Giai Tich 22

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC

BI XUN DIU
Bi Ging
GII TCH II
(lu hnh ni b)
CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN, TCH PHN BI, TCH PHN
PH THUC THAM S, TCH PHN NG, TCH PHN MT, L THUYT
TRNG
Tm tt l thuyt, Cc v d, Bi tp v li gii
H Ni- 2009
MC LC
Mc lc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chng 1 . Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc. . . . . . . 5
1 Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong ti mt im. 5
1.2 cong ca ng cong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham s . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian . . . . . . . 10
2.1 Hm vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng cong cho di dng tham s 10
2.3 Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong. . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng cong cho di dng giao ca hai mt
Chng 2 . Tch phn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1 Tch phn kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2 Tnh tch phn kp trong h to Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 Php i bin s trong tch phn kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 Tch phn bi ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1 nh ngha v tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Phng php i bin s trong tch phn bi ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 Cc ng dng ca tch phn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 Tnh th tch vt th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Tnh din tch mt cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chng 3 . Tch phn ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1 Tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1
2 MC LC
1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . 63
1.3 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn ph thuc tham s vi cn bin i. . . . 66
2 Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . 67
2.2 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3 Tch phn Euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 Hm Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 Hm Beta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chng 4 . Tch phn ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1 Tch phn ng loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2 Tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.3 Cng thc Green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.4 ng dng ca tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.5 iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn. 92
Chng 5 . Tch phn mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1 Tch phn mt loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2 Tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.1 nh hng mt cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.2 nh ngha tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.3 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4 Cng thc Ostrogradsky, Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.5 Cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v loi II . . . . . . . . . 105
Chng 6 . L thuyt trng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1 Trng v hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.2 o hm theo hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.3 Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1.4 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2
MC LC 3
2 Trng vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.2 Thng lng, dive, trng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.3 Hon lu, vct xoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.4 Trng th - hm th v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.5 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3
4 MC LC
4
CHNG 1
CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN
TRONG HNH HC
1. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG
HNH HC PHNG
1.1 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng
cong ti mt im.
1. im chnh quy.
Cho ng cong (L) xc nh bi phng trnh f (x, y) = 0. im M (x
0
, y
0
)
c gi l im chnh quy ca ng cong (L) nu tn ti cc o hm ring
f
/
x
(M) , f
/
y
(M) khng ng thi bng 0.
Cho ng cong (L) xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
_
_
_
x = x (t)
y = y (t)
. im
M (x (t
0
) , y (t
0
)) c gi l im chnh quy ca ng cong (L) nu tn ti cc
o hm x
/
(t
0
) , y
/
(t
0
) khng ng thi bng 0.
Mt im khng phi l im chnh quy c gi l im k d.
2. Cc cng thc.
Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong xc nh bi phng
trnh ti im chnh quy:
5
6 Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc
Tip tuyn
(d) : f
/
x
(M) . (x x
0
) + f
/
y
(M) . (y y
0
) = 0.
Php tuyn
_
d
/
_
:
x x
0
f
/
x
(M)
=
y y
0
f
/
y
(M)
.
Ch : Trng hp c bit, ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f (x)
th phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong ti im M(x
0
, y
0
) chnh quy l
y y
0
= f
/
(x
0
)(x x
0
). y l cng thc m hc sinh bit trong chng
trnh ph thng.
Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong (L) xc nh bi phng
trnh tham s
_
_
_
x = x (t)
y = y (t)
ti im M (x (t
0
) , y (t
0
)) chnh quy:
Tip tuyn
(d) :
x x (t
0
)
x
/
(t
0
)
=
y y (t
0
)
y
/
(t
0
)
.
Php tuyn
_
d
/
_
: x
/
(t
0
) . (x x (t
0
)) + y
/
(t
0
) . (y y (t
0
)) = 0.
1.2 cong ca ng cong.
1. nh ngha.
2. Cc cng thc tnh cong ca ng cong ti mt im.
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f (x) th:
C(M) =
[y
//
[
(1 + y
/2
)
3/2
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh tham s
_
_
_
x = x (t)
y = y (t)
th:
C(M) =
x
/
y
/
x
//
y
//
(x
/2
+ y
/2
)
3/2
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r () th:
C(M) =
r
2
+ 2r
/2
rr
//
(r
2
+ r
/2
)
3/2
6
1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng 7
1.3 Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham
s
1. nh ngha: Cho h ng cong (L) ph thuc vo mt hay nhiu tham s. Nu mi
ng cong trong h (L) u tip xc vi ng cong (E) ti mt im no trn E
v ngc li, ti mi im thuc (E) u tn ti mt ng cong ca h (L) tip xc
vi (E) ti im th (E) c gi l hnh bao ca h ng cong (L).
2. Quy tc tm hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham s.
nh l 1.1. Cho h ng cong F (x, y, c) = 0 ph thuc mt tham s c. Nu h
ng cong trn khng c im k d th hnh bao ca n c xc nh bng cch
kh c t h phng trnh
_
_
_
F (x, y, c) = 0
F
/
c
(x, y, c) = 0
(1)
3. Nu h ng cong cho c im k d th h phng trnh (1) bao gm hnh bao
(E) v qu tch cc im k d thuc h cc ng cong cho.
Bi tp 1.1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn vi ng cong:
a) y = x
3
+ 2x
2
4x 3 ti (2, 5).
Li gii.
_
_
_
Phng trnh tip tuyn y = 5
Phng trnh php tuyn x = 2
b) y = e
1x
2
ti giao im ca ng cong vi ng thng y = 1 .
Li gii. Ti M
1
(1, 1),
_
_
_
Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x y + 3 = 0
Phng trnh php tuyn x + 2y 1 = 0
Ti M
2
(1, 1),
_
_
_
Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x + y 3 = 0
Phng trnh php tuyn x 2y + 1 = 0
c.
_
x =
1+t
t
3
y =
3
2t
3
+
1
2t
ti A(2, 2).
Li gii. Phng trnh tip tuyn y = x.
Phng trnh php tuyn x + y 4 = 0.
7
d. x
2
3
+ y
2
3
= a
2
3
ti M(8, 1).
Li gii. Phng trnh tip tuyn x + 2y 10 = 0.
Phng trnh php tuyn 2x y 15 = 0.
Bi tp 1.2. Tnh cong ca:
a. y = x
3
ti im c honh x =
1
2
.
Li gii.
C (M) =
[y
//
[
(1 + y
/2
)
3/2
= ... =
192
125
b.
_
x = a (t sin t)
y = a (t cos t)
(a > 0) ti im bt k.
Li gii.
C(M) =
x
/
y
/
x
//
y
//
(x
/2
+ y
/2
)
3/2
= ... =
1
2a
2
1
1 cos x
c. x
2
3
+ y
2
3
= a
2
3
ti im bt k (a > 0).
Li gii. Phng trnh tham s:
_
x = a cos
3
t
y = a sin
3
t
, nn
C(M) =
x
/
y
/
x
//
y
//
(x
/2
+ y
/2
)
3/2
= ... =
1
3a [sint cos t[
d. r = ae
b
, (a, b > 0)
Li gii.
C(M) =
r
2
+ 2r
/2
rr
//
(r
2
+ r
/2
)
3/2
=
1
ae
b
1 + b
2
Bi tp 1.3. Tm hnh bao ca h ng cong sau:
a. y =
x
c
+ c
2
8
1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng 9
b. cx
2
+ c
2
y = 1
c. y = c
2
(x c)
2
Li gii. a. t F (x, y, c) := y
x
c
c
2
= 0.
iu kin: c ,= 0.
Xt h phng trnh:
_
F
/
x
(x, y, c) = 0
F
/
y
(x, y, c) = 0
_
F
/
x
(x, y, c) = 0
1 = 0
, h phng trnh v
nghim nn h ng cong khng c im k d. Ta c
_
F (x, y, c) = 0
F
/
c
(x, y, c) = 0
_
y
x
c
c
2
= 0
2c +
x
c
2
= 0
_
x = 2c
3
y = 3c
2
nn
_
x
2
_
2
_
y
3
_
3
= 0. Do iu kin c ,= 0 nn x, y ,= 0. Vy ta c hnh bao ca h
ng cong l ng
_
x
2
_
2
_
y
3
_
3
= 0 tr im O(0, 0).
b. t F (x, y, c) := cx
2
+ c
2
y 1 = 0. Nu c = 0 th khng tho mn phng trnh
cho nn iu kin: c ,= 0.
Xt h phng trnh:
_
F
/
x
(x, y, c) = 0
F
/
y
(x, y, c) = 0
_
2cx = 0
c
2
= 0
x = c = 0, nhng im k
d khng thuc h ng cong cho nn h ng cong cho khng c im k
d. Ta c
_
F (x, y, c) = 0
F
/
c
(x, y, c) = 0
_
cx
2
+ c
2
y = 1
x
2
+ 2cx = 0
_
x =
2
c
y =
1
c
2
Do x, y ,= 0 v ta c hnh bao ca h ng cong l ng y =
x
4
4
tr im O(0, 0).
c. t F (x, y, c) := c
2
(x c)
2
y = 0.
Xt h phng trnh:
_
F
/
x
(x, y, c) = 0
F
/
y
(x, y, c) = 0
_
F
/
x
= 0
1 = 0
, h phng trnh v nghim
nn h ng cong cho khng c im k d.
Ta c
_
F (x, y, c) = 0
F
/
c
(x, y, c) = 0
_
c
2
(x c)
2
y = 0 (1)
2c (x c) 2c
2
(x c) = 0 (2)
(2)
_
_
c = 0
c = x
c =
x
2
, th vo (1) ta c y = 0, y =
x
4
16
.
Vy hnh bao ca h ng cong l y = 0, y =
x
4
16
.
9
2. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG
HNH HC KHNG GIAN
2.1 Hm vct
Gi s I l mt khong trong R.
nh x
I R
n
t
r (t) R
n
c gi l hm vct ca bin s t xc nh trn R. Nu
n = 3, ta vit

r (t) = x (t) .
i + y (t) .
j + z (t) .
k . t M (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)), qu tch

M khi t bin thin trong I c gi l tc ca hm vct

r (t).
Gii hn: Ngi ta ni hm vct c gii hn l

a khi t t
0
nu lim
tt
0
r (t)
0 , k hiu lim
tt
0
r (t) =

a .
Lin tc: Hm vct
r (t) xc nh trn I c gi l lin tc ti t

0
I nu lim
tt
0
r (t) =
r (t
0
). (tung ng vi tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn tng ng x (t) , y (t) , z (t))
o hm: Gii hn, nu c, ca t s lim
h0
r
h
= lim
h0
r (t
0
+h)
r (t
0
)
h
c gi l o hm
ca hm vct
r (t) ti t
0
, k hiu
r
/
(t
0
) hay
d
r (t
0
)
dt
, khi ta ni hm vct
r (t) kh
vi ti t
0
.
Nhn xt rng nu x (t) , y (t) , z (t) kh vi ti t
0
th
r (t) cng kh vi ti t
0
v
r
/
(t
0
) =
x
/
(t
0
) .
i + y
/
(t
0
) .
j + z
/
(t
0
) .
k .
2.2 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng
cong cho di dng tham s
Cho ng cong
_
_
x = x(t)
y = y(t)
z = z(t)
v M(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) l mt im chnh quy.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M
(d) :
x x (t
0
)
x
/
(t
0
)
=
y y (t
0
)
y
/
(t
0
)
=
z z (t
0
)
z
/
(t
0
)
.
Phng trnh php din ti M.
(P) : x
/
(t
0
) . (x x (t
0
)) + y
/
(t
0
) . (y y (t
0
)) + z
/
(t
0
) . (z z (t
0
)) = 0.
10
2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian 11
2.3 Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt
cong.
Cho mt cong S xc nh bi phng trnh f (x, y, z) = 0 v M(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) l mt im
chnh quy ca S.
Phng trnh php tuyn ti M
(d) :
x x
0
f
/
x
(M)
=
y y
0
f
/
y
(M)
=
z z
0
f
/
z
(M)
.
Phng trnh tip din ti M
(P) : f
/
x
(M) . (x x
0
) + f
/
y
(M) . (y y
0
) + f
/
z
(M) . (z z
0
) = 0.
c bit, nu mt cong cho bi phng trnh z = z (x, y) th phng trnh tip din ti M
l (P) : z z
0
= z
/
x
(M) . (x x
0
) + z
/
y
(M) . (y y
0
).
2.4 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng
cong cho di dng giao ca hai mt cong
Cho ng cong xc nh bi giao ca hai mt cong nh sau
_
f (x, y, z) = 0
g (x, y, z) = 0
.
t

n
f
=
_
f
/
x
(M) , f
/
y
(M) , f
/
z
(M)
_
, l vct php tuyn ca mt phng tip din ca mt
cong f (x, y, z) = 0 ti M.
t

n
g
=
_
g
/
x
(M) , g
/
y
(M) , g
/
z
(M)
_
, l vct php tuyn ca mt phng tip din ca mt
cong g (x, y, z) = 0 ti M.
Khi
n
f

n
g
l vct ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong cho ti M. Vy phng
trnh tip tuyn l:
_
_
PTTQ :
_
f
/
x
(M) . (x x
0
) + f
/
y
(M) . (y y
0
) + f
/
z
(M) . (z z
0
) = 0.
g
/
x
(M) . (x x
0
) + g
/
y
(M) . (y y
0
) + g
/
z
(M) . (z z
0
) = 0.
PTCT :
xx
0
f
/
y
(M) f
/
z
(M)
g
/
y
(M) g
/
z
(M)
=
yy
0
f
/
z
(M) f
/
x
(M)
g
/
z
(M) g
/
x
(M)
=
zz
0
f
/
x
(M) f
/
y
(M)
g
/
x
(M) g
/
y
(M)
Bi tp 1.4. Gi s

p (t) ,
q (t) ,
(t) l cc hm vct kh vi. Chng minh rng:

a.
d
dt
_
p (t) +
q (t)
_
=
d
p (t)
dt
+
d
q (t)
dt
11
b.
d
dt
_
(t)
p (t)
_
= (t)
d
p (t)
dt
+
/
(t)
p (t)
c.
d
dt
_
p (t)
q (t)
_
=

p (t)
d
q (t)
dt
+
d
p (t)
dt
q (t)
d.
d
dt
_
p (t)
q (t)
_
=

p (t)
d
q (t)
dt
+
d
p (t)
dt

q (t)
Li gii. a. Gi s

p (t) = (p
1
(t) , p
2
(t) , p
3
(t)) ,
q (t) = (q
1
(t) , q
2
(t) , q
3
(t)), khi :
d
dt
_
p (t) +
q (t)
_
=
d
dt
(p
1
(t) + q
1
(t) , p
2
(t) + q
2
(t) , p
3
(t) + q
3
(t))
=
_
p
/
1
(t) + q
/
1
(t) , p
/
2
(t) + q
/
2
(t) , p
/
3
(t) + q
/
3
(t)
_
=
_
p
/
1
(t) , p
/
2
(t) , p
/
3
(t)
_
+
_
q
/
1
(t) , q
/
2
(t) , q
/
3
(t)
_
=
d
p (t)
dt
+
d
q (t)
dt
b.
d
dt
_
(t)
p (t)
_
=
_
[ (t) p
1
(t)]
/
, [ (t) p
2
(t)]
/
, [ (t) p
3
(t)]
/
_
=
_
/
(t) p
1
(t) + (t) p
/
1
(t) ,
/
(t) p
2
(t) + (t) p
/
2
(t) ,
/
(t) p
3
(t) + (t) p
/
3
(t)
_
=
_
/
(t) p
1
(t) ,
/
(t) p
2
(t) ,
/
(t) p
3
(t)
_
+
_
(t) p
/
1
(t) , (t) p
/
2
(t) , (t) p
/
3
(t)
_
= (t)
d
p (t)
dt
+
/
(t)
p (t)
c. Chng minh tng t nh cu b, s dng cng thc o hm ca hm hp.
d.
d
dt
_
p (t)
q (t)
_
=
d
dt
_
p
2
(t) p
3
(t)
q
2
(t) q
3
(t)
p
3
(t) p
1
(t)
q
3
(t) q
1
(t)
p
1
(t) p
2
(t)
q
1
(t) q
2
(t)
_
= ...
=
_
p
2
(t) p
/
3
(t)
q
2
(t) q
/
3
(t)
p
3
(t) p
/
1
(t)
q
3
(t) q
/
1
(t)
p
1
(t) p
/
2
(t)
q
1
(t) q
/
2
(t)
_
+
_
p
/
2
(t) p
3
(t)
q
/
2
(t) q
3
(t)
p
/
3
(t) p
1
(t)
q
/
3
(t) q
1
(t)
p
/
1
(t) p
2
(t)
q
/
1
(t) q
2
(t)
_
=

p (t)
d
q (t)
dt
+
d
p (t)
dt

q (t)
Bi tp 1.5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:
12
2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian 13
a.
_
_
x = a sin
2
t
y = b sin t cos t
z = c cos
2
t
ti im ng vi t =

4
, (a, b, c > 0).
b.
_
_
x =
e
t
sin t
2
y = 1
z =
e
t
cos t
2
ti im ng vi t = 2.
Li gii. a. Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) :
x
a
2
a
=
y
b
2
0
=
z
c
2
c
Phng trnh php din: (P) : a
_
x
a
2
_
c
_
z
c
2
_
= 0.
b. Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) :
x
2
2
=
y1
0
=
z
2
2
2
2
.
Phng trnh php din: (P) :
2
2
x +
2
2
_
z
2
2
_
= 0.
Bi tp 1.6. Vit phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong:
a) x
2
4y
2
+ 2z
2
= 6 ti im (2, 2, 3).
b) z = 2x
2
+ 4y
2
ti im (2, 1, 12).
c) z = ln (2x + y) ti im (1, 3, 0)
Li gii. a. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) :
x2
4
=
y2
16
=
z3
12
Phng trnh tip din: (P) : 4 (x 2) 16 (y 2) + 12 (z 3) = 0
b. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) :
x2
8
=
y1
8
=
z12
1
Phng trnh tip din: (P) : 8 (x 2) + 8 (y 1) (z 12) = 0.
c. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) :
x+1
2
=
y3
1
=
z
1
Phng trnh tip din: (P) : 2 (x + 1) + (y 3) z = 0.
Bi tp 1.7. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:
a.
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
y
2
+ z
2
= 25
ti im A(1, 3, 4)
b.
_
2x
2
+ 3y
2
+ z
2
= 47
x
2
+ 2y
2
= z
ti im B (2, 6, 1)
13
Li gii. a. Ta c
_
f (x, y, z) := x
2
+ y
2
10 = 0
g (x, y, z) := y
2
+ z
2
25 = 0
nn
_
n
f
= (2, 6, 0)
n
g
= (0, 6, 8)
.
Do n
f
n
g
= 2 (21, 8, 3). Vy:
Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) :
x1
21
=
y3
8
=
z4
3
Phng trnh php din (P) : 21 (x 1) 8 (y 3) + 3 (z 4) = 0
b. Tng t,
_
n
f
= (8, 6, 12)
n
g
= (4, 4, 1)
, n
f
n
g
= 2 (27, 27, 4) nn
Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) :
x+2
27
=
y1
27
=
z6
4
Phng trnh php din (P) : 27 (x + 2) + 27 (y 1) + 4 (z 6) = 0
14
CHNG 2
TCH PHN BI
1. TCH PHN KP
1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 2.1. Cho hm s f (x, y) xc nh trong mt min ng, b chn D. Chia
min D mt cch tu thnh n mnh nh. Gi cc mnh v din tch ca chng l
S
1
, S
2
, ..., S
n
. Trong mi mnh S
i
ly mt im tu M (x
i
, y
i
) v thnh lp tng tch
phn I
n
=
n
i=1
f (x
i
, y
i
) S
i
. Nu khi n sao cho max S
i
0 m I
n
tin ti mt gi
tr hu hn I, khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D v cch chn im M (x
i
, y
i
) th gii
hn y c gi l tch phn kp ca hm s f (x, y) trong min D, k hiu l
__
D
f (x, y) dS
Khi ta ni rng hm s f (x, y) kh tch trong min D. Do tch phn kp khng ph
thuc vo cch chia min D thnh cc mnh nh nn ta c th chia D thnh hai h ng
thng song song vi cc trc to , khi dS = dxdy v ta c th vit
__
D
f (x, y) dS =
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy
Tnh cht c bn:
Tnh cht tuyn tnh:
__
D
[ f (x, y) + g (x, y)] dxdy =
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy +
__
D
g (x, y) dxdy
15
16 Chng 2. Tch phn bi
__
D
k f (x, y) dxdy = k
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy
Tnh cht cng tnh: Nu D = D
1
D
2
v D
1
D
2
= th
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy =
__
D
1
f (x, y) dxdy +
__
D
2
f (x, y) dxdy
1.2 Tnh tch phn kp trong h to Descartes
tnh cc tch phn hai lp, ta cn phi a v tnh cc tch phn lp.
1. Phc tho hnh dng ca min D.
2. Nu D l min hnh ch nht (D) : a x b, c y d th ta c th s dng mt
trong hai tch phn lp
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy =
b
_
a
dx
d
_
c
f (x, y) dy =
d
_
c
dy
d
_
c
f (x, y) dx
3. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Oy, (D) : a x b, (x)
y (x) th dng tch phn lp vi th t dy trc, dx sau.
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy =
b
_
a
dx
(x)
_
(x)
f (x, y) dy
4. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Ox, (D) : c y d, (y)
x (y) th dng tch phn lp vi th t dx trc, dy sau.
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy =
d
_
c
dy
(y)
_
(y)
f (x, y) dx
5. Nu D l min c hnh dng phc tp, khng c dng 3,4 th thng thng ta s chia
min D thnh mt s hu hn min c dng 3 hoc 4 ri s dng tnh cht cng tnh
a v vic tnh ton nhng tch phn lp trn min c dng 3, 4.
Cc dng bi tp c bn
16
1. Tch phn kp 17
Dng 1: i th t ly tch phn.
Trong phn trn, chng ta bit rng th t ly tch phn v hnh dng ca min D c
lin quan cht ch n nhau. Nu th t dy trc, dx sau th min D c dng hnh thang
cong song song vi trc Oy, v c biu din l (D) : a x b, (x) y (x). Ngc li,
nu th t dx trc, dy sau th min D c dng hnh thang cong song song vi trc Ox,
v c biu din l (D) : c y d, (y) x (y). Do vy vic i th t ly tch phn
trong tch phn lp chng qua l vic biu din min D t dng ny sang dng kia.
1. T biu thc tch phn lp, v phc tho min D.
2. Nu D l min hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Oy th ta chia D thnh cc
hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Ox. Tm biu din gii tch ca cc min
con, v d (D
i
) : c
i
y d
i
,
i
(y) x
i
(y), sau vit
b
_
a
dx
y
2
(x)
_
y
1
(x)
f (x, y) dy =
i
d
i
_
c
i
dy
i
(y)
_
i
(y)
f (x, y) dx
3. Lm tng t trong trng hp D l hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Ox.
Bi tp 2.1. Thay i th t ly tch phn ca cc tch phn sau:
a)
1
_
0
dx
1x
2
_
1x
2
f (x, y) dy
x
1
y
1
O
D
1
D
2
Hnh 2.1 a)
Chia min D thnh hai min con D
1
, D
2
nh hnh v,
D
1
:
_
_
_
1 y 0
_
1 y
2
x
_
1 y
2
, D
2
:
_
_
_
0 y 1
_
1 y x
_
1 y
I =
0
_
1
dy
1y
2
_
1y
2
f (x, y) dx+
1
_
0
dy
1y
_
1y
f (x, y) dx
17
b)
1
_
0
dy
1+
1y
2
_
2y
f (x, y) dx
x
2 1
y
2
1
O
Hnh 2.1 b)
Li gii. Ta c: D :
_
_
_
1 x 2
2 x y
2x x
2
nn:
I =
2
_
1
dx
2xx
2
_
2x
f (x, y) dy
c)
2
_
0
dx
2x
_
2xx
2
f (x, y) dx
x
2 1
y
2
1
O
Hnh 2.1 c)
Li gii. Chia D thnh 3 min nh hnh v,
D
1
:
_
_
_
0 y 1
y
2
2
x 1
_
1 y
2
, D
2
:
_
_
_
0 y 1
1 +
_
1 y
2
x 2
, D
3
:
_
_
_
1 y 2
y
2
2
x 2
Vy:
I =
1
_
0
dy
1
1y
2
_
y
2
2
f (x, y) dx+
1
_
0
dy
2
_
1+
1y
2
f (x, y) dx +
2
_
1
dy
2
_
y
2
2
f (x, y) dx
18
1. Tch phn kp 19
d)
2
_
0
dy
y
_
0
f (x, y) dx+
2
_
2
dy
4y
2
_
0
f (x, y) dx
x
2
y
2
O
Hnh 2.1 d)
Li gii.
D :
_
_
_
0 x
2
x y
4 x
2
nn:
I =
2
_
0
dx
4x
2
_
x
f (x, y) dy
Mt cu hi rt t nhin t ra l vic i th t ly tch phn trong cc bi ton tch
phn kp c ngha nh th no? Hy xt bi ton sau y:
Bi tp 2.2. Tnh I =
1
_
0
dx
1
_
x
2
xe
y
2
dy.
x
1
y
2
O
Hnh 2.2
Li gii. Chng ta bit rng hm s f (x, y) = xe
y
2
lin tc trn min D nn chc chn
kh tch trn D. Tuy nhin cc bn c th thy rng nu tnh tch phn trn m lm theo
19
th t dy trc th khng th tnh c, v hm s e
y
2
khng c nguyn hm s cp! Cn
nu i th t ly tch phn th:
I =
1
_
0
dy
y
_
0
xe
y
2
dx =
1
_
0
e
y
2 x
2
2
x=
y
x=0
dy =
1
2
1
_
0
e
y
2
.ydy =
1
4
e
y
2
[
1
0
=
1
4
(e 1)
Dng 2: Tnh cc tch phn kp thng thng.
Bi tp 2.3. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
__
D
x sin (x + y) dxdy, D =
_
(x, y) R
2
: 0 y

2
, 0 x

2
_
Li gii.
I =
2
_
0
dx
2
_
0
x sin (x + y) dy = ... =

2
hoc I =
2
_
0
dy
2
_
0
x sin (x + y) dx = ... =

2
b) I =
__
D
x
2
(y x) dxdy, D gii hn bi y = x
2
&x = y
2
x
y
O 1
1
y = x
2
x = y
2
Hnh 2.3
Li gii.
I =
1
_
0
dx
x
_
x
2
_
x
2
y x
3
_
dy = ... =
1
504
20
1. Tch phn kp 21
Dng 3: Tnh cc tch phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i.
Mc ch ca chng ta l ph b c du gi tr tuyt i trong cc bi ton tnh
tch phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i. V d, tnh cc tch phn kp dng
__
D
[ f (x, y)[ dxdy. Kho st du ca hm f (x, y), do tnh lin tc ca hm f (x, y) nn
ng cong f (x, y) = 0 s chia min D thnh hai min, D
+
, D
. Trn D
+
, f (x, y) 0, v
trn D
, f (x, y) 0. Ta c cng thc:

__
D
[ f (x, y)[ dxdy =
__
D
+
f (x, y) dxdy
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy (1) (1)

Cc bc lm bi ton tnh tch phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i:
1. V ng cong f (x, y) = 0 tm ng cong phn chia min D.
2. Gi s ng cong tm c chia min D thnh hai min. xc nh xem min no
l D
+
, min no l D
, ta xt mt im (x
0
, y
0
) bt k, sau tnh gi tr f (x
0
, y
0
).
Nu f (x
0
, y
0
) > 0 th min cha (x
0
, y
0
) l D
+
v ngc li.
3. Sau khi xc nh c cc min D
+
, D
, chng ta s dng cng thc (1) tnh tch

phn.
Bi tp 2.4. Tnh
__
D
[x + y[dxdy, D :
_
(x, y) R
2
[[x 1[ , [y[ 1
_
O
x
1
D
+
y
1
D
Hnh 2.4
Li gii. Ta c:
D
+
= D x + y 0 = 1 x 1, x y 1
D
= D x + y 0 = 1 x 1, 1 y x
21
nn:
I =
__
D
+
(x + y) dxdy
__
D
(x + y) dxdy = ... =
8
3
Bi tp 2.5. Tnh
__
D
_
[y x
2
[dxdy, D :
_
(x, y) R
2
[[x[ 1, 0 y 1
_
O
x
1
D
+
y
1
D
Hnh 2.5
Li gii.
D
+
= D
_
(x, y)
y x
2
0
_
=
_
1 x 1, x
2
y 1
_
D
= D
_
(x, y)
y x
2
0
_
= 1 x 1, 0 y x
I =
__
D
+
_
y x
2
dxdy +
__
D
_
x
2
ydxdy = I
1
+ I
2
trong
I
1
=
1
_
1
dx
1
_
x
2
_
y x
2
dy =
2
3
1
_
1
_
1 x
2
_3
2
dx
x=sint
=
4
3
2
_
0
cos
4
tdt = ... =

4
I
2
=
1
_
1
dx
x
2
_
0
_
x
2
ydy =
2
3
1
_
1
[x[
3
dx =
4
3
1
_
0
x
3
dx =
1
3
Vy I =

4
+
1
3
22
1. Tch phn kp 23
Dng 4: Tnh cc tch phn kp trong trng hp min ly tch phn l min i
xng.
nh l 2.2. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc Ox (hoc tng ng Oy) v hm l
hm l i vi y (hoc tng ng i vi x) th
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy = 0
nh l 2.3. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc Ox (hoc tng ng Oy) v hm l
hm chn i vi y (hoc tng ng i vi x) th
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy = 2
__
D
/
f (x, y) dxdy
trong D
/
l phn nm bn phi trc Ox ca D (hoc tng ng pha trn ca trc Oy
tng ng)
nh l 2.4. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc gc to O v hm f (x, y) tho mn
f (x, y) = f (x, y) th
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy = 0
Bi tp 2.6. Tnh
__
[x[+[y[1
[x[ +[y[dxdy.
O
x
1
y
1
D
1
Hnh 2.6
Li gii. Do D i xng qua c Ox v Oy, f (x, y) = [x[ +[y[ l hm chn vi x, y nn
I = 4
__
D
1
f (x, y) dxdy = 4
1
_
0
dx
1x
_
0
(x + y)dy =
4
3
23
1.3 Php i bin s trong tch phn kp
Php i bin s tng qut
Php i bin s tng qut thng c s dng trong trng hp min D l giao ca
hai h ng cong. Xt tch phn kp: I =
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy, trong f (x, y) lin tc trn D.
Thc hin php i bin s x = x (u, v) , y = y (u, v) (1)tho mn:
x = x (u, v) , y = y (u, v) l cc hm s lin tc v c o hm ring lin tc trong
min ng D
uv
ca mt phng O
/
uv.
Cc cng thc (1) xc nh song nh t D
uv
D.
nh thc Jacobi J =
D(x,y)
D(u,v)
=
x
/
u
x
/
v
y
/
u
y
/
v
,= 0
Khi ta c cng thc:
I =
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy =
__
D
uv
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v)) [ J[ dudv
Ch :
Mc ch ca php i bin s l a vic tnh tch phn t min D c hnh dng
phc tp v tnh tch phn trn min D
uv
n gin hn nh l hnh thang cong hoc
hnh ch nht. Trong nhiu trng hp, php i bin s cn c tc dng lm n
gin biu thc tnh tch phn f (x, y).
Mt iu ht sc ch trong vic xc nh min D
uv
l php di bin s tng qut
s bin bin ca min D thnh bin ca min D
uv
, bin min D b chn thnh min
D
uv
b chn.
C th tnh J thng qua J
1
=
D(u,v)
D(x,y)
=
u
/
x
u
/
y
v
/
x
v
/
y
.
Bi tp 2.7. Chuyn tch phn sau sang hai bin u, v:
a)
1
_
0
dx
x
_
x
f (x, y) dxdy, nu t
_
_
_
u = x + y
v = x y
b) p dng tnh vi f (x, y) = (2 x y)
2
.
24
1. Tch phn kp 25
O
x
1
y
1
D
O
/ u
2
v
2
Hnh 2.7
Li gii.
_
_
_
u = x + y
v = x y
_
_
_
x =
u+v
2
y =
uv
2
, [J[ =
D (x, y)
D(u, v)
=
1 1
1 1
= 2
hn na
D
_
_
_
0 x 1
x y x
D
uv
_
_
_
0 u 2
0 v 2 u
nn
I =
1
2
2
_
0
du
2u
_
0
f
_
u + v
2
,
u v
2
_
dv
Bi tp 2.8. Tnh I =
__
D
_
4x
2
2y
2
_
dxdy, trong D :
_
_
_
1 xy 4
x y 4x
x
y
O
1
1
y = 4x
y = x
xy = 4
xy = 1
Hnh 2.8
25
Li gii. Thc hin php i bin
_
_
_
u = xy
v =
y
x
_
_
_
x =
_
u
v
y =

uv
, D
uv
:
_
_
_
1 u 4
1 v 4
, J
1
=
y x
y
x
2
1
x
= 2
y
x
= 2
uv
_
u
v
= 2v
khi
I =
4
_
1
du
4
_
1
_
4
u
v
2uv
_
.
1
2v
dv =
4
_
1
du
4
_
1
_
2u
v
2
u
_
dv =
4
_
1
3
2
udu =
45
4
Php i bin s trong to cc
Trong rt nhiu trng hp, vic tnh ton tch phn kp trong to cc n gin
hn rt nhiu so vi vic tnh tch phn trong to Descartes, c bit l khi min D c
dng hnh trn, qut trn, cardioids,. . . v hm di du tch phn c nhng biu thc
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
. To cc ca im M (x, y) l b (r, ), trong
_
_
_
r =
OM
OM,Ox
.
Cng thc i bin:
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
, trong min bin thin ca r, ph thuc vo hnh
dng ca min D. Khi J =
D(x,y)
D(r,)
= r , v I =
__
D
r
f (r cos , r sin )rdrd
c bit, nu D :
_
_
_
1

2
r
1
() r r
2
()
, th
I =
2
_
1
d
r
2
()
_
r
1
()
f (r cos , r sin ) rdr
Bi tp 2.9. Tm cn ly tch phn trong to cc I =
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy, trong D l
min xc nh nh sau:
a) a
2
x
2
+ y
2
b
2
26
1. Tch phn kp 27
x
y
O
a
a
b
b
Hnh 2.9a
Li gii.
D :
_
_
_
0 2
a r b
I =
2
_
0
d
b
_
a
b) x
2
+ y
2
4x, x
2
+ y
2
8x, y x, y 2x
x
4 2 8
y
O
Hnh 2.9b
Li gii. Ta c:
D :
_
_
_
4

3
4 cos r 8 cos
I =
3
_
4
d
8 cos
_
4 cos
Bi tp 2.10. Dng php i bin s trong to cc, hy tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
R
_
0
dx
R
2
x
2
_
0
ln
_
1 + x
2
+ y
2
_
dy (R > 0).
27
x
R
y
O
Hnh 2.10 a
T biu thc tnh tch phn ta suy ra biu thc gii tch ca min D l:
_
_
_
0 x R
0 y
R
2
x
2
nn chuyn sang to cc, t:
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
th
_
_
_
0

2
0 r R
I =
2
_
0
d
R
_
0
ln
_
1 + r
2
_
rdr =

4
R
_
0
ln
_
1 + r
2
_
d
_
1 + r
2
_
=

4
__
R
2
+ 1
_
ln
_
R
2
+ 1
_
R
2
_
b) Tnh
__
D
xy
2
dxdy, D gii hn bi
_
_
_
x
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 1
x
2
+ y
2
4y = 0
.
x
y
2
4
O
Hnh 2.10 b
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
_
_
_
0
2 sin r 4 sin
28
1. Tch phn kp 29
I =
_
0
d
4 sin
_
2 sin
r cos . (r sin )
2
rdr
= 0
Cch 2: V D i xng qua Oy v xy
2
l hm s l i vi x nn I = 0.
a)
__
D
dxdy
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, trong D :
_
_
_
4y x
2
+ y
2
8y
x y x
3
x
y
4
8
O
y = x
y = x
3
Hnh 2.11a
Li gii.
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
_
_
_
4

3
4 sin r 8 sin
I =
3
_
4
d
8 sin
_
4 sin
1
r
4
rdr =
1
2
3
_
4
_
1
64 sin
2
1
16 sin
2
_
d =
3
128
_
1
1
3
_
b)
__
D
_
1x
2
y
2
1+x
2
+y
2
dxdy trong D : x
2
+ y
2
1
29
x
1
y
1
O
Hnh 2.11b
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
_
_
_
0 2
0 r 1
Ta c:
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
1 r
2
1 + r
2
rdr
u=r
2
= 2
1
_
0
1
2
_
1 u
1 + u
du
t
t =
_
1 u
1 + u
_
_
_
du =
4t
(1+t
2
)
2
dt
0 t 1
I =
1
_
0
t
_
4t
(1 + t
2
)
2
_
dt =
1
_
0
4dt
1 + t
2
+ 4
1
_
0
dt
(1 + t
2
)
2
= 4 arctg t
1
0
+ 4
_
1
2
t
t
2
+ 1
+
1
2
arctg t
_
1
0
=

2
2
c)
__
D
xy
x
2
+y
2
dxdy trong D :
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
12
x
2
+ y
2
2x
x
2
+ y
2
2
3y
x 0, y 0
30
1. Tch phn kp 31
x
2
2
3
y
2
3
O
D
1
D
2
Hnh 2.11c
Li gii. Chia min D thnh hai min nh hnh v,
D = D
1
D
2
, D
1
=
_
_
_
0

6
2 cos r 2
3
, D
2
=
_
_
_
6

2
2
3 sin r 2
3
Vy I = I
1
+ I
2
, trong
I
1
=
6
_
0
d
2
3
_
2 cos
r
2
cos sin
r
2
rdr =
1
2
6
_
0
cos sin
_
12 4cos
2
_
d = ... =
17
32
I
2
=
2
_
6
d
2
3
_
2
3 sin
r
2
cos sin
r
2
rdr =
1
2
2
_
6
cos sin
_
12 12 sin
2
_
d = ... =
27
32
nn I =
11
8
Php i bin s trong to cc suy rng.
Php i bin trong to cc suy rng c s dng khi min D c hnh dng ellipse
hoc hnh trn c tm khng nm trn cc trc to . Khi s dng php bin i ny, bt
buc phi tnh li cc Jacobian ca php bin i.
1. Nu D :
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1, thc hin php i bin
_
_
_
x = ar cos
y = br sin
, J = abr
2. Nu D : (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
= R
2
, thc hin php i bin
_
_
_
x = a + r cos
y = b + r sin
, J = r
3. Xc nh min bin thin ca r, trong php i bin trong h to cc suy rng.
31
4. Thay vo cng thc i bin tng qut v hon tt qu trnh i bin.
Bi tp 2.12. Tnh
__
D
9x
2
4y
2
dxdy, trong D :
x
2
4
+
y
2
9
1.
x
2
y
3
O
Hnh 2.12
Li gii.
t
_
_
_
x = 2r cos
y = 3r sin
J = 6r,
_
_
_
0 2
0 r 1
Ta c:
I = 6
__
D
r
36r
2
cos
2
36r
2
sin
2
rdrd = 6.36
2
_
0
[cos 2[ d
1
_
0
r
3
dr = ... = 216
Bi tp 2.13. Tnh
R
_
0
dx
R
2
x
2
_
R
2
x
2
_
Rx x
2
y
2
dy, (R > 0)
x
R
y
O
Hnh 2.13
Li gii. T biu thc tnh tch phn suy ra biu thc gii tch ca D l:
D :
_
_
_
0 x R
Rx x
2
y
Rx x
2
_
x
R
2
_
2
+ y
2
R
2
4
32
1. Tch phn kp 33
t
_
_
_
x =
R
2
+ rcos
y = r sin
[ J[ = r,
_
_
_
0 2
0 r
R
2
Vy
I =
2
_
0
d
R
2
_
0
_
R
2
4
r
2
rdr = 2.
1
2
R
2
_
0
_
R
2
4
r
2
d
_
R
2
4
r
2
_
=
R
3
12
Bi tp 2.14. Tnh
__
D
xydxdy, vi
a) D l mt trn (x 2)
2
+ y
2
1
x
3 1
y
O
Hnh 2.14a
Li gii.
t
_
_
_
x = 2 + r cos
y = r sin
_
_
_
0 r 1
0 2
nn
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
(2 + r cos ) r sin .rdr = 0
Cch 2. Nhn xt: Do D l min i xng qua Ox, f (x, y) = xy l hm l i vi y
nn I = 0.
b) D l na mt trn (x 2)
2
+ y
2
1, y 0
x
3 1
y
O
Hnh 2.14b
33
Li gii.
t
_
_
_
x = 2 + r cos
y = r sin
_
_
_
0 r 1
0
nn
I =
_
0
d
1
_
0
(2 + r cos ) r sin .rdr =
4
3
34
2. Tch phn bi ba 35
2. TCH PHN BI BA
2.1 nh ngha v tnh cht
nh ngha 2.2. Cho hms f (x, y, z) xc nh trong mt min ng, b chn V ca khng
gian Oxyz. Chia min V mt cch tu thnh n min nh. Gi cc min v th tch
ca chng l V
1
, V
2
, ..., V
n
. Trong mi min
i
ly mt im tu M(x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) v thnh
lp tng tch phn I
n
=
n
i=1
f (x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) V
i
. Nu khi n + sao cho max V
i
0 m I
n
tin ti mt gi tr hu hn I, khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V v cch chn im
M(x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) th gii hn y c gi l tch phn bi ba ca hm s f (x, y, z) trong min V,
k hiu l
___
V
f (x, y, z) dV.
Khi ta ni rng hm s f (x, y, z) kh tch trong min V.
Do tch phn bi ba khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V thnh cc min nh nn ta c
th chia V bi ba h mt thng song song vi cc mt phng to , khi dV = dxdydz
v ta c th vit
___
V
f (x, y, z) dV =
___
V
f (x, y, z) dxdydz
Cc tnh cht c bn
Tnh cht tuyn tnh
___
V
[ f (x, y, z) + g (x, y, z)] dxdydz =
___
V
f (x, y, z) dxdydz +
___
V
g (x, y, z) dxdydz
___
V
k f (x, y, z) dxdydz = k
___
V
f (x, y, z) dxdydz
Tnh cht cng tnh: Nu V = V
1
V
2
v V
1
V
2
= th:
___
V
f (x, y, z) dxdydz =
___
V
1
f (x, y, z) dxdydz +
___
V
2
f (x, y, z) dxdydz
2.2 Tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to Descartes
Cng ging nh vic tnh ton tch phn kp, ta cn phi a tch phn ba lp v tch
phn lp. Vic chuyn i ny s c thc hin qua trung gian l tch phn kp.
Tch phn ba lp Tch phn hai lp Tch phn lp
35
S trn cho thy vic tnh tch phn ba lp c chuyn v tnh tch phn kp (vic
tnh tch phn kp c nghin cu bi trc). ng nhin vic chuyn i ny ph
thuc cht ch vo hnh dng ca min V. Mt ln na, k nng v hnh l rt quan trng.
Nu min V c gii hn bi cc mt z = z
1
(x, y) , z = z
2
(x, y), trong z
1
(x, y) , z
2
(x, y)
l cc hm s lin tc trn min D, D l hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng Oxy th ta
c:
I =
___
V
__
D
dxdy
z
2
(x,y)
_
z
1
(x,y)
f (x, y, z) dz (2.1)
Thut ton chuyn tch phn ba lp v tch phn hai lp
1. Xc nh hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng Oxy.
2. Xc nh bin di z = z
1
(x, y) v bin trn z = z
2
(x, y) ca V.
3. S dng cng thc 2.1 hon tt vic chuyn i.
n y mi vic ch mi xong mt na, vn cn li by gi l:
Xc nh D v cc bin z = z
1
(x, y) , z = z
2
(x, y) nh th no?
C hai cch xc nh: Dng hnh hc hoc l da vo biu thc gii tch ca min V.
Mi cch u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Cch dng hnh hc tuy kh thc hin
hn nhng c u im l rt trc quan, d hiu. Cch dng biu thc gii tch ca V tuy
c th p dng cho nhiu bi nhng thng kh hiu v phc tp. Chng ti khuyn cc
em sinh vin hy c gng th cch v hnh trc. Mun lm c iu ny, i hi cc bn
sinh vin phi c k nng v cc mt cong c bn trong khng gian nh mt phng, mt
tr, mt nn, mt cu, ellipsoit, paraboloit, hyperboloit 1 tng, hyperboloit 2 tng, hn
na cc bn cn c tr tng tng tt hnh dung ra s giao ct ca cc mt.
Ch : Cng ging nh khi tnh tch phn kp, vic nhn xt c tnh i xng ca min
V v tnh chn l ca hm ly tch phn f (x, y, z) i khi gip sinh vin gim c khi
lng tnh ton ng k.
nh l 2.5. Nu V l min i xng qua mt phng z = 0(Oxy) v f (x, y, z) l hm s l
i vi z th
___
V
f (x, y, z) dxdydz = 0.
nh l 2.6. Nu V l min i xng qua mt phng z = 0(Oxy) v f (x, y, z) l hm s
chn i vi z th
___
V
f (x, y, z) dxdydz = 2
___
V
+
f (x, y, z) dxdydz, trong V
+
l phn pha
trn mt phng z = 0 ca V.
36
2. Tch phn bi ba 37
Tt nhin chng ta c th thay i vai tr ca z trong hai nh l trn bng x hoc y. Hai
nh l trn c th c chng minh d dng bng phng php i bin s.
Bi tp 2.15. Tnh
___
V
zdxdydz trong min V c xc nh bi:
_
_
0 x
1
4
x y 2x
0 z
_
1 x
2
y
2
Li gii.
I =
1
4
_
0
dx
2x
_
x
dy
1x
2
y
2
_
0
zdz =
1
4
_
0
dx
2x
_
x
1
2
_
1 x
2
y
2
_
dy =
1
2
1
4
_
0
_
x
10
3
x
3
_
dx =
43
3072
Bi tp 2.16. Tnh
___
V
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdydz trong V:
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
x
2
+ y
2
z
2
= 0
.
y
z
x
O
z =
_
1 x
2
y
2
z =
_
x
2
+ y
2
D
Hnh 2.16
37
Li gii. Do tnh cht i xng,
___
V
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdydz = 2
___
V
1
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdydz = 2I
1
, trong
V
1
l na pha trn mt phng Oxy ca V. Ta c
_
_
V
1
:
_
x
2
+ y
2
z
_
1 x
2
y
2
D : x
2
+ y
2
1
2
,
,
vi D l hnh chiu ca V
1
ln Oxy. Ta c
I
1
=
__
D
x
2
+ y
2
dxdy
1x
2
y
2
_
x
2
+y
2
dz =
__
D
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
_
1 x
2
y
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdy
t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
J = r,
_
_
0 2
0 r
1
2
nn
I
1
=
1
2
_
0
r
3
_
_
1 r
2
r
_
dr
2
_
0
d = 2
1
2
_
0
r
3
_
_
1 r
2
r
_
dr =
(r=cos )
... =
2
5
.
8 5
2
12
Vy
I =
4
5
.
8 5
2
12
2.3 Phng php i bin s trong tch phn bi ba
Php i bin s tng qut
Php i bin s tng qut thng c s dng trong trng hp min V l giao ca
ba h mt cong. Gi s cn tnh I =
___
V
f (x, y, z) dxdydz trong f (x, y, z) lin tc trn V.
Thc hin php i bin s
_
_
x = x (u, v, w)
y = y (u, v, w)
z = z (u, v, w)
(2.2)
tho mn
x, y, z cng vi cc o hm ring ca n l cc hm s lin tc trn min ng V
uvw
ca mt phng O
/
uvw.
Cng thc 2.2 xc nh song nh V
uvw
V.
38
2. Tch phn bi ba 39
J =
D(x,y,z)
D(u,v,w)
,= 0 trong V
uvw
. Khi
I =
___
V
___
V
uvw
f [x (u, v, w) , y (u, v, w) , z (u, v, w)] [J[ dudvdw
Cng ging nh php i bin trong tch phn kp, php i bin trong tch phn bi ba
cng bin bin ca min V thnh bin ca min V
uvw
, bin min V b chn thnh min
V
uvw
b chn.
Bi tp 2.17. Tnh th tch min V gii hn bi
_
_
x + y + z = 3
x + 2y z = 1
x + 4y + z = 2
bit V =
___
V
dxdydz.
Li gii. Thc hin php i bin
_
_
u = x + y + z
v = x + 2y z
w = x + 4y + z
. V php i bin bin bin ca V
thnh bin ca V
uvw
nn V
uvw
gii hn bi:
_
_
u = 3
v = 1
w = 2
J
1
=
D(u, v, w)
D(x, y, z)
=
1 1 1
1 2 1
1 4 1
= 6 J =
1
6
V =
1
6
___
V
uvw
dudvdw =
1
6
.6.2.4 = 8
Php i bin s trong to tr
Khi min V c bin l cc mt nh mt paraboloit, mt nn, mt tr, v c hnh chiu
D ln Oxy l hnh trn, hoc hm ly tch phn f (x, y, z) c cha biu thc (x
2
+ y
2
) th ta
hay s dng cng thc i bin trong h to tr. To tr ca im M(x, y, z) l b ba
(r, , z), trong (r, ) chnh l to cc ca im M
/
l hnh chiu ca im M ln Oxy.
Cng thc i bin
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
. nh thc Jacobian ca php bin i l J =
D(x,y,z)
D(r,,z)
= r,
ta c:
I =
___
V
___
V
rz
f (rcos, r sin , z) rdrddz
39
Nu min V :
_
(x, y) D
z
1
(x, y) z z
2
(x, y)
, trong D :
_
1

2
r
1
() r r
2
()
th:
I =
2
_
1
d
r
2
()
_
r
1
()
rdr
z
2
(r cos ,r sin )
_
z
1
(r cos ,r sin )
f (r cos , r sin , z) dz
Bi tp 2.18. Tnh
___
V
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdydz, trong V :
_
x
2
+ y
2
1
1 z 2
.
y
z
x
O
V
1
2
Hnh 2.18
Li gii. t
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
th
_
_
0 2
0 r 1
1 z 2
. Ta c
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
r
2
dr
2
_
1
zdz = ... =
3
4
Bi tp 2.19. Tnh
___
V
z
_
x
2
+ y
2
dxdydz, trong :
a) V l min gii hn bi mt tr: x
2
+ y
2
= 2x v cc mt phng z = 0, z = a (a > 0).
b) V l na ca hnh cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
a
2
, z 0 (a > 0)
40
2. Tch phn bi ba 41
y
z
x
O
Hnh 2.19a
Li gii. a) t
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
. T x
2
+ y
2
= 2x suy ra r = 2 cos . Do :
_
2
0 r 2 cos
0 z a
.
Vy
I =
2
_
2
d
2 cos
_
0
r
2
dr
a
_
0
zdz = ... =
16a
2
9
y
z
x
O
Hnh 2.19b
41
Li gii. b) t
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
, ta c
_
_
0 2
0 r a
0 z
_
a
2
r
2
. Vy
I =
2
_
0
d
a
_
0
r
2
dr
a
2
r
2
_
0
zdz = 2
a
_
0
r
2
.
a
2
r
2
2
dr =
2a
5
15
Bi tp 2.20. Tnh I =
___
V
ydxdydz, trong V gii hn bi:
_
y =
_
z
2
+ x
2
y = h
.
y
z
x
O h
Hnh 2.20
Li gii. t
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
, ta c
_
_
0 2
0 r h
r y h
. Vy
I =
2
_
0
d
h
_
0
rdr
h
_
r
ydy = 2
h
_
0
r.
h
2
r
2
2
dr =
h
4
4
Bi tp 2.21. Tnh I =
___
V
_
x
2
+ y
2
dxdydz trong V gii hn bi:
_
x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
z = 1
.
42
2. Tch phn bi ba 43
y
z
x
O
Hnh 2.21
Li gii. t
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
, ta c
_
_
0 2
0 r 1
r z 1
. Vy
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
r
2
dr
1
_
r
dz = 2
1
_
0
r
2
(1 r) dr =

6
Bi tp 2.22. Tnh
___
V
dxdydz
x
2
+y
2
+(z2)
2
, trong V :
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
[z[ 1
.
43
y
z
x
O
Hnh 2.22
Li gii. t
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z
/
= z 2
[J[ = r, V
rz
:
_
_
0 2
0 r 1
3 z
/
1
, ta c
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
rdr
1
_
3
dz
/
r
2
+ z
/2
=
1
_
0
r. ln
_
z
/
+
_
r
2
+ z
/2
_
z
/
=1
z
/
=3
dr
= 2
_
_
1
_
0
r ln
_
_
r
2
+ 1 1
_
dr
1
_
0
r ln
_
_
r
2
+ 9 3
_
dr
_
_
= 2 (I
1
I
2
)
V lim
r0
r ln
_
r
2
+ 1 1
_
= lim
r0
r ln
_
r
2
+ 9 3
_
= 0 nn thc cht I
1
, I
2
l cc tch phn
xc nh.
t

r
2
+ 1 = t rdr = tdt, ta c
_
r ln
_
_
r
2
+ 1 1
_
dr
=
_
t ln (t 1) dt
=
t
2
2
ln (t 1)
1
2
_
t
2
t 1
dt
=
t
2
1
2
ln(t 1)
t
2
4

t
2
+ C
44
2. Tch phn bi ba 45
nn
I
1
=
_
t
2
1
2
ln(t 1)
t
2
4

t
2
_
[
2
1
=
1
2
ln
_
2 1
_
1
4

1
2
_
2 1
_
Tng t, I
2
=
t
2
9
2
ln(t 3)
t
2
4

3t
2
+ C nn
I
2
=
_
t
2
9
2
ln (t 3)
t
2
4

3t
2
_
[
10
3
=
1
2
ln
_
10 3
_
1
4

3
2
_
10 3
_
Vy
I = 2 (I
1
I
2
) =
_
ln
2 1
10 3
+ 3
10 8
2
_
Php i bin trong to cu
Trong trng hp min V c dng hnh cu, chm cu, mi cu,. . . v khi hm ly tch
phn f (x, y, z) c cha biu thc
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
th ta hay s dng php i bin trong to
cu.
To cu ca im M(x, y, z) trong khng gian l b ba (r, , ), trong :
_
_
r =
OM
=

_
OM, Oz
_
=

_
OM
/
, Ox
_
Cng thc ca php i bin l:
_
_
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
.
nh thc Jacobian J =
D(x,y,z)
D(r,,)
= r
2
sin, ta c:
___
V
___
V
r
f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos ) r
2
sin drdd
c bit, nu V
r
:
_
1

2
, (
2

1
2)
1
()
2
()
r
1
(, ) r r
2
(, )
th
I =
2
_
1
d
2
()
_
1
()
sind
r
2
(,)
_
r
1
(,)
f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r
2
dr
45
Bi tp 2.23. Tnh
___
V
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
dxdydz, trong V :
_
1 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4
x
2
+ y
2
z
2
y
z
x
O
V
1
Hnh 2.23
Li gii. t
_
_
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
. Do 1 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4 nn 1 r 2; trn mt nn c
phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
nn =

4
. Vy
_
_
0 2
0
4
1 r 2
nn
I = 2
2
_
0
d
4
_
0
sin d
2
_
1
r
2
.r
2
dr = 2.2. (cos )
4
0
.
r
5
5
2
1
=
4.31
5
_
1
2
2
_
Bi tp 2.24. Tnh
___
V
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
dxdydz trong V : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
z.
46
2. Tch phn bi ba 47
y
z
x
O
Hnh 2.24
Li gii. t
_
_
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
. Nhn hnh v ta thy 0 2, 0

2
.
Do x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
z nn 0 r cos . Vy
I =
2
_
0
d
2
_
0
sin d
cos
_
0
r.r
2
dr = 2.
2
_
0
sin .
1
4
cos
4
d =

10
Php i bin trong to cu suy rng.
Tng t nh khi tnh tch phn kp, khi min V c dng hnh ellipsoit hoc hnh cu
c tm khng nm trn cc trc to th ta s s dng php i bin s trong to cu
suy rng. Khi ta phi tnh li Jacobian ca php bin i.
1. Nu min V c dng hnh ellipsoit hoc hnh cu c tm khng nm trn cc trc to
nn ngh ti php i bin s trong to cu suy rng.
2. Nu V :
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
= 1 th thc hin php i bin
_
_
x = ar sin cos
y = br sin sin
z = cr cos
, J = abcr
2
sin
47
Nu V : (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
th thc hin php i bin
_
_
x = a + r sin cos
y = b + r sin sin
z = c + r cos
, J = r
2
sin
3. Xc nh min bin thin ca , , r.
4. Dng cng thc i bin tng qut hon tt vic i bin.
Bi tp 2.25. Tnh
___
V
z
_
x
2
+ y
2
dxdydz, trong V l na ca khi ellipsoit
x
2
+y
2
a
2
+
z
2
b
2

1, z 0, (a, b > 0)
Li gii. Cch 1: S dng php i bin trong to tr suy rng.
t
_
_
z = bz
/
x = ar cos
y = ar sin
J =
D (x, y, z)
D (r, , z)
= a
2
br, V
rz
/ =
_
0 2, 0 r 1, 0 z
/

_
1 r
2
_
Vy
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
dr
1r
2
_
0
bz
/
.ar.a
2
brdz
/
= 2a
3
b
2
1
_
0
r
2
.
1 r
2
2
dr =
2a
3
b
2
15
Cch 2: S dng php i bin trong to cu suy rng.
t
_
_
x = ar sin cos
y = ar sin sin
z = br cos
J =
D(x, y, z)
D (r, , )
= a
2
br
2
sin, V
rz
/ =
_
0 2, 0
2
, 0 r 1
_
Vy
I =
2
_
0
d
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
br cos .ar sin .a
2
b sin = 2a
3
b
2
2
_
0
cos sin
2
d
1
_
0
r
4
dr =
2a
3
b
2
15
Bi tp 2.26. Tnh
___
V
_
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
_
dxdydz , V :
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
1, (a, b, c > 0).
48
2. Tch phn bi ba 49
Li gii. t
_
_
x = ar sin cos
y = br sin sin
z = cr cos
J =
D(x, y, z)
D (r, , )
= abcr
2
sin , V
rz
/ = 0 2, 0 , 0 r 1
Vy
I = abc
2
_
0
d
_
0
d
1
_
0
r
2
.r
2
sin =
4
5
abc
49
3. CC NG DNG CA TCH PHN BI
3.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng
Cng thc tng qut: S =
__
D
dxdy
Bi tp 2.27. Tnh din tch ca min D gii hn bi:
_
_
y = 2
x
y = 2
x
y = 4
.
x
O
1
y
4
y = 2
x
y = 2
x
Hnh 2.27
Li gii. Nhn xt:
D = D
1
D
2
, D
1
_
2 x 0
2
x
y 4
, D
2
_
0 x 2
2
x
y 4
nn
S =
__
D
dxdy =
__
D
1
dxdy +
__
D
2
dxdy = 2
__
D
1
dxdy = ... = 2
_
8
3
ln2
_
50
3. Cc ng dng ca tch phn bi 51
Bi tp 2.28. Tnh din tch ca min D gii hn bi:
_
y
2
= x, y
2
= 2x
x
2
= y, x
2
= 2y
x
y
O
y = x
2
x
2
= 2y
x = y
2
2x = y
2
Hnh 2.28
Li gii. Ta c S =
__
D
dxdy. Thc hin php i bin
_
_
u =
y
2
x
v =
x
2
y
D
uv
:
_
1 u 2
1 v 2
,
th
J
1
=
D (u, v)
D (x, y)
=
y
2
x
2
2y
x
2x
y

x
2
y
2
= 3
Vy
S =
__
D
uv
1
3
dudv =
1
3
Bi tp 2.29. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi
_
y = 0, y
2
= 4ax
x + y = 3a, y 0 (a > 0)
.
51
y
O
x
3a
3a
6a
Hnh 2.29
Li gii. Nhn hnh v ta thy D :
_
_
6a y 0
y
2
4a
x 3a y
nn
S =
__
D
dxdy =
0
_
6a
dy
3ay
_
y
2
4a
dx =
0
_
6a
_
3a y
y
2
4a
_
dy = 18a
2
Bi tp 2.30. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 2x, x
2
+ y
2
= 4x
x = y, y = 0
.
y = x
x
2 4
y
O
Hnh 2.30
Li gii. Ta c S =
__
D
dxdy, t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
th D :
_
_
_
0
4
2 cos r 4 cos
nn
S =
4
_
0
d
4 cos
_
2 cos
rdr =
1
2
4
_
0
12 cos
2
d =
3
4
+
3
2
52
Bi tp 2.31. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng trn r = 1, r =
2
3
cos .
Ch :
r = a l phng trnh ng trn tm O(0, 0), bn knh a.
r = a cos l phng trnh ng trn tm (a, 0), bn knh a.
x
y
O
Hnh 2.31
Li gii. Giao ti giao im ca 2 ng trn:
r = 1 =
2
3
cos =
6
nn
S = 2
6
_
0
d
2
3
cos
_
1
rdr = 2.
1
2
6
_
0
_
4
3
cos
2
1
_
d =
3
6

18
Bi tp 2.32. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
= 2a
2
xy (a > 0) (ng
)
x
y
O
r = a
_
sin2
Hnh 2.32
53
Li gii. Tham s ho ng cong cho, t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
, phng trnh ng cong
tng ng vi r
2
= a
2
sin2. Kho st v v ng cong cho trong h to cc (xem
hnh v 2.32). Ta c
D :
_
_
_
0
2
,
3
2
0 r a
_
sin2
Do tnh i xng ca hnh v nn
S = 2
2
_
0
d
a
sin2
_
0
rdr =
2
_
0
a
2
sin2d = a
2
Bi tp 2.33. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng x
3
+y
3
= axy (a > 0) (L Descartes)
x
y
O
1
2
1
2
TCX: y = x
1
3
Hnh 2.33
Tham s ho ng cong cho, t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
, phng trnh ng cong tng ng
vi
r =
a sin cos
sin
3
+ cos
3
Kho st v v ng cong cho trong h to cc (xem hnh v 2.33). Ta c

D :
_
_
0
2
0 r
a sin cos
sin
3
+ cos
3
54
nn
S =
2
_
0
d
a sin cos
sin
3
+cos
3
_
0
rdr =
a
2
2
2
_
0
sin
2
cos
2
_
sin
3
+ cos
3
_
2
d
t=tg
=
a
2
2
.
1
3
+
_
0
d
_
t
3
+ 1
_
(t
3
+ 1)
2
=
a
2
6
Bi tp 2.34. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng r = a (1 + cos ) (a > 0), (ng
Cardioids hay ng hnh tim)
x
y
O
2a
a
a
Hnh 2.34
Li gii. Ta c
D = 0 2, 0 r a (1 + cos )
nn
S = 2
_
0
d
a(1+cos )
_
0
rdr = a
2
_
0
(1 + cos )
2
d = ... =
3a
2
2
3.2 Tnh th tch vt th
Cng thc tng qut:
V =
___
V
dxdydz
Cc trng hp c bit
1. Vt th hnh tr, mt xung quanh l mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc
Oz, y l min D trong mt phng Oxy, pha trn gii hn bi mt cong z =
f (x, y) , f (x, y) 0 v lin tc trn D th V =
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy. (Xem hnh v di
y).
55
y
z
x
O
z = f (x, y)
D
2. Vt th l khi tr, gii hn bi cc ng sinh song song vi trc Oz, hai mt
z = z
1
(x, y) , z = z
2
(x, y). Chiu cc mt ny ln mt phng Oxy ta c min D,
z
1
(x, y) , z
2
(x, y) l cc hm lin tc, c o hm ring lin tc trn D. Khi :
V =
__
D
[z
1
(x, y) z
2
(x, y)[dxdy
y
z
x
O
z = f (x, y)
z = g(x, y)
D
Bi tp 2.35. Tnh din tch min gii hn bi

_
_
3x + y 1
3x + 2y 2
y 0, 0 z 1 x y
.
56
y
z
x
O
Hnh 2.35
Li gii.
V =
__
D
f (x, y) dxdy =
1
_
0
dy
22y
3
_
1y
3
(1 x y) dx =
1
6
1
_
0
_
1 2y + y
2
_
dy =
1
18
Bi tp 2.36. Tnh th tch ca min V gii hn bi
_
z = 4 x
2
y
2
2z = 2 + x
2
+ y
2
.
y
z
x
O
2z = 2 + x
2
+ y
2
z = 4 x
2
y
2
Hnh 2.36
57
Li gii. Giao tuyn ca hai mt cong:
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 2
z = 2
, nn hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng
Oxy l D : x
2
+ y
2
2. Hn na trn D th 4 x
2
y
2
2+x
2
+y
2
2
nn ta c:
V =
__
D
_
4 x
2
y
2
2 + x
2
+ y
2
2
_
dxdy
t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
th
_
0 2
0 r
2
, do
V =
2
_
0
d
2
_
0
_
3
3
2
r
2
_
rdr = ... = 3
Bi tp 2.37. Tnh th tch ca V :
_
0 z 1 x
2
y
2
y x, y
3x
.
y
z
x
O 1
1
Hnh 2.37
Li gii. Do x y
3x nn x, y 0. Ta c
V =
__
D
_
1 x
2
y
2
_
dxdy
58
t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
th
_
_
_
3
0 r 1
. Vy
V =
3
_
4
d
1
_
0
_
1 r
2
_
rdr = . . . =

48
Bi tp 2.38. Tnh th tch V :
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4a
2
x
2
+ y
2
2ay 0
.
y
z
x
O
2a
2a 2a
Hnh 2.38
Li gii. Do tnh cht i xng ca min V nn
V = 4
__
D
_
4a
2
x
2
y
2
dxdy,
trong D l na hnh trn D :
_
x
2
+ y
2
2ay 0
x 0
. t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
_
_
_
0
2
0 r 2a sin
59
Vy
V = 4
2
_
0
d
2a sin
_
0
_
4a
2
r
2
rdr
= 4.
1
2
2
_
0
2
3
_
4a
2
r
2
_3
2
r=2a sin
r=0
d
=
4
3
2
_
0
_
8a
3
8a
3
cos
3
_
d
=
32a
3
3
_
2

2
3
_
Bi tp 2.39. Tnh th tch ca min V gii hn bi
_
_
z = 0
z =
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
2x
a
.
x
z
O
z =
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
a
1
Hnh 2.39
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng Oxy l min D :
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
2x
a
. Do tnh cht
i xng ca min V nn:
V = 2
__
D
+
_
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
_
dxdy,
60
trong D
+
l na ellipse D
+
:
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
2x
a
, y 0
t
_
x = ar cos
y = br sin
th [ J[ = abr,
_
_
_
0
2
0 r 2 cos
. Vy
V = 2
2
_
0
d
2 cos
_
0
r
2
rdr = ... =
3
2
Bi tp 2.40. Tnh th tch ca min V :
_
_
_
az = x
2
+ y
2
z =
_
x
2
+ y
2
.
y
z
O
a a
a
Hnh 2.40
Li gii. Giao tuyn ca hai ng cong:
z =
_
x
2
+ y
2
=
x
2
+ y
2
a

_
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
z = a
Vy hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng Oxy l
D : x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
Nhn xt rng, trong min D th mt nn pha trn mt paraboloit nn:
V =
__
D
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
x
2
+ y
2
a
_
dxdy
61
t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
th
_
0 2
0 r a
. Vy
V =
2
_
0
d
a
_
0
_
r
r
2
a
_
rdr = ... =
a
3
6
3.3 Tnh din tch mt cong
Mt z = f (x, y) gii hn bi mt ng cong kn, hnh chiu ca mt cong ln mt
phng Oxy l D. f (x, y) l hm s lin tc, c cc o hm ring lin tc trn D. Khi :
=
__
D
_
1 + p
2
+ q
2
dxdy, p = f
/
x
, q = f
/
y
y
z
x
O
z = f (x, y)
D
62
CHNG 3
TCH PHN PH THUC THAM S.
1. TCH PHN XC NH PH THUC THAM S.
1.1 Gii thiu
Xt tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s: I (y) =
b
_
a
f (x, y) dx, trong f (x, y) kh
tch theo x trn [a, b] vi mi y [c, d]. Trong bi hc ny chng ta s nghin cu mt s
tnh cht ca hm s I (y)nh tnh lin tc, kh vi, kh tch.
1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh ph thuc
tham s.
1) Tnh lin tc.
nh l 3.7. Nu f (x, y)l hm s lin tc trn [a, b] [c, d] th I (y)l hm s lin
tc trn [c, d]. Tc l:
lim
yy
0
I (y) = I (y
0
) lim
yy
0
b
_
a
f (x, y) dx =
b
_
a
f (x, y
0
) dx
2) Tnh kh vi.
nh l 3.8. Gi s vi mi y [c, d], f (x, y) l hm s lin tc theo x trn [a, b] v
f
/
y
(x, y) l hm s lin tc trn [a, b] [c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh vi trn (c, d) v
63
64 Chng 3. Tch phn ph thuc tham s.
I
/
(y) =
b
_
a
f
/
y
(x, y) dx , hay ni cch khc chng ta c th a du o hm vo trong
tch phn.
3) Tnh kh tch.
nh l 3.9. Nu f (x, y) l hm s lin tc trn [a, b] [c, d] th I (y)l hm s kh
tch trn [c, d] , v:
d
_
c
I (y) dy :=
d
_
c
_
_
b
_
a
f (x, y) dx
_
_
dy =
b
_
a
_
_
d
_
c
f (x, y) dy
_
_
dx
Bi tp
Bi tp 3.1. Kho st s lin tc ca tch phn I (y) =
1
_
0
y f (x)
x
2
+y
2
dx , vi f (x) l hm s
dng, lin tc trn [0, 1] .
Li gii. Nhn xt rng hms g (x, y) =
y f (x)
x
2
+y
2
lin tc trn mi hnh ch nht [0, 1] [c, d]
v [0, 1] [d, c] vi 0 < c < d bt k, nn theo nh l 3.7, I (y) lin tc trn mi
[c, d] , [d, c] , hay ni cch khc I (y) lin tc vi mi y ,= 0.
By gi ta xt tnh lin tc ca hm s I (y) ti im y = 0 . Do f (x) l hm s dng, lin
tc trn [0, 1] nn tn ti m > 0 sao cho f (x) m > 0 x [0, 1] . Khi vi > 0 th:
I () =
1
_
0
f (x)
x
2
+
2
dx
1
_
0
.m
x
2
+
2
dx = m.arctg
x
I () =
1
_
0
f (x)
x
2
+
2
dx
1
_
0
.m
x
2
+
2
dx = m.arctg
x
Suy ra [I () I ()[ 2m.arctg

x
2m.
2
khi 0 , tc l [I () I ()[ khng tin ti
0 khi 0 , I (y) gin on ti y = 0 .
a) I
n
() =
1
_
0
x
ln
n
xdx , n l s nguyn dng.
Li gii. Vi mi > 0, hm s f
n
(x, ) = x
ln
n
x, n = 0, 1, 2, ... lin tc theo x
trn [0, 1]
64
1. Tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. 65
V lim
x0
+
x
ln
n+1
x = 0 nn
f
n
(x,)
= x
ln
n+1
x lin tc trn [0, 1] (0, +).
Ngha l hm s f
n
(x, ) = x
ln
n
x tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l 3.8 nn:
I
/
n1
() =
d
d
1
_
0
x
ln
n1
xdx =
1
_
0
d
d
_
x
ln
n1
x
_
dx =
1
_
0
x
ln
n
xdx =I
n
()
Tng t, I
/
n2
= I
n1
, ..., I
/
2
= I
1
, I
/
1
= I
0
, suy ra I
n
() = [I
0
()]
(n)
. M I
0
() =
1
_
0
x
dx =
1
+1
I
n
() =
_
1
+1
_
(n)
=
(1)
n
n!
(+1)
n+1
.
b)
2
_
0
ln
_
1 +y sin
2
x
_
dx, vi y > 1.
Li gii. Xt hm s f (x, y) = ln
_
1 +y sin
2
x
_
tho mn cc iu kin sau:
f (x, y) = ln
_
1 +y sin
2
x
_
xc nh trn
_
0,

2
(1, +) v vi mi y > 1 cho

trc, f (x, y) lin tc theo x trn
_
0,

2
.
Tn ti f
/
y
(x, y) =
sin
2
x
1+y sin
2
x
xc nh, lin tc trn
_
0,

2
(1, +) .
Theo nh l 3.8, I
/
(y) =
2
_
0
sin
2
x
1+y sin
2
x
dx =
2
_
0
dx
1
sin
2
x
+y
.
t t = tgx th dx =
dt
1+t
2
, 0 t + .
I
/
(y) =
+
_
0
t
2
dt
(t
2
+ 1) (1 + t
2
+ yt
2
)
=
+
_
0
1
y
_
1
t
2
+ 1

1
1 + (y + 1) t
2
_
dt
=
1
y
_
arctgt[
+
0

1
_
y + 1
arctg
_
t
_
y + 1
_
[
+
0
_
=

2y
_
1
1
_
1 + y
_
=

2
_
1 + y
.
1
1 +
_
1 + y
Suy ra
I (y) =
_
I
/
(y) dy =
_

2
_
1 + y
.
1
1 +
_
1 + y
dy = ln
_
1 +
_
1 + y
_
+ C
Do I (0) = 0 nn C = ln2 v I (y) = ln
_
1 +
_
1 + y
_
ln2.
Bi tp 3.3. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s I (y) =
1
_
0
y
2
x
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
dx.
65
Li gii. Ti y = 0 , I (0) =
1
_
0
1
x
2
dx = , nn hm s I (y) khng xc nh ti y = 0.
Ti y ,= 0 , I (y) =
1
_
0
(x
2
+y
2
)2x.x
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
dx =
1
_
0
d
_
x
x
2
+y
2
_
=
1
1+y
2
, nn I (y) xc nh v lin tc
vi mi y ,= 0 .
1.3 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn ph thuc tham s vi
cn bin i.
Xt tch phn ph thuc tham s vi cn bin i
J (y) =
b(y)
_
a(y)
f (x, y) dx, vi y [c, d] , a a (y) , b (y) b y [c, d]
1) Tnh lin tc
nh l 3.10. Nu hm s f (x, y) lin tc trn [a, b] [c, d] , cc hm s a (y) , b (y)
lin tc trn [c, d] v tho mn iu kin a a (y) , b (y) b y [c, d] th J (y) l
mt hm s lin tc i vi y trn [c, d] .
2) Tnh kh vi
nh l 3.11. Nu hm s f (x, y) lin tc trn [a, b] [c, d] , f
/
y
(x, y) lin tc trn
[a, b] [c, d] , v a (y) , b (y) kh vi trn [c, d] v tho mn iu kin a a (y) , b (y)
b y [c, d] th J (y) l mt hm s kh vi i vi y trn [c, d], v ta c:
J
/
(y) =
b(y)
_
a(y)
f
/
y
(x, y) dx + f (b (y) , y) b
/
y
(y) f (a (y) , y) a
/
y
(y)
.
Bi tp
Bi tp 3.4. Tm lim
y0
1+y
_
y
dx
1+x
2
+y
2
.
Li gii. D dng kim tra c hm s I (y) =
1+y
_
y
dx
1+x
2
+y
2
lin tc ti y = 0 da vo nh
l 3.10, nn lim
y0
1+y
_
y
dx
1+x
2
+y
2
= I (0) =
1
_
0
dx
1+x
2
=

4
.
66
2. TCH PHN SUY RNG PH THUC THAM S.
2.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng ph thuc
tham s.
Xt tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s I (y) =
+
_
a
f (x, y)dx, y [c, d]. Cc kt qu
di y tuy pht biu i vi tch phn suy rng loi II (c cn bng v cng) nhng u
c th p dng mt cch thch hp cho trng hp tch phn suy rng loi I (c hm di
du tch phn khng b chn).
1) Du hiu hi t Weierstrass
nh l 3.12. Nu [ f (x, y)[ g (x) (x, y) [a, +] [c, d] v nu tch phn suy
rng
+
_
a
g (x) dx hi t, th tch phn suy rng I (y) =
+
_
a
f (x, y)dx hi t u i vi
y [c, d].
2) Tnh lin tc
nh l 3.13. Nu hm s f (x, y) lin tc trn [a, +] [c, d] v nu tch phn suy
rng I (y) =
+
_
a
f (x, y)dx hi t u i vi y [c, d] th I (y) l mt hm s lin tc
trn [c, d].
3) Tnh kh vi
nh l 3.14. Gi s hm s f (x, y) xc nh trn [a, +] [c, d] sao cho vi mi y
[c, d] , hm s f (x, y) lin tc i vi x trn [a, +] v f
/
y
(x, y) lin tc trn [a, +]
[c, d]. Nu tch phn suy rng I (y) =
+
_
a
f (x, y)dx hi t v
+
_
a
f
/
y
(x, y)dx hi t u
i vi y [c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh vi trn [c, d] v I
/
(y) =
+
_
a
f
/
y
(x, y) dx.
4) Tnh kh tch
nh l 3.15. Nu hm s f (x, y) lin tc trn [a, +] [c, d] v nu tch phn suy
rng I (y) hi t u i vi y [c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh tch trn [c, d] v ta c
67
th i th t ly tch phn theo cng thc:
d
_
c
I (y) dy :=
d
_
c
_
_
+
_
a
f (x, y) dx
_
_
dy =
+
_
a
_
_
d
_
c
f (x, y) dy
_
_
dx.
2.2 Bi tp
Dng 1. Tnh tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s bng cch i th t ly
tch phn
Gi s cn tnh I (y) =
+
_
a
f (x, y)dx.
B1. Biu din f (x, y) =
d
_
c
F (x, y) dy.
B2. S dng tnh cht i th t ly tch phn:
I (y) =
+
_
a
f (x, y)dx =
+
_
a
_
_
d
_
c
F (x, y) dy
_
_
dx =
d
_
c
_
_
+
_
a
F (x, y) dx
_
_
dy
Ch : Phi kim tra iu kin i th t ly tch phn trong nh l 3.15 i vi tch
phn suy rng ca hm s F (x, y).
a)
1
_
0
x
b
x
a
ln x
dx, (0 < a < b).
Li gii. Ta c:
x
b
x
a
ln x
= F (x, b) F (x, a) =
b
_
a
F
/
y
(x, y) dy =
b
_
a
x
y
dy;
_
F (x, y) :=
x
y
ln x
_
nn:
1
_
0
x
b
x
a
ln x
dx =
1
_
0
_
_
b
_
a
x
y
dy
_
_
dx =
b
_
a
_
_
1
_
0
x
y
dx
_
_
dy =
b
_
a
1
y + 1
dy = ln
b + 1
a + 1
Kim tra iu kin v i th t ly tch phn:
68
2. Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. 69
b)
+
_
0
e
x
e
x
x
dx, (, > 0).
Li gii. Ta c:
e
x
e
x
x
_
F(x,y):=
e
yx
x
_
= F (x, ) F (x, ) =
F
/
y
(x, y) =
e
yx
dy
nn:
+
_
0
e
x
e
x
x
dx =
+
_
0
_
_
e
yx
dy
_
_
dx =
_
_
+
_
0
e
yx
dx
_
_
dy =
dy
y
= ln

.
c)
+
_
0
e
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
dx, (, > 0).
Li gii. Ta c:
e
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
_
F(x,y):=
e
yx
2
x
2
_
= F (x, ) F (x, ) =
F
/
y
(x, y) dy =
e
yx
2
dy
nn:
+
_
0
e
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
dx =
+
_
0
_
_
e
x
2
y
dy
_
_
dx =
_
_
+
_
0
e
x
2
y
dx
_
_
dy
Vi iu kin bit
+
_
0
e
x
2
dx =
2
ta c
+
_
0
e
x
2
y
dx =
y
.
Suy ra I =
y
dy =

__

_
.
e)
+
_
0
e
ax sinbxsincx
x
, (a, b, c > 0).
Li gii. Ta c:
e
ax
sin bx sin cx
x
_
F(x,y)=
e
ax
sin yx
x
_
= F (x, b) F (x, c) =
b
_
c
F
/
y
(x, y) dy =
b
_
c
e
ax
cos yxdx
69
nn:
I =
+
_
0
_
_
b
_
c
e
ax
cos yxdy
_
_
dx =
b
_
c
_
_
+
_
0
e
ax
cos yxdx
_
_
dy
M
_
e
ax
cos yxdx =
a
a
2
+y
2
e
ax
cos yx +
y
a
2
+y
2
e
ax
sin yx, suy ra
+
_
0
e
ax
cos yxdx =
a
a
2
+y
2
,
v I =
b
_
c
a
a
2
+y
2
dy = arctg
b
a
arctg
c
a
.
Dng 2. Tnh tch phn bng cch o hm qua du tch phn.
Gi s cn tnh I (y) =
+
_
a
f (x, y)dx.
B1. Tnh I
/
(y) bng cch I
/
(y) =
+
_
a
f
/
y
(x, y) dx.
B2. Dng cng thc Newton-Leibniz khi phc li I (y) bng cch I (y) =
_
I
/
(y) dy.
Ch : Phi kim tra iu kin chuyn du o hm qua tch phn trong nh l 3.14.
Bi tp 3.6. Chng minh rng tch phn ph thuc tham s I (y) =
+
_
arctg(x+y)
1+x
2
dx l mt
hm s lin tc kh vi i vi bin y. Tnh I
/
(y) ri suy ra biu thc ca I (y).
Li gii. Ta c:
f (x, y) =
arctg(x+y)
1+x
2
lin tc trn [, +] [, +].
arctg(x+y)
1+x
2

2
.
1
1+x
2
, m
+
_
1
1+x
2
= hi t, nn I (y) =
+
_
arctg(x+y)
1+x
2
dx hi t u
trn [, +].
Theo nh l 3.13, I (y) lin tc trn [, +].
Hn na
f
/
y
(x, y)
=
1
(1+x
2
)[1+(x+y)
2
]

1
1+x
2
, y; do
+
_
f
/
y
(x, y)dx hi t u trn
[, +]. Theo nh l 3.14, I (y) kh vi trn [, +], v: I
/
(y) =
+
_
1
(1+x
2
)[1+(x+y)
2
]
dx.
70
t
1
(1+x
2
)[1+(x+y)
2
]
=
Ax+B
1+x
2
+
Cx+D
1+(x+y)
2
, dng phng php ng nht h s ta thu c:A =
2
y(y
2
+4)
, B =
2
y(y
2
+4)
, C =
1
y
2
+4
, D =
3
y
2
+4
. Do :
I
/
(y) =
1
y
2
+ 4
+
_
_
2x + y
1 + x
2
+
2x + 3y
1 + (x + y)
2
_
=
1
y
2
+ 4
_
ln
_
1 + x
2
_
+ y arctg x + ln
_
1 + (x + y)
2
_
+ y arctg (x + y)
_
[
+
x=
=
4
y
2
+ 4
Suy ra I (y) =
_
I
/
(y) dy = 2 arctg
y
2
+ C, mt khc I (0) =
+
_
arctg x
1+x
2
dx = 0 nn C = 0 v
I (y) = 2 arctg
y
2
a)
1
_
0
x
b
x
a
ln x
dx, (0 < a < b).
Li gii. t I (a) =
1
_
0
x
b
x
a
ln x
dx, f (x, a) =
x
b
x
a
ln x
. Ta c:
f (x, a) =
x
b
x
a
ln x
lin tc trn theo x trn [0, 1] vi mi 0 < a < b.
f
/
a
(x, a) = x
a
lin tc trn [0, 1] (0, +).
1
_
0
f
/
a
(x, a)dx =
1
_
0
x
a
dx =
1
a+1
hi t u trn [0, 1] v n l TPX.
Do theo nh l 3.14,
I
/
(a) =
1
_
0
f
/
a
(x, a) dx =
1
a + 1
I (a) =
_
I
/
(a) da = ln (a + 1) + C.
Mt khc I (b) = 0 nn C = ln(b + 1) v do I (a) = ln
b+1
a+1
.
b)
+
_
0
e
x
e
x
x
dx, (, > 0).
Li gii. t I () =
+
_
0
e
x
e
x
x
dx, f (x, ) =
e
x
e
x
x
. Ta c:
71
f (x, ) =
e
x
e
x
x
lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi , > 0.
f
/
(x, ) = e
x
lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
+
_
0
f
/
(x, ) dx =
+
_
0
e
x
dx =
1
hi t u i vi trn mi khong [, +)
theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy, [e
x
[ e
x
, m
+
_
0
e
x
dx =
1
hi t.
Do theo nh l 3.14,
I
/
() =
+
_
0
f
/
(x, ) dx =
1
I () =
_
I
/
() d = ln + C.
Mt khc, I () = 0 nn C = ln v I = ln

.
c)
+
_
0
e
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
dx, (, > 0).
Li gii. t I () =
+
_
0
e
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
dx, f (x, ) =
e
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
. Ta c:
f (x, ) =
e
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi , > 0.
f
/
(x, ) = e
x
2
lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
+
_
0
f
/
(x, ) dx =
+
_
0
e
x
2
dx
x
=y
=
+
_
0
e
y
2
dy
2
.
1
hi t u theo
trn mi [, +) theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy,
e
x
2
e
x
2
m
+
_
0
e
x
2
dx hi t.
Do theo nh l 3.14,
I
/
() =
+
_
0
f
/
(x, ) dx =
2
.
1
I () =
_
I
/
() d =
+ C.
Mt khc, I () = 0 nn C =

.
_
v I () =

__

_
.
d)
+
_
0
dx
(x
2
+y)
n+1
72
Li gii. t I
n
(y) =
+
_
0
dx
(x
2
+y)
n+1
, f
n
(x, y) =
1
(x
2
+y)
n+1
. Khi :
[I
n1
(y)]
/
y
=
_
_
+
_
0
dx
(x
2
+ y)
n
_
_
/
y
= n
+
_
0
dx
(x
2
+ y)
n+1
= n.I
n
(y) I
n
=
1
n
(I
n1
)
/
.
Tng t, I
n1
=
1
n1
(I
n2
)
/
, I
n2
=
1
n2
(I
n3
)
/
, ..., I
1
= (I
0
)
/
.
Do , I
n
(y) =
(1)
n
n!
[I
0
(y)]
(n)
. M I
0
(y) =
+
_
0
1
x
2
+y
dx =
1
y
arctg
x
y
[
+
0
=

2
y
nn
I
n
(y) =

2
.
(2n1)!!
(2n)!!
.
1
y
2n+1
.
Vn cn li l vic kim tra iu kin chuyn o hm qua du tch phn.
Cc hm s f (x, y) =
1
x
2
+y
, f
/
y
(x, y) =
1
(x
2
+y)
2
, ..., f
(n)
y
n
(x, y) =
(1)
n
(x
2
+y)
n+1
lin tc
trong [0, +) [, +) vi mi > 0 cho trc.
1
x
2
+y

1
x
2
+
,
1
(x
2
+y)
2
1
(x
2
+)
2
, ...,
(1)
n
(x
2
+y)
n+1
1
(x
2
+)
n+1
M cc tch phn
+
_
0
1
x
2
+
dx, ...,
+
_
0
1
(x
2
+)
n+1
dx u hi t, do
+
_
0
f (x, y) dx,
+
_
0
f
/
y
(x, y) dx, ...,
+
_
0
f
(n)
y
n
(x, y) dx hi t u trn [, +)vi mi >
0.
e)
+
_
0
e
ax sinbxsincx
x
dx (a, b, c > 0) .
Li gii. t I (b) =
+
_
0
e
ax sinbxsincx
x
dx, f (x, b) = e
ax sin bxsincx
x
. Ta c:
f (x, b) = e
ax sinbxsincx
x
lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi a, b, c > 0.
f
/
b
(x, b) = e
ax
cos bx lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
+
_
0
f
/
b
(x, b) dx =
+
_
0
e
ax
cos bx =
_
a
a
2
+b
2
e
ax
cos bx +
b
a
2
+b
2
e
ax
sin bx
_
+
0
=
a
a
2
+b
2
hi t u theo b trn mi (0, +) theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy,
[e
ax
cos bx[ e
ax
2
m
+
_
0
e
ax
2
dx hi t.
73
Do theo nh l 3.14, I
/
b
(x, b) =
a
a
2
+b
2
, I =
_
a
a
2
+b
2
db = arctg
b
a
+ C.
Mt khc I (c) = 0 nn C = arctg
c
a
v I = arctg
b
a
arctg
c
a
.
f)
+
_
0
e
x
2
cos (yx) dx.
Li gii. t I (y) =
+
_
0
e
x
2
cos (yx) dx, f (x, y) = e
x
2
cos (yx) .Ta c:
f (x, y) lin tc trn [0, +) (, +).
f
/
y
(x, y) = xe
x
2
sin yx lin tc trn [0, +) (, +).
+
_
0
f
/
y
(x, y) dx =
+
_
0
xe
x
2
sin yxdx =
1
2
e
x
2
sin yx
+
0

1
2
+
_
0
ye
x
2
cos yxdx =
y
2
I (y)
hi t u theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy,
f
/
y
(x, y)
xe
x
2
, m
+
_
0
xe
x
2
dx =
1
2
hi t.
Do theo nh l 3.14,
I
/
(y)
I(y)
=
y
2
I = Ce
y
2
4
.
M I (0) = C =
2
nn I (y) =
2
e
y
2
4
.
Nhn xt:
Vic kim tra cc iu kin o hm qua du tch phn hay iu kin i th t
ly tch phn i khi khng d dng cht no.
Cc tch phn
+
_
0
f
/
(x, ) dx cu b, c, d ch hi t u trn khong [, +) vi mi

> 0, m khng hi t u trn (0, +). Tuy nhin iu cng khng nh
rng I
/
=
+
_
0
f
/
(x, ) dx trn (0, +).

74
3. Tch phn Euler 75
3. TCH PHN EULER
3.1 Hm Gamma
(p) =
+
_
0
x
p1
e
x
dx xc nh trn (0, +)
Cc cng thc
1. H bc: (p + 1) = p (p) , ( n) =
(1)
n
()
(1)(2)...(n)
.
ngha ca cng thc trn l nghin cu (p) ta ch cn nghin cu (p) vi
0 < p 1 m thi, cn vi p > 1 chng ta s s dng cng thc h bc.
2. c bit, (1) = 1 nn (n) = (n 1)! n N.
_
1
2
_
=

nn
_
n +
1
2
_
=
(2n1)!!
2
2
.
3. o hm ca hm Gamma:
(k)
(p) =
+
_
0
x
p1
_
ln
k
x
_
.e
x
dx.
4. (p) . (1 p) =

sin p
0 < p < 1.
3.2 Hm Beta
Dng 1: B(p, q) =
1
_
0
x
p1
(1 x)
q1
dx.
Dng 2: B(p, q) =
+
_
0
x
p1
(1+x)
p+q
dx.
Dng lng gic: B(p, q) = 2
2
_
0
sin
2p1
t cos
2q1
tdt, B
_
m+1
2
,
n+1
2
_
= 2
2
_
0
sin
m
t cos
m
tdt.
Cc cng thc:
1. Tnh i xng: B(p, q) = B(q, p).
2. H bc:
_
_
_
B(p, q) =
p1
p+q1
B(p 1, q) , nu p > 1
B(p, q) =
q1
p+q1
B(p, q 1) , nu q > 1
ngha ca cng thc trn ch mun nghin cu hm bta ta ch cn nghin cu
n trong khong (0, 1] (0, 1] m thi.
75
3. c bit, B(1, 1) = 1 nn
_
_
_
B(m, n) =
(m1)!(n1)!
(m+n1)!
, m, n N
B(p, n) =
(n1)!
(p+n1)(p+n2)...(p+1)p
n N.
4. Cng thc lin h gia hm Bta v Gamma: B(p, q) =
(p)(q)
(p+q)
.
5. B(p, 1 p) = (p) (1 p) =

sin p
.
3.3 Bi tp
Bi tp 3.8. Biu th
2
_
0
sin
m
x cos
n
xdx qua hm B(m, n).
Li gii. t sin x =
t 0 t 1, cos xdx =
1
2
t
dt
2
_
0
sin
m
x cos
n
xdx =
2
_
0
sin
m
x
_
1 sin
2
x
_n1
2
. cos xdx =
1
2
2
_
0
t
m
2
(1 t)
n1
2
t
1
2
dt =
1
2
B
_
m + 1
2
,
n + 1
2
_
y chnh l cng thc dng lng gic ca hm Beta.
Bi tp 3.9.
a)
2
_
0
sin
6
x cos
4
xdx.
Li gii. Ta c
I =
1
2
B
_
7
2
,
5
2
_
=
1
2
.
_
7
2
_
_
5
2
_
(6)
=
1
2
.
_
3 +
1
2
_
_
2 +
1
2
_
(6)
=
1
2
.
5!!
2
3
.
3!!
2
2
5!
=
3
512
b)
a
_
0
x
2n
a
2
x
2
dx (a > 0) .
Li gii. t x = a
t dx =
adt
2
t
I =
1
_
0
a
2n
t
n
.a (1 t)
1
2
.
adt
2
t
=
a
2n+2
2
.
1
_
0
t
n
1
2
(1 t)
1
2
dt =
a
2n+2
2
B
_
n +
1
2
,
3
2
_
=
a
2n+2
2
_
n +
1
2
_
_
3
2
_
(n + 2)
=
a
2n+2
2
.
(2n1)!!
2
n
2
(n + 1)!
=
a
2n+2
2
(2n 1)!!
(2n + 2)!!
76
3. Tch phn Euler 77
c)
+
_
0
x
10
e
x
2
dx
Li gii. t x =
t dx =
dt
2
t
I =
+
_
0
t
5
e
t
.
dt
2
t
=
1
2
+
_
0
t
9
2
e
t
dt =
1
2
_
11
2
_
=
1
2
.
9!!
2
5
=
9!!
2
6
.
d)
+
_
0
x
(1+x
2
)
2
dx
Li gii. t x
2
= t 2xdx = dt
I =
+
_
0
t
1
4
.
dt
2
t
(1 + t)
2
=
1
2
+
_
0
t
1
4
dt
(1 + t)
2
=
1
2
B(p, q) vi
_
_
_
p 1 =
1
4
p + q = 2
_
_
_
p =
3
4
q =
5
4
Vy
I =
1
2
B
_
3
4
,
5
4
_
=
1
2
.
5
4
1
3
4
+
5
4
1
B
_
3
4
,
1
4
_
=
1
8
.B
_
3
4
,
1
4
_
=
1
8
.

sin

4
=

4
2
e)
+
_
0
1
1+x
3
dx
Li gii. t x
3
= t dx =
1
3
t
2
3
dt
I =
1
3
+
_
0
t
2
3
dt
1 + t
=
1
3
B
_
1
3
,
2
3
_
=
1
3
sin

3
=
2
3
3
f)
+
_
0
x
n+1
(1+x
n
)
dx, (2 < n N)
Li gii. t x
n
= t dx =
1
n
t
1
n
1
dt
I =
+
_
0
t
n+1
n
.
1
n
t
1
n
1
dt
(1 + t)
2
=
1
n
+
_
0
t
2
n
(1 + t)
2
dt =
1
n
B
_
2
n
+ 1, 1
2
n
_
=
1
n
.
2
n
_
2
n
+ 1
_
+
_
1
2
n
_
1
B
_
2
n
, 1
2
n
_
=
2
n
2
sin
_
2
n
_.
77
g)
1
_
0
1
n
1x
n
dx, n N
Li gii. t x
n
= t dx =
1
n
t
1
n
1
dt
I =
1
_
0
1
n
t
1
n
1
dt
(1 t)
1
n
=
1
n
1
_
0
t
1
n
1
. (1 t)
1
n
dt =
1
n
B
_
1
n
, 1
1
n
_
=
1
n
sin

n
78
CHNG 4
TCH PHN NG
1. TCH PHN NG LOI I
1.1 nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x, y) xc nh trn mt cung phng

AB . Chia cung

AB thnh n cung
nh, gi tn v di ca chng ln lt l s
1
, s
2
, ...s
n
. Trn mi cung s
i
ly mt im
M
i
bt k. Gii hn, nu c, ca tng
n
i=1
f (M
i
) s
i
khi n sao cho max s
i
0 khng
ph thuc vo cch chia cung

AB v cch chn cc im M
i
c gi l tch phn ng
loi mt ca hm s f (x, y) dc theo cung

AB, k hiu l
_
AB
f (x, y) ds.
Ch :
Tch phn ng loi mt khng ph thuc vo hng ca cung

AB.
Nu cung

AB c khi lng ring ti M (x, y) l (x, y) th khi lng ca n l
_
AB
(x, y) ds. nu tch phn tn ti.
Chiu di ca cung

AB c tnh theo cng thc l =
_
AB
ds.
Tch phn ng loi mt c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh.
79
80 Chng 4. Tch phn ng
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi I
1. Nu cung

AB cho bi phng trnh y = y (x) , a x b th
_
AB
f (x, y) ds =
b
_
a
f (x, y (x))
_
1 + y
/2
(x)dx. (1)
2. Nu cung

AB cho bi phng trnh x = x (y) , c y d th
_
AB
f (x, y) ds =
d
_
c
f (x (y) , y)
_
1 + x
/2
(y)dy. (2)
3. Nu

AB cho bi phng trnh x = x(t), y = y(t), t
1
t t
2
, th
_
AB
f (x, y)ds =
t
2
_
t
1
f (x(t), y(t))
_
x
/2
(t) + y
/2
(t)dt (3)
4. Nu cung

AB cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r () ,
1

2
th coi n
nh l phng trnh di dng tham s, ta c ds =
_
r
2
() + r
/2
()d v
_
AB
f (x, y) ds =
2
_
1
f (r () cos , r () sin )
_
r
2
() + r
/2
()d (4)
1.3 Bi tp
Bi tp 4.1. Tnh
_
C
(x y) ds, C l ng trn c phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
= 2x.
Li gii. t
_
_
_
x = 1 + cos t
y = sin t
, 0 t 2
I =
2
_
0
(1 + cos t sin t)
_
(sin t)
2
+ cos
2
tdt = 2
Bi tp 4.2. Tnh
_
C
y
2
ds, C l ng cong
_
_
_
x = a (t sin t)
y = a (1 cos t)
, 0 t 2, a > 0.
80
1. Tch phn ng loi I 81
Li gii.
_
_
_
x
/
(t) = a (1 cos t)
y
/
(t) = a sin t
_
x
/2
(t) + y
/2
(t) = 2a sin
t
2
I =
2
_
0
a
2
(1 cos t)
2
.2a sin
t
2
dt =
256a
3
15
.
Bi tp 4.3. Tnh
_
C
_
x
2
+ y
2
ds, C l ng
_
_
_
x = a (cos t + t sin t)
y = a (sin t t cos t)
, 0 t 2, a > 0.
Li gii.
_
_
_
x
/
(t) = at cos t
y
/
(t) = at sin t
_
x
/2
(t) + y
/2
(t) = at
I =
2
_
0
_
a
2
_
(cos t + t sin t)
2
+ (sin t t cos t)
2
_
.atdt =
a
3
3
__
(1 + 4
2
)
3
1
_
81
2. TCH PHN NG LOI II
2.1 nh ngha
Cho hai hms P (x, y) , Q(x, y) xc nh trn cung

AB. Chia cung

AB thnh n cung nh
s
i
bi cc im chia A
0
= A, A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
n
= B.Gi to ca vect
A
i1
A
i
= (x
i
, y
i
) v
ly im M
i
bt k trn mi cung s
i
. Gii hn, nu c, ca tng
n
i=1
[P (M
i
) x
i
+ Q(M
i
) y
i
]
sao cho max x
i
0, khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung

AB v cch chn cc im M
i
c gi l tch phn ng loi hai ca cc hm s P (x, y) , Q(x, y) dc theo cung

AB , k
hiu l
_
AB
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy.
Ch :
Tch phn ng loi hai ph thuc vo hng ca cung

AB, nu i chiu trn ng
ly tch phn th tch phn i du,
_
AB
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy =
_
BA
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy.
Tch phn ng loi hai c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh.
2.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi II
1. Nu cung

AB c cho bi phng trnh y = y (x), im u v im cui ng vi
x = a, x = b th
_
AB
Pdx + Qdy =
b
_
a
_
P (x, y (x)) + Q(x, y (x)) .y
/
(x)
dx. (5)
2. Nu cung

AB c cho bi phng trnh x = x (y), im u v im cui ng vi
y = c, y = d th
_
AB
Pdx + Qdy =
d
_
c
_
P
_
x (y) .x
/
(y)
dy, y
_
+ Q(x (y) , y). (6)
3. Nu cung

AB c cho bi phng trnh
_
_
_
x = x (t)
y = y (t)
, im u v im cui tng
ng vi t = t
1
, t = t
2
th
_
AB
Pdx + Qdy =
t
2
_
t
1
_
P (x (t) , y (t)) .x
/
(t) + Q(x (t) , y (t)) y
/
(t)
dt (7)
82
2. Tch phn ng loi II 83
Bi tp
Bi tp 4.4. Tnh
_
AB
_
x
2
2xy
_
dx +
_
2xy y
2
_
dy, trong

AB l cung parabol y = x
2
t
A(1, 1) n B (2, 4).
Li gii. p dng cng thc (5) ta c:
I =
2
_
1
__
x
2
2x
3
_
+
_
2x
3
x
4
_
.2x
_
dx =
41
30
.
Bi tp 4.5. Tnh
_
C
_
x
2
2xy
_
dx +
_
2xy y
2
_
dy trong C l ng cong
_
_
_
x = a(t sin t)
y = a(1 cos t)
theo chiu tng ca t, 0 t 2, a > 0.
Li gii. Ta c
_
_
_
x
/
(t) = a(1 cos t)
y
/
(t) = a sin t
nn:
I =
2
_
0
[2a(t sin t) a(1 cos t)] a(1 cos t) + a(t sint).a sin t dt
= a
2
2
_
0
[(2t 2) + sin2t + (t 2) sin t (2t 2) cos t]dt
= a
2
2
_
0
[(2t 2) + t sin t 2t cos t]dt
= a
2
_
4
2
6
_
.
Bi tp 4.6. Tnh
_
ABCA
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dx + x (4y + 3) dy ABCA l ng gp khc i qua
A(0, 0), B(1, 1), C(0, 2).
x
y
A
O
B
1
C
1
Hnh 4.6
83
Li gii. Ta c
_
_
phng trnh ng thng AB : x = y
phng trnh ng thng BC : x = 2 y
phng trnh ng thng CA : x = 0
nn
I =
_
AB
... +
_
BC
... +
_
CA
...
=
1
_
0
_
2
_
y
2
+ y
2
_
+ y (4y + 3)
_
dy +
2
_
1
2
_
(2 y)
2
+ y
2
_
. (1) + (2 y) (4y + 3) dy + 0
= 3
Bi tp 4.7. Tnh
_
ABCDA
dx+dy
[x[+[y[
trong ABCDA l ng gp khc qua A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(1, 0), D(0,
x
y
O
A
1
B
C
D
1
Hnh 4.7
Li gii. Ta c
_
_
AB : x + y = 1 dx + dy = 0
BC : x y = 1 dx = dy
CD : x + y = 1 dx + dy = 0
DA : x y = 1 dx = dy
nn
I =
_
AB
... +
_
BC
... +
_
CD
... +
_
DA
= 0 +
_
BC
2dx
x + y
+ 0 +
_
DA
2dx
x y
=
1
_
0
2dx +
1
_
0
2dx
= 0
84
Bi tp 4.8. Tnh
_
C
4
x
2
+y
2
2
dx + dy trong
_
_
x = t sin
t
y = t cos
t
0 t

2
4
theo chiu tng ca t.
Li gii. t u =
t0 u ,
_
_
_
x = u
2
sinu
y = u
2
cos u
_
_
_
x
/
(u) = 2u sin u + u
2
cos u
y
/
(u) = 2u cos u u
2
sin u
I =
2
_
0
_
u
2
_
2u sin u + u
2
cos u
_
+ 2u cos u u
2
sin u
_
du
=
_
0
_
u
3
2
+ 2u
_
cos udu
=
3
2
2
+ 2
2.3 Cng thc Green.
Hng dng ca ng cong kn: Nu ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn th
ta quy c hng dng ca ng cong l hng sao cho mt ngi i dc theo ng
cong theo hng y s nhn thy min gii hn bi n gn pha mnh nht nm v pha
bn tri.
x
y
O
C
D
Gi s D R
2
l min n lin, lin thng, b chn vi bin gii D l ng cong kn vi
hng dng, hn na P, Q cng cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin tc trn D.
Khi
_
C
Pdx + Qdy =
__
D
_
Q
x

P
y
_
dxdy
Ch :
85
Nu D c hng m th
_
C
Pdx + Qdy =
__
D
_
Q
x

P
y
_
dxdy
Trong nhiu bi ton, nu C l ng cong khng kn, ta c th b sung C c
ng cong kn v p dng cng thc Green.
Bi tp 4.9. Tnh cc tch phn sau
_
C
(xy + x + y) dx + (xy + x y) dy bng hai cch:
tnh trc tip, tnh nh cng thc Green ri so snh cc kt qu, vi C l ng:
a) x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
x
y
O
Hnh 4.9 a
Cch 1: Tnh trc tip
t
_
_
_
x = Rcos t
y = Rsin t
0 t
I = ...
=
R
3
2
2
_
0
(cos t cos 2t + sin t cos 2t) dt
= 0
Cch 2: S dng cng thc Green
_
_
_
P(x, y) = xy + x + y
Q(x, y) = xy + x y
Q
x

P
y
= y x
I =
__
x
2
+y
2
R
2
(y x) dxdy
=
__
x
2
+y
2
R
2
ydxdy
__
x
2
+y
2
R
2
xdxdy
= 0
b) x
2
+ y
2
= 2x
x
y
O
Hnh 4.9 b
86
Cch 1: Tnh trc tip. Ta c x
2
+ y
2
= 2x (x 1)
2
+ y
2
= 1 nn
t
_
_
_
x = 1 + cos t
y = sin t
, 0 t 2
I =
2
_
0
[(1 + cos t) sint + 1 + cos t + sin t] (sint) + [(1 + cos t) sin t + 1 + cos t sin t] cos tdt
=
2
_
0
_
2 sin
2
t + cos
2
t cos t sin t + cos t sin t cos t sin
2
t + cos
2
t sin t
_
dt
= ...
=
Cch 2: S dng cng thc Green.
Ta c:
_
_
_
P(x, y) = xy + x + y
Q(x, y) = xy + x y
Q
x

P
y
= y x
I =
__
(x1)
2
+y
2
1
(y x) dxdy, t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
,
2

2
I =
2
_
2
d
2 cos
_
0
(r sin 1 r cos )rdr
=
2
_
2
_
1
2
(sin cos ) .4 cos
2
2 cos
_
d
=
c)
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1, (a, b > 0)
87
Cch 1: Tnh trc tip
t
_
_
_
x = a cos t
y = b sin t
_
0 t 2
x
/
(t) = a sin t
y
/
(t) = b cos t
I = ...
=
2
_
0
_
ab sin
2
t + ab cos
2
t
_
dt
= 0
Cch 2: S dng cng thc Green
_
_
_
P(x, y) = xy + x + y
Q(x, y) = xy + x y
Q
x

P
y
= y x
I =
__
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
1
(y x) dxdy
=
__
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
1
ydxdy
__
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
1
xdxdy
= 0
Bi tp 4.10. Tnh
_
x
2
+y
2
=2x
x
2
_
y +
x
4
_
dy y
2
_
x +
y
4
_
dx.
x
y
O
Hnh 4.10
Li gii. p dng cng thc Green ta c:
I =
_
D
_
Q
x

P
y
_
dxdy =
_
D
_
4xy +
3
4
x
2
+
3
4
y
2
_
dxdy =
3
4
_
D
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdy v
_
D
4xydxdy = 0
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
, ta c
2

2
, 0 r 2 cos . Vy
I =
3
4
2
_
2
d
2 cos
_
0
r
2
.rdr =
3
4
2
_
2
4 cos
4
=
9
8
Bi tp 4.11. Tnh
_
OABO
e
x
[(1 cos y) dx (y sin y) dy] trong OABO l ng gp
khc O(0, 0), A(1, 1), B(0, 2)
88
x
y
O
A
1
B
1
Hnh 4.11
Li gii. t
_
_
_
P (x, y) = e
x
(1 cos y)
Q(x, y) = e
x
(y sin y)
Q
x

P
y
= e
x
y.
p dng cng thc Green ta c:
I =
__
D
e
x
ydxdy
=
1
_
0
dx
2x
_
x
e
x
ydy
=
1
2
1
_
0
e
x
(4x 4) dx
= 4 2e
Bi tp 4.12. Tnh
_
x
2
+y
2
=2x
(xy + e
x
sin x + x + y) dx (xy e
y
+ x sin y) dy
x
y
O
Hnh 4.12
Li gii. t
_
_
_
P (x, y) = xy + e
x
sin x + x + y
Q(x, y) = xy e
y
+ x sin y
Q
x

P
y
= y x 2.
89
I =
__
D
y x 2dxdy
=
__
D
x 2dxdy v
__
D
ydxdy = 0
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin

2

2
, 0 r 2 cos
=
2
_
2
d
2 cos
_
0
(r cos 2) rdr
= 3
Bi tp 4.13. Tnh
_
C
_
xy
4
+ x
2
+ y cos xy
_
dx +
_
x
3
3
+ xy
2
x + x cos xy
_
dy
trong C
_
_
_
x = a cos t
y = a sin t
(a > 0).
x
y
O
Hnh 4.13
Li gii. t
_
_
_
P (x, y) = xy
4
+ x
2
+ y cos xy
Q(x, y) =
x
3
3
+ xy
2
x + x cos xy
Q
x

P
y
= x
2
+ y
2
4xy
3
1.
90
I =
__
D
x
2
+ y
2
4xy
3
1dxdy
=
__
D
x
2
+ y
2
1dxdy v
__
D
4xy
3
dxdy = 0
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
0 2, 0 ra
=
2
_
0
d
a
_
0
_
r
2
1
_
rdr
=
_
a
4
2
a
2
_
2.4 ng dng ca tch phn ng loi II
p dng cng thc Green cho hm s P(x, y), Q(x, y) tho mn
Q
x

P
y
= 1 ta c:
S (D) =
__
D
1dxdy =
_
D
Pdx + Qdy
Ly P(x, y) = 0, Q(x, y) = x th S (D) =
_
D
xdy
Ly P(x, y) = y, Q(x, y) = 0 th S (D) =
_
D
ydx
Ly P(x, y) =
1
2
x, Q(x, y) =
1
2
y th S (D) =
1
2
_
D
xdy ydx
Bi tp 4.14. Dng tch phn ng loi II, tnh din tch ca min gii hn bi mt nhp
xycloit
_
_
_
x = a(t sin t)
y = a(1 cos t)
v Ox(a > 0).
x
y
O 2
A
n
m
Hnh 4.14
91
Li gii. p dng cng thc
S(D) =
_
D
xdy =
_
AmO
xdy +
_
OnA
xdy =
0
_
2
a (t sint) .a sin tdt = 3a
2
2.5 iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc
ng ly tch phn.
Gi s rng D l min n lin, lin thng, P, Q cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt
ca chng lin tc trn D. Khi bn mnh sau l tng ng:
1.
Q
x
=
P
y
vi mi (x, y) D.
2.
_
L
Pdx + Qdy = 0 vi mi ng cong ng kn L nm trong D.
3.
_
AB
Pdx + Qdy = 0 khng ph thuc vo ng i t A nB, vi mi ng cong AB
nm trong D.
4. Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn. Ngha l c hm s u(x, y) sao cho du = Pdx + Qdy.
Hm u c th c tm theo cng thc:
u(x, y) =
x
_
x
0
P(x, y
0
)dx +
y
_
y
0
Q(x, y)dy =
x
_
x
0
P(x, y)dx +
y
_
y
0
Q(x
0
, y)dy
Gii bi ton tnh tch phn ng khng ph thuc ng i:
1. Kim tra iu kin P
/
y
= Q
/
x
. (1)
2. Nu iu kin (1) c tho mn v ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn th I = 0.
3. Nu iu kin (1) c tho mn v cn tnh tch phn trn cung AB khng ng
th ta chn ng tnh tch phn sao cho vic tnh tch phn l n gin nht, thng
thng ta chn l ng thng ni A vi B, hoc ng gp khc c cc cnh song
song vi cc trc to . Mt khc, nu tm c hm F sao cho du = Pdx + Qdy th
I = u(B) u(A).
92
Bi tp 4.15. Tnh
(3,0)
_
(2,1)
_
x
4
+ 4xy
3
_
dx +
_
6x
2
y
2
5y
4
_
dy.
x
y
O
A
2
1 C
B
Hnh 4.15
Li gii. Nhn xt rng
_
x
4
+ 4xy
3
_/
y
=
_
6x
2
y
2
5y
4
_/
x
nn tch phn cho khng ph
thuc vo ng i. Vy ta chn ng i l ng gp khc ACB nh hnh v.
I =
_
AC
Pdx + Qdy +
_
CB
Pdx + Qdy = 62
Bi tp 4.16. Tnh
(2,)
_
(1,)
_
1
y
2
x
2
cos
y
x
_
dx +
_
sin
y
x
+
y
x
cos
y
x
_
dy
x
y
O
B
A
1 2
2
Hnh 4.16
Li gii. t
_
_
_
P = 1
y
2
x
2
cos
y
x
Q = sin
y
x
+
y
x
cos
y
x
P
y
=
Q
x
=
2y
x
2
cos
y
x
+
y
2
x
3
sin
y
x
nn tch phn
cho khng ph thuc vo ng i t A n B. Khi ta chn ng ly tch phn l
ng thng AB, n c phng trnh y = x.
I =
2
_
1
_
1
2
cos
_
dx+
2
_
1
(sin + cos ) dx = 1
93
94
CHNG 5
TCH PHN MT
1. TCH PHN MT LOI I
1.1 nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x, y, z) xc nh trn mt cong S. Chia mt cong S thnh n mt nh
S
1
, S
2
, . . . , S
n
. Trn mi S
i
ly mt im M
i
bt k. Gii hn, nu c, ca tng
n
i=1
f (M
i
)S
i
khi n v max
1in
d(S
i
) 0 khng ph thuc vo cch chia mt cong S v cch chn
cc im M
i
c gi l tch phn mt loi I ca hm s f (M) trn mt cong S, k hiu l
__
S
f (x, y, z)dS.
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi I
Gi s S l mt c cho bi phng trnh z = z(x, y); ((x, y) D R
2
), hay l hnh
chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy l D, z(x, y) cng vi cc o hm ring ca chng
lin tc trn D. Khi
__
S
f (x, y, z)dS =
__
D
f (x, y, z(x, y))
1+
_
z
x
_
2
+
_
z
y
_
2
dxdy
1.3 Bi tp
Bi tp 5.1. Tnh
__
S
_
z + 2x +
4y
3
_
dS trong S =
_
(x, y, z) [
x
2
+
y
3
+
z
4
= 1, x 0, y 0, z 0
_
95
96 Chng 5. Tch phn mt
y
z
x
O B
C
A
Hnh 5.1
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu ca mt S ln mt phng Oxy l
D =
_
(x, y) [
x
2
+
y
3
1, x 0, y 0
_
=
_
(x, y) [0 x 2, 0 y 3
_
1
x
2
__
Mt khc z = 4(1
x
2

y
3
)
_
_
_
p = z
/
x
= 2
q = z
/
y
=
4
3
dS =
_
1 + p
2
+ q
2
dxdy =
61
3
dxdy nn
I =
__
D
_
4
_
1
x
2

y
3
_
+ 2x +
4y
3
_
61
3
dxdy = 4
61
3
2
_
0
dx
3
3x
2
_
0
dy = 4
61
Bi tp 5.2. Tnh
__
S
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dS, S =
_
(x, y, z) [z = z
2
+ y
2
, 0 z 1
_
.
y
z
x
O 1 1
1
Hnh 5.2
96
1. Tch phn mt loi I 97
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu ca mt cong ln mt phng Oxy l D =
_
(x, y) [x
2
+ y
2
1
_
Mt khc, z = x
2
+ y
2
_
_
_
p = z
/
x
= 2x
q = z
/
y
= 2y
nn
I =
__
D
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
dxdy
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
0 2, 0 r 1
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
r
2
_
1 + 4r
2
rdr
=

4
1
_
0
r
2
_
1 + 4r
2
d
_
1 + 4r
2
_
=

4
5
_
1
t 1
4
tdt
_
tt = 1 + 4r
2
_
=

16
_
20
5
3
+
4
15
_
97
2. TCH PHN MT LOI II
2.1 nh hng mt cong
Cho mt cong S trong khng gian. Ti mi im M chnh quy ca mt cong S c hai
vect php tuyn n v l

n v
n .
Nu c th chn c ti mi im M ca mt mt vect php tuyn n v n sao cho
vect n bin thin lin tc trn S th ta ni mt S nh hng c. Khi ta chn
mt hng lm hng dng th hng cn li c gi l hng m.
Ngc li, th mt S gi l khng nh hng c. V d nh l Mobius.
2.2 nh ngha tch phn mt loi II
Cho mt mt cong nh hng S trong min V R
3
v n = (cos , cos , cos ) l
vct php tuyn n v theo hng dng chn ca S ti im M(x, y, z). Gi trng
vect

F (M) = (P (M) , Q(M) , R(M)) bin thin lin tc trn V, ngha l cc to
P (M) , Q(M) , R(M) ca n l nhng hm s lin tc trn V. Chia mt S thnh n mt
cong nh, gi tn v c din tch ca chng ln lt l S
1
, S
2
, ..., S
n
. Trn mi S
i
ly
mt im M
i
bt k v gi vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng chn ca n l n
i
=
(cos
i
, cos
i
, cos
i
). Gii hn, nu c, ca tng
n
i=1
[P (M
i
) cos
i
+ Q(M
i
) cos
i
+ R(M
i
) cos
i
]S
i
c gi l tch phn mt loi II ca cc hm s P (x, y, z) , Q(x, y, z) , R(x, y, z) trn mt S,
v c k hiu l:
__
S
P(x, y, z)dydz + Q(x, y, z)dzdx + R(x, y, z)dxdy
2.3 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi II
Gi s
I =
__
S
Pdydz
. .
I
1
+
__
S
Qdzdx
. .
I
2
+
__
S
Rdxdy
. .
I
3
.
Ngi ta tnh tch phn mt loi II bng cch a v tch phn kp. Chng hn xt tch
phn I
3
. Gi s mt S c phng trnh z = z(x, y), z(x, y) cng vi cc o hm ring ca
chng lin tc trn min D l hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy. Khi :
98
2. Tch phn mt loi II 99
Nu vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng

n to vi Oz mt gc nhn th
__
S
Rdxdy =
__
D
R(x, y, z (x, y)) dxdy
Nu vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng

n to vi Oz mt gc t th
__
S
Rdxdy =
__
D
R(x, y, z (x, y)) dxdy
Tng t nh vy chng ta c th a I
1
, I
2
v tch phn kp.
Bi tp
Bi tp 5.3. Tnh
__
S
z
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdy, trong S l na mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1, z 0,
hng ca S l pha ngoi mt cu.
y
z
x
O
D : x
2
+ z
2
a
2
n (x, y, z)
Hnh 5.3
Li gii. Ta c mt z =
_
1 x
2
y
2
, hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy l min D :
x
2
+ y
2
1, hn na

n to vi Oz mt gc nhn nn:
I =
__
D
_
1 x
2
y
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
dxdy
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
0 2, 0 r 1
=
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
_
1 r
2
r
3
dr
=
4
15
99
Bi tp 5.4. Tnh
__
S
ydxdz + z
2
dxdy trong S l pha ngoi mt x
2
+
y
2
4
+ z
2
= 1, x
0, y 0, z 0.
y
z
x
O
n (x, y, z)
Hnh 5.4
Li gii. Tnh I
1
=
__
S
ydxdz
Mt S : y = 2
1 x
2
z
2
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxz l
1
4
hnh trn, D
1
: x
2
+ z
2
1, x 0, z 0.
= (
n , Oy l gc nhn.
nn:
I =
__
D
1
2
_
1 x
2
z
2
dxdz
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
z = r sin
0

2
, 0 r 1
=
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
2
_
1 r
2
rdr
=

3
Tnh I
2
=
__
S
z
2
dxdy
Mt S : z
2
= 1 x
2
y
2
4
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxz l
1
4
elip, D
2
: x
2
+
y
2
4
1, x 0, y 0.
= (
n , Oz l gc nhn.
100
nn:
I =
__
D
2
1 x
2
y
2
4
dxdy
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = 2r sin
0

2
, 0 r 1, J = 2r
=
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
(1 r
2
)2rdr
=

4
Vy I =
7
12
Bi tp 5.5. Tnh
__
S
x
2
y
2
zdxdy trong S l mt trn ca na mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
R
2
, z 0.
y
z
x
O
Hnh 5.5
Li gii. Ta c:
Mt S : z =
_
R
2
x
2
y
2
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxy l hnh trn, D : x
2
+ y
2
R
2
.
= (
n , Oz) l gc nhn.
101
nn:
I =
__
D
x
2
y
2
_
R
2
x
2
y
2
dxdy
t
_
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
0 2, 0 r R, J = r
I =
2
_
0
d
R
_
0
sin
2
cos
2
_
R
2
r
2
.r
5
dr
=
2R
7
105
2.4 Cng thc Ostrogradsky, Stokes
Gi s P, Q, R l cc hm kh vi, lin tc trn min b chn, o c trong V R
3
. V
gii hn bi mt cong kn S trn hay trn tng mnh, khi :
__
S
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy =
___
V
_
P
x
+
Q
y
+
R
z
_
dxdydz
trong tch phn v tri ly theo hng php tuyn ngoi.
Ch :
Nu tch phn v tri ly theo hng php tuyn trong th
__
S
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy =
___
V
_
P
x
+
Q
y
+
R
z
_
dxdydz
Nu mt cong S khng kn, c th b sung thnh mt cong S
/
kn p dng cng
thc Ostrogradsky, ri tr i phn b sung.
Bi tp 5.6. Tnh
__
S
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca mt cu x
2
+
y
2
+ z
2
= a
2
.
102
y
z
x
O
n (x, y, z)
Hnh 5.6
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c
__
S
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy =
___
V
3dxdydz = 3V = 4a
2
Bi tp 5.7. Tnh
__
S
x
3
dydz + y
3
dzdx + z
3
dxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca mt cu x
2
+
y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
.
Li gii. Xem hnh v 5.6, p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:
I =
___
V
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
dxdydz
t
_
_
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
_
0 2
0
0 r R
, J = r
2
sin
I = 3
2
_
0
d
_
0
d
R
_
0
r
4
sin dr
=
12R
5
5
103
Bi tp 5.8. Tnh
__
S
y
2
zdxdy + xzdydz + x
2
ydxdz trong S l pha ngoi ca min x
0, y 0, x
2
+ y
2
1, z x
2
+ y
2
.
y
z
x
O
Hnh 5.8
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:
I =
___
V
_
y
2
+ z + x
2
_
dxdydz
t
_
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
_
0

2
0 r 1
0 z r
2
, J = r
=
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
dr
r
2
_
0
_
r
2
+ z
_
rdr
=

8
Bi tp 5.9. Tnh
__
S
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca min (z 1)
2
x
2
+ y
2
, a z 1, a > 0.
104
y
z
x
n
a
1 a a 1 O
Hnh 5.9
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:
I =
___
V
3dxdydz = 3V = 3.
1
3
Bh = (1 a)
3
2.5 Cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v loi
II
__
S
[P(x, y, z) cos + Q(x, y, z) cos + R(x, y, z) cos ] dS
=
__
S
P(x, y, z)dydz + Q(x, y, z)dzdx + R(x, y, z)dxdy
(5.1)
trong cos , cos , cos l cosin ch phng ca vct php tuyn n v ca mt S.
Bi tp 5.10. Gi S l phn mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1 nm trong mt tr x
2
+ x + z
2
=
0, y 0, hng S pha ngoi. Chng minh rng
__
S
(x y)dxdy + (y z)dydz + (z x)dxdz = 0
105
y
1 1
z
1
x
O
Hnh 5.10
Li gii. Ta c y =
_
1 x
2
y
2
nn vct php tuyn ca S l

n = (y
/
x
, 1, y
/
z
). V
(
n , Oy) <

2
nn
n = (y
/
x
, 1, y
/
z
) =
_
x
1 x
2
z
2
, 1,
z
1 x
2
z
2
_
Do [
n [ =
_
x
2
1x
2
z
2
+ 1 +
z
2
1x
2
z
2
=
1
1x
2
z
2
. Vy
_
_
cos = cos(
n , Ox) =
n
1
[
n [
= x
cos = cos(
n , Oy) =
n
2
[
n [
= y
cos = cos(
n , Oz) =
n
3
[
n [
= z
p dng cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v II 5.1 ta c
I =
__
S
[(x y) cos + (y z) cos + (z x) cos ] dS
=
__
S
(x y)z + (y z)x + (z x)ydS
= 0
106
CHNG 6
L THUYT TRNG
1. TRNG V HNG
1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 6.3. Cho l mt tp con m ca R
3
(hoc R
2
). Mt hm s
u : R
(x, y, z) u = u(x, y, z)
c gi l mt trng v hng xc nh trn .
Cho c R, khi mt S = (x, y, z) [u(x, y, z) = c c gi l mt mc ng vi gi tr
c (ng tr).
1.2 o hm theo hng
nh ngha 6.4. Cho u = u(x, y, z) l mt trng v hng xc nh trn v M
0
.
Vi

l l mt vct khc khng bt k v M(x, y, z) sao cho M
0
M cng phng vi

l , t
=
_
_
_
_
(x x
0
)
2
+ (y y
0
)
2
+ (z z
0
)
2
nu

M
0
M

l
_
(x x
0
)
2
+ (y y
0
)
2
+ (z z
0
)
2
nu

M
0
M

l
(6.1)
Gii hn (nu c) ca t s lim
0
u
c gi l o hm theo hng

l ti M
0
ca trng
v hng u v c k hiu l
u
l
(M
0
).
Ch :
107
108 Chng 6. L thuyt trng
Gii hn trong cng thc 6.1 c th c thay bng
lim
t0
u(x
0
+ t cos , y
0
+ t cos , z
0
+ t cos ) u(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
t
,
trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca

l .
Nu

l Ox th
u
l
(M
0
) =
u
x
(M
0
).
o hm theo hng

l ti im M
0
ca trng v hng u th hin tc bin
thin ca trng v hng u ti M
0
theo hng

l .
nh l 6.16. Nu u = u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) th n c o hm theo mi hng
l ,= 0 ti M
0
v
u
l
(M
0
) =
u
x
(M
0
). cos +
u
y
(M
0
). cos +
u
z
(M
0
). cos , (6.2)
trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca

l .
1.3 Gradient
nh ngha 6.5. Cho u(x, y, z) l trng v hng c cc o hm ring ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
).
Ngi ta gi gradient ca u ti M
0
l vct
_
u
x
(M
0
),
u
y
(M
0
),
u
z
(M
0
)
_
v c k hiu l

gradu(M
0
).
nh l 6.17. Nu trng v hng u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M
0
th ti ta c
u
l
(M
0
) =

gradu.
l
Ch :
u
l
(M
0
) th hin tc bin thin ca trng v hng u ti M
0
theo hng
l.
T cng thc
u
l
(M
0
) =

gradu.
l =
gradu
. cos
_
gradu,
l
_
ta c
l
(M
0
)
t gi tr ln
nht bng
gradu
nu
l c cng phng vi

gradu. C th
Theo hng
l, trng v hng u tng nhanh nht ti M

0
nu
l c cng phng, cng

hng vi

gradu.
Theo hng
l, trng v hng u gim nhanh nht ti M

0
nu
l c cng phng,
ngc hng vi

gradu.
108
1. Trng v hng 109
1.4 Bi tp
Bi tp 6.1. Tnh o hm theo hng

l ca u = x
3
+ 2y
3
3z
3
ti A(2, 0, 1),
l =
AB, B(1, 2, 1).

Li gii. Ta c

AB = (1, 2, 2) nn
cos =
1
[
AB[
=
1
3
,
u
x
= 3x
2
u
x
(A) = 12
cos =
2
[
AB[
=
2
3
,
u
y
= 6y
2
u
x
(A) = 0
cos =
2
[
AB[
=
2
3
,
u
z
= 9z
2
u
x
(A) = 9
p dng cng thc 6.2 ta c
u
l
(A) = 12.
1
3
+ 0.
2
3
+ (9).
2
3
= 2
Bi tp 6.2. Tnh mnun ca
gradu vi u = x
3
+y
3
+ z
3
3xyz ti A(2, 1, 1). Khi no th
graduOz, khi no

gradu = 0.
Li gii. Ta c
gradu =
_
u
x
,
u
y
,
u
z
_
= (3x
2
= 3yz, 3y
2
3zx, 3z
2
3xy)
nn

gradu = (9, 3, 3) v
gradu
9
2
+ 3
2
+ 3
2
= 3
11.

graduOz
_
gradu,
k
_
= 0
u
x
= 0 z
2
= xy

gradu = 0
_
_
x
2
= yz
y
2
= zx
z
2
= xy
x = y = z
Bi tp 6.3. Tnh

gradu vi u = r
2
+
1
r
+ lnr v r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
.
Bi tp 6.4. Theo hng no th s bin thin ca hm s u = x sinz y cos z t gc to
O(0, 0) l ln nht?
109
Li gii. T cng thc
u
l
(O) =

gradu.
l =
gradu
. cos
_
gradu,
l
_
ta c
l
(O)
t gi
tr ln nht bng
gradu
nu
l c cng phng vi

gradu(O) = (0, 1, 0).
Bi tp 6.5. Tnh gc gia hai vct

gradz ca cc hm z =
_
x
2
+ y
2
, z = x 3y +
_
3xy
ti M(3, 4).
Li gii. Ta c
gradz
1
=
_
x
x
2
+y
2
,
y
x
2
+y
2
_
nn

gradz
1
(M) =
_
3
5
,
4
5
_
.
gradz
2
=
_
1 +
3y
2
x
, 3 +
3x
2
y
_
nn

gradz
2
(M) =
_
2,
9
4
_
. Vy
cos =
_
gradz
1
,
gradz
2
_
gradz
1
gradz
2
=
12
5
145
110
2. Trng vct 111
2. TRNG VCT
2.1 nh ngha
Cho l mt min m trong R
3
. Mt hm vct
F : R
3
M

F =

F (M),
trong
F = F
x
(M)
i + F
y
(M)
j + F
z
(M)
k
2.2 Thng lng, dive, trng ng
a. Thng lng: Cho S l mt mt nh hng v

F l mt trng vct. i lng
=
__
S
F
x
dydz + F
y
dzdx + F
z
dxdy (6.3)
c gi l thng lng ca

F i qua mt cong S.
b. Dive: Cho

F l mt trng vct c thnh phn F
x
, F
y
, F
z
l cc hm s c o hm
ring cp mt th tng
F
x
x
+
F
y
y
+
F
z
z
c gi l dive ca trng vct

F v k hiu
l div
F .
c. Trng vct

F xc nh trn c gi l mt trng ng nu div
F (M) = 0 vi
mi M .
Tnh cht: Nu
F l mt trng ng th thng lng i vo bng thng lng i ra.

2.3 Hon lu, vct xoy
a. Hon lu: Cho C l mt ng cong (c th kn hoc khng kn) trong khng gian.
i lng
_
C
F
x
dx + F
y
dy + F
z
dz (6.4)
c gi l hon lu ca

F dc theo ng cong C.
b. Vct xoy: Vct
rot
F :=
_
_
_
i

j
z
F
x
F
y
F
z
_
_
_
111
c gi l vct xoy (hay vct rota) ca trng vct

F .
2.4 Trng th - hm th v
Trng vct

F c gi l trng th (trn ) nu tn ti trng v hng u sao cho
gradu =

F (trn ). Khi hm u c gi l hm th v.
nh l 6.18. iu kin cn v trng vct

F =

F (M) l mt trng th (trn
) l

rot
F (M) = 0 vi mi M .
Ch : Nu

F l trng th th hm th v u c tnh theo cng thc
u =
x
_
x
0
F
x
(x, y
0
, z
0
)dx +
y
_
y
0
F
y
(x, y, z
0
)dy +
z
_
z
0
F
z
(x, y, z)dz + C (6.5)
2.5 Bi tp
Bi tp 6.6. Trong cc trng sau, trng no l trng th?
a.

a = 5(x
2
4xy)
i + (3x
2
2y)
j +
k .
b.

a = yz
i + xz
j + xy
k .
c.

a = (x + y)
i + (x + z)
j + (z + x)
k .
Li gii. a. Ta c
rot
a =
_
z
Q R
x
R P
y
P Q
_
= (0, 0, 6x 20y) ,= 0
nn trng cho khng phi l trng th.
b. Ngoi cch tnh
rot
a , sinh vin c th d dng nhn thy tn ti hm th v u = xyz

nn

a l trng th.
c. Ta c
rot
a =
_
z
Q R
x
R P
y
P Q
_
= (0, 0, 0)
112
2. Trng vct 113
nn

a l trng th. Hm th v c tnh theo cng thc 6.5:
u =
x
_
x
0
F
x
(t, y
0
, z
0
)dt +
y
_
y
0
F
y
(x, t, z
0
)dt +
z
_
z
0
F
z
(x, y, t)dt + C
=
x
_
0
tdt +
y
_
0
(x + 0)dt +
z
_
0
(t + y)dt + C
=
x
2
2
+ xy +
z
2
2
+ yz + C
Bi tp 6.7. Cho

F = xz
2
i +
2
j + zy
2
k . Tnh thng lng ca

F qua mt cu S :
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1 hng ra ngoi.
Li gii. Theo cng thc tnh thng lng 6.3 ta c
=
__
S
xz
2
dydz + yx
2
dxdz + zy
2
dxdy
p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c
=
___
V
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)dxdydz
Thc hin php i bin trong to cu
_
_
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
,
_
_
0 2
0
0 r 1
, J = r
2
sin
ta c
=
2
_
0
d
_
0
d
1
_
0
r
2
.r
2
sin dr =
4
5
Bi tp 6.8. Cho

F = x(y + z)
i + y(z + x)
j + z(x + y)
k v L l giao tuyn ca mt
tr x
2
+ y
2
+ y = 0 v na mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2, z 0. Chng minh rng lu s ca
F
dc theo L bng 0.
Li gii. Theo cng thc tnh lu s 6.4
I =
_
L
x(y + z)dx + y(z + x)dy + z(x + y)dz
113
p dng cng thc Stokes ta c
I =
__
S
z
Q R
dydz +
x
R P
dzdx +
y
P Q
dxdy
=
__
S
(z y)dydz + (x z)dzdx + (y x)dxdy
= 0 (theo bi tp 5.10).
114

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC

k . t M (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)), qu tch

r (t) xc nh trn I c gi l lin tc ti t

(t) l cc hm vct kh vi. Chng minh rng:

, f (x, y) 0. Ta c cng thc:

f (x, y) dxdy (1) (1)

, chng ta s dng cng thc (1) tnh tch

Kho st v v ng cong cho trong h to cc (xem hnh v 2.33). Ta c

Bi tp 2.35. Tnh din tch min gii hn bi

Suy ra [I () I ()[ 2m.arctg

(1, +) v vi mi y > 1 cho

(x, ) dx cu b, c, d ch hi t u trn khong [, +) vi mi

(x, ) dx trn (0, +).

l, trng v hng u tng nhanh nht ti M

l c cng phng, cng

l, trng v hng u gim nhanh nht ti M

AB, B(1, 2, 1).

F l mt trng ng th thng lng i vo bng thng lng i ra.

a , sinh vin c th d dng nhn thy tn ti hm th v u = xyz

k . Tnh thng lng ca

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