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1392



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: 4 ( )

9:8883116188309266:1584747359:

www.chap.sch.ir :

:
:

:
:

: : 17 (61)
5: 44985161 44985160 : 139:37515

:
1392 :

964-05-0077-1

ISBN 964-05-0077-1

 .

. .


.

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20

67

122

 1389
:
1390
.

 qB
UL vUB Ubb
UXU UL Ubb s b U u q U t bMv vUbb U d
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b< dL f<U pb t suO
U t X? U?A< UO d vDU < vJO< UFUD bOM d;
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r?A? @?< rO<b d bU s U b<d; rA @< UL bI bMM r U

bU dO u<U s b<d; rA @< UL bI X s U b<d;
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U suO u t sJL UXU tL
t vUgU U Ubb sOM t rOM sOOF
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rOuv

tuL UC
u? t? s?JL UXU t? L qU t? u?L?? r?OU t v;UB b?
b? p d
g?UL< S U u?L?F? t<uL< UC; rOU<v t?u?L UC v?;UB bb s s?uO
rOU<v t!! t<uL< UC; p bU UL qU S UC d bMv
U?C? b?F? b d t ud t<uL< UC; v;UB b?
b bF d b
d UC bF tU
uBt b s t tu t X b hlA t<uL< UC;d

bUv rN UOM t<uL< UC;

vUB bb
tJ p sb<
U p sb<
u<U p b<d; bu
a d? s?;d d r UM
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sO d v;UB Ul<
d?? E? ?< b?? d,c,b,a d??
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ed U

tuL UC
S= {XA }

n(S)

tuL UC UCbF

n(S) = 2

S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

n(S) = 6

S= {

n(S) = 2 2 = 4

,,,,}

S = {abc,acb, bac, bca,cab,cba}

n(S) = 3! = 6

S = {ab,ac,ad, bc, bd,cd}

4!
4
n(S) = =
=6
2 2!2!

S= { , , , , , }

4
n(S) = = 6
2

S = {12,21,14,41,16,61,24,42,

n(S) = P(4,2) =

4!
=12
2!

26,62,46,64}
S = {(1,1),...,(1,6),...,(6,6)}

n(S) = n(S1) n(S2 )

= 6 6 = 36

S2

v U t<uL< UC; S1
X ed U t<uL< UC;

vUB b'UAO
d b?U? v;UB gU U bb s t<uL< UC; S b v;UB b?
b p d
tJ p v U uMt rOU<v S t<uL< UC; vUB b'UAO p S tuLd

22 = 4 S t? u?L?? uv ndF S , u?D t? t<uL< U?C?; rb<v

U?t?u?L pd vMF S U?t?u?L?? d? bd u ndF o t X tuL d

t?'uL' UC vUB b UAO p S = A4 = , A 3 = A2 = A1 =
bUv S ,
rO U'v vL bUAO A4 = S b UAO vbA bUAO A 3 = b UAO
p? A d? r?b?O? U' vUB b UAO p A b?M'U S t?'u?L' UC t? u?L d d
q< X A rOuv bU A uC gU tO' bU vUB b UAO
rdv U bM d t UL Y t
b?'d u? fMr A b? U?A?O d X b'd t u'U U?
bOM hNA B A bU u'U s dL b'd p u B b UAO
UC s B A Ub UAO uC 2 2 2 = 8 bb s t'uL' UC q
b'uv ndF d uQt t'uL'
A = {(,,) (,,) (,,) (,,)}
B = {(,,) (,,) (,,)}
rOMv ndF uQ s t A b UAO rb'v r U tJ p U p U
XA tJ t rOMv ndF uQ s t B b UAO bUO tJ b U t
bOM hNA B A bU dL b U
r X uC 2 6 =12 U s t'uL' UC rO'v q
A = {(,) (,) (,)}
B = {(,XA) (,XA) (,XA)}
U b uL VOdt B A Ub UAO rb'v r U U U
bOM uKF B A Ub UAO rOMv ndF dd U p q<b b b dd
r X uC 6 6 = 36 U sb' t'uL' UC q
A = {(1,6),(6,1),(2,5),(5,2),(3,4),(4, 3)} n(A) = 6
B = {(1,6),(2,6),...,(5,6),(6,1),(6,2),...,(6,5),(6,6)} n(A) =11

UbUAO UL
UC C B A bM'U vUtuL d t'uL' UC p Ub UAO t rb

rL eO< UtuL sO q{UH U () d () UL u vUL sdUM bMM

rdv U d t t X dOF ndF qU eO< UbUAO A vMF A bM<U tuL p
s? bUAO A S v?;U?B bb p t<uL< UC; S d b?'UAO p rL'
A bUAO t X sOM dOF rOv gUL< A U A bUAO rL bU t<uL< UC;
bb< A bUAO t bv v<U
bOM tu d qJ t bMv qOJA S t<uL< UC; q
A A bUAO l
b?U?A?O p rL ndF t tu U d1c
S
b<uv qDU d ZU<
A A = S n
A
A A =
A
n( A ) = n(S) n(A)
bUAO B A d b'UAO UL
S
A
B
v<U A B bUAO bMU S t<uL< UC;
d U B bUAO U A bUAO t bv
h?lA A B b?U?A?O? q?UI qJ bM
X b

S
A

bUAO B A d b'UAO d
v<U A B bUAO bMU S t<uL< UC;
B b?U?AO r A b?U?A?O r t bv
h?lA A B b?U?A?O? q?UI qJ bM
X b
bUAO B A d b'UAO q{UH
v?<U A-B b?UAO bMU S t?<uL< UC;
B b?U?AO v b A b?U?AO t bv
h?lA A-B b?U?AO qUI qJ bb<
X b

 A B = bMU S t<uL< UC; bUAO B A d UUU Ub'UAO

r U bMU UUU< bUAO B A d l rOU<v UUU bUAO U uD s
bMvL<
C B A UbUAO rb<v U vU U rb<v r U U U'
rOMv ndF d uDt
A bU U b
b t bUAO
B bU U b uL t bUAO
C bMU eUL b b t bUAO
bOM hlA A-C A-B C A B A B UbUAO p d
rOMv hlA C B A UtuL b q
A = {(4,1),(4,2),...,(4,6)} n(A) = 6
B = {(1,6),(6,1),(5,2),(2,5),(3,4),(4, 3)} n(B) = 6

C = {(2,1),(1,2),(2, 3),(3,2),(2,4),(4,2),...,(5,6),(6,5)} n(C) = 30

C

bMU dd r U U b
b t bUAO

C = {(1,1),(2,2),...,(6,6)}
A B = {(1,6),(6,1),(5,2),(2,5),(3,4),(4, 3),(4,1),(4,2),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)}

bU U b uL U U b
b vMF A B
A B = {(4, 3)}

bU U b uL U b b vMF A B
A B = {(4,1),(4,2),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)}

bU< U b uL bU U b b vMF A-B

A C = A C = {(4,4)}

bMU< eUL U b bU U b
b vMF A-C
t<uL< UC; p A b?M<U v;UB bUAO d suO ut UJ rOuv U
rOM tU bUAO d u UL UDD U rOM dOb< S u
dN U UUL U ed dN v dN
ed dN
tF p bOM d;

tst tu U rOM U tF s dN UB t d X uu UUL U v

ed dN
b? U f<U t X `{ bMM v UdN dAO tF ed UdN
U bUAO B ed dN
b U f<U
b U bUAO A d U bU dAO v dN
P(A) UdN? q bF t v UdN bF rOMI qDU dM rOM ndF v dN
b
X rOu rOUM P(B) tF UdN q bF t ed UdN rOMI qDU dM
P(A) =

n(A) 4 2
= =
n(S) 6 3

P(B) =

n(B) 2 1
= =
n(S) 6 3

d?d A b?U?AO b f?<U? ts P(A) = 2P(B) b?O?M v? tE t uUL
v UdN t XM< ed UdN bF u dd t tu U bU B bUAO b f<U
n(A)
(
) s?J?L? UXU q bF d uKD UXU bF rOMI vMF bv vMOgO q
n(S)

n(A)

P(A) = n(S) ud; sOL XIUD U lu UE< U t bv Xt b

v Ut UL ud; uMt UL qU UUC;
A

b'UAO b UL

P(A)

tU
d rOv UA< P(A) U S t<uL< UC; A bUAO b UL

rOM rOMI n(S) vMF t<uL< UC; UC bF d n(A) vMF A UC bF X v;U

bMv dOb< A bUAO b f<U t X vIOI b P(A) vMF qDU b
n(A) uKD UXU bF
S UC; A bUAO b UL = P(A) =
=
n(S)
sJL UXU bF
r ndF o X S UC; bUAO A t U
A S 0 n(A) n(S)

X rOu rOM rOMI n(S) dO UUMU< sO;d d

0
n(A) n(S)

0 P(A) 1
n(S) n(S) n(S)

rv Xt UL U UC bF t uv tH tuL U UC; t UL qU UC;

r UL ndF t tu U sOMr
P() =

n()
0
=
=0
n(S) n(S)

P(S) =

n(S)
=1
n(S)

p? b? t de

n(A)
n(S)

d?M? b?U dAO A U?C? b?F bI d t b tu

X dAO A bUAO b UL rOuv UDD u dpe<

sdL
dN
v dN
tF p bOM d;
tF s d bU t u e dN
ed
e?d u v UL rOM U UB t dN
d t?U b U d? N u? e? u
s? t? ?U?? q?? t? v?b? U? q?DU? b?
bOM tMUI bu UL

UL lL uU
r bMU S t<uL< UC; bUAO B A d
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

q?D t? t n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B) U?M? s?O?;d? r?O?M?I u; UM t

uv tH UL lL u<U t bv Xt n(S) d X dF uL
b?U? r?L A S t?<u?L?< U?C?; b?UAO A d? rL? ?' b?'U?A?O? UL
uDs
P(A A ) = P(A) + P( A ) P(A A )
P(S) = P(A) + P( A ) P()
1= P(A) + P( A ) P(A) =1 P( A )

UUU Ub'UAO UL
uDs A B = bMU S t<uL< UC; bUAO B A d t rOH 

bOM tu d tJ<
t rOU<v UU U A B d UUU bUAO B A
u? b?M?U? U?UU< b?U?A?O B A d? U?L?? l?L? u?<U? t? t?u U t??J
Xu< uv sdUM P() =0 A B =
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)

t?<u?L?< U?C; UUU< t vUbUAO A n ,, A2, A1 d dvK XU

r eO< bMU
P(A1 A2 A n ) = P(A1 ) + P(A2 ) + + P(A n )

B bUAO b b
A bUAO d rb<v vU v U'
B = {1, 3,5} A = {2,4,6} vMF rOM ndF b b bUAO C d; b b
b<UU eO< C B UU C A v b<UUU< B A uDs C = {2, 3,5}
u<U U'
t?<u?L?< U?C?; X? b?<d?;
u?<U? s? b?<d?; X?OMM
U??L? ? d?? h??l?A?
q??b n t bOM tU
b?M?U d u<U s b<d;
u?<U? s? b<d; j?I;
bU dM
X d uDt t<uL< UC; q
S= {,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,}
n(S) = 2 2 2 = 8

d?? t d U d U rOM ndF d b<d; q?b bUAO A d n

uDs
S= {,, ,, ,, ,,}
P(A) =

n(A) 4 1
= =
n(S) 8 2

uDs rOM ndF dM jI; bUAO C d

n(C) 3
C = {,, ,, ,,} P(C) = n(S) = 8
t? dN bUv d?N v dN e? dN q?U? t tF U'
t UL X uKD rOMv U UB
v dN qb bU v dN jI; bMU @<dL t d bMU e t d n
bU e dN db bU
Ul< sJL UXU t?L qU t?uL v;UB bb s t<uL< UC; q
U X dd UC bF t X tF uu dN sO dN
11
11!
n(S) = =
=165
3 (11 3)! 3!
2
10
n A e t d bUAO n(A) = 53 =10 P(A) = 165
=
33
Bv t d U e t d U @<dL t d bUAO
5 4
14
n(B) = + =14 P(B) =
3 3
165

C vdO dN v dN v dN jI; bUAO

4 7
42 14
n(C) = = 42 P(C) =
=
2 1
165 55

DvdO v p U vdO p v U v t d v dN qb bUAO

4 7 4 7 4
n(D) = 1 2 + 2 1 + 3 = 4 21+ 6 7 + 4
n(D) =130 P(D) =

130 26
=
165 33

b?U?AO rL? ? r?O?M  U?H rL bUAO t X XLM q d dU

u? v?d?O? t d vMF t X v dN O bUAO D v?M?F v dN qb
7
n( D ) = = 35
3
P( D ) =

7
7 26
35
=
, P(D) =1 P( D ) =1
=
33 33
165 33

 E e dN db b UAO
E

e dN t d b UAO n( E ) = 53 =10

P( E ) =

2
2
31
10
=
, P(E) =1 P( E ) =1
=
33 33
165 33

t UL X uKD rb'v r U U U
b?M?U r q U d b?
b? bMU U d b?
b ng
b uL bMU U d b
b U U b
b uL
bU dC U b
b uL bU dL U b

d?E?' e? d?< U? v? U? e?U?L?? v??O? u?L U ts t tu U q?

X uC 6 6 = 36 vUB bb s t'uL' UC rdOv
ng A = {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)}
n(A) = 9 P(A) =

n(A) 9 1
=
=
n(S) 36 4

6 1
=
B = {(1,1),(2,2),,(6,6)} n(B) = 6 , P(B) = 36
6
C U uL b UAO C = {(2,6),(6,2),(5, 3),(3,5),(4,4)}

D U d b UAO D = {(2,2),,(6,4),(6,6)}
b? U?A?O vMF U d b? b U U? b? b? u?L b UAO
r UL lL u'U< o C D

P(C D) = P(C) + P(D) P(C D) =

9
3 11
5
+

=
36 36 36 36

(C D = {(2,6),(6,2),(4,4)})

E dL U uL
E UL U de U uL
E = {(6,6),(6,5),(5,6),(6,4),(4,6),(5,5)} P( E ) =

P(E) =1 P( E ) =1

6 1
=
36 6

1 5
=
6 6

 F dC U uL bUAO

U?C? b?U? b? s? pd b<uv U uL t U? b? sO
sdUM bMU
F = {(2,2),(1, 3),(3,1),(2,6),(6,2),(5, 3),(3,5),(4,4),(6,6)}

n(F) = 9 , P(F) =

9 1
=
36 4

sdL
X v;UB d Ubb pb
bU b p b t d t U p sb< n
r U rU U sb<
d U u< p b UO< t
s vJ tu< U p dpu vFO d; b p d
rvd UB t UU
bOM hlA v;UB gU s t<uL< UC; n
bOM hlA bU dcgl d U b t A bUAO
bOM hlA bU U U b t B bUAO
X uKD X b<d; u<U
t<uL< UC; UC bF n
bMU d UN u b<d; t A bUAO
bU dM b<d; p qb t B bUAO
bU dAO dM b<d; bF d b<d; bF t C bUAO
C A Ub?UAO U bOM hlA B A-C A B Ub?UAO p d
S
b<UUU<
A
B
b??U??A? O? q??U??I?  q?J? t? t?u? U? ?
s?? b?? O? ?<e?? X???? (A B) B
( A)
b B j?I?; U b A j?I?; bUAO
rOMv ndF

eUL UU XU uv U U t vL b UL

uKD rOMv U UB t UU s vJ f rOv d tMO p tu<
X
v;UB bb
s t<uL< UC; n
bU dC U b t A bUAO
bU dpu U b t B bUAO
(A B) (A B) UbUAO
t UL X uKD sdL
bU dC U b n
bU dC U dC U b
bU< dC bU dC U b
rvd UB t VO X d VO rU VO U t tF
t UL X uKD
bMU rU VO t d n
bU d vJ rU VO
bU dAO d UVO bF rU UVO bF
t? OU< v?J? b? X?d t f UB t d qJ oUD tdI
UL bI bv UA< b bMv qJ
8

1
2

7
6

3
5

b UA< b tdI n
b UA< d; U b tdI
bMU dC b tdI

qI!' Ub'UAO
d?O?Q? p?d b b U b u S t?<u?L?< U?C?; bUAO B A d
b? U?O?< t? U uMt rOU<v r qIM bUAO s bU tb< d~ b
dE< ed v U sb< U bMUv r qIM UbUAO u<U p b<d;
ed U b b B bUAO v U b b A bUAO bdO~
b?b< U bb A d? b?M?Uv r qIM B A b?U?A?O uDs bOM d;
b b<uv B bUAO

qI!' b'UAO d UL d{ uU

d? f?J?d P(A B) = P(A) P(B) b?M?U? r? q?I??M bUAO B A d?
d{ u<U t bOU t tu u bMu qIM B A b?UAO bU dd dO UM
X dd bMU qIM t t bUAO bM d d UL
t UL X uKD X b<d; u<U U'
bMU dM d U d dM UO p uDt b<d; n
bMU dM b<d; d
bU d u b<d;
u?v? s?d?U?M bMUv r qIM UbUAO u<U p b<d; XOMM q
d UH UL d{ u<U U s q d
n A ,, ,,
n(S) = 23 = 8 , n(A) = 2 P(A) = 28 = 14
P(A) = P ,, +P ,,
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1
P(A) = ( ) + ( ) = + = =
2 2 2 8 8 8 4
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
P(B) = =
2 2 2 8
1
P(C) =
2

B dM b<d; d bUAO

C d u b<d; bUAO
X qIM u q b<d; XOMM U u b<d; XOMM bUAO t b tu

sdL
u?L?< U s X?L?M? t? Uu bOM X bb s v??uL< t
d!
b Xt
1
2

1
2

d!

2
1

1
2

d!

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

d!

d
2
1
2

d!

d!
1
2

d!

1
2

u??N? U?L? t bv UA< B A h?l? b? U< UgU U?'

b<uO vd qL f B hl uN UL tOK b<uO vd qL f A hl
U?L?? b?I? b?<d?O?~ d tOK b<uO qL X dH< s d X t?OK
b< Xt u v dH< d n
bU uN dH< s vJ qb
sdUM bUv r qIM dH< s pd uN UbUAO q
n C dH< d uN bUAO
80 60 4 3 12

= =
P(C) =
U
100 100 5 5 25

A1:A

B :B
1

hl uN bUAO
hl uN bUAO

P(A1 B1 ) = P(A1 ) + P(B1 ) P(A1 B1 )

P(A1 B1 ) =

80 60 12 7 12 23
+

=
=
100 100 25 5 25 25

 ts UL X bU t A + v<u d vBl ts UL U'

bU t vK vU< U A + v<u d ts UL X bU t vK vU<
A + v?<u? d? r b?U? t vK vU< r hl s UL bI X
bU
q
A + v?<u d s?? V?Odt B A d? U?L?? l?L u<U o
r uDs rOM ndF vK vU< s
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

5
40 25 20
=
+
P(A B) P(A B) =
100
100 100 100

sdUM b<d~bJ qIM B A bUAO

P(A B) = P(A) P(B) =

25 20
500
5

=
=
100 100 10000 100

b?u d U tL n dH< r?O? UO rO p UL bI U'

bMU bA< bu U p dH< O bMU b
1 U? X dd d bM<U U? U p dH< p b? UO< t UL n q
12

t UL uDs bMUv r qIM UbUAO U UU d; b bu u

U X dd UL d{ u<U o d U dH< d b UO<
P(A) =

1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( )6
12 12 12 12 12 12 12

tb< UMJ bu U dH< s dH< O t bU bUAO B rOM d; d

et vU d dH< X uKD U d dH< s dH< d uDs bU
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385
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1
2x 5

2x 3 x 1 5 .

x 4

1
x5

btU
qU> d d UU x dUI
t t

x +1
x 1

x 1
x +1

4 x12 34

2x2 + x 6
5x 16 x2
3x2 7x 6

u?t? U# v?~??H d?3 bv

U t bb ud
U# u p v>
b e S d3 U bOM# d3 bUv
gU# f ge3 vU

p d uLF

b Xt d tD v3dF
bF tH t U#
S=

200t
t +100
2

X tH d dAO U b e U# v~H d3 l>u

t
(+ .& )

vUK UX7 tU

l?u? v?C?F? dOOG gUL vMM

rb UM vUK
lu UXJ U v{U

U bU u e t p % d rb rd# r vUK

sin %
sin2 + . cos2 = . 1 tan = .
1+ tan2 = . cos12 %
cos%
uv
ndF d u5t t# X XU# vUK
rN
UXJ d~ vJ
cot = .

1
cos%
=
sin % tan %

b?I?
X? d?H?5U? X??U? bI
t# vUt t# X3d tO uv
ndF s
r v3d X ndF qU> XU#
cot = .

1
tan . cot = . 1
tan %

d uL t p d ndF qU> XU# XU t# uv

tO dO tD
X XU X
bMU
vUK
d XU# X
tO bMUv
X
r
y
cot

XU; u

tan

XU u

U
1
ne cot60= tan60
=
1

1
3
=
3
3

cot 45= tan 45= 1 =1

v?UK
d tOU b# % U?L# UN u5s sin2 %cot % . 0 d U
X l>
r XU# ndF t tu U q
sin2 . cot % . 0 sin2 .

cos%
. 0 sin . cos% . 0
sin %

U?H?
UX
cos% sin % b?U? b?U? d?>d? d?O ddU t#s d
U??N? l?? U? (cos% . 0 , sin % 0) l?? % U??L?# U?N???  t???O?? b??M? U?
X l> (cos% 0 , sin % . 0)
&

% vUK UX7 V7d (+ .& ) vUK UX7 vd tU

t OX u
U OA jrO bOM# d3
uL OA d A UJ & t OC U %
b?M# lD> B tDI
OC U? r?OM#v
U
r? OX d?? BQ u?L? B AP u?L?A
d?3 BQ d? AT u??L? A e??O? r?O?M?#v?

r X % dd ABT t rv

T
+

sin(+ .& ) =
=

BQ BT + TQ BT + AP
=
=
OB
OB
OB

BA cos+ . OA sin % BA
OA
=
cos+ .
sin %
OB
OB
OB

= sin &cos+ . cos&sin %

= sin %cos+ . cos%sin &

sdUM
sin(+ .& ) = sin %cos+ . cos%sin &

bv
Xt eO d tO = .& d> U

sin2= . 2sin %cos%

t# uv
XU tUA
od t

cos(+ .& ) = cos%cos . sin %sin &

uv
q5U eO d tO = .& d> U
cos2= . cos2 . sin2 %
X rOu 1 cos2 % rO d> sin2 % Ut tD d
cos2= . cos2 . sin2 = . cos2 . (1 cos2 %) = 2cos2 . 1

tO
cos2= . 2cos2 . 1

X rOu 1 sin2 % rO d> cos2 % Ut tD

d
cos2= . cos2 . sin2 = . 1 sin2 . sin2 = . 1 2sin2 %

tO
cos2= . 1 2sin2 %

bOM# U 1+sin2%
vUK
U U
cos2%
q

sin2%
2sin %cos%
2sin %cos% sin %
=
=
=
= tan %
1+ cos2% 1+ (2cos2 . 1)
cos%
2cos2 %

X rOu d Uu
d3 rOM# &se~U . UtD tUM
sin( .& ) = sin %cos . cos%sin &
cos( .& ) = cos%cos+ . sin %sin &

r XU ndF cos(+ .& ) 0 t#s d3 U

tan(+ .& ) =
cos%cos&

sin(+ .& ) sin %cos+ . cos%sin &

=
cos(+ .& ) cos%cos . sin %sin &

d? X? X?L? d?J?# d?
u5 rOJI U cos%cos . 0 t?UM
X rOu

sin %cos& cos%sin &

+
cos%cos& cos%cos& tan + . tan &
tan(+ .& ) =
=
cos%cos& sin %sin & 1 tan %tan &

cos%cos& cos%cos&

sdUM
tan(+ .& ) =

tan + . tan &

1 tan %tan &

bv
Xt d tO
= .& d> U
tan2= .

2tan %
1 tan2 %

U
ne sin 75= sin(30+ 45)
= sin 30cos45+ cos 30sin 45

=
=

2
3
2
1

2 2
2
2
6
2+ 6
2
+
=
4
4
4

cos75= cos(30+ 45)

= cos 30cos45 sin 30sin 45

2 1
2
6 2
3

=
2
2 2 2
4

tan 75= tan(30+ 45)

tan 30+ tan 45
=
=
1 tan 30tan 45

3
+1
3+3
3
=
3 3
3
1
1
3

cot 75= tan175= 3 3 + 33

cos15= cos(45 30)
= cos45 cos 30+ sin 45sin 30

3
2 1
6+ 2
2

+
=
2
2
2 2
4

bOM# XU d UUJ v U
ne sin(x .6 ) + cos(x + .3 ) =0

q
UJ d = (sin x cos .6 cos xsin .6 ) + (cos x cos .3 sin xsin .3 )
=

3
1
1
3
sin x cos x + cos x
sin x =0
2
2
2
2

sin(a + b) + sin(a b) = 2sin a cos b

q
UJ d = sin a cos b + cosa sin b + sin a cos b cosa sin b
= sin a cos b + sin a cos b = 2sin a cos b

cos4 x sin4 x = cos2x

q
cos4 x sin4 x = (cos2 x sin2 x)(cos2 x + sin2 x)
= (cos2x) 1= cos2x

UU bMU U & % Ut tan= . 43 sin = .

5
13

bOM# d3 U
bOM# tU
d

ne sin(+ .& )
cos2&
tan2%
d? u?M?O?J?# u?MO vUK
UXJ t UO sin(+ .& ) t? ?U
d ne q
r & % U Ut
cos2 = . 1 sin2 = . 1

25 144
12
=
cos= ( .
169 169
13

f X vUK
d l % UL# UN f X U t % u
12
cos= . 13
tO
1
9 25
16 U &
4
=1+ tan2 = . 1+
=
cos2 = .
cos= .

cos% 0

25
5
&
16 9
9
3

sin= .
sin2 = . 1 cos2 = . 1
=
sin2 = .
25 25
25
5
5 4 12 3 56
+ =
sin(+ .& ) = sin %cos+ . cos%sin= .
13 5 13 5 65
cos2 &

16

16

cos2= . cos2 . sin2 = .

tan2= .

16 9
7

=
25 25 25

2tan %
1 tan2 %

X rOu cos= .

tan = .

12
13

sin = .

5
13

t# U

sin % 5
=
cos% 12

tO
10
5
12 = 12 = 120
tan2= .
25 119 119
1
144 144
2

sdL
bOM# tU
22 / 5 15U vUK
UXJ
tU
d UU bMU U & % tan= . 125 tan = . 43 bOM# d3
bOM#
sin(+ .& ) , cos(+ .& ) , tan(+ .& )

d UU bU tdHM
& U % sin= .

15
17

sin = . 45 bOM# d3
bOM# tU

sin(+ .& ) , cos(+ .& ) , cot(+ .& )

sin2% , cos2% , tan2&

bOM# U d UU
.
. .
. .
sin(x + ) , cos( + ) , tan( + )
3
3 4
6 4

bOM# XU d Udd v
ne sin( 3.2

x) = cos x

cos( .2 + . ) = sin)

 cos( .& ) cos(+ .& ) = 2sin %sin &

sin2x cos x cos2xsin x = sin x
sin = . 2sin %2 cos %2
%
1
2
%
1 cos= . 2sin2
2

cos= .

2cos2

%
2
tan = .
2%
1 tan
2
2tan

2
= sin2%
tan + . cot %
sin x
x
= tan
1+ cos x
2
x
x
cot tan = 2cot x
2
2

lU
lU tAU
?O?
rb?H d?> dOG
bI
uM U lU uNH
U sOJ  d
b?b? vbM Utu uJd3 bO{U U#t UU#
d?O?O?G? t?O d dOOG uMt lU uNH
u t?b?M U# U# b

t? bb Ub v?eu?d? Uu rb d> bM#v

vd u
buv
bM#v
dD
lU t XJ vKOK D5
dOv
dE d~ dOG
bI
U dOG
p bI
t# X u uMt lU
d f UL veud Uu dU de Uue U
bM#v
dD
u5 s t vKOK Ub X3d dE lU
Function

dOG
bI
s ut t# vKOK U p X U dOG
p lU
dO Uu d> v f dU X b qOJA XU UbI
U Ub
ndF ru d> j vULe v{U tKJd ue Uu
bM#v
UO s vu5t lU d

s x bI
d d t# vd t X a x b U
x dOG
vFU y
bU t u U dUM
y bMU
d3t dBM
h A
bI
U
dBM bM#v
qL tuL
p d5UM t# X vKL lU bOv
t# uUL
bOM# tu d b qJ t U
uMt Uv
dOE tuL
p
8

13

11

16

50
100
150
250

(p)
u (l)

UA X b t t t# v bI
X vFU t# dM3 p u b b s

rOM#v
h A
l U u p U d
vU VJ d u d VJd bv

tJ l p? UNM p d? t? u?v
b t# ut X d
vU l =11 b?U d p =100 d
b t t# UdOE qL p u5t l p XOL# UO
tD U b VOdsb dv

bv
UA buv
dOE sOU dD b U dD
lU tM
U
s U lU tM
bM#v
qL U lU p t# d5UM tuL

uA U dM3 U uL e dM3 t uv

t# X v d#b M t# X .0,M. U
1

t?# bOM# tu bdO~ dE 1, 3 ,0, 3 ,1,2.#. tM

U f(x) = 3x 1 lU U

u?5t sOMr b tKOt f r?Ouv

u tz bU eO tM
vFU d tz
rO gUL Vd
U tuL

rOM#v
bO f(x) dUI
q
f(1) = 3(1) 1= 3 1= 4

1
1
f( ) = 3( ) 1= 11= 2
3
3
f(0) = 3(0) 1=01= 1
1
1
f( ) = 3( ) 1=11=0
3
3
f(1) = 3(1) 1= 3 1= 2

f(2) = 3(2) 1= 6 1= 5

bv
UA x dUI
U dUM
f(x) dUI
d b
x
y = f(x)

3
2

3
0

rOv
qOJA d tuL
Vd
U u5 t lU d# h A
d uM#
f = {(x,f(x)) x . Df }
1
1
f = {(1, 4) ( , 2) (0, 1) ( ,0) (1,2) (2,5)}
3
3
U tKO
t f rdOv
dE {2, 1,0,1} tM
U f(x) = 2x + 3 lU U
bO gUL uL Vd

y
r q
f(2) = 4 + 3 = 1
f(1) = 2 + 3 =1

f(0) =0+ 3 = 3

f(1) = 2 + 3 = 5
2

f = {(2, 1)

1O

(1,1) (0, 3) (1,5)}

bM#v
sOF
f lU bI
t#sd f(x) uv
b q> UU
t# ut
X?J d u?C? p? UNM lU t?M?
u?C? d t bULv
h A
eO lU s uU>
rOJuv
b XJ lU d y dBM x bMU
tM
uC t f lU d bv

y = f(x)

vA U vIOI b tuL
r U#d U U t# vUlU d tM
U# s
lU R f R D f R vMF bU vIOI b d tM
t# f lU X vIOI b
v?IOI b lU dUI
A tuL
f b?M?U
lU p tM
d bM
Uv
vIOI dUI
U vIOI
rOJuv
bMU
f:A
. . R
x . Df

sOU

x . Df

sOU

f(x)

sOU uMt lU
n?dF uNH
qOLJ gbO aU g s b
uB t# uv
h A
X> vL# U b UO lU d

b?MU
lU t# X s lU ndF UbO{U tL dA
vM
lU t?M
x t# u?t? bM#v
qL sOU
p
f bM#v
dU vd y bI
p UNM dOv
sOU

X3d dE lU d qUI

b
uv

q5U uv
bv
U vKL x f sOU
u
s?O?U?
v?d? s?dUM gUL f(x) U x q?L
d# UH f(x) y Ut uv

t? o?d? b?MJ lU t?M?

t? o?KF
t# x d?UI

bU> U u o f sOU
f bMM#v
bO sOU

tU y = f(x) d3t dBM

bI
X b h A
q> t#
uv

f dOG
UA d x u?LF
t# X tu bU
UH lU bI
UA d f(x) U y lU UA d
rOM#v

tuU X t b t t dM3 u U t# tH5 U

uv
uM#
UUL U rb t# t t
. . R
f:D f

U f = {( p, f(p)) p . Df }
p f(p)
gUL uv
U UqJ vJ U uL b tKO t f lU sdUM UA eO
vUUL tL

bM#v
tJ l p UNM p d t bU t# u5 d t f ndF t# X UJ
bMv
XJ l =13 bI
UNM p =150 t rd U#t lU ndF d t#
l?U bI
bM#v
h A
f t# Vd
U tuL
f:x y l?U t# U
f? bMM#v
sOF
y x U?O
v~J UJJ ut v~L y = f(x) t?eUF
f(x) vMF
lU p UO vU U
rdv
U lU uMt eO y = f(x) f(x) U
XOF>u
U VUM
s
lU rJ d u5 s t# X sJL
dO L U qJA
f(x) uU> p u5t
uv
UH uL b
f(0) = 2 r rdOv
dE R tM
U

f: R R

1
x 2 x 2

v?IOI lU U

X (4,0) (0, 2) tDI d bc j uL f(4) =0

y

d> f l?U? uL d bM# b5 y = f(x) t?eU?F

gUB
t# tDI d t?J
d# bu b5 U teUF
gUB
bU l> f lU uL d tDI d fJd
u bu vDU jI3 lU uL rdO~ dE .0,4.

U p lU tM

d te
uv
r (4,0) (0, 2) tDI sO t#
eO u5 dE doO> ds UtuL
rOUH
UH U Vd
U tuL

tKO
t lU ndF
u?
U?O?J? d?U#t X ud vHO5u t uN u5 t vHdF sOM U
X VeU
X vKLdO

t? oKF
d UI pb# X b . 1,1. tM
U f(x) = 2x +1 lU U
bMUv
uL
1
1 1
E( , ) D(1, 1) C( ,0) B(0,1) A(2,5)
2
2 2
r? q??
A + fuL

A(2,5):2 + Df

B(0,1):f(0) = 2(0) +1=1

B . fuL
1
1
1
C . fuL
C( ,0):f( ) = 2( ) +1=0

2
2
2

D(1, 1):f(1) = 2(1) +1= 1

D . fuL
1 1
1
1
E + fuL
E( , ):f( ) = 2( ) +1= 2

2 2
2
2
f(1) = 3 t# bOUL h A
tut R tM
U f(x) = ax + b v?D lU U
f(1) =1
r q
f(1) = a(1) + b = a + b

a + b = 3

f(1) = a(1) + b = a + b a + b = 1
2b = 4 b = 2,a =1
f(x) = x + 2

bv
Xt d u qJ r UF t d A XUJ
U
A = . r2 (. ~ 3 /1416)
r

qJ

u h A
U rOJuv
A(r) = . r2 u5t vFU UL U u
d3 s uLF
ut
uv
de XUJ
u de UF td X r d UF t tJ A d XUJ

X (0, +. ) U lU s tM

s?O? t?U? U?? u? U s?O?U? dt vd U e@M p d U?

tD tO3U t f b U l1u d b uLO tK'U( u's bU g = 9 / 8 m s2
bv Xt d
d(t) = 4 / 9t2

.0,t1. U lU s tM X t lU d b uLO tK'U( bOM8v tE t8 uUL

X sO t e@M bO U t1 t8 X
UU~ Xu sOQ d t8 uv tH d3 bI t b tU d3 U
s bM3U e b fHM U~ u U~ tOK8 t VK1 bM3U b dO
uv UH
d~ 1 t?U? UXOIUF( sOQ d' Uc b v(U d3 2 u?LF ut
3
3
bMU8 p d dIU8 bI U d X t3 vJeO( UXOIUF( Xu sOQ d
uv tU d tD t3U p
b d d3 bI duKO8 VRd b
t?? u?? U??O? 3u? d?3 s?O?Q? d? b?U? d?u?K?O 8 b??M? U8 t?U?M?
gO t3 hX s d sdUM UO t3U p dIU8 80 30= 2400
bM8 X(U dIU8 dL8 d b t(U{ U U bM8 X(U dIU8
b3Uv v1U XU bM8 X(U dIU8 UL d vI uv gU8 V
vFU d3 s bI t8 rOM8v tE b d d3 bI ud( t tu U
t?d dAO b d v(dB d3 bI bU dAO td X UR3
X . x1,x2. U lU s tM uv dL8 eO3 b d v(dB d3 bI bU dL8
X UUR3 sdAO x2 UUR3 sdL8 x1 t8
v3b u hU UH d( b gM ud U vJ U
uv tU d tD
t8 X BMI U
duKO8 VRd
BMI =
d VRd b1 u c
Bady Mass Index

bM8v UH d( d d d UXIU vJ BMI tU f

BMI . 19 uL8 X d hX
19 BMI . 25 X v3 X b vFO hX
25 BMI . 30 t(U{ hX
BMI . 30 v3d XOF{ U hX
p U b3 t(U{ t8 d( uv hXA d( d v3 XOF{ s U
XRO b U bMd v3 X b t bM3uv VUM r
ge( U d rOIR tD UL s U b t8 rOu~ bU R s t aU
X?N? sOL t bUv ge( BMI v? U? b? d?O vd eO vFO ut s
d u't nKX d( vM d VUM BMI s b pL8 t tcG uK UBBX
bMM8v sOOF
vM d

U t

BMI

uv tU d ud( o b d( d vM d U VUM BMI s(U f

duKO8 VRd b BMI d VRd b1 c
uL8 b1t U t(U{ b1t t8 uv uKF bOR3 u b t8 uM8
b
X? d?( d? b?1 u? v?F?U? b? t8 r?O?U?v? b ud( X1 U
hXA bv Xt d VRd b1 c BMI d{q'U b u sOMr
b1 u ud( s uv d( d vM d tO3 BMI vFU b t8 uv
X U t tR dOG b qIR vUdOG BMI

s?OML bb UM X y = ax + b u?'t tDU{ t8 vD lU U tc U

t bd8 tFIUD f(x) = x2 tDU{ U lU UI3 pL8 t t lu vd uL3 r
l?U p uL3 r d rOuv vLN y = ax2 + bx + c tDU{ U t lU uL3
bOM8v bUA vUtDI3 pL8 t t
bOM8 r

f: R R
2

f(x) = x 2x 3

lU uL3 U

U f(x) = (x 1)2 4 t8 t? tu U X vLN p U lU uL3 t8 rO3v q

uv r lU s uL3 sOU t b X t b p b3 t y = x2 vLN UI3
y

2 1

3
4

X f(x) = ax2 + bx + c u't vLN vK8 tIUF

c~ (2,3) (1,0) (0, 1) UI3 t8 bOUO vLN p tIUF U
r q
f(0) =0+0+ c
2

1= c

f(1) = a(1) + b(1) + c

0= a + b 1 a + b =1

f(2) = a(2) + b(2) + c 3 = 4a + 2b 1 4a + 2b = 4

rOU t bU f
a + b =1
a =1 , b =0

2a + b = 2

uv tO t
2

f(x) = x 1

tDU{bM lU
U?L?? t u?t? r?OM rO-I r b t?u?L?? bM t lU p t?M? Ud
u0 s rOM ndF eUL tDU{ tuL d bU lU tM U dd UtuL
bv Xt tDU{ bM lU p
b tuL t t d u0t lU s tM X R U dd f(x) lU tM
U
x>1
X b rO-I r
x<1
1< x <1

X b ndF d u0 t tDU{ tuL d

2x

f(x) = 2
2x

x. 1
1. x . 1
x. 1

rOuv tDU{ t vFU f(x) X;Us

bOM r q? U tDU{ t lU uL U
sOL t rOM r U b tDU{ d uL bU lU s uL r d
x . 1 d f(x) = 2x 1. x . 1 d f(x) = 2 x . 1 d f(x) = 2x uEM
rOMv r
f(x) = 2x ;

x 1 2
y 2 4

f(x) = 2 ;
y

x 1 2
f(x) = 2x ;
y 2
4

4
3
2
1
2

1 O

x 1 1
y 2 2

b t8 vUXLR1 uL3 d rd8 r lU tDU{ d uL3 tu

t lU s uL3 tDI3 d d t8 rOM8v tE rd8 @3d X tDU{ U
X U dd U de uL tDU{
bOM8 r f(x) = 2x 1 lU uL3 U
X rOu 2x 1. 0 t8 vIU f(x) = 2x 1 U 2x 1. 0 d t8 rO3v
r? f?? r?O?Ru3v tDU{ bM u't lU s b tO3 f(x) = (2x 1)
rOM8v
1

2x 1 2x 1. 0
2x 1 x . 2
f(x) =
=
1
2x +1 2x 1. 0
2x +1 x .
2

1
2
2
y 0 3
x

f(x) = 2x 1

1
1
2
y 0 3
x

f(x) = 2x +1

1
)
2

(x .

(x .

1
)
2

x
1

1
2

+1 x . 0
x. 0
1 2x

bdO~ dE3 f(x) = x

lU U

b Xt f( 1 x2 1) f( 2) f(x2 +1) q'U

2
2
rOM8v UH f(x +1) tU

d tDU{
sdUM x2 +1 0 uL u q
2

f(x +1) = (x +1) +1= (x + 2x +1) +1= x 2x

rOM8v UH tDU{
f(

2)

tU d sdUM

2. 0

f( 2) =1 2( 2) =1+ 2 2

tDU{ f( 12 x2 1) t? U d tO3 12 x2 1. 0 s?dUM 12 x2 0 u

rOM8v UH
1
1
f( x2 1) =1 2( x2 1) =1+ x2 + 2 = x2 + 3
2
2

x. 0

x 1
1
f(1) f( )
2

x. 0

X b f(x) = x
bOUL3 tU f(2)

f(1) = 11= 2

lU U

f(0) f(1) nI
bOM8 r lU uL3
r q

f(0) = (0)2 1= 1

1
1
1
3
f( ) = ( )2 1= 1=
2
2
4
4

f(1) = (1)2 1=11=0

f(2) = 22 1= 4 1= 3
1
1 2
2
3
0 3
2 1
4

x 1
y

O
3

1
2
1

1
2

t? j vLR1 y = x2 1 t?IUF t vLN vLR1 tM t tu U f lU uL3

X y = x 1 tIUF

sdL
bOM8 qU8 d Udd bU R tM U y = f(x) = 2x23+1 lU d
f(0) =

f( 2) =

1
f( ) =
2

f(2x) =

bOM8 UR d dUI bU R tM U f(x) = x2 4 lU d

f(3) f(5) f ( f(3))

2+x

x. 1

f(x) = 2 x

x. 1

bOM8 qU8 d Udd X b ndF f(x) =

u't f lU

f( 2 1) = f(3 2) = f( 2) =

f(0) = f ( f(1)) =

bM8v hXA lU p d UtuL pb8

{(1,0) (0,1) (2, 3) ( 3 1,4)}
{(1,2)}
{(0,0) (2,1) (3,2) (1,0) (2, 2)}
{(1,1) (2, 3) (1, 1) (2,5)}
tDI3 bM8 lD1 23 u t tDI3 Ux u t8 bOM8 hXA vD tIUF
c~ (1,5)
bOUL3 tU d dUI bU R {0} tM U f(x) = x2 + x12 lU d
f(1)

f(1) f( 1x ) f( 1
) f(
x

x)

x 1
1
f(x) f( 1
d
) = 1 UR v b Xt f( ) f(x) =
x
x +1
x
(x . 1 ,0) bOUL3 vd
2
Uy u?? vLN s t8 bOUO u c b a f(x) = ax + bx + c d
c~ eO3 A(2, 3) tDI3 bM8 lD1 u t tDI3 Ux u dt tDI3

bdO~ dE3 f(x) = 4 x

x + 4

x. 0
x. 0

lU

bOUL3 Vd b p bOM8 tU f(2) f(1) f(0) f(1) f(2) nI

bOM8 r lU uL3
u b a b3b R tM U y = x + b y = x2 + ax 3b lU

bMM lD? d~bL ut tDI Ux u lU s UuL t bOM tU

bOM r d lu uL
x2 4

x. 2

x. 2

n; f(x) = x + 3
x2 +1

x. 0

x. 0

f(x) =

x2 + 2x

x. 2

x. 2

f(x) = 2x 1
1

f(x) = 3 3 x + 6

UtDU{ ndF tM

tU
tz lU tDU{ jIN uvL lU tM U? vU vIOI dUI U vIOI lu
tDU{ U d t X vIOI b tL
tuL lU tM d? o u0s uv
bU b ndF
b Xt lU tM
X b f(x) = x2 + 3 lU U
beNv t bUv ut x vIOI b d t X UM U lU q
(3)2 + 3 =12 x = 3 d (2)2 + 3 = 7 x = 2 d bv x2 + 3 sOF b
D f = R sdUM X b ndF x vIOI b tL d lU s f
bOM sOF tM
X b f(x) = x 3 2x 5 lU U
3
f(x0 ) = x0 2x0 5 . R
x0 vIOI b d d u q
vMF X b ndF vIOI b tuL

t oKF x0 dUI tL
d eO lU s f
Df = R
n
n 1
vKut
+ + a 0 u0t t tKLbM UlU tM
f(x) = a n x + a n 1 x
v?IOI b t?u?L uv gUL f(x) = ax n + bx n 1 + cx n 2 + + l , n . W U
tU qU? f(x) R t oKF x dUI tL d UtKL bM d D f = R vMF X
X
bOM sOOF f(x) = x221 lU tM
U
bU dH0U x2 1 Ud X bA ndF U d- bU dH0 x2 1 d t rOv q
r U X b ndF f(x)
x2 1. 0 x2 . 1 x . . 1

tM sdUM X b ndF x = 1 x =1 e x vIOI b tL d lU s f

X d u't lU
D f = R {1,1} U D f = (. , 1) (1,1) (1, +. )
x

+.

bOM8 hXA f(x) = xx21

lU tM
U
+1
X b ndF x dUI tL d U dR8 f uvL3 dH' UO x2 +1 u q
sdUM
X R lU tM
p(x)
q(x) p(x) t?8 y = f(x) = q(x)
u??'t?? d??R?8 l??u?? v??K?8u??t?
q(x) Ut?A dOt vIOI b t? L t?u?L? tM Uu dR8 lu bMR tKLbM
vMF X
Df = {x . R

q(x) 0}

X U f(x) = x2 x2x1 3 lU tM

U
Df = {x . R

x2 2x 3 0} = R {3, 1}

b? ndF x 2 . 0 t8ut x vIOI b t?L d f(x) = x 2 lU U

r sdUM X bA3 ndF x 2 . 0 d vI X
Df = {x . R

x 2 . 0} = {x . R

x . 2} = . 2, +.

)
+.

sdUM X b ndF 1 x2 . 0 d f:x

1 x2

lU U

Df = {x . R 1 x2 . 0}

b t tu U t8
.

x
1 x

D f = . 1,1.

+.

1
+

X rOu

t?d?N d? X b ndF x v?I?OI b t?L d g(x) = 3 2x2 1 l?U U?

D g = R f X tKLbM UJ d U X dN UJ
bU dH0 U n;U\ sOF x +1 t x dUI d h(x) = x1+1 lU U
X b ndF
d x . 1 U x +1. 0 vMF bU dH0 U n;U\ bU d- d\ d p f
r sdUM x +1. 0 vMF bU vHM U bU tdN t tu U UJ d U d~
Dh = {x . R

x +1. 0} = (1, +. )
x

+.

bU g(x) = 2k +1 p(x) f(x) = 2k p(x) u0t @M lu tM vK ut

Df = {x . R x . D p , p(x) . 0}

Dg = D p

X U f(x) =
Df = {x . R

2 x
2+ x

lU tM
U

2 x
. 0 2 + x . 0}
2+ x

2 x =0 x = 2

2x

2 + x =0 x = 2

2+ x

D f = ( 2,2.

bA ndF
f

X?t d u0t g(x) = 3 x 31 f(x) =

2 x x2

U?lU tM
U?
bv

2 x x2 . 0 (2 + x)(1 x) . 0
x
2 x x2

1
+

f
D f = 2,1.
D g = {x . R x 1. 0} = R {1}

VOd sOL t

x +1
sOF u's t g(x) = log 1
f(x) = log 3 (x 1) UlU tM
U
x
rOM8v
x 1 U x 1 0 U d t8 X x dUI f lU tM rU~I ndF dUM
f
Df = {x . R x 1 0} = (1, +. )
x +1
0 t8 X x dUI g lU tM
sdUM 1
x
Dg = {x . R

x +1
0 1 x 0} = (1,1)
1 x

p(x) = cot x h(x) = tan x g(x) = cos x f(x) = sin x lu tM

U
bOM8 sOOF
q
dUI x vIOI b d d d X R vIOI b tuL

g f UlU tM
X sOF g f

X d u't h lU tM
Dh = {x . R x k+ .

.
}
2

sin x
U3d x k+ . 2. f cos x 0 rOU t bU u h(x) = tan x = cos
r d
x
x
b?U? u? p(x) = cos
r? d? X? D p = {x .
sin x

R x k. }

u??'t? p l?U? t?M?

x k. f bU sin x 0
bv Xt d u't g(x) = tan2x f(x) = sin x lU tM
U
D f = {x x . R} = .0, +.
Dg = {x . R 2x k+ .

.
k. .
} = {x . R x
+ }
2
2 4

sdL
bO gUL3 U u't U Xt d lu pd tM
f(x) = 2x2 3x
f(x) =

1
2
+
x x 1

g(x) = x(x + 2)(x 1)

g(x) =

2
x +2

1
x 3x 4
2x + 5
h(x) = 2
x 2x
h(x) =

f(x) =

2 x
1 x
2

g(x) = 3

2
x +1

h(x) =
2

f(x) = log(x 1)

g(x) = log(4 x )

f(x) = x2 + x 2

g(x) =

2x
3

x +1

h(x) = log(2 x)

x
x

h(x) =

x2 9
x3

f(x) = x x 3

b Xt d vUK lu tM
.
.
1
f(x) = sin(x + ) g(x) = cos k(x) = tan(x )
4
4
x
bORuM U u't b UlU tM
x +1 , x . 2
f(x) =
3x , x . 0

, 3. x 2
x
h(x) =
3x 4 , 2 . x 4

lu UOKL
vIOI lU XL;< U d{q@U q{UH uL
r?d?O?v? dE3 h(x) = x2 + 2x 1 g(x) = 2x f(x) = x2 1 v?I?O?I? lu
f(1) + g(1) f(2) +g(2) h(1) h(2) g(1) g(2) f(1) f(2) dUI
rOv qOJA d b rOM8v tU
x
f(x)
g(x)
f(x) + g(x)

1
(1) 1=0
2(1) = 2
0 2 = 2

h(x)

(1) + 2(1) 1= 2

2
(2) 1= 3
2(2) = 4
3+4=7
2

(2) + 2(2) 1= 7

uv b t8 ut
f(1) =0, g(1) = 2, f(1) + g(1) =0+ (2) = 2, h(1) = 2

f(2) = 3, g(2) = 4 , f(2) + g(2) = 3 + 4 = 7 ,

h(2) = 7

f?? ?? ? t?? ?? ?(d?? d?? E? ?3 g(x) = 12 x 1 f(x) = 2x + 3 l?? ?U?? ? s?? O? ?M? ?r??
rOM8v qU8 bF tH' b tU h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
5
1
r
h(x) = 2x + 3 + x 1= x + 2
2
2

x
f(x)
g(x)
f(x) + g(x)
5
h(x) = x + 2
2

2
4+ 3 = 7
11=0
7 +0= 7

4
6
8 + 3 =11 12 + 3 =15
2 1=1
3 1= 2
11+1=12 15 + 2 =17

5 +2 = 7

10+ 2 =12 15 + 2 =17

X h(2) = 7 f(2) + g(2) = 7 g(2) =0 f(2) = 7 u?v? b t ut

d~bJ U dE'u Ux d h(x) f(x) + g(x) dUI t uv bUA q! Ub
bUv g(x) f(x) l?U uL t h = f + g b?b? lU ndF t U VKD s b'dd
vMF Uv uLM
y = h(x) = (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

tL d t uv tE rd r U U h g f UlU uL' d qJ

X UU b b Xt b U uL' d b Xt Ub' dE'u Ux
y
15
12
11

f (x
)=2
x +3

h (x
)= 5
2 x +2

g(

1 x 1
x) = 2

sdL
2

x = 1 d h(x) = x(x 1) g(x) = x 1 f(x)=x l?u? p d bI

h(x) U f(x) g(x) d b Xt dUI vAb qOJA U bOM tU x =1 x =0
bdO~ tO' lU d{qHU d vHdF bO'uv U bOUL' tJUI

v?I?O?I? b? t?M? b?I? d d lU bI vIOI lu rb t uUL

uv ndF rOJI d{ odH lL qL UN vIOI b t t'uUL sdUM X
d ndF XLJ!U d{qHU q{UH uL uv eO' lu d
tM vMF rOMv UJJ U tM rdOv dE' g f vIOI lU ndF
uH s bU D t oKF x bOM dS rOv d! D = Df Dg tuL U
rOMv ndF sOM rOv UA' f + g UL' U g f lU uL nA
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

rOMv ndF sOM rOv UA' f g UL' U g f lU q{UH

(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)

rOMv ndF d uHt rOv UA' f.g UL' U lU d{qHU

(f.g)(x) = f(x) g(x)

rOMv ndF sOM rOv UA' gf UL' U g f lU rOJI

f
f(x)
( )(x) =
, g(x) 0
g
g(x)

U?u? bU t X?AU? d~ X Df Dg U? b? n?dF lu t? L t?M

d c dA tM g(x) =0
r g(x) = x2 1 f(x) = x2 + x d U
Df = R Dg = R
d{qHU q{UH uL d
D = R R D = R
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = x2 + x + x2 1= 2x2 + x 1
(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = x2 + x x2 +1= x +1
(f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x) = (x2 + x)(x2 1) = x4 + x 3 x2 x

f d

D = R {x g(x) =0} = R x x2 1=0 = R {1, +1}

2

f
f(x) x + x
x
( )(x) =
=
=
g
y(x) x2 1 x 1

(f + g)(2) = 2(2)2 + (2) 1= 5

(f g)(2) = 2 +1= 1
f
3
3
( )(3) =
=
g
3 1 2
(f.g)(1) =1+111=0

qOJA uvL' gf sdUM X bA' ndF x =1

f
g

r lU d{ odH lL d g(x) = x2 3 f(x) = 2x + 4 d U

D f = R , D g = R , D = D f D g = R R = R
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = 2x + 4 + x2 3 = x2 + 2x +1= (x +1)2
2

(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = 2x + 4 x + 3 = x + 2x + 7

(f.g)(x) = f(x)g(x) = (2x + 4)(x2 3) = 2x 3 6x + 4x2 12
= 2x

+ 4x 6x 12

D = R {x g(x) =0} = R x x2 3 =0

D = R 3, + 3

lU rOJI d
f

f
f(x) 2x + 4
( )(x) =
=
g
g(x) x2 3

1
sOM gf f g UlU u'U! tM bU g(x) = xx +1

f(x) = d U
1
x
Df = R {0} , Dg = R {1}
Df g = (R {0})(R {1}) = R {0 , 1}
(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) =

rOMv UJ
r

1 x +1 x 1 x2 x x2 1

=
=
x x 1
x(x 1)
x(x 1)

x +1 .
D f /g = D f D g {x g(x) =0} = D f D g x
=0#
x 1 .

D f / g = R {0,1, 1}
f(x) 1 x +1
x 1
f
= ,
=
( )(x) =
g(x) x x 1 x(x +1)
g

r bU h(x) =
D P = R , D h = {x x 1. 0} = .1, +.
D p.h = R 1,
. +.

) = .1, +. )

D p/ h = .1, +. ) x

x 1

P(x) = x +1 d U

(p. h)(x) = (x +1) x 1

x 1 =0 = (1, +. )

P
x +1
( )(x) =
h
x 1

r g(x) = 3xx +1
f(x) = 3x 1 tvuH U
1

Df = R , Dg = R {

1
1
} D f Dg = R { }
3
3

9x2 5x + 2
= (f + g)(x)
x +1 3x 1
(f ( g)(x) = f(x) ( g(x) = 3x 1(
=
3x 1 9x2 7x
3x 1 = (f g)(x)

x +1
= x +1
(f.g)(x) = (3x 1)
3x 1
1
1
Df /g = R { } {x g(x) =0} = R { , 1}
3
3
2

x +1
(3x 1)
f
)=
( ).(x) = (3x 1), (
x +1
3x 1
g

vIOI lU VOd
U? t?Md d bv U' b jO rOEM t X eG vAc uUuO
uv U' uUuO vb'UdS U v~L bUv gU U geS UL'b U U ruv tMA
v?D?O? qu dOQ U uUuO U d
b?M?M uu U't vAuJK b jd
f bMv `d u t b uu
s?d `D d t eOSuO b? t uJK s bO
uu U t eOSuO b X bOJ eG
t u b uu dv u b
u UuO
cv d UuK d bv uc XSU
eO$uO
uv uc b YU

vDO qu

uUuO

b uu b uu vFU uc b sdUM
uc b tO' X b uu bMM uu vFU
sOU p uMt lU tUM bv Xt lU s VOd
t? u?Ht uv eOSuO uUuO U rdO~ dE'
UA'

bMM uu

eOSuO

b uu
x

j?d? vDO qu d uUuO qL d uM

g f lU VOd rO gUL' g U eOSuO b qL f U b
X rOu t uHt

f ( x)

g(f (x))

bOM tu d UU t lU VOd ndF gO

1
g(2x) g( ) g(0) dUI rOuv g(x) = 2x +1 f(x) = x2 2x d U
2
rOM tU f(4x +1) f(2x +1) f(2) f(1) f
Df = R , Dg = R
r
1
1
g(0) = 2(0) +1=1 , g( ) = 2( ) +1=1+1= 2
2
2
g(2x) = 2(2x) +1= 4x +1

f(1) = (1)2 2(1) =1 2 = 1 f(2) = (2)2 2(2) = 4 4 =0

f(2x +1) = (2x +1)2 2(2x +1) = 4x2 1
f(4x +1) = (4x +1)2 2(4x +1) =16x2 + 8x +1 8x 2 =16x2 1
h:. 2,6. R
f :.0,9. R
g:. 2,6. R

,
,

2
1
h(x) = 3 x 1 g(x) = 2x 3 f(x) = 3 x

lu U

rOv qOJA d uHt U b uL' rdOv dE'

1

g
h

3
f
0 1
3

x 2x 3
2

1
2
(2x 3) = x 1
3
3
1
1
h(2) =
3
3
1
h(3) =1

5 2
3

h(6) = 3

uv b t ut
g

x
. . 2x 3 = y
. . f(y) = f(2x 3) =

2
x 1= h(x) h(x) = f(g(x))
3
2
h:x x 1
3

b?M v? qL g l?U? bM'U x d? X?J?c?' t X vFU

v?MF
b?U?L?'v? qL f l?U? b?M'U g(x) = 2x 3 d? U?~?' b?U?L?'v? qb 2x 3 = g(x) t?
bMv qb 13 (2x 3) t
vK ndF UO t pM bMU'v g f lU VOd bv Xt VOd s t t h lU
rdv d
v bO'uc rOv UA' fog UL' U t X vFU f g lU VOd ndF
Ub tL
lU s tM
rOMv ndF fog:x f(g(x)) U (fog)(x) = f(g(x)) uHt
vMF bU Df t oKF g(x) t ut X Dg t oKF x vIOI
D fog = { x . D g g(x) . D f }

Rg

Dg
Rf

f (g(x))

g( x) Df

Dfog

Rfog

Df

fog
x
g
g(x)

fog

g(x)

f(g(x))

f
f(g(x))

f(g(x))=(fog)(x)

r g(x) =

x , f(x) = x2

d U

(fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = (g(x))2 = ( x )2 = x

d XJO' R (fog)(x) = x lU tM t bOM tu

Df = R , Dg = { x . R x . 0} = .0, + .
D fog = { x . .0, + .

x . R}

D fog = .0, + .

x . .0, + . ) d X d!d x . R U
r sdUM

(fog)(x) = x ,

x . .0, + .

gof fog UlU tM b'b g(x) = x +1 f(x) = x 2 lU U

bO qOJA fog gof lu f bOUL' tU
Df = R , Dg = . 1 , + . )
q
Dgof = { x . Df f(x) . Dg } = { x . R x 2 .. 1 , + . ) }

x 2 .. 1 , + . ) x 2 . 1 x . 1
D gof = .1, + .

D fog = { x . D g g(x) . D f } = { x .. 1 , . )

x +1 . R } = . 1, +.

(gof )(x) = g( f(x)) = f(x) +1 = x 2 +1 = x 1

(fog)(x) = f ( g(x)) = g(x) 2 = x +1 2

bO qOJA fof lU X b f(x) = 13 x 3 lU U

1
x 3 . R} = R
3
1
1 1
(fof )(x) = f(f(x)) = f(x) 3 = ( x 3) 3
3
3 3
1
1
(fof )(x) = x 1 3 = x 4
9
9
Df = R , Dfof = { x . R

s b ndF UOKL tL d b g(x) = x 2 f(x) = x2 d U

bv UA' lU
qL lU

tM

f +g

(f + g)(x) = x 2 + x 2

D f D g

f g

(f g)(x) = x 2 x +2

D f D g

f.g

(fg)(x) = x 2 (x 2)

D f D g

f
g

lU u*U+

f
x2
( )(x) =
x 2
g

x 2

D f D g { x g(x) =0}

fog

(fog)(x) = (x 2)2

{x .

D g g(x) . D f }

gof

(gof )(x) = x 2 2

{x .

D f f (x) . D g }

u? (fog)(x) = (x 2)2 (gof )(x) = x2 2 u??v?? b?? t? u?t? t??u?

fog gof vK XAU f x2 2 (x 2)2
bOM tu d U t XJO' sJL lU VOd u vd
d uL' b'b f:x x2 2 , x . R g:x x , x . 0 lU U
D g R f = d XJO' sJL gof VOd t bv UA'
6

f
Rf

Df

Dg
g

Rg

X sJL fog uHt lU VOd U U U sdL

uv lU s UOKL b'b g(x) = 11x2 f(x) = 2x lU U
d hcA q! b dOE'
qL

lU

lU u*U+

h = f +g

h = f g

h = f.g

h=

f
g

h=

g
f

h(x) =

h(x) =

tM

2
1
+
x 1 x 2

R {0, 1, +1}

2
1

x 1 x 2

R {0, 1, +1}

2
1
2

=
x 1 x 2 x(1 x 2 )

R {0, 1, +1}

h(x) =

2
1
2(1 x 2 )
,
=
g(x) 0
x 1 x 2
x

R {0, 1, +1}

h(x) =

1
2
x
, =
f (x) 0
1 x 2 x 2(1 x 2 )

R {0, 1, +1}

h(x) =

h = fog

h(x) = f ( g(x) ) =

h = gof

h(x) = g( f (x) ) =

2
= 2(1 x 2 )
1
1 x 2
1
4
1 2
x

x2
x2 4

{x .
{x .

R {. 1}

1
. R {0} } = R . 1}
1 x 2

R {0}

2
. R {. 1} } = R 0, ( 2 }
x

Xt P(x) = f(x) + g(x) l?U bU g(x) =

x 1

f(x) =

1 x

d U
b

D f = { x 1 x . 0} = ( . , 1.

D g = { x x 1. 0} = .1 , + . )

D P = D f D g = {1} , P(x) = f(x) + g(x) = 1 x + x 1

f
P = {(1,0)} sdUM P(1) =0U

sdL
b Xt U UtM gf fog f ( g UlU b'b g f lu
2

f(x) = x + 2
f(x) =

2x 3
5
2

f(x) = 2x x
f(x) = x 1
f(x) =

x+3
x3

, g(x) = 4x + 2
x
x 1
1
, g(x) =
x
, g(x) =

, g(x) = x 1
, g(x) =

x3
x+3

f(x) = sin2x

, g(x) = sin x

f(x) = tan x

, g(x) = cot x

b'b g(x) = x2 +1 f(x) = 2 lu

bO qOJA gf f.g f g f + g lu nA
dN b?O?M  r UBc Uu U~p f + g g f U?lU uL'
u UH nKc U@' rOd X
h?c?A? U UtM gof fog U?l?U? d b g f l?u? d
bOUL'
2
f(x) = x +2
, g(x) = x 3
f(x) = x2 + x
, g(x) = 4x +1

2
f(x) = xx+1
, g(x) =2x x +1
2
, g(x) = 1 x
f(x) = cosx
f(x) = x2 + 2x +1 , g(x) = x
bOUO (gof )(x) (fog)(x) bU g(x) = (x +1)2 f(x) = x d
t b?O?M sOOF u c b a b?U g(x) = ax2 + bx + c f(x) = x + a d?
(fog)(x) = x2 3x + 4 rOU t

bOJuM sJL uH sdU t gof bU g(x) =

2x
1+ x2

f(x) = tan x d

bOUL' tU f . f(3) . f b Xt fof bU f(x) = 1x d

u qB$
v~uO b
h?O?c?A? lu r t bMt! bL X v?{U? u?g' vJ bL
x 1

y = f(x) = x + 3 2 l?U? u?L' XSd rOLB p X lU uL' v~'u~

qOJA d b vdI UU U UJsOU UH U bL bM r . 3,3. U
x 3 2 / 5 2 1/ 5
1
0/ 5
0
0/ 5
1/ 5
2
2/ 5
3
y 2 2/ 7
3 3 / 22 3 / 41 3 / 58 3 / 73 3 / 87 4 /12 4 / 23 4 / 34 4 / 44

s X bA' ndF tDI' s lU u dJ' UJ lU bI x = 1 t bL

d hcA tHH lU uL' b Xt UI' b' d! lU tM tDI'
y

bU d qJ t bU lU uL' XSd tO' bL

y

d bI uL' s U X bA' ndF x =1 l?U s XH bL U vJ

UMOL d bL u vAUJ dOtO' s UL bMv hcA x = 1 lU s
vd dAO x = 1 tDI' d lU s UbI X dN XH u dOtO' v
UbI pe' x vUbI d rO'uv vA X bA' ndF x = 1 lU td rOM
U?A?' v?HU? b b r uL' bM'UL b Xt UbI U rOMO rOM UJ lU
bM UJ tDI' UvJe' lU UbI t XU vAb bL U s bMv
x 0/ 8 0/ 9 0/ 99 0/ 999 0/ 9999 1 .
y 3 / 94 3 / 97 3 / 997 3 / 9997 3 / 99997 ? .

f(x)

1/00001 1/0001 1/001 1/01 1/1

4 /000002 4 /0002 4 /0002 4 /002 4 /02

UbI t x UbI b pe' U t d dOtO' bL U b tU U

bMv UA' vKD sOM eO' lU d b r uL' b'uv pe' t
y

x
3

b bMuv U' dOb U' tDI' d lU s vd d bL t t'

x 1

X dd tDI' y = x + 3 2 lU
U? v?A bU bA' ndF a b?M?'U tDI' f(x) b?M?'U? v?F?U t bv gO UOJ u
bU XAU s X t'u~ a pe' x UbI d lU UbI t rO'b rOU bMt!
b'uv pe' vHU b t f(x) UbI U a t x b pe' U t d vd

sdL
X?? d?? H?  f(x) = x2 + 3x + 4 u?? 'U?? ! U?? f :R R lU
U bOM tU bF tHH Ub b x d d f(x) bI
UJ sOU bO'uv bOJuM tU tO'
UA r! UN
bOM UH

3 2 / 9 2 / 5 2 /1 2 /01 2 /001 2 /0001 2 /00001 2

f (x)
x

2 . 1/ 9999 1/ 999 1/ 99 1/ 9 1/ 8 1/ 5

1/ 2 1

f (x)

t f(x) lU uv pe' b XL t x v! t bMv UA' U Ub tO*

uv pe' b
x d d g(x) d?UI X b g(x) = x2 2x u?'U! U g:R R l?U
bOJuM tO' UA r! UN U bOM tU d b b
x 0
g(x)
x
g(x)

0/1

0/ 5

0/ 8 0/ 9

0/ 99

0/ 999 0/ 9999 1

. 1/0001 1/001 1/01 1/1 1/ 2 1/ 5 1/ 9 2

.

bv UA' U b tO*
d d h(x) UbI X dH h(x) = x2 + 4 u'U! U h: R R lU
bOJuM tO' UA r! UN U bOM tU d b b x
x 1 0/ 9 0/ 5 0/ 3 0/1 0/01 0/001 0/0001 0
h(x)

. 0/0001 0/001 0/01 0/1 0/ 2 0/ 5 1

.

bv UA' U b tO*
d?U?I? v?d? d? l?U s bI rdOv dE' f(x) = 2x +1 l?U U?
dUI vCF d lU s bI sOMr b'uv pe' b t Zb t t dpu
rOMv tU b'uv pe' b t Zb t t de x
x

x 0 0/ 5 0/ 9 0/ 99 0/ 999
f (x) 1 2 2 / 8 2 / 98 2 / 998

1
3

. 1/001 1/01 1/1 1/ 5 2

. 3 /002 3 /02 3 / 2 4 5

 j tDI' X vSU uEM s d rOMv r f(x) = 2x +1 lU uL'

rOM hcA
A

x =0
y =1

x=

1
2

y =0

M0

lU bI b t x dOG b pe' U uv b uL' b t uUL

uv pe' b t f(x) vMF
rOuv X b f(x) = x2 2x + 3 lU U
rOM vd x0 = 2 vJe' lU s US nA
rOM vd nA XLJ! tU v d r lU s uL'
rOMv tU b t pe' x UbI vd d f(x) dUI nA q
rOJu'v d b
x

1 1/ 2

1/ 5

1/ 8

1/ 9 1/ 99 1/ 999 2 . 2 /001 2 /01 2 /1 2 / 5

2/ 9 3

f (x) 2 2 /04 2 / 25 2 / 64 2 / 81 2 / 98 2 / 998 3 . 3 /002 3 /02 3 / 2 4 / 25 5 / 61 6

uv pe' b t f(x) uv pe' b t x Ud uv b t ut

UO{U lU s dOOG uL

X b r

M0

3
2

pe b? t f(x) u?v' pe b? t x v??# t?& uv' b eO uL

uv'
3

1
s? U1 rOuv' rdOv' dE f(x) = xx 1
x 1 t?DU{ U f lU U
rOM& vd x0 =1 vJe lU
s? r?OM&v' tU' b? t pe x Ub?I' vd d f(x) U?bI' q
bb d b UbI'
x 0/ 75 0/ 9 0/ 99 0/ 999 1 . 1/001 1/01 1/1 1/ 25
f (x) 2 / 313 2 / 71 2 / 970 2 / 997 3 . 3 /003 3 /030 3 / 31 3 / 813

b t f(x) U X b t x b pe U bv' UA b t& ut

y
uv' pe
3

1
2

lU s UbI' rOuv' bdO~ dE (1, . ) tM' U f(x) = x 1 lU U

x d?U?I?' vd t lU s vdI dUI' d b rOM& vd vJe
rd& tU' vJe
x 1 .
y ? .

1/0001 1/001 1/01 1/1

0/001 0/03 0/1 0/ 3

buv' pe dHG t f lU UbI' t x b pe U bv' UA b t& uUL

lu b ndF
a t I q? u? t& bU tut a t?DI bU I U f l?U tM' d
d t bMU pe a t t& X1U a eUL' vUI I q u vMF b pe
X? sJL' a t?D?I t I U x d?O?G??' b? pe U U~ rOuK t& eO'
f lU rOuv' XLU s t& bu pe L bMU' vGU b t f(x) UbI'
xa
lim f(x) = L rONuv' X L b b a tDI
rONuM rOuv' q# UHG UU' t tu U
lim (2x +1) = 3

x1

lim (x + 4) = 4

x0

x 1
=3
x1 x 1
lim

lim x 1 =0

x1

pe dHG t lU s tM' q uv' (0, . ) tM' U y =1+ x lU d U

f uv' pe t 1+ x bI' dHG t x . (0, . ) b pe U b
lim (1+ x ) =1

x0

pe 1 t lU s tM' q uv' (1,1) tM' U y = 1 x2 lU d U

f?? b?u?v?' p?e? d?H?G t? 1 x2 Ub?I?' 1 t? x . (1,1) b?? p?e? U? b?
lim
x1

1 x =0

sdL
bOM& hKA' dE u' tDI lU d b bOM& q'U& d Ub p d
bOM& UH UN sOU' bOuv' tU' d
lim (2x + 5) nL
x1
x 0 0/ 5 0/ 9 0/ 99 0/ 999 1 . 1/0001 1/001 1/01 1/1 1/ 5
f (x)

lim (x2 + x + 3)

x0

x 1 0/ 5 0/1 0/01 0/001 0/0001 0 . 0/0001 0/001 0/01 0/1 0/ 5 1

f (x)

x2 x 2
x +1
x1
lim

x 2 1/ 5 1/1 1/01 1/001 1/0001 1 . 0/ 999 0/ 99 0/ 9 0/ 8 0/ 5 0

f (x)

lim

x3

x +1 2
x3

x 2 2 / 5 2 / 9 2 / 99 2 / 999 3 . 3 /001 3 /01 3 /1 3 / 5 4

f (x)

bOM& sOOF dHG f(x) = x +1 1 tDU{ U f lU b b qOJA U

bOM&hKA' u uG b tDI d lubuL UH U
y

x1
lim (x2 + x + 2)

nL x1
lim (x + 2)

2
1
x

x
lim f(x) f(x) =
x1

1
1

x + 2 , x 1

+ x + 2 , x 1

lim f(x) f(x) =

x1
2

, x =1

, x =1

y
5

4
3

4
3

1
2

1 O

1
x

x +1

lim f(x) f(x) =

x1

2 1 O

, x. 1

x + 4 , x . 1

2x + 5 , x . 2

lim f(x) f(x) =

x2
x +1

, x. 2

lU u sOF' U u sOF' t x0 bMU' tDI f bMU' vFU b t& bOM& tu bU tJ

X sJL' vMF b v~N x0
bU t b uv' pe x0 t x v# U' bU bA ndF x0 f lU
bU tb b lU uv' pe x0 t x v# U' bU b ndF x0 f lU
bU dd lU bI' U buv' lU b X b x0 tDI lU t& v'U~M t
X sJL' vMF bU U
lim f(x) = f(x0 )
lim f(x) f(x0 )
U
xx
xx
0

(x 2)(x 3)
,x 3
f(x) =
x3

r Xt x = 3
lU b rOuv' U
b uv' pe b t x v# U' X? bA ndF x = 3 lU s q

r x . 3 d d X
(x 2)(x 3)
= x 2
x3
f(x) = x 2 , x . 3
f(x) =

lim f(x) = lim (x 2) =1

x3

x3

X x3

lim (x 2) =1 t rb 
X b x = 3 U# X bA( ndF x = 3 u lU t uv# b sdUM

lU s b rOuv# X b f(x) = x

2x + 3 , x . 2

, x =2

lU U

rOM sOOF x = 2
b b U# t uUL f(2) = 5 d X b ndF x = 2 lU s q
lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3 r
lU bI# U b U# X b x = 2 lU s f x2
(3 . 5) X;O( dd x = 2
rOM sOOF x = 2 f(x) = x2 + 3x + 4 lU b rOuv# U
X? sOF# x = 2 l?U s vd x2
lim (x2 + 3x + 4) = 2 t rb ? q
U x = 2 l?U? b sdUM f(2) = (2)2 + 3(2) + 4 = 2 U? X dd f(2) b?I#
r vMF X dd x = 2 lU bI#
lim (x2 + 3x + 4) = f(2) = 2

x2

s b rOuv# rdOv# dE( f(x) = x

2x , x . 1

tDU{ U f lU U
rOM sOOF b lU
b? t? X d x v?? t rb ?? X? b ndF x =1 l?U? s q
t d x v t rb U# b(uv# pe( 1 t lU UbI# uv# pe(
bM;O( U;# r U bI# s u b(uv# pe( t lU UbI# uv# pe( b
X;O( b lU s uv# pe( b t x v f
2x +1 , x . 1

lU p b X b
dE( x0 u UL d~# X b ndF x0 q#U I U U
t f lU ndF

rdOv'
pe L1 bMU' b t f lU UbI' u pe x0 t X d x d nL
t& d t rOM& pe L1 t f(x) rOuK t& b#td rOu Ud d~ UOt U bu
bM'Uv' x0 f lU X b L1 rOU d& pe x0 t v1U& b t X d x
bMNuv'
lim f(x) = L1

xx0+

pe L2 b?MU' b t f l?U UbI' u pe x0 t? d x d

d t rOM& pe L2 t f(x) rOuK t& b#t d rOu Ud d~ UO t U bu
bM'Uv' x0 f lU b
t d x t&
L2 rOU d& pe x0 t v1U& b
bMNuv'
lim f(x) = L2

xx0

tDI f lU bU f tM' vUO' tDI p x0 d t& uv' tO Xc t

X b x0 l?U? b?MU dd r U b s bU t b X b
b s b X b tDI bU t b tDI p lU d fJd
bdd r U
x0

lim f(x) = L !

lim f(x) = lim f(x) = L

xx0+

xx0

xx0

UL x0 f X U b XLU s bU f lU tM' vUN tDI p x0 d U'

s b dHG lU s X b (0, . ) tM' U x lU u' '
X x0 f lU b
b? l?U? b uNH' bMN lU p tM' vUO' UI t& vUI jI1 bMN vJ dHG lU
bMUH' r U lU X
b X b u rOuv' X b f(x) = x2 2x + 3 lU U
rOM& vd lU s
buv' pe t U lU UbI' u pe t X d x d t& rb q
lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3 v?MF
pe t? x t?& v?u?G lU X b = L1 = x2
lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3 vMF buv' pe t lU UbI' u
lU b = L2 = x2
lU (L1 = L2 = 3) bdd r U lU s b X b u
x = 2 tDI

r X b
lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3

x2

2x +1

, x. 1

lU s b u rOuv' X b f(x) =

x2 + 2x 6 , x . 1

lU U
rOM& vd
l?U? s? X? b? x 1 r? u?v?' p?e? t? X? d? x v??# u?
sdUM uv' tU' f(x) = 2x +1
lim (2x +1) = 3
X b = L1 = x1
b tU' #
f(x) = x2 + 2x 6 b f x . 1 r uv' pe t d x v# u
vMF bv' Xt
b = L2 = x1
lim (x2 + 2x 6) = 3
b?M??NO dd r U x =1 t?D?I? l?U? s? X b b uv' b t& ut
b b x =1 lU s f (L1 = 3 L2 = 3)
bv' UA U tU' v eO lU uL
+

x. 1
1
O

f(x)

4 3

x . 1 y = 2x +1 ,

6
7

+1

b UtOC+
t dOG' d& pe b b UU' t& v t ndF UH U UlU b tU'

u?' t& vUtOC# XK s t X vu u?LF' b qOJA f(x) tU' x0

rOM&v' UH rdcv' U b U u lu b
x0 u?K?L b? d XU vIOI X b k f(x) = k XU lU b t? OC+
lim f(x) = lim k = k vMF X k XU bI' UL dd
xx
xx
r f(x) = 5 d U
0

lim f(x) = lim 5 = 5 ,

x0

x0

lim 5 = 5

lim f(x) = lim 5 = 5

x

3
2

3
2

lim 5 = 5

x2

x 2

vMF X x0 U dd x0 tDI d vUL lU f(x)=x lU b tOC+

lim f(x) = lim x = x0

xx0

xx0

lim x = 3 ,

x3

lim x = 1

x1

U

b?M?U b x0 t?D?I? b?M?U? t vUNJ tM' g f l?U? d t? OC+

lim g(x) = l2 lim f(x) = l1
U~ xx
xx
r b x0 f(x) + g(x) vMF lU s uL' nL
0

lim ( f(x) + g(x)) = lim f(x) + lim g(x) = l1 + l2

xx0

xx0

xx0

lU Ub uL' U X dd UNJ tM' U lU uL' b vMF

r b x0 f(x) g(x) vMF lU s q{UH
lim ( f(x) g(x)) = lim f(x) lim g(x) = l1 l2

xx0

xx0

xx0

lU Ub q{UH U X dd UNJ tM' U lU q{UH b vMF

r b x0 f(x).g(x) vMF lU s d{qGU
lim ( f(x).g(x)) = lim f(x). lim g(x) = l1l2

xx0

xx0

xx0

lU Ub d{qGU U X dd UNJ tM' U lU d{qGU b vMF

f(x)
g(x)

r b l2 0 d t x0
lim f(x)

l
f(x) xx0
= 1
lim
=
lim g(x) l2
xx0 g(x)

vMF lU s XLN#U

l2 0

xx0

X? d?d dK' b u dHG d t UNJ tM' U lU XLN#U b vMF

l?U? U?b? X?LN#U U
v?M?F? r?OLF lu vUM' bF t uv' nL UtOC# t?J
U Ub uL' U X dd lU bM uL' b
U Ub d{qGU U X dd lU bM d{qGU b
bv' Xt d UtO U UtOC#
bU vU b k l U dd x0 tDI
f lU b d
lim ( kf(x)) = lim (k). lim f(x) = k.l

xx0

xx0

xx0

x1

lim 4(2x +1) = 4(3) =12 f lim (2x +1) = 3 u '

x1
vMF x0n U X dd x0 X' `OG b n f(x) = x n lU b
lim x n = x0n

xx0

vMF 23 = 8 U X dd x = 2 f(x) = x 3 lU b U
lim f(x) = lim (x) 3 = (2) 3 = 8

xx0
n

f(x)

x2

n
lim n f(x) = l lim ( f(x))n = l n U~ lim f(x) = l d
t& dt xx
xx
xx
0

lim (x 2x + 3) = 3

x2

bU b ndF x0 q'U U p
= 81 f lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3 t& rb U
x2

lim x2 2x + 3 = 3

X' `OG b n f(x) = ax n + bx n 1 + cx n 2 + + l tKLbM lU b

t?KLbM lU b t& uv' XU lU bM uL' b tOC# U UtO pL& t
vMF f(x0) U X dd x0 f(x)
x2

lim f(x) = lim (ax n + bx n 1 + cx n 2 + + l)

xx0

xx0

= ax0n + bx0n 1 + cx0n 2 + + l = f(x0 )

r U
x2
lim ( f(x) = 2x +1) = f(2) = 2(2) +1= 4 +1= 5
lim ( f(x) = x2 2x + 3) = f(2) = 22 2(2) + 3 = 4 4 + 3 = 3
x2
x2
lim (x 3 + x2 + 2x 1) = (2) 3 + (2)2 + 2(2) 1=15
x2
lim (2x4 + 3x 3 + 5x2 6x +1) = 2(2)4 + 3(2) 3 + 5(2)2 6(2) +1
= 32 + 24 + 2012 +1=1
m 1

Ub n m q(x) = ax n + bx n 1 + + l lU b dN& Uu lU b
a x + b x ++l
dN& dK' tA
x0 t& d t x0 t?DI lU bI' U X dd x0 X?' `OG
bU
r U
2x +1 2(1) +1 2 +1 1 1
lim
=
=
=
=
x1
3x 5 3(1) 5 3 5 8 8
2

x x 1 (2) (2) 1 5
x2
lim
=
= =5
2x + 5
2(2) + 5
1

2x 3 x2 + 5
2(2) 3 (2)2 + 5 17 17
lim
=
=
=
2
2
x2 2x + 3x 1 2(2) + 3(2) 1 3
3
(x + 2)2

(2 + 2)2

lim 2
=
= =0
x2
2x x 5 2(2)2 (2) 5 5
rOuv' bb g(x) = x2 2x f(x) = 2x +1 lU U
rOUO f lU b nL
r Xt g lU b
f(x)
p d b sOOF g(x)
f(x).g(x) f(x) g(x) f(x) + g(x) UlU
rOM& bO lu s
lim f(x) = lim (2x +1) = 2(1) +1= 3
r
x1
x1

lim g(x) = lim (x2 2x) = (1)2 2(1) = 1

x1

x1

f(x) + g(x) = 2x +1+ x2 2x = x2 +1

lim ( f(x) + g(x)) = lim (x2 +1) = (1)2 +1= 2

x1

x1

lim ( f(x) + g(x)) = lim f(x) + lim g(x) 2 = 3 + (1) 2 = 2

x1

x1
2

x1
2

f(x) g(x) = 2x +1 (x 2x) = x + 4x +1

lim( f(x) g(x)) = lim (x2 + 4x +1) = (1)2 + 4(1) +1= 4

x1

x1

lim ( f(x) g(x)) = lim f(x) lim g(x) 4 = (3) (1) 4 = 4

x1

x1
2

x1
3

f(x).g(x) = (2x +1)(x 2x) = 2x 3x2 2x

lim ( f(x).g(x)) = lim (2x 3 3x2 2x) = 2(1) 3 3(1)2 2(1) = 3
x1

x1

lim. f(x).g(x). = lim f(x). lim g(x) 3 = (3)(1) 3 = 3

x1

x1

x1

f(x)
2x +1
f(x) 2x +1
2(1) +1
= 2
lim
= lim 2
= 2
= 3
g(x) x 2x
x1 g(x)
x1 x 2x
(1) 2(1)
lim f(x)
f(x) x1
lim
3 = (3) 1 3 = 3
=
lim g(x)
x1 g(x)
x1

rOM&v' tG d b b' Xt ZU

lU
f (x) = 2x +1

lim (2x +1) = 3

x1

g(x) = x 2 2x
f (x) + g(x) = x 2 +1
f (x) g(x) = x 2 + 4x +1
f (x).g(x) = 2x 3 3x 2 2x
f (g) g(x) =

2x +1
x2 2x

lim (x 2 2x) = 1

x1

lim (x 2 +1) = 2

2 = 3 + (1)

lim (x 2 + 4x +1) = 4

4 = 3 (1)

lim (2x 3 3x 2 2x) = 3

3 = (3).(1)

x1

x1

x1

lim (

x1

2x +1
x 2 2x

) = 3

3 =

3
1

vUK U
UlU b
r? d? U?t?O?C# vUK' lu b u'
U X dd b s bI' X b x0 . R tDI d f(x)=sinx lU tOC+

vMF f(x0) = sin x0

lim sin x = sin x0

xx0

U
lim sin x = sin
x

.
6

. 1
=
6 2

.
3
lim sin x = sin( ) =
.
3
2
x
3

U X dd b s bI' X b x0 . R tDI d f(x)=cosx lU tOC+

vMF f(x0) = cos x0

lim cos x = cos x0

xx0

U
lim cos x = cos0= +1

x0

lim cos x = cos

2.
x
3

2.
1
=
3
2

.
2

sin x
et x vIOI dUI' tL
d f(x) = cos
U f(x)=tanx lU tOC+

x
d f(x0) = tan x0 U X dd b s bI' X b cosx =0 r U d t&
vMF x0 k+ . 2.
x = k+ .

lim tan x = tan x0

xx0 k+.

.
2

U
lim tan x = tan

.
4

.
=1
4

lim tan x = tan(

2.
3

2.
)= 3
3

x
d t& x = k. et x vIOIdUI' tL
d f(x)= cos
U f(x)=cotx lU tOC+

sin x
f(x0 ) = cot x0, x0 k. U? X? d?d b s b?I' X? b sin x =0 r? U
vMF
lim

xx0 k.

cot x = cot x0

U
lim cot x = cot

5.
x
4

5.
=1
4

.
. . 3
lim x cot x = ( lim x)( lim cot x) = ( ) cot( ) =
.
.
.

6
6
6
x
x
x
6

rOM&v' UN d Ub b tH t& vUu U dgO vUM d

lim (sin x + cos x) = lim sin x + lim cos x = sin

.
x
4

.
x
4

.
x
4

.
.
2
2
+ cos =
+
= 2
2
2
4
4

.
1
3
.
3 2
2
2cosx sin2 x 2cos( 3 ) sin ( 3 ) 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1 4 1
lim
=
=
=
=
1
3
.
.
cosx +1
6
x
)
+1
+1
cos(
3
2
2
3

.
.
1
3 2 7
) =
lim (2sin x + cos2 x) = 2sin( ) + cos2 ( ) = 2( ) + (
.
2
6
6
2
4
x
6

.
.
lim (tan x + cotx) = tan( ) + cot ( ) = 11= 2
.
4
4
x
4

sdL
uKF' b Xt b tDI d UlU p d X b b
X b lu s pb& bOM&
nL

3x + 4 , x . 1
f(x) = 2
2x + x , x . 1
x =1

tDI

x + 3
,

f(x) = x 1
x 3 + 2 ,

x =2

x. 2
x. 2

tDI

2
4x + 3 , x
f(x) =
2x +1
, x.

x=

1
2

1
2
1
2

x + 3

x = 2

tDI

2sin
x
1
,
x
.

2
f(x) =
cos x +1 , x . .

2
.
x=
2

f(x) =

1
2

lim (x2 2x 3)
x1

3x + 2
lim
x3 x 2
2

+1)
xlim2 (2xx2 +1

.
x
6

lim (sin
x

1
2

.x
)
2

, x. 0

tDI
bOM& UN d Ub

lim (2x 3 + 3x2 x + 4)

x2

x2 +1
lim 2
x0 x + x +1

lim
x5

x +2
x 1

2
3x + 4 x +1

lim (cos x + sin2 x +1)

x

lim (sin2 x + cos x)

.
4

tDI

x =0

lim (2sin x 1)

, x. 2

1
3
x1
lim ( x + )
2
2

lim (4x 5)
x

, x. 2

2x +1 , x . 0

x 1

tDI

nL

f(x) = (x +1)

.
3

x
)
lim (
x0
cos x
.x
lim tan( )
x4
3

hKA' bOM& sOOF b tDI lU b X b uL d

b lU b& t& bOUL

nU

x + 3 , x . 2
f(x) =
2 , x =2

3
2

lim f(x)

x2+

2 1 O

lim f(x)

x2

2
x + 2 , x . 1
f(x) =
x2 + 2 , x . 1
lim + f(x)
x1

lim f(x)

x1

b(b g(x) = x 1 2 f(x) = x2 x 2 uTt g f lU

b Xt lU s p d b nU
bOM bO U p d b sOOF gf f.g f g f + g UlU
bOM sOOF 3g(x)

1
g(x)

3 f(x) (f(x))3 UlU b

lim g(x) = 3 lim f(x) = 4 d

bOM U; d UlU p d b bU xx
xx
lim ( f(x) + g(x))
lim ( f(x) g(x))
lim ( f(x).g(x))
nU xx
xx
xx
0

f(x)
xx
lim
g(x)
0

xx
lim 2
0

f(x)

2
xx
lim ( g(x))
0

(a +1)x + 3 , x . 2

tDI t& bOUO UM a b X dH' f(x) =

2x2 +1

, x. 2

lU

bU t b lU 2
ax + 2b

, x

t& bOUO UM b a Ub X dH' f(x) =

2
ax + bx + 2 , x . 3

x3
lim

f(x) = 2

lU

x3
lim

f(x) = 6

x+4
bOM& UN x3
t& vuG
lim f(x) f(x + 2) =
x
bOM& UN d Ub p d
.
x
2sin(x ) + cos2x + sin
6
2
lim
x
.
.
2
x
2tan + cos (x )
2
2
4

lim+ x sin(x + )
6
x0

nL

f(x)
x0 q(x) = g(x)
l??U?? b?? U? xx
lim g(x) =0 lim f(x) =0 d?? t??u?
xx
0

t tu U b s bI' sOOF d d uL tU' b dD' UUC# UH U uvL

d& UO uv' d~ U g(x) f(x) UlU u
2

d& tU' d uGt uv' q(x) = x

3x + 2
x2 4

lU b U

lim f(x) = lim (x2 3x + 2) = 4 6 + 2 =0

lim g(x) = lim (x2 4) = 4 4 =0

x2
x2
Xu uv' x 2 0 r x 2 t&s t tu U q(x) lU b s1U d
x2

q(x) =

x2

x2 3x + 2 (x 2)(x 1) x 1
=
=
(x 2)(x + 2) x + 2
x2 4

f
x2 3x + 2
x 1 2 1 1
= lim
=
=
2
x
4
x2
x2 + 2 2 + 2
x 4
lim

d?~# X x0 t?DI( q#U t I b?M(U# U x d t? bOM d v?dA& t? OC

h(x) . f(x) . g(x)

rOU t x0 UL
lim h(x) = lim g(x) = L

xx
xx
lim f(x) = L
U
xx
0

y = g(x)

y
y = f(x)

y = h(x )

x0

3 x2 . f(x) . 3 + x2

rOU t x . 0 d t bOM d U
bOM sOOF x =0 f(x) b
lim (3 + x2 ) = 3 lim (3 x2 ) = 3 u q
x0
x0
r vdA tOC o sdUM

lim f(x) = 3

x0

U bU U V;d x d tOC
sin x
=1
x0 x
lim

tan

sin

T
M

cos
H

U;# AM UL vUK# d U

!
M tDI( duB rdOv# dE( (0. x . ) U x
2
U? OM u?d t?DI( H U?u?M?O; u#
HM=sinx t rO(v# rO#U(v# T UX((U u#
UJ qJ t tu U X OA =1 AT=tanx
t X

sinx

OAM

tan

<

YK XU:

<

OAM UD+ XU:

OAT

YK XU:

sdUM
1
1
1
OA.MH . 1 x . OA.AT
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 sin x . 1 x . 1 tan x
2
2
2
sin x . x . tan x

X rOu X X' t& sinx d U UddU rONI

x
tan x
x
1
.
1.
.
sin x sin x
sin x cos x
1 1
cos x 0
a b
.
a b
1.

u? pM

X' b b a d? t& rOv' U'

Xu uv' d uGt U UddU sinx x

cos x .

s? sO t&
lim+

x0

sin x
.1
x
sin x
x

lim 1=1 lim cos x =1 U'

lU b vdA1 t?OC# o f x0

x0
vMF uv' dd d# lU
+

sin x
=1
x
sin x
=1 t& uv' XU eO
lim
sdUM x0
x

.
. x. 0
2

t& vLU

sin x
=1
x0 x
lim

sin x
=1
x0 x
lim

1
1
lim
= U~ lim f(x) = l 0 d t& rOv' tJ
sdUM xx
f(x) l
xx
0

S UD#

1 2
Rx
2

x
=1 uv' tO
lim
x0
sin x

U X dd R UF t d U x UD# XUN'

tO
rOM sOOF dH lU s b rOuv bdO~ dE" f(x) = tanx x lU
r q
tan x
sin x
sin x
1
= lim
= lim
lim
x0 x
x0 x cos x
x0 x
x0 cos x
1
sin x
=1 lim
=1
lim
cos
x
x0
x0 x
tan x
tan x
= 11= 1 lim
=1
lim
x
x0
x0 x
sin2x
f(x) =
x
sin2x
sin2x
f(x) = 2
f(x) =
2x
x
lim

rOMsOOF dH

f Xu"

ts t tu U

lU b rOuv

ut uv

lU

sin2x
sin2x
sin2x
= lim (2
) = 2 lim
= 2(1) = 2
x
2x
x0
x0
x0 2x
lim

t uv XU vK ut
tan mx
=m
x
x0

lim

sin mx
x0
lim
=m
x

1 cos2x
bOM tU x0
U
lim
x2

1 cos2x
2sin2 x
sin x 2
=
lim
= lim 2(
)
2
2
x
x0
x0 x
x0
x
sin x 2
= 2 lim (
) = 2(1)2 = 2
x0 x
lim

bOM sOOF k bI X dd x =0

r q
tan kx
cos kx sin2x

tan kx
sin kx
= lim 2
x0 cos kx sin2x
x0 cos kxsin2x

lim

sin kx
lim
1
x
= lim
x0
2
sin2x
x0 cos kx
lim
x0 x

=1

k k
k
=

=2 k =4
2 2
2

b U
r q

u? s?

.
x =t
6

r?O?M?v? d:

.
sin(2x )
3
lim
.
.
x
x
6
6

t??U?? d? U??

X rOu u bu 2x .3 = 2(x 6. ) = 2t
.
sin(2x )
3 = lim sin2t = 2
lim
.
.
t0 t
x
x
6
6

sd9
sin 3x
lim
nB x0
x

lim

.
x
3

sin(3x . )
.
x
3

tan x tan 3x
lim
x0
3x2

lim
.
x

tan x 1
4x .

bOM U= d Ub pd
2
3
sin x
lim
x0
3x
2
sin 5x
x0
lim
3x
sin(x a)
xa
lim 2 2
x a
sin x sin2x sin 3x
lim
x0
x3

tan x sin x
lim
x0
x3
sOOF x =0 g(x) lU b 2 x2 g(x) 2cos x rOU t x d t d

bOM
rOU t 1 x 1 t bOM d:
5 2x2 f(x) 5 x2

bOM sOOF x =0 f(x) lU b

bOM sOOF x =0 f(x) = x lU b
dOv dN UH u Ub vd tU d UJ"
t? ax n + bx n 1 ++ l t?KL bM d x x0 d? U?tKL bM dcg$

X dcgV x x0 d tKL bM bU tKLbM tA

x0 u dH dd x = x0
d UH uv tKL bM te& d XOU s
tKL bM s f X dH U dd x =1 t 2x2 + x 3 tKL bM U
X dcgV x 1 d
. 2(1)2 + (1) 3 = 2 +1 3 =0

x =1 ..

tKL bM

2x2 + x 3
2x2 + 2x
3x 3
3x + 3
0

d? f? X? d?H? dd

x 1
2x + 3
2x2 + x 3 = (x 1)(2x + 3)

x = 2

t? x 3 + 7x2 + 4x 12 t?K?L? bM U??

bUv dcgV x + 2

tKL bM

x = 2 ...

. . (2) 3 + 7(2)2 + 4(2) 12 = 8 + 28 8 12 =0

x 3 + 7x2 + 4x 12
R =0

x +2
x + 5x 6 x 3 + 7x2 + 4x 12 = (x + 2)(x2 + 5x 6)
2

f x2 + 5x 6 = (x + 6)(x 1) u
x 3 + 7x2 + 4x 12 = (x + 2)(x + 6)(x 1)

tU x x0 d? U?t?K?L bM dcgV pL t t vUb t"u/ bM pM

rv d b"uv
2

bOM sOOF x = 2 q(x) = x x+x2 6 lU b U

vMF b"dcgV x 2 d f b"dH dd x = 2 d= dV u u q
d??A qU s uv x 2 0r x 2 u? bMUv x 2 d?A qU
X rOu sdUM u/ c d= dV u
(x 2)(x + 3)
= x+3 x 2
q(x) =
x 2

x + x 6
= lim (x + 3) = 2 + 3 = 5
x 2
x2
x2
lim

l?U? b? t b?v? U?A?" e?O" y = x + 3 x 2 U? q(x) = x + 3 x 2 l?U? u?/

2

X dd x = 2 q(x) = x x+x2 6
3

b X t x = 1 q(x) = 2x x+2 x x+2x2 + 3 lU b U

b?"d?c?gV x +1 d? f? b?"u?v? dH x = 1 d?=? d?V u u q?
X rOu
2x 3 + x2 + 2x + 3 (x +1)(2x2 x + 3) 2x2 x + 3
=
=
(x +1)(x 2)
x 2
x2 x 2
2x 3 + x2 + 2x + 3
2x2 x + 3 2(1)2 (1) + 3 6
=
lim
=
=
= 2
x1
x1
x 2
(1) 2
3
x2 x 2
lim

U b bMU r d U vJ g(x) f(x) UlU d Ud&' d' Uu

f(x)
d U dV U u x = x0 q(x) = g(x)
lU b tU d U bU dH dd x = x0

bv Xt t"u~ x =0 f(x) =

rOMv Uu
bOM tu d UU t
x + 4 2
lU b U
x

b b"uv pe" dH b t t x dUI vd d f(x) bI tU U b q

rOv qOJA d
x
1
0 / 9
0/ 5
0/ 1
0 / 01
0 / 001 0 .
f (x) 0 / 2679 0 / 2659 0 / 2583 0 / 2516 0 / 2502 0 / 25002
.

0 / 001 0 / 01
0/ 1
0/ 5
0/ 9
1

0 / 2499 0 / 2498 0 / 248 0 / 241 0 / 237 0 / 236

X 14 dd x +x4 2 lU b x =0 t bv UA" b s

lU b sOOF d f X dH dd x =0 U d= dV u b u v:d
rOMv d{ 1=
f(x) =
f(x) =

x + 4 +2
x + 4 +2

x + 4 2 ( x + 4 2)( x + 4 + 2)
(x + 4) 4
=
=
x
x( x + 4 + 2)
x( x + 4 + 2)
x
=
x( x + 4 + 2)

lim f(x) = lim

x0

d= uEMsb rOMv UH d= u d Uu

X rOu

x0

1
x + 4 +2

x 0

x + 4 2
1
1
= lim
=
x0 x + 4 + 2
x
4
2

bv Xt d ut x = 3 q(x) = 3 x

9
x +6

lU b U

d= dV lU b sOOF d f X dH x = 3 d= dV u b u q

rOMv Uu
(x2 9)(3 + x + 6 )
(x 3)(x + 3)(3 + x + 6 )
x2 9
=
=
3 x + 6 (3 x + 6 )(3 + x + 6 )
3x
= (x + 3)(3 + x + 6)
x2 9
= lim (x + 3)(3 + x + 6 )
x3 3 x + 6
x3

lim

= (3 + 3)(3 + 9) = 36

b Xt x = 5 q(x) =

2 x 1
2x 1 3

lU b U

rOMv Uu d= dV r d= u r b sOOF d q

2 x 1
(2 x 1)( 2x 1 + 3)(2 + x 1) (4 x +1)( 2x 1 + 3)
=
=
2x 1 3 ( 2x 1 3)( 2x 1 + 3)(2 + x 1) (2x 1 9)(2 + x 1)
=

(x 5)( 2x 1 + 3) ( 2x 1 + 3)
=
2(x 5)(2 + x 1)
2(2 + x 1)

(x 5)

2 x 1
2x 1 + 3
101 + 3
6 3
= lim
=
=
=
2(2 + 5 1) 8
4
2x 1 3 x5 2(2 + x 1)

lim

x5

sd9
bOM U= d Ub pd
x4
lim 2
nB x4
x 5x + 4
2

x x 2
lim 2
x1
x 2x 3
3

3x + x + x + 3
lim
x1
x2 + 2x +1
2

3x 12
lim
x2
2 x x2
4

x 2x +1
lim 2
x1
2x 3x +1

x4
lim
lim
x5

x 2
4 x
x+5
3x +16 1

x
lim
x1

+ 2x 3
x 1

x 2x +1
lim 2
x1
2x + x 3
2

x 9
lim 2
x3
x 5x + 6
x
lim
x1

3x2 + 3x 1
x2 2x +1

x + x +6
x2
lim
x +2

x0
lim

x
x

2x + x +18
lim
x2
3x + 7 1

b rOLF
1

d?H? vBu u/ r d X bA" ndF dH f(x) = x lU rO"v

x d? d?H? p?e?" UbI t rOM vd dH vBu lU s U: X dN
1

r?OM dpe" dH t x UbI td b"uv e UO= x UbI t X s

bv UA" VKD s v d b b bMu de

x 0/1
1
10
x

0/01

0/001

100

1000

0.

0/001

1000

0/01
100

1
x

UbI

0/1
10

d? q?J? t? d?H? v?Bu? l?U s u/ t hOVA uv b s od

X

f (x)

1
x

t t"ut b"uv e x UbI dH t lU tM x dOG b pe" U

pe" dH t v:U b" t x t d t u de b gO b d b"uv
1

lU s b v +. XL t x dH t x b pe" U rOu XBU s bU b

rO=u"v X +. dH
1
= +.
x0 x
lim

t bU t"ut a tDI" bU b ndF I U t y = f(x) lU d d vK ut

e f(x) UbI a t lU tM x dOG b pe" U b pe" a t I q u
t x t? d t u de b gO b d b"u f(x) t t"ut b"uv
+. XL t f(x) a t x b pe" U rOuv XBU s bU b pe" a t v:U b"
rO=u"v X +. a lU s b v
lim f(x) = +.

xa

lU UbI a bM"U tDI" t lU p tM x dOG b pe" U u vd

dH t x b pe" U y = x lU u  b"uv dL b gO b d

X d qJ t lU s u/ b"uv dL b gO b d lU UbI
y

f (x)

a lU s b v . X?L t f(x) a t x b? p?e" U bMuv vU sOM

rO=u"v X .
lim f(x) = .

xa

lim

1
= .
x

U d
u pe" a t a de dUI U jI: x dOG bU lU tM v"UO tDI" p a t vBU
+. a lU X b rOuv b"u de b gO b d f(x) UbI
rO=u"v X
x0

lim+ f(x) = +.

xa

gO b d f(x) UbI u pe" a t a dpu dUI U jI: x dOG d

rO=u"v X +. a lU b rOuv b"u de b
lim f(x) = +.

xa

b"uv ndF . bI U X Ub tUA ut

r y = 1x lU d U d
lim+

x0

1
1
= +. , lim = .
x
x0 x

U? r?O?M?v r vD A = (1,2) t?DI" xoy U?B??V? Uu U~ U?

XU= bM lDN M = (0, y) tDI"

Uy u x 1 M = (x,0) tDI"
Ux u
d qJ rOv UA" SOMM t OMM YK
y

M (0, y )
A(1,2)

B(1,0)

M(x ,0)

u? pe" B(1,0) t?DI" t M t?D?I?" t bM UM A t?D?I?" u uc j vN

x 1 u?L vB uv pe" b? t X d x l?N b?Mv dOOG YK XU=
X buV" u vK bU x =1 d d X
y

M (0, y )
A(1,2)

M(x ,0 )

rO=uM rO"uv ABM OMM YK tUA UH U

BM
AB
x 1 2
2x
=

= y=
OM OM
x
y
x 1

U X dd OMM YK XU= sdUM

1
1
1
2x
x2
=
SOMM = OM.OM = x.y = x
2
2
2
x 1 x 1
SOMM

x2
= f(x) =
x 1

X rOu u pe" t X d X de t x d U
x

f (x) +.

1/00001 1/0001 1/001 1/01 1/1 1/ 5 2

100002 10002 1002 102 12 /1 4 / 5 4

bNt x Ud bUv ge: f(x) bI b t x b pe" U uv b t ut

f b bu de b gO X b d f(x) bI u pe" b t v:U
vMF v +. XL t f(x) rOuv ndF t UM
lim SOMM = +.

x1+

t? t vUx d? f(x) U?b?I rdOv dE" (x 0) f(x) = 12 lU U?

x
rO=u"v d b rOMv tU b"uv pe" dH
x 1 0/ 2 0/1 0/01 0/001 0/0001 0 .
f (x) 1 25 102 104
106
108
+. .

0/0001 0/001 0/01 0/1 0/ 2 1

108
106 104 102 25 1

d?UI uv pe" dH b t U X d x vN uv b t ut

e? UO= eO" f(x) b?I? u pe" UO= dH b t x d? b?"uv e Zbt f(x)
v +. X?L? t? u?v? p?e?" dH t x v?N f(x) = 12 l?U? s?d?U?M? b bu
x
rO=u"v
1
2 = +.
x0 x

lim f(x) = lim

x0

rOMv vd x =0 lU s b u/ UH U pM
x

1
4

1
2
4

bA" ndF

1
2
4

1
4

v +. XL t f(x) uv pe" dH t x vN t bv UA" eO" lU u/

y

1 O
2

1
2

bOM sOOF x = 2 f(x) =

5
(x 2)2

lU b U

bv UA" b pe" x UbI vCF d lU UbI d b q

x 1 1/ 5 1/ 9 1/ 99
1/ 999 2
f (x) 5 20 500 5 104 5 106 .

f(x)

.
2 /001
2 /01
2 /1 2 / 5 3
. 5 106 5 104 500 20 5

UbI uv pe" b t U X d x vN uv b t ut

dL b vHM b d f(x) u pe" b t v:U bNt x vN b"uv r Zbt
XL t f(x) uv pe" t x vNU lU t XH uv ndF t UM sdUM b bu
rO=u"v v .
5
2 = .
x2 (x 2)

lim f(x) = lim

x2

rOMv vd x = 2 lU s b u/ UH U pM

1 1/ 5

2 2/ 5

f (x)

5
9

5
4

1/ 5

20

ndF
bA"

2/ 5

20 5

5
4

v . XL t f(x) uv pe" b t x vN t bv UA" eO" lU u/

rOv qOJA d b x = 1 f(x) = x 11 b 7:U d U
x 0 0/ 5 0/ 9 0/ 99 0/ 999
f (x) 1 2 10 100 1000

.
.

1/ 001 1/ 01 1/ 1 1/ 5 2
1000 100 10 2 1

+.

f(x)

d?UI uv pe" b? t d x t vU~M uv b t ut

v?H?M b d f(x) u? pe" b? t? v:U b" t x v??N b?"uv r Zbt
vMF v . XL t f(x) f b bu dL b
lim f(x) = lim

x1

x1

1
= .
x 1

b?"uv e? Z?b?t f(x) d?U?I? u?v pe" b? t? X? d x v?N

d?e? b? b d f(x) b?I? u? p?e" v:U b" t b? t x t v?U~M

XBU s vMF v +. XL t f(x) f b bu

lim+ f(x) = lim+

x1

x1

1
= +.
x 1

r uv pe" b t x vN f(x) = x 11 lU sdUM

1

lim f(x) =
= .
x 1
x1
y

lim+ f(x) =
= +.
x 1
x1

bv UA" U UU v eO" lU dOOG u/

2
1
1
O
1
2

1 1/5 2

1
2
1
f(x)
1 2
2
x

3
2 3
2
1
2 1
2

ndF
bA"

UH R t"u bUN UF X b V XU r t t"u U

vd bMv dOOG t"u bUN UF t vU~M t"u UH dOOG rOuv rOU"v h
rOM
t rO"v
t"u r = bUN XU= UH
sdUM
V = . R2 h h =

h
R

V
. R2

sdUM X (0, +. ) U R dOOG tM U

lim h = lim+

R0+

R0

V
= +.
. R2

XL t h u pe" dH t R U?d t b"t= d~bJ t UM h R XOL f

v +.
t??U? U x = 3 f2 (x) = f 1(x) = x 1 3 f1(x) = x 3 l?U? b U??
1
rOMv sOOF d b pLt pe" Ux U dUM f2 (x) f1(x) dUI
1 2 2 / 5 2 / 9 2 / 99 2 / 999

3 /001 3 /01 3 /1 3 / 5 4

x 3 1 0/ 5 0/1 0/01 0/001

0/001 0/01 0/1 0/ 5 1

1
1 2
x3

10 100 1000 .

+..

1000 100 10

1
lim
lim (x 3) =0 uv b t ut
dUM . U +. U X dd x3
U x3
x3
u pe" t d U X d x t
1
lim 2 = +. lim x2 =0 t? rO"v t?J
Ud= X?O U Ub t"us U x0
x0
x
r?O?"u?v sdUM dv? d?e? d?=? b?I uv dpu d= dV vN t X tHN"
t rdO~ tO" sOM
lim f(x) =0 U?d nB
p?e?" dH t X dUI U f(x) v?MF f(x) 0 uL xx
U u
1
0

lim

xx0 f(x)

= +.

lim f(x) =0 U?d

p?e?" d?H? t vHM dUI U f(x) v?MF f(x) . 0 u?L xx
U u
0

1
= .
xx0 f(x)
lim

bOM tu d UU t
1
nB x0
lim = +.
x

1
x0
lim = .
x

2
x0
lim
= .
x

2
x0
lim
= +.
x

x3
lim

5
= .
(x 3) 3

11
x2
lim
= .
(x 2)2

4
= +.
(x + 3)2

x3
lim

sd9
b Xt d Ub p d
2x + 3
nB x1
lim
x 1

3
x2
lim
x 2

1
lim
x1
(x +1)2

lim
x3

3x + 5
x2
lim 2

1
lim
x1
(x +1)4

x +1
lim 2
x3
x 9

xlim. tan x

x0
lim cot 3 x

1
x0
lim
sin x

1
x0
lim
1 cos x

x 4

4
1 2x 1
x
lim

2x + 3
(x 3)2

lim+ tan2 x

lim

tan x + 3
tan x 3

lim
x2

lim
x2

4x
(x + 2)2

x + 3
(x 2) 3

1
x0
lim 4
x

5x
lim 2
x1
x 1

.
lim+ tan(3x )
3
.

lim+

.
2

1
cos x

b?M?"U U y = f(x) b?M?"U? vFU d

v?~?"u?~? r?O u?V? bU b ndF (a, + . )
1
rO hOVA x e? dUI d u/
x
x
x
f(x) r?O h?O?VA x d?U?I? b? e? U bU
pu 1x U?bI x d?UI b e U y = 1x lU d U?? d bMv dOOG t"u~
X U qJ t x e dUI d lU s u/ b"uv pe" dH t b"uv
u?v pe" dH t y = 1x lU bI +. X?L t x 7?: U bMuv u s
x dOG b e U bU b ndF (a, + . ) U t y = f(x) lU d d vK ut
rOuV t bI d t b"u f(x) t t"ut b"u pe" L bM"U vU b t f(x) UbI
x 7: U rOuv XBU s bU b e v:U b" t x t d t u pe" L t
rO=u"v X L dd +. lU s b uv pe" L XL t f(x) +. XL t
lim f(x) = L

x+.

lim

1
=0
x

U d
r?O uV bU b ndF (. ,a) b?M"U U y = f(x) b?M?"U? vFU d sOML
h?? O? V? A? x e?? o?? K? ?D? ?b?? N U?? ( v?? H? ?M? ? d??U??I?  d?? u??/ v??~? "u??~?
U d bMv dOOG t"u~ f(x) rO hOVA vHM b x dUI b r U bU rO
x+.

vHM b xdUI b r U y = 1x lU d
y

1
x

UbI oKD bN U( U b e
u/ b"uv pe" dH t b"uv pu
X qUI qJ t x e dUI d lU s
X?L? t x 7?: U? b?M?u?v u s
x
uv pe" dH t y = 1x lU bI .

1
x

b? r U? bU b ndF (.

,a)

U t y = f(x) l?U? d? d vK u t

f(x)

t t?"ut b"u pe" L b?M?"U vU b t f(x) Ub?I vHM b x d?UI

b r vHM b v:U b" t x t d t u pe" L t rOuV t bI d t b"u
lU s b uv pe" L XL t f(x) . XL t x 7: U rOuv XBU s bU
rO=u"v X L dd .
lim f(x) = L

x.

lim

1
=0
x

U d
d? bv VO nB" p d t rOMv rO=I dH" UO dd ut vO U
rN dH" UO VO rO=I bv VO 23 p d t rOM rO=I U= t dH" UO VO
r?O v t dH" p ge: qUI VO p e: U rO=I s uv VO 34 p d
99
=0/ 99 dH" d rN XU UVO bF bv t dH" UL t vU~M
uv 100
x.

999
=0/ 999 d?H" d rN UVO U?L bU dH" U?L vN
U?J X 1000
rO t UML b" s d uv dgO dH" d rN u dgO dH" UL bN d X
b bu t dH" d rN U$d
r?O u? rO UA" f(x) U? X x v?F?U? t dH" d rN x U? d?H" U?L d
X
f(x) =

x 1
x

u vd b p qOJA U VKD s X +. f lU b 7:U vUN" aU

bOM bO
e? v?:U b?Nt? Ux d f(x) d?U?I? r?d?O?v dE" f(x) = 1x l?U? U?
rO=u"v d b rOMv tU
x
f (x) =

10

100

1000

10000

100000 +.

1
0/1 0/01 0/001 0/0001 0/00001
x

vMF uv pe" dH t 1x v +. XL t x vN t bv UA" b s

lim

x+.

1
=0
x

b tU bM= e oKDbN U( t vHM Ux d f(x) dUI sOMr

rO=u"v d
x
f(x)

. .
0
.

100000
0/00001

10000
0/0001

1000
0/001

100
0/01

10
0/1

v??M? F? u?v? p?e?" t?? 1x v? . X??L? t? x v??? N u?v? b? t? u?t?
lim

x.

1
lim =0
x+. x

1
lim =0
x. x

1
=0
x

r sdUM
e? oKDbN U( vHM Ux e? X Ux t bv UA" eO" lU u/
uv pe" t f(x)
y

1
2
1
y
1 2
2
x

ndF
bA"

1
1 2
2
1
2 1
2

1
rtu" d b t x vUbI d lU dUI f(x) = 2x
lU U
x +2
rOMv hVA . +. lU b rO=u"v u U rOMv tU

x
f (x)

100000 10000 1000 100 0

1
2 /00005 2 /0005 2 /005 2 /05 1/ 951 1/ 995 1/ 9995 1/ 99995
2

100

1000

10000

100000 +.
2

t bv UA" U b
t=

1
x

2x 1
lim
=2
x+. x + 2

2x 1
lim
=2
x. x + 2
1
lim =0
x. x

t =0 s?O?M? r X
d? f lim
t0

lim

x..

lim
x+.

1
=0
x

t? rb t??J
X rOu

1
= lim t =0
x t0
.

dH b tU

t b tU uv dOG iuF s UH U VOd s t

bO"dU (t 0)
1
rv Xt (. 2x
b U VKD UH U pM
x +2
1
1
2x 1 x(2 x ) 2 x
=
=
, x 0
2
2
x +2
x(1+ ) 1+
x
x

1
=t
x

lim

x..

2x 1
2 t 2 0
= lim
=
=2
x + 2 t01+ 2t 1+0

X U dd (. U d= b sdUM
6x 1
bOM sOOF (. 2x
b U
+3
Xu" uv
1
1
6x 1 x(6 x ) 6 x
1
=
=
,
=t
3
3
2x + 3
x
x(2 + ) 2 +
x
x

6x 1
6 t 6 0
= lim
=
=3
2x + 3 t0 2 + 3t 2 +0

lim

x..

lim

x..

6x 1
=3
2x + 3
2

+ x 1
rOM sOOF (. d= s b rOuv X b 2x
d= U
2
x + 7x + 2

1 1
)
2x + x 1
x x2
=
7 2
x2 + 7x + 2
x2 (1+ + 2 )
x x
2

x2 (2 +

1
=t
x

lim f(x) = lim

lim

x..

X x 0 u

2 + t t2 2 +00 2
2 = 1+0+0 = 1 = 2
t0 1+ 7t + 2t

x..

2x2 + x 1
= 2
x2 + 7x + 2

3x +1
x + x +1

rOMv sOOF +.
3x +1
=
x + x +1

1
x(3 + )
x
1 1
+ )
x(1+
x x2

lim f(x) = lim+

x+.

t0

1
=t
x

3+t
1+ t + t2

0. t

3
=3
1

b U

t f(x) UbI x dUI b e U X sJ2 . +. lu b tU

de b gO b d b"u e eO" f(x) dUI b"uA" pe" vU b
e?O" x2 bI x b? e? U? X? qJ sOL t XOF{ y = x2 l?U u ? b"u
UA" VKD s eO" lU u/ uv de b gO b d uv e
y
bv
x2

vK XBU v +. XL t eO" x2 +. XL t x 7: U t X UMF t s

t eO" f(x) +. XL t x 7: U d X b ndF (a, +. ) U p t f lU p d
rO=u"v X +. +. lU s b rOu d +. XL
lim f(x) = +.

x+.

+. lU s b rOu d .

x+.
lim x2 = +. U d
XL t f(x) +. XL t x 7: U d U
rO=u"v X

lim f(x) = .

x+.

lim f(x) = +. r?? ?O? U?? H? ? t?? U?? A? ? q?? J? ? t?? lim x2 = . U?? ? ? d??
x.
x+.
2
2
lim f(x) = .
lim x = . lim x = +. 
x.
b"uv ndF x.
x.
(x 0)x u t M dOG tDI" Uy u d t A XU tDI"
U
r?OMv q M t A t??:d dE" Uu u
y
u? d?OOG U AM j?U? u? d?OOG U
ge: U t uv b rOMv t=UI OM jU
b?U?v? g?e: eO" AM j?U? b"
OM u?
U?O?= Ux u?? X XN M t?D?I?" t vU~M
j?U b" d? +. X?L t x v?MF u
A
1
v +. XL t eO" AM
O

X rOu rOUM f(x) X x vFU t AM jU u d

f(x) = x2 +1

OA =1 , OM = x , AOM = 90 AM2 = OM2 + OA2

= x2 +1

tO"
AM = x2 +1

XL t eO f(x) d +. XL t t
x v t
bO UA lU dOOG b qOJA U
v
oKDb U7 Ux U dUM f(x) dUI rdOv dE f(x)=x vUL lU U
rO;uv d b rOM
v tU vHM X e
+.

10000 1000 100 10 0 10 100 1000 10000

+.

f (x)

10000 1000 100 10 0 10 100 1000 10000

+.

v . XL t eO f(x) v . XL t x v t
bv UA b s
r vMF v +. XL t eO f(x) v +. XL t x t
vU~M
lim f(x) = lim (x) = .

x.

x.

lim f(x) = lim (x) = +.

x+.

x+.

lim (x) = .

Xu uv t) ut
oKDb U7 dUI U dUM f(x) dUI rdOv dE f(x) = x2 +1 lU U
rO;uv v7b d
tU x e
x..

x
f (x)

. .
+. .

100000 10000 1000 100 0 100 1000 10000 100000

1010 +1 108 +1 106 +1 104 +1 1 104 +1 106 +1 108 +1 1010 +1

+.
+.

t
bv UA b s
lim (x2 +1) = +.

x.

x+.
lim (x2 +1) = +.

lim (x2 +1) = +.

t) u)t
f(x) = x n lU b lU p n u b t tu U lim (x) = . t
rb tJ

x..
uv sOOF d u)t . +. X `O) b n
U n = 2k d
lim x n = +. lim x n = +.
x+.
x.
x..

U n = 2k +1 d
lim x n = +.

lim x n = .
x.
n t
vU~M X +. d?d? bU b n t
v7U (. f(x) = x n l?U? b vMF
lim x n = . lim x n = +. bU dO b
rO;uv t) ut X7U s x.
x+.
x+.

lim x n = .

x..

+.

vMF (.

U X dd (. f(x) = x2 b U
U X dd (. f(x) = x 3 b U

lim x 3 = +.

lim x 3 = .
x.
X `O) b n f(x) = ax n b bU vIOI b a 0 d tJ

r Xt rOuv a X t tu U
x+.

(.

U
lim 2x2 = 2(+. ) = +.

lim (2x2 ) = 2(+. ) = .

x+.

x+.

lim 2x 3 = 2(+. ) = +.

lim (2x 3 ) = 2(. ) = +.

x+.

x.

b b bI t
(. Ub d lu rO;I dCK)U uL b UUC
lu d d U
t b (. b t
vFu u bU UUC s U X dd eO bMU
buvL u; bMU b t
vFu e u)
(. Ub U
rdOv dE f(x) = 2x 3 + 5x2 + 4x 1 tKL bM (. UtKL bM b
rO;uv d u)t f(x) U
s d rOM
tU (. b rOuv
f(x) = 2x 3 + 5x2 + 4x 1= 2x 3 (1+
= 2x 3 (1+

5
4
1
+

)
2x 2x2 2x 3

5x2 4x
1
+ 3 3)
3
2x
2x
2x

f
lim (2x 3 + 5x2 + 4x 1) = lim 2x 3 (1+

x..

x..

5
4
1
+ 2 3)
2x 2x 2x

= lim (2x 3 ) lim (1+

x..

x..

5
4
1
+ 2 3)
2x 2x 2x

f X U dd (. ed q UtKL uL b

lim (2x 3 + 5x2 + 4x 1) = lim (2x 3 ) 1= lim (2x 3 ) = .

x..

n 1

x..

x..

`?O?) b n f(x) = ax + bx ++ l u?)t? t?K?L? b?M?d b vK

ut
vMF X t sde t
X tKL b U; (. X
lim (ax n + bx n 1 ++ l) = lim ax n

x..

x..

(. (2x ) b U X dd (. f(x) = 2x2 + 3x 1 tKL bM b U

vMF
lim (2x2 + 3x 1) = lim (2x2 ) = +.

x..

x..

vMF (. (3x ) b U X dd (. f(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 lU b U

lim (3x2 + 4x + 5) = lim (3x2 ) = .

x..

(3x )

x..

b? U? X? d?d (. f(x) = 3x5 2x4 + x 3 + 2x2 +1 l?U? b? U??

r f (.
lim (3x5 2x4 + x 3 + 2x2 +1) = lim (3x5 ) = .

x..

x..

X sOM (. f(x) = 2x 3 + 5x2 + 4x 1 lU b U

lim (2x 3 + 5x2 + 4x 1) = lim (2x 3 ) = .

x..

x..

`??O? ? & b? n m (. f(x) = p(x) =

q(x)

ax m + bx m1 ++ l
a x n + bx n1 ++ l

l?U?? b?

uv f bUv t
sde tKL b dd (. tKL bM d b u X
Xu
lim

x..

ax m + bx m 1 ++ l
ax m
a m n
=
lim
x
)
n
n 1
n = lim (
x.. a
a x + b x ++ l x.. a x

bv gO d X7U t vJ sdUM

m n X+U

n mn 0

lim (

x..

a m n
x
)=.
a

dd (. d;
b X dgO d;
d] t
d;
u) t
v vMF
m n u dO U a X t v~; X X
a

rv Xt d Ud;
b U d U
t U U
2x 3 + x2 x +1

2x 3

2
= lim ( x) = .
x.. 5x
x.. 5
5x x + 6
2
2
lim ( x) = +.
, lim ( x) = .
x+. 5
x. 5

lim
x..

= lim

2x2
1
2x2 + x 1
= lim (
) = lim ( x) = .
x..
x..
2
4x + 3
4x
1
1
lim ( x) = . , lim ( x) = +.
x+.
x.
2
2

lim
x..

lim
x..

4x 3 + 2x 1
2x + 5

x..

lim (2x ) = +.

3x4 2x2 + 5
2

2x

) = lim (2x2 ) = +.
x..

lim (2x ) = +.

x+.

x..
lim

= lim (

4x 3

x.

= lim (

2x + x 1
3
lim ( x2 ) = . ,
x+.
2

3x4
2

) = lim (

2x
3
lim ( x2 ) = .
x.
2

x..

x..

3
2

x2 ) = .

d
m=n

m = n m n =0

lim (

x..

X+U

a m n
a
x
)=
a
a

U X dd (. d;
b bdd d;
d] t
u) t v vMF
u) t
sde Vd{
d] t sde Vd{
U
lim
x..
lim
x..

6x 1
2x + 3

6
2

=3

2x2 + x 1
2

x + 7x + 2

2
1

= 2

5n 3 + 6n 2

lim
n+.

2n 6n + 4

lim
x..

6x n x2 + 5
6
=
= 3
n
2
2x + 3x 4

m<n
m. n mn. 0

lim (

x..

u XU

a m n
a
x
) = lim ( n m ) =0
a
x.. a x

dH U$ .. d b X dr d d#$ t

d u t
v vMF
X
U
lim
x..

2
=0
3x + 4

x..
lim

2x + 5
=0
3x2 + x + 2

n..
lim

2n2 + n 1
=0
n 3 + n2 5

bO U d#$ U d u U$ X d f(x) lU t UX-U vd tJ

t d?#?$ u? v?Ut?K?L? d?O?uU8 U uv$ r U bMO9 tKL bM
bOM tu d UU$ t Xt lU b bM t sde
1 2
+ )
x x2
lim
= lim
1
1
x.. 2x2 + x2 +1 x..
x2 (2 + 2 + 4 )
x
x
x2 (1+

x2 + x + 2

1 2
+ )
1+0+0
1
1
x x2
= lim
=
=
=
1
1
2 + 0+0 2 +0 2
x..
2+ 2 + 4
x
x
(1+

lim
x+.

3x + x +1
6x + 4x2 1

= lim

x+.

1 1
+ )
3 + 0+0 3 +0 3
x x2
=
=
=
6 +2
8
6 + 4 0
1
x(6 + 4 2 )
x

x(3 +

sdL
Xt +. b jIO d sdL bOM
sOOF (. d UlU pd b
b
x +4
y = 1
3
y = 3x2 x + 2
y = x3 + 2x2 1
y = (2x 1)3
y = x4 + x2 + 2
+1
y = 2xx 1

y = 27 x +1
y = 2x2 x + 3
y = x3 + 3x 2
y = 3x4 + 5x2 1
y = x5 3x3 + x 1
y = 3xx + 2

+2
y = 3xx
2
+ 5x +1
n

x +1
(n .
y = 12x
6x n + x3 + 2

N, n

3)

y = 2x2x+x51

+ 5x 1
y = 3x
3
x + 7x 2
n

+2
(n .
y = 2x3xn+1+ 7x
n
6x 1

N, n 1)
2

y = 2x3+1

y = 6x3x+x5 2

y = 3x2x+6x7 1
4

4x x +1
y = 2x
3
+ x 2

y = 3xx+2 x+ 51

y = 2x x++x3 2
2

+ x +2
y = 3x
2
x + 5x 1

2x +1
x +2

y = x2 +

v~uO
dE X vLN p t
uL f(x) = x2 + 4x lU tDI p v~uO
d d? s?dUM Df = R v?M?F? X? b? n?dF vIOI b t?L d? l?U? s rdOv
?O vLN rOv t
uUL U X vLN tDI M0(x0, f(x0)) tDI
x0 . R

M0

x0

v?L?N? d?~ Ut b vbd tDI

s? t? X? t??u?O? U tJ p vMM p
t??u?O? e?O f(x) = x2 + 4x l?U? X?K
bMuv
?O f l?U? u?L? d? v?K
ut
bU tb vbd gHdF tM
tDI
bMUv tuO f lU
x

r rv Xt x =1  tDI p b f lU bI uM

f(1) = (1)2 + 4(1) = 1+ 4 = 3

lim f(x) = lim (x2 + 4x) = 1+ 4 = 3

x1

x1

t?DI b lU bI X tuO vFU f t

U s uv b t
ut
vMF bdd d~bJ U x =1
lim f(x) = f(1) = 3

x1

x0

u]7 vIOI b d d vK
ut vMF X dd eO d~ tDI d v s
r
lim f(x) = f(x0 )

xx0

lim (x2 + 4x) = x02 + 4x0

ndF tM rdOv dE

xx0

x2 4

, x 2
f(x) = x 2
1
, x =2

Df = R

lU d~ v7U uMt pM

X
vMF vIOI b tuL

lU s
Xu uv x 2 0 r x 2 d d

f(x) =

(x 2)(x + 2)
= x +2
x 2

x + 2 , x 2
f(x) =
1 , x =2

A(2,1)

1
O

uL s rOM
v r lU s uL
UNM t
X j p A(2,1) tDI
UL
tDI
d qJ oUD vbd x = 2 tDI

eO B(2,4) tDI X;O j s A(2,1)

uv tH XN sb b oKF lU uL t
l?U s X?;?O tuO x = 2 l?U s t

bUv tuO UI dU

r x = 2 tDI U

lim f(x) = lim (x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4 f(2) =1

x2

x2

X;O dd x = 2 lU bI U x = 2 lU b vMF

u)t f lU vMF rdO~ U; f(2) U lU d

B(2,4)

x2 4

, x 2
f(x) = x 2
4
, x =2

d? lU uL B(2,4) t?D?I rOM

ndF
vbd tDI O uL tO dOv
UI tL lU u) s X bu]
x
O
1 2
X tuO gHdF
ruv uLM d ndF t Xc t
t
Ud bMu tuO tM x0 tDI X b ndF I U t
f lU ndF
bU t b x= x0 lU
vMF bU dd x0 lU bI U x= x0 lU b
lim f(x) = f(x0 )

xx0

r
X tM tDI p X b ndF U p t
vFU Ud sdUM
X tuOU tDI bU tb U d vJ
lU s v~uO rOuv X b

x2 + 2x , x . 1
f(x) =
x2 +1
, x. 1

lU U

rOM
vd x = 1 tDI

r X b ndF x = 1 lU s
f(1) = (1)2 + 2(1) = 3

d X;O b x = 1 f(x) lU U
lim + f(x) = lim + (x2 + 2x) = (1)2 + 2(1) = 3

x1

x1

lim f(x) = lim (x2 +1) = (1)2 +1= 2

x1

x1

lim f(x) = 3 2 = lim f(x)

x1+

x1

vMF
X;O tuO x = 1 lU s tO

lU s v~uO rOuv X b f(x) = 2x

+1 , x 2

lU U

rOM
vd x = 2 tDI
X b lU x = 2 X f(2) = 3 d X b ndF x = 2 lU s
U X dd b s bI
3

, x =2

lim f(x) = lim (2x2 +1) = 9

x2

x2

d?d? tDI s lU b U f(2) = 3 v?MF x = 2 l?U? bI uv b t

ut
X;O tuO x = 2 tDI U lU sdUM (3 9) X;O
2
x 3x 1 , x . 2
l?U? v?~??uO rOuv U?
x = 2 t?D?I f(x) =
4x +1
, x. 2
rOM
vd
f(2) = (2)2 3(2) 1= 9 r X b ndF x = 2 lU
u X b lU x = 2
X b = l1 = x2
lim f(x) = lim (x2 3x 1) = (2)2 3(2) 1= 9
x2
b = l2 = x2
lim f(x) = lim (4x +1) = 4(2) +1= 9
x2
+

l1 = l2 = 9 lim f(x) = 9
x2

X dd x = 2 lU bI U x = 2 lU b
lim f(x) = f(2) = 9

x2

bUv tuO x = 2 tDI

U lU sdUM

vd UI X . 1,1. tM t

f(x) = 1 x2 lU v~uO U
e?O? UI s lU b f(1) = f(1) =0 r? b?M; lU ndF tM r?OM
v
r X UI s X U b UL
lim 1 x2 = lim 1 x2 =0

x1

x1

X tuO UI s lU X dd UI s lU bI U UI s lU s b sdUM

X tuO eO u tM UI dU lU s t7
ax + 3 , x 1 (a 0)

s?O?O?F u a b?I? X? dH f(x) = 5 , x =1

l?U U?

bU tuO x =1 tDI lU s t
bOM

X b ndF x =1 lU
f(1) = 5

X b lU x =1 sOMr
lim f(x) = lim (ax + 3) = a + 3

x1

x1

rOU t bU bU tuO x =1 lU t
d U
lim f(x) = f(1) a + 3 = 5 a = 2

x1

bOUO UM b a X b

ax2 + 2 , x . 1 (a 0)

f(x) = 3
, x = 1
3x + b , x . 1

lU U

bU tuO x = 1 lU t

r
f(1) = 3

X b = l1 = x1
lim f(x) = lim (ax2 + 2) = a(1)2 + 2 = a + 2
x1
b = l2 = x1
lim f(x) = lim (3x + b) = 3(1) + b = 3 + b
x1
vMF l1 = l2 bU bU b lU t
s d
a + 2 = 3 + b a b =1

bU bU tuO x = 1 lU t s d
lim f(x) = f(1) a + 2 = 3 a =1

x1

b =0

uv sOOF b bI tD

a bI c~U U

sdL
bOM vd b tDI( d UlU pd v~uO
2

f(x) = 2xx +2x

n1 f(x) = 2x2 5x +1 , (x = 2)
2

f(x) = x2 1 , (x = 1)
x +1

3x2 x , x .

f(x) =
2x + 3 , x .

f(x) =

3
2
3
2

3x + 5 , x . 1

x +2
, (x = 3)
2x 3

3
, (x = )
2

, (x = 1)

x + 4 , x . 1

f(x) =

, (x = 2)

x +1 , x 3
x 1

, x = 3 , (x = 3)
f(x) = 2
5x 13 , x . 3

4x2 +1 , x . 0

f(x) =

(2x 1)2 , x . 0

, (x =0)

.
sin2x
, x

.
4
f(x) =
, (x = )
4
1 + cos2 x , x .
2
4

sin x + cos x , x .

f(x) =
2sin2 x 1
, x.

.
.
2
, (x = )
.
2
2

 f(x) =
f(x) =
t?D?I(

1 x

, x =1

x2 4 , x = 2

ax +1
, x. 2

f(x) = 13
, x = 2
2
2ax + bx 1 , x . 2

l?U? t b?O?U?O UM b a Ub?

bU tuO x = 2

tuO x =1 tDI( f(x) =

2x + a , x . 1
2

x + 3x , x . 1

lU t bOM sOOF u a b
bU(

UN qB

oA
U oA uNH X v{U rN qzUL lU p dUI dOOG v~(u~ vd
vd b(uv tOd U t vd uK UL lu t U( X lU p dOOG v~(u~ U
d bu UO lu UO v~(u~ oA X vU UOL lu s UO

dOOG @M
t?F?1U?D uv ud dOG dOOG t XL( lU dOOG vd t v{U qzUL UOL
dOOG t bb U eO t rO(v bU(v oA ndF t U(d t X dOOG s @M
geO U U p r UF d p XUL bM(U uv d~ dOOG V vJ
U dOG uMt vJ s X p dD\ u( UL XOFL b dN tUd
b? b? lU g_ t uUL U_( tL dOG U lU uMt d~ qIL dOG
bMLu(v bMv UA( f U U UO v~L bMM v h_A y U lU x U dOG
y = f(x)

s? X??L( @M rOuv UM U d bu dOOG eO( f(x) bI x d?OOG U UuL

rO d\ vd u X XOL t UdOOG
u?ct dv(U VLd Ud t? t y = 59 (x 32) t1U
F? U lU U
t rb(u v?{U? r?dOv dE( bM v h_A XUN(UO VLd Ud t vFU
b U U( b vOdF vD lU uM U tD s v{U X vD y x sO tD
j? V?O? t? t X XU b uL x d?O?OG t y d?O?O?G? X??L( v1U sOM t
geO ?? r?t??Od?~?( dE( U U UM t X1U eO( d~ UdOG U UU VK
dOd eO t XOFL b UAO t U r bt tUd

XUN(UO t
b( t x t vU~M d~ U t X 59 XU b s UM rOuv
t? X? V?K?D? s? v?{U? UO bUv geO dv(U t b(
t y b?U? geO
5
XU bI dd x t XL( y dOOG @M
y X
9

P2

y2
P1

y1

32
17

7
9

P1P2 j VO x t XL( y dOOG @M

x
x1

x2

5
5
y2 y1 9 (x2 32) 9 (x1 32) 5
=
=
=
x2 x1
x2 x1
9

uL( t bb tc UU bdO~ dE( y = f(x) = 13 x2 1 lU U

qcuO x dOOG t y dOOG XL( tO( X vDdO lU vLN vMM lU s
t? f(x0) = 2 y b??M d?O?O?G? x1 = 3 / 3 t? x0 = 3 x v??\ ???  X?L?O?( X?U? n?K??_?
U X dd dOOG XL( d bu dOOG f(x1) = 2 / 63
f(x1 ) f(x0 ) 2 / 63 2
=
= 2 /1
x1 x0
3/ 33

y
2/63

P1

2/2

P2

P0

3
1

x
3 3/1 3/3

X rOu bM dOOG x2 = 3 /1 t x0 = 3 x d U
f(x2 ) f(x0 ) f(3 /1) f(3) 2 / 203 2 0/ 203
=
=
=
= 2 /03
x2 x0
3 /1 3
0/1
0/1

rOv qOJA d b rOMO dN vJe( lU s dOOG XL( t s d

x

2/ 6

2/ 8

2/ 9

f (x)

0/ 33

1/ 25

1/ 61

1/ 80

2 2 / 20 2 / 63 4 / 33

x3

0/ 4

0/ 2

0/1

0/1

0/ 3

f (x) f (3) 1/ 67 0/ 75 0/ 39 0/197 0

0/ 2

0/ 63 2 / 33

f (x) f (3)

x3

1/ 67

1/ 87

1/ 93

1/ 97

1 2
1 2
x 1 2
(x 9)
x+3
f(x) f(3) 3
=
= 3
=
3
x3
x3
x3

3 /1

? 2 /03

3/3

2 /1

2 / 33

t s t tu U

l\ d tU v(Ut x +3 3 U x dUI d\ U uv b d dD

t ut bMv UA( x0 = 3 t?D?I( lU dOOG ju @M b d dD b
x t v\ v~L eO( x x0 bI x0 = 3 tDI(
t f lU d @M s uv b
sdUM dv pe( t XL( s uv pe( t de U dpu dUI U
vMF bUv U dd x0 = 3 tDI( dOOG @M s b
lim
xx0

f(x) f(x0 )
x+3
= lim
=2
x3
x x0
3

u? bu? UH dOOG ju @M rdO~ U dd x0 ? x0 = 3 U t d

b bu pe( t dE( u XL( uc s t b uv
bO qOJA x0 = 6 tDI( f lU UL d U b tUA v1b sdL
f(x) f(x0) bI dOG uL( x x0 bI bM v dOOG x t x0 dOG t vU~M
b uL( U x0 lU dOOG ju @M f(x) f(x0) XL( bMU(v x0 lU uL(
x x0

bMU(v
rOuv y = f(x) = x2 5x + 6 tDU{
U f lU U

rOM sOOF uL( U x1 = 3 lU dOOG ju @M n1

r Xt uL( U x1 = 5 lU dOOG ju @M
n1
x1 = 3 y1 = f(x1 ) = f(3) = 9 15 + 6 =0
x2 = 3 + 2 = 5 y2 = f(x2 ) = f(5) = 25 25 + 6 = 6
y2 y1 = f(x2 ) f(x1 ) = 6 0= 6

uv sOOF d uct uL( U x1 = 3 dOOG ju @M

f(5) f(3) 6
= =3
53
2

x1 = 5 y1 = f(x1 ) = f(5) = 25 25 + 6 = 6

x2 = 5 + 2 = 7 y2 = f(x2 ) = f(7) = 49 35 + 6 = 20
y2 y1 = 20 6 =14

uv sOOF d uct uL( U x1 = 5 dOOG ju @M

f(7) f(5) 14
=
=7
75
2

U dOG t vU~M x dOG t XL( y = f(x) lU dOOG ju @M vK ut

X d uct bM v dOOG lU tM x2 U x1
f(x2 ) f(x1 )
x2 x1
h

uL( U x1 lU dOOG ju @M bI x2 = x1 + h r x2 x1 = h rO d\ d

X U
f(x1 + h) f(x1 )
h

lU s dOOG ju @M rOuv X b y = x2 + 3 tDU{

U f lU U
r Xt h =0/ 3 x1 = 2 t
r
x1 = 2 , x1 + h = 2 +0/ 3 = 2 / 3
f(x1 ) = f(2) = 4 + 3 = 7
f(x1 + h) = f(2 / 3) = 5 / 29 + 3 = 8 / 29

tO(
f(x1 + h) f(x1 ) 8 / 29 7 1/ 29
=
=
= 4/ 3
h
0/ 3
3

t??D? U?{ U? f l??U?? d??O? O? G? j?u?? @?M t??? U???  v??K? u?? r??O? u?v? U???
r Xt bM dOOG h b(
t x1 dOG v\ f(x) = x2 + 3x + 3
r
f(x1 + h) f(x1 )
h
f(x1 ) = x12 + 3x + 3

f(x1 + h) = (x1 + h)2 + 3(x1 + h) + 3

f(x1 + h) f(x1 ) = (x1 + h)2 + 3(x1 + h) + 3 (x12 + 3x1 + 3)
= 2x1 h + 3h + h2
f(x1 + h) f(x1 ) 2x1h + 3h + h2
=
h
h
h(2x1 + 3 + h)
=
= 2x1 + 3 + h
h
h =0/05

x1 = 4 t x d?O?G? t XL( U lU dOOG ju @M t(uL( uMt

U X dd

f(4 +0/05) f(4)

= 2(4) + 3 +0/05 =11/05
0/05

X rOu uc s d\ x bI x1 U t uv U u tJ$

lU dOOG ju @M = f(x + h)h f(x)
X b y = f(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 tDU{
U f lU U
bOM sOOF x dOG t XL( lU s dOOG ju @M vK u n1
bOM sOOF h = lU s dOOG ju @M b
b Xt h =0/ 4 x = 3 v\ lU s dOOG ju @M
bOM sOOF h = XLL\ lU s dOOG ju @M b

q
f(x) = x2 + 5x + 4

n1

f(x + h) = (x + h)2 + 5(x + h) + 4

f(x + h) f(x) = (x + h)2 + 5(x + h) + 4 (x2 + 5x + 4)

tO(
f(x + h) f(x) = 2xh + 5h + h2

f
f(x + h) f(x) 2xh + 5h + h2 h(2x + 5 + h)
=
=
= 2x + 5 + h
h
h
h
f(x + h) f(x)
= lim (2x + 5 + h) = 2x + 5
lim
h
h0
h0

f(x + h) f(x)
= 2x + 5 + h = 2(3) + 5 +0/ 4 =11/ 4
h
f(x + h) f(x)
lim
= 2(3) + 5 =11
h
h0

bMU(v x = 3 tDI( lU dOOG tE1 @M U U XLL\ bXt b

r d ndF vK ut
tE1 @M lim f(x1 + h) f(x1) bI f lU lU pdOOG tE/ @M
h0

bMU(v x1 tDI( lU dOOG

X? dd x1 = 2 tDI( f(x) = x 3 + 2x +1 l?U dOOG tE1 @M U uM t
U
f(2 + h) f(2)
(2 + h) 3 + 2(2 + h) +1 (8 4 +1)
= lim
h
h
h0
h0
lim

14h 6h2 + h 3
= lim (14 6h + h2 ) =14
h
h0
h0

= lim

bv d uc t U u bU x = f(t) uct lU tDU{ d tJ$

f(t + h) f(t)
h
h0
lim

s?d?U?M? r?d?Ov y U? d?d? X x l?K?{ u? t? v?F?d? XUL b?( U?

h =[ \[ \[ \[ UuL( d x0 = x t XL( y dOOG @M y = f(x) = x2
X b d b
x

5 /1

5/2

5/3

5/4

y = x2

25

26 /01

27 /04

28 /09

29 /16

0/1

0/ 2

0/ 3

0/ 4

f(5 + h) f(5)

1/01

2 /04

3 /09

4 /16

f(5 + h) f(5)
h

10/1

10/ 2

10/ 3

10/ 4

u??v?? p??u?? h v??M? F? d??v?? p?e?( t?? x v??? \ u??v?? b?? t? u?t?
r l\ uv pe( t

f(5 + h) f(5)
h

f(x) f(x0 )
x2 25
= lim
= lim (x + 5) =10
x x0
xx0
x5 x 5
x5
lim

X VKD s vbM dOF d qJ

h
x

/h

f (x + h) f (x) = (2x + h)h

f(x + h) f(x) (2x + h)h

=
= 2x + h
h
h
f(x + h) f(x)
x
h
f(x + h) f(x)
= lim (2x + h) = 2x
lim
h
h0
h0

f uv dd U UdI

x = f(t)2t2 5t +1

f
bU pu vOU b(t

h d vMF

u?ct rOIL j p d p X d t1UF

U
X

b Xt t1 = 1 tDI( d s UJ dOOG tE1 @M n1

b Xt t1 = 3 tDI( lU s dOOG tE1 @M
bOM sOOF d s UJ dOOG tE1 @M vK u
q

r t1 = 1 tDI( n1
f(1+ h) f(1)
h
h0
lim

2(1+ h)2 5(1+ h) +1 (2 + 5 +1)

= lim
h
h0
9h + 2h2
h
h0

= lim

= lim (9 + 2h) = 9
h0

f(3 + h) f(3)
h
h0
lim

r t1 = 3 tDI(

2(3 + h)2 5(3 + h) +1 (18 15 +1)

h
h0

= lim

7h + 2h2
h
h0

= lim

= lim (7 + 2h) = 7
h0

r t tDI( d dOOG tE1 @M vK u sOOF d

f(t + h) f(t)
h
h0
lim

2(t + h)2 5(t + h) +1 (2t2 5t +1)

h
h0

= lim

2h2 + 4th 5h
h
h0

= lim

= lim (2h + 4t 5) = 4t 5
h0

dOOG ju @M b dd lU dOOG tE1 @M b b U UU t uUL

uv pe( dHc t dOG uL( v\ X lU

sdL
X b f(x) = x2 + 6x 7 lU
bOM sOOF bM dOOG x2 = 6 t x1 = 2 dOG v\ lU s dOOG ju @M n1
b Xt x0 = 4 tDI( lU s dOOG tE1 @M
oy ox d M d?U?B? r?O?M v U_( y = x2 l?U? u?L?( d M(x, y) t?D?I(
vFU uct S bU OAMB qODL XUL b( S d (x 0) rOU(v B A VOdt
b Xt x0 = 4 dOOG tE1 @M x t XL( S dOOG @M bOM h_A x
b dv(U UF t d qJ t U rd U qJ d pM U p
u? e?O U?F? t dvKO p tO(U d t ut rO t d U t d X
geO tE1 @M b Xt tO(U
pM U s XUL dOOG ju @M
bOM UL tO(U d `D XUL
VL d t bU t U d U u( p XOFL gUL( p(t) = 3000+100t2 d
b? Xt t0 = 2 U? f XU X?O?F?L? geO ju @M XU
bOM UL t = 3 XOFL geO tE1 @M
d??d? t?K?O?t?? d??O?1 V?L?d?? t?O?K?_? U?? d?_?? p? r
tIO\
tOK_ ju @M v~L tIO\ VLd t U t V =120(2500 50t + t2 )
b Xt tOK_ U r tIO\ bv1U tE1 @M bOM bO

oA ndF
lU dOOG ju @M bOM tu q\ g_ U b d vD lU uL( t d

b?M vL( dOOG XL( s bMU t t d P1 P2 t?D?I( d~ Ut X XU U d

P1P2 j? V?O? U? d?d? U?L? u?L? d?O?O?G ju @M U dOOG tE1 @M sdUM
q\ b tU XL( sO1 XLO( XU x dOOG t y dOOG XL( U v1 bUv
b tU UXL( pd bUv P0P2 j VO t P0P1 j VO b
bUv b U j bM(U lU uL( tDI( b(c j VO eO( b
t? lU uL( d P(x, f(x)) t?D?I( v\ t u dD b(uv R s U
p?e?( v?D? t t P0 P t?D?I?( c? j? u dpe( pe( P0(3, f(3)) t?D?I(
uv pe( vD t VO t f(x)x f(3)
vMF uv
3
f(x) f(x0 )
x x0

U X dd P0P j VO bOM tu d uL( t

y
P

f (x)

f (x0)

P0

x0

p?e( x0 t? x U?~?( u pe( P0X?U? t?D?I?( t? l?U uL( d P t?D?I?( v\ U

f b bu pe( L vMM d UL j t P0P lU\ j vOd uv
P0 tDI( lU uL( d UL j VO = P0P lU\ j VO b
P P0

f(x) f(x0 )
x x0
xx0

= lim

bUv x0u t tDI( lU dOOG tE1 @M UL s

y = x2 x t1UF
t vFU uL( d UL j VO rOuv U
P0(2,2) tDI(
r Xt

f(x) f(2)
x2 x 2
(x 2)(x +1)
= lim
= lim
=3
x

2
x

2
x 2
x2
x2
x2

UL j VO = lim
x = 2 tDI

rOuv rdOv dE uL dH( u t P0 tDI

y = x x1 lU U
r Xt P0 lU uL d UL j VO
x =0

tDI UL j VO

x
f(x) f(0)
1
= lim x 1 = lim
= 1
= lim
x 0
x0
x0 x
x0 x 1

t?E??/ @M U uL d UL j VO vMF t tDI p lU uL VO d c

bUv u u( tDI dOOG
x0t?DI dOG uL h d? rdOv dE lU s tM x0 t?DI y = f(x) lU
d?O?G?? u?L? t lU uL X@ b X rOu f(x0 + h) f(x0) u?L? lU d bU
f(x + h) f(x0 )
lim 0
vMF uv pe dH( t dOG uL tD vU~M
h
h0
U f (x0) U bMU v x0 tDI f lU oA bU t u b s tD vu(
vMF bMv UA y(x0)
f(x0 + h) f(x0 )
h
h0

y (x0 ) = f (x0 ) = lim

Xu uv eO d u( t x0 tDI
f lU oA x = x0 + h dH U
f(x) f(x0 )
= f (x0 )
xx0
x x0
lim

tD XKd tO uv qH UgO b b u V/UD U ndF

x0 tDI lU oA U X dd x0 tDI lU dOOG tE/ @M n/
x0 tDI lU oA U X dd x0 tDI lU uL d UL j VO
uK r? OUH n?U?F tK UDt Ub tD b U vH uK Ue X vNb
bMU t u
f lU sOMr bU t u f (x0) Ud uv bOU dcoA x0 tDI
f lU
s? b?U? dcoA U x u?O/ t?DI d f U?d? b?M?u dcoA (a, b) U
df dy
UUL oA d vU bMv gUL y U U ut U f (x) U oA u(
dx dx
uv d UDt eO

 x = 1 tDI(
f(x) = 3x2 4x oA tU

U
f(1+ h) f(1)
h
h0

f (1) = lim

. 3(1+ h) 4(1+ h). . 3(1) 4(1).

= lim
2

h0

6h + 3h2 4h
10h + 3h2
= lim
h
h
h0
h0

= lim

= lim (10+ 3h) = 10

h0

+1
r Xt x = 2 tDI(
f(x) = 2xx 1
oA rOuv U

2x +1
3x + 6
5
f(x) f(2)
x
1
f (2) = lim
= lim
= lim x 1
x

2
x

2
x2
x2
x2 x 2
3(x 2)
= 3
(x
1)(x 2)
x2

= lim

f (a)

XL_( X dN rOM UL tDI( bM lU p oA rOu_ t vU~M tJ$

rc~ b dUI pd a Ut U rOM UL a u_1 tDI( oA vMF
b Xt x = 3 x = 12 x =0 x = 1 f(x) = x2 x oA U
rOM v tU a tDI( lU oA b
f(x) f(a)
(x2 x) (a2 a)
(x a)(x + a 1)
= lim
= lim
= 2a 1
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa

f (a) = lim

f ( 12 ) =11=0
sdUM
f (0) = 1
f (3) = 6 1= 5
b Xt b tDI( d UlU oA oA ndF UH U sdL
f(x) = 3x 1 , x = 2
f(x) = x 3 + 3x2 2 , x =1
f (1) = 2 1= 3

f(x) = 1 x
f(x) = 2

, x = 1

1 x , x = 3

f(x) =

x
1+ x

f(x) = ax

, x =0

+ bx + c , x =

b
2a

O tDI( p U_( U X X d D j v d d p Xd

t ut rOM v qb u p t D j u b d p b uMt
X vFU t tKcUO s bUv vIOI b p O d XN tKcUO
tE1 d
tKcUO M0 tDI( d t0 tE1 t(UM rOM v h_A s = f(t) t1UF U t U
t t0 U d bU s = f(t) :O tKcUO
M tDI( t tE1
s0 = f(t0) :O
j?u? Xd sdUM X uLO s s0 = f(t) f(t0) U? X dd t M0M XOUL
D

M M

f(t) f (t0 )

0)
X t dOOG t XL( f(t) lU ju dOOG @M UL U s l\ X f(t)t f(t
t0
pe( d tE1 Xd t ju Xd bU pu b(v t t0 U t vU~M
t X t = t0 ju Xd b UL t0 tE1 d tE1 Xd uv
bMv gUL( v(t0) U
sdUM

f(t) f(t0 )
tt0
t t0
v(t0 ) = f (t0 )
v(t) = f (t)
v(t0 ) = lim

vK ut
vMF X t0 tE1 f(t) lU oA UL U b U
bU eO( vHM X sJL f (t) U t XL( XOUL oA U X dd d Xd vMF
X U d b(dOv dE( f (t) oKDb\ Xd b( tU d v1U sOM
eO( v(t) = ds
u?c t? v?U? U? dd bM v h_A d X d XN f (t)
dt
bMLu(v
dd tO(U t U X X d xox u d t M d tDI(
u d U
Ut?O?(U? d Xd x = t2 4t + 3 t u?t? b?U? dv(U x U?
b Xt
rdv oA tU t tE1 Xd sOU d q

. .

(t + h)2 4(t + h) + 3 t2 4t + 3
f(t + h) f(t)
= lim
lim
h
h
h0
h0

2th 4h + (h)2
= lim (2t 4 + h) = 2t 4
h
h0
h0

= lim

U X dd VOdt Xd \ UtO(U sdUM v(t) = f (t) = 2t 4 f

v(1) = 2 4 = 2

v(3) = 6 4 = 2

v(5) =10 4 = 6

X tO(U dv(U tO(U tO(U dv(U Xd bI UtO(U vMF

t?O?(U dv(U X?d? U? d t X s d~(UO vHM X v(1) = 2 t
U uv dHc Xd bM v dOOG X d XN t tE1 X X d t X
s?d?UM x = 1 t?E??1 s? uv dHc t = 2 t?E1 v(t) f? v(t) = 2t 4 r
X?N? b? dHc gd bv 1 t? ? t? X? u X d d t vU~M
uv X t bM v dOOG g d
o?A bU t u t vuc y = f (x) vMF y = f(x) oA oA
y = f (x) U bMU(v y = f(x) lU oA u uc y = f (x) oA
bMv UA(
2
y = 2x 1 X U y = x x oA b b U t ut U
oA
y = 2

s = f (t)

vMF oA bU s = f(t) d p X d t1UF d t rOH tJ$

bMuv d U v(t) oA U f(t) oA bMv gUL( v(t) U bMU(v Xd
a(t) = v(t) = f (t) v(t) = f (t) vMF bMv UA( a(t) U
v(t) = f (t) = 2t 4 r bU f(t) = t2 4t + 3 d t rb U
a(t) = f (t) = 2 f

sdL
s oA b Xt b tDI( d UlU uL( d UL j VO
bOM UH X b tU gO UtHc t lu
1) y =

1 2
x 1
3

3) y = 3x2 4x

x=3

2) y = x2

x = 1

4) y = x2 x

x = 1
1
x=
2

 t X x = t2 2t 1 t?1U?F? X? X d Ux u?? d?? t v d ?

t = 4 t =1 v(U tKcUO d s ju Xd bdO~ dv(U x tO(U VLd
b Xt t = 3 t =1 t =0 UU tE1 Xd
XN d rOM v Ud U t sO rzU\ ut tO(U d tO1 Xd U vu
t X S = 12 gt2 + 30t qJ t X d t1UF bU U dt Ud tDI( tKcUO X
X uKD x = f(t) = 4 / 9t2 + 30t sdUM X sO g(d U g = 9 / 8 m s2
tU
Ud f tO(U p UU u tE1 Xd n1
Ud f tO(U UU u tE1 Xd
d? VLd u t?K?O?t?b?uLO XOUL d rd Ud u t vLOM u
tO(U
u ju Xd bU s =12t 3t2 u?ct tO(U VLd t U vFU
t uv dHc Xd s v(U t bOM UL t tE1 Xd b Xt
X bI Xd X t(u~ u XOF{ Ud f tO(U t = 4 tE1
vUH

dOoA UtOC< Uu
UOKL ndF UH U lU p oA tU bb U UU t ut
qJA UOL U s bU bOO vU f(x) lU Ud t U( bU U UL(

U tOC\ u bM d vM t u d~ t(U_u U X bMM tL

bM v U UOL oA tU X
b(Uv U lu oA tU

t b( u vUtOC\ Uu b tH t ut
rdcv U b d~ vd rOM v U vd rdv U UO t pM
f (x) =0r U~( f(x) = c XU b p c d
f(x + h) f(x)
cc
= lim
= lim0=0
f (x) = lim
d
h
h0
h0 h
h0
X dHc U dd XU lu oA XH uv f
y =0 U bU y = 8 d U
y = f (x) = nx n 1 U y = f(x) = x n d

y = 6x5

U y = x6 d U
y =1 U y = x d tO$
U y = af(x) XU b a dcoA vFU f(x) d
y = (af(x)) = af (x)
y = 5(7x6 ) = 35x6

U y = 5x 7 d U
U y = f(x) + g(x) dcoA lU g(x) f(x) d
y = f (x) + g (x)
y = lim

h0

= lim

h0

. f(x + h) + g(x + h). . f(x) + g(x).

h

f(x + h) f(x) + g(x + h) g(x)

h

f(x + h) f(x)
g(x + h) g(x)
+ lim
= f (x) + g (x)
h
h
h0
h0

= lim

s lU UoA uL U X dd lU uL oA XH uv sdUM

rOLF lU gO t uv VKD
y = a U y = ax + b d tO$
bOM tU y = 3x5 5x2 oA U
X rOu g(x) = 5x2 f(x) = 3x5 rO d\ d q
4
g (x) = 10x f (x) =15x
f
y = f (x) + g (x) =15x4 10x
r U y = f(x)g(x) bMU dcoA lU g(x) f(x) d
y = f (x)g(x) + g (x)f(x)

U X dd y = (3x 2)(x2 +1) oA U

y = 3(x2 +1) + 2x(3x 2) = 3x2 + 3 + 6x2 4x = 9x2 4x + 3

o??A? f?? r? X?t y = 3x 3 2x2 + 3x 2 u?ct? y b?? d

rOv U tO( UL t r U rdO~

sdL
b Xt d UlU oA
f(x) = 73
f(x) = x 3 + 3x2 + 7x + 3
f(x) = 3x 4x 3
3

f(x) = x3 + x2 + x +1
f(x) = a0 + a1x
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a 3x 3
f(x) = (2x + 3)(3x 7)
2

f(x) = (x +1)( x2 + x)
f(x) = x 3 (3x 2)

f(x) = 7x + 3
f(x) = 2 5x + 4x2
f(x) = 4 35x + x2
f(x) = (1+ 3x)2
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
f(x) = x + (3x + 2)2
f(x) = (x 3 x)(x 9)
f(x) = (5x 4)(1 2x )
f(x) = 3x(x2 +1)(x + 2)

f(x)
r U y = g(x)
g(x) 0 bMU dcoA lU g(x) f(x) d

y =

f (x)g(x) g (x)f(x)

[g(x)]2

d{q1U UNM d5 u1 oA d{q1U U X dd d89 lU p oA vMF

d5 u d rO8I u1 d5 oA
X sOM bU x 2 t9 vU~M y = x3x 2 lU oA U

3(x 2) (1)3x 3x 6 3x
6
=
=
(x 2)2
(x 2)2
(x 2)2
2x 2
y = 4 = 3
x
x

y =

x 0 y = x12 oA
Vd
lU oA

o?A x t? X8G y U? b?M?U dcoA lU u = g(x) y = f(u) d?

r rOv UAG yx U x t X8G y oA yu U u t X8G y oA d X
y x = y u . u (x) = f (u)g (x)

r bU u = x2 1 y = u2 + u d U

y x = y u . u (x) = (2u +1)(2x) = 2(x2 1) +1 (2x) = 4x 3 2x

rOM9 U8 y = (x4 3x2 +1)3 oA rOuv U

X rOu y = u 3 f u = x4 3x2 +1 rOM9v dJ

y u = 3u2

u x = 4x 3 6x

y x = y u . u x = 3(x4 3x2 +1)2 (4x 3 6x)

sdUM

= 6x(2x2 3)(x4 3x2 +1)2

X rOu bU x vFU u y = u n d tO

y x = nu . u n 1

yu = nu n 1
r d
y = nu . u n 1 bM8uGv sOM U u bM8 u y UL u x y x u t9
U bU y = (2x 3 + x)5 d U

y = 5(6x2 +1)(2x 3 + x)4

r U y = f(x) bU X dcoA vFU f(x) d
f (x)
(f(x) >0)
y =
2 f(x)
y x = y u . u x

y =
y =
y =

U X dd y =

2 x
7
2 7x + 3
3 2x(1+ x2 )2
2 3

2 (1+ x )

U X dd (x > 73 ) y =
= 3x 1+ x2

U X dd y =
U X dd y =

2(3x 1) 3(2x + 5)
17
(3x 1)2
y =
=
2x + 5
2 (2x + 5)(3x 1) 3
2
3x 1

oA U

7x + 3

oA

(1+ x2 ) 3

oA

2x + 5
3x 1

oA

sdL
bOM9 h5A lU d dcoA tM b Xt d UlU oA
1
3
f(x) = xx +1
f(x) = x2x+1
f(x) = 2x
3x + 5
2

f(x) = 3(2xx 3+ 5)
3

f(x) = xx 3 1
+1
f(x) =

1
1+
x
f(x) = 3x 2

f(x) =

x(x 2)

f(x) = x +x

4
f(x) = (x 1)
3

f(x) = x(xx +1
1)

f(x) = x2 +1x 2

f(x) = 3x 1x

f(x) = (2x + 3)4

f(x) =

x2 + 4

f(x) = 1+1 x
f(x) =

f(x) = (5x2 2)3

f(x) =

4 x2

f(x) = (1+

x )3

1
2x +1

vUK
UlU oA

r?d?v U9t vK9 UL sinx o?A Xt d y = sinx o?A

rOM9v U8 h = sin(x + h) sin x X8G b vMF
h
XuG sOM uv sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b vUK U dUM
sin (x + h) sin x = sin x cosh+ cos x sinh sin x

X rOu f
sin(x + h) sin x (cosh1)sin x + cos x sinh cosh1
sinh
=
=
sin x +
cos x
h
h
h
h
sinh
sin t
=1
=1
lim
lim
h
t0 t
h0

cos t 1
(cos t 1)(cos t +1)
cos2 t 1
= lim
= lim
t
t(cos t +1)
t0
t0
t0 t(cos t +1)

lim

t9 rOGv vJd
d~ d

sin2 t
sin t
sin t
0
= lim(

) = 1 =0
t
cos t +1
2
t0 t(cos t +1)
t0

= lim

y = lim

h0

sin(x + h) sin x
cosh1
sinh
= lim (
sin x +
cos x)
x
h
h
h0

= lim (
h0

sdUM

cosh1
sinh
sin x) + lim (
cos x)
h
h0 h

=0 sin x +1 cos x = cos x

lU XH uv f y = cos x U? cos x U X dd sin x o?A tOG

X cos x oA X dcoA R x bI d d
U? X?t tUA t uv eOG uMO89 oA y = cosx oA

d? U9t U U rOM9 qb rOUMv oA t9 uMO t t9 X s dU
rOM9 U8 oA V9d lU oA bU[
sin x

y = cosx = sin( x) = sinu , u = x

2
2

y = (cos u) u = (1) cos( x) = sin x

2

f
X sin x oA X dcoA x bI d d cos x lU sdUM
sin x
U? tan x = cos
r?O?8?u?Gv? b oA s t??U d y = tanx o??A

x
X rOu rdv U9t u d89 lU oA u
y =

cos x cos x ( sin x)sin x

1
2
=
2
2 =1+ tan x
(cos x)
cos x

o??? A?  X?? d??c??o??A? k Z ,

+ k
2

b??I?  d? d? tanx l??U?? f?

1

X 1+ tan2 x = cos2 x
rdv U9t U eOG Us y = cotx oA

y = cot x =
y =

cos x
sin x

( sin x)sin x (cos x) cos x sin2 x cos2 x

1
=
= 2 = (1+ cot2 x)
2
2
sin x
(sin x)
sin x

o?? ? ?A? ? X?? d?? c??o??? A?  k Z ,

x = k

b?? I? ? d? d?? cotx l?? U?? f??

X (1+ cot2 x) = sin12 x

y = 2cos x 3sin x

U
y = 2sin x + 3 cos x
U
y = sin 5x
y = 5 cos5x
1
x
U
y = cos 3x
y = sin
3
3
x
x
u = y = tanu d[ U U y = tan( )
3 2
3 2

d
d
d
d

1
x
y = u (1+ tan2 u) = 1+ tan2 ( )
2
3 2

XrOu
rb uM9U t9 oA tU Uu tL
rdO~ x vFu v u d tO
d9 t1 d u1t v_b uv
lU

oA

y=c

y =0

y = 7 y =0 , y = 3 y =0 , y =1373 y =0

y = ax + b

y= a

y = 4x 9 y = 4 , y = 5x + 7 y = 5

xn

nx n 1

y = x 6 y = 6x5

au

au

u+v

u + v

u.v

u .v + v .u

u
v

u v v u
v2

1
v
1
= xn
xn
f (u)

y = 3x 5 y = 3(5x 4 ) = 15x 4
y = x 3 + 4x y = 3x 2 + 4

y = (3x 2 x)(2x 3) y = (6x 1)(2x 3) +2(3x 2 x)

y=

v
v2

y=

n
= nx n 1
x n +1

y=

u f (u)

u
2 u

2x 1
2

3x + 5

y =

2(3x + 5) 6x(2x 1)
2

(3x + 5)

6x + 6x +10
2

(3x + 5)

1
3x2
3
y = 6 = 4
3
x
x
x
1
x

y =

5
x

= 5x

y = (3x +1) y = (6x) 4(3x2 +1) 3 = 24x(3x 2 +1) 3

y = x 4 +1 y =

4x 3
4

2 x +1

, y = x y =

sin u

u cos u

y = sin(3x 1) , y = 3cos(3x 1)

cos u

u sin u

y = cos(x 2 +1) , y = 2xsin(x2 +1)

tan u

u (1+ tan 2 u)

y = tan(1 x 2 ) , y = 2x 1+ tan 2 (1 x 2 )

cot u

u (1+ cot 2u)

y = cot(5x) , y = 5 1+ cot 2 (5x)

1
2 x

sdL
b t?D?I?G o?A bI UUL b Xt d UlU oA
bOM9 U8
y = sin x cos x
y = 3 cos x sin2x x =
y = 3sin2 x + 2cos3 x
y = (sin x + cos x)2 x = 3 2
y = sin( 2x + 3 ) + cos 2x

y = sin x cos 3x

y = cos x 1+ sin x

y = 1+sincosx2 x

y = 2cos2 ( 6 4x )
x + sin x
y = cos
cos x sin x

y = x + sin

y = sin x tan x
x
2
y=
x
1+ tan
2
sin x
y=
1+ x
1 tan

y = tan2 x 2cotx

y =

1+ sin x

y = sin 3

x=

y = sin t + cost

x =0

x = 2

x = 4
x = 2

x =0

t = 2

v{U vdd
b? s? U bM bF d d p t_U d?8 p t_U b
bI d vGuM9 s u d s ddt bGdJ s uL U dd
X

Email
talif@talif.sch.ir