1

TCVN

T I U C H U N Q U C G I A

TCVN 9017:2011
Xut bn ln 1
QU TI
PHNG PHP LY MU TRN VN SN XUT
Fresh fruits Sampling method on the field















H NI 2011



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Li ni u
TCVN 9017:2011 do Vin nghin cu rau qu bin son,
B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ngh,
Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh,
B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.
































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T I U C H U N Q U C G I A TCVN 9017:2011



Qu ti Phng php ly mu trn vn sn xut
Fresh fruits Sampling method on the field

1 Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny hng dn phng php ly mu qu ti trn vn sn xut phn tch cc ch
tiu vt l, ho hc v vi sinh vt.
2 Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau y l cn thit p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi
nm cng b th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm cng b th
p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i, b sung (nu c).
TCVN 5102:1990 (ISO 874:1980) Rau qu ti Ly mu.
3 Thut ng v nh ngha
Trong tiu chun ny s dng cc thut ng v nh ngha sau:
3.1
Qu ti (fresh fruits)
Cc loi qu dng lm thc phm, cn ti v cha qua ch bin.
3.2
Cht lng qu ti (quality of fresh fruit)
Tp hp cc c tnh v cm quan, dinh dng, an ton thc phm ca qu ti ph hp vi tiu
chun cng b v cc quy nh, quy chun k thut tng ng.
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3.3
L vn sn xut (production field)
Khu vc c din tch xc nh, c trng cng mt loi hoc mt ging cy n qu v c cng iu
kin sn xut.
3.4
im ly mu (sampling point)
V tr xc nh trong l vn sn xut t mt hoc nhiu n v mu c ly ra to thnh
mu n.
3.5
n v mu (sample unit)
Lng nh nht nguyn chic c ly ra t im ly mu to thnh ton b hay mt phn ca
mu n.
3.6
Mu n (increment sample)
Mu ban u (primary sample)
Mt hoc nhiu n v mu c ly ra t mt im ly mu xc nh trong l vn sn xut.
3.7
Mu chung (bulk sample)
Mu hn hp (gross sample)
Mu c to nn t vic trn ln cc mu n.
3.8
Mu phng th nghim (laboratory sample)
Mu ly ra t mu chung hay mu rt gn, c chuyn ti phng th nghim phn tch cc ch
tiu vt l, ho hc v vi sinh vt.
3.9
Mu lu (storage sample)
Mu c ly t mu hn hp hoc mu rt gn lu ti c quan nh nc c thm quyn, c s
sn xut hoc phng th nghim, nu cn.
3.10
C mu phng th nghim ti thiu (minimum sampling size)
S lng hay khi lng qu ti thiu cn ly thc hin qu trnh phn tch v lu mu.
3.11
Dng c ly mu (sampling device)
Vt dng dng thu, ct mu qu nh dao, ko
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3.12
Vt cha mu (sampling container)
Vt dng dng cha, ng qu sau khi ly mu.
CH THCH: Vt cha mu trc tip: ti nilon, ti do, ti giy khng thm nc, vt cha mu gin tip: st, thng nha,
khay nha, hp giy, hp xp
3.13
Tm lc mu (simplified sample sheet)
Tm phng dng hn hp v gin lc mu.
CH THCH: Tm lc mu c lm t cht do, nilon, giy, loi khng thm nc.
4 Yu cu chung
4.1 Yu cu chung i vi ly mu qu ti
Vic ly mu phi c tin hnh sao cho mu th nghim thu c mang tnh i din cho l vn
sn xut.
Qu trnh ly mu t vn sn xut n khi a mu vo phn tch ti phng th nghim phi m
bo rng mu khng b thay i cc tnh cht c, l, ha hc hay thnh phn vi sinh vt.
Phng php ly mu, khi lng mu th nghim ph thuc vo mc ch ca vic ly mu, qui m,
cch thc sn xut v tng loi qu c th.
4.2 Ngi ly mu
Ngi ly mu phi c chng ch o to v ly mu qu theo quy nh hin hnh.
Ngi ly mu phi c bin php thch hp trnh nhim bn mu t bn ngoi.
4.3 Thi im ly mu
Mu c ly ti thi im thu hoch, trnh thi gian nng gt hay ang ma.
4.4 Xc nh l vn sn xut cn ly mu
Trc khi tin hnh ly mu, cn xc nh:
Ch l vn sn xut, a ch, s gii tha v din tch ca l vn, chng loi qu cn ly mu.
Trng hp l vn c kch thc ln phi chia thnh cc l vn nh theo quy nh ti 6.1.
S mu th nghim, mu lu (nu cn); s mu n ti thiu trn mt mu th nghim; s phn b
cc im ly mu trn l vn sn xut.
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5 Dng c, thit b
5.1 Dng c ly mu
5.1.1 Dng c ly mu phn tch ch tiu vt l v ho hc
Dng c ly mu phi sch, kh, sc bn, khng g, khng gy dp nt v khng lm thay i thnh
phn ha hc ca sn phm.
5.1.2 Dng c ly mu phn tch ch tiu vi sinh vt
Dng c ly mu phi sch, kh sc bn, khng g, khng gy dp nt, khng lm thay i h vi sinh
vt ca sn phm v phi c kh trng trc khi s dng. C th kh trng bng mt trong cc
phng php sau:
a) kh trng kh nhit 170
0
C trong t sy ti thiu 60 min;
b) kh trng t nhit 121
0
C trong ni hp tit trng ti thiu 15 min;
c) chiu x bng n t ngoi vi liu lng v thi gian va .
Sau khi kh trng bng mt trong cc phng php trn, dng c ly mu phi c bo qun trong
iu kin v trng cho n khi s dng.
Nu trong trng hp c bit, khng c iu kin p dng mt trong ba phng php trn th c th
dng mt trong cc phng php thay th sau y:
d) t trn ngn la thch hp;
e) nhng ngp trong dung dch etanol ri kh;
f) lau sch b mt bng bng tm etanol 70 %;
g) nhng ngp trong nc nhit si 100
0
C trong thi gian t 10 min n 20 min.
Dng c ly mu c kh trng bng phng php thay th phi c s dng ngay sau khi kh
hay ngui.
5.2 Vt cha mu
5.2.1 Yu cu chung
Vt cha mu phi c dung tch v hnh dng ph hp vi kch thc ca cc n v mu. Vt liu ca
vt cha tip xc trc tip vi mu phi khng thm nc, khng ha tan, khng hp th v khng gy
tn thng c gii cho qu.
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5.2.2 Vt cha mu phn tch ch tiu vt l v ho hc
Vt cha mu phi sch, kh, c tc dng bo v c mu, khng lm nh hng n kt qu phn
tch tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca mu.
5.2.3 Vt cha mu phn tch ch tiu vi sinh vt
Vt cha mu phi sch, kh, c tc dng bo v c mu, khng lm thay i h vi sinh vt ca mu.
5.3 Tm lc mu
5.3.1 Yu cu chung
Tm lc mu phi c din tch ph hp vi kch thc v khi lng mu chung.
5.3.2 Tm lc mu phn tch ch tiu vt l v ho hc
Tm lc mu phi sch, kh, khng lm thay i tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca mu.
5.3.3 Tm lc mu phn tch ch tiu vi sinh vt
Tm lc mu phi sch, kh, khng lm thay i h vi sinh vt ca mu.
6 Cch tin hnh
6.1 Xc nh s mu th nghim ti thiu v s mu n ti thiu
6.1.1 L vn sn xut do mt h hoc mt doanh nghip qun l
L vn sn xut c din tch 5 ha: mi l ly ti thiu mt mu th nghim.
L vn sn xut c din tch >5 ha: phi chia thnh nhiu l nh c din tch 5 ha, mi l nh ly ti
thiu mt mu th nghim.
S mu n ti thiu trn mt mu th nghim ph thuc vo loi qu v din tch l vn (xem Ph
lc B).
6.1.2 L vn sn xut do nhiu h qun l (hp tc x, t hp tc)
L vn sn xut c din tch 5 ha: mi l ly ti thiu mt mu th nghim.
L vn sn xut c din tch >5 ha: phi phn thnh nhiu l nh c din tch 5 ha, mi l nh ly ti
thiu mt mu th nghim.
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S mu n ti thiu cho mt mu th nghim ph thuc vo s h tham gia sn xut trong l vn (n).
S mu n ti thiu = S h ly mu ti thiu = n nhng khng c t hn 5 mu.
Trng hp l vn do nhiu h qun l nhng khng cng iu kin sn xut th phi ly mu ring
ca tng h v mu ch i din cho h sn xut .
6.2 Xc nh c mu phng th nghim ti thiu
C mu phng th nghim ti thiu tu thuc vo loi qu, c quy nh c th Ph lc C.
6.3 Xc nh c mu n ti thiu
C mu n ti thiu ca cc loi qu, m, tnh bng kilogam hoc qu theo cng thc sau:

k
a
A
m 2 =
trong :
A l c mu phng th nghim ti thiu, tnh bng kilogam hoc qu;
a l s mu n cn ly;
k l s ln gin lc mu (k = 0 hoc 1):
i vi loi qu c khi lng rt ln (>500 g/n v) v khng cn lu mu: k = 0;
i vi cc loi qu cn li v cn lu mu: k = 1.
6.4 Xc nh v tr ly mu n
6.4.1 i vi qu cha thu hoch cn nguyn vn trn cy
V tr ly mu n i vi qu cha thu hoch ph thuc vo din tch, hnh dng l vn sn xut
(xem Ph lc D).
a) Qu ti c khi lng rt ln (>500 g): ly mu n phn phi u theo ng cho (Hnh D.1)
hay hnh zigzag 5 im (Hnh D.2).
b) Qu c khi lng 500 g hoc dng chm:
L vn sn xut c hnh dng hp chy di: ly mu theo hnh zigzag (Hnh D.2), s im ly mu
n tu thuc vo din tch trng (Ph lc B).
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L vn sn xut c hnh dng cn i: ly mu phn phi u theo ng cho (Hnh D.1), theo
tuyn dc (Hnh D.3) hoc theo tuyn ngang (Hnh D.4), s im ly mu n cng tu thuc vo din
tch trng (Ph lc B).
6.4.2 i vi qu thu hoch nhng cn nm trn vn
a) Qu thu hoch xong c xp thnh ng trn vn: s mu n cng c tnh theo din tch
trng theo 6.4.1. Mu n c ly phi phn b u cc ng theo t l tng ng v khi lng
hay kch thc ca ng qu. Cc v tr ly mu phi phn b u trong ng ti 3 lp: lp trn; lp
gia v lp y.
b) Qu thu hoch v c xp vo vt cha (bao, thng, hp, st...) th s mu c ly theo
TCVN 5102:1990 (xem Ph lc E ca tiu chun ny).
6.5 Xc nh v ly n v mu
Mi im ly mt mu n ca t 1 cy n 3 cy, tu thuc vo tng loi cy:
cy tn rng, nhiu qu hay qu c khi lng ln: ly mi im t 1 cy n 2 cy;
cy t qu hay qu nh: mi im c th ly mu ca t 2 cy n 3 cy.
Cy c ly mu phi sinh trng bnh thng; loi b cy qu xu, su bnh gy hi nng, qu t
qu; khng ly qu thuc cy nm hng ngoi cng ca l rung sn xut. Qu c ly mu c
chn ng u, khng b su bnh, khng thi dp, khng d dng.
V tr qu ly mu: Tu thuc vo loi cy n qu, thng thng qu c ly nm 4 hng ca 3
tng tn (cao, thp v gia) c lng theo t l qu hin c trn cy, khng ly qu cnh ngn v
cnh qu thp so vi mt t.
V D 1: i vi qu nm trn thn cy (mt, u ): ly qu nm phn gia thn.
V D 2: i vi chui nguyn bung, mu c ly t cc ni thuc phn trn, phn gia v phn di ca bung (tr ni
trn cng v ni di cng).
Trong trng hp qu c ly b vy bn bn v t, nn s dng giy mm, m, sch lau chi tht
nh nhng cho n khi qu sch kh.
6.6 Thit lp mu th nghim
Hn hp mu, gin lc mu c tin hnh trn tm lc mu (5.3).
i vi loi qu c khi lng nh (<100 g): a ton b mu n vo tm lc mu (5.3), trn u
thnh mu chung. Dn mng, chia lng mu chung thnh 4 phn, ly 2 phn i din dng lm mu
th nghim. Phn cn li dng lm mu lu.
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i vi loi qu c khi lng va v ln (>250 g) v cn lu mu: a ton b mu n vo tm
lc mu (5.3) thnh mu chung. Chia, tch ngu nhin mu chung thnh 2 phn; ly mt phn dng
lm mu th nghim. Phn cn li dng lm mu lu.
i vi loi qu c khi lng rt ln (>500 g) v khng cn lu mu (k = 0) th tm lc mu (5.3) ch
l ni hn hp cc mu n thnh mu phng th nghim.
7 Bo qun v vn chuyn mu n phng th nghim
7.1 Yu cu chung
Sau khi ly mu phi bao gi, bo qun v vn chuyn ngay n phng th nghim gim thiu ti
a s thay i trng thi, tnh cht ban u ca mu. Thi gian gi mu cng nhanh cng tt v tt
nht l trong vng 24 h mu c x l ti phng th nghim.
Bao gi mi mu qu bng mt trong cc loi mng bao nh PE (polyetylen), LDPE (polyetylen t trng
thp), HDPE (polyetylen t trng cao). Sau t gi mu vo thng, hp cha mu, trnh nh sng
trc tip ca mt tri. Khng xp chng cht qu nhiu thng hp, khng nn qu cht v c th gy
dp nt mu.
Bo qun mu nhit t 10
o
C n 15
o
C trong khoang ca xe lnh chuyn dng hoc s dng
thng cch nhit c cha lnh (c iu chnh nhit bng nhit k thng qua khi lng cho
vo thng).
7.2 i vi mu dng phn tch ch tiu vi sinh vt
Mu u phi bo qun nhit t 10
o
C n 15
o
C v mi mu c ring trong mt thng hoc
vt cha trnh s ly nhim cho v s nhn nhanh ca vi sinh vt.
7.3 i vi mu dng phn tch ch tiu vt l v ho hc
Nu vn chuyn mu gi nhanh ngay trong ngy v nhit ngoi tri thp c th s dng xe thng
thng chuyn ch.
8 Bao gi, ghi nhn, nim phong i vi mu th nghim v mu lu
Mu th nghim phi c bao gi, ghi nhn v nim phong (nu cn) m bo rng chng c
bo qun tt, khng b ly nhim cho v th hin y thng tin nhn bit v sn phm v v
ngi chu trch nhim ly mu. Thc hin tng t i vi mu lu, nu cn.
a) Bao gi: gi tng n v mu vo trong vt cha mu thch hp (5.2) nh mng bao, ti nilon c
l, ti do, ti giy khng thm nc.
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b) Ghi nhn: nhn phi c kch c thch hp, sng mu, khng thm nc, kh ty xa, d c v bao
gm mt s thng tin cn thit nhn bit nh:
k hiu m ho ca mu;
thi gian ly mu;
ch tiu phn tch;
tn ngi ly mu, ch k.
c) Nim phong: Nim phong c dn phn mp ngoi ca mi gi mu (nu cn). Du nim phong
c s dng l con du ring ca n v ly mu.
9 Bin bn ly mu
Bin bn ly mu c lp sau khi nim phong mu. Ngi ly mu v i din ca cc bn lin
quan (ngi sn xut, t chc sn xut) cng chng kin qu trnh ly mu v k vo bin bn (xem
Ph lc F).







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Ph lc A
(Quy nh)
Trnh t ly mu


L vn sn xut
trong thi k thu hoch

Tnh s mu th nghim
Tnh s mu n cho mt mu th nghim

Mu ban u
(mu im, mu n)

Hn hp mu

Mu chung
(mu hn hp)

Gin lc mu
Bao gi, ghi nhn
Bo qun, vn chuyn mu


Mu lu Mu phng th nghim


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Ph lc B
(Quy nh)
S mu th nghim ti thiu


Bng B.1 S mu th nghim ti thiu
Loi qu Din tch l vn
sn xut, ha
S mu th
nghim ti thiu
S mu n ti thiu trn
mt mu th nghim
Qu c khi lng ln
( 0,5 kg)
5 1 5
0,1 1 5
t 0,1 n 1 1 t 5 n 6
t 1 n 5 1 t 6 n 8
Qu c khi lng va v
nh (< 0,5 kg)
5 1 t 8 n 9


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Ph lc C
(Quy nh)
C mu phng th nghim ti thiu

Bng C.1 C mu phng th nghim ti thiu
Khi lng qu Loi qu Dng t nhin ca mu
ban u c ly
C mu phng th
nghim ti thiu
C rt ln (> 500 g) Mt, su ring, da C n v (qu) 5 qu
C ln (ln hn 250 g
n 500 g)
u , bi, thanh long,
da
C n v (qu) 2 kg (5 qu)
C trung bnh (ln
hn 100 g n 250 g)
To ty, cam, l, qut,
xoi, hng chn, i, na,
v sa, mng ct
C n v (qu) 2 kg (10 qu)
C nh (ln hn 25 g
n 100 g)
Mn, o, hng ngm,
to nh, kh, chanh
C n v (qu) 1 kg
C rt nh (nh hn
25 g)
M, du C n v (qu) 1 kg
Nho
Chm hoc 1 phn chm
qu
10 chm hoc 10
phn chm qu
Dng chm
Vi, nhn, chm chm C n v (qu) 1 kg qu
Dng ni Chui C n v (qu) 10 qu



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Ph lc D
(Tham kho)
Cch chn im ly mu n i vi qu cha thu hoch













Hnh D.1 Ly mu n theo ng cho Hnh D.2 Ly mu n theo hnh zigzag

















Hnh D.3 Ly mu n theo tuyn dc















Hnh D.4 Ly mu n theo tuyn ngang
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Ph lc E
(Quy nh)
S mu n, cch ly mu n i vi qu thu hoch, c xp vo vt cha


Bng E.1 S mu n, cch ly mu n i vi qu thu hoch,
c xp vo vt cha

S vt cha (bao, gi) ging nhau S mu n c ly
(mi bao, gi ly 1 mu n)
100 5
101 n 300 7
301 n 500 9
501 n 1000 10
> 1000 t 11 n 15







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Ph lc F
(Tham kho)
Bin bn ly mu

TN C QUAN LY MU

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc

BIN BN
Ly mu qu ti trn vn sn xut

..., ngy. thng. nm.

S hiu bin bn ly mu:

- Tn c s sn xut/ ch h: a ch:
- Tn ngi ly mu: M s ch nh (ca ngi ly mu)
- n v qun l:
- Phng php ly mu:
- Thng tin v mu c ly:

STT Tn mu S lng mu Khi lng mu K hiu mu
1
2
3
4
5
6

Bin bn ny c lp thnh 02 bn c gi tr nh nhau, mi bn gi mt bn.

i din bn c mu Ngi ly mu
(H tn v ch k) (H tn v ch k)
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Th mc ti liu tham kho

[1] TCVN 4441:2009, Phng php ly mu ngu nhin sn phm dng n chic.
[2] TCVN 4731:1989, Kim dch thc vt Phng php ly mu.
[3] TCVN 5139:2008 (CAC/GL 33-1999), Phng php khuyn co ly mu xc nh d lng
thuc bo v thc vt ph hp vi cc gii hn d lng ti a (MRL).
[4] Nguyn Th Lan, Phm Tin Dng, 2006. Gio trnh Phng php th nghim. Nh xut bn Nng
nghip.
[5] Thng t s 05/2010/TT-BNNPTNT ngy 22/1/2010 hng dn vic kim tra, gim st v sinh an
ton thc phm nng sn trc khi a ra th trng.
[6] S tay hng dn ly mu rau qu ni b VNCRQ, Vin Cy n qu min Nam.
[7] Vin Bo v thc vt. Phng php nghin cu Bo v thc vt. Nh xut bn nng nghip 1997.
[8] Global GAP, 2009. General Regulations Integrated Farm Assurance. Version V3.1, Nov 2009, Part II
Certification Body Rules.
[9] FAO Guidelines on Producing Pesticide Residues Data from Supervised Trials, FAO Rome 1990.
Recommended sampling method for supervised field trial.
[10] Fresh fruit and vegetable sampling for Laboratory testing. Sampling and Shipping Procedures of
the Fresh fruit and vegetable Inspection Manual, 1996. Canadian Food Inspection Agency.



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