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Chuong 8.can Bang HH in
Chuong 8.can Bang HH in
Chuong 8.can Bang HH in
EaS (r) \ ES
V
())
u nhi*t )h1ng ei0 !o <p =ut ri;ng phn c@a cht rPn thfng hoa l hdng =Z n;n
( 7
EaESW
)
c&
% con=t v ( 7
EaS
)
c&
% con=t 0 n;n ta c6
( )
cb
CaC+
C+ Ca+
p
p
p p
K
W
V
=
#
( )
cb C+
Ca+
CaC+
p p
p
p
p
K T K
V
W
) ( = =
K
p
% K
c
(s5) % ( E
ESV
)
c&
(s5) ( n%C) # K
c
(5) % ( E
ES V
)
c&
-V d 6 ght cFn &dng trong !! cht i*n l$ )h tan .
A4CD =F ? A4
H
=NN? H CD
P
=NN?
# =T? Q T
A4CD
Q cA4
H
d
7R
cCD
P
d
7R
= T
A4CD
< 6w7) jk 6O, ?
PV d : C^
VH
=NN? H (yAH
A
=I? C^
EH
=NN? H H
H
=NN?
(
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
)
cb
,
- C.
, C.
T K
V l C I
W
V
.
.
) (
+
+ +
=
NHSN TUT V% HNG !" CN BNG #
1
& #
C
5
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
Hdng =Z cFn &dng l 4i l/ng )h1ng ei ' nhi*t nht >nh. Ha$ ni c<ch )h<c hdng
=Z cFn &dng ha hMc chK ph_ thuc vo &n cht phn ng v nhi*t ch )h1ng ph_
thuc vo n,ng v <p =ut ri;ng phn c@a c<c cht tham gia phn ng t4i tr4ng th<i
cFn &dng ha hMc .
Hdng =Z cFn &dng ph_ thuc vo c<ch thit l8p c<c h* =Z tK l/ng trong phng trnh
phn ng .
V d 6 7hn ng teng h/p ?H
W
t3 H
V
v ?
V
thit l8p th.o hai c<ch =au 6
C. ?
V
()) \ WH
V
()) V?H
W
())
( )
cb
, N
N,
-
- -
-
K
W
V
V V
W
=
V. v ?
V
()) \ WlV H
V
()) ?H
W
())
( )
cb
, N
N,
-
- -
-
K
V l W V l C
V V
W
w =
5a c 6 K
p
% (K
p
x)
V
Hdng =Z cFn &dng )h1ng c th ngu$;n .
Hdng =Z cFn &dng )h1ng ph_ thuc vo cht +Xc t<c.
Hdng =Z cFn &dng c gi< tr> cng lOn th hi*u =ut phn ng cng cao .
?u K
c&
# th phn ng /c +.m phn ng hon ton .
IV HNG !" CN BNG Vz CC I []NG NHI$T NG
( Q8O, )- 4+{O )g,4 jk 7f, Rg,4 /9 K5 6)Oq K|+ 6)o K},4 *1 7~O 1)2, 3,4 6F>,4
K+08 I+-, Kg,4 ,)+-6 K},4 *1
&HNG TRNH NG NHI$T VANT H@
OA H RB 7C H ND
(
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
) / RT G
B A
D C
RT G G
T
b a
d c
T T
ln ln
D D
+ = + =
TF>,4 Kh :
r
D
5
9 l &in thi;n th 2ng <p c@a phn ng (thu8n) ' nhi*t 1 5 ' i(u )i*n chuqn (nu cht
trong p l 6 )h li t'ng th 7
)
D
% C atmo !ung !>ch lYng th E
D
%Cmolllo nu l cht rPn ha$ lYng
phi &(n v ngu$;n cht).
r
5
] l &in thi;n th 2ng <p c@a phn ng (thu8n) ' i(u )i*n thBc t (p ' nhi*t 1 5 vOi
n,ng 0 <p =ut c@a c<c cht trong phn ng ' th-i iAm ang +ht )
5rong &iAu thc y 6t"$ thuc vo tr4ng th<i c<c cht trong phn ng m =B hi*n !i*n c@a chXng
trong phng trnh tr;n =z l6
?u l )h li t'ng th &iAu !iLn th.o <p =ut ri;ng phn c@a )h .
6
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
ri =p j l )h li t'ng th kjm
a
% k7
j
(atm)l7
D
j
(Catm)m
a
% k7
j
m
a
# )h1ng c th ngu$;n .
?u l !ung !>ch lYng 0 lo{ng th &iAu !iLn th.o n,ng (molll).
ri =p j l !! lYng0 lo{ng th kjm
a
% kE
j
(molll)lE
D
j
(Cmolll)m
a
% kE
j
m
a
# )h1ng c th ngu$;n .
?u j l cht rPn (ngu$;n cht) ha$ lYng (ngu$;n cht) ha$ H
V
S ( !ung m1i) th )h1ng +ut hi*n
trong phng trnh tr;n .
y )h1ng c th ngu$;n
#5rong &i(u thc y 0 c<c cht trong phn ng /c +<c >nh &dng n,ng ha$ <p =ut tai th-i
iAm ang +ht.
Q=Gu thIi im ang RSt *T ti t4ng th"i cKn /0ng hPa hUc th6 ta cP : V
c/
W X
c/
.
aJ Phn ng ng th c+a h% &h *L t1$ng:
OA =I? H RB=I? 7C =I? H ND =I?
/p RT G
p p
p p
RT G G
T
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
T T
ln ln
D D
+ =
+ =
=
C
C
-
-
T
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
T T
K
/
RT0n
K
/
RT0n /p RT G
p p
p p
RT G G = = + =
+ = ln ln
D D
?u r
D
5
kcalm th s% C0|t}callmol.K
( ) T K RT G
p T
ln
D
=
?u r
D
5
k~m th s% t0WCI ~lmol.K
Ha$
( ) T K RT G
p T
lg . WDW 0 V
D
=
5kKm o ln % V0WDW.lg
/J Phn ng ng th c+a dung dch *Mng # *5Ong Y
OA =NN? H RB=NN? 7C =NN? H ND =NN?
C T
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
T T
/ RT G
C C
C C
RT G G ln ln
D D
+ =
+ =
=
C
C
C C
K
/
RT / RT K RT G ln ln ln = + =
( ) T K RT G
C T
ln
D
=
7
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
( ) T K RT G
C T
lg . WDW 0 V
D
=
TNG QUT
) (
ln
T K
/
RT G
T
=
( ) T K RT G
T
ln
D
=
=hn RSt :
[in thi;n th 2ng <p chuqn c@a phn ng (r
D
5
) ' nhi*t 5 c Nuan h* vOi hdng =Z cFn
&dng K(5) (trong h* )h li t'ng l K
p
o trong !! lYng0 lo{ng l K
c
)
Hdng =Z cFn &dng K(5) ph_ thuc vo &n cht phn ng v nhi*t .
r
D
5
c@a phn ng c gi< tr> cng Fm th hdng =Z cFn &dng K(5) c gi< tr> cng lOn tc hi*u
=ut phn ng ' nhi*t 5 cng cao.
V d 6 u V|tK0 nu phn ng c r
D
V|t
]ID)~ th K
c&
CD
}
tc phn ng +.m nh !iLn ra
hon ton ' V|tK ( phn ng tr' thnh C chi(u).
ZSt chiu phn ng thH5 V T X :
No8 Q # G G C G 1)2, 3,4 r2q FO 6)^> 7)+08 6)8:,
=Gu V [ X Q > [ \ Q phn ng R] 4a thH5 chiu nghch
=Gu V W X Q > W \ Q h% t t4ng th"i cKn /0ng
V d: 5nh hdng =Z cFn &dng K
7
c@a phn ng ' V|tK 6
V ?S
V())
?
V
S
I())
' V|t
o
K )hi &it
K 1 23 k1 ,
pu
l 0 C} U DID 0 bt
D
V|tpu
D
V|t
= =
rii6
C}0 V|t btDID ]
D
V|t
D
V|t
D
V|t
+ = = 4 T , G
% ] bICV0W~
Ctb 0 V
V|t WCI 0 t
W 0 bICV
ln
D
=
=
RT
G
K
p #
| 0 t
V
V
I V
= =
N+
+ N
p
p
p
K
^Q8O, )- 4+{O )g,4 jk 7f, Rg,4 /+ ,)+-6 K5 /9 ,)+-6 1)2, 3,4
o o o
4 T , T G = ) (
(g.m H
D
v U
D
)h1ng tha$ ei th.o 5)
T
o
K RT T G ln ) ( =
R
4
RT
,
K
T
D D
ln
+
=
8
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
=
V C
D
D
V
D
D
C
D
C C
ln
ln
ln
C
V
V
C
T T R
,
K
K
R
4
RT
,
K
R
4
RT
,
K
T
T
T
T
Ha$
=
V C
D
C C
WDW 0 V .
lg
C
V
T T R
,
K
K
T
T
NHSN TUT :
&)2, 3,4 6)8 ,)+-6 H
C
C : I)+ ,)+-6 K5 6,4 6) # 6,4 =T
A
T
(
G V
T
K
C
T
K
?
I)+ ,)+-6 K5 4+2. 6) # 4+2. =T
A
T
(
G
V
T
K
C
T
K
?
&)2, 3,4 6vO ,)+-6 H
C
C : I)+ ,)+-6 K5 6,4 6) # 4+2. =T
A
T
(
G V
T
K
C
T
K
?
I)+ ,)+-6 K5 4+2. 6) # 6,4 =T
A
T
(
G
V
T
K
C
T
K
?
V d6 N@ =I? H @
A
=I? N@
A
=I? 5nh K
p
' WVb
D
E
[it6 H
D
% ]b0ItI)~ v K
p
% C0W.CD
' Vb
D
E
DV . CI
I . V ln
IW} 0 CC
b|t
C
V|t
C
WCI 0 t
bItI
CD . W 0 C
ln
C C
ln
WVb
WVb
b|t
b|t V|t
D
V|t
b|t
=
=
=
=
K
K
K
T T R
,
K
K
V NGUN [ CHUN DZCH CN BNG [ CHAT[IR =(`YC < (Ea ?
Ph"t /iu : 56t h7 "ang 8 t9ng th%( c:n b;ng
nu ta thay "<( =6t t9ong c%c th>ng s' t9ng
th%( c!a h7 ?n@ng "6A nh(7t "6A %p suBt C thD c:n
b;ng sE dch chuyn th.o ch(Fu cG t%c d&ng
ch'ng #( sH thay "<( "GI
@h3 L : Nu phJn ng cG n % D th <p =ut chung )h1ng nh h'ng n tr4ng th<i cFn &dng.
9
?u H
D
kcalm th s % C0|t}callmol.K
?u H
D
k~m th s% t0WCI ~lmol.K
T
1
[K] , T
2
[K] ; ln= 2,303lg
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
VI CN BNG TR@NG DUNG DZCH I$N [ :
(! K+-, Dq 7~O 7*7 7)s6 6F>,4 N8,4 N;7) ,l7
aJ @h,t i%n *] : l cht )hi tan trong nOc nhi(u ha$ t c phFn l$ ra ion .
j+it0 &a 0 muZi l c<c cht i*n l$ .
# nung !>ch i*n l$ c tnh !n i*n .
/J:hu]Gt i%n *] c+a Xa/*u&5/ 6
5rong !ung !>ch i*n l$ )h1ng c ion tB !o m chK c c<c ion &> h$!ratha . Ehnh =B h$!rat ha
l ngu$;n nhFn chnh !n n =B phFn l$ phFn tp thnh ion
@h,t tan *T h2p ch,t i5n 6 muZi
Khi hQa tan mt h/p cht ion vo trong nOc0 nhRng ion tr;n &( mTt tinh thA lm cho nhRng
phFn tp nOc +oa$ hOng =ao cho c<c u c@a lng cBc nOc ' gn nhRng ion tr<i !u. Ket qua
la !" a" #$a%n t& n&'" (a! quan$ a" )!n* +! ,!" l&- t&'ng ta" g)&.a
a" )!n (/ 0u1 1eu ,) ,en 2&" na3ng l&'-ng $u1e4n ,!5ng #$a%n t& '
t6!ng 7ung 7/$ u.ng ,u la2 $! a" )!n ta"$ 6') n$au 8a ,) 8a! 7ung
7/$* 9!" la hien tng ien ly .
@h,t tan *T h2p ch,t cng hPa t4 phKn c_c mnh :
E<c h/p cht h/p cht cng ha tr> phFn cBc m4nh phn lOn l 6
E<c a+it m4nh nh 6 H?S
W
0 HEl0 H[r0 H`0 HElS
I
..
5rong !! nOc0 chXng i*n l$ hon ton thnh c<c ion. 5rong !ung !>ch c@a chXng
)h1ng cQn c<c phFn tp trung hQa m chK c c<c ion hi!rat ha.
nOi t<c !_ng c@a c<c phFn tp nOc0 c<c phFn tp cht tan ( cng ha tr> ) t3 )in trXc c cBc
chu$An thnh )in trXc ion ( F$ l hi*n t/ng ion ha ) . Uau t3 )in trXc ion tip t_c phFn
l$ cho ra c<c ion h$!ratha # Nu< trnh i*n l$ hon ton
V d 6
= H
A
@?
,
H
H
CD
P
=H
A
@?
.
= H
A
@?
,
H
H
CD
P
=H
A
@?
.
XiGn t43c cP c_c 95n hPa XiGn t43c i5n
H
H
,H
A
@ H CD
P
.H
A
@
10
:a;l <6 = > <2>n= H
2
? % ?a
\
nH
V
S \
El
]
.mH
V
S
H
ht
% H
cp
> H
h$
H
ht
] Hi*u ng nhi*t c@a Nu< trnh hQa tan .
H
cp
@
H)*u ng nhi*t c@a Nu< trnh chu$An pha
# ph< v' m4ng tinh thA ion n;n H
cp
A 0
H
h$ ]
Hi*u ng nhi*t c@a Nu< trnh h$!rat ha .
# tng t<c hXt giRa c<c ion v lng cBc
nOc n;n H
h$
D .
Q8* 6F,) )qNFO6)>* N+, FO 79,4 .X,) 6)
8* 6F,) )O 6O, N+, FO 79,4 6)8f, Dn+
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
@h,t tan *T h2p ch,t cng hPa t4 phKn c_c ]Gu :
E<c h/p cht h/p cht cng ha tr> phFn cBc $u nh 6 H
V
U0 H
V
U. ...
5h-ng c<c cht n$ l cht i*n l$ $u . 5rong !! nOc0 chXng i*n l$ )h1ng hon ton
thnh c<c ion . 5rong !ung !>ch c@a chXng c cha c c<c phFn tp trung hQa v c<c ion hi!rat
ha.
V d : H
A
! =NN? H AH
A
@ !
APP
=NN? H AH
E
@
H
=NN?
E<c phFn tp cng ha tr> )h1ng phFn cBc )h1ng phFn l$ trong nOc.
V d 6 H
V
0 S
V
...
@h3 L 6 ?u trong phFn tp cht tan v3a c li;n )t ion v3a c li;n )t cng ha tr> th =B phFn
l$ =z +$ ra trOc ht ' li;n )t ion 0 r,i n li;n )t cng ha tri c cBc.
V d 6 ?aHES
W
c hai &Oc phFn l$ ion 6
NOHC@
E
=NN? Q NO
H
=NN? H HC@
E
P
=NN? (+.m nh i*n l$ hon ton )
HC@
E
P
=NN? H H
A
@ H
E
@
H
=NN? H C@
E
AP
=NN? ( )h1ng hon ton )
7 i%n *] :
A Tc trng cho mc i*n l$ c@a mt cht trong !ung !>ch ta =p !_ng
i*n l$
i*n l$ l tK =Z giRa =Z phFn tp &> phFn l$ tr;n teng =Z phFn tp { hQa tan.
i*n l$ /c &iAu !iLn &'i =Z th8p phFn hoTc Nu$ ra J.
%
EH5 `? ?H 6
Eht i*n l$ m4nh l cht )hi tan trong nOc tt c c<c phFn tp hQa tan (u phFn l$ ra
ion. # tr;n phng !i*n li thu$t % C.
?hng &dng thBc nghi*m0 th1ng Nua vi*c o !n i*n c@a c<c ion trong !! i*n l$ A
+<c >nh gi< tr> th-ng C. EhK )hi !ung !>ch rt lo{ng mOi o /c % C. Hi*n
t/ng n$ /c gii thch nh =au 6
5rong !ung !>ch rt lo{ng 0 )hong c<ch giRa c<c ion lOn 0 n;n c thA &Y Nua
tng t<c tnh i*n giRa c<c ion .
5rong !ung !>ch Tc0 c<c ion gn nhau0 n;n c =B tng t<c tnh i*n giRa c<c ion
lm gim =B chu$An ng tB !o c@a c<c ion0 n;n !n i*n trong thBc t c@a
c<c ion gim 0 !n n gi< tri C.
11
PhKn *] i5n
BZ phFn tp &> phFn l$
Teng =Z phFn tp { hQa tan
1
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
# Cho nKn g(% t9 "o ")*c b;ng thHc ngh(7= c!a dung dch chBt "(7n #y =nh nhL hMn N
kh>ng phJ( #3 "6 "(7n #y thHc c!a nGA nKn ")*c gO( #3 i%n *] /iu &iGnI
V d 6 i*n l$ &iAu )in c@a !ung !>ch H?S
W
' c<c n,ng )h<c nhau.
E<c aC)t 24nh 0 c<c &a m4nh v hu ht c<c muZi l c<c cht i*n l$ m4nh.
;H5 `? 6
;$t i*n l$ $u l cht )hi tan trong nOc chK mt phn =Z phFn tp hQa tan phFn li ra ion
# C.
:$Rng cht i*n l$ $u l 6 c<c a+it &a v1 c $u (HE?0H
V
ES
W
0 ?H
I
SH..) o 4i a =Z
a+it &a hRu c (EH
W
ESSH0 E
SH0 E
?H
V
...)
mt =Z muZi muZi a+it (?aHES
W
0..) muZi &a (Eu(SH)El0..)
DEF E ?H r` KH ??r `? 5HS .
T6!ng 7ung 7>ch nOc D0C?0 ' Vb
D
E 0 nu 6
WDJ # cht i*n l$ m4nh.
WJ WDJ # cht i*n l$ trung &nh
WJ # cht i*n l$ $u.
EE 5 ?H Hu?r ? `?
Bn ch,t ch,t tan T dung m'i 6 Eht tan v !ung m1i cng c cBc th )h
nfng phFn l$ thnh ion cng m4nh 0 n;n i*n l$ tfng.
=ng dung dch6 Khi pha lo{ng !ung !>ch lm cho n,ng c@a !! gim
+uZng 0 cFn &dng =z chu$An !>ch th.o chi(u phFn l$ !n n i*n l$ tfng
l;n . Khi pha lo{ng n v1 c"ng ( c # D) th
V d : # C .
cCH
E
C@@Hd C D0C D0DC D0DDC D0DDDC D0DDDDC
c de AY
C
C
D0I C0W I0W CV0I WI0D }C0C
=hi%t 6 a =Z c<c Nu< trnh i*n l$ )m th.o =B thu nhi*t n;n trong )hong
nhi*t nht >nh 0 i*n l$ th-ng tfng l;n )hi tfng nhi*t .
dY80ng - i%n *] :
yu< trnh phFn l$ c@a cht i*n l$ $u l Nu< trnh thu8n ngh>ch 6
12
HN@
E
cMd CB(M (BCM (CM (VM
c d
Bb bB` VABC (aBC
HA I CNG B GV : Nguyn th Bch tuyt
13