thi sp ti. S tin ha t vn sang ngi bao gm .... Bn hy c gng nghe v
ghi li nhng chnh ca phn ny. Cch ghi hu hiu nht l cha khong trng gia nhng chnh ghi cc ph b tr bi bi ni
s c khai trin theo dn . tng on, ngi ni s phn tch chnh, gii thch t mi (nu c , cho mt s v d c th... Khi
nghe nhng cm t: for example, for instance (v d nh...); that is, that means (iu c ngha l...); in other words (ni cch khc)...
th bn nn tp trung nghe v ghi li nhng g c din gii sau .
* Mn Ni Phn thi ni gm 6 cu hi: - Cu 1 v cu 2: mi cu th sinh c 15 giy chun b v 45 giy ni. c 2 cu hi ny, th
sinh s phi trnh by kin c nhn ca mnh v mt vn no . Cu 2 khc cu 1 ch n a ra 2 yu t th sinh chn la.
Chng hn dng cu hi 1: Ai l ngi m bn ngng m nht, ti sao?; dng cu hi 2: Bn thch hc cao hc trong nc ca bn
hay i ra nc ngoi, v sao?. Khi bt u ni, bn phi trnh by ngay kin ca mnh v l gii v kin bng nhng lp lun,
nhng v d c th. Bn nn nh iu quan trng khng phi l bn chn la ai, ci g... m iu quan trng l lp lun tht vng bo
v kin ca mnh. V chun b tt cho cu hi s 1, s 2, th sinh phi tp thi quen ng no vi bt k vn no m bn gp phi
bi trong thc t lc no chng ta cng c l do cho mt s la chn no . - Cu 3 v cu 4, mi cu th sinh c 30 giy chun b v
60 giy ni. phn thi ny, th sinh c cho 1 bi c v 1 bi nghe ri c yu cu trnh by li nhng g mnh nghe c, c
c. Thng bi c v bi nghe cp n nhng vn lin quan n cuc sng ca sinh vin, nhng vn hc thut. V d: cu
3, th sinh nhn c bi c l thng ip v vic tng hc ph; sau ni dung bi nghe l cuc hi thoi gia 2 sinh vin, ngi th
ng h ch trng tng hc ph, ngi th phn i, vi nhng l do c th. Nhim v ca th sinh l nm bt nhng chnh v din t
li mt cch logic, mch lc theo kiu: Anh A ng vi vic tng hc ph v nhng l do... Ch B khng ng v vic tng hc ph v
nhng l do... ch khng phi trnh by li cuc i thoi. phn thi ny, th sinh phi vn dng c k nng c, suy lun, nghe, ghi
chp nh phn thi c, vit lm bi. - Cu 5 v cu 6, mi cu th sinh c 20 giy chun b v 60 giy ni. Phn ny khng c
bi c m ch c bi nghe. Bi nghe cu 5 thng l cuc trao i gia ngi nam v ngi n theo m-tup: 1 ngi than th v rc
ri no ; ngi cn li a ra 2 gii php kh thi. Th sinh phi trnh by li vn , 2 gii php v nu kin c nhn ca mnh v mt
gii php tt nht. Bi nghe cu 6 thng l bi ging v mt ch no . Th sinh phi nghe v trnh by li nhng vn m bi
ni cp n. Do , th sinh phi vn dng c k nng nghe, ghi chp lm bi. bt k cu hi no ca phn thi Speaking, khi tr
li, bn nn c gng to thnh on vn nho nh vi cu u tin l cu ch on. Sau , i vo phn tch tng chnh. mi on
phn tch chnh, cn c mt vi ph, dn chng v d.
* Mn Vit Trc ht bn hy luyn cho mnh k nng nh my bng c 10 ngn tay khi vo thi bn khng phi gp rc ri n t
vic g my tnh. Mn thi Vit gm 2 phn: - Phn 1: th sinh nhn c bi c v 1 mng ti no v nghe ging v mng ti
. Sau , th sinh c yu cu trnh by li nhng g c v nghe trong 1 bi vn vi thi gian vit l 20 pht. - Phn 2: th sinh
lm 1 bi vn (trong vng 30 pht) v mt vn no , vi y 3 phn: m u, thn bi, kt lun. C mt s kiu thi nht nh
nh Nn... hay khng nn... hoc kiu bi trnh by kin c nhn v mt vn no . Nn nh phn m u cp n bao
nhiu vn th phn thn bi bn s khai trin by nhiu tng ng. phn thi Vit v Ni, bn cn lu khng phi vit nhiu, ni
nhiu mi hay. Bn phi nu c nhng chnh v bao gi mi chnh cng c vi ba ph b tr cho n, trnh ni lp lng ri
b. Chng th bn lit k t nhng phn tch k nhng m mnh lit k cn hn bn lit k nhiu nhng khng c kh nng phn
tch n. iu quan trng l kh nng lp lun ca bn ch khng phi l nhng g bn ni c cao siu hay khng v ngn ng bn dng
c phc tp hay khng. V vy, bn ng c tnh lm kh mnh bng cch dng cu trc cu phc tp, nhng mu cu mi, nhng t
ng kh hiu... Hy dng ngn ng d hiu, cu c n gin, nhng mu cu m bn bit chc l mnh s dng ng.


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Hong nh 2010