Stress-Strain Diagrams

Explanations
In this animation, we will show how stress can be related to strain by using experimental
methods to determine the stress-strain diagram for a specific material
The strength of a material depends on its ability to sustain a load without undue deformation
or a failure. The tension or Compression test is primarily used to determine the
relationship between the average normal stress and average normal strain.

1.The stress-strain diagram
From the data of a tension test, it is possible to compute various values of the stress and
corresponding strain in the specimen and then plot the result. The resulting curve is called
the stress-strain diagram.
Stress = applied Load P divided by the specimens original cross-sectional Area A
0

Strain the change in the specimens gauge length divided by the specimens
original gauge Length L
0
.

2.Elastic behavior
If the specimen returns to its original length when the load acting on it is removed, it is said
to response elastically.

3. Yielding
A slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in permanent deformation. This
behavior is called yielding for ductile materials.
The stress that causes yielding is called yield stress
y.

The deformation that occurs is called plastic deformation.

4.Strain Harding.
When yielding has ended, a further load can be applied to the specimen, resulting a cure
that rises continuously but becomes flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred to
as ultimate stress,
u
.
The rise in the curve is called Strain Harding.

5. Necking.
After the ultimate stress, the cross-sectional area begins to decrease in a localized region of
the specimen, instead of over its entire length. So, a neck is formed as the specimen
elongated further.
6. Experimental data was obtained from ESM lab.