Nghuhl;lk; vdg;gLtJ caphpdq;fspilNa

Vw;gLk; tifj; njhlHG

1.xt;nthU caphpdKk; ,dtif ePL epstiy cWjp nra;a
Nghuhl;lk; elj;Jfpd;d.
!. c"#$ ghJfhg;ghd ,lk;$ Ji" $ %&g;gilj; Njit'sg;
ng caphpd(;fs; Nghuhl;lk; elj;Jfpd;d.
). Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpis# *
+, ,dtif caphpdj;jpd; -";"pf;i'af;
.;Lg;gLj;jJfpd;J.
,a;ifapd; rhprk epiyiag; cWjpgLj;Jfpd;J.
/. ,u";L tif Nghuhl;l(;fs; cs;sd %itahtd *
xNu ,dtif caphpd(;fspilNa 0;gLk; nghuhl;lk;
ntt;NtW ,dtif caphpd(;fspilNa 0;gLk;
nghuhl;lk;.
1. xNu tif Njitiag; ng ,u";L %y;yJ %j;2 Nk;gl;l
caphpd(;fspilNa Nghuhl;lk; epf3k;.
4. 5hpa xsp$ ,ilntsp$ jhJ cg;6$ fh;W
7fpat;ig; ng jhtu(;fs; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;Jfpd;s.
8. c"#$ eP,$ th9;f;ifj; Ji" k;Wk; trpg;gplj;ijg;
ngWtj;2 gpuh"pfs; nghuhl;lk; elj;Jfpd;d.
:. kp;; 2ie;j %&g;gilj; Njitfs; ,Uf;2 %jpf
%stpyhd Nghuhl;lk; epf3k;.
<. typikahd k;Wk; gyk; tha;e;j gpuh"p
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nt;p ngWk; gpd; %e;j
trpg;gplj;jpny jdJ ,Ug;gplj;ij %ikj;Jf; nfhs;=k;.
1>. typik 2ie;j caphpdk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Njhy;tpit
j3#k;. Njhy;tp %ile;j caphpdk; ,e;J ngh;;?Lk;
%y;yJ jdJ ,Ug;gplj;ij kh;pf; nfhs;=k;.
caphpd(;'s ghJfhj;j@k; NgAj@k;.
1. jpl;lkplhky; kdpjd; ,a;i'a kh;paikg;gjhy;
6Bkpapy; th3k; rpy ,dtif caphpd(;fs; K;9pit
-jp,Nehf;2fpd;d.
!. .;Lg;gh&d;p fhL's %9pg;gjh@k; rpy ,dtif
jhtu(;fs; K;9pit -jp,Nehf;2fpd;d.
%Jkl;Lky;yhky; rpy gpuh"pf=k; K;9pit
-jp,nehf;2fpd;d.
/. rPdhtpy; C(;fpy; fhL's %9pj;J tptrha epykhf
kh;Wtjhy; %(;2s;s ngUk;ghyhd gh";l fu&fs;
%9pe;Jtpl;ld.
1. ePh; Jha;ikf;nfL eP,th9; caphpd(;'s
%9pf;fpd;J.
6. ngUk;ghyhdd .y; rp(;f((;fs; eP, Jha;ikf;
N.;&dhy; K;9pit -jp, Nehf;fpDs;sd.
8. %Ekjpapy;yhky; Ntl;ilahLj@; gpuh"pfspd;
K;9pit Jhpjg;gLj;Jfpd;d.
:. kdpj,fshy; Ntl;ilahlg;gLk; ePyj; jpkp(;fyk;
j;ngh3J K;9pit -jp,Nehf;2fpd;J.
<. je;jj;jp;fhf ahidfs; ngUks# Ntl;ilahlg;gLjy;$
fh";l kpUf(;fs; %jd; ?hpa nfhk;6f=f;fhf
Ntl;ilahlg;gLjy; Nghd;it ,t;tif ,dtif caphpd(;fs;
K;9pit -jp,Nehf;2fpd;d.
ce;J tpir ( Daya )
1. xU nghUis js;=tJk; ,3g;gJk; ce;J tpir -dg;gLk;.
!. ce;J tpirapid gh,f;f K&ahJ 7dhy; c"u K&Dk;.
). ce;J tpirapd; tpis#fs; *
t&tj;jpy; kh;k;$
nghUspd; epiy k;Wk; Ntfj;jpy; kh;k;.
ce;J tpirapd; tpisTfs; :

nghUspd; t&t kh;k;
1. FUs; fk;gpia %3j;Jtjd; CyNkh %y;yJ ,3g;gjd;
CyNkh %jd; t&tk; kh;k; %ilfpd;J.
nghUspd; ef,r;rpapy; kh;k;
1. epiyahd nghUis ef,j;Jk;
!. nghUs; efUk; Ntfj;jpid .;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
nkJthf efUk; nghUspid Ntfkhf efur; nra;Dk;
Ntfkhf efUk; nghUid nkJthf efur; nra;Dk;.
efUk; nghUis epWj;jty;yJ ce;J tpir
cuha;T ce;J tpir
1. xU nghUspd; ef,r;rpapid -jp,f;2k; ce;G
!. tpirapid cuha;# ce;J tpir -d;gLk;.
). ,u";L Nk;gug;6fs; xd;Nhnlhd;W cuhDk;
ngh3J
/. cuha;# ce;J tpir c";lhfpJ.
1. cuha;# ce;J tpir ntg;gj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
4. ,J xU nghUspd; ef,r;rpapid jhkjg;gLj;Jk;.
cuha;# ce;Jtpirspd; %stpid ep,"apf;2k; fhu"pfs;
1. nrhunrhug;ghd Nk;gug;gpy; %jpf cuha;# ce;J
tpir 0;gLk;
!. nghUspd; -il %jpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; cuha;# ce;J
tpirDk; %jpfkhf ,Uf;2k;.
cuha;# ce;J tpirapd; ed;ik jPikfs;
ed;ikfs; *
1. elf;2k; ngh3Njh %y;yJ +Lk; ngh3Njh fPn9
tp9hky; jLf;fpd;J.
!. thfd(;fspd; Ntfj;jpid .;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;J.
). neUg;ig c";lhf;2fpd;J
jPikfs;
1. nghUspd; ef,r;rpapid jhkjg;gLj;Jfpd;J.
!. Nk;gug;gpd; kPJ Nja;khdj;ij c";lhf;;pd;J.
). %s#f;2 %jpfkhd ntg;gj;jpid 0;gLj;Jfpd;J.
Ntfk;
1. 2pg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; xU nghUs; .e;j nrd;
Jhuj;jpidNa Ntfk; -d;fpNhk;.
ef,j;j Jhuj;jp;2k; Ntfj;jp;2k; ,ilNa cs;s njhl,6
1. %jpf Ntfkhf efUk; nghUs; 2pg;gpl;l
Neuj;jpy; %jpf Jhuk; .e;J nry;@k;.
Ntfj;jp;2k; Neuj;jp;2k; ,ilNa cs;s njhl,6
1. Ntfkhf efUk; nghUs; 2pg;gpl;l Jhuj;ij kpf
tpiutpy; .e;JtpLk;.
nghUspd; Ntfj;jpid f"f;fpLjy;
1. ef,e;j Jhuj;jpid Neuj;jhy; t2g;gjd; Cyk; xU
nghUspd; Ntfj;pid f"f;fplyhk;.
Ntfk; *
,aw;gpaiy Muha;jy;
c"#g; nghUl;'s gjdpLjy;
1. 6BH;r"(;f=k; G";Gap,f=k; c"#g; nghUl;'s
n.r; nra;fpd;d.
!. ntg;gk; k;Wk; Iukhd 59;epiyapy; c"#g;
nghUl;fs; kpf tpiutpy; n.;LtpLfpd;d. ,j;2f;
fhu"k; ,r;59;epiyfspy;jhd; G";Gap,fs; kpf
tpiutpy; elt&f;i;spy; ILgLk;.
). n.;Ltpl;l c"#g; nghUl;fs; fUg;6 t,"j;jpNyh$
Jheh;Nkh tPrf;?Lk;. %Jkl;Lky;yhky; %J
tpJj;jd;ikDilajhf ,Uf;2k;.
/. tpJj;jd;ikDila c"#g; nghUl;'s c";gjhy; ek;
cl@f;2 7gj;J Nehplyhk;. %jd; %p2pfs;
gpd;tUkhW *
%K the;jp Ngjp$ tap;Wg; Nghf;2 $ tap;W typ
n.;Lg;Nghd c"#g; nghUl;fspd; %p2pfs; *
Kl;il$kPd; k;Wk; ,ir;rp * Jheh;k; tPFk;
ghy;$ g9(;fs; k;Wk; 2yk;6 * 6spf;2k;
fh;fpfs; * kH;rs; epj;jp@k; th&Dk; fh"g;gLk;.
c"#g; nghUl;'s gjdpLjy; *
1. c"#g; nghUl;fs; n.hk@k; %jpf ehl;f=f;2
gad;gLj;j#k; gjdplg;gLfpd;d.
!. gjdplg;gLtjd; Cyk; G";Gap,f=k; 6BH;irf;
fhshd;f=k; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;d$ %y;yJ %jd;
elt&f;i;s; nrayp9f;fg;glfpd;d..
czTg; nghUl;fs; gjdplg;gLk; Kiwfs; :
cg;gpLjy; : fha;e;j k;Wk; fhpg;6 kp2e;j 59y;
G";Gap,fs; th9;tj;2 0;jhf ,Uf;fhJ. 7ifahy;
,r;59ypy; G";Gap,fs; c"#g; nghUl;fspd; kPJ
elt&f;i'a Nk;nfhs;shJ. ,jd;t9p c"#g; nghUl;fs;
%jpf ehl;fs; n.hky; ,uf;2k;. ,k;kiapd; fP9;
gjdplg;gLk; c"#g; nghUl;fs; * fUthLI cg;6
Kl;il$ ,hy; k;Wk; fh;fpfs;.
Gspf;fhapy; ,Ljy; : ,k;Kiapd; fP9; c"#g;
nghUl;fs; 6spf;fh&apNyh$ rPdp 'urypNyh %y;yJ
cg;6 'urypNyh Lu itf;fg;gLk;. ,jd;t9p G";Gap,fs;
,e;JtpLfpd;d.
,k;Kiapy; gjdplg;gLk; c"#g;nghUl;fspd;
Ritk; !jd; epi"ap#k; kh;k; %ilfpd;J.
%Jkl;Lky;yhky; c"#g; nghUl;fspy; cs;s
$l;lr;rj;Jf%k; !&pe;JtpLfpd;wd'
ef,e;j Jhuk; .
-Lj;Jf; nfh";l Neuk;
c"Hj;Jj"; : G";Gap,fs; th9;tj;2j; Njitahd
Iug;gir c"#g; nghUl;fspypUe;J %f;g;gLfpd;J.
,jd;t9p ,t;tifapy; gjdplg;gLk; c"#g; nghUl;fspy;
G";Gap,fs; cap, th9 ,ayhJ. 7ifahy; c"tg;
nghUl;fs; %jpf ehl;fs; n.hky; ,uf;2k;.
FspHe;Jiwjy; : ,k;Kiapy; gjdplg;gLk; c"#g;
nghUl;fs; kpf 2spuhd ,lj;jpy; itf;fgLk;. ,jd; t9p
G";Gap,fs; ,f;fhJ 7dhy; nrayp9e;JtpLk;. 2sp,
epiyapy; ,Uf;2k; c"#g; nghUl;'s kP";Lk;
ntg;gg;gLj;jpdhy; G";Gap,fs; caph; ng;W c"#g;
nghUl;'s n.r; nra;J tpLfpd;d.
fydPL nra;jy; : c"#g; nghUl;fs; 6l;&fsp@k;
fyd;fsp@k; %ilj;jy;. ,k;Kiapy; c"#g; nghUl;fs; kpf
eP";l fhy(;f=f;2 n.hky; ,Uf;2k;. ,k;Kiapy;
G";Gap,fs; %9pf;fg;gLfpd;d. fh;W
ntspahf;fg;l;Lk;$ c"#g; nghUl;fs;
ntg;gkhf;fg;gLk;. 7fNt c"#g; nghUl;fs; %jpf
ehl;f=f;2 n.hky; ,Uf;2k;.
f&pTg; ngh(l;fs;
1. ekf;2 gad;glhj nghUl;'s F;Wr; 59ypy;
tPrp -pDk; nghUl;'s f9p#g; nghUs; -d;fpNhk;.
!. f9p#g; nghUl;fs; Cd;W tifg;gLk; %itatd *
thD M njh9p;rhiyfspd; 6if$ thfd(;fspd; 6if$
nt";FUl;&d; 6if K
eP, M -";n"a;f; frp# $ ,urh"g; nghUl;fs; $
caphpd(;fspd; f9p#fs; K
jplg; nghUs; M fhfpjk;$ -H;rpa c"#g;
nghUl;fs;$ ,Uk;6$ nefpypg; ig K
f9p#g; nghUl;'s tPFtjd; Cyk; F;Wr; 59@f;2
0;gLk; tpis#fs;
1. F;Wg;6 Jha;ikf; N.;&id 0;gLj;Jfpd;J.
!. Jha;ikf; NfL ehd;2 tifg;gLk; *
fh;W Jha;ikf; NfL
eP,j; Jha;ikf; NfL
epyj; Jha;ikf; NfL
xyp Jha;ikf; NfL;
). Jha;ikf; NfL F;Wr; 59@f;2k; kdpj,f=f;2k;
jPik'sNa tpistpf;fpd;J.
fh;W Jha;ikf; NfL 0;gLtj;fhd fhu"(;fs; *
1. njh9p;rhiyfspy; ntspahf;fg;gLk; 6i;s;.
nhj9p;rhiyfspy; ntspah2k; 6ifapy; fye;js;s
thDf;fs; * habuk, debu, gas sulfur dioksida, nitrogen dioksida,
karbon dioksida.
2. thfd(;fdpy; ntspahf;fg;gLk; 6if * Plumbum, karbon
monoksida, karbon dioksida.
2g;ig's jpe;j ntspapy; -hpg;gjh@k; fhLfs;
jPg;g;pf; nfhs;tjh@k; fh;Wj; Jha;ikf; nfL
%ilfpd;J
'sf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jk; 6Br;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;jk;
njspg;gjh@k; fh;Wj; Jha;ikf; nfL %ilfpd;J.
fh;Wj; Jha;ikf;NfL;l;&dhy; 0;gLk; tpis#fs;.
M%K Ffhjhug; ghjpg;6 *
%jpf %stpyhd tpJ thDf;'s Fthrpg;gjhy; capUf;2
7gj;J Nehplyhk;. f"; -hpr;ry;$ GiuaPuy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Neha; k;Wk; Cr;Fj; jpdy; nghd;
Neha;fs; 0;gLk;.
)Nrhd; gl"k; ghjpg;G
Kloroflurokarbon (CFC) -d; thD %jpf %stpy;
ntspapLtjhy; +Nrhd; glyj;jpy; +l;il tp3fpd;J.
nfhF kUe;J njspf;2k; fUtp$ 2sp, gjd ngl;&
Nghd; fUtpfs; ,e;j thDit %jpf %stpy;
ntspapLfpd;d. +Nrhd; glyk; %jpfk;
ghjpg;gile;jhy; Njhy; 6;W Neha; c";lh2k;.
gr;ir *";" tpisT ( Rumah Hijau )
gr;ir ,y;yk; c";lhf;fpajd; t9p 6Bkpap;y;
fhpakpythD %jpfhpf;fpd;J. ,jdhy; 6Bkpapd;
ntg;g epiy ca,fpd;J. 6Bkpapd; ntg;g epiy
ca,tjdhy; Jut(;fspy; cs;s gdpg;ghifs; 'Dk;.
,g;gdpg;ghifs; 'ue;jhy; .y; kl;lk; caUk;.
.y; kl;lk; ca,tjd; t9p .;'uNahu(;fspy; nts;k;
0;gLk;.
!kp" ki&:
fh;W k";lyj;jpy; cs;s sulfur dioksida k;Wk;
nitrogen dioksida -d; thDf;fs; ki9 ePUld; fyf;2k;
NghJ %kpy ki9 c";lhfpd;J.
,e;j %kpy ki9 eP,th9; caphpd(;f=f;f 7gj;jhf
%ikDk;$ %J kl;Lky;yhky; .;l(;fspd; Ftiu %pf;2k;
ty;yik cilaJ.
Gif +l;lk;
.;Lg;ghL ,y;yhky; fhLfs; -hptjh@k;$ jpe;j
ntspapy; %jpf %s# 2g;ig's -hpg;gjh@k;$
njh9p;rhiyfspd; 6if k;Wk; thfd(;fspd; 6if
nghd;t;hy; 6if Cl;lk; 0;gLfpd;J.
e,h;j; Jha;ikf; NfL :
eP,j; Jha;ikf; NfL 0;glf; fhu"k; *
tPLfspy; tPrg;gLk; f9p#fs; * kyk;$ rpWeP,$
njh9p;rhypfspypUe;J ntspahf;fg;gLk; ,urha"f;
f9ptfs;$ -";n"a;f; frp#$ eP, epiyfspy; tPrg;gLk;
2g;igf; ?y(;fs;.
e,Hj; Jha;ikf; N-;.dh"; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; *
kdpj,fspd; 7Nuhf;fpaj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;J.
7fspy; tPrg;gLk; ,urh"af; f9p#fs; 7;Wj;
Jha;ikf; N.;&id tpistpf;2k;. ,jdhy; caphpd(;f=f;2
7gj;ij 0;gLj;Jk;.
7fspy; tPrg;gLk; 2g;igfs;$ kyk; Nghdd;it
G";Aap,fs; nr9pg;ghf ts,tj;2 t9p t2f;fpd;J. ,e;j
G";Aap,fs; the;jp Ngjp nghd; Neha;'s
c";lhf;2fpd;d.
7Wfspy; ntspahf;fg;gLk; -";n"a;f; frp#fs; ePhpd;
Nk;gug;gpy; ,Uf;2k;. ,J 7;W ePUf;2s; fh;W
6fhky; jLf;fpd;J. ,jdhy; 7;py; th3k;
caphpd(;f=f;2 gpuh"thD fpilf;fhky;
,e;JtpLfpd;d..
7fspy; tPrg;gLk; 2g;igf; ?9(;fs; k;Wk; rfjpfs;
7;Wf;2s; 5hpa xsp 6fhky; jLf;fpd;J. ,jdhy;
eP,j; jhtu(;fs; c"# jahhpf;f ,ayhkt; ,e;J
tpLfpd;d.
7's fh";gj;2k; %WtWg;ghf#k; ,Uf;fpd;d.J,
eh;Kk; tPFk;.
ep"j; Jha;ikf; NfL :
fhu/q;fs; :
2g;ig's f";l ,l(;fspy; tPFjy;
.;Lkhdk;$ Fu(;fj; njh9py; k;Wk; ntl;L kuj;
njh9py; Nghd; elt&f;i;s;.
6Br;Ff; nfhy;yp kUe;J njspj;jy;.
tpis#fs; *
Ffhjhug; ghjpg;6 *
2g;igf; ?9(;'s tPFtjhy; %t;tplk; Neha;f;
fpUkpfspd; ,dtpUj;jp ika(;fshf jpf9;fpd;d.
nfhF$ fug;ghd; 6Br;rp Nghd;
caphpd(;fs; %jpfkhf ,dtpUj;jp nra;Dk;.
k"; %hpg;6 0;gLk;
.;Lg;ghl; .;L khdk; k;Wk; Fu(;fj; njh9py;
Nk;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,l(;fspd; epyk;; kpf -spjpy;
nghl;ly; ,lkhf khptpLk;. ,t;tpl(;fspy; k";
%hpg;6 %jpfkhf 0;gLfpd;J. k";Af;f&apy;
th3k; caphpd(;f=k; %9pDk;.
!yp Jha;ikf; "fL :
fhu"(;fs; *
.;Lkhdj; njh9py; njh9p;rhiyfs;
thfd(;fs; k;Wk; 7fha tpkhd(;fspd; ,ir;ry;.
F;Wr; 59y; Jha;ikf; N.;&id jtp,f;2k; t9p
Kifs; *
jpe;j ntspapy; 2g;ig's -hpg;gj;2j; jil
tpjpj;jy;
rl;l jpl;l(;'s fLikahf;2jy;
trpg;gpl(;f=f;f %g;ghy; njh9p;rhiy's epW#jy;
Fu(;fj; njh9py;$ ntl;L kuk; Nghd; elt&f;iNs
.;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
tPrg;gLk; f9p#'s kW cUthf;fk; %y;yJ kW gadPL
nra;jy;.
njh9p;rhiyfsspy; ntspahf;fg;gLk; 6iNs
Fj;jpfhpj;jy;.
F;Wr; 59y; Jha;ikg; g;pa tp9pg;6",#
gpur;rhu(;'s 0;ghL nra;jy;.
k# cUthf;fk; kw;#k; k# gad$L nra;jy; :
tPrg;gl;l f9p#g; nghUl;'s kP";Lk; NtW
cgNahfj;jp;2 gad;gLj;JtijNa kW gadPL
-dg;gLk;.
tPrg;gl;l f9p#g; nghUl;'s kP";Lk; K3ikahf %9pj;J
nra;gh(;fp;2 cl;gLj;jg;gl;L NtW cgNahfj;jp;2
gad;gLj;JtijNa kW cUthf;fk;
-dg;gLk;.
kW gadPL k;Wk; kW cUthf;fk; nra;ag;gLtjd;
Kf;fpj;Jtk;.
F;Wr; 59ypy; tPrg;gLk; f9p#g; nghUl;fspd;
-";"pf;if 2iDk;.
Cyg; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghL rpf;fdg;gLj;jg;gLk;. *
-.fh.* fhfpj(;'s kW cUthf;k; nra;tjd; t9p ku(;fs;
ntl;lg;gLtJ 2iDk;.
G%kpia&k; tpz;ntspia&k; Muha;jy; :
fpufzk;
6Bkp$ 5hpad; k;Wk; epyh ,it Cd;Wk;
Ne,f;Nfhl;&y; ,Uf;2k;NghJ fpuf"k; Njhd;Wk;.
fpuf"k; Njhd;Wtj;2f; fhu"k; xsp Ne,f; Nfhl;&y;
ga"k; nra;tjhy;.
re;jpu fpufzk; ( Gerhana Bulan )*
5hpaEf;2k; epyhtp;2k; ,ilNa 6Bkp ,Uf;2k;
NghJ re;jpu fpuf"k; Njhd;Wk;.
6Bkpapd; ep9y; re;jpudpd; Nk;gug;gpy;
tp3k;NghJ re;jpu fpuf"k; Njhd;WfpJ. C -d;W
%ilahskplg;gl;l g2jpapy; K3ikahd re;jpu fpuf"k;
Njhd;Wk;.
epyh 5hpadpd; xU g2jp xsp fpilf;2k; epiyapy;
,Uf;2k;NghJ K3ika; re;jpu fpuf"k; Njhd;Wk;.
re;jpu fpuf"k; 0f;2ia 4 k"p Neuk; tiu
eP&f;2k;$ 0nddpy; 6Bkpapd; %s# re;jpuidtpl
kpfg; nghpjh2k;.
'hpa fpufzk;( Gerhana Matahari ) :
5hpaEf;2k; 6Bkpf;2k; ,ilNa epyh,Uf;2k; NghJ
5hpa fpuf"k; Njhd;Wk;.
5hpa xsp K3ikahf fpilf;fhj 6Bkpapd;
Nk;gug;gpd; g2jpapy; K3ikahd 5hpa fpuf"k;
Njhd;Wk;.
epy
5hpa
d;
K3ika;
5hpa fpuf"k;
K3ika;
5hpa fpuf"k;
K3ikhd 5hpa
fpuf"k;
epy
K3ika; 5hpa
fpuf"k;

'hpa kz;lyk; ( Sistem Suria ):
'hpa kz;lyj;jpd; c#g;gpd(fs; :
5hpad;$ xd;gJ fpuf(;fs;$ ,a;ifj; Ji"f;
Nfhy(;fs;$ tp";f;fs; Masteroid) , c;i;s; k;Wk;
thy; ehl;rj;jpu(;fs; MKomet ).
fpuf(;fs;
fpuf(;fspd; ,lthpir. 5hpaEf;2 %UfhikapypUe;J
Jhuk; tiu * 6jd; (utarid) ,nts;spM!uhrah)$
6Bkp(Bumi)$ nrt;tha;( "arikh), tpah9d;
( "us#tari)$ rdp ( !uhal) $ epUjp( $ranus) , tU"d;
(%e&tun)$ 2Ngud;( Pluto).
fpuf);fspd; *+w;rp&k; *w;wptUj,k;-
xt;nthU fpufKk; jdJ %r;Fg; ghijapy; 5hpaidr;
F;ptUfpd;d. fpuf(;fs; xd;NhL xd;W
Nkhjpf;nfhs;shky; ,Uf;f %r;Fg; ghijfs;
Ji"6hpfpd;d.. 5hpaidr; F;pf; nfh";Nl
fpuf(;fs; jdJ %r;rpy; F93fpd;d..
nts;sp k;Wk; epUjp fpuf(;'sj; jtpu k; %idj;J
fpuf(;f=k; f&fhu Ks; efUk; -jp,j; jpirapy;
F9@fpd;d.
nts;spf; fpufk; f&fhu Ks; efUk; jpirapy; F9@fpd;J.
epUjp fpufk; NkypUe;J fP9; Nehf;fp F9@fpd;J.
tpz;fw;fs;( Asteroid) :
5hpaidr; F;p tUk;. ,J f;fsh@k; cNyhf(;fsh@k;
7dJ. ,jd; %s# fpuf(;'stpl kpfr; rppaJ.
c;i;s; M"eteoroid), -hp el;rj;jpuk; ("eteor),
tp"; tP9; fy; M"eteorit )
c;ifs; xd;NhL xd;W Nkhjp cile;J rpjWtijNa
c;i;s; -d;fpNhk;.
7fhaj;jpy; njhpDk; xspf;fPy;'s M 'oretan 'aha#a)
-hp el;rj;jpuk; -dg;gLk;.
6Bkpapd; Nk;gug;gp;2 te;jilDk; -hp
el;rj;jpu(;'s tp";tP9; f;fs;("eteorit) -dg;gLk;.
6Bkpapd; kPJ NkhJk; tp";tP9; f;fs;("eteorit)
6Bkpapd; Nk;gug;gpy; ngUk; gs;s(;'s
cUthf;2k;.
tpz; k$d; .l;lk;( Buruj ):
thdj;jpy; rpy cUt(;'s Njh;Wtpf;2k; el;rj;jpuf;
?l;l(;'s tp"; kPd; ?l;lk; -d;fpNhk;.
thdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; tp";kPd;?l;l(;fs; * Njs;
tp";kPd;?l;lk;MBuru( )kor&ioK$gl2 tp";kPd;?l;lk; (
Buru( Biduk), njd; rp@it tp";kPd;?l;lk;( Buru( Pari ),
Ntld; tp";kPd;?l;lk; MBuru( Belantik). :: tif
tp";kPd; ?l;l(;fs; %ilahsk; fh"g;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;py; 1! tp";kPd;?l;l(;fs; gUtfhy tp";kPd;
?l;l(;fsh2k;.
tpz;k$d;.l;l);fspd; gad;fs; :
jpiria %pa$ ehs;fhl;&fshf#k; gad;gLj;j
cj#fpd;d.
Ntld; tp";kPd;?l;lk; $ gl2 tp";kPd;?l;lk; 7fpa
,u";Lk; njd; jpiria fhl;Lfpd;d.
njd; rp@it tp";kPd;?l;lk; tljpiriaf; fhl;Lk;.
njh+py; /l;g cyif Muha;jy;
,ae;jpu);fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :
xU Ntisia tpiuthf#k; -spikahf#k; nra;J K&f;f
,ae;jpuk; gad;gLfpd;J.
rpe;j Kiapy; Ntisia K&f;f ,ae;jpuk; cj#fpJ.
0spa ,ae;jpu);fspd; tif :
nek;G "fhy; ( Tuas) :
kpf#k; -spa ,ae;jpukh2k;.
kpf f&dkhd Ntiyia nra;a kp;; 2ie;j %s# rf;jpiag;
gad;gLj;jp nra;J K&f;fyhk;.
-spa ,ae;jpuj;jpy; Cd;W ghf(;fs; cs;sd. *
M%K ce;J tpir( *a#a ) M7K g=( Beban) M,K
7jhuj;jhdk; ( Fulkrum ).
nek;G"fhy;fs; 1d;#tifg;gLk; :
M%K Kjy; tif nek;6Nfhy; * 7jhuj;jhdk; g=tp;2k;
ce;J tpirf;2k; eLtpy; ,Uf;2k;.
-.fh * fj;jhpf;Nfhy;$0;k; ,f;fk;$ 2L
M7K ,u";lhk; tif nek;6 Nfhy; * g= 7jhuj;jp;2k;
ce;J tpirf;2k; eLtpy; ,Uf;2k;.
-.fh * Nghj;jy; jpg;gp$ ghf;2 ntl;&$ fhjpj ntl;&
M,K Cd;hk; tif nek;6Nfhy; * ce;J tpir
7jhuj;jhdjjp;2k; g=tp;2k;; eLtpy; ,Uf;2k;.
-.fh.* gdpf;.;& gp&g;gp$ Jh";&y;$ kdpj,fspd; if
rha;jsk; ( Satah Condong )*
rkjiuahd xU Nk;gug;6 rha;epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy;
rha;jsk; -dg;gLk;.
ghukhd xU nghUis Nklhd ,lj;jp;2 -spa Kiapy;
nfh";lr; nry;y rha;jsk; cj#fpJ.
jpU2 Mzp ( Skru )
,J#k; xU tif rha;jsNk. jpU2 7"pia gad;gLj;Jk;
fUtpfs; * JisapLk; fUtp$ eP,f; 29ha;
Mg;G ( Baji ) :
5hpad
6
K3ikahd
5hpa fpuf"k;
+, t&tpy; ,Uf;2k; xU gyi'aNah %y;yJ
cNyhfj;ijNah 7g;6 -d;fpNhk;.
xU nghUis gpsg;gj;Nfh %y;yJ cilg;gj;Nfh
7g;6 gad;gLfpJ.
fg;gp ( Takal ) :
rf;fuj;Jld; ,i"e;J xU fap;pid ,i"j;jpUe;jhy; fg;gp
-dg;gLk;.
fg;gpfs; ,u";L tifg;gLk; * efUk; fg;gp$
epiyahd fg;gp.
fg;gpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ce;J tpir g= efUk;
-jp,j;jpirapy; nray;gLk;.
gw;;rf;fuk;( Gear) :
g;'s cila rf;fuj;ij g;rf;fuk; -dg;gLk;.
,J xU nghUspd; efUk; jpiria kh;WtNjhL %jd;
ef,r;rpiaDk; tpiu# gLj;j#k;.
rf;fuKk; 3r;*k;( Roda dan gandar ) :
rf;fuj;Jld; +, %r;F ,i"f;fg;gl;&Ug;gijNa g;rf;fuk;
-dg;gLk;.
%r;irtpl rf;fuk; nghpajhf ,Ue;jhy;$ nghUspd; kPJ
nr@j;jg;gLk; ce;J tpir kpf 2ithf ,Uf;2k;.
fd ,ae;jpuk; ( Mesin Komleks ) :
,u";L %y;yJ %j;2 Nk;gl;l -spa ,ae;jpu(;fs; xU
fUtpapy; ,Ue;jhy; %jid f&d ,ae;jpuk; -d;fpNhk;.
kpjp t";& * rppa g;rf;fuk;$ nghpa g;rf;fuk;$
rf;fuKk; %r;Fk;.
i;;f&fhuk; * g;rf;fuk;$ jpU2 7"p
js;= t";& * rf;fuKk; %r;Fk;$ nek;6 Nfhy;
g= Jhf;fp * fg;gp$ nek;6 Nfhy;
%ptpay; * Kiahd %p#k; %jid epOgpf;;;
?&aijNa %ptpay; -dd;fpNhk;.