Professional Documents
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Food Urbanism Grimm
Food Urbanism Grimm
Food Urbanism Grimm
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typology of circulation within the future urban fabric figure 21
food urbanism
page 52
The circulation diagram above for the typology of circulation represents the levels of traffic
intensity on each type of circulation. By implementing this typology the core of the 250
blocks is much more pedestrian friendly. The food blvds are protected from vehicular traffic
and create a continuous landscape that connects areas of the community together create a
walkable community. The food blvds, local streets, and market blvds would provide safe routes
to school. The diagram represents how a market blvd is the core of pedestrian and bicyclist
circulation. Each are able to safely reach a market blvd with very little confrontation with cars.
major arterial
minor arterial
food blvd
food blvd
minor arterial
local street
local street
minor arterial
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figure 22
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 53
The market blvd as the core of the typology of circulation would become the core of the urban
food system and would guide new development. By implementing market blvds as a piece of
leading infrastructure in new development it would have the same impact as a transit oriented
development but also be productive. The level of activity would be consistent to that of a busy
business district, bike path, and linear park like that along the Lea River navigational channel in
East London.
figure 23
food urbanism
page 54
Just as important as any piece of the urban food system typology guidelines would require that
private development use edible landscaping and provide private outdoor space to a required
percent of residential units. Private residence owners could supplement their vegetables and
fruits with those they grow in their own yard.
figure 24
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 55
Just as guidelines for new development would require a set percent to be for private outdoor
use; community gardens could be a form of this requirement. Community/allotment gardens
would allow individuals to work and socialize together while working on each others plots.
figure 25
food urbanism
page 56
The food blvd is the heart and soul of the pedestrian and bicyclist movement. Instead of
walking along a busy street and a harsh building edge pedestrians can follow a food blvd and
purchase items at market stands along the food blvd. The food blvd would create a safe route
for children walking to school.
figure 26
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 57
The institution would provide a long list of services to the community including beginning
farmer training, home food processing classes, and etc. The institution would range in scale
depending on the institutions site and mission statement.
figure 27
food urbanism
page 58
Neighborhood farms with the capability of supporting 112 people with their fruit and
vegetables would be an enormous asset to neighborhoods. In addition to producing food
neighborhood farms would also be a community park. By connecting neighborhood and urban
farms together to active parks with food blvds a continuous productive landscape network of
alternative routes would be created. The neighborhood farm would provide many community
services and also be busy with activities.
figure 28
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 59
The urban farm would be like a city park with bike trails, wildlife areas, playgrounds, and active
recreation fields and courts. As part of these activities food production would be intermixed in
the web of activities. A family would be able to spend an entire day at an urban farm because
they could have breakfast at the restaurant in the farm and spend time helping the farmer pick
apples in the morning and then play soccer as part of an organized league in the afternoon.
figure 29
food urbanism
page 60
Every piece of the urban food system typology implemented together in this diagram begins to
represent the continuous productive urban landscape that begins to form. Forget the car today
and maybe the bus and walk over to the community garden and work for an hour and then
bike along the food blvd and hit up Garys market along the market blvd since he said he would
have carrots this morning.
figure 30
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 61
the potential of an urban food system
Earlier landcover analysis has created signs that an urban food system has a huge potential
but how many people could a typical urban or neighborhood farm and a community garden
plot support? The Economic Research Service within the U.S. Department of Agriculture
annually publishes per capita demands of fruits and vegetables. Calculations can decipher the
potential of a urban food system.
As tools both for producers and local CADCs there are two ways of calculating the capita that
could be supported by a specific scale of production. The following calculations on the next
page are examples of each and are based on tomatoes and potatoes grown on a 5 acre urban
farm. The first example calculating the potential of an urban system based on yield + scale
of production is inefficient. As the example shows two different sizes of groups of consumers
have to be marketed to be able to sell all the potatoes and tomatoes grown on an urban
farm to prevent waste. In this example a producer or grocerer is able to market potatoes and
tomatoes to 252 people both at the same time. This means that when a consumer comes to
the urban farm or grocery store they can purchase both their potatoes and tomatoes that they
demand annually. There is still tomatoes remaining after all the potatoes have been sold. Now
a producer or grocer needs to find and market just tomatoes to another 414 individuals. This
requires more time and money on their part.
The second example calculating the potential of an urban system based on the demand +
yield ratio is the correct and most efficient way of calculating the potential of an urban food
system. Opposite from the first example calculations are now based on the demand and yield
ratio rather than only yield. By basing calculations on this ratio a producer is able to determine
a specific amount of land that should be designated to a certain crop so that after marketing
all the grown product there is very little or no amount of a certain product left over. This saves
money and time and prevents waste. Appendixes C-E are spreadsheets that would assist a
CADC official or producer in calculating the potential of a known scale of production.
food urbanism
page 62
calculating the potential of an urban system based
on yield + scale of production
calculating the potential of an urban system based
on demand + yield ratio
calculation based on a 5 acre urban farm
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20 lbs
1 acre yields 13,333 lbs
= 11% of 5 acres will be dedicated to
growing potatoes
= 200 people
= 200 people
.55 acres x 13,333 lbs/acre = 7,333 lbs
.1 acres x 44,444 lbs/acre = 4,444 lbs
= 2% of 5 acres will be dedicated to
growing potatoes
=
=
.002790
.000448
1 acre yields 44,444 lbs
-252 people
414 more people
needed to be marketed
to sell remaining
tomatoes before
spoiling
666 people
demand/capita
demand/capita
1 acre yields 44,444 lbs
.3 acre yields13,333 lbs
13,333 lbs / 20 lbs = 666 people
capita
1 acre yields 13,333 lbs
.7 acre yields 9,333 lbs
9,333 lbs / 37 lbs = 252 people
capita
37 lbs
capita acre
13,333 lbs
/
20 lbs
capita acre
44,444 lbs
/
capita
acre
capita
acre
.026430
capita
acre
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capita
acre
37 lbs/capita
20 lbs/capita
Total capita/acre
Total capita/acre
figure 31
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 63
= 200 people
= 200 people
189 PEOPLE
5 acre urban farm
2.5 acre neighborhood farm
300 square feet allotment
112 PEOPLE
.4 PEOPLE
the potential of a urban farm + neighborhood farm +
allotment garden figure 32
food urbanism
page 64
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= 23,124 population supported by urban farms and neighborhood farms
neighborhood farm
2.5 acres
urban farm
5 acres
population 54,745 (2007)
- population in ISU residence halls 8,500
= population minus ISU halls 46,245
x 50% of population
x 50%
= 11,562 capita supported by urban farms
/ 189 captia supported per urban farm
= 62 urban farms
x 5 acres per urban farm
= 310 acres dedicated to urban farms
= 11,562 capita supported by neighborhood farms
/ 112 captia supported per neighborhood farm
= 103 neighborhood farms
x 2.5 acres per neighborhood farm
* calculations do not include community plots within community gardens
and food blvds. plus private residence gardens
= 258 acres dedicated to neighborhood farms
= 568 acres dedicated to urban and neighborhood farms
to support 50% of the population of Ames minus ISU residence halls
with their annual fruit and vegetables
The graphics on page 61 represent the potential of a 5 acre urban farm, 2.5 acre neighborhood
farm and a 300 sq foot community garden plot. Calculations were based on the demand and
yield ratio example from page 60 and were based on the fruits and vegetables represented
within the graphic on page 61. These calculations represent a large potential of both the urban
and neighborhood farm and support the assumption that a 300 sq foot community garden
would only be able to provide just below half of the vegetables needed by an individual.
The graphic below represents how the potential of the urban and neighborhood farm can be
used to inform an urban food systems potential. The city of Ames 2007 population minus
the approximate 8,500 students that live within ISU dorms, was 46,245. thus to support 50%
of the population of Ames with fruit and vegetables there would need to be approximately 62
urban farms and 103 neighborhoods; assuming that half of the produce is grown at urban
farms and half at neighborhood farms. These farms would require approximately 570 acres of
land within the city limits.
figure 33
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 65
P III: urban food system
proposals and case studies
food urbanism
page 66
implementation of urban food system
department/non-profit that implements urban system
Community Agriculture and Design Center (CADC)
In order for research to be applicable to growing urban communities it is important that duties
and responsibilities be established for the organization/department that would have jurisdiction
over developing an urban food system. Using Ames as an example for other communities,
Ames (pg 67) and other community structures were studied to determine where such an
organization/department would be best housed in the community governance structure. Every
community management structure is different so Ames was only an example.
CADC would have the responsibility of the planning and design of a productive urban
landscape in a urban food system. Within Ames the CADC will be located within the
Department of Community Development, currently planning and housing. The CADC will be in
the same department as planning, housing and economic development. In this location they
would have a direct connection to the city governance system that is partially funded by the
city and produces additional funding from its own work sector.
Responsibilities
The organizations responsibilities would be to develop UA proposals, strategize with existing
stakeholders, provide technical design assistance and provide grants and funding to:
Institutions
Grocers
Neighborhood Organizations
Individual Community Members/Local Producers
Municipal Departments
That want to develop a:
Urban farm
Neighborhood Farm
Non-profit CSA/production gardens
Community/allotment garden
Urban market
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 67
Local food processing center
Grocery store
Restaurant
Local producer wanting product marketing assistance
CSA (community supported agriculture)
Additional responsibilities of the CADC will be to develop a community land inventory
establishing a catalog of appropriate sites that are suitable to be developed for urban
agriculture. With this inventory the organization will establish a relationship with the city
planning and development office, community school districts, religious organizations,
community gardening organizations and the housing, planning, and economic development
departments. After establishing these relationships, staff with the CADC will develop
proposals, strategize with existing stake holders, provide technical design assistance and
provide grants and funding. Assistance will be provided to stakeholders developing productive
landscape retrofits or for new urban private developments.
The CADC will with current stakeholders in the community food system establish continuous
production, processing and distribution channels, and develop goals that set standards
for access to local food within the community. These goals will be achieved through new
development policies that create guidelines for new development and retrofits of existing
underutilized urban land.
Figure 1 represents the organizational chart within the CADC including its responsibilities and
some example stakeholders.
food urbanism
page 68
organizational chart of the Community Agriculture and Design Center
CADC
Community Agriculture
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Design Center
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figure 34
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 69
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figure 35
food urbanism
page 70
proposals of the urban food system typology in the urban
case study
Within the theory of food urbanism, the urban food system typology and the typology of
circulation both form the guidelines and backbone to a communitys organization that is
related to food. The following proposals are examples of the implementation of the urban food
system typology and typology of circulation. The proposals are focused within the Somerset
neighborhood in Northwest Ames. Guidelines and plans provide an example of how UA can
be established in new urban development. This example is a representation of how the food
relates to the organization of new development. The proposals are signs of how development
could progress north and west on the urban fringe of Ames and be guided by UA guidelines.
The plan of Somerset on the following page diagrammatically inserts the urban food system
typology. Stange Rd has been retrofitted into a market blvd with public transportation and
bicyclists commuting along the production plots managed by urban farmers and community
members. The new residential development north of Aspen Road and west of Stange Rd has
been developed along food blvds where community members are managing plots they rent
annually. The food blvds provide safe routes to the proposed elementary school in the heart
of Somerset. Children during science, history and health class could use the neighborhood
farm to learn about the natural cycles of the earth, agriculture and where their food comes
from. The community garden at Northridge parkway and Northridge lane is managed by the
neighborhood organization made up by the residents that live within the condos, townhomes,
and apartments in the southwest corner of Somerset.
George Washington Carver Ave and Bloomington Rd are major arterials directing auto traffic
along with the minor arterials of Northridge Pkwy, Aspen Rd, and Stange Rd. Local streets
within the residential area are local traffic only because of limited access from major arterials
and minor arterials. Bicyclists and pedestrians are still able to circulate along the food
blvds and market blvds. As new development progresses north across Bloomington Rd the
extension of food blvds and Stange Market Blvd will create the framework that development
will infill around.
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 71
0 150 300 600ft
stange market blvd extension
multi-family housing
existing single family housing
food blvd
private production gardens
stange market blvd cpul
kingston food blvd
existing apartments
aspen food blvd
neighborhood farm
proposed elementary school
existing commercial + office
existing apartments/townhomes
allotment gardens
proposed commerical + retail +
office + housing
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bloomington road
allotment gardens
proposal of urban food system
and circulation typologies -
Somerset, Ames, IA
AA
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figure 36
food urbanism
page 72
the urban food system in 2025
There are many activities happening today Friday June 5th
near the intersection of Stange Market Blvd and Kingston
Food Blvd. Stange is the center of activity in Ames from the
beginning of spring to the first snow fall of the year. The core
of the all the activities are the urban farmers and community
members growing fruits and vegetables for personal
consumption and/or commercial resale in the urban food
system.
The urban farmers are managing parcels half an acre
or larger and processing their crops in their own market
building. The farmer and their staff are washing the produce
and then canning, drying or freezing items. As community
members circulate along the bike trails and food blvds they
can stop at the market and purchase items from the urban
farmer. The urban farmer though also sells his products at
the grocery store across the street from his parcel. There is
no need for any truck because his garden cart is faster.
Across the food blvds bike path community members, that
rent plots, have organized themselves into a CSA. Today
they are picking the weekly shares for their members to pick
up in a couple of hours. Each of their 10 plots of 300 sq ft
are producing about 10 different items from salad greens,
onions, tomatoes, and eggplant. As part of their rental fee
they use a small space in the storage building to wash all
their produce and box it up in the CSA crates. When their
CSA members pick up their crates they will bring back an
empty crate in exchange of the new weekly share.
Its about 10 am this Friday morning. Bicyclist and CyRide
buses have been going up and down Stange just on the
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figure 37
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 73
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other side of the vegetated stormwater buffer. The buffer
helps catch any emissions that may drift from the street and
it also helps capture all the stormwater from the surrounding
streets and buildings. The buffer sure makes the production
plots a lot quieter and attracts a lot of bird species and
wildlife.
Tomorrow is our annual beginning of the summer
community food festival. The festival is meant to celebrate
the new year and meet the urban farmers that are farming
along the market blvds, food blvds, and city farms. The
CADC holds community garden clean up days throughout
the year and tomorrow they are having their second of the
year. Tomorrows clean up day will be meant to clean up
any waste from the years first crops and condense all
the compost in the community at a few of the city farms.
Community members and urban farmers all are able to get
compost from the CADC throughout the year that has been
collected.
Saturdays are always very busy on the market blvd. The
blvd is a continuous landscape that families and individuals
bike and walk along. The blvd is a safe route to the city
farms, parks and schools where the more active recreation
activities are centered. Today Saturday June 6 as part of the
festival the food blvds are busy with community members
selling produce at the stands. Small market buildings can
be rented from the CADC to sell produce to community
members. Today though as part of the festival CADC
removes the fee to rent the small market buildings so many
community members rent them together in advance.
Every Saturday morning is the same. When you walk done
the market blvd cafes and restaurants have their doors
open and have set up tables and chairs outdoors. You can
smell the sweet butter milk pancakes and peppery sausage.
The smells always seem much richer when the milk and
sausage are grown on the urban farms from the peri-urban
figure 37
figure 38
food urbanism
page 74
fruit trees
managed by
urban farmer
Stange Road
public transportation + bicyclists only
composting
community plots
rentable market
stand
storage + processing +
market stand
Kingston Food Blvd
processing +
storage
STANGE MARKET
BLVD+ KINGSTON
FOOD BLVD
looking west
The perspective above
represents Stange Road.
The current road would
be retrofitted into market
blvd in Somerset from
Northridge Pkwy to
Bloomington Rd. The
road would then continue
north from Bloomington
as a backbone that
development would
follow. Community plots
would be created and
rented by individuals
annually and .5 acre and
larger parcels would be
managed for commercial
production by new urban
farmers.
edges of the city. At the peri-urban edge livestock and small grains are
produced. Today though because of the festival the streets and businesses are overflowing
with community members. Farmers are giving tours and children are running up and down
the rows of carrots, lettuce and cabbage. Most of the community members always go to
one neighborhood farm or urban farm. As community members part of their taxes go to
support the farmers at these farms. The tours allow community members to meet their
farmers and create a relationship with each other.
For the rest of the morning community members will be coming and going from the local
cafes and restaurants and visiting with community members and farmers at the small
market stands along the market blvd and food blvds. Today as part of the festival the
afternoon is filled with events from the clean up day to sports games at the neighborhood
farm and school. Within the neighborhood along the food blvds neighborhood organizations
have recently in the last two years created block garden parties. Many of the blocks have
organized themselves and have been holding these parties to show off their beautiful
gardens and in some cases sell many of their products that they are growing in their
gardens. Colors along the food blvds are vibrant blues, pinks, yellows and violets.
Community members have begun to market fresh cut flowers and many individuals along
the blocks have even created businesses out their own backyards.
figure 39
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 75
washing station +
tool storage
300 sq ft
community plots
pedestrians +
bicyclists only
private production
plots
composting
private lots
private fruit trees
private storage
KINGSTON FOOD
BLVD
looking west
The perspective below
represents the food
blvd connecting Stange
Road with the proposed
residential development
in Somerset. The food
boulevard is only
for pedestrians and
bicyclists. Community
plots would be created
along the boulevard to
be rented by individuals
annually.
You would think that you were in a ghost town on the weekends if you would happen to
drive down one the streets. During the weekend when families are not off to work or school
the food blvds and market blvds are the primary route to and from places either by bike or
walking. The paths are lined with edible landscaping such as gooseberries and apples trees.
5 years ago the CADC had inventoried all the fruit trees in the city. Community members
can list their fruit trees so that others may come and share in on the harvest every year.
During the week you can always pick out the urban farmers because during the weekend
these parcels become empty and the community gardens are crawling with members
managing their plots. The food blvd is a linear community garden. Within the food blvd
members are able to share tools or bring their own. Washing stations and composting
areas are provided for members to share. The community garden is basically the same
except all the storage and processing happens in one building. Plots are 300 sq ft or larger
so that community members can choose how large of plot they would like to have. All
the rents each year support the upkeep of the community gardens such as new raised
beds, weed control, and new tools. The community gardens are ran by the neighborhood
figure 40
food urbanism
page 76
300 sq ft
community plots
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composting +
rainwater harvesting
secure fencing
shared community
plot
processing +
storage
NORTHRIDGE
PKWY +
NORTHRIDGE
LANE ALLOTMENT
GARDEN
looking southwest
The perspective below
represents a community
garden in the existing
residential neighborhood
of Somerset. Community
plots would be created to
be rented by individuals
annually.
organizations in the city and recently many of them have begun to
capture the rainwater from the rooftops of the small buildings and washing stations. All the
members then share the rainwater to be used in the garden.
Just like the community gardens the neighborhood and urban farms are flourishing with
activity on the weekends. Neighborhood farms act as neighborhood parks and the urban
farms are destination parks. An urban farm was started 5 years ago on the southeastern
corner of Somerset and now today it competes with Ada Hayden park near the north
central edge of town. Community members walk the trails, along the prairie pothole
wetlands that are historic to this area of Iowa, on the farm and visit the cafe at the farmers
market. Each neighborhood farm and urban farm has their own processing facilities and
market on the farm.
The farms offer classes from urban farmer training, composting 101, aquaculture, and food
preservation. Many of the neighborhood farmers also provide employment opportunities
for school children and low income individuals. The farmers teach them many skills from
growing your own food to simple skills as time management, business etiquette, and other
life skills.
The neighborhood farm today in Somerset as part of the festival is offering special
classes on things such as how to build a raised bed and how to start a vermiculture box
figure 41
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 77
hoop houses
storage,processing,
indoor market
trail connection to
school
customer parking
fruit & berries buffer
elementary school
fruit trees
rotational production
plots
NEIGHBORHOOD
FARM +
ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
looking south
This neighborhood farm
(1-3.5 acres) in Somerset
would be sited adjacent
to a new elementary
school. With 2.5 acres
of productive growing
area the neighborhood
farm would be able to
supply 112 residents with
their fruit and vegetables
based on demand and
yield. The farm would
be managed as a
commercial business
by a urban farmer. The
farmers staff would
assist in production,
processing and
marketing. Hoop houses
would allow year around
production of a select
number of crops.
at your home. The neighborhood farm in Somerset is part of the elementary school. The
farmer here works with the teachers and students on their own garden at the school. The
students are able to help plant in the spring and harvest vegetables from the gardens
throughout the year. Today students are showing their parents the garden as they head to
the soccer field. The community soccer league is wrapping a spring soccer season. The
neighborhood farm and school is a community park.
Tonight as a special event during the festival the CADC as organized a community wide
outdoor film festival. A big screen will be assembled on the soccer field at the elementary
school and community members and their children are invited to the event. The focus of
the film festival is the Ames food system. CADC has gathered a set of films from the last
15 years from community members. The films are created by urban farmers, community
members, and students all on true stories of events they have each been involved in.
The most important aspect of the urban food system is how the community has come
together around food.
figure 42
food urbanism
page 78
case studies of city + county + state policies
and guidelines of local food systems
The City of Vancouver, B.C. and Cleveland are important case studies to be evaluated when
developing urban food system policies and guidelines. The City of Vancouver intiated their
policies early while Cleveland has just recently enacted their programs out of response to the
enormous amount of urban agriculture occurring voluntarily and the amount of vacant land
within the city.
Vancouver, B.C.
The city of Vancouver is a leader in the local food system movement because of their
municipal supported urban agriculture. Their intiative began in 2003 with the Food Policy Task
Force that was given the task of developing a Food Action Plan to foster the development of a
just and sustainable food system for the City of Vancouver. The first action item that the task
force recommended to the city was the creation of their first elected Food Policy Council. In the
2004 the council began to integrate and build upon items in the Food Action Plan. Their first
step was the creation of the Vancouver Food Charter that identified the five principles of the
cities food system (Council 2007,2).
Community Economic Development
Ecological Health
Social Justice
Collaboration and Participation
Celebration
Recently in 2009 the Managing Director of Social Development and Director of Planning
along with Manager of Sustainability and the Director of Development Services recommended
to the City Council to approve their urban agriculture guidelines for the private realm. At the
time two developments were encouraging urban agriculture thus the city felt it was important
to have guidelines for future developments and to require private outdoor space for residential
units. The guidelines specified specific design considerations, facilities, number and size of
plots, and plant species as part of edible landscaping (Services, 2009).
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 79
The following is Design Considerations 3.1.3 Number and Size of Garden Plots
A: Where a consolidated common outdoor amenity space is provided, garden plots should be
provided for 30% of the residential units that do not have access to private outdoor space of
more than 100 square feet.
Cleveland
The City of Cleveland has acted out of response and concern of the thousands of acres of
vacant land and the enormous potential that urban agriculture has shown in the city. The citys
first policy enacted was meant to protect the current urban agriculture activities in the city. The
city thus established the Urban Garden District Zoning Code to unsure that urban agriculture
is appropriately located and protected to meet needs for local food production, community
health, community education, garden-related job training, environmental enhancement,
preservation of green space, and community enjoyment on sites for which urban gardens
represent the highest and best use for the community (Cleveland, 2008).
The following is an excerpt from the citys zoning code.
336.01 Urban Garden District
The Urban Garden District is hereby established as part of the Zoning Code to ensure
that urban garden areas are appropriately located and protected to meet needs for local
food production, community health, community education, garden-related job training,
environmental enhancement, preservation of green space, and community enjoyment on sites
for which urban gardens represent the highest and best use for the community.
(Ord. No. 208-07. Passed 3-5-07, eff. 3-9-07)
336.02 Definitions
(a) Community garden means an area of land managed and maintained by a group of
individuals to grow and harvest food crops and/or non-food, ornamental crops, such as
flowers, for personal or group use, consumption or donation. Community gardens may
be divided into separate plots for cultivation by one or more individuals or may be farmed
collectively by members of the group and may include common areas maintained and used by
group members.
(b) Market garden means an area of land managed and maintained by an individual or group
of individuals to grow and harvest food crops and/or non-food, ornamental crops, such as
flowers, to be sold for profit.
(c) Greenhouse means a building made of glass, plastic, or fiberglass in which plants are
cultivated.
food urbanism
page 80
(d) Hoophouse means a structure made of PVC piping or other material covered with
translucent plastic, constructed in a half-round or hoop shape.
(e) Coldframe means an unheated outdoor structure consisting of a wooden or concrete
frame and a top of glass or clear plastic, used for protecting seedlings and plants from the
cold.(Ord. No. 208-07. Passed 3-5-07, eff. 3-9-07)
336.03 Permitted Main Uses
Only the following main uses shall be permitted in an Urban Garden District:
(a) community gardens which may have occasional sales of items grown at the site;
(b) market gardens, including the sale of crops produced on the site.
(Ord. No. 208-07. Passed 3-5-07, eff. 3-9-07)
336.04 Permitted Accessory Uses
Only the following accessory uses and structures shall be permitted in an Urban Garden
District:
(a) greenhouses, hoophouses, cold-frames, and similar structures used to extend the growing
season;
(b) open space associated with and intended for use as garden areas;
(c) signs limited to identification, information and directional signs, including sponsorship
information where the sponsorship information is clearly secondary to other permitted
information on any particular sign, in conformance with the regulations of Section 336.05;
(d) benches, bike racks, raised/accessible planting beds, compost bins, picnic tables,
seasonal farm stands, fences, garden art, rain barrel systems, chicken coops, beehives, and
childrens play areas;
(e) buildings, limited to tool sheds, shade pavilions, barns, rest-room facilities with
composting toilets, and planting preparation houses, in conformance with the regulations of
Section 336.05.
(f) off-street parking and walkways, in conformance with the regulations of Section 336.05.
(Ord. No. 208-07. Passed 3-5-07, eff. 3-9-07)
336.05 Supplemental Regulations
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 81
Uses and structures in an Urban Garden District shall be developed and maintained in
accordance with the following regulations.
(a) Location. Buildings shall be set back from property lines of a Residential District a
minimum distance of five (5) feet.
(b) Height. No building or other structure shall be greater than twenty-five (25) feet in height.
(c) Building Coverage. The combined area of all buildings, excluding greenhouses and
hoophouses, shall not exceed fifteen percent (15%) of the garden site lot area.
(d) Parking and Walkways. Off-street parking shall be permitted only for those garden sites
exceeding 15,000 square feet in lot area. Such parking shall be limited in size to ten percent
(10%) of the garden site lot area and shall be either unpaved or surfaced with gravel or similar
loose material or shall be paved with pervious paving material. Walkways shall be unpaved
except as necessary to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities.
(e) Signs. Signs shall not exceed four (4) square feet in area per side and shall not exceed six
(6) feet in height.
(f) Seasonal Farm Stands. Seasonal farm stands shall be removed from the premises or
stored inside a building on the premises during that time of the year when the garden is not
open for public use.
(g) Fences. Fences shall not exceed six (6) feet in height, shall be at least fifty percent
(50%) open if they are taller than four (4) feet, and shall be constructed of wood, chain link,
or ornamental metal. For any garden that is 15,000 square feet in area or greater and is in
a location that is subject to design review and approval by the City Planning Commission
or Landmarks Commission, no fence shall be installed without review by the City Planning
Director, on behalf of the Commission, who may confer with a neighborhood design review
committee. If one exists, so that best efforts are taken to ensure that the fence is compatible
in appearance and placement with the character of nearby properties.
(Ord. No. 208-07. Passed 3-5-07, eff. 3-9-07
In addition to the Department of Planning that intiated the new zoning code last year the
Department of Economic Development just began a new program titled Gardening to
Greenbacks The program is meant to provide low interest loans and grants up to $3,000 for
members of farmer cooperatives and other community supported agriculture programs that
produce and sell local food. The grants are meant to assist in start up costs that may include
tools, irrigation systems, rain barrels, greenhouses and signage (Development, 2009).
food urbanism
page 82
definitions
agricultural conservation easements - deed restrictions landowners voluntarily place on their
property to keep land available for agriculture
agricultural urbanism - prescribes the full integration of the agri-food system within the
planning, design, development and function of cities and vice-versa. Agricultural Urbanism is
a mechanism to connect urbanites to their environment and to their agri-food system, reduce
their dependence on an ecologically unsound and increasingly vulnerable global-scale agrifood
system and create a significant regional economic sector. (Kent Mullinix 2008)
city manager - appoints all department heads and is responsible to the city council for proper
administration of all city business and for all the annual budget; hired by the city council (city
of Ames)
community agriculture and design center (CADC) - the organization/department that
would have jurisdiction over developing an urban food system; duties and responsibilities
would be to develop UA proposals, strategize with existing stake holders, provide technical
design assistance and provide grants and funding to institutions, grocers, neighborhood
organizations, individual community members, local producers and municipal departments
community design center - non-profit organization that offers grants and technical assistance
to help organizations/individuals/neighborhoods use professional architectural and planning
services (Pittsburgh CDC)
community supported agriculture (CSA) - form of marketing by a producer where a family
or individual purchases a share annually at the time of planting in return for a share during the
harvest each week; producer and shareholders shares the risk together in this agreement
continuous landscape - a network of planted open spaces in a city which are literally spatially
continuous, such as linear parks or inter connected open spaces that are virtually car free
allowing for bicyclists and pedestrian movement (Andre Viljoen 2005)
continuous production - community scale; all individuals managing community gardens up to
urban commercial farms are involved in food production, processing and marketing
market blvd - a form of circulation within an urban community specially for public
transportation and/or bicyclists and pedestrians; this form of circulation is incorporated with a
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 83
continuous productive landscape managed by individuals and/or local producers
food access - both geographical and monetary degree of access to food, determined by
income, supply, transport, storage and other factors (Andre Viljoen 2005)
food council - group of stakeholders that provides support to governments and citizens in
developing policy and programs related to the local food supply
food district - geographical sector of an urban community centered around the facilities
and activities of production and processing including retail, institutions, education, office,
architectural and landscape character and community events
food miles - the average distance that food travels from field to plate
food security - giving populations both economic and physical access to a supply of food,
sufficient in both quality and quantity social level and income (Andre Viljoen 2005)
food urbanism - how food relates to the organization of a city and how it becomes
infrastructure that transforms the urban experience
land trust - an agreement where by one party (trustee) agrees to hold ownership of a piece of
real property for the benefit of another party (beneficiary)
local food system - chain of activities connecting food production, processing, distribution,
consumption and waste management including the regulatory institutions and activities
non-profit organization (NPO) - solely to provide programs and services that are of public
benefit that are otherwise not provided by local, state and federal entities
peri-urban agriculture - agriculture occurring on the urban/rural fringe of a city usually at
larger scales than urban agriculture
urban agriculture (UA) - high yield market gardens for fruit and vegetable growing found
on the ground rooftops, facades and fences sometimes including nuts, timber, animals, and
aquaculture
food urbanism
page 84
bibliography
Adams, Don, interview by Jason Grimm. Owner of Full Circle Farm (November 6, 2008).
Andre Viljoen, Katrin Bohn and Joe Howe. Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban
Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005.
Bailkey, Martin. A Study of the Contexts within which Urban Vacant Land is Accessed for Community
Open Space. Dissertation, Madison: ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 2003.
Benson, Jeff, interview by Jason Grimm. City of Ames Planning and Housing: Planner (October 23,
2008).
Bhattarya, Shefali. Strategy for Identifying and Evaluating Sites for Urban Agriculture: A Case Study of
Gainesville, FL. Dissertation, Gainesville: University of Florida, 2005.
Black, Norine, interview by Jason Grimm. Owner of Blacks Heritage Farm (November 4, 2008).
Bowman, Ann OM. Terra Incognita: Vacant Land and Urban Strategies. Washington D.C.: Georgetown
University Press, 2004.
Burkhart, Jeff and Jill, interview by Jason Grimm. Owners of Picket Fence Creamery (October 5, 2008).
Cleveland, City of. Chapter 336 Urban Garden District. June 30, 2008. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/
clevelandcodes/cco_part3_336.html (accessed March 25, 2009).
Council, Vancouver Food Policy. Vancouver Food Charter: Context and Background. professional report,
Vancouver: City of Vancouver, 2007.
DeMoss, Richard, interview by Jason Grimm. Owner of DeMoss Pumpkin Farm (November 1, 2008).
Department, Story County Planning and Zoning. The Story County Local Food System. Professional
Report, Nevada: Story County Planning and Zoning Department, 2008.
Development, City of Cleveland Department of Economic. Small Businesses and Retail. 2009. http://
www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/EconomicDevelopment/Sm
allBusinessandRetail#gardening (accessed March 25, 2009).
Development, North Central Regional Center for Rural. Community Capitals. June 23, 2008. http://
www.ncrcrd.iastate.edu/projects/commcap/7capitals.htm (accessed November 11, 2008).
Girardet, Herbert. Cities People Planet. Chicheaster: John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2004.
GRACE. Sustainable Table. 2008. http://www.sustainabletable.org (accessed November 10, 2008).
Group, Mari Gallagher Research & Consulting. Examing the Impact of Food Deserts on Public Health in
Chicago. professional report, Chicago: LaSalle Bank, 2006.
Guthrie, Gary and Nancy, interview by Jason Grimm. Owners of Growing Harmony Farm (November
11, 2008).
Hofstrand, Eugene Takle and Don. Global warming - agricultures impact on greenhouse gas emissions.
April 2008. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/articles/others/TakApr08.html (accessed December
3, 2008).
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 85
Kent Mullinix, Deborah Henderson, Mark Holland, Janine de la Salle, Edward Porter, and Patricia
Fleming. Agricultural Urbanism and Municipal Supported Agriculture: A New Food System Path for
Sustainable Cities. professional report, Vancouver B.C.: Kwantlen Polytechnic University, 2008.
Kulikowski, Dr. Ron Wimberley and Mick. Mayday 23: World population becomes more urban than
rural. NC State University News Service, May 22, 2007.
Lindsey, Rebecca. Looking for Lawns. scholarly report, California: NASAs Ames Research Center,
2005.
Lynch, Joe and Lonna, interview by Jason Grimm. Owners of Onion Creek Farm (Oct 29, 2008).
Mitchell, Stacy. Big-Box Swindle: the true cost of mega-retailers and the fight for Americas independent
businesses. Boston: Beacon Press, 2006.
Newstrom, Ryan, interview by Jason Grimm. Story County, Iowa: County Planner/Long Range Planning
Manager (October 23, 2008).
Pirog, Rich. Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa perspective on how far food travels, fuel usage, and
greenhouse gas emissions. Scholarly Report, Ames: Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 2001.
Pollen, Michael. Farmer in Chief. New York Times, October 10, 2008.
Rinehart, Greg, interview by Jason Grimm. Owner of Rineharts Family Farm (November 1, 2008).
Services, City of Vancouver Community. Urban Agriculture Guidelines for the Private Realm.
professional report, Vancouver: City of Vancouver, 2009.
Shawgo, Steve, interview by Jason Grimm. City of Ames Parks and Recreation: Super Intendent of
Parks (October 23, 2008).
Singh, Craig Palosky and Rakesh. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. September 24, 2008. http://
www.kff.org/newsroom/ehbs092408.cfm (accessed March 24, 2009).
Swenson, Dave. The Economic Impacts of Increased Fruit and Vegetable Production and Consumption
in Iowa: Phase II. Scholarly Report, Ames: Regional Food Systems Working Group: Leopold Center for
Sustainable Agriculture, 2006.
Wilber, Scott and Julie, interview by Jason Grimm. Owners of Wilbers Northside Market (October 7,
2008).
food urbanism
page 86
appendix a
1. What is the current city boundary?
2. What are your requirements on temporary markets?
3. What requirements does your health inspector have on farmers market?
4. How do the planning office and the municipal comprehensive plan address sites for
urban growth?
5. Does your parks department or the city manage any type of agriculture within
municipal boundaries?
6. How has your parks department funded management of park land?
7. Does your parks department see any future growth in the foreseeable future?
8. Does the community have any community gardens currently?
9. How do you define vacant land or developable land?
a. Zero building value
b. No structure
c. City owned property considered vacant + developable
10. How do you feel about vacant land negative/positive?
11. What are your intentions or policies of vacant land?
12. What planning practices are involved in the process of passing over control of vacant
parcels?
13. Please define the status of your park land and how you see it changing in the future?
14. What are your strategies in managing open space/park land and how do you define its
potential or user group?
15. Revenue sources
16. Own programs
17. Do you see a program of urban agriculture being a vital source of your parks program?
Community Officials
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 87
appendix b
1. What type of products do you produce or harvest on your land?
2. How many laborers do you require to manage your farm?
3. What type of markets do you sell your goods too?
4. Do your goods require any processing before resale? If so do you do your own
processing or do you take your goods somewhere else?
5. What infrastructure does your business require for you to plant, manage, harvest,
process, and market your goods?
6. How many acres of land or livestock are you able to manage?
7. In your first hand perspective what are the hardest issues local farmers are being faced
with?
8. Where do you produce your goods? Rural/Urban, Miles from market
9. If a RFP was sent out to local farmers to manage and harvest open space with an Iowa
Community what type of infrastructure would be required?
Local Producers
food urbanism
page 88
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appendix c
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 89
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appendix d
food urbanism
page 90
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a
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appendix e
a sustainable design option for growing urban communities
page 91
page 92
As designers and planners of urban landscapes, landscape architects hold a vital tool in the growth of any Iowa community. Both
locally and globally food, has become a common theme in many discussions. Motivations include the lack of productive urban land,
lack of societal knowledge of food growing and preparation, urban/rural conflict at the urban fringe, food
insecurity, lack of stable urban markets and uncontrolled urban growth.As a senior thesis in landscape architecture, the goal was to
research and design based on the theory Food Urbanism; how food relates to the organization of a city and how it becomes infrastructure
that transforms the urban experience. Continuous productive landscapes could become a tool and or mechanism to sustainable growth
in urban communities. As infrastructure in a city or town, continuous urban agriculture (UA) has the potential of being a thread
that is sewn through a community creating a rigid and ecological backbone to growth that connects neighborhoods, open spaces,
and urban markets. Research is based on case studies, interviews of producers and city officials in Ames, IA and studies of UA in
London, UK. Productive landscapes as tools to sustainable growth have only recently been written about in the U.S. and Canada. This
research demonstrates that urban food systems have a potential of creating environmentally, socially
and economically productive communities in Iowa. and ecological backbone to growth that connects neighborhoods,
open spaces, and urban markets. Research is based on case studies, interviews of producers and city officials in Ames, landscape
architecture, planning, urban food systems, urban land inventory, sustainable agriculture, urbanism
Productive landscapes as tools to sustainable growth have only recently been written about in the U.S. and Canada. This research
demonstrates that urban food systems have a potential of creating environmentally, socially and economically productive communities in
Iowa. landscape architecture, planning, urban food systems, urban land inventory, sustainable agriculture, urbanism As designers and
planners of urban landscapes, landscape architects hold a vital tool in the growth of any Iowa community. Motivations include the lack of
productive urban land, lack of societal knowledge of food growing and preparation, urban/rural conflict at the urban fringe, food insecurity,
lack of stable urban markets and uncontrolled urban growth.As a senior thesis in landscape architecture, the goal was to research
and design based on the theory Food Urbanism; how food relates to the organization
of a city and how it becomes infrastructure that transforms the
urban experience. Continuous productive landscapes could become a tool and or mechanism to sustainable growth in
urban communities. As infrastructure in a city or town, continuous urban agriculture (UA) has the potential of being a thread that is
sewn through a community creating a rigid and ecological backbone to growth that connects neighborhoods, open spaces, and
urban markets. Research is based on case studies, interviews of producers and city officials in Ames, IA and studies of UA in London, UK.
Productive landscapes as tools to sustainable growth have only recently been written about in the U.S. and Canada. This research
demonstrates that urban food systems have a potential of creating environmentally, socially and economically productive
communities in Iowa. landscape architecture, planning, urban food systems, urban land inventory, sustainable agriculture, urbanism
and ecological backbone to growth that connects neighborhoods, open spaces, and urban markets. Research is based
on case studies, interviews of producers and city officials in Ames, IA and studies of UA in London, UK. Productive landscapes
as tools to sustainable growth have only recently been written about in the U.S. and Canada. This research demonstrates
that urban food systems have a potential of creating environmentally, socially and economically productive communities
in Iowa. landscape architecture, planning, urban food systems, urban land inventory, sustainable agriculture, urbanism
As designers and planners of urban landscapes, landscape architects hold a vital tool in the growth of any Iowa community. Both
locally and globally food, has become a common theme in many discussions. Motivations include the lack of productive urban
land, lack of societal knowledge of food growing and preparation, urban/rural conflict at the urban fringe, food insecurity, lack of
stable urban markets and uncontrolled urban growth.As a senior thesis in landscape architecture, the goal was to research and