14 CHAPTER1

Table t-10
Rules of Replacement and Logical Equirzalence
L,ogical Equivalence
Name (Abbreviation)
pn1=p
.pvO:, Identity taws (t)
pvl=1 pn0=0
Domination Laws
p^p=p pvp=p
Idempotent Laws (Idemp)
--p=p Involution Law or
Double Nesation Law
(DN)
p^q:q^p
p@q:q@p
pvq:qvp
poq=qop
Commutative Laws (Comm)
-clonge a+ po6i+iD^
-
hO' oc a4q+gp9
7+
+-
(p,.. q) n r=p n (q n r)
(pvq)vr=pv(qvr)
(p@q)@r=p@(q@r)
@9O<+r=p<+(q<+r)
Associative Laws (Assoc)
p^(pvq)=p pv(p^q)=p
Absorption Laws (absp)
p^(qvr)=(pnq)v(pnr)
pf(qnr)=(pvq)n(pvr)
Distributive Laws (Dist)
-(pnq)=-pv^q
-(p
v q)
-
-p
n-q
De Morgan's Laws (DM)
Pv'p=l
-0=1
Pn-P=o
-1=0
Complement Laws
p+q=
-pvq
p+q=
-(pn-q)
-p-+q=
pvq
-(p-+-q)=
pnq
(p -+ r) n (q -+ r)
=
(p v q) -+ r
@-+q)^(p-+r)=p+(qnr)
Material Implication (MI)
p+>q
=(p+q)
n(q+p)
p<+q
=(pnq)
v (-p^-q)
peq
= -po-q
Material Equivalence (ME)
p+q
=
-q-)-p Contrapositive
pJ q
=
(pn:q) -+ 0 Reductio ad Absurdum
p-+(q-+r)
=
(pnqHr
Exportation Law (Exp)
-
loqi col
equ, \/olQ.,ce
3.M 2, Simplification
Exnry
LT2 I
ofrH
taa sr
Exq
FrNI/
a
Ft4
I|
Example 2. Prove that (-p
^
q
)
v
-(p'
q
)
is logically equivalent to
-p.
Proofl l. (-pnq)
v
-(pv
q)
Hypothesis
2. (- p n q) v (*p
^
-q) De Morgan,s law (DM)
3.
-p
n (q v
-q) Distributive law (Dist)
4-
-p
^
1
Conplement law
5.
-P Identiry law (t)
Example3. Prove: PnM /:.M
1' P n M /"' M (Apply the rules of inference and rules of replacement.)
Proof: 2. MnP l,Commutative
Thus we obtain the required conclusion. Hence, the deduction stops here.