Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 1

FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission
System
Presented by:
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 2
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 3
POWER SYSTEM
GENERATION TRANSMISSION
DISTRIBUTION
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 4
Characteristics of Transmission
Bottlenecks
Steady-State Power Transfer Limit
Voltage Stability Limit
Transient Stability Limit
Thermal Limit
Short-Circuit Current Limit
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 5
Conventional System Solutions to
enhance Transmission capability
Series Capacitors (X)
Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor (V)
Transformer LTCs (V)
Phase Shifting Transformers ()
Synchronous Condensers (V)
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 6
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 7
F
Flexible
A
Alternating
C
Current
T
Transmission
S
Systems (FACTS)
FACTS
AC transmission systems incorporating the
power electronic-based to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer
capability.
FACTS Controllers
A power electronic based system & other
static equipment that provide control of one
or more AC transmission parameters.
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 8
Power Electronics Devices For
FACTS Controllers
Line-Commutated
Thyristors
Electrically Triggered (ETT)
Light Triggered (LTT)
Self-Commutated
Gate-Turn Off Thyristors (GTO)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 9
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 10
FA CTS
c o n t r o l l er s
l i n e
c o mmu t at ed
Ser i es
thyristor controlled
series capaci tor
(TCSC)
Sh u n t
thyristor controlled
reactor or switched
capacitor
(TCR or TSC)
f o r c ed
c o mmu t at ed
Ser i es
static synchronous
series compensator
(SSSC)
Sh u n t
stati c synchronous
compensator
(STATCOM)
Sh u n t -Ser i es
unified power flow
controller
(UPFC)
Ser i es -s er i es
interline power flow
controller
(IPFC)
Bac k -t o -b ac k
conventional HVDC
Ser i es -s er i es
interline power flow
controller
(IPFC)
Battery energy
storage (BESS)
Superconducting
Magnetic Energy
Storage (SMES)
Bac k -t o -b ac k
light HVDC
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 11
X
.
sin
s r
V V
P
X
=
___
s
V
___
r
V

I
I.X
s
V
r
V
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Controllable parameters
Control of the line impedance
current and active power control
Control of angle
current and active power control
Series voltage injection
Current, active, and reactive power control
Parallel voltage injection
Current, active, and reactive power control
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Series control
V
seri es
X
X
seri es
V
1
V
2
V
1
V
2

I
P=V
1
.V
2
.sin(

)/(X-X
s er ies
)
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Parallel control
P=V
1
.V
2
.sin(

)/X
Q
X
V
1
V
2
V
1
V
2

I
I
V1
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 15
Series and parallel control
Q
X
V
1
V
2
V
seri es
X
seri es
?
?
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 16
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 17
Static VAR compensator
TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor
TSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor
TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor
MSC = Mechanically-Switched Capacitor
MSR = Mechanically-Switched Reactor
FC = Fixed Capacitor
Harmonic Filters
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Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
Parallel-connected static var generator or
absorber
Output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or
inductive current
Maintain or control specific parameters of the
electrical power system
(typically bus voltage).
Thyristor-based Controllers
Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
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0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-1
-0.667
-0.333
0
0.333
0.667
1
Time (s)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Time (s)
Voltage
Current
Thyristor Controlled
Reactor
Firing angle of 135
Firing angle of 90
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Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
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Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM)
Parallel-connected static var compensator
Capacitive or inductive output current
controlled independently of the ac
system voltage
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 22
Q
P
(if no energy
source is provided)
Inverter
(IGBT, GTO, or GCT)
V
dc
L
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 23
Parallel Active Power Filters
(Parallel APF)
Reactive power
Compensation
Source currents higher
Harmonics compensation
DC element voltage control
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 24
3-phase
supply
non-linear
load
i
s
i
L
L
e
v
Shunt active
filter
i
f
Shunt active power filter single line diagram
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C
S
a
S
b
S
c
S'
a
S'
b
S'
c
v
an
v
bn
v
cn
v
dc
(t)
L
a
i
dc
(t)
i
a
+
_
e
a
e
b
e
c
i
b
i
c
L
b
L
c
Two level voltage source inverter
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Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 27
Voltage source inverters
1. Two level Voltage source inverter
2. Multilevel voltage source inverter
3. Series connection
Current source inverter ?
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Multilevel inverter
1. Neutral point clamped
2. Cascaded
3. Flying capacitor
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Neutral point clamped
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 30
Flying capacitor
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 31
Cascaded
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 32
2E
E
E
i
load
S1
S4
S5
S8
2E
E
E
i
load
D1
D4
D5
D8
2E volt
i
load
>0
i
load
<0
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 33
E
E
E
i
l oad
D3 S4
S5
S8
E
E
i
l oad
S3 D4
D5
D8
E
i
load
>0 i
load
<0
E volt
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 34
0
E
E
i
l oad
D3 S4
D7 S8
0
E
E
i
l oad
S3 D4
S7
D8
i
load
>0
i
load
<0
0 volt
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-E
E
E
i
l oad
D3 S4
D7
D6
-E
E
E
i
l oad
S3 D4
S6
S7
i
load
>0
i
load
<0
-E volt
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 36
-2E
E
E
i
l oad
D2
D3
D6
D7
-2E
E
E
i
l oad
S2
S3
S6
S7
i
load
>0
i
load
<0
-2E volt
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 37
Output of 5-level inverter (PWM)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
)
Ti me (s)
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 38
Series connection of IGBT

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 39
Output of two-level inverter (PWM)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
T ime (s)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
)
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 40
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 41
Series Capacitors Applied For:
Increasing Power Transfer
Increasing Stability Limits
Improving Voltage Profile
Improving Load Division
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 42
Series Active Power filter (Series
APF)
Voltage harmonics compensation
Stability improvement
Current harmonics blocking
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Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC)
Output voltages in quadrature with, and
controllable independently of, the line current
Control the transmitted electric power.
May include energy storage to enhance the
dynamic behavior of the power system by
additional temporary real power
compensation, to increase or decrease
momentarily, the overall real (resistive)
voltage drop across the line.
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 44
Smooth control of series capacitive
reactance
Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor (TCSC)
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 45
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 46
Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC)
A combination of STATCOM and SSSC coupled via a
common dc link
Bi-directional flow of real power between the SSSC and
the STATCOM
Unified Power Flow Controller = Static Synchronous Series Compensator +
STATCOM
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 47
I n ver t er
(I G B T , G T O , o r G C T )
C
L
S e r i e s
c o nv e r t e r
S hunt
c o nv e r t e r
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 48
Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC)
Source current harmonics compensation
System stability improvement
Reactive power compensation
DC element voltage control
Voltage harmonics compensation
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 49
Combination of active power filter
and passive filter
Load Supply
Active
filter
Passive
filter
Parallel active power filter and passive filter
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Parallel active power filter in series with passive filter
Load Supply
Active
filter
Passive
filter
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 51
Load Supply
Passive
filter
Active
filter
Series active power filter and parallel passive filter
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 52
Load Supply
Active
filter
Active
filter
Series and parallel active power filter (unified power
quality conditioner UPQC)
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 53
Series VS. Parallel
Series is more powerful in controlling the
current/power flow and damp oscillations
Parallel is more effective in voltage control and
damping of voltage oscillations
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 54
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 55
FACTS and HVDC
V
1
V
2
FACTS
or
HVDC
Grid 1 Grid 2
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 56
High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)
It is economically attractive:
over a long distance from a remote
generating to the load centre (>300
miles)
underwater transmission
when connecting two AC systems at two
different frequencies
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 57
Advantages of HVDC
No limits in transmitted distance.
Fast control of power flow, which implies stability
improvements.
Direction of power flow can be changed very quickly.
HVDC can carry more power for a given size of conductor
improved transient stability
dynamic damping of the electric system oscillations
Require less space compared to ac for same voltage rating
and size
Ground can be used as a return conductor
No charging current
HVDC transmission limits short circuit currents
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 58
Distance
Cost
DC Cost
AC Cost
600-800Km
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 59
The HVDC technology
The fundamental process that occurs in an HVDC system
is the conversion of electrical current from AC to DC
(rectifier) at the transmitting end, and from DC to AC
(inverter) at the receiving end.
1. Natural Commutated Converters. The component that
enables this conversion process is the thyristor (high
power and low switching frequency).
2. Forced Commutated Converters. It uses GTO or IGBT.
They are known as VSC (Voltage Source Converters).
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 60
Y

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
AC f i l t er and
power f act or
correct i on
capaci t ors
AC
syst em
A
DC
f i l t er
DC
f i l t er
L
d
L
d
Posi t i ve pol e
12 pul se
Termi nal A
Negat i ve pol e
12 pul se
HVDC
t ransmi ssi on
l i ne
Termi nal B
AC
syst em
B
HVDC transmission system
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 61
Components of HVDC
1. Converter: at one side rectifier and the other inverter
each converter consists of a positive pole and a
negative pole each pole consists of 6 pulse converters
connected through star-delta and star-star transformer
to yield 12 pulse converter
2. On the AC side:
* AC filters to reduce the current harmonics
generated from the converters
* Power factor correction capacitors to supply the
lagging reactive power
3. On the DC side: smoothing reactor and DC filters to
filter the ripple in the DC currents
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 62
12 pulse line frequency converter
Objectives:
1. Reduce current harmonics on AC side
2. Reduce voltage ripple on DC side
3. High power
12 pulse converter consists of two six-pulse converters
connected through star-star and delta-star transformer
The 2 converters are connected in series from the DC side
and parallel from the AC side
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 63
L
d
2N: 1
2 N:1 3
i
a
i
a1
i
a2
I
d
i
as1
i
as2
as1
bs1
cs1
as2
bs2
cs2
n1
n2
v
d1
v
d2
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 64
Types of HVDC links
1. Monopolar: Having one conductor and the ground is
the return path
return earth
DC pol e
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 65
+ DC pol e
return earth
- DC pol e
2. Bipolar: There are two conductors (poles). One
operates with positive polarity and the second with
negative. During fault of one them, the bipolar acts as a
monopolar
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 66
HVDC Light
1. HVDC Light unit sizes range from a few tens of MW to
presently 350 MW and for DC voltages up to 150 kV and
units can be connected in parallel.
2. HVDC Light consists of two elements: converter stations
and a pair of cables. The converter stations are Voltage
Source Converters (VSCs) employing Self-commutated
switch
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 67
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Battery Energy Storage System
Super conducting material