Time-Saver Standards For Building Types 2nd Edition

Ti me- Saver
St andar ds
f or
Bui l di ng Types
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Ti me- Saver
St andar ds
f or
Bui l di ng Types
Second Edi t i on
Edi t ed by
J OSEPH De CHI ARA
and
J OHN HANCOCK CALLENDER
TIME-SAVERSTANDARDSFORBUILDING
TYPESsecond edi t i on
INTERNATIONALEDITION
Copyri ght 1983 by McGraw-Hi l l Book
Co-Si ngapore f or manuf act ure and
export
. Thi s book cannot be re-export ed f romt he count ry
t o whi ch i t i s consi gned
by McGraw-Hi l l
.
2nd pri nt i ng
1987
Copyri ght 1980, 1973 by
McGraw-Hi l l Inc. Al l ri ght s reserved. No part of t hi s
publ i cat i on may be reproduced
or di st ri but ed i n any f ormor by any means, or
st oredi n a dat a base or ret ri eval
syst em, wi t hout t he pri or wri t t enpermi ssi onof t he
publ i sher .
When orderi ng t hi s t i t l e use ISBN0-07-099076-X
Pri nt ed
and bound i n Si ngapore by Si ngapore Nat i onal Pri nt ers Lt d
Cont ent s
Cont r i but or s
Or gani zat i ons
Pr ef ace t o t he Second Edi t i on
Pr ef ace t o t he Fi r s t Edi t i on
1 . RESI DENTI AL . .
xi
xi l i
xv
xvi i
Di mens i ons of t he Human
Fi gur e 3
Li vi ng Ar eas
5
Li vi ng Rooms
6
Fur ni t ur e
6
Fur ni t ur e Si zes
7
Fur ni t ur e Ar r angement s
8
Fur ni t ur e Si zes and Cl ear ances
14
Di ni ng Ar eas
15
Combi ned Li vi ng- Di ni ng Spaces
20
Combi ned Di ni ng Ar ea- Ki t chen
21
Bedr ooms
22
Combi ned Li vi ng- Sl eepi ng Ar eas
27
Ki t chens
29
Laundr y Rooms 41
Bat hr ooms 48
Cl os et s
58
Apar t ment s 70
Hous i ng Dens i t i es
82
Hous i ng f or t he El der l y
87
Hous i ng f or t he Handi capped
102
Par ki ng
f or t he Handi capped
117
Gr oup Homes
119
Seni or Ci t i zens ' Cent er
122
Mobi l e Homes and Par ks
129
Yout h Hos t el s
140
Si t e Pl anni ng 146
2. EDUCATI ONAL
Nur s er y School s
163
Chi l dr en' s Cent er
167
Chi l d Car e Cent er s
168
El ement ar y and Secondar y School s
169
Gener al
169
Si t e Sel ect i on
173
Bas i ng, Par ki ng
174
Recr eat i on Faci l i t i es
175
Contents
Saf ety

176
Ki nds of School s

178
Admi ni str ati on Sui tes

185
Lear ni ng Resour ceCenter s

188
Cl assr ooms

190
Mul ti pur pose Rooms

195
Student Locker s

197
Language
Labor ator y

200
Sci enceF aci l i ti es

200
Ar ts

205
Musi c

206
I ndustr i al
and
Vocati onal F aci l i ti es

210
HomeAr ts

211
F ood Ser vi ce

212
Physi cal Educati on

218
Audi tor i ums

229
Gui danceSer vi ces

231
Col l egeand Uni ver si ty F aci l i ti es

233
Cl assr ooms

233
Lectur eRooms

234
Gymnasi ums

236
Physi cal Educati onand Spor ts F aci l i ti es

240
F i el d House

241
Dor mi tor i es

242
Handi capped Students

255
Li br ar i es,
Academi c and Resear ch

257
I ndi vi dual Study Car r el s

274
Student Uni ons

285
Computati onCenter s

293
Communi cati ons Center s

296
Regi onal Educati onCenter ( Suppl ementar y)

298
Resour ceF aci l i ti es ( Li br ar y)

300
Lar ge- Gr oup F aci l i ti es

303
Audi ovi sual

314
Theater - Ar ts- Labor ator y Teachi ng Stati on

320
Pr ogr ams and Pr ogr ammi ng

323
3. CULTURAL .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

327
Museums

329
Smal l Museums

336
Gal l er y Desi gn

339
Li br ar i es

341
Br anch Li br ar i es

343
SpaceRequi r ements

344
Ser vi ceand SpaceRel ati onshi ps

347
Li br ar y l ocati on

348
Br anch Bui l di ngs

350
Bookmobi l es

350
Bookstack Data

351
Theater s

352
Si ght Li nes

362
StageSpace

365
Communi ty Theater s

371
Amphi theater s

377
Musi c F aci l i ti es

380
4.
HEALTH

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

393
Hospi tal s

395
Sur gi cal Sui te

403
Nur ser y

405
Pedi at r i c Nur si ng Uni t s

409
Di agnost i c X- Ray Sui t e

412
Phar macy

418
Tel et her apy Uni t s

420
El ect r oencephal ogr aphi c Sui t e

424
Physi cal Ther apy Depar t ment

425
Occupat i onal Ther apy Depar t ment

428
Labor at or y

431
Labor - Del i ver y Sui t e

437
Radi oi sot ope F aci l i t y

439
Out pat i ent Act i vi t y

441
Emer gency Act i vi t y

456
EDP Uni t

458
Rehabi l i t at i on Cent er s

461
Ment al Heal t hCent er s

476
Nur si ng Homes

482
Chi l d Heal t h St at i on

489
Medi cal School s

490
Dent al
School s

511
Nur si ng School s

528
Yout hTr eat ment Cent er s

544
Mul t i phasi c Heal t h- Scr eeni ng
Cent er s

550
5. RELI GI OUS

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

557
Chur ches, Gener al

559
Chur ches, Lut her an

564
Chur ches, Uni t ed Met hodi st

570
Templ es and Synagogues

582
Chapel s

589
Chur ch School s

592
6.
GOVERNMENTAL ANDPUBLI C

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

601
Ci t y end Town Hal l s

603
Cour t houses

608
F i r e St at i ons

628
F i r ehouses

631
Pol i ce St at i ons

636
Pol i ce F aci l i t y

646
J ai l s and
Pr i sons

653
I nci ner at or Pl ant s

669
YMCA
Bui l di ngs

676
YWCA Bui l di ngs

677
Boy' s Cl ubs

690
Recr eat i on Cent er s

696
Nei ghbor hood Ser vi ce Cent er s

702
Embassi es

704
Post Of f i ces

708
Access Ramps f or t he Handi capped

_

709
Publ i c Toi l et Rooms f or t he Handi capped

710
7. COMMERCI AL .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

711
Regi onal Shoppi ng Cent er s

713
Ret ai l Shops

730
ShowWi ndows

735
Women' s Weer

736
Cont ent s
Contents
Men' s
Wear

739
Bookshops

740
Gi f t Shops

740
J ewel ry Shops

741
Barber Shop

743
Tai l or and Cl eaner

743
Beauty Shop

744
Shoe- Repai r Shop

744
Fl ori st Shops

744
Drugstores

745
Li quor Stores

746
Shoe
Stores

748
Supermarkets

751
Banks

753
Bank Vaul ts

754
Restaurantsand Eati ng Pl aces

755
Restaurant Seati ng

759
Food Bars

763
Servi ng Uni ts

764
Li quor Bars

765
Nondi ni ng Spaces

766
Ki tchens

768
Of f i ces, General

780
Work Stati ons

782
Pri vateand Semi pri vate

788
Conf erenceRooms

790
Layout

791
Space

792
Pl anni ng

793
Cl earances f or Pri vateOf f i ces

798
Cl earances f or General Of f i ces

798
I nsuranceCompani es

800
Medi cal Of f i ces

801
Radi ol ogi cal Of f i ces

806
Dental Of f i ces

807
LawOf f i ces

810
Ophthal mol ogi cal Of f i ces

814
Parki ng

817
Automobi l e Di mensi ons

817
Car Cl assi f i cati on

822
Parki ng
Garages

824
Parki ng Lots

835
Automobi l e Servi ceStati ons

839
Automoti ve
Shop

843
Gas Fi l l i ng andServi ceStati ons

844
Automobi l e Deal er Centers

845
Truck Deal er and Servi ceFaci l i ti es

854
Radi oStati ons

858
TV Stati ons

865
Hotel s

870
Motel s

899
Computer
( EDP) Faci l i ti es

912
Photographi c Laboratori es

915
Funeral Homes

916
8. TRANSPORTATI ON

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

919
Ai rports and
Termi nal s

921
Ai rport CargoFaci l i ti es

953
Ai r CargoTermi nal s

957
Ai r por t
Ser vi ce Equi pment Bui l di ngs
959
Ai r cr af t
Fi r e and Rescue St at i on
962
Hel i por t s
963
STOLPor t s
972
Seapl ane Ter mi nal s
976
Bus Ter mi nal s
984
Tr uck Ter mi nal s
990
9.
I NDUSTRI AL .
I ndust r i al Par ks
1001
I ndust r i al Bui l di ngs, Gener al
1007
I ndust r i al Pl ant s
1020
Resear ch Labor at or i es
1026
War ehouses
1038
War ehouses, Wat er f r ont
1041
Ai r por t I ndust r i al Par k
1045
I ndust r i al Pl ant s- Par ki ng
1049
10. RECREATI ON
ANDENTERTAI NMENT
Pl ayl ot s and Pl aygr ounds
1055
Badmi nt on
1064
Basket bal l ( AAU)
1065
Basket bal l
( NCAA)
1066
Bi ddy Basket bal l
1067
Goal - Hi Basket bal l
1068
Bocci e Bal l
1069
Cr oquet
1070
One- Wal l Handbal l
1071
Thr ee- and
Four - Wal l Handbal l
1072
Hopscot ch
1073
Hor seshoes
1074
I ce Hockey
1075
Lawn Bowl i ng
1076
Roque
1077
Shuf f l eboar d
1078
Deck Tenni s
1079
Pl at f or mTenni s
1080
Paddl e Tenni s
1081
Tenni s
1082
Tet her bal l
1083
Vol l eybal l
1084
Of f i ci al Basebal l
1085
Basebal l
1086
Br onco League ( 9- 12yr )
1086
Pony League ( 13- 14yr )
1087
Col t League ( 15- 16 yr )
1088
Li t t l e l eague ( 9- 12yr )
1089
Fi el d Hockey
1090
Fl i cker bal l
1091
Foot bal l ( NCAA)
1092
Touch and Fl og Foot bal l
1093
Gol f Dr i vi ng Range
1094
Lacr osse
1095
Men' s
1095
Women' s
1096
Soccer
1097
Men' s and Boys'
1097
Women' s
and Gi r l s'
1098
Sof t bal l

1099
12- I nch

1099
16- I nch

1100
Speedbal l

1101
TeamHandbal l

1102
%. - Mi l e Runni ng Tr ack

1103
Shot Put

1104
Hammer Thr ow

1105
Di scus Thr ow

1106
J avel i n Thr ow

1107
Long J ump and Tr i pl e J ump

1108
Pol e Vauk

1109
Hi gh J ump

1110
Ar cher y

1111
I nt er nat i onal Shoot i ng
Uni on Aut omat i c Tr ap

1112
Fi xed Net s and
Post s

1113
Fence Encl osur es

1114
Typi cal Gr adi ng and Dr ai nage Det ai l s

1115
Typi cal Pl ayi ng
Sur f aces

1116
Basebal l and
Sof t bal l Backst ops

1117
Movi e Theat er s

1118
Handi capped
Seat i ng

1123
500- Seat
Movi e Theat er

1125
Dr i ve- I n Theat er s

1127
Bowl i ng Al l eys

1129
Bowl i ng Al l eys wi t h Bi l l i ar d
Rooms

1133
Swi mmi ng Pool s

1138
Di vi ng Pool s

1144
Resi dent i al Swi mmi ng
Pool s

1146
50- Met er Recr eat i onal Swi mmi ng Pool

1149
25- Met er
Recr eat i onal Swi mmi ng Pool

1150
25- and 50- Met er I ndoor Pool s

1151
Locker Rooms

1153
Bat hhouses

1155
Gymnasi um

1157
Zoos

1158
Aquar i ums

1168
I ndoor
Tenni s Bui l di ng

1175
Spor t s Ar enas

1176
Gol f Cour ses and Cl ubhouses

1185
Ri f l e and
Pi st ol Ranges

1193
Ri f l e and Car bi ne Ranges, Out door

1200
Shoot i ng Ranges, Out door

1204
Tr ap Fi el d

1205
Skeet Fi el d

1206
Combi nat i on Skeet and Tr op Fi el d

1207
Mar i nas

1208
Swi mmi ng
Docks

1218
Camps and
Comp Faci l i t i es

1219
11 . MI SCELLANEOUS .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

1239
Far mst ands Far mst ands 1241
Far ms and Far mBui l di ngs
1243
Ani mal Faci l i t y. Labor at ar y 1247
Gr eenhouses 1251
Hor se Bor ns
1252
Hor se St abl es

1255
Ri di ng
School s

1261
Kennel s

1263
Nat ur e Cent er

1265
Ri char d M. Adl er , AI A

J ohn J . Fr ui n, Ph . D.
I r i s Al ex, AI A

Bui l di ng Cons ul t ant YWCA

Br unoFunar O

Ar chi t ect
Egmont Ar ens

I ndus t r i al Des i gner

Ri char d U. Gambr i l l
J ames W. At Z

As s oci at e Cur at or , t he Amer i can

Fr anci s W. Gencor el l i , AI A
Mus eumof Nat ur al Hi s t or y

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L . Gr i f f i n,
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Geof f r ey Baker

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J ohnJ . Gr os f el d,
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Her ber t Behr end, P. E.

Vi ct or Gr uen, AI A
Ri char d M. Bennet t , AI A
Fr eder i ck Bent el , AI A
Don Hal amka
Mar i a Bant a[ , AI A
Mor t on Har t man, AI A

The
Per ki ns &Wi l l
Cor por at i on
Ches t er Ar t hur Ber r y, Ed. D.

Er nes t J . Has ch
Gl ennH. Bayer

Hous i ng Res ear ch Cent er ,

Kei t h 1 . Hi bner AI A
Cor nel l Uni ver s i t y
Char l es M.
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Br eger ,
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Gl adys L .
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Har ol d Bur r i s - Mayor
Char l es A. Chaney
Cont r i but or s
J . L. Gr uzen, AI A

Gr uzen and Par t ner s
J os eph Hor owi t z, P. E.

Manager , Faci l i t i es Engi neer i ng
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Geor ge A. Hut chi ns on, AI A

The Per ki ns &wi l l
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Emmet I ngr am, AI A

The Per ki ns & Wi l i Cor por at i on
Davi d J ones
Aar on N.
Ki f f

Ar chi t ect
Al ons o W. Cl ar k, AI A

Al exander Ki r a

Hous i ng Res ear ch Cent er ,
Cor nel l Uni ver s i t y
Har ol d Cl i f f er , AI A

J os eph Kl ei nman

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F . G. Col e
Rober t L . Knapp, AI A

Char l es LuckmenAs s oci at es
Wal t er L . Cook

A. Fr eder i ck Kol f l at , AI A

The Per ki ns &Wi l l
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J . J . Kos t er

Ar chi t ect , Gr uzenandPar t ner s
Mar vi nCut l er , AI D

Lendal H. Kot s chevar
T. P. Dei s

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Al an Lapi dus , AI A
Cl yde H. Dor s et t , AI A

Mor r i s Lapi dus , AI A
Lat hr op Dougl as s , FAI A

Bet s y Las l et t
Max Fengl er

Ar chi t ect

Fr ed Laws on
W. R. Fer gus on

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Educat i onel Cons ul t ant
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Des i gner - Cons ul t ant

Ronal d Mace,
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Cont r i but or s
J ames Mackenzi e

Ri char d F . Rot i
Fr anci s J oseph McCar t hy, FAI A

Chr i st i ne F. Sal mon, AI A
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ThePer ki ns &Wi l l Cor por at i on

F. Cut hber t Sal mon, AI A
Gor don P. McMast er Ar chi t ect
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Keyes D. Met cal f
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W. Russel Par ker

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Fr ank Har r i son Randol ph, P. E.

Pr of essor of Hot el
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Di r ect or , Nat i onal Bui l di ng
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Samuel Sel den
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Amer i canAssoci at i on of Por t
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Amer i canAssoci at i on f or
St at e and Local Hi st or y
Amer i can Associ at i on of Zool ogi cal
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Amer i can
Bar Associ at i on
Amer i can Li br ar y Associ at i on
Amer i can Medi cal Associ at i on
Amer i can Psychi at r i c
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Amer i canTr ucki ng Associ at i ons,
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Boy Scout s of Amer i ca
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Br unswi ck Cor p.
Canadi an MuseumAssoci at i on
Cent er f or Ar chi t ect ur al Resear ch,
Renssel aer Pol yt echni c I nst i t ut e
Conf er ence Boar d of Mat hemat i cal Sci ences
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Feder al Av i at i on Admi ni st r at i on
Feder al
Housi ng Admi ni st r at i on
Gener al Mot or s Cor por at i on
Gener al Ser v i ces
Admi ni st r at i on
Housi ng and HomeFi nance Agency
Housi ng Resear ch Cent er , Cor nel l
Uni v er si t y
Humbl e Oi l &Ref i ni ng Co.
I nst i t ut e of Out door
Dr ama, Uni v er si t y of Nor t h Car ol i na
I nst i t ut e of Tr af f i c Engi neer s
I nt er nat i onal Associ at i on of Chi ef s of Pol i ce
I nt er nat i onal Ci t y
Manager s Associ at i on
I nt er nat i onal Yout h Host el
Feder at i on
Mi chi gan St at e Housi ng Dev el opment
Aut hor i t y
Or gani z at i ons
Mobi l e Homes Manuf act ur er s Associ at i on
Mosl er
Saf e Co.
Mot or
Vehi cl e
Manuf act ur er s Associ at i on of t he U. S
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I nc .
Musi c Educat or s Nat i onal Conf er ence
Nat i onal Associ at i on of
Engi ne
and Boat Manuf act ur er s, I nc .
Nat i onal Associ at i on of Home Bui l der s
Nat i onal Counci l of t he Young Men' s Chr i st i an Associ at i on of U. S. A.
Nat i onal Counci l on t he Agi ng
Nat i onal Cr ushed St one Associ at i on
Nat i onal Educat i on Associ at i on
Nat i onal Fi r e Pr ot ect i on- I nt er nat i onal
Nat i onal Fi sher i es Cent er and Aquar i ums
Nat i onal I nst i t ut e of Ment al Heal t h
Nat i onal Gol f Associ at i on
Nat i onal Of f i ce Pr oduct s Associ at i on
Nat i onal Recr eat i on and Par k Associ at i on
Nat i onal Ri f l e Associ at i on
Nat i onal Swi mmi ng Pool I nst i t ut e
NewYor k
Ci t y
Housi ng Aut hor i t y
NewYor k St at e Uni ver si t y Const r uct i on Fund
Phi l adel phi a Housi ng Associ at i on
Texas
A
&
M
Uni ver si t y, School of
Ar chi t ect ur e
Uni t ed Met hodi st Chur ch, Boar d of Gl obal Mi ni st r i es
U. S
. Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on, and Wel f ar e ( nowcal l ed U. S . Depar t ment
of Heal t h and Human Ser vi ces)
U. S
. Depar t ment of Housi ng and Ur ban Devel opment
U. S
. Depar t ment of t he Navy
U. S
.
Publ i c
Heal t h Ser vi ce
Uni ver si t y of Cal i f or ni a
Uni ver si t y
of Or egon
Uni ver si t y of Washi ngt on, Bur eau of Gover nment Resear ch and Ser vi ces
Ur ban Land I nst i t ut e
Pr ef ac e
to the Sec ond
Edi ti on
The f i r st edi ti on
of TI ME-SAVERSTANDARDSFORBUI LDI NGTYPESwas
a uni que and
si gni f i c ant publ i c ati on. I t establ i shedf or the f i r st ti me
a c om-
pr ehensi ve sour c e of r ef er enc e mater i al deal i ng wi th the f unc ti onal
anal ysi s
andstandar ds of
al l maj or types of bui l di ngs . I t c ontai nedi n a
si ngl e sour c e
an
extensi ve amount of essenti al pl anni ng data f or the ar c hi tec tur al
desi gner
and r el ated pr of essi onal s . Thi s was ac c ompl i shed by
c ontr i buti ons f r om
many i ndi vi dual s and by r esear c hi ng and c onsol i dati ng a
wi de r ange of
l i ter atur e . As muc has possi bl e, the c r i ter i a wer e
pr esentedi n gr aphi c f or m
f or easi er r ef er enc e anduse . I na spanof a
f ewshor t year s, the f i r st edi ti on
has establ i shed i tsel f as a usef ul and
popul ar r ef er enc e sour c e to both pr o-
f essi onal s and students . I n or der to
mai ntai n i ts ef f ec ti veness and meet
thi s need, the book r equi r es per i odi c
r evi ewandr evi si on to i nc or por ate new
devel opments andthi nki ng. As a
r esul t, the sec ondedi ti on has been pub-
l i shed. The newedi ti on has been
expandedby over two hundr edpages and
appr oxi matel y twenty-f i ve per c ent of
the or i gi nal book has been r evi sed.
Obsol ete pages have beenel i mi nated
andmor e c ur r ent mater i al s have been
added. Al so, sever al newbui l di ng types
have been i nc l uded.
The author s wi sh to emphasi ze to the
user of thi s handbook that the
mater i al pr esentedi s pr i mar i l y
of f er ed to gi ve basi c or gener al data f or a
par ti c ul ar bui l di ng type . Thi s
mater i al i s not i ntended to gi ve def i ni ti ve
sc hemati c s, r i gi df or mul as, or f i nal
desi gn sol uti ons that wi l l automati c al l y
pr ovi de the sol uti onto the par ti c ul ar
desi gnpr obl emat hand. Rather ,
these
standar ds andc r i ter i a shoul d be
the star ti ng poi nt f or f ur ther anal ysi s, study,
andr evi ewof the f unc ti onal
r el ati onshi ps of eac h bui l di ng type .
Pr i mar i l y,
the mater i al
i n thi s handbooki s i ntendedto be usedby the
ar c hi tec t, desi gner ,
student, or
r el ateddesi gnpr of essi onal s i n the f ol l owi ng
manner :
1 . to assi st
i n devel opi ng bui l di ng pr ogr ams and
establ i shi ng pr el i mi nar y
spac e al l oc ati ons .
2.
to
anal yze spec i f i c c l i ent needs andto quanti f y
them
3. to study
gener al andspec i f i c f unc ti onal r el ati onshi ps
4. to assi st i n the pr epar ati ons of
pr el i mi nar y ar c hi tec tur al
desi gns
The author s str ongl y bel i eve i n the pr i nc i pl e that
"f or mf ol l ows f unc ti on"
and that
bef or e a bui l di ng c an suc c eed
aestheti c al l y i t must per f or mi ts
f unc ti on ef f i c i entl y. Al l the mater i al pr esented
i n thi s handbook deal s
wi th
the f unc ti onof a bui l di ng r ather than i ts f or m
. Ther e i s absol utel y no
attempt
to
di c tate or even suggest aestheti c or
def i ni ti ve desi gn sol uti ons to
any
bui l di ng t ype.
The ar chi t ect ur al desi gner must have compl et e f r eedomt o
exer ci se hi s or
her cr eat i ve abi l i t i es. Wi t h t he handbook' s sol i d
f unct i onal
basi s, t hi s goal
can be achi eved mor e successf ul l y.
JOSEPHDe
CHIARA
Pr ef ac e
t o t he f i r s t Edi t i on
TIME-SAVERSTANDARDSFOR
BUILDINGTYPESi s a nat ur al out gr owt h
of t he pr es ent f our t h edi t i on of
Ti me-Saver St andar ds , AHandbook of
Ar c hi t ec t ur al Des i gn Dat a. Over t he year s , as
Ti me-Saver St andar ds bec ame
mor e
popul ar and c ompr ehens i ve, i t al s o bec ame
l ar ger i n s i ze and mor e
c umber s ome t o us e . In addi t i on t o
c ont ai ni ngar c hi t ec t ur al des i gn dat a, t he
f our t h edi t i on al s o had s ome des i gn mat er i al
deal i ngwi t h s pec i f i c t ypes of
bui l di ngs . When t he bookwas r eady f or a
f i f t h r evi s i on, i t bec ame appar ent
t hat c hanges had t o be made i n t he c ont ent
and f or mat of t he book. In or der
t o be abl e t o i nc l ude newdes i gn dat a
i n a c ompr ehens i ve manner , i t was
dec i ded t o r emove t he mat er i al
deal i ng wi t h bui l di ng t ypes f r omt he
f i f t h
edi t i on and us e t hi s mat er i al
as a c or e f or t he newbook: Ti me-Saver
St andar ds f or
Bui l di ng Types . The or i gi nal mat er i al has been
r evi s ed,
gr eat l y expanded,
and r eor gani zed t o c over al l of t he maj or
bui l di ngt ypes .
The r es ul t
has been a c ompl et el y newhandbook f or t he
ar c hi t ec t ur al
pr of es s i on. It evol ved
f r omand f ol l ows t he t r adi t i on of t he
f i r s t f our
edi t i ons of
Ti me-Saver St andar ds . Ti me-Saver St andar ds
f or Bui l di ng Types
and Ti me-Saver St andar ds f or Ar c hi t ec t ur al Des i gn Dat a,
5t h edi t i on, ar e
c l os el y r el at ed
but , i n f ac t , ar e s epar at e and i ndependent books
.
Ti me-Saver
St andar ds f or Bui l di ngTypes i s i nt ended pr i mar i l y t o
meet t he
needs of t hos e who ar e
i nvol ved i n t he c onc ei vi ng, pl anni ng, pr ogr ammi ng, or
des i gn of bui l di ngs . It i s i nt ended t o
gi ve bas i c des i gn c r i t er i a f or eac h
maj or
t ype of bui l di ng. It
wi l l
gi ve t hos e
unf ami l i ar wi t h a s pec i f i c t ype of
bui l di nga
t al ki ngor
wor ki ng
knowl edge of
i t s f unc t i ons , or gani zat i on, and maj or c om-
ponent s .
Thi s mat er i al i s i nt ended t o ac t as
a gui de or r ef er enc e poi nt f r om
whi c h t he
s pec i f i c des i gn s ol ut i ons
c an be es t abl i s hed. Abs ol ut el y no at t empt i s made
i n
t hi s bookt o pr es ent t he
f i nal des i gn s ol ut i on f or any bui l di ngt ype,
nor does i t
t r y t o es t abl i s h or
i nf l uenc e t he f i nal aes t het i c expr es s i on of t he
bui l di ng. It i s
hoped
t hat t he des i gner or ar c hi t ec t , by havi ng at hi s di s pos al t he
wi des t
r ange
of
i nf or mat i on c onc er ni ng a bui l di ngt ype, wi l l be abl e t o
des i gn mor e
f unc t i onal , mor e meani ngf ul , and mor e exc i t i ngbui l di ngs .
The edi t or s wi s h t o t ake t hi s oppor t uni t yt o expr es s t hei r
gr at i t ude and s i nc er e
t hanks t ot hemany i ndi vi dual s , ar c hi t ec t s , l i br ar i es ,
and many var i ed or gani za-
t i ons who have gener ous l y c ont r i but ed t hei r
exper t i s e t o t hi s newc r eat i on,
Ti me-Saver St andar ds f or Bui l di ngTypes .
JOSEPHDe CHIARA
JOHNHANCOCKCALLENDER
Re s i d e n t i a l
DIMENSIONSOF
THEHUMANFIGURE
3
LIVINGAREAS
5
LIVINGROOMS 6
Furn i t ure 6
Furn i t ure Si ze s 7
Furn i t ure Arra n ge me n t s
8
Furn i t ure Si ze s a n d Cl e a ra n ce s
14
DININGAREAS
15
COMBINEDLIVING-DINING
SPACES 20
COMBINEDDINING
AREA-KITCHEN 21
BEDROOMS
22
COMBINEDLIVING-SLEEPING
AREAS 27
KITCHENS
29
LAUNDRYROOMS 41
BATHROOMS
48
CLOSETS
58
APARTMENTS
70
HOUSINGDENSITIES 82
HOUSINGFOR
THEELDERLY
87
HOUSINGFOR
THEHANDICAPPED
102
PARKINGFOR
THEHANDICAPPED
117
GROUPHOMES
119
SENIOR CITIZENS' CENTER
122
MOBILEHOMESAND
PARKS
129
YOUTH
HOSTELS
140
SITEPLANNING
146
DI MENSI ONSOF
ADULTS
The di mensi ons
and cl ear ances
shown f or t he
aver ageadul t ( Fi g. 2) r epr esent
mi ni mumr equi r e-
ment s f or use i n
pl anni ng bui l di ng l ayout s
and
f ur ni shi ngs.
I f possi bl e, cl ear ances
shoul d be i n-
cr eased t o al l ow
comf or t abl e accommodat i ons
f or
per sons l ar ger t han aver age.
Thehei ght of t abl e-
t ops shown on
t he next page i s 2 f t 5 i n;
some
aut hor i t i es pr ef er 2
f t
6
i n, or somet i mes
2 f t
61 / 2 i n.
Si nce door ways
and passageways must
nor -
mal l y be di mensi oned t o
per mi t t he movement
of f ur ni t ur e, t hey shoul d
sel dom be desi gned
mer el y on t he
needs of t he aver age
adul t. ( See
sect i on of t hi s book r el at i ng
t o f ur ni t ur e si zes
. )
DI MENSI ONS OF CHI LDREN
Chi l dr en do not have
t hesame physi cal
pr opor -
t i ons
as adul t s, especi al l y dur i ng
t hei r ear l y year s,
and t hei r hei ght s
var y gr eat l y, but t hei r
space
r equi r ement s
can beappr oxi mat ed
f r omt he f ol -
l owi ng t abl e and f r omFi g.
1 . ( For hei ght s of
chi l -
dr en' s f ur ni t ur e
and equi pment , see
sect i on on
"School s . ")
. -
. I Di 6-
O
, H

I I
t i l l

1 1 1 1

, I
_~

~I
Fi g. 1

Di mensi ons and
cl ear ances f or
chi l dr en. Sour ce: "Ti me- Saver
St andar ds, " 1 st
ed. , F. W. DodgeCor p. ,
Ql i

1 / 4
H
New
Yor k, 1 946.
Fi g. 2

Di mensi ons
and cl ear ances
f or adul t s . Sour ce: "Ti me- Saver
St andar ds, "
1 st ed. , F. W. Dodge Cor p
. , NewYor k,
1 946.
DI MENSI ONSOF THE
HUMANFI GURE
Aver age
Hei ght of Chi l dr en
Resi dent i al
Age
Hei ght , i n Age
Hei ght , i n
5
44 1 1
56
6
46 1 2
58
7
48 1 3
60
8
50 1 4
62
9
52 1 5
64
1 0
54 1 6
66
Resi dent i al
DIMENSIONSOFTHEHUMANFIGURE
4
LI VI NGAREAS
Pl anni ng Consi der at i ons
" Thr ough
t r af f i c shoul d be separ at ed
f r om
act i vi t y
cent er s.
"
Openi ngs shoul d be l ocat ed so
as t o gi ve
enough
wal l space f or var i ous f ur ni t ur e
ar r angement s.
" Conveni ent access
shoul d be pr ovi ded t o door s,
wi ndows, el ect r i c out l et s, t her most at s,
and
suppl y gr i l l s .
Fur ni t ur e Cl ear ances
To
assur e adequat e space f or conveni ent use
of
f ur ni t ur e i n t he
l i vi ng ar ea, not l ess t han t he f ol -
l owi ng cl ear ances shoul d be obser ved.
60i n bet ween
f aci ng seat i ng
24 i n wher e ci r cul at i on
occur s bet ween f ur ni -
t ur e
30 i n f or use of desk
36 i n f or mai n t r af f i c
60 i n bet ween
t el evi si on set and seat i ng
Seat i ng ar r anged
ar ound a 10- f t di amet er ci r cl e
( Fi g. 1) makes a comf or t abl e gr oupi ng
f or conver -
sat i on
. Fi gur e 2i ndi cat es cl ear ances, ci r cul at i on,
and conver sat i on ar eas.
Fi g. 2 Mi ni mumcl ear ances, ci r cul at i on
and con-
ver sat i on ar eas f or l i vi ng r ooms.
r
3
Nu1pI 11111RI Nf l 1111~N11111/ I

WI I
30' ' t o
use desk
`vt nmut nr ~
s~
10' di am.
conver sat i on
ar ea
To sl eepi ng ar ea
and
mai n ent r ance
Fi g. 1 Pl an. Sour ce: "Manual of
Accept abl e Pr act i ces, " Vol .
4,
U. S. Dept
. of Housi ng and Ur ban
Devel opment , 1973.
To
di ni ng and
ki t chen ar ea
Resi dent i al
LI VI NG
AREAS
FURNI TURE
GENERAL
Typi cal
f ur ni t ur e- gr oup uni t s
Whi l e t he t ypi cal f ur ni t ur e
ar r angement s
pr esent ed i n t he
f ol l owi ng pages by no
means cover t he
ent i r e r ange of possi bi l i -
t i es, t hey do cover
t he f undament al uses t o
whi ch l i vi ng,
di ni ng, and sl eepi ng spaces
ar e put .
Fr omt he suggest ed schemes
f ur ni -
t ur e
ar r angement s can be devel oped
t o sui t
any
par t i cul ar pr obl em
or set of pr obl ems
wi t h whi ch a desi gner may
be conf r ont ed .
Fur ni t ur e si zes may
var y sl i ght l y ; t hose
i ndi cat ed ar e
t he aver ages commonl y met
wi t h i n upper
mi ddl e- cl ass homes, and ar e
l i t t l e af f ect ed by
changes i n st yl e or si mi l ar
mat t er s
of i ndi vi dual pr ef er ence.
Speci f i c
space al l owances
I n
st udyi ng f ur ni t ur e gr oupi ngs,
i t be-
comes
obvi ous t hat cer t ai n cl ear ances
ar e
r equi r ed
. Spaces, l anes, or pat hs
of di f -
f er ent t ypes devel op nat ur al l y
bet ween
f ur ni t ur e- gr oup uni t s . Mi ni mum
di st ances
f or comf or t have been
est abl i shed by
numer ous pl anner s . These, and
i n some
cases, maxi mumdi st ances
based upon r e-
qui r ement s f or human
i nt er cour se, have
been i ncor por at ed i n
t he di agr ams . Al i st -
i ng of t hose gener al l y
appl i cabl e t o al l
r ooms f ol l ows:
1 . Si ngl e passage
( not a t r af f i c l ane)
bet ween l owobj ect s,
such as a sof a and
cof f ee t abl e: 18 i n. i
s
t he
mi ni mum.
2. Si ngl e
passage ( not a t r af f i c l ane)
bet ween t al l obj ect s, hi p hei ght or over :
2 f t t o 2f t 6 i n. i s t he mi ni mum.
3. Gener al t r af f i c l ane
: 3 f t 4i n. i s t he
pr act i cal mi ni mum. As r ooms
i ncr ease i n si ze,
t hi s mi ni mum
i ncr eases, i n or der t o pr e-
ser ve t he
space scal e of t he r oom. The
t r af f i c l ane
bet ween an ent r ance door and
a maj or
gr oup uni t i s pr ef er abl y gener ous
i n wi dt h
. I t i s desi r abl e t o pl ace
door s so
t hat
t he cent r al por t i ons of
r ooms do not
become maj or t r af f i c ways
bet ween di f f er -
ent par t s of t he house.
4. Seat i ng ar eas,
conf i ned ( f or i nst ance,
bet ween a
desk and a wal l ) : 3f t i s
a
mi ni mum
t ol er ance, whi ch per mi t s one
per -
son
t o pass back of an occupi ed
chai r . Thi s
mi ni mum
does not const i t ut e a maj or
t r af f i c
l ane.
LI VI NGROOM
Typi cal
f ur ni t ur e gr oups i n t he l i vi ng
r oomar e
as f ol l ows :
1 . Pr i mar y conver sat i on
gr oup: chai r s
and sof a
nor mal l y gr ouped ar ound t he
f i r epl ace
2. Secondar y conver sat i on
gr oup: chai r s
and
l ove seat at end of r oomor i n cor ner
3. Readi ng gr oup or gr oups : chai r ,
ot t o-
man, l amp, t abl e
4. Wr i t i ng or st udy gr oup
: desk, l amp,
one or t wo chai r s,
bookcases
5. Musi c gr oup: pi ano, bench, st or age
space
6. Game gr oup:
game t abl e and f our
chai r s
7. Tel evi si on
gr oup: t el evi si on set and
seat i ng f or sever al
peopl e
Accor di ng t o t he
pr i ce of a house and
t he cubage al l ot t ed
t o t he l i vi ng r oom, t wo
or t hr ee or al l
of t he f ur ni t ur e- gr oup uni t s
may be i ncl uded
.
The f i r epl ace i s so cl osel y
associ at ed wi t h l i vi ng r oomf ur ni t ur e t hat i t
has been i ncl uded i n al l schemes.
Cl ear ances
Tr af f i c t ol er ances i n l i vi ng r ooms ar e i m-
por t ant , si nce number s of peopl e use
t he
r oom, and nar r ow l anes bet ween
f ur ni t ur e-
gr oup uni t s ar e
uncomf or t abl e. An ade-
quat e t r af f i c l ane
bet ween t he mai n en-
t r ance and t he maj or
seat i ng gr oup i s 3f t
4 i n. wi de; 4f t
6 i n. i s pr ef er r ed. The
mi ni mumcl ear ance
bet ween f aci ng pi eces
of f ur ni t ur e
i n a f i r epl ace gr oup i s 4f t 8
i n. f or a
f i r epl ace 3f t wi de. For ever y i nch
added
t o
t he
si ze of t he f i r epl ace, 1 i n. i s
added t o t he mi ni mumcl ear ance space.
I f a wi de sof a i s pl aced di r ect l y
oppo-
si t e t he f i r epl ace, t hi s gr oup i s of t en
spr ead. A6- f t t ol er ance i s usual l y consi d-
er ed t he maxi mumbecause i t i s di f f i cul t
t o
car r y on a conver sat i on over a gr eat er di s-
t ance.
Aconsi der abl e f l exi bi l i t y i n
l ocat i on of
door s andwi ndows i s possi bl e,
andal l wal l
pi eces can be shi f t ed. Door s f l anki ng
a f i r e-
pl ace ar e t o
be avoi ded i n or der t hat t he
f ur ni t ur e gr oup
may be concent r at ed
ar ound t he f i r epl ace
openi ng.
SOFAS

LOVESEATS
"SHERATON" TYPE
LENGTH 6' - 0"
DEPTH 2. - 6"
HEI GHT
3' - 0"
CHAI RS
DESKS
FLATTOP. . . SMALL
LENGTH 4' - 0"
DEPTH
2' - 0"
HEI GHT 2' - 6"
BREAKFRONTBOOKCASES
SMALL
LENGTH4' - 0"
DEPTH 1' - 6"
HEI GHT 6' - 6"
S
AVERAGE
LENGTH
2' - 6"
DEPTH 1' -
6"
HEI GHT 2' - 6"

HN- 2"
PI ANOS
LARGE
L 5' - 0"
Dl ' - 6"
H 7' - 0"
"CHI PPENDALE" TYPE
L. 6=6"
D' 2' - 6"
H 3' - 0"
FLATTOP

I AkGE
L5' - 0"
D 2' - 6"
H 2' - 6"
20
LOWBOYS

HI GHBOYS
SWANTOP
L 3' - 0"
D
l '
- 6"
H7' - 0"
TABLES
37. CONCERTGRAND

40. BABYGRAND
L

9' - 0
, .

L

5, _ 6
D 5' - 0"

D 5' - O"
H
3' - 4" H 3' - 4"
FLATTOP
L
3' - 0' D
l ' - 6"
H 5- 0"
38. MUSI CROOMGRAND

41. CONSOLE
L
7' _ 0

L
5' - 0

D5' - 0"
D
2' - 0
.
H
3' - 4

H
4' - 3

SI DEOR
DESK
L l ' - 6"
OCCASI ONAL

WI NG

D I ' - 6"
CLUB

L
2' -
3"

L2' - 6"

H 2- 6"
LENGTH 2' - 6"

D
2- 6

D2' - 6"
DEPTH 3' - 0"

H
3' - 0"

H3' - 0"
HEI GHT 3' - O"

D 3' - 0"
FLATTOP. . . . VERY LARGE
L 6' - 0"
D 3' - 0"
H 2' - 6"
UPHOLSTERED
ARMLESS
L

2
,
- 0"
D 2' - 6"
H 2- - 6"
END
L 2' - 0

END
0

l ' -
3"

L

I ' - 8"
H 2'
- 0, .
D
1 , - 8
H 2' - 0"
BRI DGE
ARM
L 2' - 0"
UPHOLSTERED

D 2' -
0"
CORNERCHAI R

H2- 6"
L 3' - 0"
CI RCULAR PI ECES
LOWCOFFEETABLE

DRUMTABLE

PI ECRUSTTABLE
DI AM 3' - 0"

DI AM3' - 0"

DI AM. 3' - 0"
HEI GHT1' 6"

H2' - 6" H

2- 6"
DUMBWAI TER
LARGESTDI AM. 2' - 0"
H 2' - 6"
STAND,
DI AM.
I ' -
0"
H 2- 6"
Resi dent i al
FURNI TURE
SI ZES
LARGE
L
4' - 6"
D 2' -
6"
H
3' - d
,
GOVERNOR

SECRETARY
WI NTHROP

L 3' - 0"
L3' - 0" D 2' - 0"
D 2' - 0"

H 7' - O"
H 5- 6"
CONSOLE
L
3' -
0"
D1' - 6"
H 2' - 6"
BRI DGE
ARMLESS
L l ' - 6"
D l ' - 6"
H2' - 6"
39. PARLORGRAND

42. MI NATURE
L
6' - 0"
L 4
, _
8
D 5' - 0"

O l ' - 7"

DI AMP
TABLE
H
V_ 4

H
3' - 0

2O

DEPTH0F
ROUNDABOUTSEAT

H.

2- 6

DI AM. 4' - 0"
Resi dent i al
FURNITUREARRANGEMENTS
1 . In al l l i vi ng rooms shown, mai n conversat i on group
cent ered about f i repl ace
i s
dark gray. Bay or pi ct ure
wi ndows may be used
as
f ocal poi nt s, i nst ead of f i repl aces
.
3. For l arger f ami l i es, or f or t hose
who ent ert ai n of t en,
seat i ng f or 7 t o Spersons
i n
t he
pri mary groupi s a reason-
abl e desi gn l i mi t at i on.
Of f - cent er l ocat i on of game group
provi des
f or a corner ent rance door .
5.
If
sof a opposi t e f i repl ace i s omi t t ed, pri mary
groupcan
be brought cl oser t oget her . In schemes I
t o 4, not e t hat
wi de groups permi t
conversat i on wi t hout t wi st i ng
t o see
speakers seat ed on sof a; here t hi s rest ri ct i on
i s removed.
2. Cl earance bet ween l owcof f ee t abl e ( 23) and easy chai rs
( 6) ought t o be mai nt ai ned
at 3' - 4"
even t hough t abl e
i s
l ow,
because t he ai sl e
here
const i t ut es
a maj or t raf f i c way.
4. Mi ni muml engt h f or a room
whi ch
must
cont ai n
a baby
grand
pi ano
i s approxi mat el y 20' . If mi ni mumcl earances of
l ' bet ween pi ano and wal l , and 3' bet ween desk ( 1 5) and
wal l ,
are t o be
mai nt ai ned, rooml engt h must be i ncreased.
6. Here, presumabl y, doors at ends of roomi ndi cat e
use of
one
si de of roomas a
t raf f i c rout e. Pri mary
f urni t ure i s
grouped cl osel y about f i repl ace; wal l pi eces are al l t hat can
be used on opposi t e si de.
7. Groupi ng f or door l ocat i ons at
bot h ends of room;
i deal l y, 1- f t cl earance i s desi rabl e bet ween pi ano and wal l .
Chai rs ( 6) are smal l er t hant hose previ ousl y l i st ed, 2`- 6" x 3' - 0".
9. Pri mary
group shown i s one of most popul ar arrange-
ment s. Uni t pl aci ng suggest s
ent rance at l ef t end. Sec-
ondary
conversat i on uni t
of t enbecomes musi c or gamegroup.
11 . Ten persons can be comf ort abl y seat ed i n t hi s
t ype of
arrangement , i n whi ch pri mary and
secondary conversat i on
groupi ngs al most merge i nt o one
.
Resi dent i al
8.

If l i vi ng roomhas a "deadend" ( no doors) , pri mary uni t
may be spread t o i ncl ude ent i re end of room. Incl usi on of
musi c or game groupwoul d demand more area.
10. Wri t i ng or st udy group
at l ef t , musi c
or game group
at ri ght ,
and
cent er pri mary
group, need mi ni mumpassages
onl y when roomi s narrow.
12. Arrangement desi gned t o permi t door l ocat i ons
on
si de
wal l s rat her t han ends. Angl ed chai rs ( 6) are smal l si ze
not ed i n
Fi g. 7, and of t en used i n ot her arrangement s .
Resi dent i al
z
13
. Pr evi ous di agr ams have shown schemes ar r anged sym-
met r i cal l y about cent er ed f i r epl aces ; on t hi s and t he
f ol -
l owi ng page ar e schemes f or cases
when f oci cannot be
cent er ed.
15. If
pr i mar y, musi c, and
game
gr oups
ar e
al l t o
be con-
t ai ned i n a smal l ar ea, one must be cur t ai l ed. Her e game
gr oup consi st s of t abl e and onl y t wo chai r s.
17. Two
smal l er uphol st er ed chai r s ( 6) , each 2' - 6" x 3' - 0"
mi ght be
accommodat ed at t he r i ght of t he f i r epl ace i n
t hi s r oomwi t h onl y
a sl i ght i ncr ease i n r oomwi dt h.
14. Of f - cent er r ooms of t en di vi de nat ur al l y i nt o t wo par t s:
pr i mar y gr oup,
and ot her gr oups combi ned
.
Cl ear ance no
gr eat er t han 2' wi l l not accommodat e a maj or
t r af f i c l ane.
16 . In t hi s case
t he pr i mar y conver sat i on gr oup i s cur t ai l ed
t o per mi t
i ncl usi on of a gr and pi ano; use of cor ner bench
f or game gr oup may r esul t i n
some l oss of comf or t .
18. In a r oomwi t h onl y
one door t he mi ni mumt r af f i c l ane
of 3' - 4" needs t o be
i ncr eased t o at l east 4' - 10", whi ch wi l l
accommodat e t wo per sons si de by si de, wi t hout cr owdi ng.
19.
Another exampl e of
wi de entrance l anes. Pl acement
of doors so
that at l east 10" i s
al l owed betweenroomcorners
and
door tri mwi l l permi t
i nstal l ati on of "bui l t- i n" bookcases.
21.
Noti ce that a game- tabl e group occupi es al most
the
same f l oor
area as a baby grand pi ano. Pl acement at an
angl e i s i ntended f or i nf ormal rooms.
23. Fi repl ace chai rs set 3' - 6" back f rom
center l i ne of f i re-
pl ace permi t
occupants to gaze at the f i re
comf ortabl y.
General traf f i c cannot be accommodated
i n a 2- f t l ane.
Resi denti al
FURNITURE
ARRANGEMENTS
20.
Several doors may be accommodated wi th thi s type of
f urni ture- group uni t arrangement . A
traf f i c
l ane i s
assumed
to exi st at the l ef t end of the room.
22. Larger rooms maycontai n f our or more
f urni ture- group
uni ts; i t may be
desi rabl e to i ncrease cl earances . Use of
chai rs set at angl es requi res i ncreased areas.
24.
By usi ng l ove seats i nstead
of pai rs of chai rs at si des
of
f i repl ace, consi derabl e
space can be saved even though
seats are not pl aced
the mi ni mumdi stance apart .
Resi dent i al
r ;
12
25.

In r ooms wi t h f i r e-
pl aces i n end wal l s, as
i n
t he schemes i mmedi -
at el y
pr ecedi ng, f ur ni -
t ur e ar r angement s
of t en f al l nat ur al l y i nt o
t wo di st i nct gr oups.
27. In t hi s scheme, by
pl aci ng t he sof a on t he
l ong axi s opposi t e t he
f i r epl ace, f ur ni t ur e i s
hel d t oget her as a
si ngl e uni t . Ther e ar e
t wo obvi ous
posi t i ons
f or an ent r ance door .
If i s possi bl e t o back
t he sof a agai nst a
gr oup of wi ndows.
29. Her e
t he
l ef t si de and end
opposi t e t he f i r e-
pl ace ar e avai l -
abl e f or door s.
Pi ano shoul d, i f
possi bl e, be
pl aced agai nst
an
i nsi de wal l .
26. One of t he t wo
gr oups may be adapt ed
f or di ni ng, el i mi nat i ng
need f or a separ at e
di ni ng r oom. Mi ni mum
cl ear ance ar ound di n-
i ng t abl e shoul d be
3' - 0".
28.
Backi ng t he pr i -
mar y- gr oup f ur ni t ur e
agai nst
wal l s el i mi nat es
passage behi nd t hem
and r educes r oom
wi dt h t o a mi ni mum.
30. Pl aci ng t he
sof a agai nst one
si de of t he r oom
t ends t o open up
t he
pr i mar y gr oup-
i n ef f ect , t o mer ge
wi t h i t
t he secon-
dar y
conver sat i on -
gr oup
f ur ni t ur e.
31 . The ent i r e ar ea
may be t r eat ed as a
si ngl e uni t , al l f ur ni t ur e
bei ng br ought i nt o
t he
pr i nci pal gr oup.
33
. Byi nt er -
changi ng t he
posi t i ons of
t he f i r epl ace
f ur ni t ur e i n
Fi g . 32, a
gr and pi ano
can beaccom-
i
modat ed.
35.
Type
of sof a
shown i s becomi ng i n-
cr easi ngl y popul ar .
Chai r s ( 6) maybe uni t s
whi ch can be added t o
sof a, i f desi r ed.
i s' - 5"t
Resi dent i al
FURNITURE
ARRANGEMENTS
32. Her e t he pl ac-
i ng of
t he desk
gr oup ( 14) al l i es i t
cl osel ywi t h t he f i r e-
pl ace uni t . Four
uni t s ar e i ncl uded
.
34. Compl et el y
symmet r i cal
ar -
r angement i n com-
par at i vel y smal l
space; musi c gr oup
mi ght r epl ace i t ems
14 and 25.
36.

"Uni t " t ypes of
sof as ar e
par t i cul ar -
l y sui t ed
t o cor ner
gr oupi ngs
. Scheme
showncont ai ns
t hr ee
gr oup
uni t s.
13
Resi dent i al
LI VI NGROOM-FURNI TURESI ZES ANDCLEARANCES
SPACEwt he smal l house f or gener al l i vi ng act i vi t i es
must of t en ser ve awi de var i et y
of
f unct i ons
.
Thus,
f ur ni t ur e can add gr eat l y t o t he usef ul ness of l i vi ng
ar ea
i f
i t i s adapt abl ei n t ype and si ze t o a number
of di f f er ent pur poses.
Accompanyi ng
dat a gi ve a
wor ki ng
basi s
f or
pr ovi di ng suf f i ci ent space f or gener al l i vi ng act i vi -
t i es. Di mensi onal i nf or mat i on i ncl udes onl y a f ew
of many avai l abl e si zes and t ypes of f ur ni t ur e. Di -
mensi ons of gr oups r ef er t o cl ear ances necessar y
f or comf or t abl e and conveni ent use.
Necessar y pl anni ng consi der at i ons i ncl ude:
pr o-
vi si on of adequat e f l oor and wal l spacef or f ur ni t ur e
gr oupi ngs; segr egat i on of t r af f i cways f r omcent er s
of act i vi t i es; ease of access ; and a maxi mumof
f l exi bi l i t y.
Door s i n const ant use shoul d be pl aced so t hat
t r af f i c bet ween t hemwi l l not i nt er f er e wi t h f ur ni t ur e
gr oups.
Fl exi bi l i t y i mpl i es t hevar yi nguses t o whi chspace
may be put . The l oungi ng gr oup of t he r i ght , f or
i nst ance, r equi r es appr oxi mat el y t he same f l oor
space as t he car d-pl ayi ng gr oup;
t he
sof a,
bel ow,
may be a conver t i bl e bed. Thus, f unct i ons of ot her
ar eas-such as r ecr eat i on,
sl eepi ng, di ni ng and
even st or age-may be appl i cabl e equal l y t o l i vi ng
r ooms
.
s. . - -. . --. .
-,
Doubl e Bed St udi oCouch
Conver t i bl e Sof a-Beds (G) : 2' -9" t o 3' -3" deep, 6' -2" t o 6' -8"
l ong
Li vi ng RoomTabl es (F) : l ' -8" t o 3' -0" wi de, 3' -6" t o 10' -0" l ong
Easy Chai r s: Wi ng, 2' -4" t o 2' -10" squar e; Cl ub, 2' -4" t o 3' -3", 3' -9"
squar e
Book Cases (D) : 2' -6" t o 3' -0" wi de, 10" t o 12" deep
Sof a Si zes (B) :
2' -8" t o 3' -6" deep
6' -0" t o 7' -2" l ong
Love Seat s:
2' -0" t o 2' -10" deep
3' -6" t o 4' - 6" l ong
End Tabl es (A) :
10" t o l ' -2" wi de
l ' -6" t o 3' -0" l ong
Occasi onal
Tabl es (C) :
2' -0" t o2' -4" squar e,
r ound, oval , dr aw-
t op, et c .
Car d Tabl es:
2' -6" t o 3' -0" squar e
;
f ol di ng
t ype
1i / 2"
t hi ck f ol ded )aver -
age)
Si de Chai r s :
1' -6" t o 2' -0" wi de
l ' -6" t o l ' -10"
deep
Desks, Sl opi ng Top:
3' -0" t o 3' -B" wi de
l ' -6" t o 2' -0" deep
Wr i t i ng Desks:
2' -8" t o 3' -6" wi de
l ' -6"
t o 2' -6" deep
Secr et ar i es:
3' -0"
t o 5' -0" wi de
l ' -6" t o 2' -8" deep
By GLENN
H. BEYERAND
ALEXANDERKI RA, Housi ng Research Center, Cornel l Uni versi ty
DI NI NGROOM
The pri nci pal f actors to be consi dered
i n pl anni ng the di ni ng area are as f ol l ows:
( 1) Number of persons to be seated;
( 2) Space used at the tabl e; ( 3) Space
f or chai rs and
f or passage behi nd them;
( 4) Seati ng arrangement
;
( 5) Si ze
and
type of f urni ture;
and
( 6)
Storage space
f or chi na, gl assware, si l ver, and l i nen.
Recommended space di mensi ons, based
on recent research, are provi ded bel ow.
SI ZE OF PLACE SETTI NG
The mi ni mumwi dth needed f or each
pl ace setti ng i s 21 i n . ; however, a wi dth
of up to
29 i n. i s desi rabl e f or greater
f reedomof movement . A25- i n. wi dth i s
usual l y adequate; thi s permi ts chai rs 19
i n. wi de to be pl aced 6
i n . apart . The
mi ni mumdepth f or
a pl ace setti ng i s 14
1
( ,
i n. These di mensi ons
al l ow space f or
chi na, gl assware, si l ver,
and el bow ex-
tensi on ( See Fi g. 1) .
PASSAGE BEHI NDCHAI RS
The mi ni mumspace recommended f or
passage behi nd chai rs i s 22 i n. ; a sati s-
f actory range i s 22 to 25 i n. I f passage
behi nd the chai rs i s not requi red, a mi ni -
mumof 5 i n. pl us the depth of the chai r
must be provi ded f or pushi ng back the
chai r when l eavi ng the tabl e ( See Fi g. 3) .
Si ze
of
tabl e
The mi ni mum
wi dth recommended i s 36
i n. ; a sati sf actory
wi dth i s 36 to 44 i n.
I f 25- i n
. - wi de pl ace setti ngs are pro-
vi ded and i f one person
i s seated at each
end of the tabl e,
then mi ni mumand rec-
ommendedtabl e
l engths are as f ol l ows:
Persons
Mi ni mum, i n. Recommended,
i n.
4 54

60
6 79

84
8 104

108
10 129

132
12 154

156
Tabl e 1 . I nsi de di mensi ons
of drawers f or storage of
si l verware
Adaptedf ront I ndoor Di ni ngAreas
f or Rural Homesi n the
Western Regi on,
Report 118, 1' ai nersi ty of Ari zona
Agri ci df ural E. rprroneof
Staboi r, Trcr. soa
( J une 19551 .
I tem

Wi dth, i n. Depth, i n.
Hei ght, i n.
8 each f orks, kni ves,
soupspoons; 12 teaspoons,

11

181/ . - ,

2 :
6 tabl espoons, 4 servi ng pi eces
12 each f orks, kni ves, sal ad f orks or
others, butter

141 . , 20

3
spreaders,
soupspoons; 18 teaspoons, 6 tabl e-
spoons, 3- pi ece
carvi ng set, 3 servi ng pi eces
12 each f orks,
kni ves, soupspoons, sal ad f orks or

17

19/ '

2V4
butter spreaders; 24 teaspoons,
6 tabl espoons,
6 servi ng pi eces
Tabl e 2. Di mensi ons of
stacks of f ol ded
tabl e l i nens
Adapted f romStorage
Space Requi rements f or
Househol d Texti l es,
A. -
Wool ri cl r, : 11. : 11 . Whi l e, ai d
. 11. A. Ri chards,
Agri cul tural Rescarrh Rul l ef i n
62- - : ; , U. S. L) eparf nzent of
Agri cul hzre, WaNhi rrgl on,
D. C. 119551 . Di nl en-
. ~i ons
gi ves
aref rond- l a- back, . , i d
e- to- si de, acrd hei gl d.
Space
16 i n. deep

Space
20 i n. deep
I tem

Mi ni mum, i n.

Maxi mum,
i n.

Mi ni mum, i n.

Maxi mum, i n.
2 l arge tabl ecl oths,

14xl 9x3

14x36x2

19x14x3

19x28x2
guest use
2 medi umtabl ecl oths,

15xl 9xl

13x28xl

19x10xl

18x28x1
everyday use
4
smal l
tabl ecl oths,

14100

14x2Bxl

10x14x3

15xl 4x2
everyday use
3 smal l tabl ecl oths,

14x10x2

14x28xl

10xl 4x2

15xl 4x2
guest use
12 smal l napki ns

7x10x3

7x10x3

10x 5x3

10x
9x2
( 2 stacks of 6)
12 l arge napki ns

8x10x2

8x10x2

10x
6x2

10x10x1
( 2 stacks of 6)
6 pl ace mats, everyday

13xl 9xl

13xl 9xl

19xl 3xl

19xl 3xl
use
1

tabl e pad

13x21
x3

13x21x3

13x21x3

13x21x3
I f no one i s seated at ei ther end of the
tabl e, the l ength may be reduced by ap-
proxi matel y 4 i n
.
Space f or total di ni ng area
Wi th the same condi ti ons
noted above
and wi th on ampl e 42- i n. space
f or pas-
sage on al l si des of a 42- i n. - wi de
tabl e,
requi red
si zes are as f ol l ows:
Persons

WXL

=Area
f t

sq f t
4

101=2x12 126
6

101 " x14 =147
8

101=, x16 168
10

101 =x18 =189
12

101 : x20

=210
I f no one i s to be seated at
ei ther end of
the tabl e, the l ength may be reduced
by
2 f t ( 21 sq f t) .
Storage space
Li near f eet of
shel f space requi red f or
medi um- i ncome
f ami l i es, f or both moderate
and l i beral suppl i es of
di shes and gl ass-
ware, f or everyday
and guest use, i s as
f ol l ows:
12- i n. shel ves,

20- i n. shel ves,
f t- - i n.

f t
Moderate 21- 0

2
Li beral
36- 9

2
Drawer space f or storage of
si l ver i s shown
i n Tabl e 1 . Space f or storage
of tabl e
l i nens i s shown i n Tabl e 2.
Resi dent i al
DI NI NGAREAS
DI NI NGAREASmust accommodat e f ur ni t ur e- ei t her
por t abl e
or
bui l t - i n- f or
eat i ng, si t t i ng, ser vi ng and
possi bl e st or age. Equi pment f or t hese di ni ng f unc-
t i ons may
al so be adapt ed t o meet ot her possi bl e
r equi r ement s f or t hi s spaceas st udyi ng, game-
pl ayi ng,
et c.
Tabl e space r equi r ement s per per son ar e as f ol -
l ows: f or
cr owded seat i ng, l ' - 10" on t he t abl e' s
per i met er; f or comf or t , 2' - 0" . Adequat e cl ear ances
f or use ar e i ndi cat ed
on di agr ams.
Fur ni t ur e Si zes :
Por t abl e Tabl es, r ound (A)-
2' - 7" t o 5' - 10" di am.
Por t abl e Tabl es, r ect angul ar
(C) :
2' - 6" t o 4' - 0" by 3' - 6" t o
8' - 0"
;
or 2' , - 0" t o 4' - 0" squar e
Di ni ng Chai r s, por t abl e
:
l ' - 6" t o 2' - 0" by l ' - 6" t o
l ' - 10"
Ser vi ng Tabl e (B) :
2' - 6" t o 3' - 6" by
1' - 2" t o l ' - q"
Si deboar d or
Buf f et (B) :
4' - 0"
t o
6' - 6" by l ' - 5" t o 2' - I "
Chi na Cabi net (B) :
2' - 8" t o 3' - 8" by l ' - 2" t o l ' - 9"
1 6
Furni ture Cl earances
Toassure adequate space f or conveni ent
use of
the di ni ng area, not l ess than the f ol l owi ng cl ear-
ances f romthe edge of the di ni ng tabl e
shoul d
be observed.
32 i n f or chai rs pl us access thereto
38i n f or chai rs pl us access and passage
42 i n f or servi ng f rombehi nd chai r
24
i n f or passage onl y
48i n f romtabl e to base cabi net ( i n di ni ng-
ki tchen)
Fi gures 4, 5, andb i l l ustrate proper cl earances.
Vari ous
arrangements appear on the next page.
Resi denti al
DININGAREAS
Fi g. 6 Mi ni mumcl earances
f or di ni ng areas. ( a) one end of tabl e
agai nst wal l ; ( b) servi ng f rom
one endand
"
one si de of tabl e. Source:
"Housi ng f or the
El derl y Devel opment Process, Mi chi gan State Housi ng De-
vel opment
Authori ty, 1974.
* From"Manual of Acceptabl e Practi ces, " Vol . 4, U. S. De-
partment of Housi ng and Urban Devel opment, 1973.
1 7
Resi denti al
DININGAREAS
1 .

Mi ni mum

r equi r es

2- f t

buf f e+
space on one si de onl y ; 3' mor e
l ength i s needed f or extensi on tabl e.
2. Typi cal di ni ng- r oomsui te, as used
i n East and on West Coast, r equi r es
f ur ni tur e space on two si des of r oom.
3 .

Long nar r owar ea wi th
somewaste
space r esul ts when wal l pi eces ar e at
ends, and end entr ance i s needed.
4. Sol i d
l i nes i ndi cate mi ni mumr oom
wi th cor ner
cupboar ds, no wal l f ur ni -
tur e. Dotted l i nes i ndi cate added
space f or 3' br eakf ast tabl e.
5.

Tabl e- andpassage uni t i n one cor -
ner per mi ts use of mi ni mum
spacef or
mul ti pl e acti vi ti es; pi ano may be
r e-
pl aced by desk, l ove seat, etc.
6.

Spaces smal l er than the usual mi n-
i mumcan be uti l i zed i f bui l t- i n seats
ar e i ncl uded; seati ng and tabl e-
ser vi ce comf or t ar e
sacr i f i ced.
1
8
7. The same set of cl ear ances ap-
pl i es to the sel domused r ound tabl e
as
to
the
mor e popul ar obl ong tabl e.
8. Ar r angement of
typi cal sui te i n
l ar ger - than- mi ni mum
space, when a
scr een i s used
at ser vi ng door .
9. Di ni ng r ooms wi th f i r epl aces
have
to be
l ar ger than mi ni mum
f or the
comf or t
of those seated a+ tabl e.
Fi g.
7

Di ni ng
roomf urni t ure. Source:
"Manual of Accept abl e Pract i ces, " Vol . 4, U. S. Dept
. of Housi ng
and Urban Devel opment , 1973.
Resi dent i al
DINING
AREAS
19
Resi dent i al
COMBINEDLIVING-DININGSPACES
COMBINEDSPACES
Oft en several compat i bl e l i vi ng funct i ons can be
combi nedadvant ageousl y i n a si ngl e room. Some
of t he benefi t s of such arrangement s are t hat
l ess space i s used but i t i s used more i nt ensi vel y,
i t s funct i ons can be changed
maki ng i t more fl exi -
bl e and servi ceabl e space, i t i s adapt abl e t o var-
i ed furni t ure arrangement s,
whi l e vi sual l y i t can
be made more i nt erest i ng and seemmore gener-
ous t han i f t he
same funct i ons were di spersed
i nt o separat e rooms.
For adj acent spaces t o be consi dered a com-
bi ned room, t he cl ear openi ng bet ween t hem
shoul d permi t common use of t he spaces . Thi s
usual l y necessi t at es an openi ng of at l east
8
ft .
Fi gures S and 9 show combi ned l i vi ng-di ni ng
rooms .
Fi g. 8 Combi ned l i vi ng-di ni ng room. '
20
Acombi nati ondi ni ngarea-ki tchen i s pref erred

chores and provi des s pace whi ch can be us ed
by s ome occupants of s mal l hous es
and apart-

as the f ami l y' s day-to-day meeti ng pl ace.
ments . Thi s arrangement mi ni mi zes hous ekeepi ng
21"
s i nk counter combi ned
wi th 21"
range counter
Res i denti al
COMBINEDDININGAREA-KITCHEN
Fi g. 10 Combi ned di ni ng area-ki tchen, 2-bedrooml i vi ng uni t . Source: "Manual of Acceptabl e
Practi ces , " Vol . 4, U. S. Dept. of Hous i ng and Urban Devel opment, 1973.
One
of the pri mary
f uncti ons of
the
ki tchen
has beentoprovi de a pl ace f or i nf ormal or f ami l y
eati ng. Thi s i s
di f f erent than gues t or f ormal di n-
i ng i n a s eparate di ni ng roomor area. The i nf or-
mal
di ni ng general l y cons i s ts of breakf as t, l unch,
s nacks , or j us t s ervi ng cof f ee to anei ghbor . Thi s
eati ng area s houl d becl earl y def i ned as a s epa-
rate f uncti onal area.
Af requent and des i rabl e arrangement i s the
combi ned ki tchen-di ni ng area.
The f ol l owi ng
s ketches ( Fi g. 11) s howthe vari ous pos s i bl e ar-
rangements . Another arrangement i s the ki tchen-
f ami l y room.
Fi g. 11

Mi ni mumcl earances f or di ni ng area i n ki tchen. Source: "Hous i ng
f or the El derl y Devel opment Proces s , " Mi chi gan State Hous i ng Devel opment
Authori ty, 1974 .
21
Resi dent i al
BEDROOMS
CHESTS
Fi g. 1

Typi cal average f urni t ure si zes .
22
BEDROOM
DI AGRAMS i ndi cat e mi ni mum cl ear ances t hat
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or use of t he bedr oomf ur ni -
t ur e shown, di mensi ons f or whi ch ar e l i st ed bel ow.
Manyt ypes and si zes of f ur ni t ur e ar e avai l abl e;
but t hose l i st ed ar e most common and can ser ve
as abasi s f or bedr oomdesi gn. At l east 2 i n shoul d
be al l owed as cl ear ance bet ween wal l s and f ur ni -
t ur e; 3 i n bet ween f ur ni t ur e uni t s .
Beds:
Si ngl e ( C) , 3' - 0" t o 3' - 3" wi de; 6' - 10" l ong.
Twi n ( F ) , 3' - 3" wi de; 6' - 10" l ong.
Thr ee- quar t er ( E) , 4' - 0" wi de; 6' - 10" l ong
Thr ee- quar t er ( B) , l ar ge, 4' - 2" t o 4' - 6" wi de;
6' - 10" l ong
Doubl e, 4' - 6" wi de, 6' - 10" l ong.
Rol l - away beds, ( A) : 2' - 0" by 5' - 0" on edge, 3"
cl ear ance on al l si des
Bed Tabl es ( G) :
1' - 2" t o 2' - 0" by l ' - 0" t o 2' - 0"
Bedr oomChai r s ( H) :
Smal l , l ' - 8" by l ' - 8" ; l ar ger , 2' - 6" t o 2' - 10"
by2' - 8" t o 3' - 2"
Dr esser s ( 3- dr awer ) ( D) :
3' - 0" t o 4' - 0" by l ' - 6" t o l ' - 10"
Chest of Dr awer s ( 4- dr awer ) ( D) :
2' - 8"
t o 3' - 4" by
l ' - 6" t o l ' - 10"
Chai se
Longue:
2' - 0" t o 2' - 4" by 4' - 0" t o 5' - 6"
DayBed:
2' - 9" t o 3' - 3" by 6' - 2" t o 6' - 8"
Dr essi ng Tabl e:
l ' - 3" t o l ' - 10" by 3' - 0" t o 4' - 2"
Resi dent i al
BEDROOMS
23
Resi dent i al
BEDROOMS
24
Fi g. 2

( a) , ( b) Pri mary bedroom, ( c)
pri mary bedroomwi t hout cri b. *
FURNI TURECLEARANCES
To assure adequat e
space f or conveni ent use of
f urni t ure i n t he bedroom, not l ess t han t he f ol l ow-
i ng cl earances shoul d be observed ( Fi gs . 2 and
3) .
42 i n at one si de or f oot of bed f or dressi ng
6i n bet ween si de of bed and
si de of dresser
or chest
36i n i n f ront of dresser, cl oset , and chest of
drawers
24 i n f or
maj or ci rcul at i on pat h( door t ocl oset ,
et c . )
22 i n on one si de of bed f or ci rcul at i on
12 i n on l east used si de of doubl e bed. The
l east - used si de of a si ngl e or t wi n bed can
be pl aced agai nst t he wal l except i n bedrooms
f or t he el derl y ( Fi g. 4) .
*
From"Manual of Accept abl e Pract i ces, "
Vol . 4,
U
. S.
Depart ment
of
Housi ng and Urban Devel opment , 1973.
FURNI TUREARRANGEMENTS
The l ocat i on of doors
and
wi ndows
shoul d permi t
al t ernat e f urni t ure arrangement s.
Fi g. 3

( a) Si ngl e- occupancy bedroom; ( b) doubl e- occupancy bedroom. *
Resi denti al
BEDROOMS
25
Whereat l east two other sl eepi ng spaces are
provi ded, a
dormi tory i s someti mes pref erred by
l arger f ami l i es ( Fi g. S)
. *
* From"Manual of Acceptabl ePracti ces, " Vol . 4, U. S.
Department of Housi ng and Urban Devel opment, 1973.
Fi g. 4 Si ngl e-occupancy bedroomf or el derl y;
there i s a 12-i n al l owance to make the bed. *
Fi g. 5

Dormi tory bedroom.
Resi dent i al
BEDROOMS
TYPICAL UNIT ARRANGEMENTS
1 . For comf ort , 2
ni ght t abl es are
desi rabl e wi t h
a doubl e bed. A
mi ni mumdoubl e- bed uni t arrange-
ment maybe achi eved byomi t t i ng
armchai r and one si de
chai r, and
reduci ng t o
3' - 6" t he t raf f i c l ane
at
f oot
of bed.
2. Use of smal l chai rs
and chest
makes
possi bl e t he addi t i on of
conversat i on or l oungi ng f urni t ure
( 2 chai rs and t abl e) t o
a
t ypi cal
sui t e, wi t hout
i ncreasi ng square
f oot age
. Use of 3- f t passages
el i mi nat es crowdi ng.
3. Ot her
t ypes
of arrangement s
beyond t he mi ni mumi ncl ude ad-
di t i on of a chai se l ongue ( shown
dot t ed above) , whi ch i s usual l y
pl aced at an angl e t o wal l s, re-
qui res a t abl e, and necessi t at es
ampl e passages.
4. Mi ni mumt wi n- bed group ( 2

5
. Increased requi rement s f or addi t i on of

6. Twi n beds wi t h si ngl e ni ght t abl e requi re
ni ght t abl es) needs 9' - 6" wal l .

dressi ng t abl e and boudoi r chai r .

8' of wal l space.
26
7. Vari at i ons on t hi s pl an
may be devel oped by re-
pl aci ng t he chai r bet ween
t he beds
wi t h a dressi ng
t abl e whi ch serves al so as
a ni ght t abl e. Thi s woul d
f ree ot her wal l s f or t wi n
ches+s. shown dof f ed.
8. Twi n beds head-
i ng t oward a com-
mon corner may
re-
qui re l ess space t han
i s i ndi cat ed i f dress-
i ng t abl e and bou-
doi r chai r are
omi t t ed.
COMBINEDSPACES
Abed al cove
wi th natural l i ght andventi l ati on
andwhi ch can be screenedfromthe l i vi ng area
i s desi rabl e i n a 0-bedrooml i vi ng
uni t ( Fi gs. 1
and 2) .
15' ' si nk counter and 21' '

15' ' range and
mi xi ng counter combi ned

refri gerator
Fi g. 1

0-Bedroom
l i vi ng
uni t . '

counters combi ned
Resi denti al
COMBINEDLIVING-SLEEPING
AREAS
12. Mi ni mumfor couch or
si ngl e bed pl aced
si deways
to wal l .
13. If posi ti on of chest i s
changed roomwi dth may be
reducedb" .
14. Door-swi ngs
may requi re i n-
creasedcl earance at foot of bed.
15.
Sl i ghtl y more com-
fortabl e than Fi g. 14, but
bed maki ng i s di ffi cul t .
Fi g. 2 0-bedrooml i vi ng uni t wi th sl eepi ng al cove. `
From"Manual of Acceptabl e Practi ces, " Vol . 4, U. S.
Department of Housi ng andUrban Devel opment, 1973.
11 . Unusual
but
sati sfactory arrange-
ment or
l ong, nar-
row space;
i f uni ts
EandF arereduced
2' -0" i n l ength, room
l ength
may
be
de-
creased 2' -0".
27
Resi dent i al
COMBINEDLIVING-SLEEPINGAREAS
In housi ng f or t he el derl y and handi capped,
t he uni t s sui t abl e f or wheel chai r users of t en can
be pl aced advant ageousl y on t he ground f l oor
( Fi g.
3) .
Ni ght l i ght
out l et
Omi ssi on
of an easy chai r i s accept abl e t o
gi ve more
space f or occupant ' s wheel chai r ( Fi g .
4) .
* From"Manual of Accept abl e
Pract i ces, " Vol . 4, U. S.
Depart ment of Housi ng and
Urban Devel opment , 1973.
28
Fi g. 4

0-Bedroom
l i vi ng uni t f or wheel chai r user . *
Fi g
. 3

0-Bedrooml i vi ng uni t f or wheel chai r user. *
By
GLENNH. BEYERANDALEXANDER
KI RA,
KI TCHENS
The
ki tchen i s not a s peci al i zed work-
room, f or i t has many us es . I t i s us ed f or
preparati on of meal s , f ood pres ervati on,
s torage of f ood and utens i l s , and al s o, i n
many cas es , f or eati ng, l aunderi ng, enter-
tai ni ng, and chi l d care. I n i t a woman
us es her own l abor and al s o makes f ul l
us e of el ectri c power, tap water, and man-
uf actured or bottl ed gas ; s he us es re-
f ri gerators , s toves , di s hwas hers , mi xers ,
toas ters , and garbage-di s pos al uni ts , as
wel l as vari ous ki nds
of
s torage
compart-
ments and
work s urf aces .
Si nce more ti me and ef f ort are f re-
quentl y s pent i n the ki tchen than i n any
other area of the hous e, caref ul pl anni ng
i s es peci al l y i mportant . Thi s requi res care-
f ul s el ecti on of appl i ances and s torage
uni ts and conveni ent arrangement
of
the
area. Some general pl anni ng gui des are
as f ol l ows :
FOODPREPARATI ON
Arrangement
I t i s i mportant to keep the bas i c work
area compact, even i f the ki tchen i s of
the l arge "l i vi ng" type. Cons i derati on
s houl d be gi ven, however, to the pos s i -
bi l i ty of more than one pers on worki ng
there. The arrangement wi l l vary accord-
i ng
to the s i ze and s hape of s pace avai l -
abl e, but we s houl d al ways keep i n mi nd
rel ati ons hi ps among f uncti ons i n di f f erent
areas of the ki tchen .
Traf f i c l anes
Traf f i c l anes through work areas s houl d
be avoi ded. Arrange the s ervi ce entrance
and acces s to the bas ement s o that traf f i c
not es s enti al to f ood preparati on, s ervi ce,
or s toragecan by-pas s
the
area
.
Hous i ng Res earch Center, Cornel l Uni vers i ty
Storage
Ki tchen des i gn s houl d be f uncti onal
i n
the s ens e of mi ni mi zi ng reachi ng and
s toopi ng.
Storage f aci l i ti es s houl d be no
hi gher
than a woman can reach wi th both
f eet f l at on the f l oor
. There s houl d be
s uf f i ci ent s pace to s tore
i tems
s o
that they
may be eas i l y s een, reached,
gras ped,
and taken down and put back wi thout
exces s i ve s trai n. Wi th proper pl anni ng,
s tored i tems can be l ocated cl os e to
where
they are f i rs t us ed, and unattracti ve i tems
can be kept out of s i ght . Storage s pace
s houl d be s uf f i ci entl y f l exi bl e to permi t i ts
adj us tment to varyi ng amounts , s i zes , and
ki nds of f ood, s uppl i es ,
and utens i l s .
Shel vi ng s houl d be
adj us tabl e.
Counters and worki ng s urf aces
The hei ght of counters and worki ng s ur-
f aces s houl d permi t a comf ortabl e worki ng
pos ture. The worker s houl d be abl e to s i t,
i f s he wi s hes , whi l e doi ng certai n ki tchen
tas ks ,
s uch
as worki ng at the s i nk . Con-
ti nuous l i nes and s urf aces permi t eas e of
movement, and are eas i er to keep cl ean.
Servi ci ng and repl acement of appl i ances
Cons i derati on s houl d be gi ven to eas e
of s ervi ci ng and repl acement of maj or
appl i ances , es peci al l y bui l t-i n uni ts .
Materi al s
Materi al s and f i ni s hes that mi ni mi ze
mai ntenance and cl eani ng s houl d be us ed,
and they s houl d be s uf f i ci entl y l i ght i n col or
to create a pl eas ant work atmos phere.
Li ghti ng
Good l i ghti ng hel ps to prevent f ati gue,
as wel l as promoti ng s af ety and a pl eas ant
atmos phere. Comf ortabl e l evel s of l i ght,
Fi g. I

Verti cal and hori zontal l i mi ts of reach.
Res i denti al
KI TCHENS
wi th a mi ni mumof s hadows ,
s houl d be
pl anned throughout the ki tchen. Adequate
dayl i ght or arti f i ci al l i ghti ng makes the
roommore agreeabl e and attracti ve than
a dark or
poorl y l i ghted room.
Venti l ati on
The ki tchen s houl d be wel l venti l ated,
wi th an exhaus t f an to remove obj ecti on-
abl e
ki tchen odors .
Saf ety
Burns , s cal ds , f al l s , and
expl os i ons s houl d
be "des i gned out" of the ki tchen.
Sharp
corners , expos ed handl es , and
control
knobs on ki tchen equi pment s houl d be
avoi ded, and there s houl d be s af ety
catches on doors and drawers to l i mi t the
expl oratory acti vi ti es of young chi l dren.
Acces s i bi l i ty
There s houl d
be eas y acces s to f ront
and back
doors , l aundry area, tel ephone,
and bathroom.
Decorati on
Col or, texture, and decorati on s houl d
be us ed to create an
atmos phere that i s
attracti ve, cheerf ul ,
and res tf ul .
OTHER KI TCHEN ACTI VI TI ES
Nonworki ng areas
Nonworki ng areas s houl d be s egregated
f rom
worki ng areas . Avoi d i nterrupti on of
work areas
by breakf as t nooks , general
s toragecl os ets , res t areas , and other areas
not es s enti al to normal f ood preparati on
acti vi ti es .
Eati ng f aci l i ti es
Mos t f ami l i es want
to eat s ome
meal s
i n the ki tchen. Provi s i on
s houl d be made
f or thi s , i f pos s i bl e, even i f a s eparate
di ni ng roomi s al s o provi ded.
Chi l d' s pl ay
I n younger f ami l i es , es peci al l y, there
i s l i kel y to be one or
more chi l dren
who
want to be near thei r
mother . Provi s i on
s houl d be made f or a pl ay
area out f rom
underf oot,
but where adequate s upervi s i on
i s
pos s i bl e. Storage s pace s houl d be pro-
vi ded f or
toys and games .
I nf ant
care
I t
i s a wel l -known f act that many
ki tchens are us ed f or care of i nf ants . I f
provi s i on i s not made i n the bathroomf or
i nf ant care and rel ated s uppl i es , then i t
s houl d bemadei n the ki tchen.
Groomi ng
Was hi ng hands and
s ome pers onal
groomi ng f requentl y take pl ace i n the
29
Resi dent i al
KI TCHENS
ki t chen, especi al l y i f t her e i s
not r eady
access t o
t he bat hr oom. Ami r r or
i s de-
si r abl e.
CRI TI CAL
DI MENSI ONS
The
" cr i t i cal di mensi ons"
f or wor ki ng
space ar e
i l l ust r at ed i n Fi gs
. 1- 4. These
di mensi ons ar e r ecommended on t he
basi s
of
r esear ch and do not necessar i l y coi nci de
wi t h ei t her cur r ent pr act i ce or cur r ent l y
avai l abl e cabi net s and
equi pment . Wi dt h
r equi r ement s f or count er space,
i n par t i cu-
l ot , ar e based on r esear ch
cover i ng oper a-
t i ons at i ndi vi dual wor k
cent er s. Over -
l appi ng i s per mi ssi bl e i f wor k at
adj acent
cent er s
i s not bei ng car r i ed on si mul -
t aneousl y
.
Fi g. 2

Mi ni mumcount er - wi dt h di mensi ons
.
30
Fi g. 3 Comf or t abl e wor ki nghei ght s.
Resi denti al
KITCHENS
BASIC WORKAREAS
The work center concept, favorabl y sup-
ported by a great deal of research data
frommany
sources, emphasi zes
the pl anni ng
of
the ki tchen i n terms of i ts
maj or cen-
ters of acti vi ty. These work centers, i n
turn, are pl anned i n terms of thei r consti t-
uent parts, thei r proper functi ons, and
thei r i deal rel ati onshi ps, one to another.
The actual desi gn of the work centers
wi l l vary wi ththe si ze and shape of space
avai l abl e i n each proj ect . Four work centers
must be consi dered: si nk, range, mi x, and
serve. In addi ti on, there i s the refri gerator
(whi ch functi ons as a cl osel y rel ated
storage center) and the oven, i f i t i s not
an i ntegral part
of
the range.
Each work center shoul d
have three
components: (1) Adequate storage space
for the vari ous i tems used there; (2) Ade-
quate counter space for the work to be
accompl i shed; and (3) Necessary uti l i ti es
and faci l i ti es, such as water at the si nk,
heat at the range, outl et and space for
the mi xer at the mi x center, and adequate
l i ghti ng at eachcenter .
Equi p each work center for the storage
of utensi l s, suppl i es, and di shes accordi ng
to thei r frequency and order of use.
Tabl es 1- 4 l i st the number of i tems and
the space di mensi ons requi red
for equi p-
ment and food
suppl i es commonl y stored
Fi g. 4

Mi ni mumcl earances- hori zontal
and verti cal .
Tabl e 1 . Equi pment
and food suppl i es stored
at range center
Number stored

Storage space
per i tem, i n . *
Item

Si de
Front
to

to
Li mi ted
Li beral

si de
back Hei ght
Equi pment
Potato masher_

1

1

_ -

31! ~

13

4!
_ ~
Kni ves, forks,
spoons

3

3

3~' z

13

3
Fryi ng pan, 10! "y- i n
.

1

1

11

171j

5!
Fryi ng pan, 9- i n .

1

2

9! =

16

5
Fryi ng pan, 6- i n.

0

1

6

12

5
Pot
l i ds
2

4

10; <_ '

101- ' ~

1
Pothol ders

4

8

7

7

2f
Foodsuppl i es
Ri ce,

1- l b pkg. _

-

2

4

61,
Spaghetti , 1- Ib pkg.

1

1

21! ,

11 ?':

6
Coffee,
1- Ib can

1

1

511
5L_ ,

4
Oatmeal , 3- Ib
box

1

1

6

6

11
Macaroni , 1- Ib pkg.

1

1

2

5
Tea, 8- oz pkg.

1

1

21, (,

41, 2

7
* l )i tnensi un of Il tc i tem
(i i trl udi og l i d, i f aoy) pl us
rl caranrefor handl i ng.
1Prori rh
,
; fur - stack
of 6 pothol ders .
Resi dent i al
KITCHENS
at each of t he
f our cent er s. These l i st s
r epr esent t he
st or age space r equi r ement s
f or t he
aver age f ami l y, but t hey may
be
adapt ed t o t he needs of par t i cul ar
f ami l i es .
The st or age space
di mensi ons ar e based
on t he most r ecent
i nf or mat i on avai l abl e.
KITCHEN
ARRANGEMENT
The r el at i ve l ocat i on
of wor k cent er s
shoul d per mi t a cont i nui t y of ki t chen ac-
t i vi t i es as f ol l ows: ( 1) St or age ( gat her i ng
mat er i al s needed f or t he per f or mance of
t he t ask) ; ( 2) Cl eani ng and mi xi ng ( or
i ni t i al
pr epar at i on) ; ( 3) Cooki ng; ( 4)
Ser vi ng, or
st or i ng f or f ut ur e use; and
( 5) Cl eani ng up. ( See
Fi g.
5. )
In pr i nci pl e,
any pl an t hat i nt er r upt s
t hi s cont i nui t y
wi t h door s,
or
wi t h non-
wor ki ng ar eas or f aci l i t i es, i s f aul t y be-
cause
ext r a st eps ar e r equi r ed ever y t i me
t he gap i s cr ossed, and, consequent l y,
conveni ence and
wor ki ng ef f i ci ency ar e r e-
duced.
The act ual pl an may be U- shaped
or
L- shaped, or i t may be of t he cor r i dor
t ype.
The "U" ar r angement af f or ds t he most
compact
wor k ar ea . Fr equent l y, however ,
t hi s ar r angement i s i mpossi bl e t o
achi eve
because of t he necessi t y of havi ng a
door
on one of t he t hr ee wal l s. The r esul t i ng
"Br oken U" ar r angement st i l l per mi t s com-
pact ness, but t r af f i c i s al l owed t hr ough t he
ar ea. Ther ef or e, speci al consi der at i on
shoul d be
gi ven t o t he ar r angement of
t he wor k cent er s i n
or der t o mi ni mi ze t he
ef f ect of t hr ough t r af f i c.
The "L" ar r angement i s
i deal l y sui t ed
wher e space al ong t wo wal l s i s suf f i ci ent t o
accommodat e al l of t he necessar y wor k
ar eas. Thi s ar r angement has t he advan-
t age of
concent r at i ng t he wor k ar ea i n
one cor ner , t hus mi ni mi zi ng
t r avel , but i t
has t he di sadvant age of necessi t at i ng
l onger
t r i ps t o t he ext r emi t i es of t he "L. "
The
"Cor r i dor " ar r angement i s sat i s-
f act or y
wher e door s ar e necessar y at each
end of t he space
.
Thi s
ar r angement f r e-
quent l y has t he advant age of
t he par al l el
wal l s bei ng cl oser t oget her t han i n
t he
t ypi cal "U, " but t he di sadvant age of
a
gr eat er di st ance al ong t he cor r i dor .
An
i mpor t ant f act or i n det er mi ni ng t he
l ocat i on of
speci f i c wor k ar eas wi t hi n any
of t hese
over - al l ar r angement s i s f r equency
of use, whi ch i n Fi g.
6i s expr essed as t he
per cent age of t r i ps
t o and f r omeach ar ea.
Fi gur es 7- 9 pr ovi de f l oor
pl ans i l l us-
t r at i ng some possi bl e ar r angement s of
t he
basi c wor k cent er s wi t hi n each of t he pl an
t ypes. If t he space f or t he ki t chen i s al -
r eady
est abl i shed, t he number of possi bl e
sat i sf act or y
ar r angement s obvi ousl y wi l l be
l i mi t ed. If t he space i s bei ng pl anned,
however , gr eat er choi ce of ar r angement s

l ess t han 20 sq f t i n ei t her wal l or base
i s possi bl e. In ei t her event , t he advant age

cabi net s .
of a shor t er di st ance bet ween some r e-

Tot al count er t op ar ea: 11 sq f t mi ni mum.
l at ed ar eas
must
be bal anced
agai nst t he

Tot al dr awer ar ea: 11 sq f t mi ni mum. ( If
r esul t i ng i ncr ease i n di st ance bet ween ot her

a 39- i n. r ange
i s
pr ovi ded,
i t
may
be
r el at ed ar eas. An end- t o- end al i gnment or

count ed
as
4
sq f t of base cabi net shel f
a r i ght - angl e ar r angement bet ween ar eas

ar ea and 2 sq f t of count er t op ar ea. )
of cl ose
r el at i onshi p can el i mi nat e t r i ps

Wal l shel vi ng: 74 i n. maxi mum hei ght .
and
r educe t he over - al l t r avel di st ances.

Count er t op:
38 i n. maxi mumhei ght , 30 i n.
Funct i onal r el at i onshi ps bet ween key wor k

mi ni mumhei ght .
cent er s ar e, of cour se, accommodat ed mor e

Hei ght bet ween wal l cabi net s and count er -
i deal l y i n some of t he pl ans t han ot her s .

t op: 24 i n. mi ni mumover r ange and si nk,
15 i n. mi ni mumel sewher e. ( Shel vi ng may
FHA REQUIREMENTS FOR KITCHEN

be cl oser i f i t does not pr oj ect beyond
STORAGEt

a l i ne dr awn
f r om t he f r ont edge of t he
Tot al shel f ar ea: 50 sq f t mi ni mum; not

wal l
cabi net at an angl e of 60 deg t o
t he bot t om
of t he cabi net. )
IFr oi n11i ni mum' Pr oper t ySt andar ds f or

Dept h

of

shel vi ng:

wal l

shel vi ng- 4

i n.
OneandTwo Li vi ng Uni t s, Feder al Hous-

mi ni mum, 18 i n. maxi mum; base shel vi ng-
i ngAdmi ni st r at i on, Washi ngt on, D. C. ( Re-
vi sed, J ul y 1959) .
Resi dent i al
KI TCHENS
Fi g.
5. Fl owof work i n f ood
preparat i on
12 i n. mi ni mum, 24 i n. maxi mum;
count er-
t op- 15
i n. mi ni mum, 24 i n. maxi mum.
Spaci ng of shel vi ng:
i f dept h of shel f i s
4- 6 i n. , al l ow 5 i n
. mi ni mumspaci ng, i f
6- 10 i n. al l ow 6 i n. ,
i f 10- 15 i n. al l ow
7 i n. , i f 15- 24 i n . al l ow10 i n .
Backspl ash ( requi red where
count ert op
abut s wal l s) : 4i n. mi ni mumhei ght .
St eel cabi net s : mi ni mumgages- case
and
drawer sl i des, 16; gusset s and cross rai l s,
18; bot t oms,
door and drawer f ront s and
si des, 20; el sewhere,
22.
Exhaust f an ( requi red
i n cei l i ng or wal l
near range, or i n hood
over range) :
mi ni mum capaci t y- 15 ai r changes
per
hour .
Fi g
.
6. Percent age di st ri but i on of t ri ps
i n f ood preparat i on
33
Resi dent i al
KITCHENS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bayer , Gl enn H. The Cor nel l Ki t chen!
Pr oduct Desi gn Thr ough Resear ch. Cor -
nel l Uni ver si t y Agr i cul t ur al Exper i ment
St at i on, It haca ( 1952) .
Handbook of Ki t chen Desi gn.
Smal l Homes
Counci l , Uni ver si t y
of Il l i noi s, Ur bana
( 1950) .
Hei ner ,
Mar y Kol l , and McCul l ough, Hel en
E. Funct i onal Ki t chen St or age. Bul l et i n
846, Cor nel l Uni ver si t y
Agr i cul t ur al Ex-
per i ment St at i on, It haca
( J une 1948) .
Hei ner , Mar y
Kol l , and St ei dl , Rose E.
Gui des f or Ar r angement of Ur ban Fam-
i l y Ki t chens . Bul l et i n 878, Cor nel l Uni -
ver si t y Agr i cul t ur al Exper i ment
St at i on,
It haca ( 1951) .
Mi ni mum
Pr oper t y St andar ds f or One and
Two
Li vi ng Uni t s. Feder al Housi ng Ad-
mi ni st r at i on, Washi ngt on, D. C. ( Re-
vi sed, J ul y 1959) .
Pl anni ng Gui des f or
Sout her n Rur al Homes.
Pr epar ed by
Sout her n Regi onal Housi ng
Resear ch
Techni cal Commi t t ee. Sout her n
Cooper at i ve Ser i es Bul l et i n 58, Geor gi a
Agr i cul t ur al Exper i ment St at i on,
At hens
( J une 1958) .
Rober t s, Evel yn H. , Wi l son,
Maud, and
Thayer , Rut h. St andar ds
f or Wor ki ng- Sur -
f ace Hei ght s
and Ot her Space Uni t s of
t he Dwel l i ng. St at e Bul l et i n 348, Or egon
Agr i cul t ur al Exper i ment St at i on, Cor val l i s
( J une 1937) . Publ i shed al so as Washi ng-
t on Agr i cul t ur al Exper i ment
St at i on Bul -
l et i n 345, Pul l man.
Space St andar ds f or
Home Pl anner s . West -
er n
Cooper at i ve
Ser i es Resear ch Repor t
2,
West er n Regi on Agr i cul t ur al Exper i -
ment St at i ons ( n. d. ) . ( Publ i cat i on may be
obt ai ned f r om Inst i t ut e of Home Eco-
nomi cs, Agr i cul t ur al
Resear ch Ser vi ce,
U. S. Dept . of Agr i cul t ur e,
Washi ngt on,
D. C. )
Wi l son, Maud.
Consi der at i ons i n Pl anni ng
Ki t chen Cabi net s
. St at e Bul l et i n 445,
Or egon
Agr i cul t ur al Exper i ment St at i oh,
Cor val l i s ( November 1947) .
- - - . AGui de f or t he Ki t chen
Pl anner .
St at e
Bul l et i n 482, Or egon
Agr i cul t ur al
Exper i ment St at i on,
Cor val l i s ( Sept ember
1950) .
Wood, Anna L. ,
Ri bel i n, Shi r l ey, and
Lange, Fay
.
Locat i on and Count er
Ar ea
Requi r ement s of a Mechani cal
Di sh-
washer . Bul l et i n 526,
Washi ngt on St at e
Col l ege, Pul l man ( 1951) .
34
Resi denti al
KITCHENS
Fi g. B

"Corri dor" pl ans. If adi shwasher
i s desi red, i t shoul dbel ocated
at the si nk center .
35
Resi dent i al
KITCHENS
Fi g. 9 "Broken-U" pl ans. If a di shwasher
i s desi red, i f shoul d be

Fi g. 10 L-shaped pl ans. If a di shwasher i s desi red, i f shoul d
l ocat ed of t he si nk cent er .

be l ocat ed of t he si nk conf er .
36
Aworkt ri angl e i s an ef f i ci ent ki t chen
arrange-
ment ( Fi g.
11) . Fi gures 11-16are f rom"Manual
of Accept abl e Pract i ces , " Vol . 4, U. S.
Depart ment
of Hous i ng and Urban
Devel opment , 1973.
Res i dent i al
KITCHENS
Fi g. 11 Mi ni mum
di s t ances f romappl i ances t o i ns i de
corners of bas e cabi net s .
Fi g. 12 Typi cal cabi net di men-
s i ons .
21" s i nk count er
combi ned
wi t h
36"
mi xi ng
count er
Si nk and range
count ers combi ned
wi t h 36" mi xi ng
count er
21"
range count er
combi ned

21"
s i nk count er combi ned
wi t h
15"
ref ri g
count er

wi t h
15"
ref ri g count er
Fi g. 13 Ki t chens
f or 2-bedrooml i vi ng uni t ( wi t h mi ni mums t orage, count er
area,
f i xt ures ) .
37
Resi dent i al
KI TCHENS
38
Fi g. 16

Ki t chen f or 4-bedr ooml i vi ng uni t (wi t hmi ni mumst or age, count er
ar ea, f i xt ur es)
.
Si nk and r ange
count er s combi ned
wi t h 30" mi xi ng count er
18" si nk count er combi ned
wi t h 15" r ef r i g . count er
Si nk count er
combi ned wi t h
30" mi xi ng
count er
18" r ange count er
combi ned wi t h 15"
r ef r i g . count er
Fi g. 14

Ki t chens f or 1-bedr ooml i vi ng uni t s (wi t h mi ni mumst or age, count er ar ea, f i xt ur es) . For
ki t chens f or 0-bedr ooml i vi ng uni t s, see pp. 27-28.
Fi g.
15 Ki t chen f or 3-bedr ooml i vi ng uni t (wi t h mi ni mumst or age,
count er ar ea, f i xt ur es) .
Resi dent i al
KI TCHENS
39
Resi dent i al
KI TCHENS
40
By GLENNH. BEYER ANDALEXANDERKI RA, Housi ng Research Center, Cornel l Uni versi ty
(i ncl udi ng materi al adapted f romprevi ousl y publ i shed arti cl e by Larch C. Renshawi n 3rd ed. of Ti me-Saver
Standards)
Resi denti al
LAUNDRYROOMS
LAUNDRI ES
Launderi ng i ncl udes a host of tasks-
col l ecti ng and sorti ng di rty
cl othes,
pre-
treati ng, washi ng, dryi ng,
spri nkl i ng
and
i roni ng-al l of whi ch are ti ri ng, f or they
requi re a great deal of stoopi ng, l i f ti ng,
and carryi ng. To reduce the amount of
ef f ort requi red, a l aundry center (ei ther
separate or combi ned wi th another area)
shoul d be caref ul l y pl anned. Some basi c
pl anni ng consi derati ons are as f ol l ows:
Arrangement
The sequence of l aunderi ng
operati ons
shoul d determi ne the pl anni ng
of space
and
f aci l i ti es and the pl aci ng of equi pment .
Traf f i c l anes
Wi th automati c equi pment, many f am-
i l i es nowwash cl othes three or f our days
a week.
Theref ore, l aunderi ng shoul d not
be done i n
any of the congested areas of
the house.
Passageways shoul d be at l east
4f t wi de. I f the l aundry area
adj oi ns the
ki tchen, there shoul d be
a barri er of some
type, at l east a counter,
between the two
areas.
Equi pment and f aci l i ti es
To reduce the amount of ef f ort requi red,
a l aundry center shoul d have a sorti ng
tabl e, a
heati ng surf ace (such as a hot
pl ate), and storage
f aci l i ti es f or soi l ed
cl othes,
washi ng suppl i es, and baskets, as
wel l as a washi ng machi ne,
dryer, and
i roni ng board; some may al so have i roners
.
Al aundry tray (usual l y a 14-i n. -deep por-
cel ai n enamel si nk) i s desi rabl e f or pre-
washi ng,
soaki ng,
or
starchi ng some i tems.
Space
The
space shoul d
be dry, heated, and
wel l l i ghted, wi th suf f i ci ent
el ectri cal out-
l ets, properl y l ocated. The space shoul d
be
venti l ated to remove moi sture
and odors.
Accessi bi l i ty
Laundry centers today con be more con-
veni entl y l ocated because of the compact-
ness of automati c washers and dryers and
the
el i mi nati on of
much of the dampness
and di sorder f ormerl y associ ated wi th
househol d washi ng. Al though many l oca-
ti ons are possi bl e (such as the ki tchen,
bath, separate l aundry room, or uti l i ty
room), the l aundry center shoul d be acces-
si bl e both to the work areas of the house
(si nce f requent tri ps to and f romthemmay
be requi red duri ng any of the l aunderi ng
processes) and to outdoor summer dryi ng
areas
.
FLOWOFWORK
Conveni ence
and ef f i ci ency are achi eved
by pl aci ng the equi pment
i n thei r natural
order of use:
(1)
Cl othes
chute (wi th or
wi thout bi ns or hampers),
(2)
Sorti ng
and
pretreati ng tabl e or counter, (3) Washi ng
machi ne, (4) Laundry tray (i f avai l abl e),
(5) Dryer, (6) I roni ng board (and i roner, i f
avai l abl e), and (7) Standi ng or hangi ng
bar and counter
f or i roned i tems. I n addi -
ti on, a storage
cl oset or cabi net i s neces-
sary f or cl eani ng
suppl i es. I n some i n-
stances, a hot pl ate i s al so
needed. Some
of these f aci l i ti es and equi pment
are de-
scri bed i n more detai l bel ow.
Cl othes chute: I n two-story houses,
the
chute i s a handy devi ce f or
del i veri ng
cl othes f romupstai rs. I t shoul d empty on
or
near the sorti ng tabl e so that the cl othes
wi l l not have to
be carri ed or handl ed
more than necessary
. I t shoul d be verti cal ,
because curved secti ons are
l i kel y to cause
cl othes to cl og the chute.
Sorti ng and pref reati ng tabl e:
Ampl e
space shoul d be al l owed on a tabl e or
counter f or sorti ng and dampeni ng
the
cl othes, and f or a cl othes basket, as
wel l
as space
f or the worker usi ng the tabl e.
The tabl e si ze
requi red wi l l depend upon
the si ze of
the average wash l oad. Research
at Pennsyl vani a State Uni versi ty i ndi cates
that a tabl e 6x21/ 2 f t i s requi red f or a
32-I b,
4-l oad l aundry. For pretreati ng, an
area 20x36 i n. i s adequate
f or work and
equi pment (pan, brush,
soap, and kettl e) .
Washi ng machi ne: Automati c
washers
and dryers permi t much more conveni ent
and compact arrangements than were pos-
si bl e wi th nonautomati c equi pment . The
total
f l oor
area
needed i s determi ned by
the type of
washer, the other equi pment
needed, and the space
f or the worker . The
ol d-f ashi oned, gal vani zed tubs are not re-
qui red wi th automati c equi pment, but, as
i ndi cated earl i er, a l aundry tray i s desi r-
abl e. To ensure that a l aundry area i s both
economi cal i n use of space
and conveni ent
to work i n, the di mensi ons
shown i n Fi g. 4
shoul d be f ol l owed.
Dryi ng: The research at Pennsyl vani a
State Uni versi ty reveal ed that 124l i n f t of
l i ne i s requi red to hang a 4-l oad l aundry
of 32 l b
.
The space
requi rements f or di f f erent
styl es of dryers,
and f or operati ng them,
are shown i n Fi g. 5 . The
combi nati on
washer-dryer or the stacked
arrangement
of washer and dryer requi res
l ess f l oor
area than other arrangements. These di -
mensi ons are shown i n Fi g. 6.
Si nce some garments must be hung to
dri p-dry, a pul l -out dryi ng rod or- si mi l ar
arrangement shoul d
be provi ded, pref er-
abl y above
a l aundry tray (or a f l oor
drai n, i f
the l aundry i s i n the basement) .
I roni ng: An i roni ng
board adj ustabl e
f roma hei ght of 23 to 37 i n. accommodates
most women
when si tti ng or standi ng to
i ron.
The choi ce of ei ther a bui l t-i n or a
f reestandi ng board depends upon personal
pref erence. Freestandi ng boards shoul d be
stored where they are readi l y accessi bl e.
The space needed to
use a hand i ron at
a
board i s shown
i n Fi g. 2 . The space needed
to use an i roner, wi th
auxi l i ary equi pment,
i s shown
i n Fi g. 3.
The
storage cl oset shoul d be l arge
enough to accommodate soaps, spoons,
si eves, bl eaches, bl ui ng, stai n remover,
starch, cl othespi ns, and the l i ke . I f a
storage cupboard 9 i n . i n depth i s pl aced
over an automati c washer, i t shoul d
be
at
l east 20 i n.
above the washer; and i f 12
i n. i n depth,
i t shoul d be 24i n . above the
washer .
Thi s cl earance al l ows f or head
room when usi ng the water f aucets.
SPACE
ARRANGEMENTS
Launderi ng may be done i n a room
de-
si gned especi al l y f or thi s purpose, or i n
a
mul ti use room, desi gned al so f or f ood
preparati on, sewi ng, chi l d pl ay, and the
l i ke.
The best l ocati on, of course, i s conveni ent
to other work centers, such
as
the ki tchen,
and to the dryi ng yard
so
that there wi l l
be a mi ni mum
of
carryi ng necessary. Gen-
eral l y, basements are not consi dered de-
si rabl e l ocati ons because of thei r i ncon-
veni ence, dampness, and l ack of adequate
l i ght .
Fi gures 7-13
provi de f l oor
pl ans i l l us-
trati ng
vari ous arrangements of
basi c
work areas needed f or the l aunderi ng
process. I n some of the pl ans shown, the
space needed f or l aunderi ng i s treated as
a separate area; i n others, possi bl e com-
bi nati ons wi th other areas are i ndi cated.
EQUI PMENT
Fi gure 1 and Tabl es 1 and 2 provi de
basi c di mensi ons of a typi cal automati c
washer, dryer, combi nati on
washer-dryer,
and i roner . These di mensi ons may
be
used f or prel i mi nary pl anni ng purposes,
but f i nal sel ecti on of equi pment and de-
tai l i ng of worki ng drawi ngs shoul d al ways
be based on speci f i c manuf acturer' s data
.
Di mensi ons have been drawn f rom the
current catal ogs of l eadi ng manuf acturers
of each type of equi pment . Speci al and
nonresi denti al equi pment are not i ncl uded.
Di mensi ons are general l y gi ven onl y to the
nearest hal f i nch si nce di mensi ons of new
model s vary sl i ghtl y f romyear to year .
Door swi ngs, l ocati on of vents,
and the
speci f i c requi rements f or power,
waste, and
water suppl y shoul d be checked
agai nst
the manuf acturer' s data af ter uni ts
have
been tentati vel y sel ected.
41
Resi dent i al
LAUNDRYROOMS
42
Source ( ri y. 2 and J ) : C" Ci l e P. Si nden
mi d
Kat hl een
A. J ohu4oi ,
Space
f or Home Launderi ng, Bl l et i n
65b' , Peo, i syl vani a St al e l ' t xi versi l y Agri cul l nral
E' xpcri wnt St al i mz,
Uni versi t y Park
( J ul y
1, 95. 9)
.
Fi g. 2.

Space requi rement s f or i roni ng board
Fi g . l . Di mensi ons
of househol d l aundry
equi pment
Fi g. 3.

Space requi rement s f or i roner
Resi dent i al
LAUNDRYROOMS
Fi g. 6.

Space requi rement s f or combi nat i on washer-dryer
Worker' s cl earance ( Fi g. , t , 5, anal 6) can overl ap t o ei t her l ef t or ri ght
of
machi nea. Source ( Fi g.
y,
5, and
6) :
Ceci l e P.
Si nden and Kat hl een
. A.
J ohnst oo,
Space f or Home Launderi ng, Bul l et i n 658, Pennsyl vani a St at e
Uni versi t yAgri cul t ural
Experi ment St at i on, Uni versi t y Park ( J ul y 1959) .
43
Fi g.
5 .

Space requi rement s f or t wo t ypes
of aut omat i c dryers
Fi g. 4. Space
requi rement s f or t wo t ypes
of aut omat i c washers
Resi dent i al
LAUNDRYROOMS
Key
1 . St orage cl oset
2. Laundrychut e ( vent i l at ed)
3. Sort i ng shel f ( vent i l at ed bi ns bel ow)
4. Laundry t ray wi t h mi xi ng f aucet
and
cover
5. Washer
6. Dryer ( shoul d be vent i l at ed)
7. I roner
8.
I roni ng board
Fi g. 7. Ki t chen- l aundry pl ans
44
Resi dent i al
LAUNDRYROOMS
45
Fi g.
8.

Separat e l aundry rooms
Resi dent i al
LAUNDRYROOMS
46
Key
2. Laundrychut e
3. Sort i ng shel f
4. Laundryt ray
5. Washer
6. Dryer
7
.
I roner
8.
I roni ng board
9.
El ect ri c
pl at e
10. Home f reezer
Fi g. 9.

Separat e l aundry rooms
Resi dent i al
LAUNDRYROOMS
Key
2. Laundry chut e
3. Sort i ng shel f
4. Laundryt roy
5
.
Washer
b. Dryer
7.
I roner
B
. I roni ng board
9. El ect ri c pl at e
Not e: Home f reezer
may be subst i t ut ed f or
i roner
47
Fi g. 10.

Combi nat i on l aundry- sewi ng roomwi t h st orage area
Fi g. 11 . Combi nat i on
l aundry- sewi ng room
Fi g, 12.

Combi nat i on
l aundry- breakf ast room
Fi g. 13.
Combi nat i on l aundry- pl ayroom
Resi denti al
BATHROOMS
48
By GLENNH.
BEYERANDALEXANDERKI RA, Housi ng Research Center, Cornel l Uni versi ty
BATHROOMS
Acti vi ti es commonl y performed i n
the
bathroomi ncl ude washi ng of hands,
face,
andhai r, bathi ng, el i mi nati on, andgroom-
i ng, andal so such acti vi ti es as hand l aun-
deri ng and i nfant care. Often i t i s al so
used as a dressi ng room. Maj or probl ems
i n bathroomdesi gn i ncl ude pl anni ng for
opti mum
conveni ence and pri vacy of
al l
bathroomfuncti ons for al l members of the
househol d, adequate provi si on for storage
of suppl i es and equi pment, and ease of
cl eani ng.
Some general pl anni ng gui des are as
fol l ows,
Arrangement
Faci l i ti es shoul d be conveni entl y ar-
ranged, wi th speci al attenti on gi ven to
cl earances. The roomarrangement shoul d
1 1 l anp
a( these snggesti uns are by rottr-
te. sl t of
the Atneri ranRadi ator andStandard
Sani tary
Corporati on.
permi t morethan one fami l y member to use
i ts faci l i ti es at the
same ti me (Fi g. 8) .
I l l umi nati on
Li ghti ng shoul d be adequate
for al l of
the acti vi ti es performed.
For groomi ng,
di rect sources of l i ght are essenti al i n or-
der to i l l umi nate the face fromal l angl es.
Hi gh stri p wi ndows, cl erestory wi ndows, and
skyl i ghts provi de excel l ent over-al l i l l umi -
nati on i n the dayti me, whi l e sti l l
affordi ng
pri vacy. Lumi nous cei l i ngs are
al so effec-
ti ve, parti cul arl y i n i nteri or
bathrooms.
Venti l ati on
Good venti l ati on i s essenti al i n bath-
rooms, both to reduce humi di ty and to
di spel odors. I f a wi ndowi s rel i ed upon
as the sol e means of venti l ati on, care
shoul d be taken i n i ts sel ecti on andpl ace-
ment to
mi ni mi ze
drafts and
to permi t
easy
access. Exhaust fans i n
the
wal l or
cei l i ng are often used
to
suppl ement nat-
ural venti l ati on. I n i nteri or bathroom
spaces, a mechani cal exhaust i s, of course,
essenti al .
Soundcontrol
Lack of acousti cal pri vacy
i s one of the
most common compl ai nts
wi th regard to
bathrooms. Noi se can
be reduced by
proper
pl acement of the bathroomi n re-
l ati on
to other spaces, by the use of
cl osets
and storage wal l s as sound barri ers
between
i t and adj acent spaces, as wel l as
by the use of soundproof
parti ti ons and
ti ghtl y fi tted doors.
Acousti cal treatment
of the cei l i ng makes the
roommore com-
fortabl e to use and
reduces somewhat the
amount of sound
transmi tted through the
wal l s. Acousti cal ti l es
for use i n the bath-
roomshoul d
be moi sture resi stant and
easi l y cl eaned
.
Auxi l i ary heat
Aheat l amp or a radi ant
wal l panel
can
be used to provi de qui ck
warmth i n
the bathroom.
Materi al s
I t i s
essenti al that al l surface materi al s
used i n the
bathroomhave
moi sture-re-
si stant fi ni shes
.
Storage
Adequate
storage shoul d be provi ded
f or
current and
reserve suppl i es. Arti cl es i n
current use shoul d be
l ocated near thei r
pl ace of f i rst use.
Acl oset openi ng f rom
the bathroomand
hal l way or l aundry i s
conveni ent f or such i tems as
bathrooml i nen
and
cl eani ng suppl i es. Medi ci ne
cabi nets
shoul d
be as l arge as possi bl e
si nce i n-
creasi ng
numbers of toi l etri es and
medi -
ci nes are
bei ng used by Ameri can f ami l i es
.
Hamper space
i s desi rabl e f or soi l ed
l i nen
and cl othes. I nstal l
a cabi net wi th a sel f -
contai ned hamper, or, i n
two- story houses,
i nstal l a chute f romthe second
f l oor to the
l aundry. The mi ni mum
requi rements f or
storage of
bathrooml i nens,
based on re-
cent research,
are shown i n
Tabl e 3.
I ncreased countertop space
Larger l avatori es
and i ncreased counter-
top surf aces provi de
excel l ent f aci l i ti es f or
l i ght l aundry, hai r washi ng, and
bathi ng
anddressi ng the baby.
Chi l dren' s conveni ence
Chi l dren' s hei ght shoul d be consi dered
i n the pl acement of accessory equi pment
.
Adental l avatory can doubl e as a chi l d' s
l avatory. I f acombi nati on l avatory- dressi ng
tabl e i s i nstal l ed, a step- up retractabl e
stool
shoul d be provi ded f or chi l dren' s use.
Mi rrors
An atmosphere of
l uxury and spaci ous-
ness i s created by mi rrors. A
f ul l - l ength
mi rror i s al ways desi rabl e. Al so recom-
mended i s a medi ci ne cabi net wi th
a
three- way combi nati on of mi rrored doors
on ei ther si de
and a mi rror i n the center .
Saf ety f eatures
Grab bars shoul d be used
verti cal l y f c
bathtub andshower and shoul d be
l ocated
f or conveni ent use. They shoul d be
of ade-
quate si ze and securel y f astened to
sturdy
backi ng
or
studs. Use nonski d f i ni shes f or
f l oori ng
. I nstal l a door l ock that opens
automati cal l y f rom
the i nsi de, andf romthe
outsi de i n case of
emergency. Locate l i ght
swi tches out of reach
of the bathtub or
shower- pref erabl y j ust outsi de the
bath-
room. El ectri c or radi ant heaters
shoul d be
recessed or protected. Provi de a l ock
f or
medi ci ne compartments.
Dryi ng f aci l i ti es andaccessori es
Add extra
racks f or dryi ng women' s
hose and other
l i ght l aundry. Racks may
be conceal ed i n
wel l - venti l ated cabi nets,
whi ch, i f desi red, may
i ncl ude a receptacl e
f or a l ow- wattage l i ght bul b to
f aci l i tate
dryi ng. Suf f i ci ent robe hooks,
bag hooks,
Resi denti al
BATHROOMS
4
9
Resi dent i al
BATHROOMS
50
Recent research has provi ded some rec-
ommendat i ons f or t he space
requi red
around t he t hree basi c f i xt ures
: l avat ory,
t oi l et , and bat ht ub and shower .
The basi c
cl earances are gi ven i n Tabl es 1 and 2and
Fi gs . 1 - 3.
Mi scel l aneous act i vi t i es
I n pl anni ng t he bat hroom, t he
desi gner
shoul d remember t hat f ami l i es wi t h
i nf ant s
usual l y pref er t o bat he
t hemi n t he bat h-
room. The l ack
of adequat e space has, i n
t he past ,
caused many f ami l i es t o use t he
ki t chen, whi ch
obvi ousl y i s l ess appropri at e
f or t hi s
act i vi t y t han t he bat h. The mi ni -
mumspace
needed t o bat he and dress an
i nf ant i s
1
f t b?. _ , i n . deep by 4f t 1 1 i n .
wi de by 3f t hi gh.
I n addi t i on, ot her i mport ant act i vi t i es are
of t en perf ormed i n t he bat hroom.
Most
women, at l east
occasi onal l y, l aunder smal l
i t ems i n t he
bat hroom, and provi si on f or
t hi s shoul d
be made. Many adul t s, and
chi l dren,
l i ke t o use t he bat hroomf or
dressi ng.
Si nce t hi s requi res a consi derabl e
amount of space, i t shoul d be provi ded
onl y when request ed.
ARRANGEMENT
Bat hrooms can be cl assi f i ed i nt o f our
cat egori es : ( 1 ) The convent i onal
t hree-
f i xt ure bat h;
( 2)
The
l arger, compart ment ed
bat h;
( 3)
The
l avat ory or "guest " bat h;
and ( 4) The
"ut i l i t y" bot h.
Three- f i xt ure bot h: The convent i onal
t hree- f i xt ure bat h wi t hout separat e com-
part ment s has t radi t i onal l y been desi gned
f or t he occupancy and
use of one i ndi -
vi dual at a t i me. Thi s t ype
of bat h, wi t h
combi nat i on t ub- shower,
averages about
40 sq f t
of f l oor space ( Fi g. 5) .
Compart ment ed bot h: To avoi d t he ex.
cessi ve humi di t y common i n t he usual t hree-
f i xt ure bat h, t ub and shower may
be
l ocat ed i n a separat e
compart ment , wi t h
or wi t hout on
addi t i onal l avat ory. Thi s
pl an al so
af f ords great er pri vacy f or use
of t he
t oi l et . Separat e doors, possi bl y wi t h
a smal l
ent ry, are desi rabl e. Connect i ng
doors
bet ween compart ment s are al so
pos-
si bl e but are not recommended
as t he
onl y means of
access ( Fi gs . b and 7) .
Anot her vari at i on
i s t o make t he t oi l et a
separat e
compart ment , af f ordi ng compl et e
pri vacy. I n even t he
mi ni mumsi zed bot h of
t hi s t ype t here i s
general l y roomf or an
addi t i onal
l avat ory, and t he bat h proper
i s
of t en enl arged i nt o a combi nat i on bot h-
dressi ng room. Dressi ng t abl es may
be a
combi nat i on of l avat ory and t abl e
or i n-
di vi dual f i xt ures . I n t he
l at t er case, t abl es
shoul d be suf f i ci ent l y f ar
f roml avat ori es t o
prevent damage f rom
spl ashi ng wat er .
A st i l l great er
expansi on of t hi s pl an
provi des
a separat e dressi ng
roomand
connect i ng
bat h, wi t h a compart ment
f or
t he
t oi l et . The requi red f l oor
space ranges
f rom1 1 0 t o 1 40 sq f t .
I n al l pl ans f or bat hs,
showers shoul d
be i ncl uded, ei t her
as st al l s or over t ubs .
Guest
bot h: The l avat ory, or t wo- f i xt ure
"guest "
bat h, f or l i vi ng port i ons
of resi -
dences may
vary i n si ze and appoi nt ment s
f roma
mi ni mumarea of about 1 4 sq f t
t o
rooms of 22 t o 25 sq f t
or l arger when a
dressi ng
t abl e i s i ncl uded ( Fi g. 4) .
Ut i l i t y bat h: The "ut i l i t y"
bat h provi des
an area l arger t han
t he mi ni mumsi ze
requi red f or t he t hree
basi c f i xt ures, f or
ot her f unct i ons, such
as l aunderi ng.
DOORS
ANDWI NDOWS
Bat hroom
doors can be as smal l as 2
f t
wi de,
except f or ut i l i t y bat hrooms,
f or
whi ch
doors shoul d be not l ess t han
2 f t
4
i n . wi de t o permi t passage of
equi pment
as requi red. I n general , bat hrooms
shoul d
cont ai n onl y one
door .
Door swi ngs
shoul d be arranged so t hat :
( 1 ) The door
cannot st ri ke any person
usi ng any
f i xt ure ; ( 2) The door wi l l shi el d
or
conceal t he t oi l et ; and ( 3) The
door may
be
l ef t f ul l y open f or vent i l at i on
i n warm
weat her .
Cust omari l y, doors swi ng
i nt o t he bat h-
room. I f hal l areas are
suf f i ci ent l y l arge,
doors t o smal l
bat hrooms can somet i mes
be desi gned
t o swi ng out . I n- swi ngi ng doors
shoul d be set
t o cl ear t owel - bars or radi -
at ors .
Sl i di ng doors are f requent l y desi r.
abl e,
as space savers, bet ween vari ous
compart ment s
wi t hi n t he bat hroom.
The
shape and posi t i on of bat hroom
wi ndows
i s i mport ant f romt he
st andpoi nt
of
l i ght , vent i l at i on, and
pri vacy. Gen-
eral l y, t he hi gher t he wi ndow, t he
bet t er .
Pref erred l ocat i ons i ncl ude
: cl ear wal l space
reserved f or port abl e
equi pment , space
At l avatory
A. Mi rror
and medi ci ne cabi net . Si ze i s
governed
by us e of s hel f or s hel f - topped
l avatory; mi rror s houl d
s wi ng 7i n . over
any s hel f . (A. 1) Fi xed mi rror
i s des i rabl e
i mmedi atel y above l avatory f or
chi l dren
7 to 14 years .
B. Shel f
.
Pref erabl y reces s ed f l us h wi th
wal l . May
be part of medi ci ne cabi net
or part of
l avatory.
C, D, and E . Soap, toothbrus h,
and tum-
bl er hol ders . May be s eparate
uni ts or
combi ned; f l us h or proj ecti ng type
.
F. Receptacl e f or el ectri c razor and
hai r
dryer . Shoul d be above and to ri ght
of
l avatory; dead f ront type.
G. Razor bl ade
di s pos al s l ot .
H. Towel bars . May be
at l evel of s hel f or
l avatory top. I n
conges ted s pace pro-
vi de upper bar f or f ace cl oths ,
l ower
bar f or towel s .
Res i denti al
BATHROOMS
5 1
Fi a
.
7

Di mens i ons at
l avatory, bathtub, and s hower .
Fi g. 3

Bathroomacces s ori es . The acces s ori es s hown
aretypi cal .
Many other
types ands tyl es are avai l abl e.
Resi dent i al
BATHROOMS
52
At shower
A.
Shower head. Hei ght i s governed by
cl i ent ' s
pref erences ; may be overhead
f or
men onl y.
B. Shower val ves or mi xi ng val ves . Al ways
pl ace near ent rance t o shower .
C. Shower curt ai n rod.
(C
. 1)
Opt i onal
;
gl ass shower encl osure
door
;
pl ace
hi nges
on edge opposi t e shower cont rol
val ves
.
D.
Combi nat i on soap and sponge hol der
and grab bar . Use drai ni ng- l i p t ype.
May be on rear wal l or
on si de
wal l
opposi t e shower head.
E. Shower vent i l at or
. Desi rabl e t o remove
st eam; may
f unct i on as vent f or bat h-
room.
F .
Shower st al l l i ght . Opt i onal ; must be
vapor- proof f i xt ure .
At bat ht ub
A, B,
and C. Shower head, shower
cont rol s,
bat h val ves and spout .
Locat i on i s op-
t i onal wi t h cl i ent but
must be accessi bl e
f romout si de of t ub. See
shower st al l f or
recommended hei ght s .
D.
Combi nat i on soap and
sponge hol der
and
grab bar . Drai ni ng- l i p
t ype pre-
f erred.
E.
Vert i cal grab bars . Opt i onal
but rec-
ommended.
F .
Towel bar . Do not
use over t ub
equi pped wi t h shower .
G.
Curt ai n rod. Keep wi t hi n
i nsi de f ace of
t ub. (G. l ) Al t ernat e
; gl ass shower en-
cl osure i n pl ace
of curt ai n. Vari ous
t ypes, wi t h and wi t hout
doors, are avai l .
abl e.
F i g. 3 (cont . ) .
Not i l l ust rat ed
F ul l - l engt h mi rror . Usual l y on
door .
Bat hroomscal e . May be bui l t - i n
or port abl e .
Li nen hamper . Opt i onal ; may be
part of cabi net - t ype l avat ory,
bui l t - i n
or
port abl e.
Auxi l i ary heat er . Bui l t - i n radi -
ant t ype desi rabl e ; shoul d
radi at e t oward open f l oor
space.
Resi dent i al
BATHROOMS
53
Fi g. 4. Two- f i xt ure pl ans
Resi dent i al
BATHROOMS
54
Fi g. 5.
Three- f i xt ure pl ans
Resi denti al
BATHROOMS
55
Fi g . 6.

Compartmented
pl ans
Resi dent i al
BATHROOMS
over a
dressi ng t abl e, and space above or
on ei t her si de of t he l avat ory. Wi ndows
shoul d not be pl aced over t he bat ht ub
unl ess t hey are of t he casement or awni ng
t ype
opened by a crank. Awi ndowbehi nd
t he t oi l et i s sel dom desi rabl e. Skyl i ght s
may
be used t o serve t op- f l oor bat hrooms
i f t hey are l arge enough t o provi de ade-
quat e l i ght and vent i l at i on. I nsi de bat h-
rooms wi t hout ext eri or wi ndows are some-
t i mes used but requi re a dependabl e sys-
t em of exhaust vent i l at i on by nat ural or
mechani cal means, and great er art i f i ci al
l i ght i ng i n l i eu of nat ural l i ght .
ACCESSORI ES
The medi ci ne cabi net shoul d
be
rel at ed
i n si ze t o t he t ype
of
bat hroom
or
t oi l et .
For guest bat hs or t oi l et s, space i s needed
onl y
f or dent i f ri ces, shavi ng accessori es,
t oi l et preparat i ons, and a f ewsi mpl e rem-
edi es . Abat h servi ng several bedrooms
may requi re a compl et e suppl y of medi ci nes
i n addi t i on t o t he
i t ems ment i oned above.
Every bat hroom shoul d
have a st orage
cl oset f or cl eani ng ut ensi l s and suppl i es
and f or reserve st ocks of t oi l et
paper,
t owel s, and sundri es .
Fl oor space shoul d be l ef t i n every bat h-
room
f or port abl e accessori es desi red by
t he
owner
or
needed
on
occasi on f or t he
care of i nf ant s or i nval i ds . Al so
consi der
al l owi ng space f or such i t ems
as scal es,
st ool or seat , i nf ant ' s bat h
and dressi ng
t abl e (port abl e t ype requi res about 3 by
4 f t of f l oor space i n use) , soi l ed- l i nen
hamper, exerci se devi ces, dressi ng t abl e
or vani t y wi t h bench, and ul t ra- vi ol et
radi at i on equi pment .
Towel bars shoul d
be ampl e i n number
and l engt h t o serve t he need: of ea_h

quot e wal l space f or essent i al accessori es
member of t he f ami l y regul arl y usi ng t he

(Tabl e 4) .
bat hroom, or of guest s l i kel y
t o
use i t s
f aci l i t i es,
bef ore suppl i es can be repl en-
i shed. For
each person regul arl y usi ng t he
bat hroom, t hera
shoul d be separat e bar
space f or bat h t owel , f ace t owel , and f ace
cl ot h, as wel l as an addi t i onal rack f or
guest t owel s .
Li nen st orage may consi st of t owel cabi -
net s recessed i n t he t hi ckness of pl umbi ng
wal l s (ei t her over f i xt ures or as f ul l hei ght
cabi net s) or may be expanded i nt o
com-
pl et e l i nen cl oset s. Dressi ng- rcom
bat hs may
i ncl ude compl et el y f i t t ed wardrobes
. (See
Tabl e 3. )
Mi ni mumsi zed
bat hrooms and t oi l et s
requi re
speci al pl anni ng t o ensure ade-
56
Res i dent i al
BATHROOMS
Fi g. 8 Bat hroomarrangement s . Source: "Pl anni ng Bat hrooms f or Today' s Homes , "
Home and Garden
Bul l et i n No. 99, U. S. Depart ment of Agri cul t ure, Was hi ngt on,
D. C. , 1967. S%
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
By GLENNH. BEYER, and ALEXANDER KI RA,
Housi ngResearch Cent er, Cornel l Uni versi t y
Drawi ngs by LARCHRENSHAW, AI A
STORAGE
"Apl ace f or everyt hi ng
and
everyt hi ng
i n
i t s pl ace" i s t he sl ogan f or cl oset de-
si gners
as wel l as housewi ves . Modern
cl oset s shoul d be pl anned f or t he st orage
of t he part i cul ar cl ot hi ng or obj ect s of t he
i ndi vi dual or t he group usi ng t he space.
An accurat e l i st of t he obj ect s t o be st ored
i s necessary f or t he sci ent i f i c al l ot ment and
arrangement of space and f aci l i t i es. A
"margi n of saf et y" of some 25 per cent
i ncreased capaci t y shoul d be al l owed f or
t he usual accumul at i on of addi t i onal be-
l ongi ngs . I t i s bet t er t o have t oo much
space t han not enough. Much can be st ored
i n l i t t l e space i f suf f i ci ent t hought i s gi ven
t o t he arrangement
of
t he
space and t he
equi pment. Too many cl oset s have unused
and unusabl e space due t o poor pl anni ng.
Good cl oset desi gn requi res pl anni ng, ar-
rangement , and f i xt ures cont ri but i ng t o:
1 .
Conveni ence
a.
Ease of access
b.
Maxi mumvi si bi l i t y
c.
Orderl i ness
d. Maxi mumaccessi bi l i t y
e. Maxi mumof used space
2. Preservat i on
a. Of pressed condi t i on
b. Of f reshness ( vent i l at i on)
c. Frommot hs
d. Fromdust
e. From pi l f eri ng
The above are not al l
si mul t aneousl y ob-
t ai nabl e, and some are
mut ual l y excl usi ve;
f or i nst ance, el i mi nat i ng
doors gi ves maxi -
mumavai l abi l i t y but
mi ni mumsecuri t y f rom
dust ,
mot hs,
and
pi l f eri ng; adheri ng t o
t he
pri nci pl e of maxi mum accessi bi l i t y
woul d
resul t i n unused space at t op and
bot t om
of cl oset .
Modern cl oset s, by t he ef f i ci ent arrange-
ment
of space and f i xt ures, accommodat e
much more cl ot hi ng and mat eri al t han t he
i nconveni ent , space- wast i ng cl oset s
of
a
f ewdecades ago. The modern cl oset of t en
repl aces pi eces of f urni t ure and t hus pro-
vi des a great er amount of f ree, uncl ut t ered
space i n t he room.
Doors shoul d open t he f ul l wi dt h of t he
cl oset whenever possi bl e
.
I n
most cases t he
most ef f i ci ent and economi cal
doors are t he
usual hi nged t ype. Two
doors f or a 5- f t
cl oset wi l l el i mi nat e
dark, i naccessi bl e,
hard- t o- cl ean corners
. Hooks, racks, and ac-
cessori es on t he backs
of swi ngi ng doors
i ncrease ef f i ci ency
by usi ng ot herwi se un-
occupi ed space i n
t he cl oset .
Al t ernat e
cl oset cl osi ng met hods may i n-
vol ve
more compl i cat ed or more expensi ve
const ruct i on, t hough t hey may obvi at e t he
obj ect i on t hat swi ngi ng doors f orm an ob-
st ruct i on i n t he room. Sl i di ng doors can
expose t he ent i re i nt eri or of t he cl oset t o
vi ew and make i t i mmedi at el y accessi bl e.
Such doors do not bl ock t raf f i c. Sl i di ng
doors, however, do not permi t t he use of
speci al
door
f i xt ures
such as t i e racks, shoe
racks or bags, hat
hangers, or mi rrors,
whi ch are handy and
easi l y reached when
at t ached
t o
a hi nged
cl oset door . Banks of
wardrobe- t ype cl oset s wi t h sl i di ng doors
are becomi ng more and more popul ar .
Fi t t ed
wi t h drawers or t rays, t hey t ake t he
pl ace
of bureaus, chest s, and chi f f oni ers
and
make f ar more spaci ous, uncl ut t ered
rooms.
Doors whi ch expose t he f ul l wi dt h of t he
cl oset are pref erabl e f or bot h vi si bi l i t y and
accessi bi l i t y. "Wal k- i n" or "wal k- t hrough"
cl oset s nat ural l y use more area t han ot hers
wi t h no "ci rcul at i on. " I n some rooms, how-
ever, a si ngl e door t o a l arge "wal k- i n"
cl oset may be j ust i f i ed by t he
need f or
maxi mumwal l space f or f urni t ure.
Some of t he vari ous cl osi ng met hods are
shown i n Fi g. 1 .
Li ght i ng i s consi dered
essent i al and
st andard i n t he modern
cl oset unl ess room
l i ght s are l ocat ed
t o i l l umi nat e f ul l y al l
port i ons of t he
cl oset
.
Asi ngl e t ubul ar or
bul b l i ght wi t h a
di f f usi ng ref l ect or pl aced
j ust above t he
door i nsi de t he f ront of t he
cl oset i s usual l y
suf f i ci ent . Aut omat i c
door
swi t ches are
conveni ent .
Vent i l at i on
i s of t en desi rabl e,
part i cu-
l arl y i n
hal l cl oset s where damp
out er gar-
ment s or
work cl ot hes mi ght
be st ored. I t
can be
accompl i shed readi l y by
provi di ng
l ouvers
i n t he cl oset
door or by usi ng
l ouver doors.
Types
of cl oset s
Cl oset s are requi red
f or vari ous pur-
poses, i n di f f erent part s
of t he house. Some
have al ready been
ment i oned i n ot her sec-
t i ons
of t hi s vol ume
: ki t chen suppl i es ; di n-
nerware, gl assware,
and t abl e l i nens ( di s-
cussed under
"Ki t chens") ; and bat hroom
suppl i es ( di scussed
under "Bat hrooms") .
Cl oset s must al so
be provi ded f or t he st or-
age of cl ot hi ng, beddi ng,
cl eani ng equi p-
ment , books,
magazi nes, and phonograph
records,
t oys and ot her
chi l dren' s and adul t s'
recreat i on equi pment ,
and cert ai n i t ems such
as l uggage t hat are
used onl y seasonal l y
or
i nf requent l y. The di scussi on
here rel at es onl y
t o "act i ve" st orage space.
Cl ot hes cl oset . For cl ot hes
cl oset s i n bed-
rooms or
dressi ng rooms, 2f t
i s st andard
dept h
( 2 f t 6i n. i f a hook st ri p
i s t o be
used) . ( See
Fi g. 2. ) Thi s permi t s
cl ot hi ng t o
be on hangers
on pol es, wi t h suf f i ci ent
cl ear-
ance. Cl ot hi ng
l engt hs are shown i n Fi g.
3.
Cl ot hes cl oset
wi dt h, paral l el t o t he
doors,
shoul d be f rom
3 t o 6f t per person,
de-
pendi ng on
amount s of cl ot hi ng and
58
Fi g. 2.

Cl oset dept h and hanger si xes
Fi g. 1 .

Cl oset cl osi ng
met hods
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
whet her drawers or t rays are t o
be pro-
vi ded i n t he cl oset or
wardrobe f or such
i t ems as have i n t he
past been kept i n
bureaus or ot her
pi eces of f urni t ure. Some
t ypi cal cl oset pl ans are
i l l ust rat ed i n Fi g .
4; suggest ed l ayout s
f or bedroom cl oset s
f or men, women,
and chi l dren are shown
i n
Fi gs . 5- 9.
Coat cl oset s, l ocat ed near t he ent rance
doors, are somet i mes made 2 or 3 i n.
deeper t han bedroomcl oset s, t o al l ow f or
t he bul ki ness of some overcoat s, and
t o
permi t bet t er ai r ci rcul at i on around t he
garment s whi ch are of t en
damp
when
hung
i n t he cl oset . Several
desi gns f or coat
cl oset s are shown i n Fi gs . 10 and
14
.
Cl oset f or cl eani ng equi pment :
The di -
mensi ons of t he st orage space
needed f or
cl eani ng equi pment wi l l depend i n
l arge
part upon t he t ype of
vacuum cl eaner
used ; hori zont al , upri ght , or cani st er ;
rec-
ommended di mensi ons f or each t ype
are
shown i n
Fi g. 11
. Si nce
f ami l i es may
change f romone t ype of vacuumcl eaner
t o anot her, t he cl eani ng cl oset shoul d be
made l arge enough f or any t ype. The
cl oset shoul d be l ocat ed as near t he cent er
of t he house as possi bl e, and shoul d be
provi ded wi t h a conveni ence recept acl e
so
t hat t he vacuumcl eaner can
be l ef t con-
nect ed and can reach most areas
of t he
house. Asuggest ed desi gn f or a
cl eani ng
equi pment
cl oset i s shown i n Fi g. 12.
St orage f or
bedrooml i nens and beddi ng:
Li mi t ed and
l i beral l i st s of art i cl es of bed-
di ng
t hat requi re st orage, and t he mi ni -
mumdi mensi ons of t he space requi red,
are
shown i n Tabl e 1 .
FHAI requi rement s f or l i nen cl oset s are

t he f l oor ; mi ni mumt ot al shel f
area f or one-
as f ol l ows : mi ni mum
i nt eri or di mensi ons,
18

and
t wo- bedroomhouse, 9 sq
f t , f or t hree-
i n . wi de by 14 i n. deep (24 i n. maxi mum);

and f our- bedroomhouse,
12
sq
f t ; drawers
shel ves spaced approxi mat el y 12 i n. on

may repl ace 50 per cent
of t he shel ves .
cent er vert i cal l y; hi ghest shel f , 74 i n. above

These are mi ni mumdi mensi ons,
and about
t wi ce t hi s amount i s
recommended, espe
Mi ni mumP

ci al l y i f bot h bedroomand
bat hrooml i nen
Propert y St andards f or
One and Two Li vi ng Uni t s, Federal

are
t o be st ored. A
suggest ed l ayout f or
Housi ng Admi ni st rat i on, Washi ngt on,

such a combi ned
l i nen cl oset i s shown i n
D. C. , revi sed J ul y, 1959.

Fi g . 12.
59
Fi g. 4.

Typi cal cl oset pl ans
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
60
Ami ni mumsi ze
cl oset of
a usual t ype
.
Shoes can be
st or ed on t he
r ai sed
shel f -
r ack and t hr ee
addi t i onal pai r
on t he f l oor
i n
f r ont of t he
r ack. Door
coul d be
ar -
r anged f or hat s as
shown
bel ow, Heavi ng
shel f
f or ot her
st or age.
Mi ni mal cl oset ar r anged t o make shoes
mor e vi si bl e and r eachabl e. Ther ei s space
f or hat s wi t hout cr ushi ng or f or ni ght
cl ot hes hooks i f hat s ar e nor mal l y
st or ed
i n a hal l cl oset . Neckt i es mi ght be i n t wo
t i er s.
An
al t er nat e t o t he scheme
above
gi vi ng

Af our - f oot cl oset wi t h seven dr awer s f or
maxi mum
vi ewof shoes
and an addi t i onal

shi r t s, socks, under wear , et c . ,
and a ver t i -
shel f .
Tr ouser s woul d
have t o be
f ol ded

cal t i er of shoe r acks ( as above) .
Ni ght
over t he
cr ossbar of t he
sui t hanger
r at her

cl ot hes and bat hr obe hooks ar e best
on t he
t han bei ng
hung separ at el y
f r omt he
pol e

r i ght band door , neckt i e r acks f l at agai nst
wi t h t r ouser - hanger s
.

t he Hef t hand door .
Fi g. 5.

Bedr oomcl oset s
f or men
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
61
Anot her f our- f oot cl oset wi t h t en st andard

Asol ut i on t o t he shal l ow cl oset
probl em
.
drawers
conveni ent l y arranged. Shoes are

Apul l - out rod t akes
care of t he sui t , coat
pl aced t andemabove t he drawers f or vi si -

and t rouser hangi ng. Fi ve
drawers t ake
bi l i t y and reachabi l i t y. Pol es are one above

t he pl ace
of a smal l bureau or chest . Shoes
t he ot her, requi ri ng reachi ng.

are
at
"no
st oop, nosquat , no squi nt " l evel s.
Wi de wardrobe cl oset s of more
l uxuri ous

A deep wal k- i n cl oset . Hi gh
t i ers of shoe
si ze pl anned as part of wal l s
separat i ng

racks f l ank t he door j ambs.
Shel ves f or
t wo
rooms.
Four doors, sl i di ng or swi ng-

Hi ve and dead st orage on
t hree si des, upper
i ng, can
be used. Lower port i on of shoe-

l evel s. Sui t pol es range t he
back wal l . Ti es
t i ers coul d be repl aced
wi t h mot hproof

are on t he
l ef t wal l , ni ght cl ot hes hooks on
"dead- st orage" drawers.

ri ght wal l .
Fi g.
6.

Bedroomcl oset s f or men
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
6
2
Asmal l cl oset wi t h shoe racks at t he si de
under short hangi ng garment s.
Addi t i onal
shoe pocket s mi ght be pl aced on t he door
under t he hangi ng shel ves. These
handy
shel ves f ol d i nt o t he space i n f ront of t he
hat and st orage shel ves.
An al t ernat e
mi ni mum
cl oset arrangment
wi t h a hi gh
pol e f or
Hong dresses. Two
drawers
bel ow t he
short er hangi ng
gar-
ment s.
Dept h of cl oset
permi t s a door t ype
shoe
rack and a hat rack.
Wi de bat s can
go
on upper shel f .
Al t ernat e t o cl oset
above. I t provi des
a
hi gh pol e f or
bangi ng eveni ng dresses
and
a l ower pol e f or
ot her dresses and sui t s.
A
l arge hat
shel f i s provi ded above t he
l ow
pol e as wel l
as a hat rack and shoe pocket s
on t he
door .
Fi g. 7.

Bedroom
cl oset s f or women
Af our- f oot
cl oset
combi ni ng hangi ng
and
shel f
space wi t h drawers
f or st ocki ngs, un-
dert hi ngs,
and what - not
. Shoes are
easi l y
seen
and chosen f rom
t he al most eye- l evel
cl eat
rack above t he
drawers.
Hat st orage
on
t he shel ves.
Another f our- f oot
cl oset wi th a
short canti -
l ever pol e at
the l ef t al l owi ng
two- decker
hangi ng. Cl oset
drawer space woul d
natur-
al l y be suppl emented
by a bureau or
other
f urni ture. A shoe
rack on the door
woul d
i ncrease capaci ty .
The shal l ow cl oset probl emsol ved by the
use of a pul l - out rod f i rml y anchored
to
the
back wal l . Drawers agai n at l ower ri ght
wi th cl eated shoe
shel ves
above, and hat
shel ves above
them. Drawers may have to
be shorter than standard.
Large doubl e wardrobe
type cl oset, al most

Awal k- i n cl oset, shoe racks and shal l ow
hal f devoted to hangi ng space
. Lef t hal f

shel ves at one si de drawers and hangi ng
f i tted
wi th l arge and smal l
drawers and

pol e at the other . Drawers next to door
wi de shel f - counter wi th mi rror above
. Sl i d-

are conveni ent but hazardous i f Hef t open.
i ng doors may be
pref erred and
center par-

They coul d
be
pl aced at the back wi th
ti ti on
mi ni mi zed.

hangi ng space near door
.
Fi g. 8.

Bedroomcl osets f or women
Resi denti al
CLOSETS
63
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
Cl oset
f or
i nf ant s up t o
about 5
year s ol d,
LOWhangi ng
pol e shel ves
and
dr awer s per -
mi t
habi t s of
car e and
or der l i ness
t o be de-
vel oped
at an
ear l y age
. t i pper
par t woul d
be used
by
adul t s.
Not e t wo set s
of door s,
Smal l
cl oset
desi gned
f or a
chi l d
of f r om
6
t o
10 year s.
Pol e
at hi gher
but
easi l y
r eached
l evel .
Dr awer s
and
shoe
r acks
at
conveni ent hei ght s
.
Ampl e
shel f
r oom
pr o-
vi ded
above
f or t he
st or age
of
possessi ons
.
Al t er nat e,
and l ar ger ,
cl oset f or an i nf ant
up
t o 5 year s of
age
.
Tr ays or dr awer s
f or
f ol ded
gar ment s
at an upper l evel f or
adul t
use.
Hangi ng
space, dr awer s and shel t
avai l abl e
t o chi l d
usi ng t he l ower
door s.
Fi g. 9.

Bedr oom
cl oset s f or
chi l dr en
Cl oset f or
youngst er
up t o 10
year s
ol d,
pr ovi di ng
gr eat er l engt h
of hangi ng
pol e
and di f f er ent
shoe
ar r angement ,
t r ays i n-
st ead of cl eat
r acks. Al ar ge
shel f
f or hat s,
t oys . or
"col l ect i ons"
avai l abl e
t o chi l d
.
64
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
65
THREE-COMPARTMENT

HALL CLOSET FOR
HALL CLOSET

SMALL
CHILDREN
Fi g. 10.

Coat cl ossf s
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
6
6
Mi scel l aneous st orage
Al arge vari et y of ot her art i cl es t hat
are
i n regul ar use must be st ored
somewhere.
I ncl uded i n t hi s cat egory are
books, maga-
zi nes, phonograph
records, card t abl es and
chai rs, games,
movi e
and
sl i de proj ect ors,
screens and
f i l m, t oys, sport s equi pment ,
and t ool s . I f adequat e and conveni ent l y
l ocat ed bui l t -i n st orage i s not provi ded,
t hen port abl e uni t s ( f urni t ure) wi l l have t o
be used f or t hi s purpose.
Book st orage i s usual l y requi red i n t he
l i vi ng room, st udy, and each bedroom. Most
books ( 85 per cent ) can f i t
comf ort abl y on
shel ves 8 i n . deep ( f ront
t o back) ; some
books ( 10 per cent ) need
10-i n
.
shel ves,
and a f ew ( 5 per cent )
requi re 12-i n .
shel ves . Vert i cal
spaci ng bet ween shel ves
vari es f rom
8 t o 16 i n
. ,
wi t h t he great est
use i n
t he 10 t o 12-i n. range. Hori zont al l y,
books average 7
t o 8 vol umes per l i near
f oot of shel f .
Phonograph records ( 12 i n . ) i n al bums
requi re shel ves wi t h a cl ear hei ght of 14
i n . and a dept h of 15 i n . ( 14 i n . f or l ong-
pl ayi ng records i n cardboard f ol ders) .
Card t abl es are usual l y 30 i n . square
but may be as l arge as 36 i n . , and are
2 t o 3 i n . t hi ck when f ol ded. Fol ded chai rs
vary wi del y i n di mensi on, but
a
f ai r
average i s 30 by 16 by 3 i n . Space shoul d
al so be provi ded f or cards, score cards,
rul e books, poker chi ps, chess,
et c. ( see
Fi g . 13) .
Toy and game st orage
shoul d be pro-
vi ded i n chi l dren' s bedrooms
and wherever
t he
t oys
are regul arl y
used. Toy st orage
shoul d
be desi gned f or f ut ure conversi on
t o ot her
use.
Sport s equi pment , especi al l y gol f bags,
ski s, and campi ng equi pment , may
present
a seri ous st orage probl em. For some f ami -
l i es, a separat e cl oset f or t hi s purpose may
be j ust i f i ed; a suggest ed desi gn
i s shown
i n Fi g. 13. Such a cl oset shoul d be l ocat ed
near t he out si de ent rance whi ch
i s most
used by t he f ami l y.
Tool s and associ at ed i t ems
shoul d, of
course, be st ored i n t he workshop,
whi ch
every
house must have. Pai nt s, because of
odor and f i re
hazard, are best st ored out -
si de t he house.
General
st orage i s requi red f or bul ky,
sel dom-used
i t ems, such as t runks, boxes,
and ext ra
f urni t ure.
Out door
st orage ( i . e . , di rect l y accessi bl e
f rom
out doors) i s requi red f or l awnmowers,
wheel barrows,
sprays, rakes, and ot her
garden t ool s and equi pment ; f or snow
shovel s and sl eds, l adders, screens,
and
st ormwi ndows; f or out door f urni t ure, bar-
becues, hammocks, croquet
set s ; f or bi -
cycl es, t ri cycl es, scoot ers, and
perambul a-
t ors ( see Fi g. 14) .
These l ast
t wo
t ypes
of st orage ( general
and
out door) were provi ded i n t he t radi -
t i onal house by t he basement , at t i c, and
garage. Modern houses may have none of
t hese spaces, and, i n such cases, t he archi -
t ect shoul d t ake part i cul ar
care t o provi de
adequat e general and
out door st orage
space. FHAmi ni mumrequi rement s are
200
cu f t pl us
75 cu f t per bedroom, of whi ch
at l east 25 per cent
and not more t han 50
per cent shoul d
be i ndoors . Agai n, i t
shoul d be
emphasi zed t hat t hi s i s a mi ni -
mum
requi rement; more i s recommended.
Basi c el ement s
The
st andard el ement s of cl oset st orage
are shel ves,
drawers, pol es, hooks, and
speci al f i xt ures . Pract i cal l y any obj ect can
be st ored ef f i ci ent l y by one or anot her of
t hese means. The choi ce and arrangement
of t he f i xt ures depend on t he amount and
nat ure of t he mat eri al s t o be st ored.
Shel ves : Shel ves are si mpl e and i nex-
pensi ve t o i nst al l , requi re a mi ni mum
of
ef f ort t o use, and are adapt abl e
t o t he
st orage of many t ypes
of
t hi ngs,
espe-
ci al l y t hose of odd or bul ky shape,
f ol ded
art i cl es, and, of course,
books,
magazi nes,
et c. However, i f open,
t hey
are exposed
t o
dust .
Al so smal l
obj ect s
become hi dden be-
hi nd one anot her
i f t he shel ves are deep.
A12-i n. shel f i s usual l y
adequat e
f or most
t hi ngs . Ar t i cl es of l ar ger di mensi ons or
gr eat er dept h shoul d have t hei r speci al
pl aces ;
l i nens, f or i nst ance, ar e f r equent l y
f ol ded f or a 16- i n
. shel f .
Dr awer s! Dr awer s
ar e gr owi ng i n popul ar -
i t y i n cl oset desi gn
because t hey accommo-
dat e numer ous ar t i cl es wi t h
a
mi ni mumof
space and a maxi mumof conveni ence. They
pr ovi de pr act i cal l y dust - f r ee st or age
and
pr esent a neat appear ance even when
car el essl y used. Dr awer s of di f f er ent wi dt hs
and dept hs make possi bl e cl assi f i ed "f i l i ng"
of di f f er ent i t ems, t hus pr ovi di ng a gr eat
savi ng i n t i me and an i ncent i ve t o or der l i -
ness . A
cabi net made up of a bat t er y of
st andar d dr awer s, sel ect ed f or t he st or age
of t he
known possessi ons of t he user , can
easi l y be made f r om a
compr ehensi ve l i st ,
wi t h al l owance made f or t he
accumul at i on
of addi t i onal i t ems .
Dr awer const r uct i on i s cabi net wor k r e-
qui r i ng bot h ski l l f ul cr af t smanshi p and t he
best mat er i al s . They must oper at e f r eel y
under al l seasonal and cl i mat i c condi t i ons .
A r ecent
l ogi cal out come of t hi s
si t uat i on
has been
t he devel opment of mol ded
pl as-
t i c dr awer s
i n a var i et y of st ock
si zes .
Fr ont s of var i ous
mat er i al s can be
at -
t ached. Al l t hat i s
r equi r ed of t he
bui l der
i s t he const r uct i on
of t he suppor t i ng
en-
cl osur e.
Pol es . Hangi ng pol e l engt h
can be est i -
mat ed
r oughl y at 3 i n . per
hanger f or men' s
sui t s ( 4 i n
. f or heavy coat s) and 2
i n . per
hanger f or
women' s cl ot hi ng.
Hei ght of
pol e above
f l oor shoul d aver age
64 i n . ,
but shoul d be
adj ust ed t o t he i ndi vi dual
.
Cl ear ance bet ween
pol e and shel f above
shoul d be 3 i n .
Har dwood pol es 1 i n . i n
di amet er shoul d
have i nt er medi at e sup-
por t s i f over 4 f t i n
l engt h. Consul t manu-
f act ur er s f or speci al - pur pose
hangi ng r ods,
ext ensi on pol es, br acket s,
et c .
Hooks :
A var i et y of hooks
i s avai l abl e.
Speci al f eat ur es ; Such
speci al f eat ur es as
shoe
and hat r acks and
mi scel l aneous r acks
ar e on
t he mar ket and
gr eat l y i ncr ease
conveni ence
i n st or age.
=, g
12. Mi scel l aneous
St or age
67
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
68
Fi g.
13.

Mi scel l aneous
cl oset s
Resi dent i al
CLOSETS
6
9
Fi g. 14
.

Mi scel l aneous cl oset s
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
ByJ . L. GRUZENand
J . J . KOSTER, Gruzen and Part ners
INTRODUCTION
At t he t i me of t hi s
wri t i ng, It i s ant i ci pat ed t hat
wi t hi n t he next 1
5 years i n t he Uni t ed St at es i t
wi l l be necessary t o
const ruct as many new
housi ng uni t s as have
been const ruct ed t o dat e
.
Thi s need
f or new housi ng,
consi dered
agai nst a background
of cont i nui ng urbani za-
t i on, cl earl y i ndi cat es
t hat an i ncreasi ng pro-
port i on of an
expandi ng housi ng market wi l l
be devot ed t o mul t i f ami l y
t ypes of housi ng or
apart ment s . The
i nevi t abi l i t y of t hi s t rend
cont ai ns a chal l enge
t o t he archi t ect t o do
more t hen merel y
meet a st at i st i cal demand.
He
must rat her
address, i dent i f y, and sol ve
t he
probl ems of mul t i f ami l y
bui l di ng t ypes as an
at t ract i ve al t ernat i ve
t o f reest andi ng si ngl e-
f ami l y bui l di ngs .
Thi s art i cl e wi l l
deal wi t h mul t i f ami l y l i vi ng
i n general , wi t h some
addi t i onal at t ent i on t o
t he probl ems of t he
medi um- and hi gh-ri se
bui l di ng t ype ( i . e . bui l di ng
t ypes whi ch
requi re
a degree of vert i cal
servi ci ng) .
GENERAL
The process of desi gni ng
an apart ment bui l di ng
maybe graphi cal l y
depi ct ed i n a general way
as i n Tabl e 1 . Thi s
art i cl e wi l l be devel oped
i n t he same sequence
as Tabl e 1 . It must be
borne i n mi nd t hat , as
wi t h anydesi gn devel op-
ment , t he evol ut i on of an
apart ment bui l di ng
desi gn i s not a sequent i al
process but a pro-
cess of cont i nui ng i nt eract i on,
f eedback, and
reeval uat i on, and t hat t he
number and com-
pl exi t y of event s wi l l vary
accordi ng t o t he
program, scope, and
f undi ng sources i nvol ved .
The sequences
shown are l abel ed
as program
devel opment , si t e anal ysi s,
bui l di ng pl anni ng,
and bui l di ng desi gn .
Programdevel opment
i s f or t he most pert
eval uat i on of i nf ormat i on
over whi cht he archi -
t ect has rel at i vel y
l i t t l e cont rol but whi ch
shapes
t he proj ect i n a basi c
way.
Si t e anal ysi s
i nvol ves eval uat i on of
physi cal
dat a whi ch
must be recogni zed, i dent i f i ed, and
wei ghed by t he
archi t ect i n maki ng basi c
de-
si gn deci si ons
deal i ng wi t h si t e use, al l ocat i on,
and
devel opment
.
PROGRAM
Market Anal ysi s
Amarket anal ysi s and program
f ormul at i on
may precede t he ret ent i on of an
archi t ect ;
however, t o
an i ncreasi ng degree cl i ent s sol i ci t
t he ai d of
an archi t ect i n t hese areas . An
i nves-
t i gat i on of
t he pot ent i al market shoul d
consi der
exi st i ng
market condi t i ons and t rends
wi t h
regard t o
1 . Type
of occupancy
a . Rent al
b. Cooperat i ve
c. Condomi ni um
2. Pri ce
( rent , mai nt enance, et c. )
3. Ameni t i es
4. Apart ment si ze ( area and
number of
rooms)
70
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
5 . Bui l di ng t ypes
6 . Vacancy rat es
7 . Publ i cf aci l i t i es (t ransport at i on, school s,
shoppi ng, recreat i on)
Programi t ems t o be resol ved i ncl ude
Pri ce range. What segment of t he market
i s t he proj ect t o be ai med at ?
Ameni t i es . I dent i f i ed i n Tabl e 2as support
f aci l i t i es and cl osel y i nt errel at ed wi t h pri ce
range.
Scope
.
Howmany uni t s?
Di st ri but i on. Percent age of each t ype of uni t .
Bui l di ng t ype or t ypes .
1
AND2 STORYROWOR

1 0-20 DU/ACRE
CLUSTER HOUSI NG
4AND5 STORYWALK-UPGARDEN

30-40DU/ACRE
Fi g. 1

Comparat i ve densi t i es .
%SSK: i i %
APARTMENTDEVELOPMENT

7p-1 1 0 DU/ACRE
COMBI NEDHI - ANDLOW-RI SE ESTATE
HOUSI NG
WI TH
I SOLATEDMED-RI SE

1 50-1 75 DU/ACRE
TYPI CAL URBANDENSI TYFOR COM-
BI NED HI - ANDLOW-RI SEDEVELOPMENT

200DU/ACRE
TYPI CALHI GHURBANDENSI TY
HI -RI SE
DEVELOPMENT

425
DU/ACRE
NEWYORKCI TYTHEORETI CAL MAX.
Fundi ng
i n manycases a market anal ysi s wi l l concl ude
t hat convent i onal pri vat e f i nanci ng i s not
economi cal l y f easi bl e and t hat some t ype of
publ i c or semi publ i c assi st ance i s requi red
i f a proj ect i s t o proceed.
There
are a number of sources of suchassi s-
t ance
at bot h f ederal and st at e l evel s . The FHA
(Federal Housi ng Admi ni st rat i on) and PHA
(Publ i c Housi ng Admi ni st rat i on) are wel l -
known exampl es of such agenci es . As a rul e,
an agency whi ch provi des assi st ance
al so
requi res conf ormance t o agency st andards,
and f requent l y such an
agency wi l l requi re
approval of or part i ci pat i on i n program
devel -
opment .
Whi l e t he cl i ent ,
l ocal aut hori t i es, and
f undi ng sources wi l l usual l y
i nst i t ut e basi c
programdi rect i on, i t nevert hel ess
remai ns t he
responsi bi l i t yof t he archi t ect t o
cat al yze t hese
deci si ons and f ormul at e t he f i ni shed
program.
Densi t y
Fi gure t compares rel at i ve densi t i es of vari ous
urban and suburban
si t uat i ons . I t i s hel pf ul
t o "have a
f eel " f or t he physi cal real i t y of den-
si t y f i gures as
an ai d i n vi sual i zi ng possi bl e
sol ut i ons
and
t o
ant i ci pat e i mpl i cat i ons of
deci si ons whi ch are made duri ng program
f ormul at i on .
ZONI NGANDCODES
General
Zoni ng and bui l di ng codes are of basi c i m-
port ance
t o any proj ect ; and of al l t ypes of
proj ect s,
t hose whi ch i nvol ve housi ng t end
t o be
regul at ed t o a great er degree by zoni ng
ordi nances
and codes .
Appropri at e l ocal and
regi onal aut hori t i es
shoul d be cont act ed i n order t o
det ermi ne t he
t ype and ext ent of l i mi t at i ons or cont rol s
whi ch
maybe i mposed on a proj ect and, f urt her, t o
gauge t he di scret i onary powers
and f l exi bi l i t y
of t he governi ng aut hori t i es. To an
i ncreasi ng
degree, t he phi l osophy of zoni ng i s
changi ng
f romone of rest ri ct i ve l i mi t s and
cont rol s t o
an
approach whi ch at t empt s t o l ead and i n-
f l uence
communi t ygrowt h. Manycommuni t i es
and regi onal aut hori t i es have gui di ng mast er
pl ans whi ch deal wi t h l ong-range devel opment
and eval uat i on. The concept ual
and pl anni ng
f reedomof t he archi t ect i s l i nked
wi t h t hese
consi derat i ons .
Fai l ure t o pursue a t horough
i nvest i gat i on
of t hese cont rol s can resul t i n
seri ous prob-
l ems l at er on i n proj ect devel opment .
Cont rol s
Zoni ng i s concerned pri nci pal l ywi t h quest i ons
of use, bul k, densi t y, and l ocat i on.
Use, bul k, and densi t yare usual l y cont rol l ed
Fi g. 2 Zoni ng map exampl e.
Fi g
.
3

Set back di agrams.
71
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
Bul k i s frequent l y cont rol l ed by fl oor- area
rat i o,
whi ch l i mi t s t ot al bui l dabl e fl oor
area
as a mul t i pl e of t he si t e
area . I n cont emporary
zoni ng regul at i ons, fl oor- area rat i o for apart -
ment bui l di ngs wi l l range froma l ow
of
1
or
l ess t oa hi ghi n t he range of 1 4 t o
1 6
i n
dense
met ropol i t an areas .
Bui l di ng codes are l ess regi onal and
vary
l ess t han zoni ng regul at i ons . Many
l ocal i t i es
adopt nat i onal or st at e bui l di ngcodes
as t hei r
st andard . Such codes are concerned
wi t h
heal t h and safet y requi rement s
suchas l i ght
and ai r, access, egress,
const ruct i on st an-
dards, mi ni mum
di mensi onal st andards, fi re
det ect i on
and prot ect i on, and fi re equi pment
access . '
St andards
Si mi l ar t o zoni ng
and codes and equal l y i m-
port ant i n many
cases are government al agency
st andards,
whi ch appl y when publ i c or semi -
publ i c fundi ng
sources are i nvol ved or mort -
gage st andards i f
pri vat e fundi ng i s i nvol ved .
The need for a t horoughi ni t i al i nvest i gat i on
and cont i nui ng revi ewfor conformance wi t h
cont rol s i mposed by zoni ng, codes and agen-
ci es cannot be overemphasi zed .
'
Not e : Local fi re depart ment s and fi re i n-
surance
groups may exert more rest ri ct i ve
cont rol s
t han t he above- ment i oned codes .
72
on t he basi s
of di st ri ct s whi ch are general l y
shown on maps
and expl ai ned i n an
accom-
panyi ngt ext
( Fi g. 2) .
Uses may be desi gnat ed as, for
exampl e,
resi dent i al , commerci al , manufact uri ng,
and,
i n
some cases, park or
recreat i onal . Mi xed
uses are frequent l y al l owed, end for l arge
housi ng
proj ect s i t i s consi dered
advant ageous
t o i ncorporat e ret ai l shoppi ng,
ent ert ai nment ,
and di ni ngfaci l i t i es i nt o a program.
Locat i on of bui l di ngs i s cont rol l ed
i n order
t o prevent oppressi ve proxi mi t y
of bui l di ng
masses . Formul as or di agrams
whi chrel at e t o
vari abl es such as bui l di ng
hei ght and densi t y
are appl i ed t o l ocat e bui l di ngs
wi t h respect t o
propert y l i nes and/or one anot her . ( See Fi gs . 3
and 4. )
Densi t y regul at i ons
l i mi t t he number of
peopl e per si t e- area uni t . The
basi s for densi t y
det ermi nat i on wi l l vary
from regul at i on t o
regul at i on . Densi t y may
range froma l owof
t en or fewer peopl e per
acre i n l owdensi t y
di st ri ct s t o a hi gh of up
t o 1 , 500 or more per
acre i n t he hi ghest - densi t y
di st ri ct s .
Fi g. 4 Bui l di ng spaci ng and l ocat i on
di agram.
SI TE
CONSI DERATI ONS
Si t e Charact eri st i cs
Physi cal charact eri st i cs
of a si t e may i mpose
l i mi t at i ons on a bui l di ng
program; t herefore
an earl y
anal ysi s of si t e dat a and condi t i ons
shoul d be
undert aken by t he archi t ect i n order
t oascert ai n
and eval uat e suchl i mi t at i ons .
Bori ngs
and sampl es t aken at t he si t e wi l l
provi de i nformat i on
regardi ng l ocat i on and
ext ent of
rock, beari ng capaci t y of t he sub-
surface st rat a
at vari ous l evel s, and t he l evel
of a wat er t abl e
.
A survey i ndi cat i ng
boundari es, cont ours,
or spot el evat i ons i s
necessary and, i n t he
case of di ffi cul t si t es,
sucha survey may i ndi -
cat e t errai n and
ot her condi t i ons whi ch wi l l
st rongl y i nfl uence
desi gn deci si ons . Li mi t a-
t i ons i mposed by di ffi cul t t errai n- i n
addi t i on
t ot hose i mposed byl ocal l aws or
ordi nances-
may l i mi t suchi t ems as l ocat i on
of dri veways
and parki ng ent rances .
Ut i l i t i es
Avai l abi l i t y, adequacy, and
l ocat i on of si t e
ut i l i t i es ent er i nt o
basi c deci si on maki ng. A
Si t e El ement s
Fi gure 5
di agrams possi bl e rel at i onshi ps
among si t e l ayout
el ement s whi ch normal l y
occur i n apart ment
devel opment . As suggest ed
by t he di agram,
i t i s desi rabl e t o l i mi t cross
t raffi c among
ci rcul at i on el ement s such as
vehi cul ar access and
pedest ri an access and t o
mai nt ai n proxi mi t y or
easy access among
act i vi t y el ement s
suchas t he dwel l i ng uni t ,
recreat i on, and parki ng.
The
rel at i onshi ps may be hori zont al l y or
vert i cal l y
arranged, dependi ng on densi t y or
t i ght ness of
a si t e . Emphasi s on t he i mpor-
t ance of cert ai n
rel at i onshi ps may vary wi t h
t he program;
however, t he basi c el ement s and
rel at i onshi ps
remai n. Fi gure 6 shows exampl es
of
di fferent arrangement s of t he si t e el e-
ment s- arrangement s whi ch refl ect program
densi t y rel at i ve
t o si t e area .
Bui l di ngAccess
Fi gure 7 di agrams
vari ous means of bui l di ng
access and i nt ernal
ci rcul at i on, each wi t h
di fferent advant ages and
degrees of sui t abi l i -
t y t o speci fi c desi gn
sol ut i ons .
Fi g. 5
Si t e el ement di agram.
bui l di ngor bui l di ngs may
be l ocat ed so as t o
mi ni mi ze expensi ve servi ce
runs
.
I nadequacy
or
unavai l abi l i t y of cert ai n
servi ces may requi re
onsi t e generat i on or di sposal
faci l i t i es .
Large Scal e
Large- scal e resi dent i al
devel opment s i nvol ve
speci al probl ems and
opport uni t i es . Cl osi ng
or rerout i ngof st reet s whol l y wi t hi n
a proj ect
i s frequent l y undert aken and can
free up area,
el i mi nat e rest ri ct i ons of a st reet gri d
pat t ern,
and general l y change t he scal e and feel i ng
of a
proj ect . When t hrough st reet s wi t hi n a
proj ect
are cl osed or ot herwi se
rest ri ct ed, compensa-
t ory wi deni ng and i mprovement of
peri pheral
roads i s usual l y i n order
not onl y t o offset t he
effect of t he cl osi ngs
but al so t o accommodat e
t he i ncreased t raffi c fl owgenerat ed by
t he proj -
ect i t sel f . Si mi l arl y, shut t i ng
down a ut i l i t y
l i ne and addi ng t o demand general l y
requi res
compensat ory i mprovement .
Bui l di ng
Ori ent at i on
Bui l di ng ori ent at i on may be i nfl uenced by a
number of
fact ors suchas si t e, vi ew( desi r-
abl e or
undesi rabl e), sun, and prevai l i ngwi nds .
Cl osel y
i nt errel at ed t o bui l di ng ori ent at i on
i s t he quest i on
of i nt ernal ci rcul at i on and fl oor
l ayout of
t he bui l di ng. Fi gure 8 i ndi cat es how
di fferent
l ayout s l end t hemsel ves t o sol ut i ons
of si t e
probl ems .
BUI LDI NG
CONFI GURATI ON
Fl oor
Shape and Si ze
The shape
and si ze of an apart ment
bui l di ng
can have
si gni fi cant i nfl uence on t he cost
and
consequent l y
t he feasi bi l i t y of a proj ect .
The
shape of t he repet i t i ve t ypi cal fl oors
i nfl uences t he
cost of const ruct i ng and en-
cl osi ng t he
fl oors . For purposes of economy
and effi ci ency,
bui l di ng shape shoul d be such
t hat expensi ve
ext eri or wal l s are mi ni e, i red i n
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
73
Fi g . 8

Or i ent at i on i nf l uences
.
Fi g. 7 Bui l di ng t ypes
.
Fi g . 6

Si t e el ement
r el at i onshi ps .
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
74
Frawl ey Pl aza, NewYork St at e Urban Devel opment Corporat i on 11972)
Fi g. 9

Exampl es
of housi ngpl ans . (Gruzen &Part ners . )
Residential
APARTMENTS
r atio to ar ea enclosed andthat br eaks and
dir ectionchanges in the per imeter ar e mini-
mized. (SeeFig. 9. )
Ar eaof a typical f loor may af f ect costs.
For example, pour ingof atypical tier inacast-
in- place concr ete building is a continuous
pr ocess andr equir es a f ull concr ete cr ew
thr oughout. Thear eaof atypical f loor or par t
ther eof shouldbesuch asto ef f iciently utilize
theday' spr oductivity of aconcr etecr ew. Simi-
lar analysisandconsider ations shouldbeap-
pliedto other buildingtechniques or systems.
BuildingHeight
The cost of a building may be
af f ected by
building height. Abuilding
may be of such
height that it exceeds pr evailing capacities
in ter ms of availableconstr uction equipment
andcontr actor exper ience. I nadditionto con-
sider ationsof what is possible, ther ear econ-
sider ations of what is pr actical
and ef f icient
f r omacost standpoint. Of
thevar iousmechan-
ical systems which ser ve
anapar tment build-
ing, each has var ious
incr ements and"step-
up" points
.
For example, ther e is a situation
such that
theadditionof asingle extr a f loor
couldr equir easubstantial incr easeinelevator
ser viceeither thr ough an additional elevator
or
an expensive incr ease in elevator speed.
Similar situations exist f or heating, cooling,
plumbing, andventilating systems, andopin-
ions
of thevar ious consultants in thesear eas
should besolicited.
Length andWidth
Additional costsr esultingf r omanincr easeof
building length or width ar e gener ally pr o-
por tionate to incr ease in ar ea, However , as
withother such items, ther ear estep- up points
at which ther e ar e dispr opor tionately lar ge
incr eases in cost f or slight dimensional in-
cr eases.
WindBr acing
Wind br acing becomes a str uctur al design
consider ationinbuildingsbeyondthe
10- to 12-
stor y r ange, and one must then
consider
measur es which may
be intr oduced to r esist
the over tur ning
tendency due to windloads.
Windbr acingmay beachievedby intr oduction
of var ious str uctur al measur es.
The extent
and, ther ef or e,
theexpenseof thesemeasur es
may ber educedif the building shape itself
contr ibutes to wind
br acing
.
As thediagr ams
(Fig. 10)
indicate, cer tain building shapes
obviously have
a gr eater inher ent r esistance
to over tur ning.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Concr ete
Themost commonstr uctur al systempr esently
employedf or medium- to high- r iseapar tment
constr uction is f lat- plate cast- in- place
r ein-
f or cedconcr etewith r andomlyplaced
columns.
This str uctur al appr oach
has cer tain advan-
tages which
makeit par ticular ly adaptableto
apar tment constr uction.
(See
Fig.
11 . )
1 . Thehor izontal ser vicesnor mally
r equir ed
inapar tment constr uction
may be imbedded
Steel
Although much less common than cast- in-
place concr ete, steel f r ame str uctur es ar e
also employedin the constr uction of apar t-
ment buildings.
The advantages of str ength and r elative
simplicity of er ection may r ecommend steel
f or usein extr emely tall
str uctur es
or f or use
in locales wher ether e is limitedexper ience
in
the
useof
concr ete.
Steel str uctur al f r amestendto be
laid out in
ar egular gr id patter n, andthis in tur nr egu-
within theconcr eteslab, ther eby eliminating
theneedf or ahungceiling andallowing the
f lat under sideof theslab to ser ve as thef in-
ishedceilingof thespacebelow. This r educes
f loor - to- f loor andover all building height and
eliminatesthesepar ateconstr uctionof ahung
ceiling.
2. The possibility of placing columns r an-
domly adapts well to theinher ently ir r egular
modulegener atedby atypical apar tment f loor
layout. Columnsmay thus be"bur ied" in con-
venient locations withinanef f icient layout.
3. As a r ule, openingsf or ver tical
ser vices
may belocatedat will inthistypeof str uctur e;
however , lar geopenings near columns should
be
handledwith
car eso asto assur econtinuity
of ver tical andhor izontal r einf or cing.
lar izestheapar tment layout. Oneshouldbear in
mindthat inthistypeof str uctur emechanical
andstr uctur al lines may not coincide.
Limitations
Asar uleof thumb, spacing betweenconcr ete
columns may economically bein ther angeof
12- to 18- f t center s and spacing f or steel
columnsmay r angef r om16to 24f t .
Figur e12 may ser veas aguidef or sizing of
concr etecolumnsinpr eliminar y layouts. Thr ee
commonbay sizesor center - to- center distances
havebeenshownf or var ious building heights.
Sizes ar e f or inter nal columns, expr essed in
squar einches. Per ipher al andcor ner columns
will besmaller .
Thesmallest dimensionper sideconsider ed
acceptable
f or concr etecolumns is 10 in. , and
4f t is thelimit which nor mal concr etef r ame-
wor k can easily accommodate. Columnswith
lar ger dimensions become, in ef f ect, walls
andar ef or meddif f er ently .
I t is
signif icant to notef r omthechar t that an
inter nal
columninatall buildingmay beonthe
or der of 2 by 3 f t . Such aplanning element
cannot be over looked even f or pr eliminar y
sketching.
SystemsAppr oach
Any discussion of str uctur al consider ations
in conj unction with housing must r ecognize
that thehousingindustr y appear s to beat
the
beginning of aner aof gr eatly incr eased pr e-
f abr ication, which is leading
towar ds f ull
systems building andindustr ialization of
the
building pr ocess.
75
Fig. 10 Building shapes.
Fig.
11

Steel endconcr ete str uctur el systems.
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
There
are f our vari abl es i nvol ved i n el evat or
sel ect i on :
1 .
Travel di st ance
2. El evat or speed
3. El evat or capaci t y
4.
Bui l di ng popul at i on
Travel di st ance
i s represent ed on t he graph
as "Number of st ori es"
based on t he assump-
t i on of
normal f l oor-t o-f l oor hei ght s.
Possi bl e speeds
f or bui l di ngs of di f f erent
hei ght s are shown
.
Bui l di ng popul at i on i s
represent ed on t he
graph as "popul at i on per
f l oor, " wi t h curves
shown f or t ypi cal f l oor
popul at i ons. I n det er-
mi ni ng
popul at i on, t wo persons per bedroom
are assumed
.
Egress andSaf et y
Except i n rare ci rcumst ances,
rel at i vel y l i t t l e i n
t he real mof egress
and
saf et y
i s l ef t t o t he di s-
cret i on of t he archi t ect .
I n general , t he archi t ect
maychoose onl yamongaccept ed
andapproved
procedures as set
down i n codes.
I n most codes, t wo
means of egress must be
provi ded wi t hi n speci f i ed
di st ances f romeach
dwel l i ng uni t (Fi g. 159-c)
except i n t he case of
dupl exes, whi ch f requent l y
requi re an addi -
t i onal means of egress
of f
t he
corri dors, usu-
al l y by means of an escape
bal cony (Fi g. 15e) .
Fi gure 1 5ddi agrams a
sci ssor st ai r whi ch, as
shown, i s an arrangement
whi ch al l ows f or
const ruct i on
of t wo st ai rs i n one f i re encl osure.
Thi s i s an ef f i ci ent and cost -savi ng
sol ut i on t o
t he t woegress requi rement s
. Most codes, how-
ever, ef f ect i vel y precl ude t he
use of sci ssor
st ai rs, i n many cases by l i mi t i ng
t he al l owabl e
l engt h of dead-end corri dors
. Fi re escapes are
usual l y requi red f or const ruct i on
t hat i s not
f i reproof ; and spri nkl ers, smoke
doors, f i re de-
t ect ors, and al arms are
addi t i onal l y requi red
f or vari ous
cl assi f i cat i ons of const ruct i on i n
some codes .
Pl umbi ng
Vert i cal pl umbi ng ri sers
and wast e l i nes (or
"pl umbi ng st acks")
are expensi ve due t o bot h
mat eri al and l abor cost s .
Reduct i on i n t he
number of st acks saves
money and i s, t here-
f ore, t oa
great er or l esser ext ent advant ageous
and advi sabl e.
bi l i t y, uni on
accept abi l i t y, adapt abi l i t y t o mi nor
vari at i ons, and guarant ees
regardi ng erect ed
cost s.
VERTI CAL SERVI CES
El evat ors
Fi gure
14 mayserve as a prel i mi nary gui de i n
det ermi ni ng
number and t ype of el evat ors
necessary f or an
ef f i ci ent sol ut i on .
Pref abri cat i on
and syst ems bui l di ng has
been appl i ed
wi del y i n European count ri es f or
a
number of years, and t here have been many
prot ot ypi cal
devel opment s and l i mi t ed ap-
pl i cat i ons
of t echni ques i n t hi s f i el d i n t he
Uni t ed St at es.
I t i s
ant i ci pat ed t hat , wi t hi n t he f oresee-
abl e f ut ure,
vi rt ual l y al l European housi ng
wi l l be t he
product of some t ype of syst em.
I t woul dappear
i nevi t abl e t hat progress t oward
i ndust ri al i zed
const ruct i on wi l l l i kewi se con-
t i nue i n t he Uni t ed St at es.
At what
preci se poi nt t he ut i l i zat i on of
syst ems bui l di ng
wi l l become a maj or con-
si derat i on
i n apart ment desi gn and what
syst emor syst ems
wi l l survi ve t o become
a st andard of t he f ut ure i s
uncert ai n; however,
i t i s a si gni f i cant l y
growi ng f i el d whi ch wi l l
be wat ched cl osel y by pract i t i oners i n t he
housi ng f i el d.
Of t he number of syst ems whi ch
are pres-
ent l y avai l abl e, t he f ol l owi ng cat egori es may
be drawn:
1 . St eel or concret e f rame
wi t h precast
pl anks, sel f -f ormed concret e deck
or met al
deck
2. Poured-i n-pl ace concret e t i ers
ut i l i zi ng
speci al reusabl e f orms f or t ransverse
wal l s or
col umns
3 . Long-span or short -span precast
panel /
pl ank and beari ng wal l
4. Pref abri cat ed f l oor-si ze t russ or beam
syst ems wi t hcl ear span capabi l i t i es .
5. Preassembl ed modul es, prepared
of f
si t e or on si t e, f or st acki ng or i nsert i on i n a
st ruct ural f rame
Fi gure 13 shows
a composi t e st ruct ure
i ncl udi ng t he cat egori es
descri bed.
Any proposal
t o use a bui l di ng syst em
shoul dbepreceded
bya t horoughi nvest i gat i on
as t o avai l abi l i t y,
code and market accept s-
7
6
Fi g. 13 "Syst ems" composi t e
.
Fi g. 12

Concret e-col umnsi zi ng
gui de. (Dat a suppl i ed by Farkas Baron and Part ners . )
Reducti oni n the number of pl umbi ngstacks

f i ni sh around the area of
exhaust . The rati o of

water pi pes or el ectri c condui t . Pi pe
ri sers as
i s accompl i shed by doubl i ng or even
tri pl i ng

di mensi ons shoul d be
as cl ose to square as

shown i n Fi g. 19
occupy a space of approxi -
uponeach stackat eachf l oor.
Fi gure 16shows

possi bl eandshoul dnot exceedarati oof
3 : 1 .

matel y 3 to 4sqf t, are
l ocated at an outsi de
commonbathroomand/or ki tchen
l ayouts wi th

Amechani cal engi neer shoul d
be consul ted

wal l , andgeneral l y, i f possi bl e, "run
out"
i n
two
order-of -magni tude di mensi ons
shown.

to
determi nef i nal data regardi ngsi ze
andI ota-

di recti ons to serve
twouni ts at each f l oor. I t i s
Thesedi mensi ons, i t
shoul dberemembered,

ti on of ducts.

desi rabl e to avoi d havi ng
a commonri ser be-
aref or roughl ayout purposes onl yand
shoul d

tween separate apartments
.
be veri f i ed by consul tants.

Heati ngand Cool i ng
Venti l ati on

I n most cases, pl anni ng and spati al
l ayout are

DETERMI NATI ONOF A
TYPI CAL FLOOR not si gni f i cantl y i nf l uenced
by heati ng and/or
I nteri or spaces such as
bathrooms, i nteri or

cool i ng uni ts and thei r l i nes of suppl y. The

General
ki tchens, and publ i c hal l s requi re
mechani cal

most commonexcepti on i s the case i n whi ch
exhausti ng. Fi gures 17and 18
maybeusedas

ductsdel i ver condi ti onedai r f romei ther
a ten-

I n di scussi ng determi nati on of
a typi cal f l oor
gui des, i n maki ng prel i mi nary
l ayouts, to de-

tral source or a uni t i n theapartment . I n such
a

andspeci f i c apartment l ayouts, the most com-
termi nethef l oor area tobeal l ocated to
exhaust

case, ducts maybeof suchsi ze as to
becomea

monstructural type-poured-i n-pl ace
f l at-pl ate
ducts. Fi gure 18i ndi cates the area of
exhaust

pl anni ng f actor. Otherwi se, heati ng
or cool i ng

concrete constructi on
wi th repeti ti ve typi cal
and Fi g. 17shows bui l dupof
f i reproof i ng and

uni ts are served ei ther by hot and/or
chi l l ed

f l oors-i s assumed. Thepri nci pl es of the pro-
Resi denti al
APARTMENTS
77
Fi g. 15

Types of
stai rs.
Fi g. 14

El evator gui de
.
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
78
Fi g. 17

Exhaust duct .
Fi g. 16 Pl umbi ng chases .
Fi g. 18

Exhaust - duct si z i ng
gui de.
Fi g. 19 Heat i ng- cool i ng
composi t e.
Resi denti al
APARTMENTS
5. Thetypi cal f l oor di stri buti on
must nowbe
accommodated
wi thi n the tentati vel y accepted
area and
wi thi n reasonabl e di mensi ons. The
el evator core and stai rs
shoul d be l ocated and
apartments
l ai d out around them.
Fi gure 22di agrams i nterrel ati onshi ps among
component el ements of a typi cal l i vi ng uni t .
Al though many apartments tend to have
muchthe same l ayout as the di agram, there are
many al ternati ve arrangements whi chretai n the
essenti al component rel ati onshi ps . Apartments
may
be arranged as corner or f l oor-through
uni ts and-i n addi ti on to f l ats, or apartments
on one l evel -l ayouts may be on two or three
f l oors or on spl i t l evel s (see Fi g. 23) .
As the di agrami ndi cates, i t i s consi dered
desi rabl e to have ready ci rcul ati on f romthe
entrance f oyer to the acti vi ty el ements of the
ki tchen, l i vi ng room, and sl eepi ng areas and at
the same ti me to mai ntai n degrees of separa-
ti on among these three el ements.
I deal l y, eachspace i n an apartment shoul d
have access or exposureto the outdoors . How-
ever, appl i cati on of thi s pri nci pl e coul d resul t
i n an excessi vel y expensi ve bui l di ng type.
Theref ore baths, f oyers, and f requentl y ki tch-
ens and di ni ng areas
are usual l y devel oped as
i nteri or spaces (see Fi g. 24) .
FI RST-FLOOR ORGANI ZATI ON
General
The f i rst f l oor of an apartment bui l di ng f ul f i l l s
a number of di f f erent programrequi rements .
I t serves as a connecti on between the dwel l i ng
porti on of a bui l di ng and the outdoors; i t re-
l ates and i nteracts wi thboththe outdoor f unc-
ti ons and the dwel l i ng uni ts ; and, f urther, i t
accommodates the physi cal transi ti on between
the dwel l i ng uni ts and the f i rst f l oor .
Fi gure 25 i l l ustrates possi bl e i nterrel ati on-
shi ps of f i rst-f l oor f uncti ons wi th both the
outdoors and the dwel l i ng uni ts.
Programrequi rements f or typi cal
f i rst-f l oor
spaces f requentl y cal l f or l arger unobstructed
areas than occur at dwel l i ng f l oors above
.
Commonmethods empl oyed to achi eve the
un-
obstructed space at the f i rst f l oor are (1) to
' ' push out" the wal l s at the ground f l oor and
encl ose a l arger space wi th an appropri ate
structure or, (2) to hang a cei l i ng i n the f i rst
f l oor and "col l ect" and redi rect vari ous verti cal
servi ces whi ch woul d otherwi se break up
space at the ground f l oor . Thi s i s a common
method used i n the case of pl umbi ng, heati ng,
cedure
whi chwi l l beoutl i ned may, however, be
appl i ed to
any constructi on techni que or sys-
tem, beari ng i n
mi nd the uni que characteri sti cs
of that
techni que or system. (See Fi g. 20. )
Procedure
Sequenti al l y,
the steps i n the determi nati on of
a typi cal f l oor
(i n an i deal case) coul d proceed
as
f ol l ows
: (See
al so Fi g. 21 . )
1 . I nvesti gate programwi thregard to the to-
tal
number and types of apartments.
2. I denti f y repeti ti ve groups wi theachgroup
possi bl y representi ng a typi cal f l oor .
3. Assi gn area f i gures to apartments as de-
termi ned i n programanal ysi s or as requi red by
governmental agency standards. Total up the
area of the apartments i n a repeti ti ve group
and to thi s total add 10to 15 percent f or cor-
ri dors and cores. Thi s f i gure then may repre-
sent the area of a typi cal f l oor . I f the area f i gure
i s reasonabl e and economi cal , i f the si ze of the
bui l di ng thus generatedconf orms wi thvari ous
l i mi ts
of the si te, and i f the typi cal f l oor area i s
otherwi se acceptabl e, the i nvesti gati on may
proceed.
4. Tentati ve acceptance of a typi cal
f l oor
f i xes a total
number of f l oors . The i mpl i cati ons
of thi s number wi thregard
to the potenti al f or
ef f i ci ent uti l i zati on of the vari ous
mechani cal
systems, soi l -beari ng characteri sti cs,
zoni ng
l i mi ts, etc. , shoul d be i nvesti gated .
I f the oum-
ber of f l oors checks
out acceptabl y, actual pl an-
ni ng and l ayout
may proceed.
Fi g. 21

Typi cal f l oor .
(1) I t i s general l y desi rabl e to group verti cal servi ces such
as the el evator, i nci nerator or ref use chute, f l ue, stand-
pi pe, and, i f possi bl e, stai rs so as to mi ni mi ze above-roof
constructi on. (2) Stai rs may be spaced to avoi d corri dors
wi th l engthy dead ends. (3) Ef f i ci ency apartments, probabl y
wi th hi gher-than-average l ate-ni ght traf f i c,
may
be best
l ocated near the el evator . (4) Mul ti bedroom
apartments
are best l ocated at corners . Larger mul ti bedroomuni ts l ay
out more compactl y wi thtwo exposures . Larger apartments
at corners al so can cut down on requi red publ i c corri dor.
(5)
An attempt shoul d be made to back up si mi l ar uni ts,
suchas bedrooms, as wel l as si mi l ar mechani cal servi ces.
(8)
I t may be necessary to al l owspace f or el ectri c cl osets
(i
. e. , el ectri c di stri buti on panel s) at every si xth or ei ghth
f l oor . I t el ectri c heat i s used, cl osets may occur more
f requentl y. (7) Communi ty bal cony, l aundry, vendi ng ma-
chi nes, pramstorage, or tenant storage may be provi ded
at eachf l oor or onl y on certai n f l oors . (8) Aj ani tor' s cl oset
i s usual l y l ocated on each f l oor at the ref use room. (9)
I f the corri dor has no wi ndow, mechani cal venti l ati on i s i n-
di cated. Del i very and exhaust ducts shoul d he pl anned to be
(emote f romone another .
79
Fi g.
20

Pl an of 44-story apartment bui l di ng wi thhatched areas i ndi cati ng space devoted to verti cal servi ce el ements.
Fi g . 22

Apartment el ement di agram.
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
Fi g. 23

Typi cal apart ment
t ypes .
Fi g . 24 Typi cal apart ment
l ayout .
( 1)
I t i s advi sabl e
t o back
up
si mi l ar ( ki t chen and ki t chen,
bat h and bat hl duct s where possi bl e. Thi s al l ows one f an
and f i reproof encl osure t o serve t wo duct s but requi res mea-
sures t o avoi d
excessi ve sound t ransmi ssi on bet ween backed
up spaces . Duct s
may be "buri ed" i n cl oset s, ki t chen, et c .
Ki t chen
exhaust s are best l ocat ed near t he range and cl ose
t o t he cei l i ng .
Bat hroomexhaust s shoul d, i f possi bl e, be
pl aced away
f romt he door i n order t o pul l as much bat hroom
ai r as possi bl e. Duct s
are
not necessary i n ki t chens or bat hs
wi t h
wi ndows ( however, bat hs wi t h wi ndows, l i ke t op-
f l oor bat hs,
shoul d be heat ed) .
( 2)
The st ruct ure shoul d be
spaced as
regul arl y as pract i cabl e and wi t hi n economi cal
cent er- t o- cent er di st ances . Col umns bui l t i nt o cl oset s or
ki t chens shoul d assume t he di mensi ons of t he cl oset or
cabi net
.
Col umn si ze shoul d be reduced at upper st ori es of
t al l bui l di ngs .
Sl ab openi ngs al ong an ent i re col umn f ace
shoul d be avoi ded. ( 3) Pl umbi ng backup i s recommended.
Di ssi mi l ar uses may be backed up, and i t i s possi bl e t o back
up pl umbi ng f or more t han t wo spaces . 14) Dept h of rooms
i s somet i mes l i mi t ed by bui l di ng codes . I n any event , room
dept h rel at i ve t o wi ndowsi ze and l ocat i on and nat ural l i ght
shoul d
be consi dered,
and el ect ri cal l i nes and not unusual f or vent i -
l at i ng duct s. I f t here i s subst ant i al advant age
t o be gai ned, st ruct ural col umns
may be pi cked
up and carri ed on gi rders
conceal ed by t he
hung cei l i ng.
Vert i cal Ci rcul at i on Core
For purposes of securi t y and conveni ence,
el evat ors shoul d be wel l i l l umi nat ed and vi si -
bl e f romt he l obby area. At l east one exi t st ai r
shoul d empt y di rect l y t o t he out si de ( but not
necessari l y at t he l obby l evel ) .
I t shoul d be borne i n mi nd t hat t he st ai r
l ayout i n t he l obby wi l l f requent l y di f f er f rom
a t ypi cal f l oor duet o a great er f i rst - f l oor cei l i ng
hei ght .
Mai l Room
Mai l boxes as wel l shoul d be hi ghl y vi si bl e
.
I f boxes are rear- l oadi ng, a
l ocked roombehi nd
t he
boxes shoul d be provi ded f or t he mai l man' s
80
Fi g. 25 Fi rst - 11100F
di agram.
use. Front - l oadi ng boxes requi re no such room.
However, i n ei t her case, an addi t i onal secure
area f or packages and del i veri es may be ad-
vi sed. Current f ederal requi rement s whi ch
govern mat t ers such as maxi mumand mi ni -
mumhei ght of boxes and si ze of mai l rooms
shoul d be consul t ed.
Wheel ed St orage and/or PramRoom
Pat hs of t ravel f rom
t he mai n ent rance t o t hese
areas shoul d
be short , di rect , and wi t hout
st eps. Layout of
t he rooms f or purposes of
securi t y shoul d
be such t hat al l part s of t he
roomare vi si bl e
f romt he ent rance. Lock rai l s,
t o whi ch
equi pment may be secured, shoul d be
suppl i ed.
Commerci al
Shops and servi ce f aci l i t i es at t he ground f l oor
provi de many advant ages i n t erms of act i vi t y
and conveni ence. However, much of t he ad-
vant age t o t he bui l di ng
may be
di mi ni shed i f
t he shops f ace
away f romt he l obby and pro-
vi de ei t her no access or poor back- door
access
f romt he apart ment bui l di ng
i t sel f . On t he ot her
hand, easy ci rcul at i on
bet ween a commerci al
est abl i shment and t he l obby may
cause se-
curi t y probl ems whi ch
must be consi dered.
Laundry and Communi t y Room
Laundri es and
communi t y rooms are f re-
quent l y f ound at t he f i rst f l oor f or
conveni ent
servi ci ng and publ i c
access and
i n order
t o ut i -
l i ze t he addi t i onal st ory
hei ght . These f aci l i t i es
shoul d be on a short , di rect pat h f rom
el eva-
t ors, wi t h as l i t t l e cross
ci rcul at i on wi t h ot her
act i vi t i es as
possi bl e. ( See Fi gs . 26t o 30. )
Laundri es may be
l ocat ed ei t her on t ypi cal
f l oors or i n a pent house
i n conj unct i on wi t h
t he communi t y room.
Locat i on of l aundry rooms on t ypi cal
f l oors
has t he advant age of
conveni ence whi ch, how-
ever,
i s of f set by di f f i cul t i es of mul t i pl e
mai nt enance
andprobl ems of odor and noi se.
Resi dent i al
APARTMENTS
Aroof t op
l ocat i on f or ei t her of t hese f aci l i -
t i es
provi des an addi t i onal l evel of ameni t y;
however,
i t al so i nvol ves addi t i onal expense.
Ref use di sposal
maybe handl ed i n a number
of ways
. The most wi del y used met hods
are
by i nci nerat i on
or pref erabl y, by compact i on,
wi t h t he
processed ref use haul ed away by
t ruck. Bot h t he i nci nerat or and compact or re-
qui re a st orage area f or wast e cont ai ners,
whi ch shoul d be nearbyand shoul d have easy
access t o t he out doors . The si ze
of t he con-
t ai ner st orage area wi l l depend upon t he
t ype
of
cont ai ner empl oyed, f requency of
col l ec-
t i on, and, i n some cases, agency
st andards .
The area
requi red f or t he ref use chut e at t ypi cal
f l oors
i s rel at i vel y smal l , rangi ng f rom4 by
4 f t
up t o any si ze desi red. The area of t he
com-
pact or roomor i nci nerat or roomat a l ower
l evel i s qui t e l arge, and t he ref use chut e at
t he t ypi cal f l oor shoul d be l ocat ed so
as t o
avoi d i nt erf erence probl ems at t he l ower
l evel s .
81
Fi g. 28

Compact or rooml ayout .
Fi g. 27

Communi t y rooml ayout .
Fi g. 26 Laundry roomdi agram.
I NDOOR
ACCESS
Fi g. 30 Boi l er rooml ayout .
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGDENSITIES
82
Fi g. 1

Typi cal ci t y bl ock, 200' x600' , showi ng a one-acre
( 218' x
200' ) vacant si t e
i n t he
cent er
.
Fi g. 2

Det ached houses, one st ory, densi t y si x uni t s per acre.
. Det ached houses on 1-acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons: 218' x200' - 43, 600 sq f t
" 3 uni t s per si de =6 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi on 30' x40' - 1, 200 sq f t
. 1, 200 sq k - 3-bedroomuni t
" Parki ng: 6 on-si t e spaces
Fi g. 3

Two-st ory semi det ached houses, densi t y 16 uni t s per acre.
. Semi det ached an 1-acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons: 218' x200' - 43, 600 sq f t
" 8 uni t s per si de -- 16 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi on: 17' x37. 6' x2 st ori es =1280 sq f t
" 1200 sq.
N. - 3-bedroomuni t , +40 sq k of st ai rs per f l oor
. Parki ng: 16 on-si t e spaces
Fi gures 1 t o 13 f romCommuni t y of Int erest by Oscar
Newman. Copyri ght ( S) 1975, 1978, 1979 by Oscar
Newman. Reproduced by permi ssi on of Doubl eday &
Company, Inc .
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGDENSITIES
83
Fi g. 4

Two-st ory rowhouses, densi t y 18 uni t s per acre.
. Rowhouses on 1-acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons:
217' x200'
-
43, 400 sq f t
" 9 uni t s per si de
-
18 uni t s per acre
" Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi on: 23' x 28' x2 st ori es - 1288 sq f t
. 1, 200 sq f t - 3-bedroomuni t , +40 sq f t
. Parki ng: 22on st reet parki ng spaces
Fi g. 5

Two-st oryrowhouses, densi t y 24 uni t s per acre.
. Rowhouses on 1-acre si t e
" Si t e di mensi ons: 217' x200' =43, 400 sq f t
. 12 uni t s per si de =24 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons: 17' x37. 6' x2 st ori es - 1280 sq f t
. 1200 sq k- 3-bedroomuni t , 1 40 sq f t of st ai rs per f l oor
" Parki ng: 22on-st reet parki ng spaces
Fi g. 6

Three-st ory rowhouses on modi f i ed ci t y bl ock, densi t y 38 uni t s per acre.
" Rowhouses on 1-acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons: 267' x 163' - 43, 321 sq f t
. 19 uni t s per si de - 38 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons: 13' x34' x 3 st ori es
-
1326 sq f t
" 1200
sq f t - 3-bedroomuni t , -F 40 sq f t of st ai rs per
f l oor
. Parki ng: 13 spaces per si de (on st reet ) , t ot al -
26
spaces
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGDENSITIES
84
Fi g. 7

Garden apart ment s, densi t y 36 uni t s per acre.
.
Garden apart ment s on 1- acre si t e, 6 uni t s per ent ry
. Si t e di mensi ons : 218' x200'
=
43, 600
sq k
. 18 uni t s per si de
=
36 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons ; 29' x41 . 4 - 1, 202 sq f t
. Parki ng: 10 spaces each si de st reet =20spaces, +16 spaces on i nt eri or of si t e, t ot al - 36 spaces
Fi g. 8

Medi umhi ghri se apart ment s, densi t y 35
uni t s
per acre.
. Apart ment s
on
1- acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons :
218' x
200'
=
43, 600 sq f t
"
Si x
st ori es,
si x apart ment s per f l oor =35- 36 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t areas (per f l oor) : 2 apart ment s @1, 200 sq f t ; 4
apart ment s @1, 280 sq k
. 1, 200 sq
H=3- bedroomuni t
. Parki ng: 44 onsi t e spaces
Fi g. 9

Medi umhi ghri se apart ment s,
densi t y 55uni t s per acre.
. Apart ment s on 1- acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons: 218' x200' =43, 600 sq f t
" Seven st ori es, ei ght apart ment s per f l oor =55- 56 uni t s per acre
" Typi cal i nt eri or uni t areas (per f l oor)
:
4 apart ment s @
1, 202
sq
h; 4
apart ment s @1, 227 sq f t
. 1, 200 sq f t =3- bedroom
uni t
Resi dent i al
HOUSING
DENSITIES
85
Fi g. I1

Hi gh- densi t y wal k- up, densi t y
72
uni t s
per acre.
. Wal k- upapart ment s on 1- acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons:
218' x
200' =43, 600 sq h
. 36 uni t s per si de
=
72uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons; 29' x41 . 4' - 1, 201 sq It
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons, dupl ex: 29' x22. 2' x2 st ori es =1, 288 sq f t
. 1, 200 - 3- bedroomuni t , +40 sq kst ai rs per f l oor
. Parki ng: 30 spaces on si t e +20 spaces on st reet , t ot al =50 spaces
Fi g. 10

European wal k- up, densi t y 56 uni t s per acre.
. Wal k- upapart ment s on 1- acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons: 218' x200' =43, 600 sq f t
. 28 uni t s per si de - 56 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons: 27. 7' x43. 4' =1, 202 sq
f t
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons, dupl ex: 13. 35' x48. 0' x2 st ori es =1, 282 sq f t
. 1, 200 sq H- 3- bedroomuni t , 4- 40 sq f t st ai rs per f l oor f or dupl ex
. Parki ng: 22spaces per si de (on st reet ) , t ot al - 44 spaces
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGDENSITIES
86
Fi g. 13

Hi ghri se apart ment s, densi t y 103 uni t s per acre.
. Apart ment s on 1- acre si t e
. Si t e di mensi ons 218' x200' =43, 600 sqf t
. 13 st ori es, 8 apart ment s per f l oor =103 uni t s per acre
. Typi cal i nt eri or uni t di mensi ons : 4 apart ment s @33' x36' =1, 188 sq
f t ;
2 apart ment s @25. 5' x47. 3' - 1, 211
sq k; 2 apart ment s @
31. 5'
x 38' =1, 197 sq f t
. 1, 200 sq H=3- bedroomuni t
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFORTHE
ELDERLY
By W. RUSSEL
PARKER, Archi t ect
BACKGROUND
In t he comi ng years, a
great er proport i on of
houses, apart ment s, and
i nst i t ut i onal accom-
modat i ons wi l l be bui l t f or el derl y
persons t han
at any previ ous t i me i n our hi st ory.
There are
several reasons f or t hi s
. Fi rst i s t he wel l -
known f act t hat t he l i f e-span
of manki nd has
i ncreased t hrough advances
i n medi cal sci -
ence ; t hus t he proport i on
of ol der peopl e i n t he
popul at i on has i ncreased. Second,
wi t h t he
passi ng of t he t hree-generat i on househol d,
more el derl y persons are l i vi ng by t hemsel ves
and
t heref orerequi re separat e housi ngaccom-
modat i ons. Thi rd, i ncreased soci al securi t y
benef i t s andpri vat e pensi on payment s have
en-
abl ed
more aged peopl e t o pay f or sui t abl e
accommodat i ons. Fi nal l y, many nonprof i t
groups such
as church, l abor, and f rat ernal or-
gani zat i ons,
chari t abl y support ed groups, and
t ax-support ed bodi es are, andwi l l cont i nue t o
be,
engagedi n t he provi si onof housi ngspeci f i -
cal l y f or t he
el derl y.
Ordi nary
desi gn cri t eri a donot al ways appl y
t o housi ng
f or
t he
aged. Oneof t he most st ri k-
i ng di f f erences i s
t he hi gh concent rat i on of
one- and t wo-person
f ami l i es as a resul t of
chi l dren
l eavi ng home or t he deat h of one
spouse. Al so i mport ant
are t he needs caused
by physi cal
det eri orat i on i n ol d age, whi chre-
qui res speci al
desi gnt reat ment s and f aci l i t i es .
In addi t i on,
cert ai n basi c psychol ogi cal and
soci ol ogi cal
pri nci pl es shoul d be observed i n
pl anni ng f or
t he el derl y. Peopl e i n t hi s age
group usual l y do
not want t o break t hei r t i es
wi t hf ami l y and
nei ghborhood and be pl aced i n
a newand f orei gn
envi ronment . They need ac-
t i vi t i es, not merel y hobbi es, andt hey
want t o
part i ci pat e i n communi t y
f unct i ons. The obj ec-
t i ves, programs, and physi cal
f aci l i t i es f or t he
housi ngof t he aged shoul dencourage
and sup-
port t he cont i nuance of
earl i er pat t erns of
l i vi ng, dai l y rout i nes, personal care
habi t s,
soci al cont act s, and recreat i onal act i vi t i es .
An
i mport ant obj ect i ve i s t o mai nt ai n i ndependent
l i vi ng as l ong as possi bl e.
NEIGHBORHOOD
ANDSITE
Adesi rabl e
nei ghborhood f or t he el derl y
shoul d have
manyof t he charact eri st i cs of any
good nei ghborhood
. It shoul d be basi cal l y resi -
dent i al , possess t he normal range of com-
muni t y
f aci l i t i es, have conveni ent publ i c
t ransport at i on,
and be removed f rompart i cu-
l arl y
obj ect i onabl e l and uses. In t erms
of t he
i ndi vi dual
aged person, t he i deal nei ghborhood
i s
of t en t heone i n whi ch he has l i ved most
of
hi s l i f e .
The devel opment of a broad program
and t he
sel ect i on of a part i cul ar si t e shoul d
gi ve consi derat i on
t o ol d est abl i shed nei ghbor-
hoods
where many of t he aged are l i kel y t o be
l i vi ng andt o
have t hei r root s.
Fromt he
poi nt of vi ew of t he communi t y
Mul t i -Uni t Ret i rement Housi ng
f or Rural
Areas-AGui de t o Desi gn Consi derat i ons
f or
Archi t ect s, Engi neers, and Bui l ders, Agri cul -
t ural Engi neeri ng Research Di vi si on,
Agri cul -
t ure! Research Servi ce, U. S. Depart ment of
Agri cul t ure, Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1965.
i t sel f , t here are al so
many advant ages i n hous-

t heseareas woul d be
i n addi t i on t o, andout of
i ng

t he

aged

i n

wel l -est abl i shed

nei ghbor-

t he way
of ,
t hose
areas usedbyot her resi dent s,
hoods, where t here are more
exi st i ng f aci l i t i es

part i cul arl y chi l dren.
and general l y bet t er publ i c
t ransport at i on.

8. Consi derat i on shoul d al so
be gi ven t o
Anot her advant age,
whi ch i s f requent l y over-

possi bl e
changes i n t he over-al l l and use pat -
l ooked, i s t he sympat hy and
hel p t hat are ex-

t ern, i n t erms of probabl e t rends
and proj ect ed
t ended t o t he aged by f ri ends and
nei ghbors,

pl ans.
young and ol d al i ke.

These consi derat i ons must be
t aken i nt o ac-
The sel ect i on of an act ual si t e
i nvol ves t he

count whet her t he si t e i s t o
accommodat e
f ol l owi ng consi derat i ons :

sol el yaged persons or whet her t he
agedrepre-
1 . Thet opography shoul d be as l evel as pos-

sent onl ya
port i on of a l arger "proj ect " popul a-
si bl e
t o mi ni mi ze t he need f or st eep wal ks,

l i on.
ramps, or st ai rs . Rel at i vel y l evel si t es encour-
age
wal ki ng-a hi ghl y
desi rabl e exerci se.
2
. The si t e shoul d not be bounded
on al l

DESIGNANDPLANNINGPRINCIPLES
si des bymaj or t raf f i c art eri es . It shoul d
be pos-
si bl e
t o go shoppi ng or t o t he park wi t hout

In very
general t erms t hecri t eri a f or pl anni ng
havi ng t o
cross a maj or st reet .

housi ng
accommodat i ons f or t he aged are:
3. Essent i al commerci al
f aci l i t i es shoul d be

1. Smel l si ze and compact ness f or con-
cl oseat hand andeasi l y accessi bl e
-supermar-

veni ence andeconomy
ket s, cl eaners, t eundri es, shoe repai r
shops,

2.
Fi reproof const ruct i on pl anned f or maxi -
drugst ores, endt hel i ke.

mum
saf et y
4. Basi c
communi t y f aci l i t i es such as

3.
Mi ni mi zi ng of t he probl ems and ef f ort
churches, l i brari es,
heal t h servi ces, end repre-

of housekeepi ng
and dai l y act i vi t i es
at i on
f aci l i t i es shoul dal so be cl ose at hand.
In

4.
"Li vabi l i t y,"

pl easant ness,

and t he

ef -
t hi s connect i on i t
shoul d be not ed t hat a hal f -

f act of spaci ousness
mi l e i s t he maxi mum
wal ki ng radi us of many

5. Ahi gh degree of
pri vacy
aged persons. ' .

6.
Caref ul avoi danceof an i nst i t ut i onal l ook.
5. Publ i c
t ransport at i on shoul d be i mmedi -

Ot her
cri t eri a af f ect i ng t he di f f erent f unc-
at el y avai l abl e at t he
si t e, si nce many of t he

t i onal areas
of
t he
dwel l i ng are di scussed
servi ces t hat t he aged
requi re, such as speci al -

bri ef l y

i n t he f ol l owi ng paragraphs .

Many
i zed medi cal at t ent i on,
wi l l i n al l l i kel i hood be

st at es have
est abl i shed

of f i ci al

st andards
l ocat ed el sewhere
. Transport at i on i s al so i m-

deal i ngwi t h
mi ni mumareas, desi gn f eat ures,
port ant f or
obt ai ni ng part -t i me work, f or vi s-

et c. , f or housi ng
f or t he aged ( see Tabl e t ) .
i t i ng di st ant rel at i ves
or f ri ends, andgeneral l y

Bef ore proceedi ng
wi t h speci f i c desi gns, such
f or mai nt ai ni ng a spi ri t of
sel f -suf f i ci ency.

l ocal st andards, i f any, shoul d be
consul t ed.
6. The si t e shoul d
not be i mmedi at el y adj a-
cent t o a school bui l di ng
or a chi l dren' s pl ay-

Lei sure Areas
ground, or an act i ve recreat i on
area used by
t eenagers or adul t s .

Because t he aged are
general l y ret i red, a com-
7. Thesi t e shoul d bel arge enough
t opermi t

f ort abl e and pl easant
l i vi ng area i s hi ghl y
t he devel opment of adequat eout door
areas f or

i mport ant . Part i cul ar pai ns shoul d
be t aken i n
bot h act i ve and passi ve
recreat i on. Ideal l y,

t he desi gn of t hese spaces because
t hey are
not onl y i nt ensi vel y used but al so
t end t o be
ost aged
persons pl ace grest emphasi s

qui t e smal l . Some suggest ed st at e st andards,
on t he proxi mi t y of
essent i al servi ces and

f or exampl e, cal ! f or l i vi ng areas
of 80 t o 90
f aci l i t i es such as
shops. In one st udy ( Scot -

sq f t f or si ngl e-person occupancy.
Int erest i ng
t i sh
Housi ngAdvi sory Commi t t ee, Housi ng of

vi ews and sout hern exposure shoul d
be pro-
Speci al Groups,
Edi nburgh: H. M. S. O. 1952) ,

vi ded i f possi bl e. Ext ra-wi de wi ndow
st ool s f or
approxi mat el y90
percent of t he aged persons
surveyed
consi dered proxi mi t y t o shops essen-

pl ant s and bui l t -i n shel ves and st orage
spaces
t i al . The ot her f aci l i t i es desi red
were, i n order :

are desi rabl e. Pri vacy f rom t he f ront
door
churches, 65percent ; parks, 50
percent ; soci al

shoul d be provi ded. If a di ni ng area i s
i ncl uded
cent ers, 37 percent ; movi es,
30 percent ; and
act i ve recreat i on areas, 25
percent .

as a part of t he l i vi ng area, i t shoul d
permi t l o-
87
Resi dent i al
HOUSING
FOR THE ELDERLY
cat i on of
t he t abl e by a wi ndow. Al i ght
and/ or
a
conveni ence out l et shoul d be
easi l y acces-
si bl e
t o t he t abl e .
Sl eepi ng Areas
Aseparat e bedroomi s
necessary f or t wo- per-
son occupancy, but a
sl eepi ng al cove or a com-
bi ned l i vi ng- sl eepi ng
arrangement i s of t en
sat i sf act ory f or si ngl e
persons. The separat e
bedroomshoul d
al ways be l arge enough t o
accommodat e t wi n
beds, and i t i s of t en desi r-
abl e t o be abl e t o di vi de
t he roomi n t wo wi t h a
screen. (See Fi gs . 1 t o 4. )
Acombi ned
l i vi ng- sl eepi ng arrangement i s
t he most economi cal i n
t erms of space but has
t he di sadvant ages
of l ack of pri vacy and a t en-
dency t o be
unt i dy. The sl eepi ng al cove i s a
general l y sat i sf act ory
compromi se, si nce i t
of f ers al most t he same
economy as t he com-
bi ned arrangement but
wi t hout i t s drawbacks .
Theal cove shoul d be l arge
enough t o accommo-
dat e al l t he essent i al
i t ems of any sl eepi ng area
- bed, ni ght t abl e,
st orage chest , cl oset , and
chai r- and i t shoul d
be possi bl e t o cl ose of f
t hi s area f romt he l i vi ng
area i f desi red. There
shoul d al ways
be
an
operabl e wi ndowi n t he
al cove f or l i ght and vent i l at i on.
Regardl ess of whi ch arrangement
i s used,
cert ai n det ai l s shoul d recei ve
at t ent i on :
Adequat e space
shoul d be provi ded i n bed
rooms f or get t i ng i nt o bed f rom
ei t her si de,
maki ng t he bed, usi ng t he
dresser or chest of
drawers, cl eani ng t he
room, usi ng t he cl oset ,
and dressi ng. In t he
sket ches (Fi gs . 1- 5i . t he
recommended
amount of space f or t hese act i vi -
t i es i s gi ven .
To provi de f or t hi s degree of
comf ort and
conveni ence, t he bedroommust
be about 11 f t
2
i n. wi de and9f t 10 i n . or 10 f t 4i n . l ong,
de-
pendi ng
on whet her space i s provi ded
at t he
f oot of t he
bed f or dressi ng or j ust
f or openi ng
t he cl oset door .
If t wi n beds are t o be used,
t he
wi dt h of t he
room(wi t h t he f urni t ure arranged
as shown)
woul d need t o be i ncreased
t o 15 f t .
Thi s woul d gi ve space
f or t wo t wi n beds,
each
39i n . wi de, wi t h 22 i n. bet ween
t hem. (See
Fi g. 5. )
wi t h a swi t ch at t he door or t he
ent rance t o t he
space. Thus a bed l amp coul d serve
as t he es-
sent i al ni ght l i ght . Because of
t he t wo- way
swi t chi ng possi bl e,
t hi s arrangement i s pref -
erabl e t o t he use of a
si ngl e- swi t ch cei l i ng or
wal l f i xt ure.
- There must
be a short and di rect access
f romt he bed t o t he bat hroom.
BATHROOMS
Bat hrooms
f or ol der peopl e shoul d be ampl e
i n si ze and
pl anned f or saf et y. Many of t he el -
derl y
need assi st ance i n t he bat hroom, so t he
room
shoul d be l arge enough t o permi t one
person t o hel p
anot her . For a person i n a wheel -
chai r, t he
bat hroomshoul d be l arge enough
t hat he can
maneuver t he chai r, and t he door-
way must
be 3 f t wi de.
The l ocat i on
of t he bat hroomi n rel at i on t o
t he bedroom,
as wel l as ot her rooms of t he
house,
must be gi ven speci al consi derat i on. If
possi bl e,
one shoul d be abl e t o get i nt o t he
bat hroom
wi t hout havi ng t o go around f urni -
t ure or t hrough
ot her rooms.
Ami ni mum
area of 35 t o 40 sq f t i s ac-
cept abl e
but , because of t he possi bi l i t y t hat
crut ches
or wheel chai rs mayneed t o be accom-
modat ed,
50t o 60 sq f t i s of t en recommended
.
Bat hrooms
wi t hout wi ndows are accept abl e
and have some
advant ages f or t he ol der person.
Vent i l at i on
i s easi l y cont rol l ed by a swi t ch. In
a bat hroom
wi t h an out si de wal l and wi ndow,
avoi d- i f possi bl e- pl aci ng
t he bat ht ub under
t he wi ndow,
because i t i s di f f i cul t t o open t he
wi ndowand t o
cl ean and curt ai n i t . But i f t hat
i s t he onl y possi bl e
l ocat i on, t hen sel ect a
crank- t ype wi ndow
.
Al avat ory i nst al l ed
at a hei ght of 33 i n . i s
more comf ort abl e t o
use t han one i nst al l ed at
t he cust omary 31- i n
. hei ght . For a person i n a
wheel chai r,
however, t he 31- i n. hei ght i s bet t er.
Lavat ori es shoul d be
wel l - support ed, t o hol d a
person' s wei ght .
The shower
andt ubf aucet s shoul d be pl aced
so t hat a
person can reach t hemeasi l y bot h
bef ore and
af t er st eppi ng i nt o t he t ub. Showers
shoul d
have mi xi ng cont rol s, pref erabl y t her-
most at i c,
and i t woul d be wel l t o have a t est i ng
spout
where t he mi xt ure of hot and col d wat er
coul d
be t est ed f or showers and t ub bat hs . De-
si gn shower
st al l s wi t hout curbs, usi ng a
sl i di ng
door or ot her f i rml y i nst al l ed and saf e
cl osure,
anda seat , ei t her bui l t - i n or removabl e,
i s desi rabl e
f or bot h t ub and shower . The t ub
shoul d
have a l owsi de and f l at , nonsl i p
bot -
t om.
The t oi l et
shoul d be pl aced next t o t he t ub (i f
a t ub i s
used) so i t can be used as a seat when
f i l l i ng
t he t ub or si mpl y f or rest i ng, and grab
bars
shoul d be provi ded at t he t oi l et and t ub or
shower .
Al l
grab bars and hand hol ds shoul d
be
of
noncorrosi ve
mat eri al , ' / , t o 1 i n . i n di amet er,
andmount ed
t o wi t hst and a pul l of at l east 500
l b.
Towel racks
and rods shoul d al so be st rong
and securel y
mount ed because ol der peopl e
somet i mes
use t hemas grab bars t o st eady
t hemsel ves . Gl ass t owel
rods shoul d not be
used.
Medi ci ne cabi net s
shoul d be ext ra l arge and
pref erabl y recessed.
Proj ect i ng accessori es
shoul d be avoi ded
whenever possi bl e. It shoul d
be possi bl e
t o unl ock t he door f romt he out -
si de i n an emergency
.
Bat hroomArrangement s
Fi gures 6 and 7 are
suggest ed arrangement s
f or bat hrooms
wi t ht ubs andshower st al l s . The
In
t he case of t wo- person occupancy,
when-
ever more space i s avai l abl e, 3f t
i s of t en rec-
ommended as t he cl ear di st ance
bet ween beds,
andsome
agenci es recommend an al l owance
of
at
l east 5 f t at one si de of t he
bed f or a wheel -
chai r .
- Whenever possi bl e,
t here shoul d al so
be space f or an oversi ze
bedsi de t abl e t o hol d
medi ci nes, wat er, t i ssues,
and t he l i ke i n l arge
quant i t i es .
- The pl an shoul d permi t
pl acement of t he
bed so t hat a bedri dden
person can see out t he
wi ndow
.
- It i s of t en desi rabl e t o
provi de a bel l or
buzzer near t he bed so
t hat a person can sum-
mon
assi st ance.
- In cl ose proxi mi t y t o
t he bed t here shoul d
be a conveni ence out l et
whi ch i s hooked up
88
Fi g. 5
Fi g. 1
Fi g. 4
Fi g . 3
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFOR
THE ELDERLY
Fi g. 6

Bat hr ooms
wi t h t ubs .
st ar i ndi cat es
wher e space has been pr ovi ded

t he f l oor ,
and no l ower t han 12 i n
. Too l i t t l e

vent i onal t ype of r ef r i ger at or , consi der t he
f or a hel per .

count er space
l eads t o cr owded wor k
sur f aces,

amount of st oopi ng and r eachi ng
t hat wi l l be
whi ch i n t ur n
can cr eat e hazar dous
wor ki ng

necessar y.
KITCHEN

condi t i ons .

Doubl e si nks or si nk- and- t r ay
combi nat i ons
Cl ear ance bet ween f aci ng equi pment
and

shoul d be pr ovi ded t o f aci l i t at e
hand l aun-
Because ki t chens
ar e pot ent i al l y as danger ous

count er s
shoul d be a mi ni mumof 3 f t
f or one

der i ng. Consi der at i on shoul d be
gi ven t o t he
as bat hr ooms,
equal car e shoul d be gi ven t o

per son . To per mi t t wo peopl e t o wor k and
pass

pr ovi si on of compl et e l aundr y f aci l i t i es,
par t i c-
t hei r l ayout and
desi gn. In l ocat i ng t he ki t chen

each
ot her , t he

bet ween- count er

cl ear ance

ul ar l y i n pr oj ect s . If f ul l l aundr y
f aci l i t i es ar e
i n t he pl an, pr ovi de
easy access t o t he out si de

shoul d be
4t , f t .

not possi bl e, at l east dr yi ng r acks
shoul d be
and di r ect
access t o t he di ni ng space, whi ch

Equi pment shoul d be el ect r i c f or
gr eat est

pr ovi ded .
coul d be a
por t i on of t he l i vi ng r oom. In some

saf et y
and shoul d be ar r anged f or
maxi mum

St or age spaces shoul d be ar r anged
as near l y
pl ans, space
can be pr ovi ded i n t he ki t chens

ef f i ci ency.
Ranges shoul d be pr ovi ded
wi t h

as possi bl e so t hat t he bul k of t he
r egul ar - use
f or
di ni ng. In t hese cases, however , an addi -

f r ont
r at her t han back cont r ol s . Heat i ng
al e-

i t ems canbe st or ed bet ween 27 and 63
i n. f r om
t i onal 20t o 40sqf t
ar e necessar y. Int er i or l oca-

ment s
shoul d vi si bl y gl ow when hot .
In pl aci ng

t he f l oor . Ideal l y, st or ed i t ems
shoul d be vi si -
t i ons ar e accept abl e i f
mechani cal vent i l at i on i s

t he r ange,
consi der al l owi ng ext r a space
f or

bl e as wel l as physi cal l y accessi bl e.
St or age
pr ovi ded.

ease i n
maki ng mi nor r epai r s and cl eani ng . A

spaces over r anges and r ef r i ger at or s
shoul d
Do not pl an ext r emel y
compact ki t chens f or

wal l oven set at
wai st hei ght i s desi r abl e
. AI-

be avoi ded. Sl i di ng cabi net door s ar e
pr ef er abl e
ol der peopl e; t hey desi r e
and need ampl e wor k

t hough r ef r i ger at or s
need not be l ar ger
t han a

t o swi ngi ng door s.
space. If t he
ki t chen i s t oo compact , st or age

6 or 7 cu f t
capaci t y, t hey shoul d have a
l ar ge

Pr ovi de adequat e l i ght i ng over al l wor k
sur -
space i s l i mi t ed
and much of i t i s ei t her t oo

f r eezi ng
compar t ment and shoul d be
sel f - de-

f aces; pr ovi de an exhaust f an t o
assur e ade-
hi gh or t oo
l ow t o be r eached comf or t abl y.

f r ost i ng . Do
not pl ace t he r ef r i ger at or
t oo

quat e vent i l at i on and t o car r y out
cooki ng
Shel ves
shoul d be no hi gher t han
68 i n. f r om

l owas
under a count er . In choosi ng t he
con-

odor s; sel ect f l oor s or f l oor cover i ngs t hat
wi l l
8
9
Fi g. 7

Bat hr ooms wi t h shower s .
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFOR THEELDERLY
General St orage
Ampl e, l i ght ed cl oset s shoul d be provi ded f or
cl ot hes, l i nens, and mi scel l aneous househol d
i t ems. Cl oset s shoul d ei t her have sl i di ng doors
or be arranged f or t he use of curt ai ns or
screens. Provi si on must al so be made f or gen-
eral st orage of bul ky i t ems, such as t runks
and f urni t ure.
CONSTRUCTION,
EQUIPMENT, AND
FURNISHINGS
In desi gni ng
housi ng f or t he aged, speci al
consi derat i on
must al so be gi ven t o t he sel ec-
t i on of mat eri al s,
hardware, and equi pment .
not absorb grease and become
sl i ppery; and
provi de
a f i re ext i ngui sher f or grease and el ec-
t ri c f i res
. (See Fi gs . 8t o 11. )
DININGAREAS
The si ze of t he di ni ng space
needed i s det er-
mi ned by t he number of peopl e t o be served ;
f urni t ure i ncl udi ng t abl e, chai rs, buf f et ,
cab-
i net , and servi ng t abl e; and t he amount
of
cl earance requi red f or passage and servi ng.
Al l ow21 t o 24 i n . of t abl e space f or
each
person. The mi ni mumsi ze t abl e at whi ch ei ght
adul t s can si t comf ort abl y, t hree on each si de
and one at each end, i s 40 i n . by 72 i n .
The
mi ni mumsi ze f or si x adul t s wi t h
t wo on each
si de and one at each end i s 36 i n . by 60 i n . A
round t abl e 42 i n . i n di amet er i s mi ni mumf or
f our peopl e, and 48i n . f or si x
peopl e.
Regardl ess of t he si ze or shape of
t he di ni ng
t abl e,
cert ai n mi ni mumcl earances around i t
shoul d be provi ded. Al l ow36 i n . bet ween t he
wal l or
a pi ece of f urni t ure and t he t abl e i n
order t o edge past a seat ed person. Servi ng
requi res 44 i n . f romt abl e t o wal l ; 32 i n . i
s
needed f or ri si ng
f roma chai r at t he t abl e. (See
Fi g. 12. )
Some cri t eri a t hat shoul d govern t he sel ect i on
of t hese i t ems are present ed bel ow.
Fl oors
Al l f l oor surf aces shoul d be nonsl i p,
out si de
as wel l as i nsi de t he basi c
dwel l i ng uni t . In
t hi s connect i on, apparent sl i pperi ness
i s as
i mport ant , because of t he psychol ogi cal
dan-
ger, as act ual sl i pperi ness . Thi s
i s part i cul arl y
pert i nent t o t he desi gn of l obbi es
and ot her
publ i c spaces whi ch of t en have l arge
expanses
of gl ossy, al t hough perhaps
nonsl i p, surf ace.
Sui t abl e f l oori ng mat eri al s i ncl ude
ungl azed
t i l e, cork, vi nyl or
vi nyl - asbest os t i l e, on-
waxedwood, andwal l - t o- wal l
carpet i ng. Throw
rugs or deep- pi l e rugs are general l y
unsat i s-
f act ory
because of t he danger of t ri ppi ng. Un-
waxedwood f l oors are part i cul arl y sat i sf act ory
f or t he wheel chai r
user . Fl oors shoul d be
smoot h
and l evel , and part i cul ar care shoul d
be t aken
wi t h hi ghl y j oi nt ed mat eri al s such
as
cerami c t i l e or bri ck or st one. Door t hresh-
ol ds
and mi nor changes i n f l oor l evel shoul d
be avoi ded
whenever possi bl e.
Doors
and Hardware
Door openi ngs
shoul d be 3f t wi de t o permi t
easy
passage of wheel chai rs, st ret chers, and
persons usi ng
crut ches . Precaut i ons shoul d
be t aken t o see t hat doors f i t
properl y and do
not st i ck, andt hreshol ds shoul d
be el i mi nat ed.
Bat hroomdoors shoul d not
have l ocks ; provi de
easy l at ches i nst ead.
Large, easy- t o- grasp
doorknobs or
l ever- t ype handl es shoul d be
used. Revol vi ng and
doubl e- act i ng doors and
aut omat i c door cl oset s are part i cul arl y
danger-
ous and shoul d be avoi ded . In
proj ect s, out si de
doors shoul d be mast er- keyed and
al l devi ces
whi ch cannot be operat ed f rom
t he out si de
shoul d be prohi bi t ed. It i s al so
desi rabl e t o
provi de peephol es or vi si on panel s . Sl i di ng
doors conserve val uabl e space i n smal l
uni t s
and el i mi nat e t he danger of wal ki ng
i nt o hal f -
open doors.
Wi ndows
Whenever possi bl e, wi ndows shoul d l ook
out
on an i nt erest i ng vi ew. In housi ng
f or ol der
peopl e, t he hei ght of t he wi ndows i s i mport ant ,
part i cul arl y i n t he l i vi ng room, di ni ng
area, and
bedroom. Si t t i ng and l ooki ng
out of t he wi n-
dowi s a dai l y act i vi t y f or many of t he
el derl y.
The l i vi ng roomwi ndows
shoul d be l owso
t hat a person si t t i ng i n a l ounge
chai r can see
out . The bot t omof t he wi ndowshoul d
be
no
hi gher t han 3 f t 2 i n. f romt he f l oor and can
be as l owas 1 f t . For wi ndowwal l s,
i t i s desi r-
abl e t o i ncl ude a guard rai l at a hei ght t hat wi l l
not i nt erf ere wi t h vi ewi ng but t hat wi l l gi ve a
f eel i ng of securi t y. To permi t vi ewi ng f roma
st andi ng posi t i on, t he wi ndowshoul d ext end t o
a hei ght of 6f t . 8i n .
(See
Fi g.
13. )
For
di ni ng areas, t he eye- l evel zone i s det er-
mi ned by t he si t t i ng hei ght . The si l l of t he
wi ndow
can be 2 f t 6 i n . f romt he f l oor . For
t he
bat hroomand ki t chen, t he eye- l evel zone i s
set by t he st andi ng hei ght . The openi ngof t he
wi ndow
shoul d be bet ween 3 f t 6i n . and 6 f t
8i n . f romt he f l oor.
(See Fi gs . 14and 15 . )
For
bedrooms, one wi ndow shoul d be l ow
enough
t o permi t a person i n bed t o l ook out .
In
addi t i on t o maki ng t he roommore pl eas-
ant , a l owwi ndowprovi des an emergency exi t .
The
eye- l evel zone suggest ed f or t he di ni ng
area coul d al so appl y t o bedrooms . Wi ndow
arrangement s t hat produce a uni f ormdi st ri -
but i on
of l i ght are pref erabl e t o a spot t y pl ace-
ment of openi ngs .
Choose wi ndows t hat are easi l y operat ed.
Except f or over t he bat ht ub and si mi l ar l oca-
t i ons, doubl e- hung wi ndows are sat i sf act ory.
But i n hard- t o- reach pl aces, wi ndows t hat are
opened andcl osed by t urni ng a crankare easi er
t o operat e. Many wi ndows have been desi gned
t o reverse so t hat t he ext eri or si de of t he gl ass
can
be t urned t o be washed f romt he i nsi de.
Thi s
i s an i mport ant saf et y f act or f or t hose
who f i nd i t di f f i cul t t o reach or cl i mb. Insect
screens,
weat her st ri ppi ng, and st ormsash
shoul d
be provi ded f or al l wi ndows dependi ng
upon
t he l ocat i on and cl i mat e.
Asout herl y
ori ent at i on i s most desi rabl e,
but provi si on
shoul d be made f or shadi ng
devi ces.
Rol l er shades shoul d be avoi ded
because of t he danger
i nvol ved i n ret ri evi ng a
rel eased shade
. Venet i an bl i nds or draw- t ype
draperi es are
pref erabl e
.
Li ght i ng
Il l umi nat i on l evel s
shoul d be approxi mat el y
doubl e
t hose general l y used i n resi dent i al
90
Fi g. 8

U- shaped ki t chen
cabi net s
.
Fi g. 11

Cabi net hei ght s .
Fi g. 10 L- shaped,
showi ngrecommended wi dt hs
and cl earances .
Fi g.
9 Paral l el wal l wi t h wal l oven.
Fi g. 12
pr act i ce. Li ght sour ces shoul d al ways be
shi el ded. Cei l i ng- mount ed f i xt ur es ar e not
r ecommendedbecause of t he danger s i nher ent
i n cl eani ng t he f i xt ur es and changi ng bul bs.
As
i ndi cat ed ear l i er , i t i s hi ghl y desi r abl e t o
pl an l i ght i ng l ayout s so t hat l i ght s can al ways
be
swi t ched on f r oma door way. Wal l swi t ches
shoul d cont r ol al l l i ght f i xt ur es. Swi t ched
out l et s ar e par t i cul ar l y i mpor t ant i n
bedr ooms
or sl eepi ng al coves so t hat t he el der l y per son
need not st umbl e ar ound i n t he dar k when
l ooki ng f or t he swi t ch or af t er t ur ni ng
of f
t he
l i ght.
Pl aceaconveni ence out l et f or use of a ni ght -
l i ght bet ween bedand- bat h. Ani ght - l i ght
i n
a
cent r al l ocat i on i s of t en usef ul , as ar el umi nous
swi t ch pl at es. Conveni ence out l et s shoul d
never be l ocat ed l ess t han 18 i n. above
t he f l oor
(30 t o 40 i n. above t he f l oor i s pr ef er abl e) .
Have
t he ent r ance wel l l i ght edso t hat st eps
(i f any)
can be cl ear l y seen andkeyhol es can
be
l ocat ed.
Heat i ng
The aged gener al l y r equi r e a hi gher t emper a-
t ur e l evel t han t he st andar d: appr oxi mat el y
80F. The heat i ng syst emshoul d be qui ck-
act i ng andar r anged t o pr ovi de auni f or mdi st r i -
but i on of heat . I f t he aged ar e t o be housed i n
st r uct ur eswi t h younger occupant s, consi der a-
t i on
shoul d be gi ven t o t he pr ovi si on of sepa-
r at e
t emper at ur e cont r ol s or suppl ement ar y
heat sour ces
. I f st eamor hot wat er syst emsar e
used,
exposed r adi at or s and r i ser s shoul d be
avoi ded.
Exposedr adi at or s under oper abl e wi n-
dows ar e
par t i cul ar l y hazar dous . Al t hough
col d f l oor s ar e t o be avoi ded, r adi ant
panel
f l oor s seemt o be undesi r abl e becauset hey ag-
gr avat e condi t i ons of i mpai r ed bl ood ci r cul a-
t i on i n t he l egs .
Sound Cont r ol
Whi l ea cer t ai n degr ee of
acoust i cal pr i vacy i s
necessar y i n
any bui l di ng, i t i s per haps mor e
i mpor t ant i n
housi ng f or t heaged t han i n ot her
r esi dent i al wor k. Ther e i s a st r ong desi r e
on
t he par t of t he aged t o pr ot ect t hei r
pr i vacy
and t o be assur ed of qui et dur i ng t hei r
r est
per i ods andi n t he event of i l l ness
. El der l y oc-
cupant s t end t o be especi al l y
sensi t i ve t o t he
noi se of chi l dr en.
Communi cat i ons
and Al ar mSyst ems
I n any bui l di ng devot edexcl usi vel y t o housi ng
t he aged,
an aut omat i c f i r e al ar m syst em
shoul d be
pr ovi ded. Because of t he di f f i cul t i es
many
el der l y per sons exper i ence i n bedr ooms
andbat hr ooms,
par t i cul ar l y at ni ght , i t i s desi r -
abl e t o
pr ovi de some f or mof si gnal i ng devi ce
wher eby t hey
can summon hel p . Usual l y t he
devi ce sounds i n a
nei ghbor i ng apar t ment or
i n a
r esi dent manager ' s or super i nt endent ' s
Resi dent i al
HOUSI NGFOR THE
ELDERLY
sui t e.
I n bui l di ngs or pr oj ect s devot ed excl u-
si vel y
t o
t he aged, i t may al so be desi r abl e t o
pr ovi dea
conveni ent l y l ocat ed publ i c t el ephone
boot h, si nce many aged cannot
af f or d a pr i vat e
t el ephone.
When i nst al l ed i n t he dwel l i ng,
however ,
l ocat e a t el ephone conveni ent l y near
t he bed
. Sever al out l et s woul dbe most hel pf ul .
Ver t i cal Ci r cul at i on
Whenever possi bl e, accommodat i ons f or t he
aged
shoul d be on one l evel and, unl ess el e-
vat or s ar e
used, l ocat ed on t he gr ound f l oor .
I n t hecase of l owbui l di ngs wher e el evat or s ar e
uneconomi cal , t heaged shoul d not be expect ed
t o
cl i mb mor e t han one f l i ght . For smal l un-
avoi dabl e changes i n l evel , r amps wi t h f l at
sl ope
not over 5 per cent ar e pr ef er abl e t o
st ai r s.
Wher e st ai r s must be used, t he f ol -
l owi ng pr ecaut i ons shoul d be obser ved:
1 . Ri ser s shoul d not be mor e t han 7 i n .
hi gh
.
2. The pr oper pr opor t i on of r un t o r i se
shoul d be scr upul ousl y obser ved.
3. Fewer t hant wor i ser s shoul dbe avoi ded.
4. Wi nder s or cur ved t r eads shoul d never
be
used.
5.
Nonsl i p nosi ngs shoul d be used and
shoul d be
of a cont r ast i ng col or .
6. Cont i nuous handr ai l s shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded on bot h si des of t he st ai r s.
7. Handr ai l s shoul d be of t he
pr oper
hei ght , of a cr oss sect i on whi ch i s easi l y
gr asped, and st ur dy i n appear ance as
wel l
as i n f act .
8. St ai r s shoul d not be l ess t han 3 f t 3
i n .
i n cl ear wi dt h.
9. No door s shoul d open di r ect l y ont o
t he
st ai r s.
10. Tr af f i c shoul d not cr oss t he
t op or
bot t omof t he st ai r s.
11 . The st ai r s shoul d be wel l l i ght ed wi t h
shi el ded sour ces .
Some speci al consi der at i ons shoul d al so be
obser ved wi t h r espect t o el evat or s :
1 . Sel f - oper at ed el evat or s

shoul d

be
equi pped wi t h aut omat i c door s.
2. Asi gnal i ng devi ce shoul d be
pr ovi ded t o
summonassi st ance.
3. Cont i nuous handr ai l s shoul d be
pr ovi ded,
and i f t he car i s suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge, a
smal l
bench shoul d be consi der ed.
4. An aut omat i c l evel i ng devi ce i s neces-
sar y and shoul d be i nspect edf r equent l y.
5. I f t her e i s a
possi bi l i t y of use by a di s-
abl edper son i n a wheel chai r , t he
cont r ol panel
shoul d be mount ed l owenough
enough t o be
r eachedf r oma si t t i ng posi t i on
.
Fi g. 15 Eye- l evel f or ki t chens andbat hr ooms.
91
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFOR THE ELDERLY
ENTRY/ EXIT`
The ent r y/ exi t ( or f r ont door ) i s t he cr i t i cal t r ansf er
poi nt f r omt he l east publ i c ar ea
of t he devel op-
ment t o t he l east pr i vat e ar ea of t he dwel l i ng
uni t . If pr oper l y desi gned,
i t wi l l i nsur e t he pr i vacy
of uni t act i vi t i es and cont r i but e st r ongl y t o t he
sense of home. It must be a
pl ace, not j ust a
door i n a wal l whi chopens di r ect l y i nt o t he l i vi ng
ar ea or ot her such space. ( See Fi gs . 1 and 2. )
Accessi bi l i t y The ent r y/ exi t ar ea shoul d be di -
r ect l y accessi bl e t o t he
f ol l owi ng l ess pr i vat e
ar eas of t he uni t :
. Food pr epar at i on
. Li vi ng
ar ea, wi t h spat i al di f f er ent i at i on be-
t ween t he t wo f unct i ons
" St or age/ ut i l i t y
The
ent r y/ exi t ar ea shoul d be i ndi r ect l y accessi bl e
( mi nor i nt er medi at e act i vi t y or
a ci r cul at i on pat h)
t o
mor e pr i vat e ar eas of t he uni t :
" Di ni ng
" Pr i vat e out door ( opt i onal )
. Per sonal hygi ene
. Sl eepi ng/ dr essi ng
The ent r y/ exi t ar ea shoul d have bot h vi sual
and audi o cont act wi t h
vi si t or s out si de of t he
ent r y door ; but vi si t or s shoul d not have vi sual
cont act and onl y
cont r ol l ed audi o cont act i nt o
t he ent r y
ar ea of t he dwel l i ng uni t . Thi s maxi mi zes
t he abi l i t y of t he r esi dent
t o keep out unwant ed
vi si t or s and al l ows t he
r esi dent t o cont r ol t he
space j ust out si de t he uni t .
Al l of t he pr evi ousl y
ment i oned spaces wi t h
di r ect physi cal access t o t he ent r y/ exi t ar ea
shoul d have vi sual / audi o cont act wi t h t hi s
ar ea
f or cont r ol and secur i t y
wi t hi n t he uni t . Ot her
ar eas shoul d have audi o but not vi sual
cont act
t o mi ni mi ze di sr upt i on
of pr i vacy.
Or i ent at i on The or i ent at i on of t hi s act i vi t y t o-
war d vi ew and sunl i ght i s gover ned by mor e es-
sent i al concer ns r el at ed t o bui l di ng t ype and t he
f unct i onal or gani zat i on
of
ot her act i vi t i es .
Fur ni shabi l i t y The f ur ni shi ngs and equi pment
necessar y f or t hi s ar ea ar e:
St or age f or out er wear , t hat i s, coat s, gal oshes,
umbr el l as, et c . ; a cl oset at l east 3' - 0" by 2' - 2"
shoul d be pr ovi ded
A pl ace t o si t whi l e put t i ng on out er wear
Spat i al Char act er i st i cs The space shoul d have
suf f i ci ent wal l ar ea t o accommodat e a mi r r or ;
t her e shoul d al so be a cl ear di mensi on ar ea of
at l east
3' - 6" t o 4' - 0" squar e f or put t i ng on coat s
as wel l as gr eet i ng guest s .
FOODPREPARATION
The physi cal char act er i st i cs of t he aged hamper
t he nor mal f unct i ons of f ood pr epar at i on, cook-
i ng, f ood and ut ensi l st or age, t r ash di sposal , di sh
washi ng and dr yi ng, and eat i ng. If appr opr i at e
physi cal desi gn adapt at i on i s not made t o t he
f ood pr epar at i on space and f aci l i t i es, cooki ng
and r el at ed act i vi t i es wi l l become unpl easant , t e-
di ous,
and possi bl y danger ous
. The net
ef f ect
wi l l
be t he cr eat i on of a psychol ogi cal bar r i er whi ch
det er s t he user f r omcooki ng and eat i ng. Thi s
si t uat i on i s par t i cul ar l y unaccept abl e because di -
et ar y pr obl ems can become acut e f or t he aged.
Accessi bi l i t y The f ood pr epar at i on
ar ea shoul d
be di r ect l y accessi bl e t o t he mai n ent r y/ exi t of
t he dwel l i ng uni t t o f aci l i t at e car r yi ng of bundl es.
It shoul d al so be di r ect l y accessi bl e t o t he di ni ng
ar ea.
If
t he di ni ng ar ea i s out si de of t he ki t chen,
a smal l eat i ng sur f ace i n t he ki t chen f or br eakf ast
or l i ght meal s
shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Thi s
can be
a smal l t abl e, count er , or pul l - out shel f about
24 by 24 i nches, set at t abl e hei ght and usabl e
f r om a wheel chai r . The f ood pr epar at i on
ar ea
shoul d
be i ndi r ect l y accessi bl e t o, but vi sual l y
scr eened f r omt he l i vi ng, sl eepi ng,
per sonal hy-
gi ene, and pr i vat e out door ar eas of t he dwel l i ng
uni t . Of t hese, access shoul d be most
di r ect t o
t he pr i vat e
out door space. In al l cases, i ndi r ect
access shoul d be t hr ough easi l y t r aver sed i nt er me-
di at e
spaces or cor r i dor s .
Vi sual and audi o cont act t o t he ent r y/ exi t
ar ea
shoul d be mai nt ai ned, whi l e audi o cont act t o t he
l i vi ng, sl eepi ng, and per sonal hygi ene
ar eas
shoul d be mi ni mi zed. ( See Fi g.
3. )
Or i ent at i on Of t en f ood
pr epar at i on ar eas ar e
l ocat ed
at t he r ear of dwel l i ng uni t s, but , wher e
possi bl e, t hi s shoul d
be avoi ded. The ki t chen
shoul d be l ocat ed on an out si de wal l wi t h an
i nt er est i ng vi ew f r om a wi ndow
and i t shoul d
have mor ni ng sunl i ght i f possi bl e.
Fur ni shabi l i t y
and Equi pment The necessar y
equi pment
f or f ood pr epar at i on and r el at ed act i v-
i t i es i s :
Vent i l at i on, bot h mechani cal and nat ur al , t o
el i mi nat e heat
and odor s
Si nks and associ at ed wor k space
Cooki ng uni t and
oven
wi t h
associ at ed wor k
space
Ref r i ger at or and
f r eezer wi t h associ at ed
l oadi ng and unl oadi ng count er space
St or age consi st i ng
of wal l and base cabi net s
and pant r y
Di shwasher , opt i onal
but
shoul d be
i ncl uded
wher e possi bl e
Di ni ng count er ( wher e f or mal di ni ng space
i s out si de of t he ki t chen)
Cl ot hes washer and dr yer; l ocat i on i n t he
uni t i s opt i onal , but t he ki t chen i s a good
l ocat i on when t hi s opt i on i s exer ci sed
Fi g. 2 The f oyer.
* Pages 92 t o 1 01 f r omHousi ng f or t he El der l y Devel -
opment Pr ocess, Mi chi gan St at e Housi ng Devel opment
Aut hor i t y, Lansi ng,
Mi chi gan, 1 974.
92
Fi g. 3

Ki t chen ar ea.
An exampl e of a desi r abl e or gani zat i on of
ki t chenact i vi t i es i s shown i n Fi g. 4.
An L - or U- shaped ki t cheni s pr ef er abl e t o t he
Pul l manor cor r i dor t ypeki t chen
. Thecor r i dor t ype
i s i nconveni ent f or t he el der l y who, wi t h advanc-
i ng ageand
mot or / sensor y l osses, f i nd i t di f f i cul t
t o r epeat edl y t ur n f r omone count er t o anot her
as
t hey
wor k
. The
t abl e and Fi gs.
5- 7
gi veneces-
sar y cl ear ances and di mensi ons .
Equi pment shoul d be
pl aced so t hat t her e i s
suf f i ci ent oper at i ngr oombet weeni t and anyad-
j acent
cor ner cabi net. At l east 12 i nches f r om
t he edge of t he si nk and r ange and 15
i nches
at t he
si de of t her ef r i ger at or ar er ecommended.
Ami ni mumof 42 i nches shoul d be
pr ovi ded
bet ween base cabi net s or appl i ances opposi t e
each ot her . Thi s same mi ni mum
cl ear ance appl i es
whenawal l , st or agewal l , or wor k t abl ei s oppo-
si t e abase
cabi net.
Desi r abl eki t chenl ayout s and wor k ar eaf r ont -
ages ar e
i l l ust r at ed i n Fi gs . 5- 7. Ther e shoul d
beno t hr ough ci r cul at i oni nt heki t chenwor k ar ea.
Spat i al Char act er i st i cs

To i nsur e t hat t hi s space
i s enj oyabl et o
wor k
i n,
i t i s necessar y t o pr ovi de
adequat e ar t i f i ci al l i ght at al l wor k ar eas and
t o cr eat e aspat i al
vol ume of appr opr i at e scal e.
These
cr i t er i a can be t r ansl at ed t o mean t hat
t he cei l i ng hei ght shoul d be
no
l ower
t han 7' -
6" .
Col or shoul d be used car ef ul l y and be t i ed
t o vi sual i dent i f i cat i on. I t shoul d not cr eat e
t he
i mpr essi on of a cl osed- i n, const r i ct i ng pl ace.
Wher e duct l ess r ange hoods ar e used,
anot her
means of
vent i l at i on shoul d be used t o car r y away
cooki ng heat . Wher e mai n di ni ng i s
combi ned
wi t h f ood
pr epar at i on, t her e shoul d be cl ear spa-
t i al di st i nct i on bet ween t hem,
per haps even a
di f f er ence i n cei l i ng hei ght
.
DI NI NG
Ther emust be aper manent di ni ng pl ace wi t hi n
each dwel l i ng
uni t f or t he i ndependent el der l y.
Dependi ng on t he pr ogr am, t he space may be
Fi g. 4

Ki t chen
act i vi t y pat t er n- meal pr epar at i onand cl eanup.
Resi dent i al
HOUSI NGFOR THE EL DERL Y
el i mi nat ed f r omuni t s whi ch ar e par t of f or mal
congr egat e
car e pr ogr ams . Thi s pl ace may be
wi t hi n or
out si de of t he f ood pr epar at i on ar ea.
Secondar y act i vi t i es wi l l
nat ur al l y
occur
wi t hi n
t hi s ar ea such as t abl e games, l et t er
wr i t i ng and
paper wor k,
and hobbi es. ( See Fi gs . 8 and 9. )
Accessi bi l i t y Because of t he ar r ay of act i vi t i es
t hat wi l l be car r i ed out , t he di ni ng ar ea shoul d
have di r ect accessi bi l i t y t o :
. Food pr epar at i on, t o f aci l i t at e ser vi ng of
f ood
and cl eani ng of di shes
. L i vi ng ar ea
The di ni ng ar ea may have onl y i ndi r ect ( mi nor
i nt er veni ng
act i vi t y or ci r cul at i on pat h) accessi bi l -
i t y t o:
. Ent r y/ exi t
. Pr i vat e out door
Theser el at i onshi ps shoul d be subor di nat ed t o t he
r equi r ement s of r el at i onshi p t o t he f ood
pr epar a-
t i on and l i vi ng ar eas. Ther e shoul d be no di r ect
accessi bi l i t y bet weent hedi ni ng
act i vi t y and:
. Per sonal hygi ene
Ther e shoul d be di r ect vi sual / audi o
accessi bi l i t y
bet ween t he di ni ng and t he f ood pr epar at i on
ar eas
. Dependent uponuni t or gani zat i on, t her e
may be di r ect vi sual / audi o r el at i onshi p bet ween
t he
di ni ng and l i vi ng ar eas; however , i n such a
caset her eshoul d beno vi sual
connect i onbet ween
t he f ood pr epar at i on and l i vi ng ar eas t hr ough
t he di ni ng ar ea. Vi sual / audi o
cont act bet ween
t hedi ni ng ar ea and t he ver y pr i vat e ar eas such
as
sl eepi ng/ dr essi ng and per sonal hygi eneshoul d
be mi ni mal or ent i r el y el i mi nat ed.
Or i ent at i on

Wher ever possi bl e, t he di ni ng
ar ea
shoul d
have vi ews out of t he dwel l i ng uni t and
shoul d al so have mor ni ng sunl i ght .
Wher e t he
or i ent at i on i s west er n, i t i s i mpor t ant t o cont r ol
t hehar sh ef f ect s of t he
set t i ngsun. Becauseot her
Fi g.
5

Mi ni mumcor ner di st ances.
Fi g. 6
Mi ni mumf r ont ages and edge di st ances-
one
bedr oom.
Fi g. 7 Mi ni mumf r ont ages and edge
di st ances-
t wo
bedr ooms .
93
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFOR THE
ELDERLY
f unct i onal r el at i onshi ps must be achi eved ( such
as ent r y/ exi t t o t he l i vi ng
and f ood pr epar at i on
ar eas, and t he f ood pr epar at i on ar ea t o t he di n-
i ng ar ea) t hese or i ent at i on cr i t er i a
must be subor -
di nat e and may not be achi evabl e. At t he ver y
Fi g. 8 Mi ni mum
cl ear ances f er di ni ng ar eas i n
ki t chens .
l east , vi ews out shoul d be possi bl e t hr ough ot her
act i vi t y ar eas .
Fur ni shabi l i t y Each
di ni ng space must cont ai n
suf f i ci ent space t o accommodat e f our peopl e. It
i s desi r abl e i f suf f i ci ent space i s
avai l abl e t o ex-
pand t hi s
accommodat i on t o si x per sons f or spe-
ci al ci r cumst ances . Appr opr i at e
space shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or t he st or age of chi na andl ar ge di ni ng
ar t i cl es . Ther e shoul d be space t o accommodat e
t he f ol l owi ng
i t ems of f ur ni t ur e:
. Di ni ng t abl e wi t h a mi ni mumwi dt h of
3' -
0", and 2' - 0" of edge l engt h
f or each di ner
( t abl es shoul d be no l ess t han 3' - 0" by
3' -
0" squar e,
or 3' - 6" i n di amet er )
" Di ni ng chai r s of l ' - 6" by 1' - 6"
suf f i ci ent f or
t he
number of di ner s t hat can be accommo-
dat ed
" Buf f et or st or age uni t
of
l ' - 6"
by 3' - 6"
Si ze of t he i ndi vi dual eat i ng
space on t he t abl e
shoul d be
based on a f r ont age of 24i nches and
an ar ea of appr oxi mat el y 2 squar e
f eet . In addi -
t i on, t abl e
space shoul d be l ar ge enough t o ac-
commodat e ser vi ng di shes .
The
f ol l owi ng mi ni mumcl ear ances f r om t he
edge of t he t abl e shoul d
be pr ovi ded:
36" f or
chai r s pl us access t her et o
42" f or chai r s
pl us access and passage
42" f or ser vi ng f r ombehi nd chai r
30" f or passage onl y
48" f r omt abl e t o base cabi net ( i n ki t chen)
In si zi ng
a separ at e di ni ng r oom, pr ovi si on
shoul d
be mode f or
ci r cul at i on t hr ough t he r oomi n addi -
t i on
t o space f or di ni ng .
Spat i al
Char act er i st i cs

As not ed above, t he di n-
i ng act i vi t y space may be l ocat ed separ at el y
or
combi ned wi t h l i vi ng
or f ood pr epar at i on spaces .
Because of economi c consi der at i ons, a
separ at e
di ni ng space seems unl i kel y
but , never t hel ess, i t
i s desi r abl e t hat devel opment s of f er bot h ar r ange-
ment s t o pr ovi de a var i et y andchoi ce i n
r espond-
i ng t o t he
di f f er ences bet ween f or mal or i nf or mal
l i f est yl es of var i ous t enant s .
The cei l i ng hei ght
of t he di ni ng space i n a
dwel l i ng uni t
may be r ai sed or l ower ed f or spa-
t i al ef f ect ; i t shoul d, however , be no l ower
t han
The di ni ng t abl e l ocat i on shoul d be per manent ,
r equi r i ng no r ear r angement of f ur ni t ur e at meal -
t i mes, and use of t hi s space shoul d not i nf r i nge
upon ot her act i vi t i es
. Wal l ar ea shoul d be
avai l -
abl e
f or hangi ng pi ct ur es and t he l i ke . It shoul d
be possi bl e t o see t he
out door s
f r om
t he di ni ng
t abl e.
Wher e cabi net s ar e
used
t o
separ at e t he f ood
pr epar at i on ar ea f r omt he di ni ng ar ea, some of
t he cabi net s
shoul d open f r ombot h si des t o f aci l i -
t at e t abl e set t i ng .
GENERALLIVING
Each dwel l i ng uni t shal l have an ar ea or ar eas
whi ch ar e
or gani zed and f ur ni shabl e f or a wi de
r ange of act i vi t i es such as :
" Conver sat i on
.
Ent er t ai ni ng
. Readi ng
. Tel evi si on
vi ewi ng
. Radi o/ r ecor d
l i st eni ng
" Cont empl at i on
. Loungi ng
In most uni t s, mor e t han one of
t hese act i vi t i es
wi l l
be pr ovi ded f or i n a si ngl e space. In l ar ger
t han st andar d uni t s
or i n t wo- bedr oomuni t s, how-
ever ,
i t may be desi r abl e t o pr ovi de mor e speci al -
i zed spaces .
Accessi bi l i t y

Di r ect physi cal accessi bi l i t y ( no i n-
t er veni ng
spaces) shoul d be pr ovi ded t o :
" Ent r y/ exi t ( pl anni ng
can be t oo open; t her e-
f or e,
t her e shoul d be a def i ni t e spat i al di s-
t i nct i on bet ween l i vi ng ar ea
and ent r y/ exi t )
" Pr i vat e out door , f or
t he ext ensi on of gener al
l i vi ng act i vi t i es
" Di ni ng, wher e
t hese spaces ar e combi ned,
accessi bi l i t y shoul d not i mpai r ei t her act i vi t y
Indi r ect
physi cal accessi bi l i t y ( mi nor i nt er veni ng
act i vi t y or ci r cul at i on pat h) shoul d exi st bet ween:
.
Food pr epar at i on
.
Per sonal hygi ene, f or vi si t or use ( t hi s accessi -
bi l i t y shoul d not
i mpai r t he pr i vacy of t he
sl eepi ng/ dr essi ng ar eas)
" St or age/ ut i l i t y
Fi g . 9

Mi ni mumcl ear ances f or di ni ng ar eas : ( a)
one end of t abl e agai nst wal l ; ( b) ser vi ng f r om
one endand one si de of t abl e
94
Resi dent i al
Vi sual and audi o cont act wi t h equal l y act i ve
areas
( ent ry/ exi t and pri vat e out door) shoul d be
encouraged. Vi sual andaudi ocont act t o t he f ood
preparat i on area shoul d be ei t her
mi ni mi zed or
cont rol l abl e so t hat i t can be mi ni mi zed or
maxi -
mi zed as desi red byt he resi dent
. The vi sual / audi o
rel at i onshi p bet ween t he di ni ng and l i vi ng areas
wi l l vary wi t h t he l ocat i on
of t he di ni ng area.
Vi sual / audi o cont act t o sl eepi ng/ dressi ng and
personal hygi ene spaces shoul d be
mi ni mi zed.
Ori ent at i on Li vi ng spaces
wi l l be occupi ed many
hours
of t he day and shoul d, t heref ore, be pro-
vi ded wi t h
i nt erest i ngvi ews out of t he uni t . Wi n-
dows shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat a seat ed
person
can see out . In
f i rst and second f l oor uni t s, wi n-
dows shoul d al so be caref ul l y l ocat ed t o
avoi d
l oss of
i nt ernal pri vacy f romout si de of t he uni t .
On upper f l oors, cl ose
vi ews f romone uni t t o
anot her shoul d be avoi ded.
. 30"
mi ni mumcl earance i s requi red f or use

Peopl e gat her duri ng soci al act i vi t i es i n rat her
of a desk.

smal l
groups and a desi rabl e conversat i on di s-
" 60"
mi ni mumdi st ance i s necessary bet ween

t ance i s rat her short ; an area approxi mat el y 10
t he t el evi si on set and seat i ng. The desi gner

f eet i n di amet er i s workabl e.
shoul d make sure t hat i t i s possi bl e t o l ocat e

Fi gures 11- 13i l l ust rat e t he desi red ci rcul at i on
t he set opposi t e t he mai n seat i ng area.

and f urni shabi l i t y
requi rement s .
Sunl i ght i s i mport ant t o bot h physi cal
and men-
t al
condi t i ons and, t heref ore, pl anni ng shoul d i n-
sure t hat l i vi ng spaces wi l l recei ve some sunl i ght
duri ng
each sunny day ( probabl y no l ess t han
30 percent of t he day) . Nort hern ori ent at i ons
shoul d
be avoi ded. Ref erence shoul d be made
t o Fi g. 10f or accept abl e sun ori ent at i ons.
Furni shobi l i t y Furni t ure t hat shoul d be accom-
modat ed i n t he l i vi ng
area shoul d i ncl ude t he
f ol l owi ng i t ems ( si zes are mi ni mums) f or onebed-
roomuni t s:
One couch, 3' - 0" x 6' - 10"
Two easy chai rs, 2' - 6" x 3' - 0"
One t el evi si on set , l ' - 4" x 2' - 8"
One t abl e, l ' - 6" x 2' - 6"
For t wo- bedroomuni t s one easy chai r shoul d be
added as wel l as:
One desk, l ' - 8" x 3' - 6"
One desk chai r, l ' - 6" x l ' - 6"
Because of t he di versi t y of act i vi t i es whi ch may
occur i n t hi s space or
spaces, and because provi -
si on must be made f or a wi de vari et y of l i f est yl es,
speci al
provi si on shoul d be made i n t he desi gn
process t o al l ow f or many
al t ernat e f urni t ure
t ypes and arrangement s . The l ocat i on of doors,
wi ndows, and ot her
openi ngs shoul d be caref ul l y
consi dered so as not t o unnecessari l y l i mi t f urni -
t ure arrangement
. Asubst ant i al amount of uni n-
t errupt ed wal l l engt h i s requi red. It shoul d be
remembered t hat
many
el derl y
resi dent s wi l l come
f romsi ngl e- f ami l y or l arger rent al housi ng and
many of t hemcan be expect ed
t o have much
more f urni t ure t han descri bed above.
The f ol l owi ng
speci f i c desi gn cri t eri a shal l be
used:
" 60"
mi ni mumcl earance shoul d be provi ded
bet ween f aci ng seat i ng.
95
Fi g. 11

Mi ni mumcl earances,
ci rcul at i on, and conversat i on areas f or l i vi ng rooms.
Fi g.
10

Sun ori ent at i on.
Fi g. 12

l i vi ng roomci rcul at i on
approaches.
Fi g. 13

Li vi ng roomci rcul at i on approaches
.
i t y ( onl y mi nor i nt erveni ng space)
shoul d
onl y exi st
bet ween t he sl eepi ng/ dressi ng area and:
. Personal hygi ene
. Personal cl ot hi ng st orage
The
bat hroommay al so be accessi bl e t hrough
a hal l .
I n some cases provi si on f or personal l i vi ng ac-
t i vi t i es may bel ocat ed wi t hi n t he bedroom. Di rect
accessi bi l i t y t o pri vat e out door space may al so
be accept abl e under some ci rcumst ances.
I ndi rect accessi bi l i t y ( t hrough i nt erveni ng ci rcu-
l at i on) shoul d exi st t o:
.
Food preparat i on
. St orage/ ut i l i t y
No di rect accessi bi l i t y shoul d exi st bet ween
t he sl eepi ng/ dressi ng area and:
. Ent ry/ exi t , f or prot ect i on of pri vacy
. Li vi ng
. Di ni ng
Because of t he pri vacy f act or and t he desi re
t o be abl e t o ent ert ai n guest s wi t hout havi ng
t o make t he whol e dwel l i ng uni t t i dy, t he sl eep-
i ng/ dressi ng area shoul d be i sol at ed f rom most
vi sual and audi o cont act wi t h ot her areas i n t he
dwel l i ng uni t . The l evel of vi sual / audi o cont act
bet ween t he bat hroomand t hesl eepi ng/ dressi ng
area shoul d be cont rol l abl e t o i nsure bedroom
pri vacy when a guest uses t he bat hroom. I t i s
desi rabl et hat
a ci rcul at i on space
serve
as a
buf f er
bet ween t he sl eepi ng/ dressi ng area and t he rest
of t he dwel l i ng uni t .
Li ke t hel i vi ng area, t hi s area shoul d haveexcel -
l ent vi ews f romi t s wi ndows. Wi ndows shoul d be
pl aced so t hat a person can easi l y see out whi l e
l yi ng i n bed. Thi s space requi res di rect exposure
t o t he sun f or at l east 30 percent of t he day.
Ref erence shoul d be made t o Fi gs . 14 and 15
f or desi red sun ori ent at i on.
Furni shobi l i t y I n addi t i on t o t he
sl eepi ng
and
dressi ng f unct i ons, t he bedroomshoul d have pro-
vi si ons f or such passi ve l i vi ng act i vi t i es as:
Tel evi si on vi ewi ng
Readi ng
Sewi ng
The mi ni mumf urni t ure t o be provi ded f or i s as
f ol l ows:
Two t wi n beds ( 3' - 3" x 6' - 6") or one doubl e
bed ( 4' - 9" x 6' 6")
One dresser ( l ' - 6"
x 4' - 4")
One chai r ( l ' - 6" x l ' - 6")
ci ent and commodi ous
bedroomi s i mport ant f or
any househol d but f or ol der peopl e i t i s absol ut el y
necessary.
Thi s i s part l y because of t he need f or
rest peri ods but al so, as peopl e growol der, many
become more suscept i bl e t o i l l ness and are bed-
ri dden more f requent l y t han younger peopl e.
Accessi bi l i t y

Thi s act i vi t y i s one of t he most pri -
vat e i n t hedwel l i ng uni t . I n
dwel l i ng uni t s cont ai n-
i ng t wo resi dent s i t i s essent i al t hat one resi dent
beabl et ocarry on normal l i vi ng
act i vi t i es ( i ncl ud-
i ng ent ert ai ni ng vi si t ors) wi t hout seri ous l oss
of
pri vacy t o t he ot her
person i n
t he bedroom
. Be-
causeof t hi s
basi c need, di rect physi cal accessi bi l -
The l i vi ng area or
areas wi l l most probabl y
have t o sust ai n bot h i nf ra- and i nt erspace
ci rcul a-
t i on.
Adequat e ci rcul at i on space whi ch i s di rect
and nondi srupt i ve i s i mport ant because
of t he
t endency
t oward i nf i rmi t y of movement and l oss
of vi sual acui t y i n t he el derl y. The f ol l owi ng cri t e-
ri a pert ai n:
. 36" mi ni mumcl earance shoul d be possi bl e f or
mai n t raf f i c pat hs.
Thi s di mensi on wi l l al so ac-
commodat e a wheel chai r.
. 30" mi ni mum
cl earance shoul d be al l owed
where
secondary ci rcul at i on occurs bet ween f ur-
ni t ure.
Spat i al Charact eri st i cs The l i vi ng area i s l i kel y
t obecome t hef ocus of t he dwel l i ng uni t f or many
resi dent s. The si ze
of t he space, however, i s of t en
not as i mport ant as good pl anni ng whi ch ef f ec-
t i vel y accommodat es t he l i vi ng act i vi t y
whi l eal so
account i ng
f or ci rcul at i on, doors, wi ndows, and
f urni t ure. Thi s does not mean,
however, t hat a
smal l space i s desi rabl e; i n f act t he l i vi ng area
shoul d be of suf f i ci ent si ze as t oal l ow
someexcess
i n
f l oor area f or such t emporary act i vi t i es as exer-
ci ses, i roni ng i n f ront of t he t el evi si on
set , et c .
Provi si on of f l oor area beyond t hemi ni mumspace
requi red by t he f urni shabi l i t y
t est wi l l al so i nsure
t heaccommodat i on of a wi der rangeof l i f est yl es
and act i vi t y pat t erns.
The l i vi ng act i vi t i es area may be great l y
en-
hanced i n spat i al
charact er by a hi gher t han nor-
mal cei l i ng
i f t he bui l di ng t ype permi t s.
As a general
rul e, i t has been f ound t hat a
wi dt h of l ess t han 12 f eet i s
di f f i cul t
t o
ut i l i ze
ef f ect i vel y. I t has al so been
f ound t hat rect angu-
l ar rat her t han square space i s easi er t o f urni sh
and t o zone f or di f f erent act i vi t i es .
Consi derat i on shoul d be gi ven i n dwel l i ng uni t s
of l arger t han st andard si ze t o subdi vi di ng t he
l i vi ng act i vi t i es area i nt o t wo
separat e areas such
as a l i vi ng roomand den/ sewi ng roomcombi na-
t i on. Thi s can al so be accommodat ed
by room
conf i gurat i ons ( such
as L- shape) whi ch are easi l y
subdi vi ded by f urni t ure arrangement .
Thi s ap-
proach i s part i cul arl y
ef f ect i ve where t here are
t woresi dent s i n a uni t whowi sht ocarry
on di f f er-
ent act i vi t i es
si mul t aneousl y .
SLEEPI NG/ DRESSI NG
The el derl y make great er use of t he
bedroom
t han any
ot her age group except babi es. An ef f i -
Fi g. 15

Space ori ent at i on.
96
Fi g. 14 Sun ori ent at i on.
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFOR
THEELDERLY
i deal
but r at her an at t empt t o synt hesi ze t he most
cur r ent t hi nki ng on t he subj ect as i t r el at es t o
t he el der l y user . In addi t i on,
r equi r ement s f or
adopt i on of bat hr oomf aci l i t i es f or use by per ma-
nent l y di sabl ed per sons ar e i ncl uded
. These r e-
qui r ement s shal l appl y t o at l east 10 per cent of
t he uni t s i n devel opment s of 100 uni t s or mor e.
Appl i cat i on t o smal l er pr oj ect s wi l l be det er mi ned
i ndi vi dual l y f or each case.
l ar ge and so desi gned as t o per mi t al t er nat e ar -
r angement s of f ur ni t ur e i f at al l
possi bl e. Ther e
shoul d al so be space pr ovi ded f or wor ki ng pr i -
vat el y or r est i ng. ( See
Fi gs
.
17- 19. )
PERSONAL HYGIENE
The bat hr oomi s t he subj ect of much publ i c and
pr i vat e r esear ch. What i s set f or t h her e i s not
One t abl e ( l ' - 6" x 2' - 6" ) f or
sewi ng or ot her
wor k ( opt i onal )
Two ni ght st ands ( l ' - 6" x l ' - 6" )
One por t abl e
t el evi si on set
Wher e bot h
bedr ooms of a dwel l i ng uni t ar e pr i -
mar y ( as i n unr el at ed occupancy) , t he above r e-
qui r ement s
appl y t o bot h.
Twi n beds shoul d be possi bl e even i n t he bed-
r oomof a uni t
pr ogr ammed f or si ngl e- per son oc-
cupancy.
A
secondar y bedr oomf or si ngl e occupancy
shoul d have ci r cul at i on space and accommodat e
f ur ni t ur e of
t he f ol l owi ng si zes :
One t wi n bed ( 3' - 3" x6' - 6" )
One dr esser ( l ' - 6"
x
3' - 6" )
One chai r ( 1' - 6" x l ' - 6" )
One ni ght st and ( l ' - 6"
x l ' - 6" )
The l ocat i on
of door s, wi ndows, and cl oset s
shoul d be pl anned t o al l ow
f or t he best pl acement
of
t he bed and ot her f ur ni t ur e.
The cl oset shoul d be pl aced
next t o t he door
i nt o t he bedr oombecause t he use of avai l abl e
wal l space i s mi ni mi zed i n
t hi s way ( Fi g. 16) .
For r easonabl e access t o and use of bedr oom
f ur ni t ur e and equi pment , t he f ol l owi ng mi ni mum
cl ear ances shoul d be obser ved:
42" at one si de or f oot of bed,
f or dr essi ng
24"
cl ear ance f or l east used si de of doubl e
bed
6" cl ear ance f r omsi de of bedt o si de of dr esser
or chest of dr awer s
36" cl ear ance i n f r ont of dr esser , cl oset , or
chest of dr awer s
30" cl ear ance f or maj or ci r cul at i on pat h ( door
t o cl oset , et c. )
24" cl ear ance bet ween t wi n beds
18"
cl ear ance bet ween t wi n bed and wal l f or
ease of bed maki ng
i t shoul d not be necessar y t o move
beds i n or der
t o
make t hemup. Bedr ooms shoul d be suf f i ci ent l y
97
Fi g. 16

Cl oset dept hs.
Fi g. 19 Lar ger - t han- st andar d bedr oommay be appl i cabl e i n l ar ger - t han- st andar d
uni t or i n t wo- bedr oomunr el at ed occupancy.
Fi g. 17

Typi cal st andar d bedr oomwi t h t wi n beds.
ResLant i cl l
HOL SI NGFOR THEELDERLY
I n gener al , bat hr ooms i n devel opment s f or t he
el der l y shoul d be gi ven gr eat car e i n
desi gn as
t hi s space can, i f poor l y concei ved, cause bot h
ser i ous heal t h hazar ds and, t hr ough i t s i nconve-
ni ence,
gr eat f r ust r at i on. The gener al l ack of mobi l -
i t y and sl ow r eact i on t i me of t he el der l y make
i t mandat or y t hat hygi ene
spaces be i nher ent l y
saf e f r omshar p edges andsl i pper y f l oor sur f aces
and t hat t hey
do
not
r equi r e excessi ve bendi ng,
l eani ng, or t wi st i ng t o car r y out necessar y act i vi -
t i es .
Accessi bi l i t y
I n addi t i on t o mor e f r equent t han
nor mal use dur i ng t he day, f r equent use of t he
bat hr oom
at ni ght i s common. Ther ef or e, consi d-
er at i on shoul d be gi ven t o di r ect accessi bi l i t y be-
t ween t he
bedr oomandt he bat hr oom. Hopef ul l y,
t hi s accessi bi l i t y woul d not r equi r e passage
t hr ough an
i nt er veni ng ci r cul at i on space. I f i t
does, t he r out e shal l be di r ect , unobst r uct ed, and
of suf f i ci ent wi dt h f or
a wheel chai r t o pass easi l y .
I ndi r ect accessi bi l i t y shoul d al so exi st
bet ween
t he bat hr oom
and t he mor e gener al l i vi ng ar eas
of t he uni t f or use of t he bat hr oomby
guest s .
Vi sual / audi o cont act bet ween t he bat hr oom
and ot her ar eas shoul d be mi ni mi zed. I t shoul d
not be possi bl e
t o see i nt o t he bat hr oomf r om
t he l i vi ng, di ni ng, or f ood pr epar at i on ar eas. ( See
Fi g. 20. )
Or i ent at i on Vi ews t o t he out si de and nat ur al
l i ght ar e not necessar y t o
bat hr oomf unct i ons .
Wher e
wi ndows ar e used, t he f ol l owi ng cr i t er i a
per t ai n:
The desi gner shoul d make sur e t hat no l oss
of pr i vacy occur s .
Wi ndows
shoul d not be l ocat ed over bat ht ubs .
Fur ni shabi l i t y and
Equi pment Al l per sonal hy-
gi ene spaces shal l have t he f ol l owi ng
equi pment ;
Lavat or y basi n
( pr ef er r ed i n a vani t y count er
t op)
Wat er
cl oset
Bat h or shower
Appr opr i at e
gr ab bar s
St or age space and mi r r or
Toi l et - paper hol der
Towel bar s
I t i s essent i al f or t he successf ul f unct i oni ng of
t he bat hr oomor l avat or y
t hat cer t ai n mi ni mum
cl ear wor ki ng ar eas be pr ovi ded ar ound f i xt ur es .
( See Fi g. 21. )
These r equi r ement s ar e:
Fi g. 21 Mi ni mumcl ear ances- per sonal hygi ene
.
" Lavat or y Basi ns.
3' - 6"
x
3' - 6" ; t he si nk shal l
be cent er ed
on one di mensi on andat t he ext r eme
of t he ot her .
. Wat er
Cl oset : 2' - 6" x4' - 4" ; t he wat er cl oset
shal l be cent er ed on t he 2' - 6"
di mensi on and
l ocat ed
at t he ext r eme of t he 4' - 4" di mensi on.
. Tub and/ or Shower : 2' - 4" cl ear
di mensi on
ext endi ng
out f r om access poi nt of f i xt ur e and
at l east 2' - B" al ong i t s l engt h; t he l engt h
di men-
si on shal l begi n
f r omt he cent r al endof t he f i xt ur e.
An
emer gency cal l syst em shal l be i ncl uded
i n al l devel opment s . An al ar m
but t on shoul d be
pl aced i n t he bat hr oomi n a conveni ent pl ace,
but not wher e i t can be set of f
acci dent al l y .
Al l bat hr ooms
andl avat or i es, whet her nat ur al l y
vent i l at ed or not , shal l have
ai r
exhaust f ans
vent -
i ng t o t he out si de and si zed
accor di ng t o t he
code f or an i nt er i or bat hr oom.
Spat i al Char act er i st i cs Al l per sonal hygi ene
spaces, bot h bat hr ooms andl avat or i es, shal l
have
pr i vacy l ocks whi ch
can be easi l y unl ocked f r om
t he out si de i n case of emer gency. The
key t ype
of emer gency r el ease
i s
not
desi r abl e because
t her e may not be suf f i ci ent t i me t o l ocat e t he
key i n an emer gency
. Out war d openi ng door s
shoul d be used so t hat peopl e can get i n easi l y
t o hel p someone
who i s l yi ng on t he bat hr oom
f l oor , per haps
unconsci ous or hel pl ess.
Non- sl i p, easi l y mai nt ai ned
f l oor sur f aces
whi ch
ar e f r ee
f r om
changes i n l evel shal l be
pr ovi ded.
The ver t i cal
sur f aces of bat hr ooms shoul d be
f r ee f r omshar p cor ner s and edges, unnecessar y
pr oj ect i ons, and
br eakabl e mat er i al s . Thi s r equi r e-
ment has par t i cul ar bear i ng on r oom
l ayout and
t he
l ocat i on of bat hr oomaccessor i es, such as
t owel bar s, paper hol der s, et c.
Many
bat hr ooml ayout s ar e possi bl e but t wo
ar e t he most common, of f er i ng
sol ut i ons t o a wi de
r ange of
concer ns . Each has i t s own advant ages .
These l ayout s ( Fi g. 22)
ar e descr i bed f or i l l ust r a-
t i ve pur poses bel ow.
Layout 7 :

I n t he f i r st l ayout , t he
t oi l et i s pl aced
by t he wal l wi t h t he l avat or y next t o t he bat h-
t ub. Thi s ar r angement al l ows easy
pl acement
of t he
t oi l et - paper hol der andgr ab bar on t he
wal l whi l e, at t he same t i me, t he
edge of t he
l avat or y can be used
as a suppor t f or get t i ng
i nt o
andout f r omt he bat ht ub.
A ver t i cal gr ab bar mount edon
t he wal l near
t he bat ht ub
i n addi t i on t o gr ab bar s on t he
bat ht ub wal l i s r ecommended. An
angl ed gr ab
bar shoul d
al so be pr ovi ded on t he wal l by
t he t oi l et .
Layout
?:

I n t he second l ayout t he bat ht ub i s
pl aced agai nst t he wal l opposi t e t he
l avat or y
and
t oi l et . As i n l ayout 1, separ at e gr ab bar s
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t he t oi l et and
t ub. I n
t hi s l ayout t he
l avat or y can be i nst al l ed i n a
vani t y count er t op wi t h si des. The vani t y ar -
r angement can suppor t a t oi l et - paper
hol der
next t o t he t oi l et , a t owel r ack, and per haps
a smal l gr ab bar.
Fi g. 22 I l l ust r at i ve
hygi ene space l ayout s- al l
door s 2' - 8" .
PRI VATEOUTDOOR
Many ol der peopl e, ei t her by choi ce or by l i mi t a-
t i ons of t hei r physi cal condi t i ons, ar e l ar gel y con-
f i ned
t o t hei r dwel l i ng uni t s, andaccess t o a pr i -
vat e out door space over whi ch t hey have cont r ol
i s ver y desi r abl e. I t
of f er s a wel come change of
at mospher e, a chance t o gr owf l ower s, cook out ,
andenj oy t he sun. I n t he event
of f i r e, a bal cony
can pr ovi de r ef uge andaccess t o f r esh ai r . Pr ovi -
si on f or pr i vat e out door act i vi t i es may t ake t he
f or mof
bal coni es or pat i os. Requi r ement s f or pa-
t i os ar e di scussedi n t he
Townhouse Devel opment
Pr ocess . *
Accessi bi l i t y The pr i vat e out door space shoul d
be di r ect l y accessi bl e t o t he mai n gener al l i vi ng
ar ea
of t he dwel l i ng uni t . I f possi bl e t hi s ar ea
shoul d al so be
di r ect l y accessi bl e t o t he f ood
pr epar at i on ar ea; however , i f t hi s i s not possi bl e,
t he i ndi r ect accessi bi l i t y bet ween t he out door
space andt he f ood pr epar at i on ar ea shoul d be
vi a a non- ci r cui t ous ci r cul at i on pat h. Accessi bi l i t y
t o al l ot her
ar eas shoul d be i ndi r ect and pl aced
as di ct at ed by t he f unct i onal or gani zat i on of t he
dwel l i ng
uni t , except t hat t her e mayal so be di r ect
accessi bi l i t y t o t he
sl eepi ng/ dr essi ng
ar ea.
To pr ot ect t he
pr i vacy of each pr i vat e out door
ar ea on t he gr ound f l oor , di r ect access f r om i t
t o
t he
publ i c
out door ar ea
shoul d be avoi ded
by cr eat i ng an i dent i t y f or t he out door pr i vat e
ar eas. Ther e
shoul d be no di r ect accessi bi l i t y be-
t ween t he pr i vat e out door ar eas of separ at e
dwel l i ng uni t s . ( See Fi g.
23. )
* Mi chi gan St at e Housi ng Devel opment Aut hor i t y,
Townhouse Devel opment Pr ocess, 1970.
98
Fi g. 20

Accessi bi l i t y of bat hr oom.
Resi dEnt i al
HOUSING
FOR THE ELDERLY
Vi sual
accessi bi l i t y bet ween t he pr i vat e out -
door ar ea and i nt er est i ng vi ews on
and of f t he
si t e shoul d
be maxi mi zed, whi l e at t he same t i me
l oss of pr i vacy f r om vi ews out si de t he out door
ar ea shoul d be
mi ni mi zed. The vi sual accessi bi l i t y
bet ween t he gener al l i vi ng ar ea of
t he uni t and
t he gener al out door ar ea
shoul d not be i mpai r ed
by t he desi gn of t he pr i vat e
out door ar ea.
Or i ent at i on

The conf i gur at i on andor i ent at i on
of
t he out door
space shoul d be such t hat sun f al l s
on t he space f or at l east 30 per cent of
each
day dur i ng t he
pr i me spr i ng, summer , and f al l
mont hs .
Fur ni shabi l i t y and Spat i al Char act er i st i cs
On-
gr ade pat i os and/ or
pr i vat e ar eas shal l be wel l
def i ned. Locat i on anddesi gn
shal l pr ovi de spat i al
pr i vacy f r om
ot her l i vi ng uni t s and f r omadj acent
wal ks or dr i ves i n publ i c
space.
Over head pr ot ect i on of bal coni es i s ver y desi r -
abl e but
not r equi r ed. Ashel f f or pl ant pot s shoul d
be i ncl uded f or al l bal coni es at a
hei ght of 24
t o 30 i nches above
t he f l oor .
Access door s t o bal coni es
shoul d be f ul l y dr af t -
pr oof and
shoul d not be t he onl y sour ce of nat ur al
vent i l at i on t o t he r oom. The door
si l l shoul d be
kept
as l owas possi bl e . Passage door s of t he
swi ng t ype ar e pr ef er abl e t o
sl i di ng gl ass door s
and shal l
be r equi r ed when economi cal l y f easi bl e
t o el i mi nat e l ar ge si l l s.
Bal coni es or t er r aces above t he t wel f t h f l oor
ar e gener al l y undesi r abl e
and shoul d not be pr o-
vi ded except i n
speci al or uni que ci r cumst ances .
Wher e pr i vat e bal coni es ar e
not pr ovi ded f or
al l t he
dwel l i ng uni t s on a f l oor , a common bal -
cony shal l be pr ovi ded at a
cent r al l ocat i on .
Al l
bal coni es, t er r aces, and pat i os shal l be pr o-
vi ded wi t h ar t i f i ci al l i ght i ng
whi ch i s swi t ched on
wi t hi n t he
dwel l i ng uni t . At l east one dupl ex el ec-
t r i c r ecept acl e whi ch i s weat her pr oof
shal l be pr o-
vi ded i n each pr i vat e out door space.
The cr i t er i a f or
mi ni mumpr i vacy r equi r e t hat
scr eeni ng wal l s at t he si des of out door
spaces
be pr ovi ded
t o pr ot ect t he space f r ombei ng over -
l ooked by adj oi ni ng dwel l i ng
uni t s and t hei r pr i -
vat e
out door spaces . The si de of t he space oppo-
si t e t he bui l di ng wal l may be
par t i al l y cl osed and/
or
def i ned by pl ant i ng.
On- gr ade pr i vat e space
shal l have a l east di -
mensi on of 12 f eet and i ncl ude a paved
pat i o
of of l east 100
squar e f eet . The r emai ni ng ar ea
shal l be l awn or pl ant i ng beds .
Pr i vat e on- gr ade
out door spaces may become
a
secur i t y pr obl emi f t hei r desi gn pr ovi des
t he
pot ent i al i nt r uder wi t h a space compl et el y
f r ee
f r omobser vance and cont r ol
. Ther ef or e, com-
pl et el y encl osed pat i os shal l t hemsel ves be secur e.
Par t i al l y encl osed pat i os shal l be
desi gned so t hat
t hey can be cont r ol l ed vi sual l y f r ompubl i c ar eas .
The paved sur f ace i n
out door spaces shal l be
smoot h
and f r ee f r om unexpect ed changes i n
l evel . Al l st eps r equi r ed t o
pr ovi de a t r ansi t i on
f r omuni t
f l oor l evel t o gr ound l evel shal l have
handr ai l s .
Pr i vat e out door
spaces above gr ade ( r ai sed
t er r aces and bal coni es) shoul d be i ncl uded
i n t he
i nt egr al desi gn
at t he begi nni ng of t he desi gn
pr ocess and not added l at er as an
af t er t hought .
Onl y i n t hi s way can t he pr obl ems t r adi t i onal l y
associ at ed wi t h bal coni es be
over come. Bal coni es
shal l have a l east cl ear di mensi on of no l ess t han
5f eet and a t ot al
cl ear ar ea of no l ess t han
50 squar e f eet f or one- bedr oomuni t s and 60
squar e
f eet f or t wo- bedr oomuni t s . Because t he
el der l y ar e par t i cul ar l y concer ned about
secur i t y
and hei ght s, bal coni es must not onl y be saf e,
but t hey must al so f eel saf e.
The use of sol i d
bal ust r ades
i s desi r abl e. Wher e t hi s i s not possi -
bl e, a st ur dy r ai l i ng wi t h a l ar ge
sol i d t op r ai l
shoul d be used. In ei t her
case car e shoul d be
t aken t o
avoi d obscur i ng vi ews out f r omt he i nt e-
r i or of t he dwel l i ng uni t . For
t hi s pur pose a sol i d
bal ust r ade t o a hei ght of 24 i nches wi t h an open
handr ai l above i s a good
sol ut i on . Rai l i ngs or
bal ust r ades
shal l have a mi ni mumhei ght above
t he bal cony sur f ace of 36i nches and
shal l ext end
compl et el y al ong al l open si des of t he bal cony
.
( See Fi g. 24. )
Whenever possi bl e bal coni es shoul d be
r e-
cessed behi nd
t he mai n f ace of t he bui l di ng be-
cause t hi s t echni que pr ovi des a st r ong
sense of
encl osur e, pr i vacy,
and secur i t y. Wher e t hi s i s
not possi bl e, andwher e t her e ar e adj oi ni ng bal co-
ni es or
t he bal cony i s exposed t o br oad publ i c
vi ew, bal coni es shoul d be pr ovi ded
wi t h scr eeni ng
wal l s
or
devi ces at t hei r si des whi ch achi eve pr i -
vacy and secur i t y.
FOODPREPARATION
EQUIPMENT
Thi s
sect i on deal s wi t h equi pment and f aci l i t i es
i n t he f ood pr epar at i on ar ea of
t he dwel l i ng uni t
i n t er ms
of quant i t i es, si zes, and det ai l ed l ocat i on .
The quest i on of t he f unct i onal
or gani zat i on of
t he f ood pr epar at i on ar ea and i t s r el at i onshi p
t o ot her ar eas of t he dwel l i ng uni t
i s di scussed
ear l i er . The di scussi on her e i s di vi ded i nt o t wo
par t s . The f i r st deal s di r ect l y wi t h
t he mi ni mum
st andar ds
agai nst whi ch al l pr oposed devel op-
ment s wi l l be measur ed and t o whi ch
al l must
compl y
. The second begi ns wi t h t he mi ni mum
st andar ds as a base and devel ops opt i mum
st an-
dar ds f or t he var i ous component s
of t he f ood pr ep-
ar at i on ar ea wher e appr opr i at e. These
opt i mum
st andar ds ar e
not mandat or y, and t he achi eve-
ment of some may not be economi cal l y f easi bl e
wi t hi n t he cont ext of l ow- and moder at e- i ncome
housi ng pr ogr ams; however , devel opment s
whi ch
appr oach or meet some or al l of t hese st andar ds
may be gi ven f i nanci ng pr i or i t y over
t hose whi ch
onl y sat i sf y t he mi ni mumst andar ds .
Mi ni mumSt andar ds
Ref r i ger at or

The r ef r i ger at or shal l be an upr i ght
f r eest andi ng model wi t h i nt egr al f r eezi ng
com-
par t ment
.
The
mi ni mumaccept abl e si zes ar e 10
cubi c f eet f or a one- bedr oomuni t and
12 cubi c
f eet f or at wo- bedr oom
uni t . The f r eezer compar t -
ment shal l be l ocat ed at t he t op or
t he si de of
t he r ef r i ger at or . Ref r i ger at or s of
t he under count er
t ype ar e unaccept abl e because of t he
excessi ve
st oopi ng r equi r ed
i n t hei r use.
The r ef r i ger at or shal l be of t he sel f - def r ost i ng
t ype.
( Thi s i s a desi gnat ed ameni t y. )
The gener al st or age shel ves of t he
r ef r i ger at or
shoul d
pul l out on r ol l er gui des and shoul d be
r emovabl e f or ease i n cl eani ng.
Cooki ng Uni t and Oven The cooki ng
uni t and
oven shoul d be el ect r i c ; t hey
shoul d be bot h ap-
pr oved and l i st ed by t he
Under wr i t er Labor at or i es
( UL) i n
t hei r publ i cat i on, El ect r i c Appl i ance and
Ut i l i zat i on Equi pment Li st . Gas
cooki ng devi ces
ar e not r ecommended because t he el der l y of t en
have a poor sense
of smel l and ar e f or get f ul ,
t hus becomi ng vul ner abl e t o
t he hazar ds of f i r e
and expl osi on
.
Cooki ng devi ces shal l
have
pi l ot
l i ght s t o vi su-
al l y
i ndi cat e when t hey ar e on. Amast er
cut of f
swi t ch shoul d be pr ovi ded
i f possi bl e. The cont r ol s
on cooki ng devi ces shal l be easi l y r ead by
si ght ;
t ouch cont r ol s
shoul d be l ocat ed at t he f r ont of
t he devi ce t o el i mi nat e t he necessi t y
of r eachi ng
over hot cooki ng
sur f aces .
Wher e an i nt egr al cook t op and oven
uni t
( st ove)
ar e used, t he oven shoul d be l ocat ed
bel ow
t he cook t op. St oves wi t h ovens t hat
ar e over head
or at
eye l evel ar e not accept abl e because of
t he r eachi ng r equi r ed. ( See Fi g. 25. )
The door on
Fi g. 25 Oven over st ove
not desi r abl e.
99
Fi g. 23

Pr i vacy at gr ound l evel .
Fi g. 24

Exampl e of bal cony.
Resi dent i al
t he oven shoul d be hung on t he si de and swi ng
out
i f such uni t s are avai l abl e. Thi s t ype
of oven
door i s saf er and al so al l ows t he oven t o be
used by someone si t t i ng i n a wheel chai r .
Al l cook t ops must have a hood and exhaust
f an mount ed di rect l y above t he
cooki ng surf ace.
Cei l i ng- mount ed exhaust f ans are unaccept abl e.
The
cook t op
shal l have f our burners and have
a mi ni mumwi dt h of 24i nches .
Si nk The ki t chen si nk shal l be of st ai nl ess st eel
and mount ed
on
t he count er t op. The mi ni mum
overal l di mensi ons are 24 i nches by 21 i nches.
Where count er t op area permi t s, a si nk
wi t h
a
doubl e compart ment equal t o t he capaci t y of a
si nk wi t h a si ngl e compart ment i s pref erred ( Fi g.
26) .
No l ess t han
10 square f eet of count er t op
work surf ace shal l be provi ded i n ki t chens . Coun-
t er
t ops shoul d be approxi mat el y 24i nches deep
and no hi gher t han 36 i nches above t he f l oor.
In cal cul at i ng t he l engt h of t he
count er t op, t he
l engt h occupi ed by si nks and cook t ops may not
be count ed
. Count er t ops shoul d have rounded
l eadi ng edges. Where possi bl e, suppl ement ary
count er t op space shal l be provi ded at t abl et op
hei ght
so t hat a resi dent can use t hi s space f or
f ood preparat i on and f or eat i ng l i ght meal s. In
apart ment s
desi gned f or t he handi capped, hal f
of t he requi red count er space shal l be at work-
t abl e hei ght .
St orage of househol d equi pment shal l be pro-
vi ded
by a broomcl oset at l east 3 square f eet
i n f l oor area. These cl oset s shal l have shel ves
f or t he st orage of cl eani ng mat eri al s and t hey
shal l have a cl ear area of suf f i ci ent hei ght t o
accommodat e an upri ght vacuumcl eaner and
brooms.
Aseparat e compart ment wi t h a door shal l be
provi ded i n each ki t chen f or a garbage and t rash
cont ai ner .
Garbage Di sposal Al l ki t chen si nks shal l be
equi pped wi t h garbage di sposal s t hat are f ul l y
i nsul at ed f or sound.
Opt i mumSt andards
The f ol l owi ng modi f i cat i ons can be made t o op-
t i mi ze ki t chen f aci l i t i es .
Ref ri gerat or A hori zont al l y shaped ref ri gerat or
t hat i s hung on t he wal l and mount ed i n t he range
of 34 t o 72 i nches great l y i mproves usabi l i t y by
el i mi nat i ng st oopi ng ( Fi g. 29) .
Cooki ng Uni t and Oven A separat e cook t op
mount ed on t he count er and an oven mount ed
on t he wal l great l y
i ncrease
f l exi bi l i t y
of
pl ace-
ment and enhance f unct i onal organi zat i on and
usabi l i t y. The cook
t op shoul d be mount ed no
hi gher t han 34i nches above t he f l oor, whi l e t he
oven shoul d
be mount ed at
wai st l evel ( t hat
i s,
t he bot t omof t he oven shoul d be 27i nches above
t he f l oor) .
Si nks

Si nks shoul d be
mount ed
34i nches
above
t he f l oor .
Cabi net s, Shel ves, Count ers, and Cl oset s Many
el derl y peopl e t end t o devel op a st oop and are,
consequent l y,
short er t han t he average adul t . As
not ed earl i er, t hey al so have t roubl e bendi ng and
reachi ng. Theref ore, whi l e mai nt ai ni ng t he st or-
age requi rement of t he mi ni mumst andards and
i ncreasi ng t he work surf ace area t o 12 square
f eet , t he f ol l owi ng changes i n l ocat i on and con-
f i gurat i on shoul d be made t o opt i mi ze st orage
and work surf ace f aci l i t i es .
1. Count er t ops shoul d be l ocat ed 34 i nches
above t he f l oor. Thi s count er area shoul d
be suppl ement ed by some count er area at
t abl e hei ght t o accommodat e l i ght di ni ng
andf ood preparat i on f roma si t t i ng posi t i on
( 4
t o 6 square f eet ) . Pul l - out count ers coul d
provi de f or t hi s need.
2. Shel ves 12 i nches or deeper shoul d not be
mount ed hi gher t han 55 i nches above t he
f l oor
when t he shel f i s above
a
count er,
or 63 i nches above t he f l oor when no
count er i nt erf eres. Shel ves of t hi s dept h
shoul d not be l ocat ed l ower t han 27 i nches
above t he f l oor .
3. Approxi mat el y 50 percent of t he ki t chen
st orage space shoul d be provi ded by pant ry
cupboards or a cl oset . Shal l ow pant ry
shel ves ( l ess t han 12 i nches) may be
mount ed as l owas 21 i nches above t he
f l oor ( Fi g. 28) .
4. St orage space under count ers shoul d be i n
t he f ormof deep drawers on rol l er gui des
rat her t han cabi net s wi t h shel ves .
5. Sl i di ng cabi net doors wi l l be subst i t ut ed f or
doors of t he swi ng t ype i n t he opt i mal l y
desi gned ki t chen. Where cabi net doors can-
not be avoi ded on cabi net s t hat are 34
i nches or hi gher above t he f l oor, t hey shoul d
be l i mi t ed
t o no more
t han 15 i nches i n
wi dt h.
6.
Al l
sharpcorners and edges
wi l l
be
rounded
of f cabi net doors.
Cabi net s, Shel ves, Count ers, and Cl oset s Each
ki t chen or ki t chenet t e shal l have:
l .
Accessi bl e st orage space f or f ood andcook-
i ng and eat i ng ut ensi l s
2. Suf f i ci ent space f or average ki t chen
acces-
sori es
3. Suf f i ci ent st orage space f or t hose i t ems of
househol d equi pment normal l y used and f or
whi ch
st orage
i s
not
provi ded el sewhere
such as brooms, mops, soap, et c.
4. Suf f i ci ent work
surf ace area f or t he prepa-
rat i on and servi ng of f ood and t he cl eanup
of cooki ng and eat i ng ut ensi l s
Ki t chen st orage shoul d be provi ded i n t he f orm
of wal l and base cabi net s as f ol l ows :
Shel vi ng: 40 sq f t
Drawers: 7 sq f t
Ki t chen st orage shoul d be desi gned t o sat i sf y t he
f ol l owi ng
requi rement s ( Fi g. 27):
1 .
Usabl e st orage space
i n
or under st oves,
or under wal l ovens, when provi ded i n t he
f orm
of
shel ves
or drawers t hat rol l out ,
may be i ncl uded i n t he mi ni mumshel f area.
2. Convent i onal base cabi net s over count er
t ops shal l not be deeper t han 12 i nches
and t he hi ghest shel f shal l be no more t han
66 i nches f romt he f l oor.
3. Nocabi net or shel f space shoul d be l ocat ed
above ref ri gerat ors.
4. The mi ni mumcl earance bet ween count er
t ops and wal l shel ves shal l be 24 i nches
at t he si nk and 15 i nches i n ot her l ocat i ons .
5. At l east 80 percent of
al l shel vi ng shal l
be
encl osed by cabi net ry or a pant ry. Cabi net
doors shal l have rounded edges.
100
Fi g. 29 Wal l - hung ref ri gerat or .
Fi g. 28 Ki t chen arrangement .
Fi g. 26

Desi rabl e knee space at ki t chen si nk.
Fi g. 27 Ki t chen st orage and count er space.
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFOR THEELDERLY
7. Wal l - mount ed hangi ng
devi ces f or cooki ng
ut ensi l s such as pot s, pans, l ar ge spoons,
et c. , shoul d be pr ovi ded at conveni ent l oca-
t i ons
.
PERSONAL
HYGIENEEQUIPMENT
The f ol l owi ng r equi r ement s ar e t he mi ni mum
equi pment
speci f i cat i ons f or el der l y devel op-
ment s; t hey ar e al so appl i cabl e f or adopt i on f or
use
by t he handi capped. Each r equi r ement i s ac-
compani ed by l ocat i onal and
si ze par amet er s .
The Lavat or y Basi n Each
bat hr oomor l avat or y
shal l have a l avat or y basi n f i r ml y suppor t ed t o
wi t hst and pul l i ng or
l eani ng l oads of up t o 300
pounds. Vani t y cabi net s ar e not r ecommended
as t hey
r equi r e
excessi ve
st oopi ng and l eani ng
t o be used. Vani t y count er t ops
ar e desi r abl e.
Pr ovi si on f or st or age
shoul d be made i n wal l - hung
cabi net r y wher e necessar y.
Basi ns shoul d be of
t he cant i l ever t ype, ei t her
wal l - mount ed on chai r hanger s or mount ed i n
a
vani t y t op. An
i nst al l at i on of t hi s ki nd i s mor e
easi l y used by someone i n awheel chai r . The most
desi r abl e
mount i ng hei ght f or basi ns wi l l pr ovi de
a mi ni mumcl ear di mensi on bel owt he basi n and/
or
vani t y t op of 2 f eet and 2 i nches and pl ace
t he t op of t he basi n and/ or count er 2
f eet and
9i nches
above t he f l oor . Wat er t aps on basi ns
shoul d be l ow pr of i l e wi t h cr oss shaped or
l ever
handl es . Round
knobs shoul d not be used. ( See
Fi g. 30a. )
The Wat er Cl oset Each
bat hr oom
or l avat or y
shal l have a wat er cl oset wi t h a seat hei ght of
17i nches ( t he el der l y
have di f f i cul t y wi t h seat i ng
and st andi ng mot i ons) . If user s i n wheel chai r s ar e
ant i ci pat ed, t he seat hei ght shoul d be 20i nches .
Wher e economi cal l y f easi bl e,
t he wat er cl oset
shoul d
be of t he wal l - hung t ype f or conveni ence
i n f l oor cl eani ng. ( See Fi g. 30b. )
The t oi l et - paper
hol der shoul d be l ocat ed i n f r ont of or
di r ect l y
at t he si de of t he wat er cl oset ,
i n a posi t i on wher e
l eani ng or t wi st i ng i s not r equi r ed t o use i t .
Bat h and Shower
The quest i on of whet her a
bat ht ub or shower i s mor e desi r abl e has been
debat ed at l engt h. It has
been f ai r l y wel l est ab-
l i shed
t hat shower s ar e bot h cl eaner and saf er
t han bat ht ubs, and shower s seemt o bet t er
meet
t he
goal of ext endi ng t he span of i ndependent
l i vi ng f or t he el der l y. Many el der l y per sons,
how-
ever , enj oy and need t he t her apeut i c benef i t s of
a si t z bat h. The si t uat i on coul d
easi l y be r esol ved
by
pr ovi di ng bot h a shower and a bat ht ub i n
separ at e i nst al l at i ons ; however , t hi s i s
not eco-
nomi cal l y
f easi bl e . It seems, t her ef or e, t hat acom-
pr omi se i s r equi r ed, t hat i s, a speci al l y
manuf ac-
t ur ed t ub/ shower
combi nat i on. Thi s compr omi se
i s t he r ecommended sol ut i on, al t hough shower s
wi l l be
consi der ed wher e cent r al bat ht ubs ar e
pr ovi ded on each occupi ed f l oor ( one
t ub f or
t went y dwel l i ng uni t s)
.
Bat ht ubs shoul d have cont r ol s
t hat ar e easi l y
oper at ed f r omout si de of t he t ub wi t hout exces-
si ve l eani ng or st r et chi ng
and shoul d i ncl ude an
aut omat i c mi xi ng val ve wi t h an upper t emper a-
t ur e l i mi t of 120
degr ees F. Tubs shal l have a
f l at bot t om wi t h a nonsl i p sur f ace. Abr asi ve
t apes
and heavy, shar p t ext ur es shoul d be
avoi ded. The si des of t he bat ht ub shoul d
not be
hi gher
t han
15
i nches and t he l engt hwi se di men-
si on shoul d not be l ess t han 60 i nches .
Wher e shower s
ar e pr ovi ded i nst ead of bat h-
t ubs ( t hat i s, wher e cent r al i zed bat ht ubs
ar e avai l -
abl e) , t hey shal l be of
suf f i ci ent si ze t o al l ow
t he bat her t o st and or si t out si de of
t he
ar ea
of t he
spr ay whi l e soapi ng hi s ( her ] body. The
shower encl osur e shoul d be equi pped
wi t h af ol d-
i ng seat as si t t i ng shower s pr ol ong i ndependence
f or t hose whoei t her r equi r e
assi st ance i n st andi ng
or
who ar e compl et el y i nf i r m. As ment i oned
above, t he shower head shoul d be
var i abl e i n
hei ght
and pr ef er abl y of t he det achabl e t ype wi t h
a f l exi bl e head. Thehi ghest
shower head posi t i on
shoul d not
exceed 60i nches .
Shower cont r ol s
shoul d be easi l y r eachabl e
f r omout si de t he shower st al l and shoul d i ncl ude
bot han aut omat i c
mi xi ngval ve l i mi t i ng t he maxi -
mumwat er t emper at ur e at t he head t o 120de-
gr ees F. ,
and a wat er t emper at ur e t est i ng spout
t o be used by t he bat her bef or e
ent er i ng t he
shower . The
soap di sh and gr ab bar shoul d be
conveni ent l y l ocat ed 51
i nches
above
t he f l oor
of
t he shower . Wher e t echni cal l y f easi bl e, t he
r ai sed ent r ance cur b shoul d be
el i mi nat ed. If gl ass
i s used i n t he shower encl osur e,
i t shal l be t em-
per ed f or saf et y
.
Soap di shes and si mi l ar
at t achment s shoul d
be r ecessed. Wat er
cont r ol s shoul d be pl aced so
t hat t hey ar e not a hazar d ei t her i n
nor mal usage
or when t he
bat her sl i ps .
Bat ht ubs shal l be equi pped wi t h shower
heads.
The shower head shoul d
be adj ust abl e i n hei ght
and, pr ef er abl y, det achabl e wi t h a f l exi bl e
head.
Ther e shoul d
be sever al wal l posi t i ons f or t he
head t o f i x i t at var i ous hei ght s . Bat ht ubs
shal l
be equi pped wi t h
a det achabl e
seat
whi ch al l ows
t he bat her t o shower si t t i ng down. A
gr ab bar
and soap di sh, pl aced at a
hi gh l evel about 51
i nches f r omt he bot t omof t he t ub wi l l
avoi d t he
necessi t y t o bend down
f or soap or t o use t he
shower cur t ai n f or suppor t when t aki ng
a shower .
Gl ass encl osur es i nst ead
of shower cur t ai ns ar e
not advi sabl e as t hey f ur t her r est r i ct
get t i ng i n
and out of t he t ub.
Gr ab
Bar s Gr ab bar s ar e gener al l y
over used
andsomet i mes bear
l i t t l e r el at i onshi p t o t he anat -
omy of t he human body. If i mpr oper l y
l ocat ed,
t hey
not onl y f ai l t o ser ve t he user but t hey can
al so become a hazar d i f someone
shoul d sl i p.
Gr ab
bar s
shoul d be used
j udi ci ousl y and wher -
ever possi bl e l ocat ed t o ser ve mor e
t han onebat h-
r oomposi t i on. Bar s
shoul d be appr oxi mat el y 1
i nch i n di amet er , be capabl e of
wi t hst andi ng a
pul l i ng
or hangi ng l oad of 300pounds, and be
f i xed t o st r uct ur e member s r at her
t han t o wal l
f i ni shes or
mat er i al s . Ther e shoul d be at l east
one gr ab bar at t he wat er cl oset and
anot her
i n t he
bat ht ub or shower , l ocat ed and i n t he con-
f i gur at i on shown i n Fi g. 31.
St or age and Mi r r or The pr ef er r ed pr ovi si on f or
st or age needs i s a l ar ge
mi r r or behi nd t he l avat or y
( not a
medi ci ne cabi net / mi r r or combi nat i on)
and
a separ at e
st or age uni t , bui l t i nt o a wal l , l ar ge
enough t o hol d bot h medi ci ne/ t oi l et r i es
and t ow-
el s. The st or age uni t shoul d be l ocat ed
so t hat
r eachi ng acr oss count er t ops
i s not r equi r ed. If
t owel st or age i s l ocat ed ext er nal l y i n a
l i nen
cl oset , t he bat hr oom
shal l have a mi r r or behi nd
t he l avat or y and a separ at e medi ci ne
cabi net
whi ch i s
conveni ent t o t he l avat or y but pl aced
so t hat excessi ve r eachi ng i s not
r equi r ed.
El ect r i c Out l et s

Aconveni ent dupl ex
out l et shal l
be l ocat ed adj acent
t o t he mi r r or and l avat or y
appr oxi mat el y 6 i nches above t he hei ght of
t he
l avat or y
and posi t i oned so t hat r eachi ng acr oss
t he l avat or y or count er t op i s not r equi r ed.
101
Fi g. 30
Fi g. 31

Bat h and shower .
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFORTHE
HANDICAPPED
THENEIGHBORHOOD
Accessi bi l i t y
t o communi t y ser vi ces and
f aci l i t i es i s
t he f i r st f act or t o consi der i n si t e
sel ect i on.
Pr i mar y
ser vi ces and f aci l i t i es ar e: empl oy-
ment oppor t uni t i es; cl i ni cs; vocat i onal
r eha-
bi l i t at i on pr ogr ams ; i nexpensi ve pr i vat e and
publ i c
r ecr eat i on (such as movi es, par ks
" l i vel y"
wi t h act i vi t i es f or par t i ci pat i on and
vi ew, l i br ar i es, et c. ) ; chur ches ; st or es i ncl ud-
i ng dr ug,
gr ocer y and var i et y; bar ber and
beaut y shops; i nexpensi ve r est aur ant s
;
school s
.
Anot her i mpor t ant f act or i s
accessi bi l i t y t o
publ i c t r anspor t at i on. To t he
empl oyed i m-
pai r ed ci t i zen, as wel l as t o st af f and vi si t or s,
good publ i c t r anspor t at i on may be a
necessi t y.
To t he unempl oyed, good t r anspor t at i on
may
keep hi mi n t ouch wi t h t he wor l d, par t i ci pat i ng
i n
meani ngf ul and di gni f i ed act i vi t i es .
Eco-
nomi cal publ i c t r anspor t at i on wi t h a
near by
st op, wi t hout i nt er veni ng hazar ds, i s
hi ghl y
desi r abl e. Such t r anspor t at i on may
be ei t her
exi st i ng or assur ed by t he t i me
t he devel op-
ment i s f i r st occupi ed.
Aconveni ent l ocat i on i s so essent i al
f or
i mpai r ed per sons t hat i t may out wei gh
t he
ot her st andar ds and cr i t er i a f or eval uat i ngr esi -
dent i al
nei ghbor hoods. Nei ghbor hoods cl oset o
speci al i zed ser vi ces, such as shel t er ed
wor k-
shops, shoul d be consi der ed i f t he nei ghbor -
hood al so possesses t he ot her mor e
gener al l y
used ser vi ces and f aci l i t i es . It i s
easi er and
l ess expensi ve t o ar r ange t r anspor t at i on f or a
par t i cul ar gr oup of t enant s usi ng a si ngl e
f aci l i t y t han t o br i ng t he mul t i pl e, l ess
spe-
ci al i zed, but equal l y essent i al publ i c and pr i vat e
f aci l i t i es
and ser vi ces wi t hi n r each of al l
t enant s.
Ur ban r enewal ar eas, whi ch cont empl at e
commer ci al shoppi ng cent er s and ot her
ad-
j unct s t o housi ngneeds, may f ur ni sh
desi r abl e
si t es.
THESITE
The cr i t er i a f or sel ect i ng r esi dent i al
si t es i n
gener al shoul d appl y. [These cr i t er i a
cover
economy, t opogr aphy, subsoi l
condi t i ons, and
exi st i ng ut i l i t y ser vi ces . Si t es
subj ect t o i n-
dust r i al smoke, t r af f i c hazar ds, excessi ve
noi se, or pol l ut ed ai r shoul d be avoi ded
. ]
The si t e shoul d al l ow f or devel opment
so
t hat st r uct ur es can be or i ent ed t o gi ve r esi -
dent s t he advant ages of l ocal cl i mat e.
Odd or i r r egul ar l y shaped si t es
shoul d be
car ef ul l y eval uat ed based on amount of usabl e
l and
and cost of i t s mai nt enance.
If t he communi t y has r est r i ct i ve or di nances,
zoni ng, or ot her l ocal cont r ol s whi ch woul d
adver sel y af f ect t he pr oposed devel opment i n
a par t i cul ar l y good l ocat i on and si t e, wai ver s
shoul d be i nvest i gat ed. In appl yi ng f or such
wai ver s, i t i s i mpor t ant t o r emember t hat t he
housi ng i s t o be r esi dent i al , desi gned f or i n-
Housi ngf or t he
Physi cal l y Impai r ed, Depar t -
ment of Housi ng and
Ur ban Devel opment ,
Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1968
.
dependent l i vi ng. It i s nei t her an i nst i t ut i on
nor
a nur si ng home.
An i mpor t ant speci al consi der at i on i s sl ope
of t he si t e. For t he physi cal l y i mpai r ed,
a
compar at i vel y f l at si t e i s needed. St eeper and
mor er uggedsi t es may be used but wi t h
doubt -
f ul success. Such si t es shoul d be
eval uat ed i n
t er ms
of t hecost s of any speci al i mpr ovement s
r equi r ed t o ser ve t he l i mi t at i ons and
needs
of t he t enant s. Exampl es of such ext r a
cost s
woul d be t hose f or const r uct i ng
r et ai ni ng
wal l s t o cr eat e usef ul f l at out door
si t t i ng and
r est i ng ar eas or const r uct i ng
gent l y sl opi ng
pedest r i an r amps t hr oughout t he si t e
. Ext r a
mai nt enance cost s (upkeep of banks,
l awn
ar eas, and i n some cl i mat es snow
r emoval ,
et c. ) may r esul t i n i ncr eased r ent s.
It i s i mpor t ant t o have out l ooks,
bot h nat ur al
and cr eat ed, t hat pr ovi de
i nt er est or beaut y
and cont r i but e t o pl easant l i vi ng.
Many t en-
ant s wi l l undoubt edl y spendmor e
t i me at home
t han woul dacompar abl e gr oup
of noni mpai r ed
i ndi vi dual s. Vi ews of such t hi ngs as wooded
ar eas,
hi l l s, ni ght -l i ght s, and di st ant t r af f i c ;
of pl anes, boat s, t r ai ns and aut omobi l es
ar e
desi r abl e, and count as posi t i ve f act or s
i n
si t e sel ect i on.
Consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o
t he exi st -
i ng
andpr oposed appr oaches t o t he
si t e (st r eet
i mpr ovement , wi deni ng; sur f ace
; si dewal ks)
and publ i c ut i l i t i es .
ACCESS, RAMPS, PEDESTRIANWALKS
Access
Al l bui l di ng ent r ances t o be used by
t he t enant s
shoul d be appr oached by paved
wal ks, wi t h nonski d
sur f ace, sl oped f or dr ai n-
age, but not over 1 i n 20 (or
5 per cent ) . St eps
shoul d not
be used.
Landi ng pl at f or ms
at
al l
bui l di ng ent r ance
door s shoul d
be
l evel ,
sl oped onl y as r equi r ed
f or
dr ai nage. The pl at f or mwi dt h shoul d be at
l east 1 f t beyond
t he door j ambs. Pl at f or ms
shoul d be at
l east 3 f t deep i f door s swi ng i n,
and 5 f t
deep i f door s swi ngout , but never l ess
t han 3f t beyond
t heedge of t he f ul l y open door .
(See Fi g. 1 . )
Ramps Most wheel chai r user s can
negot i at e
a r amp sl oped 5 per cent or
l ess wi t hout assi s-
t ance. St eeper r amps l i mi t
i ndependent chai r
useandshoul d never be used. They ar e
hazar d-
ous not onl y t o wheel chai r user s
but al so t o
per sons wi t h ar t i f i ci al l i mbs and
t o t he el der l y.
Ramp sur f aces shoul d be f i r epr oof and
non-
sl i p. (See Fi g. 2. )
If t he ver t i cal hei ght r equi r es
t wo r amps t o
achi eve t he pr oper l y gr aded sl ope, t he
r amps
shoul d
be no l onger t han 20 f t , separ at ed
by a
l evel pl at f or m
at l east 5 f t -6 i n. l ong, t o pr o-
vi de ampl e
r est space. Such t wo-r unr amps may
be i n a st r ai ght
l i ne; however , a mor e desi r abl e
and
saf er ar r angement woul d be a 90 or 180
t ur n at t he pl at f or m
.
When
mor e t han t wo r amp l engt hs ar e r e-
qui r ed,
t he descent shoul d be br oken by t ur ns
t o be
negot i at ed on l evel pl at f or ms.
The
r ecommended wi dt h f or a one-way r amp
i s 3
f t bet ween handr ai l s. At l east 6f t shoul d
be
pr ovi ded f or t wo-way ci r cul at i on.
Handr ai l s and anchor s shoul d suppor t 250
Ib f or 5 mi n; t hey shoul d ext end at l east 12 i n.
(24 i n. i s
pr ef er abl e) beyond t he begi nni ngand
end of
t he r ampt o assi st per sons wi t h poor
vi si on,
and t hey shoul d be r et ur ned t o a wal l
or an
upr i ght post f or saf et y.
Handr ai l s i nst al l ed speci f i cal l y f or
chi l dr en
shoul d be at a hei ght of 24 i n. Local codes
or
speci al saf et y obj ect i ves mi ght necessi t at e
t he
i nst al l at i on of addi t i onal , hi gher r ai l s.
Pedest r i an Wal ks
Pedest r i an wal ks at st r eet
cur bs shoul d
be r amped. The r amp shoul d
not pr ot r ude
ont o t he st r eet but be i ndent ed
i nt o t he cur b
; i t shoul d have a nonsl i psur f ace
col or ed
or ange, or cur b j ambs shoul d be col -
or ed t o
assi st t hose wi t h poor vi si on. Gr eat er
sl opes
t han 2 i n 12 coul d hi nder wheel chai r
use
.
PARKING
The par ki ng
ar eas shoul d be moder at e si zed
and
conveni ent l y l ocat ed t o pr ovi de easy and
saf e access t o
ent r ances. (See Fi g. 3. )
Ther e shoul d
be no st eps or cur bs f r omt he
par ki ng
ar ea t o t he dwel l i ng bui l di ngs or t o
communi t y space.
Space shoul d be pl anned t o
el i mi nat e pedest r i an
ci r cul at i on behi nd par ked
vehi cl es-a
par t i cul ar l y hazar dous ar ea f or t he
i ndi vi dual wi t h l i mi t ed
mobi l i t y.
Adesi r abl e pl an
f or mul t i pl e par ki ng space
woul d ext end
t he par ki ng sur f ace i nt o t he
si dewal k, el i mi nat i ng
t he need f or cur bs.
Sur f ace dr ai nage
woul d pl ace t he si dewal k
at t he hi gh poi nt
and t he cent er of t he par ki ng
dr i veway at t he l owpoi nt .
Api pe r ai l i s necessar y
bet ween t he si de-
102
Fi g. 1 Si ngl e-r un ent r ance r amp.
Fi g. 2

St r eet -cur b r amp f or wheel chai r .
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFORTHEHANDICAPPED
of t he aut omat i c door opener can usual l y be
reduced by f l anki ng t he aut omat i c doors wi t h
hi nged doors f or use of t he physi cal l y uni m-
pai red. Saf et y gl ass vi si on panel s are recom-
mended f or sol i d panel bui l di ng ent rance
doors. (See Fi g. 4. )
For t hose who havepoor vi si on or are bl i nd,
t he f l oor di rect l y i nsi de or out si de t he ent rance
doors
t o mul t i f ami l y bui l di ngs shoul d ei t her
be sl i ght l y romped or have a
f i ni sh of a di f -
f erent col or, di st i ngui shabl e f rom t he sur-
roundi ng f l oor and of
a
di f f erent t ext ure t hat
wi l l provi de more gri p
f or shoe sol es, t hus
suggest i ng caut i on. Recessed f l oor mat s meet
t hese requi rement s .
Ext eri or doors shoul d be
covered by a can-
opy or hood of ampl e wi dt h. Aport e- cochere
may be f easi bl e. Acanopy or roof ed- over
ser-
vi ce ent rance al so shoul d be provi ded f or
am-
bul ances i f t he devel opment i s f or el derl y and
i mpai red persons . Ot her ent rances
may be
made f romparki ng
areas and grounds. If a
cl i ni c i s i ncl uded, a separat e ent rance
shoul d
be provi ded so t hat persons out si de t he
proj ect
who come t o t he cl i ni c wi l l
not use t he mai n
ent rance l obby-
The operat i ng hardware of ent rance doors
shoul d
be
2
f t - 10 i n. t o3 f t abovet hef l oor . Door
checks or cl osers shoul d be t headj ust abl e t en-
si on t ype, set f or mi ni mumpul l t o assi st per-
sons usi ng wheel chai rs and ot her ort hopedi c
devi ces. Pul l handl es, push bars, and pani c
hardware bars wi t h curved ends are best be-
cause t hey cont ai n no hooks or sharpangl es t o
cat ch cl ot hi ng . Al ever handl e whi ch curves
cl ose t o t he door surf ace i s a most sui t abl e
operat or f or l at ch or l ock. Ki ckpl at es 12 i n.
hi gh hel p t o reduce door mai nt enance by pre-
vent i ng abrasi ons caused by f oot rest s and
axl e hubs on wheel chai rs, et c. In mul t i f ami l y
bui l di ngs, ent rance doors normal l y used by
t enant s shoul d be provi ded wi t h key l ocks
whi ch coul d be set t o operat e as l at ches (no
keys needed) f or dayt i me use and as key l ocks
at ni ght
.
A
t enant ' s key woul d operat e t hese
l ocks and hi s apart ment door l ock. Mast er
keys shoul d be provi ded f or management use.
Publ i c Corri dors, Gal l eri es
In mi l d cl i mat es, gal l eri es
mi ght be appropri -
at e and desi rabl e f or
cross vent i l at i on, t enant
ci rcul at i on,
rel axat i on, vi si t i ng, et c
.
Gal l eri es
shoul d be at l east 7 f t wi de
t o
al l owenough
roombot h f or t enant si t t i ng
space
andt wo- way
t raf f i c of persons usi ng
crut ches or wheel -
chai rs . Handrai l s of a bri ght
col or or
mat eri al i n
bol d cont rast t o t he
wal l s shoul d be provi ded
oncorri dor wal l s
. Such handrai l s are especi al l y
hel pf ul t o peopl e wi t h
poor vi si on end t o bl i nd
persons.
To avoi d hazards, doors shoul d not swi ng
i nt o publ i c corri dors. Doors t o publ i c corri dors
wal k and parked cars t o prot ect peopl e, par-
t i cul arl y t hose wi t h poor eyesi ght , f rom
ac-
ci dent s caused by col l i di ng wi t h car bumpers.
For wheel chai r users, t he mi ni mumwi dt h of
parki ng bays i s 11 f t (12 f t i s desi rabl e) . Ot her
ort hopedi c equi pment users wi l l requi re
at
l east a 9 f t wi dt h. The wi der bays shoul d be
nearest t he bui l di ng ent rances. For t hese t en-
ant s, covered parki ng i s desi rabl e.
Parki ng bays f or t he noni mpai red may have
a mi ni mumwi dt h of 8 f t - 6 i n. under unusual ,
rest ri ct ed ci rcumst ances. However, t hegeneral
rul e shoul d be 9 f t . Parki ng areas shoul d not
be permi t t ed t o obst ruct or domi nat e vi ews
f romi ndoor recreat i on areas or dwel l i ngs.
DUTDODR
AREAS, LIGHTING, ANDPLANTING
Out door
f aci l i t i es and areas (wal ks, ramps,
dri ves,
parki ng and recreat i onal areas, et c. )
shoul d be sl oped f or
drai nage andbe properl y
i l l umi nat ed
f or saf e ci rcul at i on. Li ght s shoul d
be pl aced and angl ed t o permi t good percep-
t i on f romi nsi de
t he bui l di ng.
Exi st i ng
t rees, st reams, or rock out croppi ng
of t he
si t e shoul d be ret ai ned where possi bl e
i n order t o preserve
nat ural beaut y. Pl ant i ng
(a f ewl arge
speci mens ski l l f ul l y l ocat ed) , wi t h
emphasi s on recreat i onal and si t t i ng areas,
cont ri but es t o enj oyment and creat es a more
pl easant envi ronment . Pl ant i ng around parki ng
area wi l l enhance t he si t e.
The surf aces
of concent rat ed use areas
shoul d be paved f or maxi mum
saf et y, use, and
i nt erest . For l arge
paved areas, several mat e-
ri al s of vari ed col or,
desi gn, and t ext ure are
recommended t o provi de
a pl easant vi sual di -
versi t y. Nonsl i psurf aces are desi rabl e- rough
surf aces
general l y
present i n f i el dst one are
not recommended.
Rest or si t t i ng areas shoul d be prot ect ed
f romwi nt er wi nds and excessi ve
summer sun
.
Some of t hemshoul d provi de
a
vi ew
of t he
st reet or of ot her pl aces where
t here i s ani -
mat ed act i vi t y . The best way t o provi de
shade
i s t o use l arge t rees or smal l , at t ract i ve shel -
t ers, or bot h.
Fl oweri ng t rees andshrubbery can
enhance
pl easant ness and pot ent i al enj oyment
of t he
set t i ng
.
One- st ory dwel l i ng bui l di ngs and
ot her
st ruct ures, where appropri at e, shoul d
have
out door f l ower pl ant i ng areas f or
t he t enant s,
pref erabl y at or near ent rance door .
Every ef f ort shoul d be made t o
have a shel -
t ered bus st op
l ocat ed al t he devel opment . A
mai l deposi t ory box
at t he same l ocat i on woul d
be
desi rabl e.
Ameni t i es
such as a wat er f ount ai n or a
ref l ect i ng
pool can be i ncl uded i f f unds are
avai l abl e. Al so, i t maybe possi bl e t o encourage
donat i ons of scul pt ure
and ot her works of art
f rom
ci vi c- mi nded l ocal groups i nt erest ed i n
maki ng t hi s housi ng a vi sual asset t o t he resi -
dent s and t he ent i re communi t y.
Fut ure ease of grounds' mai nt enance shoul d
be kept i n mi nd duri ng t he pl anni ng and desi gn
st age. However,
achi evi ng t he best possi bl e
l i vi ng
envi ronment i s t he pri mary obj ect i ve.
DWELLINGSTRUCTURES
Ent rances
Ent rance doors t o mul t i f ami l y
st ruct ures, com-
muni t y cent ers, and ot her publ i c- use
space
shoul dprovi dea cl ear mi ni mumwi dt h
passage
of 3 f t .
Ent rance doors t o i ndi vi dual dwel l i ngs
shoul dprovi de a cl ear mi ni mumwi dt h passage
of 2 f t - 10 i n . Threshol ds t hat proj ect above
t he
f l oor shoul d be avoi ded whenpossi bl e. If
a pro-
j ect i on i s unavoi dabl e, i t shoul d be no hi gher
t han Y , i n. , f eet heredged t o
t he
f l oor, and
5 t o
6 i n. wi de .
Hi nged ent rance doors t o dwel l i ngs
are t he
most economi cal and
saf est .
Revol vi ng
doors
shoul d
never
be i nst al l ed; t hey must be col -
l apsedf or wheel chai r users andarepart i cul arl y
hazardous f or users of ot her ort hopedi c equi p-
ment . For ent rance
doors t o a
mul t i f ami l y
bui l di ng, i t i s beat t o have aut omat i c door
openers, wi t h f l oor mat act i vat i on, f l ush wi t h
f l oor . Such mechani sms
shoul d
f ul l y
open t he
door wi t hout rest ri ct i ng t he cl ear
3- f t
mi ni mum
passage- If t he openi ng mechani sm
f ai l s t o
f unct i on, t he door operat i on shoul d aut omat i -
cal l y revert t o manual operat i on. Mai nt enance
103
Fi g. 4

Bui l di ng ent rance doors anddoors t o publ i c space shoul d have vi si on panel s .
Fi g. 3

Parki ng. Wheel bumper not recommended as car overhangs very .
Resi dent i al
HOUSING
FORTHEHANDICAPPED
shoul d be
l ocat ed on t he basi s of wal ki ngdi s-
t ance, cl i mat e, and conveni ence.
Laundry rooms must accommodat e t he
nec-
essary equi pment : work t abl e, i roni ng board
whi ch i s adj ust abl e f or st andi ng or si t t i ng,
hangi ng rack, t abl e and chai rs f or rest and
soci abi l i t y.
Tenant General St orage
Cent ral st orage i s not recommended f or dwel l -
i ngs wi t h one- and t wo- person occupancy-
t he general st orage provi ded wi t hi n t he dwel l -
i ngs wi l l suf f i ce.
Mai l boxes
In cot t age- t ype devel opment s, where mai l i s
del i vered t o t he i ndi vi dual dwel l i ng uni t , a
mai l recept acl e must be provi ded. The best
t ype i s t he mai l sl ot wi t h a recei vi ng box i nsi de,
t het opof whi ch i s 2 f t - 10 i n. t o 3f t above t he
f l oor . Impai red persons shoul d not be expect ed
t o pi ck up mai l f rom t he f l oor . Amai l box
mount ed out si de i s not desi rabl e. Mai l sl ot s
shoul d not be l ocat ed i n ent rance doors where
l ocked screen doors may make t hemi nacces-
si bl e t o t he mai l man or t he i nsi de boxwoul d
i nt erf ere wi t h door openi ng at l east 90 .
Mai l boxes i n a mul t i st ory st ruct ure are usu-
al l y i nst al l edi n rows st acked above each ot her.
Somet i mes, because of l i mi t ed wal l space, t he
t op rows are beyond t he reach of wheel chai r
users; f or t hemt he l ocks t o t hei r boxes shoul d
not exceed 4f t - 3i n. above t he f l oor . The l ocal
post of f i ce shoul d be consul t ed when pl anni ng
t hi s f eat ure.
Separat e mai l boxes f or communi t y space
st af f workers are desi rabl e, especi al l y when
t he management of f i ce, where t hey woul d
ot herwi se recei ve t hei r busi ness mai l , i s l o-
cat ed at some di st ance f rom t he communi t y
space.
DWELLING
UNITS
General
The maj or probl ems i n desi gni ng most
"rent al
housi ng" f or t he physi cal l y i mpai red are howt o
provi de maxi muml i vabi l i t y and saf et y
f or per-
sons wi t h i mpai rment s t hat vary i n nat ure and
degree. These probl ems are somewhat mi t i -
gat ed when t he housi ng i s t o be
desi gned t o
ai d a speci f i c t ype of i mpai red i ndi vi dual , such
as t he bl i nd or t he cardi ac. The recommenda-
t i ons t hat f ol l ow, however, are based on
t he
f act t hat t he uni t s wi l l be occupi ed by peopl e
who have varyi ng t ypes of
i mpai rment , such
as t hose wi t h l i t t l e or novi si on
whomayor may
not use a gui de dog; t hose usi ng
wheel chai rs
or crut ches ; and t hose whose physi cal
con-
di t i on requi res
t he conservat i on of energy
t hough t hey use no ort hopedi c
devi ces.
For roomdi vi si ons of t he
dwel l i ng pl an,
ei t her
f i xed
or movabl e
part i t i ons are sui t abl e.
Di vi si ons may be achi eved
by movabl e wood
cl oset s t hat do not reach t he
cei l i ng or byf i xed
or
movabl e baf f l e wal l s,
whi ch are part i cul arl y
sui t abl e
i n
warmcl i mat es .
Adesi rabl e f eel i ng
of l arger space i s creat ed
when t he cei l i ngs of
adj oi ni ng rooms vi si bl y f l owf romone t o an-
ot her.
Al l
bat hrooms shoul d be
encl osed by f l oor-
t o- cei l i ng part i t i ons
.
Ki t chens may be
baf f l ed or shi el ded. When
t he open pl an i s used, t he
ki t chen shoul d be
f an- vent i l at ed. Vi ewof ki t chen equi pment f rom
t he l i vi ng roomand ent rance
t o t he dwel l i ng
t hrough t he ki t chen shoul d be
avoi ded.
Each uni t shoul d have suf f i ci ent space t o
shoul d be i dent i f i ed by rai sed, bri ght l y
col ored
l et t ers t o ai d t he bl i nd and t hose
wi t h poor
vi si on. An i mport ant saf et y precaut i on i s
i den-
t i f i cat i on of doors not i nt ended f or normal use
whi ch woul d expose bl i nd persons t o danger i f
used. Such doors, when key l ocked, may pro-
vi de suf f i ci ent prot ect i on.
No col umns, radi at ors, dri nki ng f ount ai ns,
t el ephone boot hs, pi pes, or ot her proj ect i ons
shoul d prot rude i nt o publ i c corri dors.
Publ i c St ai rs
or Fi re Towers
There shoul d be no st ai rs
or st eps i n t he
st ruct ure except t hose cont ai ned wi t hi n f i re
t owers f or emergency use. Even such
st ai rs
shoul d be especi al l y pl anned. Si ngl e- run
st ai rs bet ween f l oors are not desi rabl e; at
l east one l andi ngshoul d be used,
t wo i n f l oor-
t o- f l oor hei ght over 9 f t . St rai ght runs
bet ween
f l oors are not advi sabl e; runs
wi t h 90 or 160
t urns at l andi ngs are recommended. The most
desi rabl e st ai r woul d have a 6- t o 6y~- i n. ri ser
and an 11- i n. mi ni mumt read. The 11- i n. t read
pl aces t he bal l of t he descender' s f oot i nsi de
t he st ai r nosi ng. Asaf et y nosi ng shoul d be
used whi ch does not proj ect beyond t he ri ser
and whi ch i s di st i nct i n col or f romt he rest of
t he t read, pref erabl y l i ght er . Ri sers shoul d
sl ope f orward bet ween 1 and 1 Y2 i n. to permi t
t he ascender' s heel t o rest saf el y on t he t read.
(See Fi g. 5. )
St ai r wal l handrai l s shoul d cont i nue around
t he pl at f ormt o hel p anyone usi ngt he st ai r who
i s bl i nd or has poor vi si on. The rai l s shoul d
carrya6- t i n- i n. marki ngf or hand f eel 2 f t bef ore
t he f i rst down ri ser at bot h f l oor and l andi ng
l evel s . St eel pi pes canbe markedby def ormi ng,
or by a cont i nuous rai sed wel di ng, ground
smoot h, or by a smoot h wel ded st ri p. Wooden
rai l s can be shaved, not ched, or marked wi t h
domed- end wood dowel s .
Open or grat i ng- t ype f i re escapes are not
recommended.
El evat ors
It shoul d not be necessary t o go t hrough t he
l obby t o reach an ambul ance. If t here i s no
l ower- l evel ent rance, t he approach shoul d be
t hrough a rear or si de door i n t he el evat or,
t hence t o t he seryi ce ent rance t o t he ambu-
l ance.
Sel f - servi ce el evat ors shoul d l evel aut omat i -
cal l y at l andi ngs and have aut omat i c sl i di ng
cab and hoi st way doors wi t h del ayed cl osi ng,
pl us t wopush but t ons bot h overri di ng t he de-
l ay t i mi ng, one hol di ngdoors open, t he ot her
t o cl ose t he doors. An emergency sound al arm
syst emand a cabt el ephone f or emergency use
shoul d be i nst al l ed i n each el evat or . Cabhand-
rai l s are requi red. Cabcont rol panel shoul d be
set at a hei ght conveni ent t o persons
i n
wheel -
chai rs, t he l owest but t ons 3f t above t he f l oor .
The panel l ocat i on shoul d be on t he si de cab
wal l 1 f t backf romt hef ront , ot herwi seawheel -
chai r wi l l bl ock most of t he cab ent ry.
Back- l i ght ed
but t ons
wi t h
rai sed
f i gures
shoul d be used t o assi st t hose wi t h poor vi si on
and t he bl i nd. These peopl e
wi l l
need some
soundi ngdevi ce whi ch woul d i dent i f y t he
next
f l oor
st op.
Si nce st ai rways are of no use t o some, con-
si derat i on shoul d be gi ven t o emergency power
t o operat e at l east one el evat or .
Inci nerat or Chut es
Inci nerat or chut e hopper doors shoul d be
l ower t han normal . A2- f t maxi mumhei ght f rom
f l oor t o hi nge i s recommended.
Large hopper doors are desi rabl e f or con-
veni ence andmai nt enance. For t he conveni ence
of persons i n wheel chai rs, hopper doors shoul d
be i nst al l ed i n open corri dor or al cove, a l oca-
t i on f ound sat i sf act ory f or t he el derl y. Where
codes prohi bi t t hi s, a wai ver shoul d be re-
quest ed. Ant erooms are most i nconveni ent f or
many i mpai red persons- sel f - cl osi ng doors
add compl i cat i ons f or users of ort hopedi c
equi pment and wheel chai rs. (See Fi g. 6. )
Laundry Faci l i t i es
Laundry f aci l i t i es shoul d be ei t her i n one
cen-
t ral area or grouped i n several areas
. Conces-
si onai res who f urni sh and mai nt ai n
coi n-
operat ed washi ng and dryi ng machi nes
general l y f avor, f or t hei r conveni ence,
cent ral
l aundry
f aci l i t i es . Conveni ent l y l ocat ed group
l aundri es are usual l y pref erred by t he i mpai red
and el derl y t enant s and are recommended.
One aut omat i c washi ng machi ne
and bat ch
dryer shoul d be i nst al l ed f or each 20 one- and
t wo- person f ami l i es (one f or 17 ot her f ami l i es)
or f ract i on t hereof . In l arge cent ral l aundri es,
i t
i s
possi bl e t o use cabi net - t ype dryers whi ch
can handl e more t han onebat ch- usef ul i n proj -
ect s whi ch i ncl ude l arge f ami l i es . In mul t i f am-
i l y bui l di ngs, group l aundri es may be l ocat ed
oneachf l oor or on some f l oors and not ot hers,
whi chever i s requi red t o meet t he demand. In
cot t age- t ype devel opment s, l aundry f aci l i t i es
Fi g. 5 Int eri or st ai r.
Fi g. 6

Inci nerat or chut e hopper doors.
Resi dent i al
105
* "Handbook f or Desi gn: Speci al l y Adopt ed
Hous-
i ng, " VAPamphl et 26- 13, Vet er ans Admi ni st r at i on,
Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1978.
Fi g. 7

Aver age cl ear ances . Sour ce: "An Il l ust r at ed Handbookof t he Handi capped Sect i on
of
t he Nor t h Car ol i na
St at e Bui l di ng Code, " Ral ei gh, 1977.
Fi g. 8 Typi cal di mensi ons. *
Fi g. 9

Wheel chai r
di mensi ons. *
Fi g. 10 Typi cal di mensi ons. *
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFORTHE
HANDICAPPED
assure sui t abl e l i vi ng, sl eepi ng, cooki ng, and
di ni ng accommodat i ons pl us adequat e st orage
and sani t ary f aci l i t i es . The space shoul d be
pl anned t o permi t pl acement of f urni t ure and
essent i al equi pment f or ci rcul at i on by wheel -
chai r users and t hose on crut ches. ( See Fi gs .
7- 10. )
Li vi ng Room
In general , dwel l i ng ent rance shoul d be by
way of t he l i vi ng room. Ent rance t hrough t he
ki t chen i s not desi rabl e. For f ami l i es wi t hout
chi l dren, a combi ned l i vi ngdi ni ng roomar-
rangement i s pref erabl e t o a ki t chen- di ni ng
roomcombi nat i on. Awheel chai r requi res at
l east 2 f t - 6 i n . seat i ng
spaceat t he di ni ng t abl e.
Di ni ng by a wi ndow, t he st ool
of whi ch i s
no hi gher t han t he di ni ng
t abl e, i s pl easant ,
and part i cul arl y
desi rabl e f or t he el derl y or
i mpai red persons.
Food servi ce
f romt he ki t chen t o t he l i vi ng-
di ni ng
area shoul d be di rect , wi t hout t urni ng
corners, and t he di st ance
shoul d be as short as
possi bl e. Apart i t i on bet ween t he l i vi ng room
and ki t chen shoul d be provi ded. Abaf f l e wal l ,
wi t h post s at t ached t o f l oor and cei l i ng, t he
mat eri al bet ween t he post s not reachi ng ei t her
t he f l oor or cei l i ng, makes a qui t e sui t abl e
part i t i on and creat es a sense of space. Pre-
f abri cat ed wood cl oset s rest i ng on t he f l oor
and not qui t e reachi ng t he cei l i ng
al so make
sui t abl e l i vi ng room- bedroom part i t i ons i n
dwel l i ngs f or one and perhaps t wo persons.
In t hese smal l dwel l i ngs, t he resul t i ng open
pl an makes t he space l ook l arger t han i t i s .
Ki t chen
The ki t chen f or t he physi cal l y i mpai red
requi res more consi dered at t ent i on t han any
ot her room. Unl i ke t he l i vi ng room, such a
ki t chen may requi re more space t han one f or
t he noni mpai red.
A5- f t mi ni mumwi dt h shoul d be provi ded
f or wheel chai r t urns bet ween count ers on op-
posi t e wal l s or bet ween count er and opposi t e
wal l .
Count er
t ops shoul d be set 2 f t - 10i n . above
t he
f l oor, a workabl e hei ght f rombot h wheel -
chai r and st andi ng
posi t i ons.
Base cabi net s
shoul d have a recessed t oe
space 6 i n
.
deep and
8Y.
i n. hi gh t o al l owt he
wheel chai r
homemaker t o get cl ose t o t he
count er and t o permi t maneuverabi l i t y. A
mi ni mumopen space 2f t - 4 i n
.
wi de shoul d be
provi ded under t he si nk. Base cabi net st orage
space i nvol vi ng hi nged doors and f i xed or
adj ust abl e shel ves shoul dnot be used, because
many i mpai red
persons cannot band down
enough t o use t hem. Base cabi net st orage i s
most usabl e when drawers of vari ous dept hare
provi ded and revol vi ng uni t s are i nst al l ed at
t he reent rant corners. Pul l - out vert i cal uni t s
at one or bot h si des of t he work cent er al so
aredesi rabl e. ( See Fi g. 11. )
The ki t chen si nk shoul d be 4 i n. deep, si ngl e
compart ment f or one- or t wo- person dwel l i ng
and si ngl e or doubl e compart ment f or l arger
dwel l i ngs. The drai n shoul d be at t he rear of
t he si nk t o provi de maxi mumcl earance f or
knees and
cl earance under t he si nk f or st and-
ard wheel chai r arms, 29 i n . above f l oor . At
t hi s hei ght , t he wheel chai r homemaker can
reach t he i nsi de bot t omof t he si nk wi t hout
undue
st ress . Thi s hei ght i s al so sui t abl e f or
t he st andup user wi t hout unnecessary bend-
i ng. ( See Fi g. 12. )
When a st ai nl ess st eel si nk i s used, under-
coat i ng shoul d be appl i ed t o prevent conden-
sat i on, whi chal so act s as i nsul at i on . Asi ngl e-
l ever- handl e wat er- cont rol mi xi ng f aucet
shoul d be provi ded. Thi s t ype i s t he easi est t o
Sust ai ned cont act wi t h t he undersi de of a
si nk or t rap f i l l ed wi t h hot wat er coul d burn
persons i n a si t t i ng posi t i on who l ack l eg or
knee sensat i on. An i nsul at i ng board under t he
si nk i s not a sol ut i on, because t he hot wat er at
t hef aucet and i n t he si nk may be bet ween 130
t o 140"F, whi ch i s a hazard t o a person l ack-
i ng hand sensat i on. Amuch saf er way
i s t o
cont rol al l del i vered hot wat er
at a maxi mum
of 120 F. Recent t est s
showed t hat wi t h 120"F
wat er at t he f aucet , t he wat er i n t he under-
coat ed st ai nl ess st eel si nk was 112"F
and a
saf e 95 t o 100 Fon t he si nk' s undercoat i ng.
The maxi mumhot - wat er t emperat ure
cont rol
shoul d be under management
supervi si ononl y,
whi ch
may be t he cont rol recommended i n t he
bat hroom.
One arrangement f or t he work cent er woul d
have a kneehol e openi ng, 2 f t wi de mi ni mum
( 2 f t - 4 i n. i s desi rabl e) , f l anked wi t h vert i cal
pul l - out uni t s about 12 i n. wi de. The vert i cal
uni t s shoul d ext ent f romunder t he
count er t o
operat e f or t hose wi t h hand i nf i rmi t i es . The
swi ng spout shoul d have a bui l t - i n aerat or t o
prevent spl ash,
especi al l y
i n a shal l ow si nk.
The si nk wast e l i ne shoul d have a cl ose- f i t t i ng
el bowl eadi ng
t o t he t rap
i nst al l ed near,
and
paral l el t o, t he back wal l .
t oe space, wi t h cont ent accessi bl e f romt he
kneehol e si de when t he uni t s are pul l ed out .
One f l anker uni t coul d be used f or hangi ng
ut ensi l s f roma peg board. ( See Fi gs . 13- 21. )
The ot her, i f i nst al l ed, coul d be used f or
suppl i es and
shoul d have adj ust abl e
shel ves
.
Space f or t he st orage of addi t i onal suppl i es
shoul d be provi ded on t he count er or i n wal l
cabi net s di rect l y i n f ront of t he work cent er .
Anot her work cent er arrangement woul d be
t he ri ght - hand pedest al 16 t o 18 i n. wi de
wi t h drawers, no l ef t pedest al ; i t i s desi rabl e
t o i ncrease t he open space t o 28or 30 i n. The
st orage cabi net above t he count er may consi st
of open adj ust abl e shel ves.
Al apboard pul l - out shel f beneat h t he
count er at t he work cent er shoul d be i nst al l ed
t o provi de a worki ng surf ace f or mi xi ng and
cut t i ng operat i ons. Thi s shel f shoul d be adj ust -
abl e i n hei ght at 2- i n . i nt erval s f romabout 2 i t -
2 i n. above t he f l oor t o t he under- count er posi -
106
Fi g. 13

Work cent er el evat i on.
Fi g. I1

Ki t chen si nk and base cabi net el evat i on and sect i on
.
Resi dent i al
107
Fi g. 15

Count er-mount ed cook t op. Fi g. 17 Si nk.
Fi g. 19

Knee-space cl earance
.
Fi g. 40 Armrest cl earance. Fi g. 18 Di sposal si nk.
Fi g. 16

Knee-recess work area.
Fi g. 14 Ki t chen arrangement s . '
Resi dent i al
A
5y, - i n
. - wi de open shel f pl aced 7 i n. bel ow

arat e oven, wi t h a l ef t or
ri ght si de- hi nged
t he
wal l cabi net s may be desi rabl e at some

door dependi ng on count er- t op
space and f ront
l ocat i on .

cont rol s, shoul d be i nst al l ed so
t hat t he hei ght
Cabi net s shoul d never be i nst al l ed above

of t he pul l - out oven shel f at t he
l owest posi t i on
count er- t op
burners or ovens . Such pl acement

i s at count er- t op l evel . Thi s permi t s
t ransf er
creat es a f i re hazardt o t he person reachi ng f or

of hot pans f romoven t o
count er conveni ent l y
st ored
art i cl es because hi s cl ot hi ng mi ght i g-

and saf el y. Ovens wi t h gl i de- up
doors are al so
ni t e or he
mi ght acci dent al l y drop t he art i cl es

sat i sf act ory .
i nt o boi l i ng
wat er or hot grease.

El ect ri cal t op burners are
consi dered by
A

14- i n . - deep,

18- t o

24- i n. - wi de

cabi net ,

someas saf er t han gas burners because
t he gas
rest i ng on t he f l oor and
ext endi ng t o t he same

f l ame can more easi l y i gni t e l oose, f l i msy gar-
hei ght as t he t op wal l cabi net s i s al so very

ment s . El ect ri cal t op burners and ovens
are
usef ul
as st orage space
f or t he wheel chai r
user

general l y recommended.

'
andot hers . Ast andard 14- i n. - deepcabi net wi t h

The

recommended

t ype

of

ref ri gerat or-
adj ust abl e gy- i n. shel ves and
shal l ow i nsi de-

f reezer i s t he st andard t wo- compart ment ,
t wo-
of - door adj ust abl e shel ves pl aces
wi t hi n reach

door model wi t h f reezer compart ment
on t op
f roma st andi ng or si t t i ng
posi t i on many

and sel f - def rost i ng f or t he f ood compart ment
cooki ng ut ensi l s, di shes, and
packaged f ood

onl y. Pul l - out shel ves i n t he f ood compart ment
suppl i es . The door hi nges f or
such a cabi net

are
desi rabl e. Frequent def rost i ng of t he f ood
shoul d be t he cont i nuous
pi anot ype
.
The cab-

compart ment i s
a di f f i cul t operat i on f or many
i net bot t omcan be used f or st ori ng servi ng

i mpai red persons .
t rays, cooki e sheet s, muf f i n pans,
et c. , when

The ref ri gerat or l ocat i on i n t he ki t chen
t he usual di vi ders are
i nst al l ed sl ant i ng ei t her

shoul d
never be adj acent t o heat - produci ng
hori zont al l y or vert i cal l y, t hus
i ncreasi ng t he

equi pment
such as t he oven, t op burner, or
cabi net ' s dept h and usef ul ness
.

wat er heal er .
The st andard range,
wi t h oven bel owand

As t o garbage
gri nders, t he cont i nuous- f eed
bot t omhi nged door,
i s unsat i sf act ory and haz-

t ype of
gri nder i s more conveni ent t o use and
ardous f or t he physi cal l y
i mpai red person .

cost s l ess t o
mai nt ai n t han t he bat ch t ype and
Count er- t opburners shoul d be provi ded, pref -

i s recommended
.
erabl y wi t h f ront - of - count er cont rol s . Con-

Di shwashers are admi t t edl y desi rabl e, espe-
t rol s mount ed back of t he burners are not

ci al l y
t hose wi t h an el ect ri c heat boost er .
recommended because of t he hazardous reach

Whenever
possi bl e, nat ural l i ght and vent i l a-
i nvol ved, and cont rol s mount ed on t he count er

t i on
i n ki t chens shoul d be provi ded t hrough
t o t he si de of t he burners may i nt erf ere wi t h

wi ndows.
Art i f i ci al l i ght shoul d be di st ri but ed
t he t ransf er of pot s f romburners t o count er .

t o i l l umi nat e
al l di ni ng and cooki ng areas
Easy- t o- read l arge cont rol di al s, wi t h saf et y

ef f ect i vel y
. Any requi red mechani cal vent i l a-
f eat ure t o

prevent

acci dent al

t urn- on

of

t i on shoul d be adequat e
f or removi ng cooki ng
burners, shoul d be provi ded. To
assi st t he

f umes and odors as
wel l
as
f or summer com-
bl i nd and t hose wi t h poor vi si on, t he cont rol

f ort .
di al s, i n addi t i on t o vi sual marki ngs, shoul d
be marked, shaped, or provi ded wi t h cl i ck

Bedroom
st ops sot hat t he f i ngers can f eel such marks,
shapes, or cl i cks represent i ng t he vari ous heat

Al l
bedrooms shoul d be part i t i on- encl osed.
i nt ensi t i es at t he burner . Pushbut t on cont rol

In one-
and perhaps t wo- person dwel l i ngs,
wi t h i ndi cat or l i ght f or el ect ri cal burners i s

one wal l may be movabl e wood cl oset s, a
sat i sf act ory . Burners shoul d not be l ocat ed

baf f l e wal l , or a sl i di ng or f ol di ng part i t i on.
bel owor near a wi ndowor near a door . Asap-

Sl eepi ng- l i vi ng

room

combi nat i ons

are

not
t i on. The hardwood shel f shoul d be
cored t o
brace
f i rml y
an8- i n. di amet er mi xi ng bowl .
(See
Fi g . 22.
Under- count er or wal l - st orage space
shoul d
be provi ded, i f possi bl e, f or a smal l (perhaps
18- by
24- i n. ) t enant - owned wheel t abl e. Such
t abl es are usef ul
f or movi ng several i t ems at
one t i me f romt he
ref ri gerat or t o t he work
cent er, t o
t he di ni ng t abl e, et c.
Fi g. 22
Pul l - out shel f l opboard. Apl ast i c l ami -
nat ed work
surf ace i s recommended. The hol e i s
f or an 8- i n. - di amet er st ai nl ess st eel mi xi ng bowl
whi ch shoul d f i t snugl y when t he f op ri mi s about
1
i n. above t he shel f .
Wal l
st orage cabi net s when mount ed 12 i n .
above t he count er provi de t he maxi mumcon-
veni ent st orage, accessi bl e f roma si t t i ng posi -
t i on. The average hei ght (5 f t - 4y, i n. ) f emal e' s
reach f romf l oor t o wri st i s 6 f t st andi ng
;
4 f t - 1o i n. si t t i ng i n wheel chai r, si de reach;
4 f t - 7 i n. si t t i ng i n wheel chai r under ki t chen
count er t o f ront of wal l cabi net . St andard
wal l
cabi net s, 14 i n. deepand 30t o 34i n. hi gh wi t h
t hree adj ust abl e shel ves, are recommended.
The upper shel f of such cabi net s i s reachabl e
by t al l er, noni mpai red f ami l y members. Cabi net
doors shoul d be equi pped wi t h 3- t o 4- i n.
drawer- t ype pul l s of si mpl e desi gn and mag-
net i c or nyl on rol l er l at ches, whi ch are t he
easi est t ype t o operat e. At t he work count er,
3- i n. adj ust abl e shel ves shoul d be i nst al l ed
i nsi de of t he cabi net doors t o provi de con-
veni ent st orage f or numerous smal l i t ems .
108
Fi g. 23

Bat hroomf l oor
pl an.
Fi g. 21

Work cent er
sect i on
. Rear t rack
set
1/ 4 i n.
l ower wi l l cause shel f t o sl ope. Recommended.
recommended, nor
are rooml ayouts whi ch
requi re the bed to
be i n a corner or the
si de
of thebedto be
agai nst a wal l .
For two
or morepersons, at l east
onebed-
roomshoul d
bepl anned f or twi n beds.
Bed-
rooms
i ntended f or the i mpai red wi l l
requi re
moref l oor
area than other bedrooms i n
order
toprovi de f or
wheel chai r ci rcul ati on. At
l east
3 f t
(pref erabl y3 f t-4 i n. ) must beprovi ded
f or
a
wheel chai r al ong onesi de of onebed
andi n
f ront of
cl othes cl osets andf urni ture.
Bathroom
The bathroompresents more hazards than
any other room; theref ore, pl anni ng f or saf ety
i s of utmost i mportance. A bathroommust
be l arger thanstandard to permi t wheel chai r
use. The mi ni mal f l oor area of a caref ul l y
pl anned bathroomi s 40 to 45 sq f t . Abath-
roomthat permi ts a wheel chai r to enter but
not toturnaroundi s not desi rabl e. For maneu-
verabi l i ty, an area 45 to 55 sq f t . i s recom-
mended; however, caref ul pl anni ng i s more
i mportant thani ncreasedf l oor area. (See
Fi g.
23. )
Grab bars capabl e of supporti ng 250 I b
shoul dbeprovi dedat thewater cl oset, shower,
and el sewhere i n the bathroom. Grab bars
shoul dbe devoi dof sharp corners, wi thends
returni ng tothewal l s. Towel bars shoul dbeof
grabbar qual i ty andstrengthf or saf ety because
they mayacci dental l y be usedas grab bars.
Bathtub or shower? Weare not consi deri ng
a hospi tal , or a nursi ng home, but a dwel l i ng
f or i ndependent l i vi ng and sel f care. The oc-
cupants may be physi cal l y i mpai red, si ngl e or
marri ed, young or el derl y. Thequesti onthere-
f ore i s: what wi l l provi de a bathi ng f aci l i ty
whi chcan be usedby the most peopl e, over
the l ongest peri od of ti me, wi th the l east
hazard? Theanswer i s a speci al l y desi gned
shower wi ththese f eatures:
" No curb or step, f or ease of access,
i ncl udi ng wheel chai r.
" I nternal di mensi ons of at l east 3 f t-4 i n.
by 4 f t-6 i n.
" Ungl azedti l e f l oor-thesamef or thebath-
roomf l oor-whi chdrai ns i nto shower.
" 4-f t-6-i n. -wi de openi ng wi th sl i di ng non-
breakabl e
doors
(not
hazardous curtai ns) .
" 120 F maxi mumtemperature del i vered
hot water under management control ; thi s
control woul d al so suppl y the l avatory and
ki tchen si nk-tenant control f or l ower tem-
peratures
.
" Si ngl e
l ever mi xi ng handl e set 3 f t-6 i n.
above
f l oor, l ocated i nsi de shower compart-
ment, but reachabl e
f romoutsi de shower.
" Possi bl yaf l exi bl e
metal -coveredextensi on
spray
headwi thor wi thout hol ders at di f f erent
l evel s,
recommendedtobedetachedf or useas
handspray.
" Arecessed soap di sh-conveni ent f rom
si tti ng or
standi ng posi ti on.
" Grab bars
.
Thel avatory shoul dbeset 2f t-10 i n. above
thef l oor:
" Themaxi mumdepth, 4 i n.
" Si ngl e-l ever water control -aerator spout
.
" 120"F maxi mum-temperature hot water
under management
control -see shower con-
trol .
" Drai n openi ng at
therear of thebowl .
" A
cl ose el bowdrai n,
runto the trap, set
near
and paral l el to the
wal l -so as not to
i nterf ere
wi thkneeroom.
A square l avatory can be i nstal l ed i n a
counter top wi ththef aucet at therear (normal
posi ti on) or thel avatory canbeturnedso that
thef aucet i s ei ther totheri ght or l ef t si de. A
si de arrangement f aci l i tates use by a tenant
Resi denti al
HOUSI NGFORTHEHANDI CAPPED
109
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFOR
THEHANDICAPPED
11 0
Fi g. 31

Combi nat i on bat ht ub/ shower
.
Fi g. 32
Shower.
Fi g. 33 Shower seat .
Fi g. 27

Fl oor-mount ed wat er cl oset .
Fi g
.
29

Typi cal bat hroomarrangement .
Fi g. 34 "Rol l -i n" shower.
Fi g. 28 Lavat ory.

Fi g. 30 Bat ht ub.
" Fi gures 26-34f rom"Handbook f or Desi gn: Speci al l y Adapt ed
Housi ng, " VAPamphl et 26-13, Vet erans Admi ni s-
t rat i on, Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1978.
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFORTHE
HANDICAPPED
wi t h l i mi t edreach andcaneasi l y be convert ed
f or conveni ence of f ut ure t enant s when i t i s
i ni t i al l y provi ded wi t h f l exi bl e- t ube wat er sup-
pl i es
andampl el engt h sl i p- j oi nt t ai l pi ece wast e
l i ne. ( See Fi g. 24. )
The mi rror over t he l avat ory shoul d be us-
abl e f rombot h st andi ng and si t t i ng posi t i ons.
If f i xed t o t he wal l , t he mi rror shoul d be
t i l t ed f orward at t he t op. Bot t omhi ngedmi rror
provi ded wi t h a f ri ct i on st ay armi s avai l abl e.
Thi s mi rror permi t s t he t opt o t i l t f orward t o
any di st ance upt o6i n. andcanbe i nst al l ed on
t hemedi ci ne cabi net door.
The medi ci ne cabi net shoul d be mount edso
as t o be accessi bl e f romst andi ng or si t t i ng po-
si t i on, and i t s l ocat i on i n t he bat hroomshoul d
be
caref ul l y consi dered. ( See Fi g. 25. )
The wat er cl oset seat of st andard hei ght ,
15t o16i n. , can beused by ambul ant i mpai red
persons. Fort he semi ambul ant andot hers who
f i nd t hi s hei ght di f f i cul t , a st andard manu-
f act ured sani t ary chai r wi t h
arm rest s and
seat 18 i n. hi gh i s recommended. The advan-
t age of t hechai r i s t wof ol d; i t can al so be used
i n t he shower, and woul d not be present when
not neededby t heoccupant . Some wheel chai rs
are equi pped t o be used as t oi l et chai rs . Grab
rai l s shoul d be provi ded at t he cl oset . One
manuf act urer can suppl y an i nt egral seat ,
cover, and grab bars . ( Not e: Det achabl e ri ng
seat s t hat cl i p on t he chi na bowl or seat are
unst abl e andshoul d be avoi ded. )
Ot her recommendat i ons are showni n Fi gs .
26- 34.
St orage
Adequat e st orage space
shoul d be provi ded
wi t hi n t he dwel l i ng
. Separat e uni t s are desi r-
abl e f or hangi ng coat s
and f or bedroom, l i nen,
and general
st orage. The st orage uni t s may be
cl oset s encl osed
by part i t i ons or wood cabi -
net s, f i xed or movabl e,
t o serve as roomdi -
vi ders .
Ki t chen cabi net s are di scussed el se-
where.
The cost cl oset shoul d permi t t he hangi ng
of cl ot hi ng f rom bot h st andi ng and
si t t i ng
posi t i ons. For t he st andi ng posi t i on, t he
f i xed
shel f hei ght at 5f t - 6i n. wi t ht he cl ot hes- hang-
i ng pol e bel owi s st andard. For
t he wheel chai r
posi t i on, 4f t t o 4f t - 6 i n. i s most conveni ent .
Thel ower shel f and pol e uni t shoul d be adj ust -
abl e f rom
4f t
t o
5f t - 6i n . ( See Fi g. 35. )
For one- person dwel l i ngs, t he coat cl oset
shel ves and pol e shoul d be made adj ust abl e.
For l arger dwel l i ngs, bot h t he st andi ng posi -
t i on hei ght and t he adj ust abl e wheel chai r
hei ght shoul d be provi ded by di vi di ng t he
cl oset wi t h a wood part i t i on
. ( See Fi gs . 36
and 37. )
The bedroomcl ot hes
cl oset shoul d be di -
vi dedby wood part i t i ons
i nt o t wosect i ons, one
wi t h shel ves and pol e
f or t hest andi ng posi t i on
hei ght and t he ot her adj ust abl e
f or t he wheel -
chai r user .
The l i nencl oset shel ves shoul d be adj ust abl e
i n hei ght , f romt he baseboard up. Persons i n a
si t t i ng posi t i on can
easi l y reach l owshel ves,
but l ow shel ves are
di f f i cul t f or t hose on
crut ches. The l i nen cl oset of t en st ores
i t ems
ot her t han l i nen, such as
cl ot hes hamper, bat h-
roomsuppl i es, et c. Adj ust abl e
shel ves provi de
t he needed f l exi bi l i t y.
Ast orageuni t shoul d be provi ded
f or st ori ng
suppl i es and
cl eani ng equi pment , i roni ng
board, canned goods,
et c. The uni t neednot be
i n t he
ki t chen, but i t shoul d be easi l y acces-
si bl e f rom
t he ki t chen. It may be a st andard
pref abri cat ed
cabi net rest i ng on t he f l oor or a
bui l t - i n cl oset .
Ageneral st orage
area and ki t chen st orage
space may be
combi ned i f l ocat ed conveni ent l y
t o t he ki t chen.
Al t hough t he general st orage area
i s not
pri mari l y desi gned f or t he st orage
of excess
f urni t ure, i t shoul d be l arge enough t o
st ore
f oot l ockers, sui t cases, vacuumcl eaner, l arge
and sel domused cooki ng ut ensi l s,
work
cl ot hes and work shoes, and- i n l arge f ami l y
uni t s, f ol ded baby f urni t ure and unused t oys
.
Increasi ng t heamount of st orage space does
not al ways
economi cal l y resol ve t he st orage
probl em. Thebest useof avai l abl e spacecan be
made by
caref ul arrangement of varyi ng shel f
wi dt hs adj ust abl e
f or hei ght and use of hook
st ri ps
f or hangi ngsuch i t ems as brooms, mops,
vacuum
cl eaner hose, et c.
Wi ndows
The
f ol l owi ng hazards shoul d beavoi ded
when
sel ect i ng
and i nst al l i ng wi ndows: wi ndows
t hat
proj ect ,
out si de or i nsi de, beyond t he
wal l l i ne
and prot rude
i n t he pat h of persons wal ki ng
;
wi ndows
t hat requi recl i mbi ng or l eani ng out t o
cl ean;
wi ndowsi l l s t oo l owt o provi deadequat e
saf et y f rom
f al l i ng or hi gh si l l s whi ch bl ock t he
vi ewf rom
a si t t i ng or bed posi t i on. The recom-
mended wi ndowsi l l hei ght i s 28 t o 32 i n . ; [ i t
can
be at f l oor l evel i f t he wi ndowopens on a
t errace or bal cony] .
Wi ndows shoul d
be easy t o operat e, l ock,
and cl ean. Operat i ng
and l ocki ng hardware
shoul d be l ocat ed f or conveni ent reach f rom
a
si t t i ng or a st andi ng posi t i on and be of t he
t ype easi l y grasped
by art hri t i c or ot herwi se
i mpai red hands.
Wi ndow
t ypes deservi ng consi derat i on are:
- The
modi f i ed doubl e- hung wi ndowwhi ch,
i n addi t i on
t o sl i di ng up and down, permi t s
eachsash t o
pi vot and swi ng i nward f or cl ean-
i ng wi t h no
i nt erf erence by i nsect screens or
st orm
panel s when used, or curt ai ns, shades,
and venet i an
bl i nds .
" The awni ng t ype wi t h push bar or rot ary
gear operat or set bel owt he screen ( some of
t hese wi ndows requi re t he screen
uni t t o be
removed t o cl ean t he wi ndow, ot hers
permi t
t he swi ng panel s t o reverse when f ul l y opened
f or cl eani ng t he out si de gl ass surf ace) . Cl ean-
i ng of upper gl ass may be di f f i cul t f or some.
" The hopper t ype, somewhat si mi l ar t o t he
awni ng t ype except t hat wi ndowuni t s open i n-
ward and screen i s on t he out si de. Thi s t ype
wi ndow may i nt erf ere wi t h draperi es and
shades
and may proj ect i nward t o t he poi nt of
bei ng a hazard .
" Hori zont al sl i di ng wi ndows. Cl eani ng of
upper gl ass may
be di f f i cul t f or some.
Al umi num
wi ndows
coat ed
by t he manu-
f act urer
f or prot ect i on duri ng shi ppi ng and
i nst al l at i on have some
advant age over wi n
dows requi ri ng mai nt enance
pai nt i ng.
Wi ndowi t ems
whi ch
i ncrease
mai nt enance
cost s shoul d be avoi ded.
Di ssi mi l ar met al s
t hat cause gal vani c corrosi ve act i on i n
t he
presence of
moi st ure shoul d not be used. The
best rust prevent i on
f or st eel
i s
hot - di p gal -
vani zi ng. To prevent condensat i on and earl y
i l l
Fi g. 35 Two- person bedroomcl oset . Coat cl oset
same but smal l er.
Fi g. 37

Cl oset s. Source: "Handbook f or
Desi gn: Spe-
ci al l y Adapt edHousi ng, " VAPamphl et 26- 13,
Vet erans
Admi ni st rat i on, Washi ngt on, D. C. ,
1978.
Resi dent i al
HOUSING
FORTHEHANDICAPPED
112
t he rubber f errul es become wet or t he f l oor
i s
wet .
Bare concret e
f l oors are not recommended.
Carpet ed f l oors, f or
l ow-rent housi ng, cost
more i ni t i al l y
and i n t he l ong run t han ot her
sui t abl e f l oor
mat eri al s . Carpet s need under-
pads t o ext end
t hei r l i f e and, due t ot he ef f ort
needed t o propel
a wheel chai r, are not desi r-
abl e f or
wheel chai r users whohave armor
hand i mpedi ment s
. Fl oor mat eri al s whi ch re-
qui re speci al
mai nt enance equi pment or t reat -
ment shoul d
not be i nst al l ed i nsi de t he dwel l -
i ng. Fl oor
mat eri al s of i nt ermedi at e col ors
wi t h
a pat t erned surf ace shoul d be sel ect ed.
Very dark or l i ght surf aces, especi al l y sol i d-
col ored, show
di rt more readi l y.
For
t he bat hroomand shower, ungl azed ce-
rami c
f l oors are recommended. The smal l er-
si zed t i l es (2 i n. or
l ess) provi de some f ri ct i on
at t he j oi nt s and
t heref ore great er saf et y. For
si mi l ar reason,
square-edge t i l es are more sui t -
abl e t han t hose
wi t h a cushi on edge. Caved
base makes f or easi er f l oor cl eani ng.
Ki t chen f l oor
mat eri al s shoul d be grease-
resi st ant . The
best mat eri al s are t hose whi ch
can be kept
cl ean wi t h warmwat er and det er-
gent , such
as vi nyl asbest os .
Fl oor
mat eri al s f or ot her dwel l i ng space
may
be
asphal t t i l e (i n t he mi drange col ors), vi nyl
asbest os, or hardwood. There are numerous
wood f l oor f i ni shes t hat requi re l i t t l e mai nt e-
nance, such as t hose f ormul at ed wi t h pol yure-
t hane
(an excel l ent f i ni sh) or epoxy.
Li ght i ng, Tel ephone, Tel evi si on,
Emergency Si gnal Syst em
Li ght i ng

Al l l i ght f i xt ures shoul d be cont rol l ed
by wal l swi t ches . The swi t ches shoul d be uni -
f orml y l ocat ed 2 f t -10 i n. t o 3 f t above t he
f l oor and not over 8i n. f romdoor j ambet l at ch
si de of door . Arecept acl e (not swi t ch con-
t rol l ed) shoul d be combi ned at some l ocat i ons
wi t h swi t ches, f or conveni ent use of a vacuum
cl eaner . Tap-t ype or rocker swi t ches are best
f or persona wi t h hand i mpai rment . Li ght f i x-
t ures l ocat ed at a hei ght permi t t i ng t he t enant s
t orepl ace l i ght bul bs wi t hout usi ng a st epl ad-
der are desi rabl e. One way t o el i mi nat e t hi s
hazard i s by t he use of a f l oor or t abl e l amp
f or rooml i ght i ng. For t hi s purpose, one recep-
t acl e of a wal l dupl ex out l et , conveni ent l y
l ocat ed, shoul d be swi t ch cont rol l ed at t he
room
ent rance. (See Fi gs . 40and41. )
Adequat e l i ght shoul d be provi ded out si de
ent rance doors so t hat resi dent s can easi l y
l ocat e t hei r door l ocks at ni ght . Hi gher t han
normal l i ght i ng i nt ensi t y i s needed by most
el derl y and some i mpai red persons, especi al l y
i n t he ki t chen and bat hroom.
Wal l recept acl es shoul d be uni f orml y pl aced
1 8t o24i n. above t he f l oor t oreduce t he physi -
cal ef f ort of bendi ng. Onl y t hose wal l recep-
t acl es pl aced above ki t chen count ers and i n
di ni ng areas shoul d be mount ed hi gher . Twi n
wal l recept acl es are i nexpensi ve and are l ess
hazardous t han t he cheap subst i t ut es of t en
purchased by t enant s .
For saf et y, t he swi t ch(es) cont rol l i ng el ec-
t ri cal out l et s i n t he bat hroomshoul d be l ocat ed
out si de t he bat hroomdoor unl ess t he ret urn
wi re and t he out l et box are grounded.
In l ow-rent housi ng, el ect ri cal out l et s f or
t enant -owned wal l or wi ndowai r-cool i ngequi p-
ment
are permi t t ed subj ect t o
approval by
H
LI
D-H
AA.
The
dwel l i ng ci rcui t panel shoul d be l ocat ed
at a hei ght conveni ent f or t he wheel chai r users.
The ci rcui t panel must be of t he "dead f ront "
t ype. Ci rcui t breakers are pref erred t o pl ug
f uses .
det eri orat i on, a t hermal break
i s advi sabl e be-
t ween met al wi ndows (st eel or
al umi num) and
but t i ng i nt eri or mat eri al s,
such as pl ast er or
met al j amb
l i ners
.
Wi ndowsi l l s are subj ect t o
hard
usage f romf l ower pot s and ot her heavy
obj ect s . Gl ass gl azi ng compounds whi ch
harden make gl ass repl acement expensi ve;
vi nyl or snap-i n beads
are recommended.
Twocurt ai n
rods or t racks, as wel l as vene-
t i an
bl i nds or shades, shoul d be provi ded f or
wi ndows. Ri ng
pul l t ri mon pul l -down bl i nds
or
shades i s conveni ent f or many i mpai red per-
sons whouse a devi ce wi t h a hooked end f or
many t hi ngs . Venet i an
bl i nds are pract i cal ,
t hough di f f i cul t t ocl ean.
The general t endency
t owardexcessi ve gl ass
areas makes t he cost
t o
t he t enant of provi di ng
sui t abl e gl are-cont rol -
l i ng and col d-ret ardi ng
draperi es unreasonabl y
hi gh.
Doors and Hal l ways
The ent rance
door t o t he dwel l i ng shoul d be at
l east 2 f t -10 i n.
wi de i f door opens 180`,
ot herwi se 3 f t . There shoul d be no
ent rance
st ep or ri ser . Any
t hreshol d shoul d be at l east
5 i n . wi de, f eat heredged
t of l oor and proj ect i ng
nomore t han' i n.
Let t ers or numbers i dent i f yi ng t he dwel l i ng
shoul d be vi si bl e day and ni ght
. Rai sed num-
bers are more easi l y
seen by t hose wi t h poor
vi si on and can be f el t by t he
bl i nd. It i s al so
hel pf ul t ohave col or
vari at i on on doors or el se-
where near t he
ent rance. Ent rance doors l ead-
i ng di rect l y f rom
t he out si de shoul d have a
prot ect i ve hood or
canopy.
The proper wi dt h
of pass-t hrough doors
wi t hi n t he dwel l i ng depends upon wheel chai r
di mensi ons and t he abi l i t y of t he i ndi vi dual
t o
operat e t he chai r . Overal l di mensi ons f or t he
st andard wheel chai r are 24 t o 26 i n. wi de,
42 i n. l ong and 36 i n. hi gh.
Speci al -purpose
wheel chai rs are l arger
and requi re more ma-
neuveri ng space. The
pass-t hrough di mensi ons
t hat f ol l ow, whi ch
are i dent i f i ed as mi ni mal ,
represent what t he st andard Ameri can wheel -
chai r i s capabl e of
negot i at i ng; t he recom-
mended di mensi ons
represent what most
wheel chai r
users can negot i at e:
- Hal l ways i n
t he dwel l i ng: Topermi t 180`
t urn,
4-f t mi ni mumwi dt h, 4 f t -6 i n. recom-
mended.
- Pass-t hrough
door-st rai ght -l i ne t ravel :
2-f t -8-i n. mi ni mum
i f door opens 180" ; ot her-
wi se, 2 f t -10 i n.
recommended.
- Pass-t hrough door-90
wheel chai r t urn
f romhal l way : 2-f t -10-i n.
door and 3-f t -4-i n .
hal l way recommended
; or 3-f t door and 3-f t
hal l way recommended
. (See Fi g. 38
. )
Cl oset doors and ot her non-pass-t hrough
doors, 2-f t -6-i n. mi ni mum
wi dt h-hori zont al
sl i di ng or f ol di ng doors are
easi est t o operat e
f roma si t t i ng posi t i on, and
t hey el i mi nat e t he
danger, especi al l y t o t he bl i nd,
of wal ki ng i nt o
t he edge of a part i al l y open door .
Hi nged bat hroomdoors shoul d
swi ng out -
ward, t o remove col l apsed
person
.
If t he l at ch
i ncl udes a l ock f eat ure, i t shoul d be t he t ype
t hat can be rel eased f romt he out si de. Sl i di ng
or f ol di ng doors are sat i sf act ory .
Two-way
swi ngi ng doors are hazardous and shoul d not
be used.
Operat i ng hardware on doors shoul d be
2f t -10 i n .
t o 3 f t above f l oor f or al l doors i n
t he dwel l i ng,
i ncl udi ng ent rance door . Round
or
oval doorknobs are t he most di f f i cul t f or
i mpai red
hands t ooperat e. Lever handl es wi t h
ends l ooped
back t o t he door surf ace t o pre-
vent cat chi ng of cl ot hi ng, et c. , are best f or
operat i ng
a l at ch or l ock. Pul l handl es shoul d
be of si mpl e desi gn wi t h no hooks t o cat ch
cl ot hi ng and wi t h bot h ends
ret urned t o t he
Fi g. 38
(a) Si de vi ewof st andard adul t wheel -
chai r. (b)
Pl an vi ewof st andard adul t wheel chai r .
Source: "An Il l ust rat ed Handbook of t he
Handi capped
Sect i on of t he Nort h Carol i na
Bui l di ng Code, " Ral ei gh,
1977.
door . A5-i n. or
moredoor pul l handl e, mount ed
on t he hi nge
si de, i s conveni ent f or pul l i ng t he
door shut f rom
a wheel chai r .
Ki ckpl at es on t he
ent rance door are desi r-
abl e t oreduce damage and
door mai nt enance
caused by wheel chai r
f oot rest s and wheel
hubs. (See Fi g
. 39. )
Threshol ds shoul d not be i nst al l ed at i nt e-
ri or doors or
openi ngs .
Fl oors
For
t he physi cal l y i mpai red, f l oor
surf ace mat e-
ri al s shoul d have nonsl i p propert i es .
Some
mat eri al s
are sat i sf act ory when dry but
danger-
ous when wet and t heref ore shoul d not
be used
i n t he bat hroom,
ki t chen, or near t he ent rance
doors when
t hese doors are i n t he ext eri or
wal l s
. Sl i ppery f l oor surf aces are part i cul arl y
dangerous t ousers of canes or crut ches
when
Fi g. 39

Dwel l i ng ent rance
openi ngout . Door pul l
assi st s a
wheel chai r user t opul l door shut on ent er-
i ng. The door pul l shoul d be on t he out si de
f or
an i nward openi ng door.
Resi dent i al
HOUSING
FORTHEHANDICAPPED
t r al l y l ocat ed and have at l east t wo bedr ooms,
t o
sui t t he housi ng needs of a coupl e
wi t h
chi l dr en
. In a mul t i st or y st r uct ur e, t he
cust o-
di al dwel l i ng shoul d be on t he gr ound f l oor
.
To have t he cust odi an l i vi ng wi t hi n t he de-
vel opment
i s desi r abl e and necessar y f or t he
physi cal l y i mpai r ed and t he el der l y . Ther ef or e,
j ust i f i cat i on f or i ncl udi ng a cust odi al
dwel l i ng
shoul d show
t he number of t enant s whoar e i m-
pai r ed or
el der l y .
Al t hough
t he cust odi an i s an empl oyee wi t h
speci f i c wor kassi gnment s, he shoul d be
avai l -
abl e f or
emer genci es when of f dut y. The cus-
t odi an' s
wi f e mi ght be avai l abl e dur i ngt he day;
however , i n most devel opment s
t her e i s a man-
agement of f i ce open dur i ng wor ki ng hour s.
COMMUNITYSPACE
Gener al
The f ol l owi ng
r ecommendat i ons appl y par -
t i cul ar l y t o
mul t i use communi t y space and t o
t hose l ess
speci al i zed communi t y f aci l i t i es
most f r equent l y
devel oped i n conj unct i on wi t h
r esi dent i al
housi ng devel opment s . Local con-
si der at i ons
wi l l gover n t he number and nat ur e
of speci al i zed
communi t y f aci l i t i es devel oped
i n
combi nat i on wi t h a r esi dent i al f aci l i t y f or
t he
physi cal l y i mpai r ed. Because t he r ange of
possi bi l i t i es
i n
such
speci al i zed f aci l i t i es i s so
vast -f r om
heal t h cl i ni cs t o shel t er ed wor k-
shops of f er i ng
speci f i c t ypes of empl oyment
oppor t uni t i es-anyone
under t aki ng t o desi gn
t hemshoul d consul t
wi t hpr ogr amdi r ect or s .
Bef or e t he ar chi t ect ur al pl an
and f unct i onal
l ayout of t he communi t y space can
pr oceed, t he
l ocal need and
avai l abl e ser vi ces shoul d be
expl or ed i n cooper at i on
wi t h l ocal agenci es
whi ch wi l l f i nance t he
st af f i ng and oper at e
t he space af t er i t i s
const r uct ed.
Si nce t he maxi mumspace
per mi t t ed i s det er -
mi ned by t he number of
f ami l i es i n each de-
vel opment , i t i s not
possi bl e t o pr ovi de i n al l
devel opment s, especi al l y
t he smal l er ones,
space f or al l act i vi t i es . The
space pl anni ngf or
somear eas
shoul d pr ovi de f or f unct i onal use of
t he maxi mumnumber of act i vi t i es .
Ar eas or
spaces gener al l y consi der ed desi r abl e
ar e a
l ounge combi ned wi t h t he ent r ance
l obby;
gr oup r ecr eat i onal space wi t h ki t chen
; cr af t
ar ea ;
l i br ar y; cl i ni c ; f aci l i t i es such as
t oi l et s,
publ i c
t el ephones, dr i nki ng f ount ai ns,
and
vendi ng machi nes
especi al l y desi gned or
ar -
r anged f or or t hopedi c
equi pment user s; and a
separ at e
space f or t he r esi dent chi l dr en' s
act i vi t i es .
Space t o
beal l ot t ed as a heal t h cl i ni c shoul d
bepl annedas a
separ at e f unct i onal uni t . Heal t h
cl i ni c space
r ar el y can be combi ned
wi t h
r ecr eat i onal
or ot her space.
Indoor
communi t y space shoul d be cl osel y
r el at ed t o
out door r ecr eat i onal ar eas wi t heasy
access and
no i nt er veni ng st ai r s or st eps. In-
door space shoul d have nat ur al l i ght and
vent i l at i on wi t h pl easant out war d vi ews. It
i s
not
desi r abl e t o l ocat e communi t y space
i n
basement s or on r oof t ops det ached
f r omout -
door r ecr eat i onal ar eas.
In gener al , f l oor sur f aci ng
sui t abl e f or t he
dwel l i ngar ea i s sui t abl e f or
i ndoor communi t y
space
. It may be advi sabl e,
however , t o i nst al l
nonst ai ni ng
f l oor i ng i n cer t ai n
speci al use
ar eas,
and mor e dur abl e f l oor i ng-such
as
nonsl i p t er r azzo, ungl azed t i l e, or
quar r y t i l e-
i n
cor r i dor s, ent r ance l obbi es,
and ot her con-
cent r at ed use ar eas .
Gener al i l l umi nat i on
shoul d be of mul t i pl e
cont r ol
t o al l owf or var yi ng
degr ees of i n-
t ensi t y .
The maxi mumshoul d be at
about 30
113
cent r al
t el ephone swi t chboar d i s not r ecom-
mended because
of t he manpower oper at i ng
cost and i t s
r esul t ant ef f ect on r ent s .
Ahouse
emer gency t el ephone and/or ot her
si gnal devi ce shoul d
be i nst al l ed i n each el e-
vat or cab. The answer i ng
ser vi ce shoul d be i n
t he management of f i ce
and t he cust odi al apar t -
ment , or ot her 24-hr
ser vi ce i f f ound t o be eco-
nomi cal .
Tel evi si on

At el evi si on ant enna
syst emshoul d
be
pr ovi ded when neededf or
good r ecept i on.
Emer gency Si gnal
Syst em The
syst emwoul d i n-
cl ude
one l ar ge-di amet er
pushbut t on i n t he
bat hr oom,
anot her near t he head of
t he bed i n a
one-per son
dwel l i ng, andonebet ween
t he beds
of t he
f i r st bedr oomi n al l ot her
dwel l i ngs .
Bot hpushbut t ons
act i vat e an audi o and vi sual
uni t l ocat ed
out si de t he dwel l i ng.
At hi r d uni t ,
whi chcan be
act i vat ed si mul t aneousl y,
shoul d
change t he
dwel l i ngent r ance door
f r oml ocked
t o
unl ocked. The act i vat ed uni t
shoul d be on
cont i nuous
dut y, al l owi ngi t t o r emai n
i n oper a-
t i on unt i l
r eset . The audi o uni t t one shoul d be
di st i nct and shoul d di f f er f r omt he f i r e
al ar m.
Asecondar y power suppl y shoul d be
con-
si der ed f or t he emer gency si gnal syst emand
t he
f i r e al ar m.
The audi o and vi sual uni t s may be
l ocat ed
out si de
t he ent r ance door , i nsi de an
adj acent
dwel l i ng, or i n a cent r al l ocat i on.
Heat i ng
The heat i ng syst emshoul d be
desi gned t o
mai nt ai n r oomt emper at ur e of 75
F f or t he
physi cal l y i mpai r ed or el der l y .
Exposed ver t i cal heat i ngr i ser s and exposed
r adi at or s ar e danger ous . Such equi pment can
cause sever e bur ns t oper sons who, i n por t i ons
of t hei r bodi es,
have l i t t l e sensat i on t o heat .
Al l
ver t i cal heat i ngpi pes shoul d be conceal ed
and r adi at or s
cover ed wi t h cabi net s .
In
bat hr ooms, t he use of a cei l i ng-t ype heat
l amp,
t her most at i cal l y cont r ol l ed and oper at ed
by a manual
wal l swi t ch, i s r ecommended as
saf e
and economi cal , pr ovi di ng i nst ant
heat
day or
ni ght . Exposed heat er s, r adi at or s, or
heat r i ser
pi pes ar e not saf e and shoul d not be
used.
In mul t i st or y
st r uct ur es, a cent r al heat i ng
pl ant i s gener al l y
most economi cal . For one-
st or y st r uct ur es,
a cent r al heat i ng pl ant i s
cost l y due t o t he
i nst al l at i on of di st r i but i on
mai ns. Ei t her f or ced war m
ai r or f or ced hot
wat er as i ndi vi dual uni t s or
gr oup pl ant s coul d
be used f or one-st or y st r uct ur es.
The f i nal de-
t er mi nat i on shoul d be based on a
det ai l ed ut i l -
i t y anal ysi s .
Excessi ve wi ndowgl ass
ar eas i ncr ease heat
l oss and t her ef or e f uel cost
. In summer , r ooms
wi t ha sout hor west exposur e
r ecei ve t he r ays
of t he hot af t er noon sun,
whi chr ai ses t he t em-
per at ur e i n t he uni t . Lar ge gl ass
ar eas exposed
t o summer sun or wi nt er
col d r equi r e cur t ai ns
or dr aper i es, an expensi ve
t enant i t em.
What ever f or mof heat i s
pr ovi ded, t enant
cont r ol i s
r ecommended, pr ef er abl y by t her mo-
st at or , i n t he case
of r adi at or s, by shut -of f
val ves .
Domest i c
Hot Wat er
i n
war mcl i mat es, i ndi vi dual wat er
heat er s i n-
st al l ed
i n a cl oset wi t h out si de ent r ance
makes
f or ease of mai nt enance
and f aci l i t at es manage-
ment cont r ol of wat er
t emper at ur e set t i ng.
Cust odi al Dwel l i ng
The need f or a cust odi al
dwel l i nguni t shoul d
be consi der ed
.
Such
dwel l i ng shoul d be can-
Tel ephone In a one-per son dwel l i ng,
pr ovi si on
shoul dbe
madef or a t el ephone out l et
near t he
head of t he bed; and i n
al l ot her dwel l i ngs, be-
t weent he beds of t he f i r st bedr oom
. Asecond
t el ephone
out l et coul d be pl aced i n
t he l i vi ng
r oom
of dwel l i ngs wi t hone or
mor e bedr ooms .
Some
t el ephone compani es
wi l l i nst al l one
pl ug-i n i nst r ument i n a
dwel l i ng wi t h mor e
t han
one pl ug-i n out l et . Most
l ow-i ncome t en-
ant s cannot af f or d t he
mont hl y expense of t wo
i nst r ument s.
ISee
Fi g. 42. )
In devel opment s assi st ed
by HUD-HAA, a
Fi g. 42 Tel ephone.
Fi gur es
40-42 f r om"Handbookf or Desi gn
: Speci al l y
Adopt ed
Housi ng," VAPamphl et 26-13, Vet er ans
Ad-
mi ni st r at i on,
Resi dent i al
HOUSINGFORTHE
HANDICAPPED
f oot - candl es
at t abl ehei ght . Suppl ement al
mov-
abl e l i ght s
( f l oor and t abl e l amps
i n t he
l ounge
and l i br ar y) shoul d
be pr ovi ded at
r equi r ed ut i l i t ar i an
l ocat i ons f or decor at i ve
and f unct i onal use
. Avoi d cr eat i ng hazar ds
by exposed
ext ensi on cor ds t o f l oor and
t abl e
l amps.
Ther e
shoul d be no hazar ds wi t hi n
t he com-
muni t y space,
such as t hr eshol ds, f r eest andi ng
col umns,
pi l ast er s, pr oj ect i ng r adi at or s,
or
dr i nki ng
f ount ai ns.
Ai r
condi t i oni ng of al l communi t y
space
used by physi cal l y
i mpai r ed or el der l y
shoul d
be consi der ed.
Lounge
When combi ned wi t h t he
ent r ance l obby of
a
communi t y bui l di ng or t he
el evat or l obby
of a mul t i st or y st r uct ur e,
a l ounge pr ovi des
i ncr easedact i vi t y and i nt er est . The
el der l y and
t he i mpai r ed
enj oy wat chi ng
t he goi ng and
comi ng t enant s
and vi si t or s . In col d
cl i mat es
a vest i bul e
ent r ance i s necessar y.
Locat i ng
t he mai l del i ver y r oomi n
t he el e-
vat or l obby
near t he l ounge
i s r ecommended.
The
dcor of t he l ounge shoul d
be coor di -
nat ed- wal l
col or s, whi t e cei l i ng,
accent col or s
- i n
dr aper i es, f ur ni t ur e,
l amps, and pl ast i c or
cl ot h uphol st er y mat er i al s.
Woven cl ot h up-
hol st er y
mat er i al used i n
t he l ounge must be
st ai npr oof .
Sel ect i on of chai r s and
sof as f or t he physi -
cal l y
i mpai r ed, especi al l y
t he semi ambul ant ,
deser ves
speci al consi der at i on
. Seat hei ght 18
i n.
above f l oor i s best . St ur dy
ar mr est s hel p
t he
i mpai r ed t o r i se. Chai r s
shoul d not over -
bal ance
when wei ght i s
appl i ed on t he ar m
r est .
Deepseat s ( over 20i n . )
ar e undesi r abl e.
Semi st i f f ,
uphol st er ed f ur ni t ur e
i s r ecom-
mended.
mat i c
def r ost i ng f ood compar t ment
i s r ecom.

and shel ves t hat can
be adj ust ed
.
Somedr awer -
mended. In l ar ge ki t chens,
consi der howbest

t ype st or agespace
maybe desi r abl e. Apr onl ess
t o
pr ovi de col d dr i nki ng
wat er .

t abl es ar e r ecommended
.
Aki t chen ser vi ce
ent r ance shoul d be pl anned

Speci al
consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o
t o accommodat e
del i ver y of suppl i es,
cat er i ng

pr ovi di ng
out l et s f or bot h 110 and 220 vol t s
ser vi ce, and
gar bage and t r ash
r emoval . A

i n cr af t act i vi t y
ar ea- consul t wi t h oper at i ng
gar bagegr i nder
maybe i nst al l edi n
t hi s ki t chen

st af f .
- t he cont i nuous- f eed t ype
i s r ecommended.
Fl oor and wal l
sur f aces shoul d be of easi l y

Li br ar y
cl eaned mat er i al s
and f i ni shes . Wel l cabi net s
shoul d have adj ust abl e shel ves
. At l east one

The l ar ger
communi t y spaces may pr ovi de,
cl oset , wi t h l ock, f or st or age
of st apl e suppl i es

i f need
i s est abl i shed, an ar ea f or a
br anch of
shoul d be pr ovi ded,
as wel l as a cabi net f or

t he ci t y
l i br ar y, whi ch wi l l f ur ni sh book
st acks .
mops, br ooms, and cl eani ng
mat er i al s .

When
t he book st acks can be l ocked
or ot her -
wi se segr egat ed
f r omt he r est of t he
l i br ar y,
Cr af t
Act i vi t y Ar ea

t hen t he
ar ea gener al l y used f or
r eadi ng coul d
on
occasi on be used f or smal l
gat her i ngs or
The
space f or cr af t
act i vi t i es shoul d have

ot her
uses- agai n, f l exi bi l i t y . If
possi bl e, t hi s
maxi mum
f l exi bi l i t y f or var i ed
ar r angement .

space
shoul d be l ar ge enough
f or apr onl ess
Fi xed
par t i t i oni ng of cubi cl es
i s not desi r abl e-

t abl es
and f or chai r s . Si nce smal l er
pr oj ect s
no f l exi bi l i t y
. It i s best t o
concent r at e t he cr af t

sel dom
can af f or d a separ at e l i br ar y, t he
l ounge
space i n one
r oom, di vi di ng t he
space wi t h

may
be pr ovi ded wi t h
adj ust abl e shel ves
movabl e
( on cast er s wi t h
st ep- on br akes)

f or
books and per i odi cal s . Thi s
same i dea,
wood
st or age cabi net s f or
mat er i al s and sup-

whi l e
l ess desi r abl e t han
a separ at e l i br ar y,
pl i es.
Thi s pr ovi des f or
mul t i pl e use of
space

may be consi der ed f or
l ar ge pr oj ect s,
and
per mi t s adapt i ng
space si ze t o t enant
i n-
t er est and var i ous
act i vi t i es .

Heal t h
Cl i ni c
The movabl e di vi der
cabi net s shoul d
not
ext end t o t he cei l i ng.
Ahei ght of about
4 f t

Acl i ni c
can cont r i but e subst ant i al l y
t o t he
pr ovi des vi ews It o
t he per son whoi s] st andi ng

wel f ar e end
cont i nued i ndependence
of t he
and
i mpr oves vent i l at i on
and di st r i but i on
of

el der l y
and physi cal l y i mpai r ed.
Cl i ni c space
l i ght
; f ur t her , no change
i n t he pr ear r anged

may be
pr ovi ded when such
f aci l i t i es ar e not
di st r i but i on of ai r
condi t i oni ng i s
r equi r ed.

avai l abl e
near t he si t e.
The cabi net
uni t s shoul d
be of si zes
easy t o

In
smal l devel opment s, t heper mi ssi bl e
cl i ni c
move.
St andar di zed
uni t s ar e
advi sabl e, but

space
mayconsi st of an of f i ce and
exami nat i on
t hey
shoul d be
sel ect ed or desi gned f or
t he

r oomf or
use of doct or s and nur ses
who vi si t
mat er i al s and suppl i es
t o be st or ed. It i s al so

dur i ng
schedul ed per i ods.
advi sabl e t o have cabi net s
t hat can be l ocked

In l ar ger
devel opment s, space
f or a var i et y
Recr eat i on or Mul t i pur pose
Room
Thi s
space may be subdi vi ded
by sl i di ng or
f ol di ng
soundpr oof di vi der s
or door s- t he
cei l i ng
shoul d be
acoust i cal l y t r eat ed. The
space shoul d be sui t ed f or
meet i ngs, movi es,
concer t s,
pl ays, l unches,
et c. Because of
t he
nat ur e
of such act i vi t i es,
conveni ent st or age
space
f or t abl es and ot her
i t ems shoul d be
pr ovi ded
. An i nvent or y
of t he i t ems i s needed
t o
adequat el y pl an
an or der l y and f unct i onal
st or age- f l exi bi l i t y of
use wi t h adj ust abl e
shel ves
i s desi r abl e.
Bui l di ngcodes may
r equi r e emer gency
exi t s,
but at l east one exi t door
may be desi r abl e f or
depar t i ng
guest s af t er
eveni ng af f ai r s.
St r uct ur al
col umns or ot her
obst r uct i ons
wi t hi n t hi s space
shoul d be avoi ded or
el i mi -
nat ed i f possi bl e i n
or der t hat t he
space may
f unct i on as
one r oomf or cer t ai n
occasi ons.
Tabl es
wi t hout apr ons, whi ch
wi l l per mi t
wheel chai r
ar ms t o f i t under neat h,
ar e r ecom-
mended- t hey
al so t ake l ess
space t o st or e.
Ki t chen
Aki t chen shoul d be
pr ovi ded adj acent t o
t he
r ecr eat i on r oom. Equi pment
and ar r angement
shoul d f aci l i t at e ef f i ci ent
and f unct i onal f ood
pr epar at i on and cl eanup
. The ki t chen
may be
used by t he t enant s.
The
ki t chen shoul d be pl anned
and desi gned
t o be
usef ul i n demonst r at i ng
and i nst r uct i ng
on
f ood pr epar at i on, i n
pl anni ng bal anced
di et s, and i n conduct i ng
var i ous consumer
educat i on act i vi t i es
. For t hi s pur pose, t he di vi -
si on bet ween t he r ecr eat i on
r oomand ki t chen
shoul d be a sl i di ng or
f ol di ng di vi der or door s
whi ch can be
l ocked or secur ed.
At wo- door
r ef r i ger at or f r eezer wi t h
aut o-
11 4
Fi g. 43

Toi l et
st al l . ( a) Pl an. ( b) El evat i on
. ( c) Isomet r i c. Sour ce: "An
Il l ust r at ed Handbook of t he
Handi capped
Sect i on of t he
Nor t h Car ol i na St at e Bui l di ng
Code, " Ral ei gh, 1977.
Resi dent i al
of heal t h servi ces maybe provi ded, i ncl udi ng
physi cal
t herapyand hydrot herapy, a speci al
need of t he
physi cal l y i mpai red. Occupat i onal
t herapymay
be conduct ed i n t he craf t act i vi t y
area. Thi s t ype
of cl i ni c woul d general l y be
act i ve each
work
day
and shoul d have a wai t -
i ng roomwi t h a separat e
out si de ent rance per-
mi t t i ng nont enant pat i ent s t o come and go
wi t hout t raversi ng t he l obbyor l ounge.
Washrooms
Separat e washrooms f or each sex shoul d be
provi ded i n communi t y space. At l east one
wat er cl oset compart ment
f or
t he semi ambu-
l ant and wheel chai r user shoul d be
provi ded i n
each washroomi n addi t i on t o ot her pl umbi ng
f i xt ures .
Uri nal s i n t he men' s roomshoul d be of t he
wal l - mount ed t ype, al so f or sani t ary reasons .
The f ront l i p of t he uri nal shoul d be 18t o 19i n.
above t he f l oor, whi ch i s conveni ent f or per-
sons i n wheel chai rs as wel l as ot hers . (See
Fi g. 45. )
The i nst al l at i on of l avat oryand wal l mi rrors
i s di scussed i n t he sect i on on "Dwel l i ng Uni t s, "
under "Bat hroom. "
Aseparat e st af f washroomwhi ch can be
used bybot h sexes shoul d be provi ded i n t he
cl i ni c- t wo washrooms i n t he l arge cl i ni c.
Publ i c Tel ephones, Dri nki ng Fount ai ns,
Vendi ng Machi nes
Publ i c Tel ephones The st andard publ i c t el e-
phone boot h i s not usabl e f or most physi cal l y
i mpai red peopl e.
To assi st persons wi t h heari ng
di sabi l i t i es,
t el ephone recei vers shoul d have adj ust abl e
ampl i f i ers .
ont he st andardf i xt ure .
Persons i n wheel chai rs
can use a chi l dren' s dri nki ng
f ount ai n 31 i n .
hi gh. Pushbut t on cont rol i s best f or persons
wi t h i mpai red hands. Some dri nki ng
f ount ai ns
are avai l abl e wi t h bot hhand and f oot
cont rol .
(See
Fi gs .
46
and47. )
Dri nki ng f ount ai ns
wi t h paper cup di s-
pensers shoul d have t he di spensi ng
mech-
ani sm30t o 34 i n. above t he f l oor . Dri nki ng
f ount ai ns rest i ng on t he f l oor and proj ect i ng
i nt o t he corri dor are a hazard ; recessi ng i nt o
wal l pocket s makes f l oor
cl eani ng di f f i cul t .
The washrooms shoul d be l ocat ed t o permi t
conveni ent use byout si de vi si t ors t o t he cl i ni c
and t enant s usi ng t he vari ous act i vi t y areas .
Thet oi l et st al l i l l ust rat ed i n Fi g. 43i s a pos-
si bl e sol ut i on f or persons usi ngwheel chai rs .
Maxi mummaneuverabi l i t yf or persons usi ng
crut ches or wheel chai rs i s
provi ded i n t oi l et
st al l s, wi t h t he t oi l et f i xt ure set
t oward ei t her
si de wal l .
Hori zont al grab bars shoul d be i nst al l ed on
t he si de and rear wal l of t he wat er cl oset com-
part ment . Suchbars (1' h- i n . out si de di amet er)
shoul dbeat l east 4i n. f romt he wal l t o prevent
pi ni oni ng t he wri st , hand, or armi n case of
a f al l . Grabbars shoul d support 250l b.
The wat er cl oset seat shoul dbe 18i n. above
t he f l oor. Awal l - hung cl oset i s most sui t abl e
f ort he semi ambul ant person- i t al so makesf or
ease of f l oor cl eani ng and sani t at i on
.
(See
Fi g. 44. )
S
Fi g. 46

Semi recessed model wi t h
proj ect i ng basi n
i s recommended because t he wheel chai r
approach
i s
paral l el t o t he wal l . Af ront al approachi s di f f i cul t .
Two uni t s
maybe connect ed t o one wat er chi l l er .
The second uni t shoul d be set 40 t o 42i n. above
t he f l oor and St o 6 f t f romt he ot her. The wat er
st reamri ses about 4 i n. above t he bubbl er ori f i ce.
The pushbut t ondi al recei ver i s more desi r-
abl e f or t he i mpai red t han t he rot at i ng di al .
The st andard coi n- box recei ver mount ed
above t he t abl e or shel f el evat es t he coi n sl ot
4f t above t he f l oor, whi ch i s not conveni ent
f or some wi t h physi cal i mpai rment s . Adesk-
t ype
t el ephone, rest i ng on a t abl e or shel f
about 31
i n. above t he f l oor, i s t he most con-
veni ent (bot t omof shel f
must cl ear wheel chai r
armrest s) . For wheel chai r users, t he
desi rabl e
hei ght
f or coi n sl ot s i s about 3 f t above t he
f l oor
or
6
i n . above t he count er t op. The l ocal
t el ephone
companyshoul d be consul t ed f or
advi ce regardi ng avai l abl e speci al and st andard
equi pment
whi ch
i s
especi al l ydesi rabl e f or t he
physi cal l yunpai red
.
Dri nki ng Fount ai ns The st andard
adul t dri nki ng
f ount ai n i s sat i sf act ory t o
al l except wheel -
chai r users . For wheel chai r users,
t he f ount ai n
bubbl er shoul d be 31 t o 33
i n . above t he f l oor .
Two- l evel dri nki ng f ount ai ns t hat
sat i sf y bot h
st andard and wheel chai r hei ght
requi rement s
are avai l abl e, or a l ow- l evel uni t can be added
Fi g. 47

The f l oor cabi net model i s avai l abl e wi t h
an addi t i ve basi n; whi l e t hi s
t wo- l evel uni t woul d
serve
t he dual use, i t
i s
not recommendedbecause
of t he hazard creat ed t o persons wi t h poor vi si on
and t o bl i nd persons who wi l l be usi ng t he wal l
handrai l .
Vendi ng Machi nes The need f or and l ocat i on
(not i n promi nent vi ew) of vendi ng
machi nes
whi chdi spense sof t dri nks, et c. shoul dbe
con-
si dered .
Ot her Areas
The mi ni mumcorri dor wi dt h shoul d
be 6 f t .
Grab rai l s shoul d be provi ded
on
each
si de
wal l . (See
chapt er
on dwel l i ng st ruct ures f or
speci al assi st ance t o t hose
wi t h poor vi si on. )
The mi ni mumdoor wi dt h shoul d be
3
f t .
Doors
f romt he corri dor t o t he vari ous rooms, when
f ul l y open, shoul d not ext end
i nt o t he corri -
dor . Theyare a hazard, especi al l y t o
persons
wi t h poor vi si on
.
Consi derat i on shoul d be gi ven t o t he
need
f or a st af f management of f i ce. In mul t i st ory
bui l di ngs, such an of f i ce shoul d be l ocat ed t o
provi de an unobt rusi ve vi ewof t he l obby
ent rance and el evat ors .
Of f i ce space i n whi ch t enant s may,
i n pri -
vacy, di scuss probl ems wi t h counsel ors and
[whi ch mayal so serve] f or ot her uses shoul d
be consi dered.
Consi derat i on al so shoul d be gi ven t o t em-
porary coat and umbrel l a st orage f aci l i t i es
f or t enant s and vi si t ors usi ng t he recreat i on or
mul t i purpose rooms. Thi s f aci l i t y i s best l o-
cat ed where i t can be vi sual l y supervi sed.
Cl osed cl oakrooms shoul d be avoi ded.
Cert ai n rooms and st orage areas wi l l requi re
l ocked doors.
115
Fi g. 45

Wal l - hung uri nal .
Fi g. 44

Wal l - hung t oi l et - desi rabl e
.
Resi dent i al
CENTRAL
DINING
Seat i ngf or wheel chai r
users shoul d be on at l east
2' 6" cent ers. Tabl es shoul d be 3' - 6" wi de i f chai r
users
are t o f ace each ot her . Wi der t abl es are
not recommended because of chai r users' re-
st ri ct ed
reachi ng abi l i t y . (See Fi g. 48. ) *
Parki ng Space Requi rement s
Parki ng spaces speci f i cal l y desi gned f or rest ri ct ed

spaces
are
not used i ndi scri mi nat el y by peopl e

at t ached t o vehi cl es must be provi ded t o f aci l i t at e
i ndi vi dual s shoul d be set asi de and
properl y i den-

not needi ng t hem. (Fi g. 50) .

boardi ng

and

di sembarkment

by

wheel chai r
t i f i ed t hrough t he use of si gnage so t hat t he

Speci al
el evat ed pl at f orms, or mechani cal l i f t s

bound peopl e f rommass t ransi t vehi cl es.
PARKINGJ
Fi g. 49

Cl earance f or handi capped parki ng space.
Text and Fi gs . 49- 50f rom"An Il l ust rat ed Handbook
of t he Handi capped Sect i on of t he Nort hCarol i na St at e
Bui l di ng Code, " Ral ei gh, 1977.
t Thi s t ext and Fi gs . 51- 53 f rom"Barri er- Free Si t e
Desi gn, " The Ameri can Soci et y of Landscape Archi t ect s
Foundat i on, HUD- PDR- 84, Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1975.
116
Fi g.
48

Cl earance f or cent ral di ni ngwheel chai r users.
Fi g. 50 Suggest ed si gns di spl ayi ng t he i nt erna-
t i onal symbol f or accessi bi l i t y .
Resi dent i al
PARKINGFORTHEHANDICAPPED
1 . Parki ng spaces of great er wi dt h t han normal
are necessary
f or peopl e who are di sabl ed
and use mechani cal ai ds such
as wheel chai rs,
crut ches, and wal kers. For exampl e, persons
who are chai rbound must have wi der ai sl es
i n whi ch t o set up t hei r wheel chai rs.
2. Ami ni mumof t wo spaces per parki ng
l ot
shoul d be desi gned f or use by physi cal l y re-
st ri ct ed peopl e, or at l east one space
per
20
cars, whi chever i s great er .
3. These spaces shoul d - be pl aced as cl ose
as
possi bl e t o a maj or ent rance of a bui l di ng
or f unct i on,
pref erabl y no more t han 100' - 0"
away.
4. Parki ng pat t erns are descri bed i n 5and 6be-
l ow( Fi g. 51) .
5. Paral l el Parki ng:
Paral l el
parki ngspaces shoul d be pl aced adj a-
cent t o a wal k syst em so t hat access f rom
t he car t o t he dest i nat i on i s over a hard sur-
f ace. Such spaces shoul d be made 12' - 0"
wi de, 24' - 0" l ong and shoul d ei t her have a
1 : 6ramp up t o t he wal k, or shoul d be sepa-
rat ed f romi t by bol l ards or some ot her devi ce
i f t he road l evel i s at t he same
el evat i on as
t he wal k. These areas shoul d be desi gnat ed
as speci al
parki ng si nce t hey may ot herwi se
appear t o be a drop- of f zone.
6. 90 Degree and Angl ed Parki ng:
a. Spaces desi gned f or use by di sabl ed peo-
pl e f unct i oni ng wi t h l arge mechani cal ai ds
as descri bed above, shoul d be 9' - 0" wi de
as a mi ni mum. In addi t i on t o t he 9' - 0", a
3' - 6" t o 4' - 0" wi de ai sl e bet ween cars
shoul d be provi ded f or access al ongsi de
t he vehi cl e ( Fi gs. 49and 54) . It i s i mport ant
t hat t here be pl ent y of roomt o open t he
car door
ent i rel y, and i n t he case of ade-
pendent chai rbound
person, t hat t here be
roomf or f ri ends or at t endant s t o assi st hi m
[ or her] out of
t he car, i nt o hi s [ or her]
chai r, and away f romt he car .
b.
The 9' - 0" wi de st andard space wi dt h f or
a parki ng
st al l , wi t h no ai sl e bet ween
spaces, does not drast i cal l y hi nder semi am-
bul ant
peopl e
wi t h
mi nor i mpai rment s, but
an 8' - 0" wi dt h, unl ess used excl usi vel y f or
at t endant parki ng, i s t oo narrow and
shoul d be avoi ded.
c. A
4' - 0" mi ni mumcl ear ai sl e wi dt h shoul d
be provi ded bet ween rows of cars parked
end t o end.
The overhang of t he aut omo-
bi l e shoul d be t aken i nt o account so t hat
t he i sl and st ri p i s wi de
enough t o l eave
a4' - 0" cl ear ai sl e when t hest al l s are f i l l ed.
Ast ri p 8' - 0"
wi de i s arecommended mi ni -
mumf or an on- grade ai sl e, and 10' - 0" i s
a recommended
mi ni mumwhere t he ai sl e
i s rai sed 6" above t he parki ng l evel .
d. If t he ai sl e bet ween
rows of cars i s not
at t he same grade l evel as t he cars, t hen
ramps must beprovi ded t o
mount t hecurbs.
A1 : 6( 17%) ramp i s sui t abl e
f or such a
short di st ance.
e. Economi cal l y, t he
i nst al l at i on of
an
on-
grade4' - 0" wi de pat hwayi s l ess expensi ve
t han a rai sed wal k. Precast car st ops t o
del i neat e t he passage
can
be
used provi d-
i ng t hat a 4' - 0" wi de space bet ween t he
ends of st ops i s mai nt ai ned
t o al l owaccess
t o t he mai n passageway.
11 7
Fi g. 51

Parki ng pat t erns .
Resi dent i al
PARKINGFORTHEHANDICAPPED
l 8
Fi g. 54

Garage or carport . Source: "Handbook f or
Desi gn: Speci al l y Adapt ed Housi ng, " Vet erans Admi ni s-
t rat i on, Washi ngt on,
D. C. ,
1978
.
Fi g. 53

Cross- sl ope i n parki ng areas .
Resi dent i al
GROUP
HOMES
SPATI AL REQUI REMENTS
Bui l di ng : Approxi mat el y 6, 650 square
f eet f or
a 12- person home
and 7, 400 square f eet f or a
16- person home are al l ot t ed. Thi s area i ncl udes
spacef or t hegarage and basement s. The bui l di ng
can be arranged on one l evel or
on t wo f ul l or
part i al l evel s .
Ent ry
Maj or

Thi s spat i al requi rement vari es accordi ng
t o t he
i ncl usi on
or
excl usi on of t he vert i cal
ci rcul at i on el ement wi t hi n t he space. Normal l y,
an area of
approxi mat el y 90square f eet shoul d
be suf f i ci ent . Acl oset wi t ha mi ni mumof 6
l i near
f eet
of hangi ng space shoul d be adequat e.
Mi nor The si ze of t hi s space vari es; however,
i t shoul d be adequat el y
si zed f or ease of
ci rcul at i on t hroughi t .
Li vi ng Space
Thi s space vari es i n si ze. I n at ypi cal 16- resi dent
grouphome i t i s approxi mat el y400t o 500square
f eet .
Recreat i on Room
Thi s space vari es i n si ze. I n at ypi cal 16- resi dent
group homei t i s approxi mat el y
400t o 500square
f eet andas previ ousl y i ndi cat ed shoul d be
si zed
t o seat al l resi dent s.
I t i s requi red t hat di rect
access sui t abl e f or use
by t he physi cal l y handi -
capped
be provi ded f romt he mai n l i vi ng area
andt o t he common out door act i vi t y
area
.
Ki t chen
The area
desi gnat ed f or f ood preparat i on shal l
meet al l of t he requi rement s of t he Mi chi gan
Depart ment of
Publ i c Heal t h, Mi chi gan Depart -
ment of Soci al
Servi ces, and t he appl i cabl e por-
t i on of t he F . H. A. Mi ni mumPropert y St andards
f or Mul t i f ami l y Housi ng. The t ypi cal ki t chen i s
equi pped wi t h
t he f ol l owi ng appl i ances :
ref ri gerat or
f reezer
commerci al di shwasher
cookt op
range wi t h exhaust hood
doubl e oven
di sposal
Di ni ng
The di ni ng space shal l have a gl azed area of
at l east 10 percent of t hef l oor area. The
f ol l owi ng
cl earances and si zes wi l l be assumed f or desi gn
purposes :
2' 0"
f or t abl e edge f or each di ner
3' 0" mi ni mumt abl e
wi dt h f or t abl es seat i ng
f our t o si x persons
3' 3"
f or l arger t abl es
4' 0" mi ni mumcl earance bet ween t he t abl e
edge and obst ruct i on where
seat i ng andci r-
cul at i on occurs
3' 0" f or ci rcul at i on cl earance
2' 6"
f or seat i ng cl earance t abl e t o obst ruct i on
Cl earances are shown i n F i g. 1
Powder Room
Thi s spaceshoul d be si zedt o accommodat ephysi -
cal l y handi capped resi dent s. Awat er cl oset and
Speci al Group Housi ng f or Adul t s Devel opment Pro-
cess, Mi chi gan St at e Housi ng Devel opment
Aut hori t y,
Lansi ng, Mi chi gan, 1978.
a l avat ory wi t hout vani t y base
shoul d be pro-

" Speci al l y desi gned desks/ st orage
uni t s may
vi ded.

be used.
Mi ni mumcl earance shal l be
mai nt ai ned as f ol -
Bedroom
l ows :
No resi dent roomshal l
accommodat e more t han

1' 6" bet ween wal l and t he si de of
bed t hat
t hree persons. Eachoccupant of aroomshal l be

i s l east used
provi ded wi t h a separat e
st orage cl oset of at

3' 0" i n f ront of dresser
l east t he f ol l owi ng:
3' 6"
di amet er area f or dressi ng
. 4' 0"
x 2' 2" cl ear and an openi ng wi dt h of

2' 6"
f or access t o and use of t abl e as a desk
at l east 3' cl ear.

3' 0" door openi ng
. The cl oset shal l be equi pped wi t h a shel f

2' 6"
general ci rcul at i on
andhangi ng rod.
Th
. Thebedroomshal l beequi ppedwi t hwi ndows

e bedroom
shal l be desi gned t o provi de a
hose gl azed
area i s at l east 15 percent

cl earl y def i ned area wi t hi n t he roomf or each
w
f t he f l oor area of t he room.

occupant . I t i s pref erabl e i f one occupant
does
o
. Wi ndows shal l be operabl e andhave af ree

not
have t o vi ol at e t he area of anot her i n order
ai r
vent i l at i on area equal t o hal f t he gl azed

t o
get t o or f romt he rooment rance or [ si c] t he
bedroom.
area.

I f possi bl e, t he roomshoul d
be desi gned so
.
Resi dent bedrooms shal l accommodat e at

t hat t here i s a vi sual separat i on bet ween t he
l east t he f ol l owi ng:
sl eepi ng areas.
General l y, resi dent rooms shoul d
2 beds: 3' 3"
x
6' 6"
mi n.

be grouped t oget her and served f romcommon
2 dressers : 3' 0" xl ' 6" mi n.

hal l s or
f oyers . These hal l s shal l provi de di rect
1 l ounge chai r : 1' 10"
x 1' 10" mi n.

access t o shared f aci l i t i es f or t heresi dent s wi t hout
2 bedsi de t abl es : l ' 0" x l ' 0"

t he necessi t y of goi ng out of doors. The room
119
F i g. 1

Cl earances f or cent ral di ni ng.
Resi dent i al
GROUP
HOMES
speci al l y
adapt ed f or t hehandi capped shal l have

r oomshal l cont ai n a wat er cl oset and a vani t y

sl i p mat er i al s and wi l l i ncl ude a st or age space
such access onl y vi a l evel f l oor s or el evat or s.
The

base
wi t h a pai r of l avat or i es wi t h cabi net s

f or each i ndi vi dual ' s per sonal t oi l et r i es.
acoust i c separ at i on of
par t y wal l s and f l oor s of

mount ed on i t . The homes speci al l y adapt ed f or
a gi ven r esi dent r oomshal l have STCr at i ng of

t he physi cal l y
handi capped shal l have a st al l

OFFI CE
45 andI NRr at i ng of +5. The
cei l i ng hei ght shal l

shower of suf f i ci ent di mensi ons t o al l owsoapi ng
be at l east 7' 6" ( B' 0" pr ef er r ed) .

out of t he
spr ay i nst ead
of a
t ub
.
Lavat or i es shal l

The of f i ce shal l cont ai n no l ess t han 100 squar e
be l ocat ed i n vani t y t ops wi t hout a base. Tubs

f eet i n ar ea. I t shal l have wal l s, f l oor s, andcei l i ngs
BATHROOM

may be al l owed
i f equi pped wi t h appr opr i at e

wi t h
a
r at i ng of 45 STC
and
+5
I NR t o i nsur e
gr ab bar s.

pr i vacy dur i ng counsel i ng.
Onebat hr oomshal l ser ve ever y t wo r esi dent bed-

Bat hr oomshal l open di r ect l y of f t he r esi dent ' s
r ooms, t hat i s, a t ot al of f our r esi dent s. The bat h-

r oom. Al l bat hr ooms wi l l be f i ni shed
wi t h non-
120
Resi dent i al
GROUPHOMES
12 1
Resi dent i al
SENIORCITIZENS' CENTER
122
Resi dent i al
SENI OR
CI TI ZENS' CENTER
123
Resi dent i al
SENIOR CITIZENS' CENTER
124
Resi dent i al
SENI OR CI TI ZENS' CENTER
Meet i ngs of groups and cl asses are a maj or part
of anyCent er program. These groups mayrange
f romcl asses i n creat i ve wri t i ng t o group di scus-
si ons on current af f ai rs. They may i ncl ude adra-
mat i cs group
or a
Great
Books
course, or
any
of awi de
range
of i nt erest s. An adequat enumber
of rooms shoul d be provi ded f or t hese groups,
f or as t he programdevel ops, requi rement s wi l l
i ncrease.
The
number of
meet i ng
rooms
wi l l
depend on
t he si ze of t he Cent er and t he number of i ndi vi d-
ual groups and cl asses.
Addi t i onal meet i ng space can be provi ded by
usi ng l ounge and audi t ori um space f or l arger
groups.
125
Resi dent i al
SENIORCITIZENS' CENTER
126
Resi dent i al
SENI OR CI TI ZENS' CENTER
127
Resi dent i al
SENI OR
CI TI ZENS' CENTER
128
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMES
ANDPARKS
LOCATION
The l ocat i on of mobi l e
homes and mobi l e home
devel opment s i s usual l y cont r ol l ed
by zoni ng.
Gener al l y, zoni ng i s based
upon a l anduse pl an
f or t he communi t y, backed up by sound pl anni ng
pr i nci pl es . However ,
t he basi s f or mobi l e home
zoni ng
i s f r equent l y under l ai n by emot i onal
con-
si der at i ons, r at her t han l anduse
pl anni ng.
Mobi l e homes, and mobi l e homedevel opment s
i n par t i cul ar , have t he
r eput at i on of bei ngvi sual l y
unat t r act i ve
and of at t r act i ng l ower - i ncome
hous-
i ng andpeopl e. Communi t i es
t end t o l ook at mo-
bi l e homes as af f ect i ng pr oper t y
val ues and as
t ax l i abi l i t i es. For t hese
maj or r easons, mobi l e
homes or e of t en r el egat ed t o par t s of
t he commu-
ni t y whi ch ar e
undesi r abl e f or ot her uses or r ur al
Thi s sect i on i s f r omGui del i nes f or Impr ovi ng
t he Mo-
bi l e
HomeLi vi ng Envi r onment , Of f i ce of Pol i cy
Devel op-
ment
and Resear ch, HUD, Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1978.
out - of - t he- way and out - of - si ght pl aces .
Most of
t hese ar eas have
nei t her
ut i l i t i es
nor communi t y
f aci l i t i es but ar e sel ect ed t o be
devel oped as
hi gh- densi t y l i vi ng envi r onment s
.
Mobi l e home devel opment s ar e r ar el y al l owed
or encour aged i n ar eas wel l sui t ed
f or r esi dent i al
devel opment . The nor mal l y accept ed
pl anni ng
pr i nci pl es f or r esi dent i al
l anduse pl anni ng ar e
t o l ocat e r esi dent i al uses :
. i n ar eas of compat i bl e l and
useandsur r ound-
i ng envi r onment s ;
. i n ar eas wi t h adequat e
ut i l i t y and r oad sup-
por t syst ems;
. i n ar eas
wi t h r easonabl e conveni ence t o com-
muni t y f aci l i t i es;
. i n ar eas of
si mi l ar densi t y such as a mobi l e
home densi t y of 4t o 7 dwel l i ng
uni t s per
acr e,
much l i ke t ownhouses and l owdensi t y
apar t ment s; and
. i n ar eas of l ogi cal ext ensi on or i nf i l l i ng of
t he exi st i ng ur ban gr owt h
pat t er n.
These pr i nci pl es ar e of t en i gnor ed wi t h r egar d
t o mobi l e home zoni ng.
LAYOUT
The l ayout of a mobi l e home subdi vi si on i s nor -
mal l y a gr i dl i ke ar r angement
of par al l el r oads
about 200f eet apar t l i nked t oget her by ot her
l ocal or
col l ect or r oads. Thi s ar r angement i s used
because most devel opment cost s ar e
det er mi ned
by t he amount of r ood
f r ont age r equi r ed f or each
l ot . Li ni ng t he mobi l e homes
up per pendi cul ar t o
t he r oad
r equi r es t he l east r oad f r ont age and
i s t he most economi cal ar r angement
of l ot s .
Common f aci l i t i es l i ke swi mmi ng pool s and
communi t y bui l di ngs, when
pr ovi ded, ar e usual l y
cent r al l y l ocat ed wi t hi n t he devel opment and ar e
of t en l ocat ed as a f ocal poi nt al ong
t he ent r ance
dr i ve. Faci l i t i es ar e mai nt ai ned by t he devel oper
or homeowner s'
associ at i on and each r esi dent
i s char ged
a mont hl y r at e f or use and mai nt e-
nance.
129
The t ypi cal subdi vi si on
l ot
consi st s of about
4, 000- 4, 500 square f eet of l and wi t h overal l di -
mensi ons of 40 by 100 f eet or 45 by 90 f eet
f or si ngl e and 50 by 85 f eet or 55 by 75 f eet
f or doubl e- wi de homes. Thel ot f ront s on a road
bui l t t o l ocal speci f i cat i ons f or dedi cat ed roads,
but may not act ual l y be dedi cat ed t o t he muni ci -
pal i t y . Theroad ri ght - of - way i s usual l y a mi ni mum
of 50 f eet wi de and cont ai ns a 24- t o 30- f oot
paved cart way. ( See Fi g. 1. )
I NDI VI DUAL MOBI LE HOME LOT
The mobi l e home l ot i s t he l and area, l arge or
smal l ,
upon
whi ch t he
home i s pl aced and whi ch
provi des spacef or al l of t hebel ongi ngs andact i v-
i t i es of i t s occupant .
Requi red Funct i onal Areas
The i ndi vi dual mobi l e home l ot consi st s of si x
component areas whi chref l ect t he
basi c f unct i ons
of t he mobi l e home si t e- pad, parki ng, ent rance,
out door l i vi ng, ut i l i t y corri dor and st orage. The
arrangement of t hese si x f unct i onal component s
of t hel ot i s somewhat vari abl e, but t ypi cal l y l ooks
l i ke Fi g. 2.
t he l ot arrangement . The occupant arri ves at
home i n a car, makes hi s way f romt he car t o
t he door and goes i n. Hel i ves i n hi s houseand
occasi onal l y moves out si de of hi s home i nt o t he
yard
area as an ext ensi on of hi s l i vi ng space.
Logi cal l y, t he parki ng area shoul d be bet ween
t he park ent rance and door. The out door l i vi ng
area shoul d be adj acent t o t he home and near
oneof t he t wo ent rances
. ( See
Fi g.
3. )
be a deadend, cul s- de- sac st reet or court wi t h
no t hrought raf f i c and wi t h l i mi t ed onst reet park-
i ng. Local st reet s are general l y short and may
have
cul s- de- sac, court s, or occasi onal l y
t wo
or
t hree branchi ng pl aces . Usual l y, no t hrought raf f i c
shoul d exi st bet ween t wo
st reet s of a
hi gher cl as-
si f i cat i on. Thepurposeof a l ocal st reet i s t o con-
nect t raf f i c t o andf romdwel l i ng uni t s t o subcol l ec-
t ors.
Subcol l ect ors provi de access t o l ocal st reet s and
court s,
pl aces, or cul s- de- sac and conduct t hi s
t raf f i c t o an act i vi t y cent er or t o a col l ect or st reet .
Asubcol l ect or may be a l oop st reet connect i ng
one col l ect or or out si de art eri al st reet at t wo
poi nt s, or conduct i ng t raf f i c bet ween col l ect or
st reet s or art eri al st reet s .
Col l ect ors aret he pri nci pal t raf f i c art eri es wi t hi n
resi dent i al areas and carry f ai rl y hi gh t raf f i c vol -
umes. They f unct i on
t o
conduct t raf f i c
t o or be-
t ween maj or art eri al st reet s out si de t he resi dent i al
areas. Awel l - pl anned nei ghborhood maxi mi zes
t he number of mobi l e homes l ocat ed on ei t her
l ocal st reet s or court s,
pl aces,
and cul s- de- sac
where t here i s no t hrough t raf f i c bet ween st reet s
of hi gher cl assi f i cat i on. Homes havi ng di rect ac-
cess t o subcol l ect ors and col l ect ors areal l owabl e,
but shoul d be mi ni mi zed. Local st reet s and court s
aresaf e anddesi rabl e pl aces t o l i ve; l i vi ng areas
are domi nant and t raf f i c movement i s subordi -
nat e.
Onl y a si ngl e movi ng t raf f i c l ane i s necessary
on
l ocal st reet s or court s, whi l e subcol l ect ors and
col l ect ors shoul d havet wo movi ng l anes. Front age
of l i vi ng
areas
on ent rance roads and col l ect or
st reet s shoul d be mi ni mi zed.
St reet al i gnment s shoul d be based upon si ght di s-
t ance and probabl e roadway speeds usi ng com-
put at i on met hods endorsed by t he i nst i t ut e of
Traf f i c Engi neers . General l y, a mi ni mumpract i cal
curveradi us i n resi dent i al areas i s 100f eet , wi t h
30 f eet accept abl eon mi nor st reet s . St reet al i gn-
ment
at i nt ersect i ons i s especi al l y cri t i cal . The
pref erred angl e of st reet i nt ersect i ons i s 90 de-
grees; f or saf et y
purposes,
st reet s shoul d never
i nt ersect at angl es l ess t han 80 degrees. When
t wo st reet s
i nt ersect t he same st reet , t hey shoul d
ei t her f orm a t hrough i nt ersect i on or be of f set
by at l east
100f eet .
St reet gradi ent s af f ect t he vi sual charact er, saf et y
and accessi bi l i t y of t he mobi l e home devel op-
ment . General l y speaki ng, grades bet ween2and
7percent are t he most desi rabl e; anda mi ni mum
of 0. 5 percent i s necessary on al l curbed st reet s
t o prevent pool i ng of wat er . I f gradi ent s must
bel ess t han t he
mi ni mumi n
very f l at
areas,
spe-
ci al subgrade compact i on and st reet const ruct i on
cont rol s are necessary. St reet s of l ess t han 2 per-
cent gradeare vi sual l y percei ved as f l at . Moder-
at e sl opes of 2 t o 7percent usual l y resul t i n a
more i nt erest i ng st reet - scopeandencouragemore
i magi nat i on i n t he si t i ng of homes.
St reet s shoul d general l y not exceed
12 percent
grade, but on mi nor st reet s grades of up t o 15
percent are accept abl e. Where st eep road gra-
di eni s areunavoi dabl e, care must st i l l be t aken
t o f l at t en
grades at i nt ersect i on areas; gradi ent s
wi t hi n 100f eet of i nt ersect i ons shoul d not exceed
10 percent , wi t h 4t o 6percent pref erabl e i n
snowor i ce areas f or a di st ance of 50 f eet .
Ci rcul at i on
l ayout det ermi nes
t he accessi bi l i t y of
t he mobi l e home si t e wi t hi n each devel opment .
I n properl y desi gned
resi dent i al
nei ghborhoods
The onl y component of t hi s arrangement t hat
i s f i xed i s t he ut i l i t y si de of t he home whi ch i s
al ways on t he ri ght si de when f aci ng t he mobi l e
homehi t ch. The
ot her areas arevari abl e, depend-
i ng pri mari l y upon t hel ot si zeanduni t ori ent at i on
on t he l ot .
Each mobi l e home l ot i s usual l y requi red, by
ordi nance, t o provi de t he pod, parki ng area, out -
door l i vi ng and st orage areas
.
Exi st i ng st andards
vary, but t ypi cal l y def i ne a mi ni muml ot si ze and
mi ni mumyard areas, whi ch does not gi ve t he
f l exi bi l i t y of l ot si ze requi red because of t he
hi ghl y vari abl esi ze of homes.
Ami ni mumdi st ance
bet ween homes and set backs al l ows t hi s l ot si ze
f l exi bi l i t y .
Conveni ence i n Rel at i onshi p of Use
Areas
Thearrangement of t he si x f unct i onal component
areas of
t he l ot shoul d be det ermi ned by t he
f l oor pl an of t he home, t he charact eri st i cs of each
si t e, and t hel ogi cal and conveni ent rel at i onshi p
of on- l ot space. Thesequence i n whi chresi dent s
use t he component areas shoul d beref l ect ed i n
130
Court s, pl aces or cul s- de- sac are very mi nor resi -
dent i al st reet s, t he pri mary purpose of whi ch
i s
t o serve i ndi vi dual l ot s and provi de access t o
l ocal or hi gher f orms of st reet s. Apl ace may
Ci rcul at i on- Hi erarchy of St reet s
St reet s wi t hi n mobi l e home devel opment s shoul d
be grouped i nt o f our f unct i onal cat egori es : ( See
Fi g. 4) .
1. court s, pl aces, cul s- de- sac,
2. l ocal st reet s,
3. subcol l ect ors, and
4. col l ect ors
Resi dent i al
MOBI LE HOMES ANDPARKS
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMESAND
PARKS
wi t hout t hrough t raf f i c, t ravel di st ances f romresi -
dences
t o
col l ect or st reet s are
short ,
act ual
t raf f i c
speeds are l ow, l ane capaci t y i s not a cont rol l i ng
desi gn f act or, and i nconveni ence or
short
del ay
i s a mi nor consi derat i on.
In
convent i onal si ngl e- f ami l y resi dent i al nei gh-
borhoods, t raf f i c speed shoul d be sl ow: approxi -
mat el y 25
mi l es per hour. In mobi l e home areas
where densi t y i s hi gher, speed shoul d not exceed
15
mi l es per hour . Moment ary del ays t o al l ow
ot her t raf f i c t o pass around parked cars i s accept -
abl e and i t i s cust omary t o dri ve sl owl y t o avoi d
chi l dren and pet s .
Pavement wi dt hs shoul d be det ermi ned by consi d-
eri ng probabl e peak- t raf f i c vol ume,
parki ng
needs, andl i mi t at i ons i mposed by si ght di st ance,
cl i mat e,
t errai n
and
mai nt enance requi rement s .
It i s sensel ess f or st reet s t o be wi der t han abso-
l ut el y necessary; excessi ve wi dt hs onl y i ncrease
devel opment cost s whi ch are passed on t o t he
l ot
rent er or owner
. Al so,
f rom
an
ecol ogi cal poi nt
of vi ew, avoi di ng excessi vel y wi de st reet s means
l ess i mpervi ous surf ace whi ch resul t s i n l ess st orm
wat er runof f . The speci al probl emof del i veri ng
mobi l e homes t o
l ot s i s not amaj or consi derat i on
i n det ermi ni ng st reet wi dt hs . Spaci ng bet ween
t he
mobi l e homes and
t he grades f romst reet t o
l ot are of much great er concern. Movement of
mobi l e homes f rom t hei r ori gi nal pl acement on
al ot i s uncommon, When homes are t o be moved
t hrough narrow st reet s, not i ce may be gi ven t o
remove parked cars f romt he st reet .
Where st reet s al so serve as pedest ri an wal ks,
t hey shoul d be bui l t wi t h a cort way 2 f eet wi der
t han ot herwi se requi red. Al l ent rance st reet s and
ot her col l ect or st reet s wi t h guest parki ng shoul d
be 28 t o 30 f eet wi de; t hi s provi des f or t wo
movi ng l anes and a parki ng l ane on one si de.
Col l ect or st reet s wi t hout parki ng shoul d be 24
t o
26
f eet wi de. Mi nor st reet s wi t h parki ng on
one si de shoul d be 26f eet wi de; and l ocal st reet s,
court s, pl azas and cul s- de- sac wi t h no parki ng
shoul d be20f eet wi de. A20- f oot wi de pavement
i s t he mi ni mumwi dt hwhi chgeneral l y of f ers year-
round ut i l i t y and conveni ence where snow and
i ce cont rol i s necessary.
One- way st reet s may be al l owed at 11- f oot
wi dt hs i n t he f ol l owi ng si t uat i ons :
( 1)
adequat e
of f - st reet parki ng i s assured; ( 2) t he cl i mat e i s
mi l d, and snowand i ce cont rol probl ems cannot
be f oreseen; ( 3) t ot al l oop l engt h wi l l not exceed
about 500f eet ; ( 4) no more t han about 25dwel l -
i ng uni t s are served; ( 5) adequat e l ongi t udi nal
si ght di st ances can
be provi ded; and ( 6)
vehi cl e
speeds may be reasonabl y expect ed
i n t he
10-
t o 15- mi l e- per- hour range. A16- f oot - wi de pave-
ment may be a pract i cal l oop st reet al t ernat i ve
i n di f f i cul t t errai n where cross- pavement ground
sl opes are severe, where vehi cl e speeds wi l l not
exceed 10mi l es per hour, and whereot her above-
out l i ned consi derat i ons can be met . Under t he
vari ous condi t i ons out l i ned, t he 16- f oot - wi de
pavement can be f unct i onal l y ef f ect i ve, but wi l l
resul t i n ahi gher l evel of resi dent i nconveni ence
t han awi der pavement . Si xt een f eet cannot be
consi dered a desi rabl e pavement wi dt h but must
be conceded t o beaccept abl e under cert ai n con-
di t i ons, where necessary t o avoi d dest ruct i on of
nat ural f eat ures .
St reet ri ght s- of - way ore a consi derat i on uni que
t o t he mobi l e home subdi vi si on devel opment
.
St reet s wi t hi n rent al parks si mpl y aren' t dedi cat ed
t o t he muni ci pal i t y si nce t he ent i re park properl y
i s owned by t hepark devel oper- operat or . In order
t o achi eve maxi mumdensi t y, a park devel oper
wi l l usual l y ret ai n ownershi p of roads and t here-
f ore
does
not
have t o
meet l ocal st andards f or
roads or reserve a wi de ri ght - of - way.
Wi t hi n t he
mobi l e home subdi vi si on,
t he
st reet s
and st reet ri ght s- of - way arededi cat edor ret ai ned
i n t he ownershi p
of
t he homeowners' associ at i on.
When roads are t o be dedi cat ed, t hey have
t o meet
t he
same st andards appl i ed t o
al l
roads
wi t hi n resi dent i al areas. Thi s general l y means t hat
a 50- f oot ri ght - of - way i s requi red. The resul t i ng
arrangement of space, smal l l ot s and wi de ri ght s-
of - way, i s comparat i vel y wast ef ul of space.
Space i s st i l l l acki ng where i t i s most needed
( i n t he out door l i vi ng area of i ndi vi dual homes)
because l ot si zes are st i l l usual l y smal l .
On
t he
ot her hand, on excess of spacei s provi ded where
i t i s needed l east. The di st ance bet ween homes
on opposi t e si des of st reet s i s somet i mes 70 t o
80f eet , amore generous spaci ng t han i s needed
i n asmal l l ot devel opment .
St reet ri ght s- of - way must be adequat e t o provi de
requi red st reet pavement s, si dewal ks, drai nage
f aci l i t i es, and ut i l i t i es as needed, when t hey are
pl aced i n t he ri ght s- of - way
.
Ri ght - of - way wi dt hs
are t oo f requent l y f i xed uni f orml y by l ocal ordi -
nances,
regardl ess
of
t he act ual
space requi red
t o accommodat e necessary i mprovement s . Exces-
si vel y
wi de ri ght s- of - way wast e l and and resul t
i n avoi dabl e mai nt enance cost s t o t he muni ci pal -
i t y; a communi t y real i zes no t ax revenue f rom
st reet ri ght s- of - way. Thi s l and woul d be bet t er
devot ed t o i ndi vi dual bui l di ng si t es rat her t han
publ i c ri ght - of - way.
Si dewal ks al ong t he road edge i n suburban resi -
dent i al areas are bei ng provi ded l ess f requent l y
t han i n t he past , and t he amount of pedest ri an
use vari es . Pl acement of si dewal ks i mmedi at el y
adj acent t o t he road i sn' t real l y a saf e l ocat i on
unl ess curbs are provi ded. More el aborat e devel -
opment s
have i nt eri or
pedest ri an pat hs
l i nki ng
l ogi cal ori gi ns and dest i nat i ons such as cl ust ers
of i ndi vi dual homes t o communi t y f aci l i t i es or t o
conveni encecommerci al areas. Pat hs or si dewal ks
ot her t han t hese
are
not necessary i n
l ow- t raf f i c-
movement areas.
Drai nage f ael l i l l es may i ncl ude ei t her grassed
swal es or curb gut t ers andsubsurf ace st ormdrai n-
age st ruct ures. Where roadsi de drai nage swal es
are used, t hey normal l y requi re a ri ght - of - way
at l east 10f eet wi der t han t he pavement wi dt h.
Thus i f a 28- Foot pavement i s used and swal es
are
l ocat ed on bot h
si des,
a t ot al ri ght - of - way
of 48f eet woul dbe requi red. If st reet s arecurbed,
t here may be no j ust i f i abl e reason f or ri ght - of -
waywi dt hs t o bemuchwi der t han roadwaypave-
ment s.
Dead- end st reet s must be provi ded wi t h t urn-
around areas. Turn- grounds i n most convent i onal
si ngl e f ami l y subdi vi si ons are cul - de- sac st reet s
wi t h a 75- t o 80- f oot - di amet er paved area. It
i s f ai rl y commoni n mobi l e homeparks t o el i mi nat e
t he t urni ng ci rcl e f or st reet s wi t h f ewer t han
t went y- f i ve homes, subst i t ut i ng a"T" or "Y" t urn-
around i ncorporat ed i nt o a parki ng l ot cl ust er .
"T" and "Y" t urn- grounds shoul d ut i l i ze an 18-
f oot mi ni mumradi us on al l t urns. The resi dent i al
deadend t urn- around i s basi cal l y f or aut omobi l e
use, but l arger vehi cl es must somet i mes beaccom-
modat ed. Resi dent i al st reet s wi l l al so be used,
i n decreasi ng order of f requency, by ref use col l ec-
t ors, del i very t rucks, snowpl ows, movi ng vans and
f i re t rucks . Experi ence has shown t hat ci rcul ar
paved
t urni ng
areas 75 t o 80
f eet
i n di amet er
f unct i on very wel l .
Curbs al ongresi dent i al st reet s areusual l y j ust i f i ed
f or t hree reasons; ( 1) prevent i ng t he roadway
pavement f rombreaki ng down, ( 2) cont rol l i ng
t raf f i c f romencroachi ng
beyond
paved surf aces,
and ( 3) concent rat i ng and channel i zi ng st orm-
wat er runof f . Val i d argument s have al so been
made agai nst t he use of curbs, maki ng a cl earcut
answer di f f i cul t. Proponent s of curbl ess st reet s
regard curbs as bot h a needl ess expense and
an ecol ogi cal l y unsound pract i ce
whi ch
di srupt s
nat ural surf ace drai nage and requi res expensi ve
st ormdrai nage f aci l i t i es .
Such
f aci l i t i es f requent l y
concent rat e st ormwat er and produce wat er ve-
l oci t i es whi ch necessi t at e t he col l ect i on of wat er
i n pi pes and st ormwat er syst ems. These condi -
t i ons t end t o mi ni mi ze t he amount of wat er i nf i l -
t rat i ng t he ground and can cause a consi derabl e
amount of f ast - movi ng wat er t o l eave t he si t e
and cause of f - si t e f l oodi ng and erosi on. Swal es,
an al t ernat i ve t o curbs, can col l ect wat er where
vel oci t y i s sl owed
and
al l ow
i t t o be absorbed
i nt o t he ground. Proponent s of curbl ess st reet s
al so quest i on t he rel i abi l i t y of curbs as a saf et y
measure, ci t i ng howeasy i t i s f or a vehi cl e t o
st ri ke or go over acurb and out of cont rol .
The deci si on t o use curbs shoul d l argel y be
based on how ef f ect i vel y st ormwat er con be
removed f romt he si t e wi t hout causi ng harmf ul
on- or of f - si t e i mpact s. The f easi bi l i t y of usi ng
swal es shoul d be expl ored as apref erred al t erna-
t i ve over t heuse of curbsduri ng t heearl y pl anni ng
phase. If
curbs are used, t he rol l ed curb may
be more desi rabl e duet o t he numerous crossovers
requi red
f or
f requent on- l ot parki ng areas, yet
i t s ef f ect i veness i n cont rol l i ng t raf f i c may be l ess .
If curbs arenot used, pavement s
can
be prevent ed
f romunravel i ng by usi ng a t hi ckened- edge pave-
ment , ext endi ngt hebase
course beyond
t he pav-
i ng surf ace by 6t o 8i nches, or usi ng anchored
st eel edgi ng f l ush wi t h t he pavement surf ace.
COMMUNITY FACILITIES`
The need f or communi t y f aci l i t i es i s rel at ed t o
t hedensi t y of t hedevel opment . Communi t y f aci l i -
t i es are especi al l y i mport ant i n smal l l ot devel op-
ment s wherepri vat e out door spacei s l i mi t ed; t hey
are somewhat l ess cri t i cal where l ot s are
l arge
enough t o al l ow many act i vi t i es i n i ndi vi dual
yards.
At hi gher
densi t i es, communi t y
open space
can compensat e f or smal l pri vat e ext eri or l i vi ng
space.
Regul at i ons f or communi t y f aci l i t i es and open
space syst ems t ypi cal l y requi re t hat at l east 8
percent of t hegross si t e area be devot edt o recre-
at i onal f aci l i t i es and t hat a communi t y bui l di ng,
st ormshel t er, l aundry anddryi ng
f aci l i t i es, t oi l et s,
and amanagement of f i ce be provi ded. Depend-
i ng on t he si ze of t he devel opment ,
however,
al l of t hese f aci l i t i es may not be desi rabl e or
necessary.
Tot l ot s and areas f or chi l dren t o pl ay away
f romt he mobi l e homes are especi al l y necessary
t o mi ni mi ze di st urbance of t he i ndi vi dual resi -
dent s out door
l i vi ng
areas.
In devel opment s
where l ot s are great er t han 10, 000 square f eet ,
t here i s l ess dependence upon
communi t y space;
but pl ayground and park areas f or l arge- scal e
act i vi t i es are desi rabl e as i n any
resi dent i al area.
Communi t y areas shoul d have a parkl i ke at -
mosphere compat i bl e
wi t h resi dent i al l i vi ng envi -
ronment s. Communi t y bui l di ngs and st ruct ures
shoul d al so
be desi gned i n amanner compat i bl e
' SOURCE: Gui del i nes f or Improvi ng t he Mobi l e
Home
Li vi ng
Envi ronment , Of f i ce of Pol i cy Devel opment
and Research, HUD, Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1978.
131
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMESANDPARKS
wi t h a r esi dent i al l i v i ng
env i r onment r at her t han
a commer ci al dev el opment .
Publ i c out door open space commonl y
consi st s
of t wo t ypes : " st r uct ur ed" and " unst r uct ur ed"
f aci l i t i es
. St r uct ur ed f aci l i t i es i ncl ude f or mal pl ay-
gr ounds, gol f cour ses, shuf f l eboar d cour t s, t enni s
cour t s, swi mmi ng pool s, and
r el at ed f aci l i t i es .
St r uct ur ed f aci l i t i es ar e nor mal l y dev el oped i n a
compl ex wi t h a communi t y bui l di ng. Equal l y i m-
por t ant ar e t he unst r uct ur ed publ i c open
spaces
whi ch can be as si mpl e as open gr ass ar eas f or
spont aneous t eamgames and ot her act i v i t i es .
The
t ype of communi t y f aci l i t i es necessar y f or any
mobi l e home dev el opment i s det er mi ned by t he
occupant s t o be ser v ed. Af ami l y- or i ent ed dev el -
opment mayr equi r e mor e ext ensi v e out door open
space f or act i v e r ecr eat i on, wher eas a r et i r ement
communi t y
may r equi r e l ess space but a gr eat er
v ar i at i on of act i v i t y ar eas . Communi t y f aci l i t i es
commonl y i ncl ude such t hi ngs as swi mmi ng pool s,
communi t y bui l di ngs, v ehi cl e st or age ar eas, pe-
dest r i an pat hs, t ot l ot s, and cour t games.
Communi t y Bui l di ng
Acommuni t y f aci l i t y whi ch i s common t o most
new
mobi l e home par ks i s t he communi t y
bui l di ng .
F i g . 5

Mobi l e home par k sket ch pl ans.
132
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMESANDPARKS
It cont ai ns more t han one act i vi t y and serves more
t han one f unct i on.
Uses commonl y bui l t i nt o a
communi t y bui l di ng i ncl ude: l aundry f aci l i t i es,
meet i ng rooms, recreat i on rooms and, i n
t he case
of f ami l y- ori ent ed parks, daycare cent ers. The
bui l di ng i s normal l y const ruct ed as part of acom-
pl ex i ncl udi ng st ruct ured out door recreat i on f aci l i -
t i es, such as swi mmi ng pool s and l i mi t edof f - st reet
parki ng. Communi t y bui l di ngs shoul d bedesi gned
wi t h aresi dent i al charact er harmoni ous wi t h t he
mobi l e homedevel opment . When const ruct edand
managed properl y, t he
communi t y bui l di ng can
be a maj or asset t o t hemobi l e home envi ronment.
The key word becomes "management , "
f or af t er
t he mobi l e home devel opment i s est abl i shed and
t he communi t y bui l di ng i s const ruct ed, i t i s t he
responsi bi l i t y of t he homeowners' associ at i on i n
subdi vi si ons, and t he operat or i n
parks, t o mai n-
t ai n t he st ruct ure and operat e t he act i vi t y pro-
grams.
Asecondary, but very i mport ant , f unct i on of
t he communi t y bui l di ng
i s t hat of st ormshel t er
f or
mobi l e home resi dent s. In areas of t hecount ry
where dangerous st orms mi ght occur,
a
st ruct ur-
al l y adequat e communi t y bui l di ng of ampl e ca-
paci t y must beprovi ded f or t he resi dent s' saf et y.
The Mobi l e Home Manuf act urers Associ at i on
recommends t hat approxi mat el y 10 t o 15 square
f eet of f l oor area per mobi l e home uni t shoul d
be provi ded.
Common Vehi cul ar St orage Area
Much of t he cl ut t er and di sarray i n mobi l e home
parks i s due t o t he l ack of a def i ned st orage
area f or sel domused vehi cl es or recreat i onal vehi -
cl es . Provi si ons f or st orage of t hese vehi cl es
shoul d be i ncl uded i n t he mobi l e home devel op-
ment , especi al l y
where l ot s
are
smal l . In many
mobi l e home parks, resi dent s have more l ei sure
t i me t han t hei r convent i onal housi ng count erpart s ;
recreat i onal equi pment , snowmobi l es, boat s, and
t ravel t rai l ers are somet i mes abundant .
Recrea-
t i onal vehi cl es general l y t ake up t oo much space
t o be st ored on each i ndi vi dual home si t e
. Com-
mon areas accessi bl e t o al l resi dent s of t he devel -
opment are necessary t o st ore such vehi cl es or
equi pment . The st orage area shoul d be separat ed
f romt he l i vi ng areas of t he si t e and shoul d be
agravel or hard surf ace area encl osed by a secu-
ri t y f ence and adequat el y screened f romsi ght .
At l east one st orage space shoul d be provi ded
f or every 19 mobi l e homes.
Swi mmi ng Pool s
Swi mmi ng pool s do much t o enhance t he
i mage
of a mobi l e home communi t y. In f act , most hi gh-
qual i t y mobi l e home parks i ncl ude a swi mmi ng
pool or some equi val ent st ruct ured recreat i onal
f aci l i t y. The general l y i sol at ed
l ocat i on of mobi l e
home devel opment s suggest s t hat such a f aci l i t y
i s desi rabl e, especi al l y under cert ai n cl i mat i c con-
di t i ons and f or speci f i c segment s of t he mobi l e
homemarket . Swi mmi ng pool s areusual l y l ocat ed
near a communi t y bui l di ng and ot her st ruct ured
f aci l i t i es, and shoul d
be desi gned t o accommo-
dat e t he ant i ci pat ed usershi p wi t hout undue
crowdi ng. Anest i mat e of part i ci pat i on rat e duri ng
t ypi cal summer weekends provi des t he basi s f or
det ermi ni ng an appropri at e pool si ze. Thi s rat e
of part i ci pat i on vari es wi t h t he expect ed popul a-
t i on charact eri st i cs of t he devel opment . Approxi -
mat el y one- quart er of t he persons at t he pool
wi l l be i n t he wat er at any one t i me, and t he
pool shoul d be desi gned t o provi de 10 t o 15
square f eet of wat er surf ace f or each wader
and
30
square
f eet f or each swi mmer . Deck area equal
t o or l arger t han t he pool surf ace area shoul d
be provi ded
. Most part i ci pant s al so desi re a
l arge, f enced- i n t urf area of equal si ze f or sun-
bat hi ng.
Ageneral rul e of t humb f or est i mat i ng requi red
pool area i s t o provi de
3 square
f eet
of pool
surf ace f or each mobi l e home l ot . ( Thi s st andard
assumes 2pot ent i al part i ci pant s per home,
20
percent part i ci pat i on rat e, 25 percent of act ual
part i ci pant s i n pool at any one t i me, and 30
square f eet of surf ace per swi mmer. )
Tot Lot s and Pl aygrounds
Tot l ot s are smal l pl aygrounds consi st i ng of sev-
eral pi eces of pl ay apparat us, swi ngs, or cl i mbi ng
equi pment provi ded especi al l y f or use by young
chi l dren. They shoul d be l ocat ed cl ose t o t he
homes
whi ch
t hey serve or wi t hi n t he communi t y
recreat i on area wheret hey canbe easi l y observed
and supervi sed. Ideal l y,
a
smal l t ot
l ot coul d be
est abl i shed f or each groupi ng of homesi t es so
t hat chi l dren
coul d use t hemwi t hout crossi ng col -
l ect or st reet s i n t he devel opment . Tot l ot s al so
work wel l when l ocat ed adj acent t o adul t recrea-
t i on areas so t hat chi l dren may be observed by
adul t s usi ng ot her f aci l i t i es .
Pl aygrounds are somewhat l arger i n scal e t han
t ot l ot s
and are normal l y ori ent ed t o el ement ary-
school - age chi l dren. They shoul d have saf e appa-
rat us whi ch provi de
opport uni t i es f or chi l dren t o
use a vari et y of mot or ski l l s . Such equi pment can
i ncl ude:
t i re
or ot her f l exi bl e- seat swi ngs ; seesaws
wi t h t i re saf et y st ops; cl i mbi ng arches or ot her
apparat us on "sof t " surf ace
; and
spl i nt er- f ree
cl i mbi ng bl ocks .
Court Games
Basket bal l and t enni s court s are popul ar f aci l i t i es
f or adul t recreat i on. They can of t en be i ncorpo-
rat ed i nt o acent ral i zedrecreat i on cl ubhouse com-
pl ex where t hey are easi l y accessi bl e vi a st reet s
andpedest ri an pat hs. Bot h f aci l i t i es requi re much
space, serve a l i mi t ed number of peopl e at any
one t i me, and can benef i t f rom ni ght l i ght i ng
whi ch i ncreases t he number of peopl e who can
be served.
General Court Games
Provi de
avari et y of f aci l i t i es t o serve vari ous
age groups i ncl udi ng:
basket bal l
court s ( hard surf ace) - 50
users per
hal f court , dai l y capaci t y
Vol l eybal l
( i n
l awn areas- 72users per court ,
dai l y capaci t y
shuf f l eboard ( hard surf ace) - 20 users per court ,
dai l y capaci t y
Li ght i ng f or ni ght useof court areas i s desi rabl e
and wi l l i ncrease dai l y capaci t y by 20 t o 30
percent
.
Tenni s Court s
. Provi de a f enced, l owmai nt enance, al l - weat her
( hard- surf ace) court .
.
General
capaci t y i s 20 part i ci pant s per day
per court .
. Li ght i ng f or ni ght
use i s desi rabl e and wi l l
i ncrease capaci t y by 40 percent .
133
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMESANDPARKS
STANDARDDETAILS-SEWER ANDWATER
CONNECTIONSFOR MOBILE HOMES
A

NON-FREEZING
WALL
HYDRANT
B

MAIN
SHUT-OFF VALVE
C

WATER

CONNECTION(3/ 4'
COPPER
TUBING)
0

WATER RISER PIPE (SEEDETAILS)
E

MOBILE HOME DRAINOUTLET
F

SEWER
CONNECTIONS(SEEDETAIL)
a

SEWER RISER PIPE (SEE DETALSI
134
Fi g. b

(a) Typi cal pi pe connect i ons t o mobi l e homes. (b) Locat i on of
wat er and sewer ri ser pi pes.
SOURCE: Mobi l e Homes Manuf act urers Associ at i on.
Resi dent i al
MOBILE
HOMESANDPARKS
NOTE

SIZE ANDFACILITIES SHOWNFOR THISOFFICE
BUILDING
IS
BASEDON
HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONS
ANDIS NOT MEANT TOBE AN
ILLUS-
TRATIONOF
A
MODEL
OFFICE FOR ANY PARK.
ANY GIVENPARK HASCONDITIONSWHICH
DICTATE WHATANOFFICE
BUILDING SHOULD
HAVE TO FUNCTIONPROPERLY,
THE FOLLOWING
CONDITIONS SHOULDBE CONSIDERED- - -
I PARK ADMINISTRATION
AREA
2 WAITING AREA
3
PUBLIC AREA
4 PARKINFORMATIONCENTER
5 PUBLIC PHONES
6 PARTSBSALES
SERVICE
7 STORAGE
B
ELECTRICAL B MECHANICAL RC
OTHER THANSIZE OF BUILDING, TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
ANDAREA

LOCATION,
SOMEOF THE
FACTORSWHICHDICTATE SIZE OF AREAREQUIREDARE: REQUIREMENTS
OF
ELECTRIC, PHONE, GAS
BWATER COMPANIESB LOCAL CODES FOR INCOMING SERVICES,
METERING, PROTECTIONB SUPERVISION
FOR THE PARK UTILITIES AS WELL AS VENTI-
LATION, SPACE 8WATER HEATING,
ELECTRIC PANELS, ETC, FOR T' HE BUILDING ITSELF.
ADDITIONAL
AREA REQUIREMENTSMAY BE: CENTRAL LIGHTING CONTROL
STATIONAND
CENTRAL TV. ANTENNA RELAY STATION,
NOTE: ALL ABOVE INFORMATION MUST BE DETERMINEDLOCALLY BY THE
PROSPECTIVE PARK OWNER. THERE ARE NO NATIONAL
AVERAGESOR A
TYPICAL' OFFICE BUILDINGTOFIT ALL CONDITIONS.
Fi g. 7 Park of f i ce bui l di ng. (George Muramot o, Archi t ect )
135
Fi g. 8

Park of f i ce
mobi l e uni t s. (George Murorrot o, Archi t ect )
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMESANDPARKS
LAUNDRY, MOBILEHOMEPARK
CHECKUWIT
PARKDEMANDSBY LOCAL INVESTIGATIONS
OF!
I. AVAILABLE COMMUNITY FACILITIES NEARBY.
2. NUMBER OF COACHES WITHOWNLAUNDRY FACILITIES.
(THE NUMBER OF
UNITS MANUFACTUREDWITH LAUNDRY
FACILITIES
IS GROWING EACHYEAR. )
3 SEASONAL ANDWEATHER CONDITIONS TO
ESTABLISH RATIO
OF WASHERS T) DRYERS-ANDTENANT
PREFERENCESFOR ErTHER
OR BOTHTYPES OF DRYING.
".
DEMANDFOR ADDITIONAL LAUNDRY SERVICESOR SPACE SUCH
AS
IRONING, HANDLING, PACKAGING ETC.
S. COMPARE COSTS AND/OR NEED
FOR COMMERCIAL-TYPE EXTRACTORS
&DRYEAA.
INTERIOR ROOMFINISHES
MINIMUM GOOD
FLOOR CONCRETE*

CERAMIC TILE OR TERRAZZO
BASE

COVEDCONC. *

COVEDCERAMICTLE, FACINGTILEOR TERRAZZO
WALLS
CEMENTENAMEL CERAMICTILE OR FACING TILE
OR EPOXY
PRAYEDON
ONC. BLOCK.
CEILING
CEM. PLASTER

MINERAL ACOUSTICAL TLI
:
*WITH
HARDENER
ADDITIVE
SYMBOLS
W- WASHER
LT-LAUNDRY
TRAY, DOUBLE
0 - DRYER
EXL-COMMERCIAL
EXTRACTOR
SS-SERVICESINK
8WALL OUTLETS
DISPENSEPOETERGENTSOAP
STARCH, BWING,
BLEACH, ET~
DIISPEONDISPENSER, CANDY, DRINKS, ETC
. TELEPHONE
ABBREVIATIONS
WC
.
WATER CLOSET
UR. URINAL
LAY LAVATORY
FDFLOOR DRAIN
136
Fi g. 9

Typi cal mi ni muml aundry bui l di ng f aci l i t i es f or a mobi l e home park of about 100 spaces. (George
Muramot o, Archi t ect (
Fi g. 10

Typi cal mobi l e l aundry uni t s . (George Muramot o, Archi t ect (
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMESANDPARKS
MOBILE HOMEPARK
137
Fi g. 11

Typi cal pl ot pl ans
f or i ndi vi dual l of s. ( H. Behrend and D. Ghorbani )
Resi dent i al
MOBILEHOMESANDPARKS
138
Fi a. 12

Mobi l e home park modul es.
Resi dent i al
MOBILE
HOMESANDPARKS
ALLMODULESSHOWNONTHESESHEETS
HAVE BEENEXTRACTEDFROMWORKINGDRAWINGSANDSITE
PLANSPROVIDEDBY THE FOLLOWINGARCHITECTSANDLANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTS, CONSULTANTSTOTHELANDDEVELOPMENT
DIVISIONOF M. H. M. A. : DAN
ABERNATHY, CLAYADAMSON,
TONY BARNES, JOHNCOOPER, ROBERTEBL. JOE GERACI,
EDWARDGEUBTNER, MARTYGILCHRIST. STEVELUND,TOMMIERZWA,
DONALDMOLNAR, TEDPOTZNER, ROBERTPHILLIPS, PHILLIPSRUSH,
DOUGLASRUTH, DONALDWESTPHAL. LARRY WHITLOCK.
THESTAFFOF LANDDEVELOPMENTDIVISIONREFINEDTHESE
MODULESANDCOORDINATEDTHE PROGRAM.
Fi g. 12(cont. )

Mobi l e home parkmodul es.
139
Resi denti al
YOUTHHOSTELS
1 .
I NTRODUCTI ON
AYouthHostel
Descr i bed
Ayouthhostel pr ovi des f or youngpeopl eon thei r
tr avel s what a hotel pr ovi des f or adul ts: apl ace
to sl eep, wash, and
eat
.
But wher eas a hotel
segr egates peopl e-i npr i vate r ooms andat pr i -
vate tabl es-a
youthhostel br i ngs themtogether ;
i t i s a meeti ng pl ace at whi ch young peopl e of
di f f er ent nati onal i ti es, soci al
backgr ounds and
opi ni ons canmeet andcome to knoweach other.
Thesi mpl est youth
hostel , i n acountr y di str i ct
f r equented by wal ker s or cl i mber s, wi l l pr ovi de
onl y the
basi c r equi r ements of dor mi tor i es, wash-
r ooms, sani tar y i nstal l ati on, and a ki tchen i n
whi ch
tr avel l er s can pr epar e thei r ownmeal s. On
the other hand, a l ar ge moder n youth hostel ,
i n
aci ty or mai ntour i st center , wi l l of f er comf or tabl e
bedr ooms
wi th f our to ei ght beds, hot shower
baths, r ecr eati on r ooms, ar estaur ant or caf eter i a,
andother f aci l i ti es. ( See Fi g. 1 . )
Each youth hostel i s i n the char ge of
adul t
housepar ents or ' war dens' ( gener al l y a mar r i ed
coupl e) who have an educati onal as wel l as an
admi ni str ati ve f uncti on; thei r task i s to wel d the
gr oup of young str anger s under
thei r
r oof
i nto
a
f r i endl y and happy communi ty f or the br i ef
per i od of twoor thr ee days. Thechar ge f or ac-
commodati on i s kept to the
mi ni mumconsi stent
SOURCE: The Desi gn, Constr ucti on andEqui pment
of YouthHostel s, I nter nati onal YouthHostel
Feder ati on,
Wel wyn Gar den Ci ty, Engl and, 1975.
wi th adequate standar ds. For thi s r eason si mpl i c-
i ty i s
the r ul e-ther ear e no ser vants, andvi si tor s
nor mal l y take a shar e of the domesti c duti es i n
the hostel ; beds ar e equi pped onl y
wi th
mattr ess
andbl ankets, each vi si tor br i ngi ng hi s own sheet
sl eepi ng bagi n pl ace of
sheets; f ur ni shi ng i s si m-
pl e though i t maybe i n good taste.
' Youth' i s a
wor d whi ch cannot be r i gi dl y de-
f i ned, and ther e ar e f ewcountr i es i n whi ch a
str i ct agel i mi t i s appl i ed.
Pr ef er ence i s gener al l y
gi ven, however , to vi si tor s aged under 25, whi l e
10year si s consi der ed
the mi ni mumagef or i nter -
nati onal usage of hostel s.
I n or der to exer ci se some contr ol over the use
of hostel s, admi ssi on i s r estr i cted to
hol der s
of
a member shi p car d, but a car d can be obtai ned
f or a ver y modest char ge ( gr adedaccor di ng to
age) andno di scr i mi nati on i s shown agai nst any
appl i cant on gr ounds of r el i gi on, pol i ti cs, r ace,
col our , etc. Member shi p car ds i ssued i n anycoun-
tr y wi thi n the I nter nati onal Youth Hostel Feder a-
ti on ar e accepted at youthhostel s i n ever y other
countr y.
Consequentl y, hostel s shoul dhaveacer tai n uni -
f or mi ty, so that, i n whatever par t of the wor l d
i t maybe, theyouthhostel wi l l pr ovi deaccommo-
dati on acceptabl e
to
al l
vi si tor s
.
Thus f or i nstance,
i n J apan, wester n styl e beds and chai r s ar e to
be f ound al ongsi de
the tr adi ti onal pi l l ows, cush-
i ons, and beds pl aced di r ectl y on the f l oor . At
the same ti me, i t i s i mpor tant
that each countr y
pr eser ve i ts i ndi vi dual customsandnati onal char -
140
Fi g. 1

Di agr amshowi ngther el ati onshi p betweenthe el ements of amoder n youthhostel .
acter i sti cs, as these ar e of ten the ver y thi ngs
whi chattr act vi si tor s. Theyouthhostel must never
be af or mof standar di zed bar r acks whi ch coul d
be pr oduced
i n any countr y and be r epeated
thr oughout the wor l d. Theconver se i n f act shoul d
be the cr i ter i a : no twohostel s even i n the same
countr y shoul d be i denti cal , i n or der that each
hostel vi si ted wi l l be a newexper i ence. Wi thi n
thi s pr i nci pl e, the
pr acti cal
ar r angements
of
spaces and hygi ene f aci l i ti es can, and shoul d,
conf or mto acommon mi ni mumstandar d:
MI NI MUMAND
NORMALSTANDARDS
FORYOUTHHOSTELS
( adopted at the 28th Conf er ence of the
I nter nati onal YouthHostel Feder ati on, 1970)
Mi ni mumStandar ds
( Obl i gator y)
Ever y YouthHostel must pr ovi de:
"
Super vi si on
by a war den or
other sui tabl e adul t
per son who shal l be r esponsi bl e f or the wel l -
bei ngof the
per son
usi ngthe hostel .
. Separ ate dor mi tor i es f or menandwomen, wi th
separ ate entr ances ( but f ami l y r ooms may be
of f er ed f or par ents wi thyoungchi l dr en) . Dor mi -
tor i es must be equi pped
wi th beds,
each
wi th
a mattr ess, a pi l l ow, and a suf f i ci ent number
of bl ankets accor di ng to the cl i mate
.
. Separ ate sani tar y i nstal l ati ons ( toi l ets and
washi ngf aci l i ti es) i n adequatenumber s
f or men
and women, kept i n cl ean andhygi eni c condi -
ti on.
. Amember s' ki tchen, equi pped wi th
cooki ng
stoves, pots, pans, etc. , or some si mpl e f aci l i ti es
f or cooki ngmeal s. Faci l i ti es
enabl i ng the hostel
staf f to pr ovi demeal s at r easonabl e pr i ces may
al so
be pr ovi ded.
. A
common r oom, ter r ace, or other
pl ace ( de-
pendi ng on the cl i mate) i n whi ch guests can
meet and get to knoweach
other .
Addi ti onal Faci l i ti es ( Opti onal )
Dependent upon
the
si ze
andf uncti on of ayouth
hostel , other accommodati on wi l l be r equi r ed
whi ch mayi ncl ude the f ol l owi ng:
( a) Abaggager oom
( b) Li vi ng accommodati on f or
staf f
( c) Al ockabl e cycl e stor e
( d) Aheated and venti l ated
dr yi ng r oomf or
the dr yi ng of wet cl othi ng
( e) Aki tchen i n whi chthe war den
and/ or staf f
canpr epar e meal s f or suppl y to the hostel -
l er s; al so f ood stor es,
andf aci l i ti es f or ca-
ter i ng staf f
( f )
Asepar ate smal l r oom
( or r ooms) f or l ead-
er s or i nstr uctor s
( g) Asi ck r oom( al ter nati vel y the l eader ' s r oom
canbe used i n the case of
si ckness)
( h) Ar oomi n whi ch hostel l er s can wash, dr y,
andi r on cl othes
( i ) Ar oomi n whi chthewar den ( or hostel
staf f )
canl aunder hostel l i nen
( j ) Addi ti onal common r ooms whi ch can al so
be used as di ni ng r ooms
andas cl assr ooms
f or school par ti es
( k) Ar ecepti on of f i ce and
star e wher e the
war den can r ecei ve and book
i n hostel l er s
( I ) Accommodati onf or speci al i st equi pment as
r equi r ed dependi ng on the
l ocati on: ski
stor e, boat sheds, stabl es, etc.
I n the ear l y days of the youth
hostel movement
many ver y si mpl e hostel s wer e set up i n
whatever
pr oper ty was avai l abl e, such
as ol d cottages,
huts, ol d school s, and f ar mbui l di ngs. Thi s type
of
si mpl e accommodati on i s sti l l empl oyed
i n
many par ts of the wor l d, especi al l y i n those
ar eas
wher e
the
popul ati on i s
thi n andther e i s a degr ee
of i sol ati on.
Resi dent i al
YOUTHHOSTELS
INTRODUCTION
Thi s
sect i on has been prepared t o assi st i n t he
desi gni ng of a newhost el or i n t he conversi on
of an exi st i ng
bui l di ng i nt o a host el .
Each t ype
of roomnecessary i n a host el i s
descri bed and al l t he vari ous f eat ures rel at i ve
t o each room
are i ndi cat ed.
The
i nf ormat i on i n t hi s sect i on i s based on
t he physi cal st andards f or host el s adopt ed
by
t he
Ameri can Yout h
Host el s i n 1962 and on
t he
nat i onal
bui l di ng code of Nat i onal Board
of Fi re
Underwri t ers
.
Al l t he comput at i ons are approxi mat e
and
t hey must be modi f i ed
t o sui t act ual condi t i ons .
Al l l ocal or st at e
bui l di ng codes whi ch are
more st ri ngent t han t he i nf ormat i on i n t hi s
sect i on wi l l t ake precedence.
Fi gure 2 i l l ust rat es t he rel at i onshi p
t hat
shoul d exi st among rooms. Ent rance
t hrough
t he f oyer i nt o t he common
room; t hen, access
t o t he boys'
and gi rl s' bunk rooms, pref erabl y
t hrough a hal l . The t oi l et s
shoul d be l ocat ed
di rect l y of f t he
bunk rooms, but i t i s al so
desi rabl e t o have
access t o t hemf romt he hal l ,
so t hat t he bunk roomdoes
not become a pas-
sageway.
The common roomand di ni ng roommay be
combi ned i n smal l host el s and provi des a bi g,
f l exi bl e space f or recreat i on. The ki t chen,
l ocat ed of f t he di ni ng room, shoul d be l arge
enough t o handl e group cooki ng act i vi t i es . If
possi bl e, t he ki t chen shoul d have di rect out -
si de access f or ease of f ood and garbage t rans-
port
.
ATrai l Host el Desi gn Manual , Ameri can
Yout h Host el s, Inc , NewYork, N. Y.
141
Fi g. 4

Typi cal di ni ng area f or 16 peopl e.
KITCHEN
" Add uni t s t oget her t o f orml arger ki t chens
" Shoul d have door t o out si de handy f or
garbage or f ood del i veri es
"
Shoul d t ry t o l i ne up si nks f or economi cal
pl umbi ng
"
Shoul d have wi ndowor el ect ri cal f an f or
range
vent i l at i on
Fi g.
3

Di ni ng- common
room
. Typi cal l ayout
f or 30
peopl e
.
DINING
ROOM
RoamArea
Ami ni mumof 12 sq f t per person f or di ni ng
roomi s requi red. For a combi nat i on di ni ng
and recreat i on room, mi ni mumof 20 sq f t per
person shoul d be al l owed. (See Tabl e 2. )
COMMONROOM
RoomArea
Ami ni mumof 15 sq f t per
person i s requi red.
For combi nat i on di ni ng and
common room,
22 sq f t per person shoul d
be al l owed. (See
Tabl e 1 and Fi g. 3. )
Resi dent i al
YOUTHHOSTELS
142
Fi g. 9

At ypi cal bunk roomi s a combi nat i on of many uni t s.
Resi dent i al
YOUTHHOSTELS
HOUSEPARENTS' APARTMENT
"
Houseparent s' apart ment shoul d be l o-
cat ed next t o and connect ed wi t h t he host el
common roomf or cont rol .
" Asmal l
of f i ce i s a good connect i on t o
t he
host el f romt he apart ment . I t shoul d over-
l ook t he host el ent rance, i f possi bl e.
" A separat e out si de ent rance shoul d be
provi ded .
143
Fi g. 12 Trai l host el desi gn 1.
144
Resi dent i al
YOUTH
HOSTELS
Fi g. 13

Tr ai l host el desi gn 2.
Resi dent i al
YOUTH
HOSTELS
145
Fi g. 14 Tr ai l host el desi gn 3, t wo-st or y.
Resi dent i al
SI TE
PLANNI NG
By HOWARDP. VERMI LYA,
AI A
SI TE PLANNI NGANDSUBDI VI SI ON
LAYOUT
Si t e pl anni ng i n i t s narrow
sense i nvol ves
t he di sposi t i on of space f or
appropri at e
uses; t he posi t i oni ng of st ruct ures
t o pro-
vi de ef f ect i ve rel at i onshi ps
(wel l - propor-
t i oned masses wi t h
at t ract i ve out l ooks and
good ori ent at i on) ;
t he provi si on of access t o
st ruct ures i n an expedi t i ous, at t ract i ve, and
saf e manner; t he desi gn of t he servi ces,
wal ks, st reet s, parki ng f aci l i t i es, drai nage,
and ut i l i t i es; t he preservat i on
of t he
nat ural
advant age of t he si t e, and i t s enhancement
by l andscapi ng.
I n i t s l arger sense, si t e pl anni ng i nvol ves
consi derat i on of t he si t e i n rel at i on t o t he
physi cal pat t ern and economi c growt h
t rends of t he l arger area of whi ch i t i s a
part . An anal ysi s of t he area shoul d be
made based on popul at i on growt h, f ami l y
f ormat i ons, f ami l y si ze, housi ng i nvent ory,
i ncome
l evel s, school s, t axes and assess-
ment s, t ransport at i on and t raf f i c pat t erns,
and di rect i ons of growt h. An anal ysi s of
si t e devel opment cost s shoul d be made i n
t erms of densi t i es, housi ng t ypes,
const ruc-
t i on t ypes, t opography and gradi ng,
and
l ocal requi rement s
wi t h regard t o zoni ng,
subdi vi si on
regul at i ons, and ut i l i t y servi ces .
Thi s anal ysi s
may be made as a basi s f or
si t e sel ect i on
or as
a
basi s f or det ermi ni ng
t he
most appropri at e use of a part i cul ar
si t e. For l arge
si t es i nvol vi ng several t ypes
of housi ng,
commerci al or i ndust ri al uses,
school s, and churches,
more ext ensi ve anal -
yses may
be necessary. For smal l si t es
f ormi ng
part s of nei ghborhoods al ready
est abl i shed, t he anal ysi s need not be as
comprehensi ve.
Asubdi vi si on si t e pl an can be made f or
a compl et e communi t y, i nvol vi ng al l t ypes
of l and use f ound i n a t ypi cal t own
or
vi l -
l age, or f or a nei ghborhood, usual l y con-
si dered t o be
a homogeneous area l arge
enough t o support an el ement ary
school , or
f or a segment of a nei ghborhood.
The
1 . Si ze. A resi dent i al uni t
devel opment shoul d provi de housi ng f or
t hat popul at i on f or whi ch one
el ement ary school i s
ordi nari l y requi red,
i t s act ual area dependi ng
upon i t s popul at i on densi t y.
2. Boundari es . The uni t
shoul d be bounded by art eri al st reet s
suf f i ci ent l y wi de t o f aci l i t at e t raf f i c
by- passi ng t he nei ghborhood i nst ead
of passi ng t hrough i t
3. Open Spaces . Smal l park and recreat i on
space, pl anned t o meet
t he needs of t he part i cul ar nei ghborhood
shoul d be provi ded.
4. I nst i t ut i on Si t es . Si t es f or t he
school and ot her i nst i t ut i ons havi ng
servi ce spheres coi nci di ng wi t h t he l i mi t s of t he
uni t shoul d be sui t abl y
grouped about a cent ral poi nt
or common, and combi ned wi t h t he
nei ghborhood recreat i on area, usual l y.
5. Local Shoppi ng Cent er. I f
warrant ed by t he popul at i on t o be
served t he l ocal conveni ence shoppi ng f aci l i t y
shoul d be l ocat ed at t he
edge pref erabl y at an art eri al t raf f i c
j unct i on and adj acent t o si mi l ar
commerci al di st ri ct s, i f any,
of adj oi ni ng nei ghborhoods .
6 . I nt ernal St reet Syst em.
The uni t shoul d be provi ded wi t h a
speci al st reet syst em, each hi ghway
bei ng proport i oned t o i t s probabl e
t raf f Hanc l oad, and t he st reet net
as a whol e bei ng desi gned t o f aci l i t at e
ci rcul at i on wi t hi n t he
uni t wi t h good access t o mai n art eri es, and t o
di scourage i t s use by t hrough
t raf f i c.
146
Fi g.
1 .

Pri nci pl es
of nei ghborhood
pl anni ng
Court esy
Urban Land I nst i t ut e
Si t es are provi ded f or parks,
pl ayi ng
f i el ds and recreat i onal
areas.
Churchsi t es are provi ded
i n
con-
veni ent l ocat i ons.
There i s a cent ral shoppi ng area,
wi t h
of f - st reet parki ng.
Two
school si t es are provi ded,
reasonabl y accessi bl e f rom
al l
part s of t he nei ghborhood. The
Cat hol i c school i s of f - cent re be-
cause i t al so serves adj acent
nei ghborhoods.
"Through" art eri al
hi ghways, of
adequat e wi dt h, are separat ed
f roml ocal servi ce roads by l i m-
i t ed access pl ant ed st ri ps . Thus
bot h "l ocal " and "t hrough" t raf -
f i c are saf eguarded. There are
f eeder roads f or bus
rout es. Lo-
cal resi dent i al st reet s are de-
si gned i n such a way as t o di s-
courage "t hrough" dri vi ng, yet
remai n adequat e f or l ocal pur-
poses.
At t he corners of t he area, t here
are i nt ersect i ons desi gned t o
keep "t hrough" t raf f i c movi ng.
One- f ami l y housi ng i s creat ed i n
an aest het i c as wel l as a f unc-
t i onal set t i ng. Set - backs are ar-
ranged t o al l owf or a "rhyt hmi c
vari at i on". Abuf f er st ri p sepa-
rat es housi ng f roman adj acent
i ndust ri al zone.
There are al so apart ment s and
rowhousi ng i n a vari et y of t ypes .
Anei ghborhood "f ocus" of l arger
bui l di ngs and open space i s i n-
cl uded as anessent i al i ngredi ent
of a wel l - desi gned resi dent i al
area.
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
Fi g.
2.

Exampl e of wel l - pl anned nei ghborhood
Court esy UrbanLandI nst i t ut e
pri nci pl es of
nei ghborhood pl anni ng are
i l l ust rat ed
i n Fi g. 1 ; an exampl e of a wel l -
pl anned nei ghborhood i s shown
i n Fi g. 2.
Housi ng t ypes
I t i s no l onger consi dered good
pract i ce
t o l i mi t housi ng wi t hi n a subdi vi si on
t o one
t ype and pri ce range. For si t es of
f ewer
t han 1 00 houses t he range of t ypes
shoul d
be rest ri ct ed but t he range i n pri ce
shoul d
permi t some vari at i on, t he degree of
di f -
f erence bei ng reduced as t he si ze of t he
si t e di mi ni shes. For l arger si t es not onl y
may t he t ypes of si ngl e- f ami l y houses be
vari ed, but rent al housi ng of
ei t her hi gh-
ri se or garden t ypes may be i ncl uded
where zoni ng
permi t s. Apart ment s and
t own houses
(rowhouses i n smal l groups)
of t en provi de a
very sat i sf act ory t ransi t i on
bet ween t he
commerci al (shoppi ng) areas
and t he l ess dense
resi dent i al areas .
Si ngl e- f ami l y
housi ng: Lot si zes f or t he
si ngl e- f ami l y det ached house are wi der now
t han t hey
were
30
years ago
; 60
f t i s con-
si dered t he mi ni mumwi dt h and70t o 80
f t
i s more usual . Thi s has come about because
of t he popul ari t y of t he onest ory house
wi t h l arge gl ass
areas and provi si ons f or
out door l i vi ng wi t h
a reasonabl e degree of
pri vacy. Devi ces such as pat i os
and court s
and f enced- i n areas are used t o
provi de
pri vacy when l ot si zes are smal l
.
An
ex-
ampl e of a t ypi cal onest ory subdi vi si on
house of bet t er t han average desi gn
i s
shown i n Fi g. 3. The spl i t - l evel house i s al so
popul ar i n subdi vi si on work because i t pro-
vi des t he economy of t he t wo- st ory house
but requi res l ess st ai r cl i mbi ng.
Rowhouses
or, as t hey are nowcal l ed,
t own houses
are f i ndi ng many advocat es
because of
t hei r economi cal use of l and
and l ow si t e- devel opment
cost s . When de-
vel oped wi t h
not
more
t han 8 or 1 0 uni t s
(pref erabl y
f ewer) i n one group and l o-
cat ed around a court ,
cul - de- sac, or l oop
st reet , t he
monot onous appearance usual l y
associ at ed
wi t h such housi ng di sappears.
Lot s shoul d be 20t o 25f t wi de;
wi der l ot s
wi t h si de yards shoul d be provi ded
at t he
ends of t he groups
. Garages shoul d be pro-
vi ded ei t her wi t hi n t he house
st ruct ure i t sel f
or as a onest ory at t ached
st ruct ure, of t en
a carport , at t he f ront of t he house.
An
exampl e of t he vari et y possi bl e wi t hi n t hi s
housi ng t ype i s shown i n Fi g. 4; see al so
Fi g. 1 6.
Rent al housi ng, f or more at t ract i ve ap-
pearance, i s nowbui l t at l ower densi t i es
and wi t h more emphasi s on openspace; i t
of t en i ncl udes such cl ub- l i ke f eat ures as
swi mmi ng pool s and t enni s court s. Densi t i es
of
1 5
t o 25 f ami l i es per acre and cover-
ages of
1 5
t o 25per cent are st andard i n
wel l - desi gned garden
apart ment
devel op-
ment s . Garden apart ment s are usual l y
t wo
st ori es hi gh and shoul d not be hi gher t han
t hree st ori es (Fi g. 5) . Hi ghri se el evat or
apart ment s shoul d rest ri ct l and coverage
t o 1 0 t o 1 5 per cent . The t rend i n apart -
ment desi gn i s t oward l arger rooms, more
st orage, and ot her f aci l i t i es i n keepi ng
wi t h t hose of si ngl e- f ami l y housi ng.
Lot si zes anddevel opment cost s
The cost of raw l and
and
t he
cost of
i nst al l i ng st reet s and ut i l i t i es has
great l y
i ncreased i n recent years . At t he same
t i me,
as previ ousl y not ed, l ot wi dt hs have
mark-
edl y i ncreased. I n order t o keept he cost of
t he devel oped l ot f romri si ng t o prohi bi -
1 4
7
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
l i ve l evel s, si t e pl anner s have r esor t ed t o
t he "super bl ock . " Thi s i s t ypi cal l y a l ong,
shal l ow bl ock ( 600- 800 f t by 200- 250 f t )
whi ch r educes t he number of cr oss st r eet s
and el i mi nat es t he need f or ut i l i t i es i n
t hem. Typi cal l ot dept hs ar e t hus l i kel y t o
be 1 1 / 2 t o 2 t i mes t hei r wi dt h. Deep super -
bl ocks, penet r at ed by cul s- de- sac or l oop
st r eet s, ar e al so used. Fur t her economi es
i n
devel opment cost s r esul t f r omt he use of a
f unct i onal st r eet syst em, as descr i bed l at er
on, whi ch per mi t s most of t he st r eet s t o be
bui l t t o t he most economi cal speci f i cat i ons
( see al so Fi g . 1 5 and t he di scussi on of t he
cl ust er pl an) .
Basi c dat a f or est i mat i ng l ot cost s ar e
gi ven i n Tabl es 1 and 2.
St r eet s
Conf or mance wi t h t he mast er st r eet pl an
f or t he ci t y i s usual l y a r equi si t e f or any
subdi vi si on pl an. As a r ul e, however , t hi s
r equi r ement appl i es onl y t o maj or st r eet s .
I t i s a f act or whi ch shoul d be gi ven con-
si der at i on i n t he
i ni t i al anal ysi s of t he si t e
si nce i t i s undesi r abl e t o
have maj or st r eet s
t r aver se a r esi dent i al ar ea
. At t he bound.
ar i es, however , maj or st r eet s
may be an
asset i f t hey pr ovi de good access t o
ot her
ar eas i n t he communi t y .
Fi r e pr ot ect i on shoul d be consi der ed i n
det er mi ni ng t he st r eet pat t er n. Some of
t he pr obl ems t o consi der ar e hydr ant l oca-
t i on, cul s- de- sac t ur n- gr ounds, access t o
bui l di ngs
i n mul t i f ami l y pr oj ect s and com-
mer ci al ar eas,
r adi us of cur vat ur e of cur bs
at i nt er sect i ons,
and si mi l ar pr obl ems .
St r eet s ar e necessar y evi l s
i n a nei ghbor -
hood or smal l er subdi vi si on
;
t hey
ar e i n-
t ended pr i mar i l y t o pr ovi de
access t o and
ci r cul at i on wi t hi n t he ar ea. St r eet s
ser vi ng
ot her pur poses ( ar t er i al st r eet s) shoul d
1 48
Fi g .
4.

Rowhouse scheme f or
i r r egul ar si t e
Yost and Tayl or , Ar chi t ect s
Geor ge E. Tr ei chel ,
Landscape Ar chi t ect
Fi g .
5.

Two- st or y gar den apar t ment pl an
Cour t esy Feder al Housi ng Admi ni st r at i on
Fi g. 3.

One- st or y house pl an
Cour t esy Nat i onal Associ at i on of Home Bui l der s
Resi dent i al
SI TE
PLANNI NG
f r om such st r eet s . I nst ead, t he l ot s shoul d
be backed up t o
t he hi ghway and heavy
pl ant i ng shoul d be
pr ovi ded al ong t he
r ear - l ot
l i nes . Or a l ocal access r oad shoul d
be pr ovi ded
par al l el
t o t he
hi ghway and
scr eened f r om i 1 by
pl ant i ng ( Fi g. 10) .
Ei t her met hod ser ves t o r educe
t he number
of st r eet i nt er sect i ons wi t h mai n
t r af f i c ways
t o a mi ni mum and t o keep dr i veways
of f
t he mai n hi ghway.
Si dewal ks
The desi gn of si dewal ks i s of t en
gov-
er ned by l ocal r egul at i ons . Somet i mes t hey
may be omi t t ed i n l owdensi t y
ar eas of
si ngl e- f ami l y det ached homes . Some
j ur i s-
di ct i ons per mi t i nst al l at i on on one si de of
t he st r eet onl y, ot her s r equi r e si dewal ks
wi t hi n cer t ai n di st ances of school s, usual l y
i nsi de t he zones beyond whi ch school
busses oper at e.
Hi gher - densi t y ar eas ( mor e
t han 5 f ami l i es per acr e)
and st r eet s car -
r yi ng ot her t han l ocal
t r af f i c usual l y r equi r e
si dewal ks on bot h si des of t he st r eet .
Four f eet i s t he cust omar y desi gn
wi dt h
f or si dewal ks . When combi ned wi t h t he
cur b t hey may somet i mes be as nar r ow as
3 f t 6 i n. ; i n commer ci al ar eas t hey shoul d
be much wi der . When si dewal ks ar e sep-
ar at ed f r om t he cur b by a pl ant i ng st r i p,
t he st r i p shoul d be at l east 3 f t wi de t o
pr ovi de f or snow r emoval ; i f t r ees ar e
i n-
cl uded i t shoul d be at l east 7 f t wi de ( see
Fi g. 8 and Tabl e 3) .
Cur bs
The r ol l ed
cur b i s mor e
economi cal t han
t he st r ai ght cur b and
does
not r equi r e cut -
t i ng at dr i veways
. I t
i s not r ecommended
however
on st eep gr ades or
i n hi l l si de de-
vel opment s . When used, r ol l ed cur bs shoul d
be mol ded i nt o
st r ai ght
cur bs
at i nt er sec-
t i ons t o di scour age cor ner
cut t i ng. The sug-
gest ed r adi us of 15 f t f or
cur bs al r i ght -
angl e i nt er sect i ons di scour ages speedi ng
and i s i nt ended f or i nt er sect i ons of mi nor
st r eet s . Cut s i n st r ai ght cur bs f or dr i veways
shoul d pr ovi de f or 3 t o 5 f t r adi uses and
a 9 or 10- f t wi de dr i veway.
Lot l ayout
The l ayout of t he l ot s i n a subdi vi si on
can make t he di f f er ence bet ween an at t r ac-
t i ve and an unat t r act i ve devel opment , al so
t he di f f er ence bet ween an economi cal and
an uneconomi cal pr oj ect . Good and poor
l ot t i ng pr act i ces ar e i l l ust r at ed i n Fi g. 11
and met hods of l ot t i ng ar ound
cul l - de- sac
ar e shown I n Fi g. 12.
Topogr aphy
Topogr aphy
can i nf l uence t he char act er
of a
subdi vi si on. Hi l l y l and, wi t h gr ades
st eeper t han 10 per cent ,
may be devel -
oped f or l owdensi t y,
hi gher - pr i ced homes,
14
9
bound r at her t han penet r at e
t he ar ea . The

mum paved wi dt hs of 20 f t . Cut s- de- sac
st r eet pat t er n wi t hi n t he ar ea
shoul d be

shoul d t er mi nat e i n a t ur ni ng ci r cl e not
desi gned t o di scour age t hr ough
t r af f i c . The

l ess t han 80 f t i n di amet er bet ween cur bs .
wi dt hs of t he i nt er i or st r eet s shoul d be

Ri ght s- of - way shoul d be 60 f t wi de f or
consi st ent wi t h t hei r f unct i on and t he den-

col l ect or st r eet s, 50 f t f or mi nor st r eet s, and
si t y of housi ng t hey ser ve and shoul d be no

40 f t f or cut s- de- sac and mi nor access
gr eat er t han necessar y, i n t he i nt er est of

st r eet s .
A
cut - de- sac
shoul d not be i n excess
saf et y and economy of i nst al l at i on and

of 500
f t i n l engt h ( see Fi g. 8 and Tabl e
mai nt enance. Subdi vi si on st r eet t ypes ar e

3) .
I l l ust r at ed
i n Fi g. 7. Col l ect or st r eet s, t hose

The use of t he
"T" i nt er sect i on of mi nor
car r yi ng t r af f i c f r om mi nor st r eet s t o ar t e.

st r eet s
and
of
mi nor wi t h col l ect or st r eet s,
r i al st r eet s shoul d have a paved wi dt h of

wi t h at
l east a 125- f t separ at i on bet ween
36
f t , consi st i ng
of
t wo movi ng l anes and

opposi ng i nt er sect i ons, of f er s a devi ce t o
t wo par ki ng l anes .
Mi nor st r eet s, dependi ng

r educe t hr ough t r af f i c wi t hi n a subdi vi si on
on t he of f - st r eet
par ki ng pr ovi si ons and t he

ar ea and i mpr ove t he saf et y condi t i ons
densi t y of t he ar ea t hey ser ve, shoul d
be

( Fi g. 9) . Sl i ght j ogs i n t he al i gnment of
26 f t wi de

f or

si ngl e- f ami l y
det ached

st r eet s ar e not desi r abl e .
houses and 32 f t wi de f or r ow
houses and

Wher e t he subdi vi si on bor der s on ar t e.
apar t ment s. Shor t access st r eet s, such
as

r i al hi ghways or st r eet s bear i ng heavy t r af .
cut s- de- sac or l oop st r eet s, may have
mi ni -

f i c, houses shoul d not be ent er ed di r ect l y
The mor e i nt ensi ve t he use of l and, t he gr eat er
need t her e i s f or
r ecr eat i on space,
wi der st r eet s and si dewal ks, shor t er bl ocks and
of f -
st r eet par ki ng. I n
mul t i - f ami l y devel opment car ef ul consi der at i on must be
gi ven t o l and cover age and open
space needs . Hi gh densi t y, mul t i - f ami l y
i nt r usi ons i nt o si ngl e f ami l y r esi dent i al
devel opment must be avoi ded .
Apar t ment bui l di ngs must be
spaced and l ocat ed wi t hi n t he pr oj ect so
as
t o
pr ovi de t r ansi t i on bet ween r esi dent i al
l and uses . The devel oper
of
mul t i - f ami l y ar eas has a r esponsi bi l i t y i n maki ng such
sect i ons of hi s
ci t y f i t t i ng,
appr opr i at e and ser vi ceabl e t o hi s
communi t y .
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
I SO
or f or mul t i f ami l y proj ect s of rel at i vel y l ow
densi t y, but i t i s rarel y adapt abl e t o smal l
l ot s and l ower- cost homes. Fl at l and, be-
cause of t he di f f i cul t y of obt ai ni ng good
drai nage f or sewers and st ormdrai ns, may
al so not be sui t abl e f or l ow- pri ced homes
.
Gent l y sl opi ng l and wi t hout drai nage pock-
et s or swampy areas or underl yi ng rock i s
best f or l owcost devel opment . Where pub-
l i c sewerage i s not avai l abl e t he charact er
of t he soi l i s an i mport ant f act or and may
even det ermi ne t he l ot si zes . Soi l seepage
t est s are usual l y requi red by heal t h de-
part ment s where sept i c t anks and di sposal
f i el ds are i nst al l ed. I f publ i c wat er servi ce
i s not
avai l abl e and i ndi vi dual wel l s must
be
used, t hi s t oo may af f ect l ot si zes .
Com-
muni t y wat er and sewerage syst ems
shoul d
be provi ded
wherever possi bl e i n t hese
cases; wel l s and
sept i c t anks shoul d be used
onl y as a l ast resort
.
The nat ure of t he t opography wi l l af f ect
t he
st reet pat t ern. St reet s shoul d be l ai d
out so as t o avoi d st eep grades, excessi ve
cut and f i l l , and t o provi de bui l dabl e si t es
wi t h good surf ace drai nage. I n
general ,
st reet s shoul d f ol l ownat ural
drai nage l i nes
or ri dge l ocat i ons . On si de hi l l
l ocat i ons,
t hey shoul d cut across t he
cont our l i nes, I n
order t o avoi d cut
and f i l l operat i ons .
St eep grades can
be reduced oo hi l l y l and
by
runni ng st reet s di agonal l y across t he
cont ours .
Surf ace drai nage: Not onl y must
t he
ent i re si t e be graded f or
proper drai nage,
but each I ndi vi dual
l ot
and
bl ock must be
separat el y and
caref ul l y consi dered. Ex-
ampl es of
proper
gradi ng
f or surf ace drai n-
age of l ot s and
bl ocks are shown I n Fi gs .
13 and 14.
Of f - st reet parki ng:
For si ngl e- f ami l y de-
t ached
houses parki ng i s usual l y provi ded
i n an at t ached
garage or carport . The set -
back
f rom t he st reet i s normal l y suf f i ci ent
t o permi t overf l ow parki ng i n t he dri veway.
Apart ment s are usual l y provi ded wi t h park-
i ng
bays or court s l ocat ed reasonabl y near
t he bui l di ng ent rances
. Suggest ed desi gns
f or such parki ng
areas are shown I n Fi g.
15 ( see al so sect i ons
on "Apart ment s" and
"Aut omobi l es
: Parki ng") .
For parki ng
areas at nei ghborhood shop.
pi ng
cent ers see sect i ons on "Shoppi ng
Cent ers" and "Aut omobi l es : Parki ng. "
Recreat i on
areas are essent i al and
shoul d
represent at l east 5 per cent of t he
resi dent i al area and more where
t he l ot s
are smal l ( see sect i ons on "Apart ment s"
and "Recreat i on. ") Pl aygrounds f or
smal l
chi l dren ( "t ot l ot s' )
may be qui t e smal l but
t hey must be wi del y di spersed
t hroughout
t he
si t e . Pl aygrounds f or ol der
chi l dren are
best provi ded by enl argi ng t he
school si t e
and i t s pl ayground. Thi s
provi des an ade-
quat e recreat i on area i n
one pl ace and
si mpl i f i es supervi si on
and mai nt enance.
Wherever possi bl e, recreat i on
areas shoul d
be mai nt ai ned by
t he l ocal government .
When
recreat i on areas provi ded by t he
devel oper
are not t aken over by t he l ocal
government ,
t hey must be mai nt ai ned co-
operat i vel y
by t he resi dent s t hrough a
nei ghborhood associ at i on,
as di scussed
f art her on.
SUBDI VI SI ON
REGULATI ONS
Subdi vi si on
of t he l and I s a permanent
change
whi ch det ermi nes t he use
of t he
l and
f or at l east a generat i on and
pro-
f oundl y
af f ect s t he surroundi ng
area. The
publ i c i nt erest i s t hus di rect l y
concerned
and
l ocal government s
nowgeneral l y exer.
ci ze
st ri ct cont rol s over t hi s
i mport ant f unc-
t i on
.
Most muni ci pal i t i es,
many count i es,
and
some st at es now
have subdi vi si on regu-
l at i ons
. These general l y
requi re conf orm-
ance wi t h est abl i shed
st andards of desi gn
and const ruct i on such
as :
St reet s : l ocat i on, t ypes,
ri ght s- of - way
wi dt hs,
pavement wi dt hs and speci f i ca.
t i ons,
grades, i nt ersect i ons, curvat ures,
al i gnment s,
curbs, gut t ers, si dewal ks
Bl ocks: l engt h, wi dt h, cr osswal ks, ut i l i t y
easement s
Lot s: si z e, shape, mi ni mumdi mensi ons
Open spaces: si z e, t ype
Ut i l i t i es: st or mand sani t ar y sewer s, cul -
ver t s, br i dges, wat er ser vi ce; monument s
Names:
of
ar ea and st r eet s; st r eet num-
ber s
PROTECTI VECOVENANTS
Covenant s, somet i mes cal l ed deed r est r i c-
t i ons and somet i mes pr ot ect i ve
covenant s,
ar e usual l y dr af t ed by t he subdi vi der
of an ar ea t o pr ovi de l and use r egul a-
t i ons f or t he ent i r e ar ea, ei t her suppl e-
ment i ng t hose of t he z oni ng or di nance or
i n l i eu of i t . They ar e, or shoul d be, r e-
cor ded and made super i or t o t he l i en of
any mor t gage and ar e i nt ended t o pr eser ve
t he
physi cal , economi c, and est het i c qual i -
t i es of t he subdi vi si on i n t he i nt er est s of t he
subdi vi der i n
ai di ng
hi s
devel opment
pr o-
gr amand of t he
pur chaser s i n pr ot ect i ng
t hei r i nvest ment
. Enf or cement shoul d be
del egat ed t o a home owner s or nei ghbor -
hood associ at i on.
Pr ot ect i ve covenant s, bei ng a cont r act or
agr eement bet ween pr i vat e par t i es, may
i ncl ude pr ovi si ons whi ch go wel l beyond
t he publ i c heal t h, saf et y and wel f ar e pr o-
vi si ons
t o whi ch
z oni ng r egul at i ons ar e
l i mi t ed. These may i ncl ude
any or al l of
t he
f ol l owi ng:
Ar chi t ect ur al cont r ol - Usual l y pr ovi des
pr ocedur e f or t he r evi ew of desi gns f or
newconst r uct i on and al t er at i ons f or ap-
pr oval by a desi gnat ed i ndi vi dual ar chi -
t ect , or commi t t ee of t he nei ghbor hood
Cr oss- !Sect i on A.
Pr ovi des t wo- way
t r af f i c
wi t h par al l el par ki ng on bot h si des. For
col l ect or st r eet s I n devel opment s
of one-
f aml l y det ached houses and f or mi nor st r eet s
I n apar t ment
devel opment s.
Cr oss- sect i on
B.
Pr ovi des t wo- way t r af f i c
.
and one
cont i nuous l ane of par al l el par ki ng
on one si de or par al l el par ki ng
al t er nat ed
on ei t her si de of t he
st r eet . For mi nor
st r eet s I n devel opment s of one- f ami l y
de-
t ached houses.
Cr oss- Sect i on C. Pr ovi des t wo- way
t r af f i c
and dr ai nage
wi t h al l par ki ng on I ndi vi dual
dr i veways. For
st r eet s I n count r y
home de-
vel opment s.
Cr oss- sect i on D. Mar gi nal access st r eet
par al l el i ng an ar t er i al hi ghway . Pr ovi des
t wo- way t r af f i c, one l ane of par al l el par k-
I ng, saf e
access t o pr oper t i es
and
pr ot ec-
t i on f r omt hr ough t r af f i c.
Cr oss- sect i on E
. Pr ovi des
separ at ed
t wo- way t r af f i c
wi t h par al l el par ki ng on
bot h si des . For use as
col l ect or st r eet s of t he
boul evar d and devel opment
ent r anceway t ypes.
Fi g. 8.

Typi cal st r eet cr oss sect i ons
Cour t esy Feder al
Ho
-
usi ng Adwi ui st r at i on
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
Fi g. 7.

Subdi vi si on
st r eet t ypes
Cour t esy Housi ng
and Honi e Fi nance Agency
15 1
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
associ at i on, as t o conf ormi t y wi t h t he

of st ori es, area, vol ume, or cost ; t he l at -
est het i c charact er of t he area.

t er
i s not an ef f ect i ve devi ce because of
Use and si ze of t he st ruct ure may
be

f l uct uat i on of bui l di ng cost s.
l i mi t ed more severel y t han requi red by

Lot si zes and set backs great er t han re-
t he zoni ng ordi nance. I n part i cul ar, mi n-

qui red by t he zoni ng ordi nance may be
i mum si zes
may be est abl i shed . Si ze

cal l ed f or .
l i mi t at i ons may
ref er t o hei ght , number

Landscapi ng and f ences may be con-
t rol l ed as
t o pl acement and hei ght . Thi s
may be desi rabl e
f or vari ous reasons : t o
ensure vi si bi l i t y at
st reet i nt ersect i ons, t o
prevent
i nt erf erence wi t h surf ace drai n-
age, or
t o preserve a desi red est het i c
charact er f or
t he subdi vi si on as a whol e.
Nui sances
: Vari ous undesi rabl e usages
may be prohi bi t ed
such as busi ness,
f armi ng, mi ni ng,
si gns, out door garbage
or ref use i nci nerat i on,
t ent s, t rai l ers, et c.
Covenant s usual l y run wi t h
t he l and f or
a def i ni t e t ermof years, wi t h provi si on f or
renewal unl ess t ermi nat ed
or modi f i ed by
agreement of t he
propert y owners af f ect ed .
Rest ri ct i ve covenant s based
on race or rel i -
gi on
have been decl ared unconst i t ut i onal
by t he Supreme
Court of t he Uni t ed St at es.
HOME OWNERS ASSOCI ATI ONS
Home owners associ at i ons
or nei ghbor-
hood associ at i ons,
as t hey are somet i mes
cal l ed, are usual l y
est abl i shed by t he sub-
di vi der
t o provi de a means f or carryi ng
out
cert ai n communi t y f unct i ons, such as t he
mai nt enance
of recreat i on areas and t he
enf orcement
of prot ect i ve covenant s. The
management of t he associ at i on i s usual l y
t urned over t o t he owners of t he sub-
di vi ded
l and when sal es progress t o a pre-
det ermi ned rat i o. The associ at i on i s usual l y
est abl i shed
as a corporat i on wi t h a chart er
f rom
t he st at e and ref erence t o i t i s made
i n t he prot ect i ve covenant s or deed rest ri c-
t i ons . To be ef f ect i ve i t shoul d have t he
power t o assess t he propert y owners t o
obt ai n t he f unds necessary
t o carry out i t s
f unct i ons . I t shoul d provi de f or represent a-
t i on
of t he owners i n t he sel ect i on of t he
management i n an orderl y manner t hrough
wel l - draf t ed byl aws . The f unct i ons
of t he
Associ at i on can be any of t he f ol l owi ng:
Act i on t o enf orce t he prot ect i ve cove-
nant s i n case of vi ol at i on by any prop-
ert y
owner, or where cont i nui ng act i on
152
Fi g. 9.

St reet i nt ersect i on t ypes and resul t i ng t raf f i c
pat t erns
Coarrt esy
Housi ng and Home
F' i nanre
Agency
Fi g.
10
.

Met hods of subdi vi di ng al ong heavy t raf f i c
ways
Court esy Urban La?zd I nst i t ut e
i s requi red as i n the
operati on of an
archi tectural control of des i gn.
Operati on of communi ty f aci l i ti es , s uch as
cl ub hous e or communi ty center and rec-
reati onal f aci l i ti es s uch as pl aygrounds ,
s wi mmi ng pool s ,
tenni s courts , or gol f
cours es .
Mai ntenance of
common l and s uch as cul -
de- s ac turn- arounds
and pl anti ng s tri ps
and uni mproved
property i n abs entee
owners hi p ( s ee
cl us ter pl ans ) .
Mai ntenance and operati on
of communi ty
s ewerage and water
s ys tems .
Perf ormance of s ervi ces
s uch as s treet
repai r, s nowremoval , and
garbage col -
l ecti on unti l taken over by the
muni ci -
pal i ty.
Repres entati on of the owners ' needs or
opi ni ons to the publ i c authori ti es .
Devel opment of communi ty
programs -
s oci al ,
cul tural , or recreati onal .
NEWAPPROACHES
Al though the
s tandard s ubdi vi s i on tech-
ni que of
today i s a vas t i mprovement over
the monotonous
gri d- i ron pl ots of the pas t,
many pl anners f eel
that i t s ti l l l eaves much
to be des i red. They
bel i eve that i t i s pos -
s i bl e to pres erve the
beauty of the natural
l and, to rel ate
the hous es better to each
other and to
the s i te and provi de more
open s pace, al l
at l es s cos t than i n today' s
practi ce.
An earl y
exampl e of thi s type of thi nki ng
i s the Rodburn pl an ( 1929)
i n whi ch the
hous es are grouped on s mal l
l ots around
cul s - de- s ac whi ch penetrate the
peri phery
EXPLANATI ON
1. Exces s underground uti l i ti es at end of bl ock
requi red.
2. Nounderground uti l i ti es at endof bl ock
.
3. Rear overhead uti l i ty eas ement
.
4. Street overhead uti l i ti es .
5. I ncreas ed corner l ot wi dth
.
6. Corner l ots too
narrow.
7. Good us e of butt
l ot .
8 . Butt l ots requi re extra uti l i ti es wi th badvi e~x do%vn
rear l ot l i ne
9. Good l otti ng at s treet i nters ecti on.
10 . Requi red underground uti l i ti es .
153
Res i denti al
SI TE
PLANNI NG
Fi g. 11.

Goodand
poor l otti ng practi ces
Courtes y UrbanLand
I ns ti tute
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
154
Fi g. 12.

Lot t i ng around cul s- de- sac
Court esy Urban Land
l ust i t ut e
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
of huge superbl ocks. The cent er of each
superbl ock i s a park on whi ch al l houses
f ace. Pedest ri an wal ks l ead t hrough t he
parks t o school s, shoppi ng, and t ransport a-
t i on.
Amore recent exampl e of t he same gen-
eral approach i s t he cl ust er scheme shown
i n compari son wi t h more convent i onal pl ans
i n Fi g. 16. Thi s pl an reduces t he cost of
st reet s and ut i l i t i es by hal f and l eaves ap-
proxi mat el y hal f t he t ot al si t e f or recrea-
t i on. Every house abut s on a park or open
l and. Al t hough normal suburban densi t i es
are mai nt ai ned, t he rural charact er of
t he l and i s preserved, t here i s l ess monot -
ony i n t he appearance of t he devel opment ,
and bet t er l i vi ng qual i t i es are provi ded,
al l at l ess cost t han i n convent i onal sub-
di vi si ons . The common l and must be
mai n-
t ai ned
by a nei ghborhood
associ at i on; i t
coul d be t reat ed
as
a park or pl ayground
or
i t
coul d be l ef t i n i t s
nat ural st at e, es-
peci al l y i f
wooded, rocky, or
ot herwi se at -
t ract i ve i n appearance
.
Unf ort unat el y, nei t her
t he Rodburn pl an
nor t he
cl ust er pl an are
permi t t ed under
most exi st i ng zoni ng
ordi nances and sub-
di vi si on regul at i ons. The ri gi di t y of t hese
regul at i ons has been a seri ous handi cap t o
any si gni f i cant i mprovement i n subdi vi si on
si t e pl anni ng. Furt her exampl es of t hi s are
i l l ust rat ed i n f i g. 17.
REFERENCES
( al l Washi ngt on, D. C. )
Home Bui l ders Manual f or Land Devel op-
ment , Nat i onal Associ at i on of Home
Bui l ders, 1958.
Communi t y Bui l ders Handbook, Urban
Land I nst i t ut e, 1956.
New Approaches t o Land Devel opment ,
Techni cal Bul l et i n No. 40, Urban Land
I nst i t ut e, 1960.
Nei ghborhood St andards, Land
Pl anni ng
Bul l et i n No. 3, Federal Housi ng Admi ni -
st rat i on, 1956.
Suggest ed Land Subdi vi si on
Regul at i ons,
Housi ng and Home Fi nance Agency,
1962.
155
Fi g. 14.

Types of bl ock gradi ng
Court esy Federal Housi ngAdmi ni st rat i on
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
156
Fi g. 15.

Parki ng areas f or rent al housi ng
Court esy Nat i onal Associ at i on of Home
Bt t i l der : s
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
Fi g . 16. Cl ust er scheme compar ed wi t h convent i onal subdi vi si on pl ans f or
t he same
si t e
Al l schemes have
94
l ot s . Lot si ze i n cl ust er scheut e i s ? ;
smal l er
t hun
i n convent i onal pl anes . Li near f eet of
st r eet s and ut i l i t i es i n cl ust er pl an i s hal f t hat of t he ot her pl ans
.
C( nst er pl an l eaves
appr oci mot el y
hal f
of t o-
t al si t e as open space . Al l houses abut on open space. ( St ephen Sussna Associ at es, Desi gner . Cour t esy Ur -
ban Land I nst i t ut e. )
157
Resi dent i al
SI TE PLANNI NG
The approved subdi vi si on represent s current devel opment prat -

Scheme Ahouses t he some 280 f ami l i es . The newst reet pat t ern
t i ce f ul l y conf ormi ng t o most zoni ng
and subdi vi si on ordi nances .

excl udes t hrough t raf f i c. The t wi n house
i s repl aced by groups of
The subdi vi si on pl an ( 1) provi des
f or 280 f ami l i es ( 9 . 3 f ami l i es

houses of varyi ng l engt hs and varyi ng
set backs . No houses f ace
per acre) i n t wi n houses
wi t h basement garages. Curvi ng st reet s

on t he busy boundary hi ghways . Wi t h
garages out of t he base-
are an i mprovement over
t he t radi t i onal gri di ron pat t ern, but t hei r

ment s, t he houses need
be
onl y
t wo st ori es above st reet l evel ,
repet i t i on i n
numerous subdi vi si ons has creat ed a newmonot ony .

t hus el i mi nat i ng art i f i ci al
t erraces and gi vi ng di rect access t o
The curvi ng st reet s
onl y part i al l y obscure anot her monot ony : t he

pri vat e gardens whi ch are suppl ement ed by t ot l ot s, si t t i ng areas,
uni f orml y spaced houses . Access f rom bot h boundary hi ghways

a
smal l
common, and parkl i ke wal ks.
i nvi t es t hrough t raf f i c . The si mi l ari t y of l ot s, and l ack
of
i nt e-
grat ed communal areas, i s onl y t oo apparent i n det ai l
( 2) .
Pl an
of t he t ypi cal house, t hree st ori es above st reet l evel ,
basement
garage, i s shown i n ( 3) .
Fi g. 17.

Exi st i ng regul at i ons may
bl ock i mprovement s i n subdi vi si on desi gn
Fi - owa st udy by t he Phi l adel phi a
Ho- usi ng Associ at i on, 1961 .
158
Resi dent i al
SI TE
PLANNI NG
Scheme 8 al so
pr ovi des
f or 280
f ami l i es . Gr oups of houses f ace
on cour t s i nst ead of st r eet s
. Par ki ng compounds i n each cour t
j ust i f y el i mi nat i on
of i ndi vi dual gar ages. As i n Scheme A, t ot l ot s,
si t t i ng ar eas, common ar eas and i nt er i or wal ks ar e pr ovi ded i n
addi t i on t o pr i vat e yar ds and gar dens.
Scheme Cshows t he number of f ami l i es r educed f r om280t o
165 ( 5. 7 per acr e). Gr oups of t wel ve houses f r ont on pedest r i an
cour t s. Access f or car s and ser vi ce vehi cl es
i s by l oopi ng dr i ve-
ways behi nd t he houses . Vi si t or s par k i n t he
compounds at t he
ent r ances t o t he cour t s . The l ow
densi t y r esul t s i n even mor e
gener ous open space t han i n
Schemes Aand B. Thr ough t r af f i c i s
excl uded f r omt he
subdi vi si on and, agai n, t he boundar y st r eet s
ar e not used f or
l ot f r ont ages .
Schemes A, B, and Cf ul f i l l t he basi c obj ect i ves of zoni ng:
pr o-
mot i on of heal t h and gener al wel f ar e, pr ovi si on
of adequat e
l i ght and ai r , and
pr event i on of over cr owdi ng of t he l and,
of
undue
congest i on . Yet , under most exi st i ng zoni ng
or di nances
Schemes A, 8, and Ccannot be bui l t .
159
Educ at i onal
NURSERYSCHOOLS

163

Physi c al
Educ at i on

218
CHI LDREN' SCENTER

167

AudI t orI ums

2' 19
CHI LDCARE CENTERS

168

GUI DANCE SERVI CES

291
ELEMENTARYANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS

169

COLLEGE AND
UNI VERSI TYFACI LI TI ES

233
General

169
Cl assrooms

233
Si t e Sel ec t i on

173

Lec t ure Reams

234
Busi ng, Parki ng

174

Gymnasi ums

236
Rec reat i on Fac I l i t i es

175

Physi c al
Educ at i on and Sport s Fac i l i t i es

240
Safet y

176

Fi el d House

241
Ki nds of Sc hool s

178

Dormi t ori es

242
Admi ni st rat i on Sui t es

185

Handi c apped
St udent s

255
Loomi ng Resourc e Cent ers

188

l i brari es, Ac ademi c and Researc h

257
Cl assrooms

190

I ndi vi dual
St udy Carrel s

274
Mul t i purpose Rooms

195

St udent Uni ons

285
St udent Loc kers

197

Comput at i on Cent ers

293
LanguageLaborat ory

200

Communi c at i ons Cent ers

2%
Sc i enc e Fac i l i t i es

200

Regi onal Educ at i on Cent er (Suppl ement ary)

298
Art s

205

Resourc e Fac i l i t i es (Li brary)

300
Musi c

206

Large-Group Fac i l i t i es

303
I ndust ri al and Voc at i onal
Fac i l i t i es

210

Audi ovi sual

314
HomeArt s

211

Theat er-Art s-l aborat ory Teac hi ng St at i on

320
Food
Servi c e

212

Programs and Programmi ng

323
GENERAL REQUI REMENTS
Typi cal l y, t he
nursery cl ass consi st s of 15 t o 20
chi l dren, 1 t eacher,
and 1 assi st ant t eacher . For
t hi s we recommend
a mi ni mumof 700 sq f t of
i nst ruct i onal space
excl udi ng observat i on and
of f i ce area. Theopt i mal
area woul dbe 1, 00( , sq
f t . Thi s di scussi on
f ocuses on a cl assroomf or
a si ngl e group, but ,
t hrough creat i ve pl anni ng,
a nursery cl assroomof
unconvent i onal shape
coul d be
desi gned t o accommodat e t wo or
t hree nursery
cl ass groups ( 30t o 60 chi l dren) .
The cl assroom
envi ronment shoul d f ost er a
cl i mat e
conduci ve t o t he educat i onal obj ec-
t i ves of t heprogram
. For exampl e, chi l dren may
have di f f i cul t y l earni ng t o be
rel at i vel y qui et
and at t ent i ve
i n
a
noi sy envi ronment or si t t i ng
i n uncomf ort abl e
posi t i ons. Chi l dren may be
i nhi bi t ed i n t he devel opment
of sel f - rel i ance i f
t he
envi ronment f orces t he t eacher t o supervi se
t hei r every
move .
Thecl assroom' s arrangement shoul d cont ri b-
ut e t o t he chi l d' s concept s of order and space .
Apercept ual l y cl ear and
di st i nct roomenvi ron-
ment , achi eved t hrough uncl ut t ered
equi pment
and f urni t ure arranged
i n
an
orderl y f ashi on,
hel ps t he chi l d f ocus hi s at t ent i on on t he cur-
ri cul umi nst ead of di st ract i ng
hi mwi t h i rrel e-
vant
st i mul i . Dai l y cont act wi t h an uncl ut t ered,
st ruct ural l y si mpl e
envi ronment hel ps t o t each
t i me and space organi zat i on
. Ti di ness i s a
secondary benef i t .
The nursery cl assroom
shoul d consi st of a
seri es of wel l - def i ned,
i nt errel at ed areas, i n-
cl udi ng a general area
f or group act i vi t i es, a
readi ngcorner, a dol l corner
and housekeepi ng
area, an area f or bl ocks and
anot her f or mani p-
ul at i ve t oys, an
art corner, and st oragecubi cl es
where t he chi l dren
hang t hei r hat s and coal s
and keep t hei r possessi ons
. Rest rooms and
st orage areas are
al so essent i al . Aseparat e
t ut ori ng boot h i s desi rabl e
because i t provi des
a speci al envi ronment f or
i ndi vi dual i zat i on of
i nst ruct i on and f or t eacher- chi l d
i nt eract i on.
( See Fi g. 1 . )
The smal l er t he t ot al space avai l abl e, t he
more caref ul must be t he
sel ect i on of what t o
i ncl ude. Regardl ess of t he room' s
si ze, i t i s
i mperat i ve t o mai nt ai n neat ness, orderl i ness,
and general at t ract i veness, wi t h
adequat e
space around obj ect s and areas i n t he room
.
Empt y space around obj ect s i s necessary
:
when a chi l d' s at t ent i on i s di rect ed t o a
group
of rubber ani mal s, f or exampl e, he must be abl e
t o see t hemunobscured by adj acent obj ect s
.
Teachers whohave t aught
onl y i n square or
rect angul ar rooms seemt o pref er
l arge, open
spaces whi ch make vi sual
supervi si on of an
ent i re roompossi bl e
f romany vant age poi nt . I f
more t han one adul t i s i n
t he
room
at al l t i mes,
t here i s l ess need f or such supervi si on
. Furt her-
more, a rect angl e of 1, 000sq
f t has some di sad-
vant ages. Such aroomappears ext remel y
l arge
t o smal l chi l dren. I t makes i t di f f i cul t t o
creat e
corners f or
readi ng and ot her qui et act i vi t i es .
Faci l i t i es f or Earl y
Chi l dhood Educat i on,
Educat i onal Faci l i t i es
Laborat ori es, NewYork,
NY
Educat i onal
NURSERY SCHOOLS
And i t al most el i mi nat es t he possi bi l i t y f or a
chi l d t o be
al one wi t h an adul t .
Arect angul ar room
i s by no means i deal ,
and, i f i t i s necessary t o use one, i t shoul d be
broken
down i nt o speci f i c areas wi t h f reest and-
i ng
di vi ders and cabi net s.
Acoust i cal cont rol i s a f undament al
concern
i n desi gni ng nursery school rooms. Chi l dren' s
voi ces
are hi gh- pi t ched, and many act i vi t i es,
bot h
noi sy and qui et , t ake pl ace at t he same
t i me. Because
di sadvant aged chi l dren need
speci al hel p
i n di scri mi nat i ng sounds, t he
cl assroomi t sel f shoul d be as f ree as possi bl e
of
acoust i cal di st ract i ons .
A
carpet ed f l oor i s recommended f or acous-
t i c purposes and f or i t s ot her advant ages. I t
i s at t ract i ve, i s easy t o mai nt ai n, and provi des a
warm,
comf ort abl e surf ace on whi ch t he chi l -
dren
work and pl ay. Usi ng carpet s of di f f erent
col ors
and t ext ures hel ps t o def i ne di f f erent
areas of t he school
. Onl y t he art corner, be-
cause i t i s cl eaned wi t h wat er, requi res a hard
surf ace.
Thesi ze of
t he chi l dren must be kept i n mi nd
i n pl anni ng
di spl ay areas. Any di spl ay hi gher
t han 4f t - 6
i n. i s beyond t he smal l chi l d' s usual
range of
awareness. Most chi l dren can sel ect
t hei r own books or puzzl es i f t he t op shel ves
arenot
hi gher t han 3 f t - 6 i n.
I n pl anni ng
t he number and pl acement of
wi ndows, consi derat i on ought t o be gi ven t o
t hevi ewout si de t he wi ndow. Where t he school
set t i ng af f ords a pl easant , changi ng vi ew, wi n-
dows mi ght be i ncl uded as i nt egral part s of
t he
cl assroom. Wi ndows shoul d be l owenough f or
t he chi l dren t o see t hrough. When wi ndows
woul d expose onl y t he monot ony of a bri ck
wal l , t he space t radi t i onal l y gi ven t hemmi ght
bet t er be
used as spacef or cl assroomdi spl ays.
I n t he second
case, skyl i ght s and t ransl ucent
wal l mat eri al s are
ef f ect i ve ways of
provi di ng
nat ural l i ght i n t he
cl assroomwi t hout l osi ng
val uabl e wal l space.
THEGENERAL AREA FOR GROUPACTI VI TI ES
As al ready ment i oned, a nursery school room
compri ses a general area and several speci f i c
corners or al coves f or speci al act i vi t i es . The
general area
shoul d be an open space of at
l east 150sq f t f or
groupact i vi t i es l i ke si ngi ng,
danci ng, and l i st eni ng t o a
st ory.
I t i s f requent l y advi sabl e t o seat al l t he chi l -
drenandadul t s around t abl es. The same t abl es
canbe used
i n t he art area, t he readi ng area, or
t hemani pul at i ve t oy area as l ong as t hey canbe
pul l ed
t oget her easi l y i n t he l arger area f or
group
act i vi t i es
.
Musi c act i vi t i es
cant ake pl ace i n t he general
area. Cart s are needed here
f or a record pl ayer
and a t ape recorder, and cl osed
shel vi ng f or
i t ems such as
rhyt hmi nst rument s, aut oharp,
gui t ar, and drums.
The general area shoul d
have a cent ral pl ace
cont ai ni ng
shel ves f or di spl ays t hat change
every f ewdays.
The di spl ay shel f shoul d be
about 4f t l ong, wi t h a
bul l et i n board above i t
and one
shel f bel ow. The shel f shoul d be 15 t o
20 i n. hi gh t o
accommodat e smal l ani mal
cages, canned
veget abl es, and t he l i ke. Asl i d-
i ng bul l et i n board over a f i xed one woul d al l ow
vari ous di spl ays t o be exposed or covered at
t he
t eacher' s wi l l .
Where t here i s no opport uni t y t o growt hi ngs
out of
doors, a pl ant er f or rai si ng f l owers,
pl ant s, or veget abl es
i s essent i al . Ot her usef ul
Fi g. 1
163
Educat i onal
NURSERY
SCHOOLS
equi pment i n t he general area woul d i ncl ude a
hot pl at e and a ref ri gerat or .
THE
BLOCKAREA
Bl ocks provi de
a wi de vari et y of l earni ng
opport uni t i es
. These opport uni t i es i ncl ude de-
vel opment of sel f - expressi on, muscul ar coor-
di nat i on, and cogni t i ve
ski l l s . Bui l di ng st ruc-
t ures t hat
are shared wi t h and admi red by
peers and t eachers hel p t hechi l d vi ewhi msel f
posi t i vel y .
Thebl ock
area coul d be a l i t t l e al cove (24 t o
30 sq f t ) out si de of t he maj or t raf f i c area but
openi ng
ont o t he general area. Thi s arrange-
ment creat es a prot ect ed spacewherechi l dren
can bui l d somet hi ng t hat won' t be i nadvert ent -
l y knocked down
by chi l dren engaged i n ot her
act i vi t i es,
and i t al so provi des t he necessary
space f or
several chi l dren t o pl ay wi t h t he
bl ocks
si mul t aneousl y.
Unpai nt ed, rect angul ar uni t bl ocks, uni f orm
i n hei ght and wi dt h but varyi ng i n l engt h, are
used,
al ong wi t h bl ocks of vari ous shapes-
t ri angul ar,
curved, and so on. Bl ocks of t he
sameshape and l engt h arest ored i n separat e
st acks wi t h
enough space bet ween t he st acks
t o maket hemeasy t o arrange. The l engt hs of
t he
bl ocks, whi ch vary, areexposed rat her t han
t he ends, whi ch
do not vary. Si l houet t es pai nt -
ed on t he
shel ves hel p t he chi l dren t o f i nd and
repl acet hebl ocks by t hemsel ves. (See Fi g. 2. )
At t hebegi nni ng of t he year, 16 l i n f t of shel v-
i ng, at l east 11 i n. deep and havi ng at l east 10
i n. bet ween shel ves, i s adequat e. As t he school
year progresses, morebl ocks areadded. These
may beshel vedi n movabl ecabi net s t hat can be
rol l ed i nt o t he cl assroomwhen needed, and
t hen l ef t i n t he room. I f t he st orageshel ves f or
t hebl ocks are no hi gher t han 2 f t , smal l i t ems,
such as t oy t rai ns, cars, pl anes, boat s, ani mal s,
and f i gures of peopl e, can be di spl ayed on cab-
i net t ops, t hei r pl aces marked by pai nt ed si l -
houet t es .
MANI PULATI VE TOY AREA
Pl ay wi t h mani pul at i ve t oys compl ement s and
enhances some of what chi l dren l earn when
pl ayi ng wi t h t he bl ocks. By pl ayi ng wi t h
col oredpegs and pegboards, l ockboards, smal l
uni t bl ocks, Cui senai re rods, puzzl es, f el t
boards and geomet ri c f orms, nut s and bol t s,
nest i ng cups, and si mi l ar t oys, chi l dren can
l earn col ors and devel op percept i ons of
si ze
and f ormas wel l as of
mat hemat i cal concept s.
The
mani pul at i ve t oy area i s basi cal l y a
qui et area where chi l dren work i ndi vi dual l y. I t
can be by i t sel f or part of t hearea f or readi ng
and l i st eni ng. Two or t hree t wo- shel f , open
cabi net s aresuf f i ci ent t o di spl ay t he mani pul a-
t i ve t oys. Puzzl es arebest di spl ayed on sl opi ng
shel ves so t hechi l dren can seet hemal l as t hey
sel ect t he ones t hey want t o use. Acabi net
abovet hemani pul at i vet oy area i s agood pl ace
t o St ore t oys and puzzl es not current l y i n use;
t henumber andcompl exi t y of t oys and puzzl es
arei ncreased as t heyear progresses. At abl e
t hat
canaccommodat eat l east f our or f i ve chi l -
dren shoul d be l ocat ed near t he di spl ay cabi -
net s. (See Fi g. 3. )
READI NGANDLI STENI NGAREA
Chi l dren wi l l come, i ndi vi dual l y or
t oget her,
t o t he readi ng and l i st eni ng area t o l ook at
books, t o be read t o by t he assi st ant or t he
t eacher, or t o l i st en t o a st ory on a t ape re-
corder . Theseact i vi t i es are probabl y more i m-
port ant f or di sadvant aged chi l dren t han f or
chi l dren f rommore advant aged homes. The
t ypi cal homeof t hedi sadvant aged chi l d mi ght
not have avai l abl e suf f i ci ent ki nds and quant i -
t i es of chi l dren' s readi ng mat eri al , and t here
wi l l probabl y not be a qui et , uncrowded pl ace
f or t he chi l d t o l earn t o l i st en.
The readi ng and l i st eni ng area shoul d be a
qui et pl acewel l away f romt he bl ock area, art
area, and housekeepi ng corner . The space
shoul d be wel l def i ned ei t her by wal l s and
di vi ders, by cabi net s, or by a di f f erence i n
cei l i ng hei ght , f l oor el evat i on, l i ght i ng, or
col or and t ext ure of f l oor or wal l s- Thi s
area
coul d be el evat ed t wo or t hree st eps above
t he general area, an arrangement t hat woul d
convey a f eel i ng of i t s bei ng
speci al , separat e,
and cozy. I f el evat ed, i t can al so serve
as a
pl at f ormf or dramat i c act i vi t y, and t he
chi l dren
can si t on t hest eps when
t hey are bei ng read
t o.
The readi ng corner requi res
suf f i ci ent di s-
pl ayshel f space f or
showi ng t he f ront cover
of each of 20 t o 25 books. The hi ghest shel f
shoul d be no more t han 3 f t - 6 i n. f rom
t he
f l oor- pref erabl y 3 f t onl y . I f t he
shel vi ng
Fi g. 2 Bl ock
cart s
.
Col ored si l houet t es i ndi cat e st orage l ocat i ons.
164
Fi g. 3

Sl opi ng shel ves f or di spl ay of books
andpuzzl es.
cannot be adj ust ed, t here shoul d be at l east
14 i n. bet ween t he t wo shel ves . Thi rt y- t wo
l i n f t of shel vi ng provi des enough space f or
books.
Thereshoul d be a
pl acet o
di spl ay
one book
and rel at ed smal l obj ect s and pi ct ures. An
adj acent bul l et i n board adds t o t he di spl ay.
I n addi t i on t o t he bookshel ves and di spl ay
area, i t i s hi ghl y desi rabl e t o have a l ow
shel f or t abl e, avai l abl e t o as many as si x
chi l dren at a t i me, on whi ch t o pl ace speci al -
i zed l earni ng equi pment such as a cart ri dge
t ape recorder .
DOLL ANDHOUSEKEEPI NG
AREA
The dol l and housekeepi ng area requi res a
dress- uparea, dol l s and necessary accessori es,
cooki ng and eat i ng ut ensi l s, and general
housekeepi ng equi pment . Some aut hori t i es
f eel t hat as t he year progresses, t he house-
keepi ng area shoul d be i ncreased, whi l eot her
aut hori t i es woul d gradual l y el i mi nat e t he area
compl et el y.
Thedol l and housekeepi ng area i s t he area
most chi l dren wi l l f i rst t urn t o when t hey come
t o nursery school . I t i s a l i nk t o t he home, and
at t he same t i me i t provi des t he opport uni t y
f or expandi ng t he chi l d' s concept of what a
home can be. Some di sadvant aged chi l dren
are unf ami l i ar wi t h many t hi ngs t hat t eachers
assume are st andard equi pment or pract i ces i n
any home. Some f ami l i es, f or i nst ance, may
not have organi zed meal s when everyone si t s
down t oget her t o eat . I nst ead, f ami l y members
eat at di f f erent t i mes, and not necessari l y at
a t abl e.
The housekeepi ng area mi ght present a
maj or probl em- i t can
be
so at t ract i ve t o
chi l dren
t hat someof t hemwi l l want t o spend
most of t hei r t i me t here
. I t
i s f or t hi s reason
t hat some aut hori t i es
woul d
begi n t he year
wi t h a
compl et e housekeepi ng corner
and
gradual l y el i mi nat e i t . Presumabl y, as t he area
i s decreased, chi l dren wi l l ei t her move i nt o
ot her areas of t he room, or, i f t hey remai n i n
t hehousekeepi ng area, becomemorecreat i ve
i n t hei r pl ay.
Thedress- uparea i s usual l y of great i nt erest
t o t he chi l dren. I t shoul d i ncl ude a chi l d- si ze
chest of drawers and ei t her hat boxes or open
shel ves f or dress- up cl ot hi ng (shoes, hat s,
j ewel ry, mat eri al sui t abl e f or bel t s, t rai ns,
capes, vei l s) , a f ul l - l engt h mi rror, and a t el e-
phone connected to another tel ephone el se-
wl rare i n the room. Onetel ephone shoul d be
pi ecedsothat the
chi l d
can l ook
i nto
the
mi rror
whi l e
tal ki ng.
The
second tel ephone need not
bef ul l y encl osed, but nei ther shoul d thechi l d
f ee abl e to see or hear ( except through the
recei ver) theoneto whomhei s tal ki ng.
Dol l s and the necessary accessori es al so
provi de i mportant opportuni ti es f or l earni ng.
Though thei r ownexpl orati ons and through
mrsaracti ons wi th the teacher, chi l dren l earn
saaures, the names and f uncti ons of obj ects,
tenors, mani pul ati ve ski l l s, and the routi nes
of thei r own dai l y l i vi ng- dressi ng, eati ng,
goi ng to bed, and the l i ke.
The
cooki ng area requi res a chi l d' s stoveand
ref ri gerator, cooki ng utensi l s, other equi pment
such as pl asti c f rui ts and vegetabl es, and a
contai ner f or
j ui ceor mi l k. Therecoul d al so be
a si nk,
open shel ves, and a pegboard.
The
shel ves woul d hol d tabl e f l atware as wel l as
many
of
the other
utensi l s f ound
i n
the aver-
age ki tchen. There shoul d be enough space
between obj ects to present an orderl y ap-
pearance, and the pegboard shoul d have si l -
houettes of each obj ect to encourage the
chi l dren to return each i temto i ts pl ace. A
chi l d- si ze tabl e and chai rs compl ete the
cooki ng area.
Fi nal l y, the housekeepi ng area shoul d i n-
cl udepl aces f or achi l d- si ze i roni ng board, i ron,
cl othesl i nes, mop, dustpan, and broom.
ARTAREA
I n theart area, a f ewchi l dren at a ti me pai nt
pi ctures ; make f i nger pai nti ngs,
col l ages,
andmobi l es ; or pl ay wi th
cl ay,
model i ng
com-
pound, paste, crayons, marki ng pens, and an
assortment of other materi al such
as soda
straws and pi pe cl eaners .
Theart area shoul d be away f romheavy
roomtraf f i c and shoul d have l i mi ted access .
I t requi res a si nk f or washi ng hands and
cl eani ng pai ntbrushes and sponges. I deal l y,
there woul d be two si nks - one at the appro-
pri ate hei ght f or the teacher and a l ower one
f or the chi l dren. I f onl y one can be provi ded,
i t shoul d be at the appropri ate hei ght f or the
chi l dren' s use.
Twoki nds of storage space i n the art area
aredesi rabl e.
I n thef i rst, sheets of newspri nt ( usual l y
18
by 24
i n. ) and of col ored constructi on paper
shoul d be stored wi thi n easy reach of the
chi l dren. Constructi on paper shoul d be ar-
ranged sothat a chi l d can take onecol or wi th-
out di sturbi ng the other stacks . The teacher
mi ght al so store crayons, marki ng pens, and
pai ntbrushes
here.
The second storage space, f or such thi ngs
as sci ssors
and pai nts, shoul d be cl osed and
out of
the reach of the chi l dren. The storage
cabi nets canal so serveas roomdi vi ders .
Theart area shoul d have space enough f or
twoor more
chi l dren to pai nt at one ti me. A
regul ar easel
wi th roomf or pai nti ng on ei ther
si de i s sati sf actory ; or
threeor f our easel s si de
by si de coul d be provi ded by
sl opi ng a l ong
pi eceof pl ywood or
masoni teout f roma wal l
or roomdi vi der .
Thel atter arrangement has the
vi rtue of provi di ng more work
area i n l ess
space, andi t al l ows
the young pai nters to ad-
mi reeachother' s work . Easel s
shoul d beeasy
to cl ean, andthetray that hol ds the
pai nts and
brushes shoul d be removabl e
f or cl eani ng .
Atabl e i s i mportant i n thi s area
. I t shoul d
bel argeenoughto accommodatef our
chi l dren
pl ayi ng wi th cl ay, usi ng
f i nger pai nts, or
pasti ng col l ages . The tabl e shoul d
be about
18 i n. hi ghandhavea work area of 15
sq f t
or
more.
Art acti vi ti es
provi dea f eel i ng of accompl i sh-
ment and recogni ti on
that hel ps a chi l d f eel
posi ti ve about hi msel f . One of the ways to
rei nf orce
thi s i s to di spl ay thechi l d' s pai nti ngs,
but to di spl ay
al l the chi l dren' s pai nti ngs
si mul taneousl y destroys the cl ari ty and at-
tracti veness of theroom. I f , somewherei n the
room, at
chi l d' s eye l evel , a di spl ay space i s
provi ded f or f i ve or si x 18- by 24- i n. pi ctures,
Educati onal
NURSERY SCHOOLS
and i f the pi ctures are
f requentl y changed,
each chi l d can see
hi s
work
exhi bi ted many
ti mes duri ng a year . I t i s not
necessary to di s-
pl ay al l thechi l dren' s art work at
once.
Provi si ons shoul d be
made f or hangi ng
pai nti ngs todry .
Thereshoul d beenoughspace
f or at l east 12 pai nti ngs to
dry at oneti me.
TUTORI NGBOOTH
I t i s essenti al that an encl osed space be pro-
vi ded f or teachi ng one chi l d at a ti me. The
encl osed space, or tutori ng booth,
enabl es
a chi l d to bef reeof di stracti ons whi l e
worki ng
wi th a teacher or wi th speci al i zed teachi ng
Fi g. 4.

I ndi vi dual cubi cl es .
Fi g. 5

Proposed nursery.
16
5
Educat i onal
NURSERYSCHOOLS
equi pment . Thi s space mi ght al so serve as a
t est i ng area
or si mpl y as a pl acewherea chi l d
can be al one wi t h
an adul t . These act i vi t i es
arei mport ant and sucha spaceshoul d bepro-
vi ded even i f , as a consequence, t hesi ze of t he
mai n roomi s reduced.
I n
some i nst ances, i t mi ght be f easi bl e t o
creat e a roomwi t hi n a roomby encl osi ng an
area l arge enough t o accommodat e a smel l
groupof f i veor si x who coul d workawayf rom
t he di st ract i ons of t he rest of t he cl ass. I f onl y
one t eacher i s t o be present i n t he cl ass, t he
wal l s shoul d be t ransparent t o al l ow t he
t eacher vi sual cont rol .
166
I NDI VI DUAL CUBI CLES FORSTORAGE
Each chi l d
shoul d havea pl ace of hi s own i n
whi ch
t o hanghi s hat and coat , set hi s rubbers
or overshoes,
and st ore t hi ngs t hat bel ong t o
hi m.
These cubi cl es, or cubbi es, shoul d be
about t f t deep, t f t wi de, and 4f t -6i n. hi gh.
Thechi l d
shoul d beabl et o si t down i n or near
hi s cubi cl e
t o put on hi s shoes. (SeeFi g. 4. )
TOI LETS
Where
rest rooms f or t he chi l dren are not
adj acent t o t he cl assroom, i nordi nat e t i me i s
wast ed i n movi ngchi l dren t o and f romt he rest
room. I f rest
rooms are i nt egral part s of t he
cl assroom,
chi l dren can use t hemi ndepen-
dent l y and
devel op sel f -rel i ance.
Thet heoryt hat t he
f i xt ures shoul d resembl e
t hose i n t he
chi l dren' s homes has meri t , but
t he
overri di ng consi derat i ons are conveni ence
and ut i l i t y. The
washbasi n and t oi l et s shoul d
be appropri at el y si zed f or chi l dren.
STORAGE SPACE
To ensurean
orderl y end neat roomand reduce
t he number
of st i mul i present et any one t i me,
st orage space out si de t he cl assroomi s i m-
port ant . I t
can al so serve as a ut i l i t y area f or
t he
t eacher and shoul d cont ai n a l argesi nkf or
preparat i on of pai nt s and f or cl eani ngup.
I f a si nk i s
provi ded here f or t he t eacher,
onl y one
si nk, pl aced bet ween t he art and
housekeepi ngareas, i s necessary i n t he cl ass-
room. The
hot pl at e used i n t hecl assroomand
a ref ri gerat or f or
keepi ngmi l kand j ui cebel ong
i n t he
out si de st orageroomi f possi bl e.
OUTDOOR
PLAY AREA
Theout door
pl ay area coul d i ncl udea pl ant i ng
area, a sandbox, an open area f or pl ay wi t h
bal l s,
hoops, i nner t ubes, boxes, and boards.
I deal l y, somepart of t hi s area woul d be shel -
t ered t o al l owt he chi l dren t o spend somet i me
out doors duri ng i ncl ement weat her .
Ast orage space i s needed f or t he out door
equi pment .
OBSERVATI ONSPACE
An observat i on area i s desi rabl ef or programs
t hat encourageparent s t o observecl asses and
t o becomemore i nvol ved wi t h t he school end
t he educat i on of t he chi l d. Acombi nat i on of
one-way gl ass, mi crophones, and earphones
wi l l ensureseparat i on of pupi l s and observers;
one-waygl ass wi t h a l ouvered panel woul d suf -
f i ce. (See Fi g. 5. )
I deal l y, t he observat i on
area shoul d be
t
or 2 f t hi gher
t han t he regul ar cl assroom. That
woul d
gi vet heobserver a good vi ewover t he
l owroomdi vi ders
and woul d l eave t he wal l
space bel ow
t he observat i on wi ndows f ree
f or cabi net
and di spl ay space.
An al t ernat i ve t o an observat i on roomi s e
cl osed-ci rcui t t el evi si on set up t hat
provi des
vi ewi ng at a l ocat i on removed f romt he cl ass-
room.
Acoust i cal cont rol i n t hecl assroomi s essen-
t i al . Wi t hout t hi s cont rol i t i s vi rt ual l y i mpos-
si bl e t o hear or t o t ransmi t t he speech of t he
chi l dren. Sound-absorbi ng cei l i ng and wal l
t i l e, draperi es, and carpet al l meri t consi dera-
t i on f or i ncl usi on i n t hecl assroom.
The observat i on area shoul d open di rect l y
on t hecorri dor or out si de, al l owi ng observers
t o comeand go wi t hout i nt erf eri ng wi t h t he
chi l dren and t he t eachers.
Educat i onal
CHI LDREN' SCENTER
Fi g. 1

Chi l dren' s cent er space organi sat i on. Source
: "Memo t o Archi t ect s, " NewYork Ci t y Housi ng Aut hori t y,
NewYork.
MAI N FUNOTI ONS
I

A D MI SS I ON
0F F I C E
EXAMI NATI ON
I SOLATI ON
2 CHI LDREN' S ROOMS
PLAYI NG
E A T I N G
SLEEPI NG
3 .
PLAY AREAS
OUTDOOR PLAY
4 . SERVI CES
16
7
Educat i onal
CHI LDCARE CENTERS
EQUI PMENTSCHEDULE
FORFI GS. ( 2)
AND( 3)
1 Si nk
2
Ref ri gerat or
3
Range w/oven
4 Cabi net s/workt op
5 Cabi net s wal l t ype
6 Cl i ni cal si nk
7 Hi gh chai r
8 Cri b
9 Pl ay pen
Fi g. 2 Care cent er f or 25chi l dren: ( a) pl ayt i me
arrangement ; ( b) cot arrangement f or napt i me.
Fi g. 3

Care cent er f or a 50- chi l d
popul at i on. ( FromDepart ment of Def ense Def i ni t i ve
Desi gns, Depart ment of t he Navy, Washi ngt on, 1968. (
168
ByPHI LI P WI LL, JR. , and RAYMONDC.
OVRESAT
wi ththe assi stance of C. WI LLI AMBRUBAKER,
MORTONHARTMAN,
GEORGEA. HUTCHI NSON, EMMET
I NGRAM, A. FREDERI CKKOLFLAT,
andWI LLI AMMcCOY,Perki ns &Wi l l , Archi tects
Educati onal
General
I NTRODUCTI ON
School bui l di ng has passed through
the
years
andstyl es of bui l di ng to fi nal l y
freei tsel f
of the
constrai nts of bui l di ng i n some certai n way
.
The response now
i s to the
real
needs
and
reasons
for
educati on, to
change
andfl exi bi l i ty
andanawareness
that
the bui l di ngs
are
si mpl y
andpri mari l yfor chi l drento l earn i n, teachers
to teachandl earni n, and staff and parents to
"l anda hand" i n.
The l og cabi n and the one-rooml i ttl e red
school house are a far cry from
the
pri deful
communi tyi nsti tuti ons of
the earl y1900s. But
are theyi ndeed
so
far fromungraded
school s,
modul ar schedul i ng,
turf space, magnet
school s, anda host of sel f-i ni ti ati ve pl ans?
Thetechnol ogi cal andcommuni cati onraces
pace and outpace peopl e' s performance and
thei r acquai ntanceandacceptance of
ever-new
i deas and i ncreasi ng i nformati on. Learni ng
must beaccel erated, hori zons broadened, and
di fferences narrowed between urbanandrural
communi ti es
.
Sti l l ,
some
communi ti es
are
doi ng
better and have more i nnovati ve pro-
grams, moreresponsi ve
staffs, andmoretotal
determi nati on. The faci l i ti es al one can onl y
dopart of the j ob.
Educati on i s l i fe andpeopl e doi ng thi ngs
.
Theschool i s botha ki ndof shel ter anda ki nd
of stage. I t bri ngs together chi l drenandadul ts
on the
cl oy-to-day
busi ness of contendi ng,
l earni ng, worki ng hard,
havi ng fun, and grow-
i ng
up. I t focuses attenti on and i s a focus of
attenti on
. I t
i s i ts own
communi tyanda cri ti cal
part of the total communi ty.
The
process
of pl anni ng
aschool whi ch
wi l l
respondtothe real
needs
of l earni ng,
teachi ng
phi l osophi es and communi ty
obj ecti ves and
whi ch wi l l real l y
meet the basi c uncommon
denomi nator, i ts chi l dren,
i s compl ex and
chal l engi ng. I t demands
a ni ce bal ance
of
experi ence,
wi sdom,
professi onal ski l l s, and
uncommonsense on
the pert
of al l
i nvol ved.
Onl y part of the obj ecti ve shoul d
be
a
wel l -
concei ved,
effi ci ent, practi cal , soundl y con-
structed, qual i ty bui l di ng.
I t must,
too,
be
changeabl e and compati bl e wi th i ts chi l dren
andi ts owncommuni tyof users. Bui l di ngs do
not di eof ol dage, but of desi gn
obsol escence
or overi ndul gence
.
The
archi tect i s andshoul d
be
regul arl y
chal l enged to concei ve ways
i n
whi ch school faci l i ti es may be desi gned not
onl y
to bea
practi cal , effi ci ent response to the
needs of today' s
teachi ng technol ogi es, but
al so to anti ci pate the i nevi tabl e
changes by
whi chl earni ng wi l l becomeanenti rel ydi fferent
experi ence.
Envi ronment
The archi tect' s efforts must be put i nto the
creati onof aschool whi chacti vel y and
attrac-
ti vel y sui ts the functi ons of the educati on i t
serves and whi ch not onl yaccommodates but
al so
contri butes a very speci al envi ronment
for l earni ng. "Envi ronment for l earni ng" con-
notes a broad range of speci al qual i ti es,
evi denced by manycharacteri sti cs of a bui l d-
i ng' s desi gn. The physi cal aspects of envi ron-
ment-those rel ati ng to the bodi l y senses of
temperature, vi si on, and heari ng-may be
rel ati vel ywel l control l edbyknownengi neeri ng
methods
.
Thoseenvi ronmental qual i ti es
whi ch
affect emoti ons and behavi or are far more
di ffi cul t to accompl i shthroughbui l di ng desi gn
si nce they are not subj ect to establ i shed
formul as or systems . Humanscal e, homi ness,
warmth, exci tement, and repose are recogni z-
abl e attri butes of a bui l di ng whi ch engenders
real responses fromi ts occupants. Theenvi ron-
ment of a school shoul d be onewhi chacti vel y
sti mul ates the devel opment of humanbei ngs-
soci al l y, i ntel l ectual l y, physi cal l y, and emo-
ti onal l y. Creati ng an envi ronment, and not
j ust a space, shoul dnot be a bonus, but rather
i s a mi ni mumessenti al .
ProgramI nvol vement
Thearchi tect properl y seeks to
provi de
ser-
vi ces earl yi n the pl anni ng stages pri or to the
actual desi gn and constructi on of school
faci l i ti es. Thi s i s so that he can contri bute
wi th the best of hi s experi ence and techni cal
knowl edge i n the processes of si te sel ecti on,
preparati on for bond i ssue referenda, ti me
schedul i ng, programmi ng, and budgeti ng.
Duri ng the earl ypl anni ng stages the archi tect
maygai n i nsi ght i nto the phi l osophi cal atti -
tudes of the school board andadmi ni strators
endthe nature of the communi tyor nei ghbor-
hood for whi chnewor added school faci l i ti es
are needed. I t i s duri ng thi s ti me that i deas
can be exchanged.
The archi tect shoul d knowthe communi ty
he serves byconsi deri ng as parts of hi s total
responsi bi l i ty the fol l owi ng:
1. The nature of thetotal communi tysetti ng
andi ts peopl e
2. The character of the nei ghborhood sur-
roundi ng the si te, e. g. , hi gh-densi ty mul ti -
fami l y, si ngl e
fami l y, mi xed uses, obsol ete,
decl i ni ng, stabl e,
or growi ng, andthe presence
of si gni fi cant
envi ronmental i nfl uences such
an ai r or noi se pol l uti on
3. Theproj ectedrate
of growth, i f the com-
muni tyi s devel opi ng, as
an i ndi cator of phased
constructi on
of the school
Teachi ng and l earni ng programs must be
formul ated andfaci l i ti es must be pl anned i n
response to the anti ci pated educati onal , cul -
tural , andsoci al needs not onl y of the school -
agemembers
of the communi tybut of the adul t
group as wel l
.
A
predomi nantl y vocati onal -
techni cal
ori entati on i s general l y i ndi cated for
a
school i n a l argel y i ndustri al communi ty.
I nanareawherea hi ghpercentage of students
goonto col l ege, the school ' s curri cul ummust
i ncl ude preparatory l i beral arts subj ects. The
i ntensi fi ed
academi c
programs necessarytoday
are tempti ng communi ti es to extend
the typi cal
ni ne-month school year end to l engthen the
school day. Summer sessi ons are becomi ng
conventi onal both for makeup work and for
programs of accel erati on and enri chment .
Some communi ti es have i mpl emented ful l
twel ve-month use of thei r faci l i ti es, some an
a basi s of 45days of school , 15days of vaca-
ti on. Extracurri cul ar
acti vi ti es,
most of whi ch
are offshoots of formal schol asti c work, such
as forei gnl anguage andsci ence cl ubs, school
publ i cati ons, speci al musi c groups anddramat-
i c organi zati ons, are carri ed over i nto after-
school hours and eveni ngs.
I n addi ti on to housi ng the regul ar school
programs, the bui l di ng wi l l probabl y al so
accommodate adul t eveni ng cl asses, PTA
meeti ngs, publ i c l ectures, concerts, andsi mi l ar
educati onal -cul tural events. Add to these a
vari etyof ci vi c functi ons, such as town meet-
i ngs andparkrecreati onproj ects, andwehave
the "town hal l " school busi l y servi ng as i ts
communi ty' s educati onal and cul tural center
practi cal l yaroundthe cl ock and al l year l ong.
Al l these consi derati ons i nfl uence the broad
strokes of deci si on maki ng for the formof the
school . Beyond these are the "educati onal
speci fi cati ons," whi ch spel l out the detai l s of
the school programi n terms of opti mumsi ze
of enrol l ment ; teachi ng l oads ; schedul i ng
(modul ar or conventi onal ) ; organi zati on of the
i nstructi onal program("school
wi thi naschool ,"
"house pl an") ; l earni ng methods (teamteach-
i ng, i ndi vi dual i zed i nstructi on, i ndependent
study) ; andal l the mechani cal , el ectroni c, and
audi o-vi sual ai ds to the l earni ng process, i n
addi ti onto the l i brary as "i nstructi onal mate-
ri al s center. " Addi ti onal l y, physi cal educati on,
competi ti ve athl eti cs, recreati on, cul tural , and
soci al needs must be accounted
for.
Space, Qual i ty, Cost
These functi ons together make up the
pl an-
di ctati ng, form-generati ng i nfl uences that the
school board, admi ni strati on, ci ti zens com-
mi ttees, andarchi tect must consi der i n estab-
l i shi ng the pri ori ti es of space, qual i ty, andcost
whi ch wi l l governthe desi gnand
constructi on
of the newfaci l i ti es. I t i s axi omati c that
these
factors shal l be pl acedi n bal ance, i f the resul ts
are not somehowto be frustrated.
I n appl yi ng
the space Xqual i ty=cost formul a,
onl ytwo
factors canbefi xedbythe cl i ent . Thearchi tect
must be al l owedto varythe
thi rd; i . e. , i f space
endcost are ri gi drequi rements,
the onl yvari -
abl e then i s qual i ty of materi al s
and construc-
ti on. Obvi ousl y, i neffi ci ent pl anni ng canrobthe
admi ni strati on of space
urgentl y needed to
carryout the desi redprograms.
Unl ess appro-
pri ate
materi al s, equi pment, and fi ni shes are
used,
the board of educati on wi l l be forever
burdenedbyexcessi ve mai ntenanceandopera-
ti on costs; and i f, through l ack of di sci pl i ne
over these factors
of space and qual i ty, the
proj ect cost exceeds the funds
that have been
voted,
the communi tywi l l , assuredl y, be most
169
Educati onal
General
170
arti cul ate i n voi ci ng i ts di spl easure. I n school
desi gn the archi tect must rej ect wi shful thi nk-
i ng, whether i t be hi s own or that of hi s cl i ent .
I t i s rarel y understood by voters that the
overwhel mi ng cost of the school systemi s
for teachers' sal ari es and rel ated educati onal
expense. Even i f school s cost nothi ng to bui l d,
the effect on a ci ti zen' s tax bi l l for educati on
woul d be rel ati vel y tri vi al . Dependi ng on
whether a school di stri ct i s wel l establ i shed
wi thexi sti ng bui l di ngs, or newl y created wi th
bui l di ngs yet to be bui l t, the budget
for the
bui l di ng and fi nanci ng of the
physi cal pl ant
over i ts l i feti me vari es from
5
to t Spercent
of
the cost of educati ng a chi l d. Of thi s cost
ap-
proxi matel y hal f i s chargeabl e to fi nanci ng-
the i nterest pai d on bonds . Cheap and i nade-
quate educati onal faci l i ti es save l i ttl e
i ni ti al l y
and, for the l ong run, are i ndeed
poor
i nvest-
ments and are permanent handi caps to the
l earni ng/ teethi ng
process . Therefore, those
who defend hi ghqual i ty do so
on sound
eco-
nomi c ground. The benefi ts of educati on
requi re no defense.
Al l of what goes i nto a school , what must be
consi dered i s outl i ned i n the fol l owi ng pages.
The task i s compl ex, the opti ons are many,
i nvol vi ng the i nput of peopl e, money, effort,
pati ence, and fi nal l y provi di ng a grati fyi ng
reward when the j ob' s been done wel l . School s
canbeandshoul d be fun to be
i n, for
everyone.
By STANTON
LEGGETT, Educati onal
Consul tant
EDUCATI ONAL
CONSULTI NG
Purpose
I n order to state the needs of an educati onal
i nsti tuti on and to rel ate a faci l i ty more cl osel y
to
the educati onal program, communi ti es,
school s,
and
col l eges
i ncreasi ngl y
use an edu-
cati onal consul tant
as a
pri mary member of the
pl anni ng team. Aschool pl anni ng proj ect,
whether for a newbui l di ng or for a master pl an
for an i nsti tuti on, shoul d be used not onl y to
construct a good faci l i ty but to provi de a set-
ti ng for effecti ve restudy of educati onal pro-
grams and to al l owa ti me for exami ni ng new
perspecti ves of l earni ng. Wi th cl ose personal
contact between a consul tant wi th wi deexperi -
ence and a facul ty that must search i ts col l ec-
ti vesoul beforetheconcrete i s poured, a pri me
ti me i s created for real i n- servi ce educati on.
The operati veword i s real .
rrocedure
As i n educati on, the name of the game i s pro-
cess. Whi l etheassessabl eoutcomes of afaci l i -
ty pl anni ng procedure are most i mportant, dol -
l ars for consul ti ng servi ces can be used twi ce:
oncefor the bui l di ng product end once for the
process of i nvol vi ng many peopl e i n pl anni ng
and deci si on maki ng.
Greatest advantage con come by desi gnati ng
a pl anni ng cadre who wi l l ul ti matel y take over
operati on of the newi nsti tuti on. Al ternati vel y,
a
groupof potenti al operators of the educati on-
al systemcoul dbe i nvol ved. Further opti ons i n-
cl ude general parti ci pati on by paral l el staff
members fromother school s or col l eges .
When groups to parti ci pate and to be i n.
vol ved are I denti fi ed, one useful devi ce i s to
sel ect a steeri ng commi ttee. Hopeful l y, a steer-
i ng commi ttee wi l l i ncl ude a cross secti on of
the peopl e who wi l l be i nvol ved, peopl e wi th
opti mi sti c but not necessari l y si mi l ar vi ews .
Al so i t shoul d be composed so that i t wi l l gi ve
credi bi l i ty to the work of the commi ttee. The
steeri ng commi ttee shoul d steer . The consul -
tant shoul d become worki ng staff for the
commi ttee.
Thepl anni ng process shoul di nvol veas many
peopl e as possi bl e, andthe consul tant must be
responsi ve to the di recti on of the educati onal
i nsti tuti on. The consul tant i s a temporary em-
pl oyee of theschool system. The school system
shoul d i nduct the consul tant I nto the probl em,
provi di ng wi de opportuni ti es for hi mto get to
knowwhere the i nsti tuti on i s goi ng, what the
educati onal aspi rati ons of the communi ty are,
and howthe newfaci l i ty shoul d hel p the sys-
temachi eve i ts goal s .
Whi l e the process of i nducti on i s goi ng on,
where many peopl e tel l the consul tant about
the probl emor the purpose, the consul tant i s
maki ng hi s contri buti on. Thi s i s, essenti al l y, to
wi den the spectrumof choi ces or opti ons that
are consi dered by those i nvol ved i n the pl an-
ni ng process . Vi ewi ng and di scussi ng ways to
meet obj ecti ves shoul d go on for some ti me-
l ong enoughso that al l the parti ci pants feel that
they have real l y expl ored and parti ci pated, but
not so l ong that frustrati on sets i n.
The consul tant somewhere al ong i n the pro-
cess takes onanother rol e- organi zer of chaos .
I t i s hi s task, as temporary staff to a deci si on-
maki ng organi zati on, to devel op a fi rst docu-
ment whi ch states the probl ems and offers a
set of al ternati ves to consi der i n deci si on mak-
i ng about general di recti ons . Such a report
shoul d be made wi del y avai l abl e to the staff or
the i nvol ved group for revi ew, cri ti que, revi -
si on, del eti on, and addi ti on. Aprogramof
needs for a bui l di ng or the base for a master
pl an evol ves fromthe basi c study and eval ua-
ti on of opti ons, l eadi ng through successi ve re-
vi si ons to descri pti ons of spaces i n terms of
numbers, si zes, and characteri sti cs .
EDUCATI ONAL SPECI FI CATI ONS
The devel opment of a formal document of edu-
cati onal speci fi cati ons
for neweducati onal fa-
ci l i ti es i s nowaccepted practi ce
i n
approachi ng
the constructi on of educati onal proj ects of
any
consequence. Thedocument i s
desi gned
to
for-
mal i ze and organi ze the needs of the users of
the school so that thedesi gncan be devel oped
to house these needs .
Outl i ne of Educati onal ProgramDocument
t . Educati onal concept of thefaci l i ty. Abri ef
statement shoul d be madeof the educa-
ti onal goal s and purposes to be accommo-
dated bythe faci l i ty. Di scussi on of the ed-
ucati onal phi l osophy to be fol l owed i s
necessary. Makea general descri pti on of
the faci l i ty
and
i ts basi c
el ements . Drew
upa statement of
desi gn obj ecti ves .
2. Acti vi ty programandspace requi rements .
Make a general
descri pti on of the as-
sumed academi c curri cul um
and other ac-
ti vi ti es at thefaci l i ty.
Make a general de-
scri pti on of types of space requi red and
teachi ng methods to be used. Data are to
besummari zed i n four charts :
a. Acti vi ty programchart
b
.
Space requi rements and uti l i zati on
chart
c. Area summary chart
d.
Envi ronmental
condi ti ons
chart
3 .
Detai l ed area and equi pment requi re-
ments . For eachacti vi ty area, wri te a nar-
rati ve outl i ne
of
howthevari ous spaces i n
i t wi l l
be
used, thei r rel ati onshi p to each
other, andthei r
rel ati onshi p to other parts
of the faci l i ty. For eachacti vi ty area, pro-
vi de a detai l ed l i st of al l spaces, gi vi ng
areas and equi pment for each. Dataare to
be summari zed on two standard forms :
a. Space l i st
b. Equi pment l i st
Fl exi bi l i ty and Change
Al l school s must be as fl exi bl e as possi bl e i n
terms of space. The spaces i n themmust be
easi l y adaptabl eto newuses andarrangements
i n the future. The types end di vi si on of spaces
gi ven i n the programshoul d not i mpl y struc-
tures that cannot be easi l y modi fi ed
for
chang-
i ng
needs i n the future.
The operati ve i dea i n the tradi ti onal vi ewof
educati onal speci fi cati ons i s speci fi c. The ap-
proachassumes that a school or col l ege can be
"frozen" et a poi nt and fi xed there wi th al l the
el ements hel d constant whi l e the archi tect de-
si gns an envi ronment . Change an el ement and
the desi gn process must start over agai n, for
the "program"
has changed.
I t i s not easy to descri be a vi abl e al ternati ve
to thi s process, because the human mi nd can-
not deal real i sti cal l y wi than i nfi ni te number of
vari abl es at the same ti me and come up wi tha
defi ni teand speci fi c answer, be i t a bui l di ng or
educati onal program. When we have ful l y
l earned to suppl ement the mi nd of man wi ththe
memoryof acomputer, wewi l l have better suc-
cess i n deal i ng wi ththedynami cs of aschool or
col l ege and the creati ve envi ronment .
The school i s a pl anni ng process, an enve-
l ope for
change. The obj ecti ve
i s to devel opa
bui l di ng that provi des the envi ronment for
growthand change, not to pi n educati on down.
Process
Theeducati onal speci fi cati ons for a school that
emphasi zes
process are as
general a set of
speci fi cati ons as i t i s possi bl e to agree
upon
whi l e,
at
the
same ti me,
securi ng an appropri -
ate
bui l di ng.
To as l argea degree as
possi bl e,
the arrangement of the apace, the
staffi ng of
the school , and
the
depl oyment of the re-
sources shoul dbel eft upto the peopl e
whowi l l
use the school . The educati onal speci fi cati ons
wi l l be the begi nni ng of the pl anni ng process
whi ch wi l l
conti nue through
the l i fe of the
school
. The
speci fi cati ons may
descri be the
fi rst of anyenvi ronmental setti ngs for l earni ng
experi ence.
Part of the desi gn process shoul d be to
cre-
ate model s of teachi ng spaces so that
the pl an-
ni ng groupfor the school (teachers, students,
and parents) coul d make val ue j udgments
about the
use
of
space
endtry themout. These
model s serve as bases for
si mul ati ons . Peopl e
l earn a great deal fromsi mul ati ons,
for i n thi s
manner the consequences
of acti ons or deci -
ei ons are seen graphi cal l y and real i sti cal l y.
The educati onal speci fi cati ons can hel p by
bei ng constructed on a modul ar basi s and by
i ncl udi ng exampl es of the opti ons that exi st
wi thi n themore general i zed requi rements . The
archi tects con contri bute much by graphi cal l y
representi ng the wi de vari ety of ways peopl e
con organi zethemsel ves wi thi n the pl i abl e, yet
not anonymous, envi ronment the archi tects
have created for them.
The educati onal consul tant i s not an archi -
tect, nor vi ce verse. As the pl anni ng process
moves fromwords toward l i nes, the consul -
tant' s rol e changes . The pl anni ng organi zati on,
of whi ch
he i s a part, responds
to thedesi gns of
thearchi tect . For thi s i s a teamprocess . Agood
teamuses al l the qual i ti es of the parti ci pants
as ful l y as possi bl e and shi fts rol es unobtru-
si vel y, but responsi bl y.
ARCHI TECTURAL PROGRAMMI NG
Archi tectural
programmi ng i s the
speci fi c
defi ni ng and
anal ysi s of physi cal needs . I t
i s
Educat i onal
Gener al
al so t he def i ni ng and anal ysi s of const r ai nt s,
l i ke budget , code, si t e, and t i me schedul es
i mposed upon t hose needs. Ar chi t ect ur al pr o-
gr ammi ng i s not educat i onal pr ogr ammi ng, but
f ol l ows end evol ves f r omi t .
Obj ect i ves
The pr i me obj ect i ve i s t o def i ne t he pr obl em:
t o
cl ear l y st at e t he physi cal spaces r equi r ed,
t he uses of t hese spaces, t he f unct i onal r el a-
t i onshi p bet ween t hem, endt heoccupancy end
equi pment needs of each space, al l i n a f or mat
under st ood and appr oved by t he cl i ent .
Pr ocedur e
The f i r st st ep i s t o det er mi ne who wi l l par t i ci -
pat e i n t he pl anni ng pr ocess t o f ol l ow. I n-
cl uded shoul d be t he owner , t he educat i onal
consul t ant s i f i nvol ved, t he ar chi t ect , and any
ot her s who wi l l have a di r ect bear i ng on t he
end r esul t . These r epr esent at i ves shoul d have
t he aut hor i t y t o make t he day- t o- day deci si ons
on t he f or mat i onof t he pr ogr am. I n t he case of
a l ar ger pr oj ect , such as an ur ban hi gh school ,
addi t i onal consul t ant s may be r equi r ed. They
shoul d be br ought i nt o t he pr ogr ammi ng pr o-
cess as soon as possi bl e so t hat t he end r esul t
benef i t s best f r omt hei r exper t i se when t hei r
r ecommendat i ons of basi c phi l osophy and
pol i cy ar e i ncor por at ed.
Secondl y, a t i me schedul e shoul d be set
wi t haf i nal t ar get dat e. I t i s essent i al . I t shoul d
go beyond t he pr ogr ammi ng phase and r el at e
t o an over al l schedul e i ncl udi ng compl et i on of
const r uct i on and occupancy. Adher ence t o a
schedul e f r omt he ver y out set i mposes a con-
st r uct i ve di sci pl i ne and a heal t hy sense of
ur gency encour agi ng i nt er act i on among t he
par t i ci pant s . Modi f i cat i on or change of a
schedul e can t hen be appr ai sed i n l i ght of t he
over al l ef f ect on t i me of occupancy. The t i me
schedul e cl ear l y def i nes t hose poi nt s i n t i me
when appr oval s and r evi ews ar e r equi r ed
or
desi r abl e.
Thi r dl y, t her e shoul d be a sequence and
met hodol ogy: est abl i shi ng t he ai ms, or gani zi ng
and col l ect i ng t he f act s, seeki ng out meani ng-
f ul i nher ent concept s, and det er mi ni ng t he
needs ( not want s) consi st ent wi t h r eal i st i c
const r ai nt . The needs shoul d t hen be st at ed i n
t er ms of i nt er i or and ext er i or spaces, si t e,
budget , and t i me schedul e.
Four t h, t her e shoul d be a f or mat and t ech-
ni que t hat gr aphi cal l y por t r ay t he par t s. A
pi ct ur e i s wor t h a pi l e of wor ds. Thet echni que
shoul d be consi st ent l y f ol l owed so t hat t he
cont i nui ng exper i ences can be added and t hei r
i mpl i cat i ons
made cl ear l y vi si bl e.
Fi nal l y, meet i ngs shoul d be schedul ed i n a
"neut r al " l ocat i on. Meet i ngs do not have t o
t ake pl ace i n t he school bui l di ng. I n f act , t her e
maybe f ewer i nt er r upt i ons el sewher e, and new
i deas mi ght be gener at edbest i n newsur r ound-
i ngs wher e i nhi bi t i ons ar e l ef t behi nd.
Cont ent
A
compl et e ar chi t ect ur al pr ogr amshoul d
con-
t ai n t he f ol l owi ng i nf or mat i on:
1 . St at ement of use by owner . Adul t
educa-
t i on, communi t y concer t s, and ot her
si mi l ar
act i vi t i es have a di r ect bear i ng on t he pl anni ng
of school s. I n some ur ban
school s, f or ex-
ampl e, speci al i zed i nst r uct i on
i n one school
ser vi ng st udent s t hr oughout t he ci t y
mi ght
r equi r e much mor e ampl e access
i nt o t he si t e,
as wel l as ext r aor di nar y ci r cul at i ons
and t oi l et
r equi r ement s . The compl et e,
i nt ended use of
t he f aci l i t y shoul d be made
cl ear , as wel l as i t s
pl ace i n a t ot al educat i onal syst em
si nce t hat
t oo may af f ect i t s f ut ur e use.
2. Basi c
concept s of t eachi ng/ admi ni st r e-
t i on. What t he appr oacht o t eachi ng
andadmi n-
! st ar i ng wi l l be has cr i t i cal i nf l uence on space
needs, si ze, and bui l di ng t ype. Teamt eachi ng
and di f f er ent i at ed st af f i ng woul d cal l f or l ar ge
open space and a var i et y of space si zes. Modu-
l ar schedul i ng i n a var i et y of cl ass t i me per i ods
dr amat i cal l y af f ect s space ut i l i zat i on . Wi l l i t be
an
open campus wi t h st udent s f r ee t o l eave t he
bui l di ng dur i ng "f r ee" per i ods, or must t he
ent i r e st udent body be housed i n t he bui l di ng' s
spaces dur i ng al l per i ods? Wi l l t her e be st udy
hal l s or f r ee l i br ar y or l ounge access? Wi l l t he
school be di vi ded i nt o subschool s? Par t i cul ar l y
i n l ar ger school s and school syst ems t he
mat t er of f ood ser vi ce can i nf l uence deci si ons
on pl an or gani zat i on and pr ogr amor gani zat i on
.
Counsel i ng ar r angement s can be r el at ed t o t he
admi ni st r at i on of f i ces or f acul t y- depar t ment
gr oupi ng . The whol e concer n of admi ni st r at i ve
cent r al i zat i on ver sus decent r al i zat i on can pul l
a pl an oneway or
anot her.
3. Spaces t o be pr ovi ded
.
Al l det ai l s
of t he
space r equi r ement s shoul d be r ecor ded, t hei r
si ze, howmany of each si ze, t he number of
occupant s i n each space, t he number
of
t each-
i ng st at i ons, t he equi pment demands, t hei r
r el at i onshi p and f unct i ons, and ot her speci al
comment s shoul d be not ed. Wi t h even a
mi ni -
mal exper i ence i n school desi gn, a f or mat can
be devel oped t o cover al l basi c t ypes of school
f aci l i t i es as a checkl i st i n devel opi ng a par -
t i cul ar pr ogr am. Thr ough exper i ence, cer t ai n
gui del i nes and "r ul es of t humb" have been
devel oped f or school pl anni ng. Uni t ar eas have
gr adual l y i ncr eased over t he year s, wi t h t he
t r end t owar d mor e i ndi vi dual i zed i nst r uct i on,
mor e speci al i zed and di ver se cour se
of f er i ngs,
and gr eat er r el i ance on speci al equi pment .
Typi cal basi s f or cal cul at i on i ncl udes number
of st udent s per t eachi ng
st at i on, ar ea per
st udent by t ypes of space, gr oss
squar ef eet per
st udent , and cost per st udent .
4. Gr aphi c r epr esent at i on. I t i s most usef ul
and makes cl ear t o ever yone r el at i ve si zes
and
pr i or i t i es f or consi der at i on
i f t he i ndi vi dual
pr ogr ampar t s andt hei r
number s ar e gr aphi cal -
l y i l l ust r at ed. Al l i nt er i or spaces
and ext er i or
spaces l i ke pl ayf i el ds and
par ki ng l ot s shoul d
be shownt o gi ve a good over al l pi ct ur e of what
t he t ot al space needs ar e i n r el at i on t o
l and
avai l abl e and what var i ous par t s of t he
pr ogr am
physi cal l y r epr esent i n ar ea r el at i on t o
ot her s .
Some i ni t i al bul k ar eas may be addi t i onal l y
i ncl uded t o r epr esent ci r cul at i on,
st or age,
and ser vi ce r equi r ement s, and t o i ndi cat e t he
r el at i onshi p bet ween net and gr oss
ar eas.
5. Li mi t s/ const r ai nt s . I t i s al so a pr udent
r emi nder t o car ef ul l y not e t he var i ous con-
st r ai nt s on t he pr ogr ammi ng pr ocess, l i ke
budget , t i me schedul e, codes, i nsur ance pr ovi -
si ons and r at i ngs, zoni ng and speci al use
r equi r ement s, net t o gr oss ar ea l i mi t s or pr oj ec-
t i ons, and any speci al consi der at i ons ( e. g. ,
r equi r ed r evi ew pr ocesses by gover nment or
ot her r evi ew agenci es) . Soi l bor i ngs, si t e sur -
veys, end i nf or mat i on about ut i l i t y ser vi ces
shoul d be a par t of t he pr ogr amdat a as wel l .
6. Ar chi t ect ur al st at ement. J ust as t he
owner ' s i nt ended use and
t eachi ngadmi ni s-
t r at i ve phi l osophy wi l l si gni f i cant l y gui de t he
f or mat i on of t he pr ogr am, so t he ar chi t ect ' s
basi c
pl anni ng appr oach t o t he par t i cul ar
pr obl emshoul d be wr i t t en endr ecor ded as par t
of t he
pr ogr ammi ng pr ocess . Whi l e t hi s coul d
not or shoul d not be devel oped unt i l t he ar chi -
t ect has
l ear ned enough about t he pr obl em,
i t s i ncor por at i on i nt o
t he pr ogr ammi ng docu-
ment can
t her eaf t er ser ve as an i mpor t ant
gui de
f or t he ot her s who wi l l be i nvol ved i n
maki ng deci si ons t hat shoul d r el at e mor e
cl ear l y t o a common phi l osophy and assur e a
mor e consi st ent and bet t er end r esul t . Al so,
f or r evi ews by var i ous appr oval gr oups, whet h-
er t hey
be t he school owner or a code of f i ci al ,
havi ng al l t he "whys"
st at ed cl ar i f i es under -
st andi ng and mi ni mi zes
mi si nt er pr et at i on .
Summar y
The ar chi t ect ur al pr ogr amt hen i s t he basi s f or
begi nni ng t he bui l di ng, and t he mor e i nf or ma-
t i on col l ect ed at t he out set , and pr oper l y
eval uat ed, t he mor e successf ul t he pl anni ng
pr ocess and end r esul t wi l l be. Ti me and
t hought car ef ul l y spent i n pr ogr ammi ng
wi l l
br i ng ever yone' s i deas t oget her at t he out set ,
gi ve ever yone a chance t o make hi s cont r i bu-
t i on, and advance t he pr oj ect i n an or der l y
manner .
FI NANCI NG
Pr ogr ammi ng pr ocedur es and det er mi nat i ons
qui ckl y come t o a col l i si on cour se wi t h f i nan-
ci al l i mi t at i ons, and al most i nvar i abl y t he
bui l di ng pr ogr amhas t o be adj ust ed t o conf or m
t o t he har d r eal i t y of f i nanci al possi bi l i t i es .
The nat ur e of f i nanci ng school bui l di ngs hi nges
on t he t ype of school and i t s sponsor shi p. The
j ob of get t i ng t he money i s becomi ng i ncr eas-
i ngl y har der as mor e compl ex gover nment
f undi ng pr ocedur es come i nt o ef f ect , t ax al -
l ocat i ons ar e spr ead acr oss consol i dat ed
di st r i ct s, and t he t r end t o mor e cent r al i zed
cont r ol andmanagement i ncr eases. Campai gns
f or
bond i ssues andt ax i ncr eases must become
mor e ef f ect i ve, newspaper publ i ci t y, cof f ee
kl at ches, and publ i c t o- dos must be mor e ob-
j ect i vel y
or gani zed t o convi nce an i ncr easi ngl y
wel l - i nf or med, i nt er est ed, but demandi ng
publ i c.
Bot h newcommuni t i es and ol d r esi dent i al -
based communi t i es have pr obl ems i n f undi ng
newschool s end pr ogr ams because of t he
l i mi t s
of assessed val uat i on of t hei r t ot al
pr oper t i es . Thi s pr ompt s a sear ch f or st at e and
f eder al suppor t and a concer n about t he pos-
si bl e l oss of l ocal pr er ogat i ves . New t ax
r evenues ar e bei ng sought wi t hi n t he com-
muni t i es by char gi ng f or mor e ser vi ces and
pur sui ng zoni ng changes t owar d a wi der mi x
of communi t y t o accompl i sh a br oader t ax
base
.
Types
of
Fi nanci ng
Agi ven pr oj ect wi l l nor mal l y be i n one of t he
f ol l owi ng cat egor i es, r equi r i ng a r el at ed t ype
of f i nanci ng:
1 . School di st r i ct s wi t h t axi ng power.
Maj or bui l di ng pr oj ect s ar e f i nanced by a bond
i ssue r ef er endumwi t hi n t he l i mi t s est abl i shed
by t he di f f er ent i al bet ween exi st i ng i ndebt ed-
ness end an al l owed per cent age of cur r ent
assessed val uat i on of t axabl e pr oper t y i n t he
di st r i ct .
2. School syst ems under l ocal gover nment .
Pr oj ect f unds ar e r ecei ved as appr opr i at i ons
whi chmay or maynot r epr esent pr oceeds f r om
sal es of bonds by t he gover nment al t axi ng
aut hor i t y.
3. Pr i vat e school s. Fundi ng i s pr i mar i l y
dependent on bequest s, cont r i but i ons, end
mor t gage l oans. Under speci al ci r cumst ances
some f aci l i t i es may be f unded by f eder al
agenci es .
These cat egor i es, and t he t r adi t i onal met h-
ods of f i nanci ng char act er i st i c of each, gener al -
l y appl y t o i nst i t ut i ons of hi gher l ear ni ng, as
wel l as t o secondar y and el ement ar y school s.
Near
exhaust i on of t r adi t i onal f i nanci ng
sour ces has l ed i n r ecent year s t o t he
devel op-
ment
of
met hods of suppl ement al
ai d or pr o-
cedur es
f or l i f t i ng t he ent i r e bur den of capi t al
i nvest ment
f r omt he school or i nst i t ut i on.
Feder al
l egi sl at i on pr ovi des gr ant s- i n- ai d and
sel f - l i qui dat i ng l oans t o qual i f yi ng i nst i t ut i ons
t hr ough agenci es
of t he Depar t ment of Heal t h,
Educat i on, and Wel f ar e andt o
a
l i mi t ed degr ee
t hr oughagenci es of t he
Depar t ment of Housi ng
and Ur ban Renewal . St at e and
l ocal gover n-
171
Educati onal
PRIMARYANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
General
meri ts haveassi stanceprograms of thei r
own.
A
growi ng trend i s toward theestabl i shment
of school bui l di ng authori ti es or commi ssi ons,
whi ch
wi l l f i nanceandconstruct bui l di ngs f or
occupancy
by a school on a rentl i ke basi s,
wi th costs pai d out of operati ng i ncome.
It has becomearouti neobl i gati on of school
admi ni strators to keep themsel ves i nf ormed
about al l agenci es and assi stance programs
whi ch maybeavai l abl eto hel p i n
f i nanci ng a
proj ect or, i n somecases, to maketradi ti onal
f undi ng unnecessary.
Programmi ngand Budgeti ng
Fi nanci ngpatterns
havecri ti cal ef f ects on the
desi gn andpl anni ng
of school
f aci l i ti es .
If the
amount of a bond i ssueor an appropri ati on
has been establ i shed pri or to programmi ng or
detai l pl anni ng, thescopeof the proj ect wi l l
be ri gi dl y l i mi ted by that amount . Theonl y
f l exi bi l i ty then l i es i n a suppl emental bond
i ssueor appropri ati on, whi ch i s usual l y not
f easi bl e. If pl anni ng f unds areavai l abl e, pro-
grammi ngand preparati on of prel i mi nary pl ans
andesti mates shoul d becarri ed out pri or to
theestabl i shment of a f i xed amount of f unds
avai l abl ef or theproj ect .
If assi stancei n f i nanci ng i s obtai ned f rom
outsi deagenci es, theseagenci es wi l l become
revi ewi ng authori ti es wi th thei r ownrequi re-
ments and standards whi chwi l l di rectl y af f ect
the i mpl ementati on of the program. Such
requi rements may i ncl ude any or al l of the
f ol l owi ng:
1 . Amaxi mumal l owabl e cost per square
f oot
2. Ami ni mumrequi red rati o of net i nstruc-
ti onal area to gross bui l di ng area
3. Use of governmental speci f i cati on
standards
4. Speci f i ed bi ddi ng procedures
5. Desi gnati on of constructi on
l abor
pay
scal e
In contempl ati ng
al l owabl ecosts f or a pro-
posed proj ect, there must
f i rst
exi st
a cl ear
i dea of al l thecosts
i nvol ved. If therei s a mi l -
l i on dol l ars to spend, a
mi l l i ondol l ar bui l di ng
cannot bebui l t
.
Theproj ect budget
must cover
al l costs rel ated to the proj ect whi ch are
chargeabl e to
thecapi tal f unds avai l abl e. A
typi cal proj ect
budget woul d contai n al l ow-
ances
f or thef ol l owi ng i tems:
1 . Constructi on cost of bui l di ng f aci l i ti es
2. Si te devel opment and uti l i ty connecti ons
3. Fi xed equi pment
4. Archi tectural and engi neeri ng f ees
5. Conti ngency al l owance
Addi ti onal budget i tems mi ght i ncl udel and
acqui si ti on, demol i ti on of exi sti ng bui l di ngs,
l andscapi ng, movabl eequi pment and f urni sh-
i ngs, l egal f ees, speci al consul tant f ees, and
mi scel l aneous speci al expenses . As a rul e of
thumb, i n the averagebui l di ng proj ect, con-
structi on cost cannot exceed three- quarters
of theal l owabl eproj ect cost amount . If the
proj ect requi res an unusual amount of f urni sh-
i ngs and equi pment, or i f unusual si te condi -
ti ons add heavi l y to si te- rel ated costs, the
al l owabl erati o f or
bui l di ng
constructi on cost
wi l l becorrespondi ngl y reduced.
THE LEARNINGENVIRONMENT
Economi cs of Comf ort Condi ti oni ng
Busi ness andi ndustry haveampl y
proved
that
peopl eperf ormmoreef f i ci entl y i n i deal l y con-
trol l ed surroundi ngs,
andequal l ywel l support-
ed i s thef act that f i nanci al savi ngs havebeen
made.
Transl ati ng these arguments to the
school si tuati on, i t can
besai d that i f students
l earn and teachers
i nstruct moreef f i ci entl y i n
acontrol l ed l earni ng
envi ronment, morestu-
dents can beeducated
i n l ess ti me, henceat
a l ower cost per student .
If thebui l di ng i s
condi ti oned f or ef f ecti ve
12- month operati on
andi s madeattracti vef or i ntensi ve
communi ty
use, i t can
certai nl ybesai dto bemoreef f i ci ent-
l y andeconomi cal l y used
.
Certai ncharacteri sti cs of
bui l di ng desi gns
appropri atetototal envi ronment
condi ti oni ng
may, i f theeducati onal
programpermi ts, f aci l i -
tate moreeconomi cal constructi on,
parti cu-
l arl yi f i magi nati oni s
used i npl anni ng. Thecom-
pact
pl an,
f or
exampl e, produces mi ni mumex-
teri or
wal l
area,
reduces pi pi ng runs, uses cor-
ri dors andservi ceareas most ef f i ci entl y, and
can
be
substanti al l y moreeconomi cal to bui l d,
operate,
and mai ntai n than other pl an
arrangements
.
Moreand better useof theschool bui l d-
i ngs i s, i n i tsel f , an
economyto thecommuni ty.
Addto thi s the
broadened educati onal and cul -
tural advantages to
thecommuni tyat l arge, and
i t becomes apparent
that thetotal l y comf ort-
condi ti oned
school i s both practi cal andneces-
sary.
Archi tectural Functi ons
Themechani cal el ements
arethebasi c, but not
the
onl y, consi derati ons
f or the enti re j ob of
cl i mate control . The
ori entati on, thepl an ar-
rangement,
thedesi gn of the
bui l di ng, and the
materi al s usedcan contri bute
to thequal i ty of
comf ort achi evedandto
theeconomy( seeFi g.
1) . Consi der thef ol l owi ng:
1 . Pl ai t . Less
roomand exteri or wal l expo-
surei n acompact,
mul ti story bui l di ng wi l l cost
l ess to heat
and cool than a sprawl i ng, one-
storyarrangement
of equal area andcubage. A
pl anconsi sti ngof
predomi nantl y i nteri or cl ass-
roomspaces and
peri pheral corri dors provi des
f l exi bi l i ty of space
and economi es i n heati ng
andcool i ng.
2. Ori entati on. Cl assroom
wi ndows f aci ng
east
or west recei veexcessi veheat f rom the
sun. Al though thi s f act assi sts heati ng i n col d
weather, the cool i ng probl em
i s general l y
greater. As a general rul e, i t i s pref erabl e to
f ace
themaj ori ty of rooms north or south.
3
.
Fenestrati on
. "Wi ndowl ess" bui l di ngs
areenti rel y practi cal : they saveon i ni ti al cost,
mai ntenance, andheat l oss and
aref reeof out-
si de dust, smoke, odors, and noi se.
Some
wi ndows shoul d be i ntroduced, however, to
avoi d that "cl osed- i n" f eel i ng. On theother
hand, equal l y strong arguments can and have
been madef or theother envi ronmental advan-
tages of l argewi ndowareas, the benef i ts of
cl oserel ati onshi p to theout- of - doors, andthe
wel comeof l i ght andsunshi neto one' s physi -
cal bei ng.
4. Sol ar control s . Wi de roof overhangs,
sol ar screens, gl ass bl ock, and si mi l ar devi ces
to control sunl i ght areno
l onger
as
essenti al .
Theuseof heat- absorbi ng gl ass reduces
gl are
and l i ght transmi ssi on and produces
econo-
mi es i n theHVACsystemdesi gn.
Cl eaner, si m-
pl er, f ar l ess expensi vedesi gns arenowpossi -
bl ewi th uni f orm, hi gh- l evel el ectri cal i l l umi na-
ti on.
5. Insul ati on. Adequatei nsul ati on
of roof s
andexteri or wal l s reduces both heat l oss
and
heat gai n f ar morethan i s
general l y supposed.
Evendoubl egl azi ng adds measurabl y to
more
economi cal cl i matecontrol .
6. Spacecondi ti oni ng. Ski l l f ul use
of l i ght-
i ng, acousti c materi al s, and
col or andf ormi n
school desi gnareessenti al i ngredi ents
of con-
di ti oni ng space i n thel earni ng
envi ronment
and, properl y appl i ed, act uponour senses
of
si ght andheari ng to causereacti ons
conduci ve
to better l earni ng andteachi ng
.
7. Li ghti ng. Good l i ghti ng desi gn
i nvol ves
l ocati ng i l l umi nati on sources so
that work
areas recei veadequatel i ght f ree
of gl areand
excessi vecontrast or shadow. Both
natural and
arti f i ci al
l i ght must becontrol l abl eto
el i mi nate
gl ari ng shaf ts of sunl i ght or to darken
theroom
f or proj ecti ng pi ctures . It i s desi rabl e
to use
some i ncandescent l i ghti ng,
strategi cal l y
pl aced, to createpoi nts of
vari ety andaccent
i n themoreconventi onal
al l - f l uorescent sys-
tems .
a. Acousti cs. Acousti cal
control i nvol ves
contai nment, absorpti on,
andref l ecti on or rei n-
f orcement of sound.
Accordi ng to theci rcum-
stances of the
l i stener, sound shoul d bepre-
vented f rom l eavi ng a
space when i t wi l l
di sturb peopl e i n adj acent rooms.
Certai n
amounts of acousti cal l y absorbent
materi al
must
beused to "soak up" noi sei n such
areas
as
corri dors, toi l ets, andcaf eteri as . Accurate
and comf ortabl eheari ng of musi c
i n
an
audi -
tori umdepends
on proj ecti ng sound f rom
re-
f l ecti on
f romsomesurf aces, but absorpti on
i n
others toprevent di stracti ngethos ; a
speaker' s
voi cemayhaveto berei nf orced by an ampl i f i er
i n l arge
rooms
.
9. Col ors .
Col or i s a psychol ogi cal
ai d to
l earni ng. Tastef ul l y used, i t can
enhanceenvi -
ronment,
engenderi ng a cheerf ul , recepti ve
mood.
Bri ght, warmcol ors sti mul ate
exci te-
ment andacti on
i n thegymnasi um; sof t,
cool
col ors createa qui et
atmospherei n pl aces of
study
.
10.
Form. Thephysi cal shapes of our sur-
roundi ngs al so
have psychol ogi cal ef f ects
whi chcan
f avorabl y i nf l uencel earni ng.
Large
rooms, such as
thel i brary, caf eteri a, or
audi -
tori um requi re
hi gher cei l i ngs, f or a sense
of ai ry
f reedom, than do smal l of f i ces
and
conf erence
rooms; corri dors shoul d be
of f set,
wi dened
occasi onal l y, and gi ven a vi ew
i n
order to avoi dthef eel i ng of i ntermi nabl e
con-
stri cti ng l ength; an atmosphere of
spaci ous-
ness, or l ack of conf i nement, canbe
createdby
maki ng somei nteri or parti ti ons of gl ass. Thi s
i s
parti cul arl y i mportant whenthepl an desi gn
i nvol ves l argeareas of i nteri or spaces, made
possi bl eby acl i mate- condi ti oned system.
172
Fi g. 1
ByDONHALAMKA
SI TE SELECTI ON
The farsi ghted
school board wi l l proj ect i ts
needs wel l i nto the future and sel ect and
acqui re si tes
whi l e l and i s sti l l avai l abl e and
cheap. Such prudent l ong-range pl anni ng i s
faci l i tated byconsul tati on wi th l ocal county
or regi onal pl anni ng agenci es that possess
knowl edge and appreci ati on of the l ong-term
systemneeds and growth patterns on com-
muni ty devel opment . Frequentl y, l arge-scal e
devel opment bui l ders can be persuaded to
dedi cate l and to communi typurposes wel l i n
advanceof need wi th consequent savi ngs to
taxpayers. Thefol l owi ng i s a l i st of basi c i tems
for use i n thesel ecti onof a school si te.
I . Present and future envi ronment . Eco-
nomi c, soci al , and housi ng makeup of
communi ty
I I . I ntegrati on wi th communi ty pl anni ng.
Potenti al housi ng expansi on rel ati ve to
si ze, need, and
l ocati on
Zoni ng requi rements, l i mi tati ons or
restri cti ons
I l l .
Rol e
i n comprehensi ve
school
bui l di ng
pl an. Rel ati onshi p
to hi gh school s and
other el ementary school s i n same
di s-
tri ct (townshi p, county, or communi ty)
I V. Si te characteri sti cs. Si te
l ocati on-
urban, suburban, or rural
(determi nes
demand for mi ni mumand maxi mum
space requi red) ; percent of usabi l i ty of
si te for bui l di ng, recreati on and pl ay-
fi el ds, parki ng, roads, and servi ces;
soi l condi ti ons-water tabl e, fl ood pl an,
adj acent watersheds, and sui tabl e mate-
ri al s for structural appl i cati ons
V. Uti l i ty servi ces. Uti l i ti es-avai l abi l i ty
and cost of el ectri cal servi ce, sani tary
servi ce (i f none, feasi bi l i ty of sewage
treatment pl ant or septi c tank) ; i ni ti al
cost of l and versus cost of l and versus
cost of i mprovements
SI TE PLANNI NG
Anal ysi s of Si te andSurroundi ng Area
Si te anal ysi s, synthesi s, and desi gn are best
devel oped by a teami ncl udi ng the archi tect,
l andscape archi tect, and engi neer worki ng
cl osel y wi th the cl i ent . Usi ng the checkl i st
outl i ne bel ow, thi s anal ysi s shoul d be based
on the speci fi cs of the si te and surroundi ng
Fi g. 1

Si te anal ysi s.
Educati onal
Si te Sel ecti on
area, theeducati onal program, and communi ty
rel ati onshi ps.
I . Si teanal ysi s and eval uati on
A. Locati on
1 . Regi onal
2. Vi ci ni ty
B. Descri pti on
1 . Si zeandsurvey l ocati ons
2. Exi sti ng condi ti ons
a. Soi l s-cl assi fi cati on and uses
b. Topography-contours

and
gradeel evati ons
c. Hydrography-fl ood pl ai n, wa-
tershed, streams, l akes and
swamps
d.
Structures-exi sti ng

types,
hi stori c val ue
or l andmarks
e. Easements-wi dths and de-
scri pti ons
f.
Vegetati on-type
and si ze of
materi al s
g.

Uti l i ti es- sani tary, storm, water,
gas, and el ectri c
h. Wi nd and Sun-preci pi tati on
and humi di ty
i . Natural features and present
l and use
C. Zoni ng
1 . Typeand restri cti ons
D. Envi ronmental condi ti ons
1 . Noi se, vi brati on, and i nterference
a. Ai rcraft
b. Rai l road
c. Auto
d. Commerci al
a. El ectri cal
f . Radar
g. I ndustri al
2 . Smokeand smog
E. Access road characteri sti cs
1 . Type-paved, unpaved, etc.
2 . Wi dth-pavi ng and ri ght-of-way
3 . Vol ume-dai l yaverage and peaks
4 . Pl anned i mprovements-wi deni ng,
extensi ons, expressways
5.
Traffi c
patterns-regi onal , ci ty
and
l ocal
n. Si te requi rements
A. Vehi cul ar
1 . Parki ng requi rements
a. Executi ve
b. Empl oyee
c. Vi si tor
2. Servi ce
3. Mai ntenance equi pment
4. Publ i c transportati on
B. Pedestri an
1 . Ci rcul ati on
2. Recreati on
173
Educati onal
Si te Pl anni ng; Busi ng;
Parki ng
C. Uti l i ti es
1 . Normal
requi rement
2. Speci al
requi rement
D. Mi scel l aneous
1 . Pol i ce and
f i re protecti ondi s-
tance,
l ocati on, muni ci pal i ty,
j uri sdi cti on
.
2.
Exhi bi t areas
3. Communi ty use
Land Use
SpaceAl l ocati on

Studi es
shoul d i ncorporate al l
the el ements andspaces requi red
by the total
devel oped program
. I n addi ti on, anyl i mi tati ons
whi ch may be caused
by speci f i c si te condi -
ti ons shoul d be noted
.
Rel ati onshi ps The
rel ati onshi ps of these pro-
posed si te el ements
and spaces to each other
andto the si te
are best devel oped vi sual l y as
di agrammati c studi es
such asthose showni n
Fi gs. 1 to3.
Ci rcul ati on
Ci rcul ati on patterns
are conti nuous f romthe
poi nts
of access at property l i nes to and
through the
bui l di ngsandmust be desi gned as
i ntegrated
systems. Saf ety i s i mportant,
parti cul arl y
f or l ower age groups. For saf e and
ef f i ci ent
movement, separate each di f f erent
typeof ci rcul ati on
. El i mi nate or mi ni mi ze cross
traf f i c between pedestri ans and vehi cl es.
Separatedrop- of f f aci l i ti es f or buses andauto-
mobi l es. Servi ce vehi cl es shoul d be excl uded
f romthese drop- of f areas; i f thi s i s not pos-
si bl e, use of servi ce areas shoul d be
permi tted
onl y at
ti meswhen pedestri ans arenot present .
Vehi cul ar / Automobi l e
Di f f erenti ate and provi de
f or the threetypes
of automobi l e traf f i c normal -
l y f ound on a school si te: f acul ty, student, and
vi si tor or parent .
Vehi cul ar/ Bus Gi ve caref ul consi derati on to
number, l oadi ng and unl oadi ng areas, si te
access, and storage of vehi cl es. Pl an so that
the backi ng up of buses i s never necessary
.
Vehi cul ar/ Servi ce
Servi ce- vehi cl e access and
l oadi ng and unl oadi ng areas shoul d permi t
as short and di rect an approach as possi bl e
wi th adequate maneuveri ng space. Servi ce
areas and access shoul d be separate f rom
other ci rcul ati on systems.
BUSI NG
Magnet School Busi ng Study
Fi gures 4 to 7
represent f our ( 4) approaches to
devel opi ng
a systemof bus parki ng
and ci rcul ati on. Pres-
entl y, 36 buses wi l l be
requi red to provi de
transportati on f or 1, 800students to and
f rom
the school
si te ( si te area requi red f or thi s
servi ce i s si gni f i cant- see
l and use studi es) .
Di mensi ons of buses to be
consi dered are
busl ength - 36 f t 0i n . ; bus
wi dth=8f t 0i n. ;
i nsi de turni ng radi us - 45 f t
0 i n. ; outsi de
turni ng radi us =60 f t 0 i n. ; typi cal
stal l si ze
- 12 f t 0 i n. X14 f t 0
i n. Buses shoul d not
be requi red
to backup. ( Tabl es 1 and2. )
174
Peopl e
Saf ety i s most i mportant . Wal kways of al l -
weather, nonski d materi al s, wel l del i neated
andarranged to el i mi nate or mi ni mi ze conf l i ct
wi th vehi cl e ci rcul ati on can be both saf e and
pl easant .
Where changes i n grade are neces-
sary, a ramp i s general l y pref erred to steps
and the i ncl i ne shoul d not exceed 5 percent
especi al l y where snowand i ce are expected.
PARKI NG
There i s usual l y meri t i n separati on of the
three types of automobi l e parki ng, wi th the
dayti me vi si tor taki ngprecedence over f acul ty
and student . Parki ng f aci l i ti es shoul d be
l ocated to consi der al l thei r uses, i ncl udi ng
dayti me uses f or vi si tor, parent, f acul ty, or
student, uses f or school - rel ated or communi ty
events wi thi n the school bui l di ng, and uses
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Busi ng;
Parki ng; Recreat i on Faci l i t i es
Fi g. 5

30 bus parki ng syst em.
rel at i ng t o vari ous out door at hl et i c event s.
Overf l owparki ng areas may doubl e as paved
pl ay areas when properl y desi gned and l ocat ed.
Access t o parki ng f aci l i t i es and arrangement
of parki ng l anes shoul d mi ni mi ze conf l i ct
bet ween aut omobi l e and pedest ri an. Col l ect or
wal ks shoul d be provi ded and arranged t o
permi t pedest ri ans t o exi t vehi cl e areas as
di rect l y as possi bl e ( see Fi g. 8) .
RECREATI ONFACI LI TI ES
Si t e
Locat i on
Consi derat i ons
These
cri t eri a f or recreat i on areas, such as
rel at i on t o adj acent propert y, soi l st abi l i t y and
percol at i on, exi st i ng veget at i on, exi st i ng
t opography, et c . , are i mport ant ; however,
speci al at t ent i on shoul d be gi ven t o t he need
f or l arge open spaces f or f i el d games wi t h
adj acent exi st i ng veget at i on t o provi de shade,
oxygen, and wi ndbreak . I n dense urban areas,
where ordi nary open spaces are scarce, such
f i el d f aci l i t i es can be creat ed on ai r ri ght s,
roof t ops, and t erraced sl opes. I nf ormal pl ay
areas, especi al l y f or t he l ower grades, can be
creat ed i n mul t i l evel arrangement s conf ormi ng
t o a st eep si t e; t hi s i s not possi bl e wi t h f i el d
175
1 . Opt i mum ori ent at i on f or sun and wi nd
cont rol
2. Ci rcul at i on f or pl ayers and spect at ors
3. Buf f er zones bet ween act i on spaces
4. Access f rom showers, cl assrooms,
st udent and spect at or perki ng, and buses
5 . Access f romcommuni t y where mul t i use
i s possi bl e
6. Fl exi bi l i t y of l ayout and accommodat i on
of st agi ng or bui l di ng expansi on
7. Programmi ng of pl ay and l earni ng
experi ences f or younger chi l dren
Recreat i onal Faci l i t y Layout
One
of
t he best
approaches
i s
t o
const ruct
scal e t empl at es ( 1 i n. =50 f t
f or most si t e
pl anni ng purposes) of
al l f aci l i t i es consi dered
i n t he school
program. These can be drawn on
t raci ng vel l um,
usi ng of f i ci al court and f i el d
di mensi on l ayout s as a
gui de
.
Cut out s can be
used
f or shi f t i ng l ocat i ons on si t e pl an t o de-
t ermi ne
opt i mum l ayout . Const ruct i on and
f undi ng phasi ng and t ypes of mul t i use can al so
be
devel oped usi ng t hese t empl at es.
I n creat i ng a
uni que l ayout f or a si t e, con-
si der t hese f act ors:
( b)
FREE- ACCESSSYSTEM
Fi g. 7

recreat i on
f aci l i t i es f or t he cont act sport s
enj oyed by upper grades. Superi mposi t i on of
l ayout s and mul t i use hel ps conserve space
when l and i s al
a
premi um.
( b) FREE- ACCESSSYSTEM
Fi g. 6

Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYANDSECONDARY
SCHOOLS
Recreat i on Faci l i t i es; Safet y
8. Supervi si on
and safet y
9. Compat i bi l i t y
of agegroups, sexes, and
t ype of act i vi t y
i n cont i guous pl ay areas
10. Gradi ng
and sl ope for drai nage ( or
underdrai nage)
11 .
Exi st i ng rel at i onshi p t o nearby com-
muni t y faci l i t i es
12.
Need for bal anceof act i on spaces wi t h
provi si on
of qui et open spaces
Suggest ed Faci l i t i es Accordi ng
t o
Age
Groups and
Grade
- Ki ndergart en t o t hi rd grade:
Sandboxes,
sand t rays/ cans, sl i des and
t unnel s, swi ngs,
t ree houses, cl i mbers
and st eppers, t ri ke and
bi keri di ng, wat er feat ures
.
- Fourt h t o
sevent h grades : Cl i mbers and
j ungl egyms,
shuffl eboard, hopscot ch, i nformal
group games, l i t t l e l eague bal l , soft bal l ,
spi der
webs and t rampol i nes,
advent ure pl aygrounds
wi t h j unk bui l di ng
mat eri al s.
- Ei ght h t o t wel ft h
grades : Soft bal l , base-
bal l , foot bal l ,
t ouchfoot bal l , soccer, vol l eybal l ,
t enni s, archery,
t rack and fi el d event s, ri fl e
range, physi cal fi t ness
workout course.
Mat eri al s
for Recreat i onal Surfaces and St ruct ures
Effect of l ow-mai nt enance
synt het i c surfaci ng
and st ruct ural mat eri al s
i s si gni fi cant . Thei r
i ncreased durabi l i t yunder
i nt ensi veusemakes
mul t i use and communi t y use
feasi bl e.
Al l -
weat her surfaces maxi mi ze use
; cl eani ng by
hosi ng, vacuum, and snow bl ower
mi ni mi ze
mai nt enance. Durabl e yet fl exi bl e pl ay
sur-
faces al l owusei n col d or wet weat her
wi t hout
i nj ury t o surfaceor pl ayers. Regradi ng, reseed-
i ng, fert i l i zi ng, aerat i ng, sprayi ng, mowi ng,
and weedi ngareel i mi nat ed.
DRAINAGE
Proper st ormdrai nage i s essent i al
t o success-
ful school -si t e faci l i t i es i n most areas of t he
count ry. Not onl y do t hefunct i on and l ongev-
i t y of many faci l i t i es and mat eri al s depend on
good drai nage, but i n some cases permanent
damage may resul t fromwat er. Surface and
subsurfacesyst ems or combi nat i ons shoul d be
desi gned t o adequat el y handl e t he needs of
bui l di ngs and si t e faci l i t i es . Wherepossi bl e, an
overl and emergencysyst emshoul d bei ncorpo-
rat ed, usi ngt herel at i ve gradeel evat i ons of t he
si t e. When ci rcumst ances do not permi t t hi s, a
st andbysyst emof pumps or power generat ors
i s recommended.
PLANTING
Sel ect
mat eri al s i ndi genous t o t hearea where
possi bl e, and suppl ement wi t h ornament al ma-
t eri al s t hat possess charact eri st i cs not obt ai n-
176
Fi g. 8
Parki ng area ci rcul at i on.
abl e wi t h

l ocal

mat eri al s.

Pl ant

mat eri al s

t het i c cont ri but i on pl ant mat eri al on t heschool
shoul d al so have l ow mai nt enance requi re-

si t e can beused t o sol vemanyprobl ems such
ment s andbecompat i bl ewi t h exi st i ng growi ng

as wi ndbreaks, screens and buffers, sound
condi t i ons . Pl ant mat eri al for school si t es gen-

dampers, sun and l i ght cont rol s, erosi on con-
eral l y consi st s of shade t rees, ornament al

t rot , and ai r puri fi cat i on.
t rees, evergreen
t rees and shrubs, deci duous
shrubs, vi nes, and ground covers
( see
Fi g.
9) .
Though someof
t he ground-coveri ng mat eri al

SAFETY
on most school si t es funct i onal l y
i s mowed
grass, t hi s mat eri al remai ns
oneof t hehi ghest

School s, by t he
nat ure
of t hei r occupancyand
mai nt enancet ypes
. It i s recommended t hat i t s

use, requi re hi gher st andards of safet y t han
usebekept t o t he
necessarymi ni mumand t he

ot her t ypes of bui l di ngs. Provi si ons for l i fe
useof meadowand
prai ri e grasses and ot her

safet y havet he hi ghest pri ori t y and affect t he
t ypes of
ground-coveri ng mat eri al s beconsi d-

ent i re desi gn i n pl an, const ruct i on, and choi ce
ered. Thi s i s part i cul arl y i mport ant on
si t es

of mat eri al s. Al l phases of heal t h and safet y be-
whereappropri at eground cover mat eri al
exi st s

come pervasi ve program el ement s t hat

un-
and shoul d becareful l y
preserved
.
Sel ect pl ant

avoi dabl y add t o t he compl exi t y and cost of
mat eri al on t he basi s of i t s mat ure
si ze and

school s and great l y det ermi ne t hei r formand
charact er t o mi ni mi ze excessi ve sheari ng
and

pl an organi zat i on and appearance.
earl y repl acement . Ini t i al
si zes shoul d not be

Bui l di ng codes general l y have separat eand
l ess t han a reasonabl emi ni mum
t o ensuresur-

speci fi c requi rement s for school const ruct i on .
vi val fromi nj ury or damage by
st udent s and

Many st at es and count i es have school safet y
ot her causes . In addi t i on
t o
provi di ng
an aes-

codes est abl i shed bydepart ment s of educat i on,
177
Educati onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Safety
5ft between handr ai l s i s r ecommended.
Stai r -
ways shoul d beof fi r epr oof constr ucti on,
l ead-
i ng di r ectl y to theoutdoor s . They shoul d
be
pr ovi dedwi th smoke- contr ol faci l i ti es, separ at-
i ngthestai r wel l s fr omthecor r i dor s whi chthey
ser ve.
Cor r i dor s
Awel l - desi gned school has
cor r i dor s that
accommodatethefr ee and
i nfor mal movement
of students . Thenar r owcor r i dor usual l y r e-
qui r es for mal , r egi mented, and super vi sed
tr affi c fl ow.
Thewal l s of cor r i dor s shoul d befr ee of
al l
pr oj ecti ons
. Heat uni ts, dr i nki ng fountai ns,
fi r e
exti ngui sher s, l ocker s, door s, and di spl ay
cases
shoul d be r ecessed i n the i nter est of
student safety( Fi g. 10) .
Acousti cal pr oper ti es ar edesi r abl etor educe
hal l noi se. Cor r i dor s shoul d be wel l l i ghted,
wi th emer gencypr ovi si on i n theevent of mai n
power fai l ur e. Fl oor cover i ng shoul d bedur -
abl e, nonski d, andeasyto mai ntai n.
Themaxi muml ength of unbr oken cor r i dor s
shoul d not exceed 150 to 200 ft . Longer sec-
ti ons gi vean undesi r abl eper specti ve.
Stai r Tr eads
Standar d
di mensi ons of stai r tr eads and r i ser s
shoul d
beused i n school s. Odd di mensi ons
i ncr easethestai r hazar ds for chi l dr en as wel l
as adul ts .
Wax usedon cl assr oomandcor r i dor
fl oor s
maybe deposi ted on stai r tr eads by
students' shoes. Onewayto r educethi s hazar d
i s to
desi gn a tr ead that wi l l gi ve tr acti on r e-
gar dl ess
of waxappl i cati on. I nser ted car bor un-
dumtr eads have pr oved adequate( Fi g
. 1
1) .
Sur face- mounted str i ps ar eunsati sfactor y.
Handr ai l s
Handr ai l s ar enecessar yon both si des
of stai r -
ways i n accor dancewi th the
Nati onal Bui l di ng
Code. Theyshoul dbei nstal l ed wi th attachment
br ackets per manentl yanchor ed i n the
masonr y
wal l ( Fi g. 12) . Br ackets anchor ed
wi th l ead,
wood, or l eather expansi on bol ts often
r esul t i n
unsafesuppor t andconsi der abl e mai ntenance
.
Door s
Boys andgi r l s ar enot expected to
usecauti on
i n openi ng and cl osi ng door s. The
hazar d of
str i ki ng students wi th door s canbe
r educed by
i ncl udi ng a vi si on panel i n the
door ( Fi g. 13)
andbyr ecessi ng thedoor . Thel ocati on
of thi s
panel shoul d bei n pr opor ti on to the
var yi ng
hei ghts of chi l dr en
.
Use
of temper ed or wi r e
gl ass wi l l pr ovi desafety.
Vi si on panel s pl aced next to
door s al l ow
students to seesomeone
appr oachi ng thedoor
fr omthe opposi te
di r ecti on. These panel s
shoul d bedesi gned wi th opaque
secti ons near
thefl oor and
mul l i ons
at
sui tabl e i nter val s to
cl ear l yi denti fythemas
wi ndows, not passage-
ways .
Cover ed wal kways to accommodatei nter -
bui l di ng tr affi c shoul d bedesi gned to pr otect
students
andnot for appear anceal one. Ther oof
deck shoul d bewi deandl ow. Pr ovi si on shoul d
bemadeto car r yoff r oof water . Pr oper outsi de
l i ghti ng wi l l benecessar yunder ther oof deck
.
Somecur r ent tr ends i n school pl anni ng
such
as the
openpl an concept depar t fr om
tr adi ti on-
al r oom
and cor r i dor ar r angements
and r ai se
newpr obl ems i n pr eser vi ng a pr otected
r oute
of exi t fr omal l par ts of a school bui l di ng
. At-
tempts to
makeuseof cor r i dor ar eas for
i n-
str ucti on,
study, or speci al pur poses must be
car eful l y
pl anned to mai ntai nacl ear tr affi c l ane
fr eefr omobstacl es
or di sr upti on by movabl e
equi pment
andfur ni shi ngs.
Fi g. 10
Stai r ways
Oneof themost cr i ti cal
par ts of school tr affi c
desi gn i s thestai r way,
whi ch shoul dbel ocated
i n r el ati on to theover al l
tr affi c patter n, keep-
i ng i n mi nd l oad di str i buti on,
safety, desti na-
ti on of students between
per i ods, and el i mi na-
ti on of cr oss tr affi c. The
stai r ways shoul d be
desi gned for easy, fast,
andsafe movement of
boys and gi r l s.
Stai r ways not onl y pr ovi de
egr ess to and
fr omvar i ous fl oor
l evel s, but they ar e used
ever y per i od for the
ver ti cal ci r cul ati on of
students changi ng cl asses
. I t i s i mpor tant that
stai r ways bedesi gned
so that boys and gi r l s
wi th books under thei r
ar ms maywal k si de by
si deto avoi d congesti on; a
wi dth of 4 ft 8 i n. t o
heal th, andpubl i c safety. Ar chi tects andengi -
neer s ar eobl i gated to i nfor mthemsel ves of al l
r evi ewi ng author i ti es andappl i cabl ecodes i n a
gi ven l ocal i ty. I n theabsenceof adequatel ocal
codes, standar ds of theNati onal Bui l di ngCode,
theNati onal Boar d of Fi r eUnder wr i ter s, and/ or
the
BOCA( Bui l di ng Offi ci al s Confer ence of
Amer i ca) Codear egood gui des . Thefol l owi ng
ar e some of the safety consi der ati ons of
concer n:
' Str uctur al
safety
Mater i al
str engths and factor s of safety
Fi r epr oof
andfi r e r esi sti vestr uctur es
Wi ndstor mr esi stance
Ear thquake
r esi stance
" Fi r esafety
Pr ovi si on and pr otecti on of exi ts, cor r i -
dor s,
and stai r s
Fi r e detector
andal ar msystems
Spr i nkl er systems
Mater i al s and fi ni shes wi th l owfl ame-
spr ead
r ati ng and Nontoxi c combusti on
char acter i sti cs
" Heal th
safety
Venti l ati on systems and standar ds
Li ghti ng standar ds andel ectr i cal code
Pl umbi ng fi xtur er equi r ements and pl umb-
i ng code
Swi mmi ng pool and l ocker r oomr equi r e-
ments
" Speci al
emer genci es
Emer gencyl i ghti ng systems
Ai r r ai d
shel ter and r adi ati on pr otecti on
Tor nado
pr otecti on and shel ter
" Acci dent pr otecti on
Nonsl i p sur faces ( especi al l ystai r s,
r amps,
l ocker r ooms, pool decks)
Vi si on panel s, door swi ngs and
har dwar e,
Hand r ai l s
Safety gl ass i n door s, si del i ghts
" Handi capped pr ovi si ons
Requi r ed accommodati ons at
entr ances i n
ci r cul ati on pr ovi si ons, toi l ets,
andother
publ i c accommodati ons for use
byhandi -
capped per sons.
Sensi bl e cor r i dor pl anni ng
and l ocati on of
stai r s andexi ts to handl e tr affi c
fl owwi thout
congesti onwi l l
usual l ypr ovi deappr opr i atefi r e
exi t faci l i ti es . However ,
codes must bechecked
to ensur e pr oper
cor r i dor wi dths, cor r i dor
l engths, and smoke
bar r i er s at sui tabl e i nter -
val s . Stai r encl osur es
ar er equi r ed for al l stai r s
connecti ng mor ethan
twol evel s and ar er ec-
ommended for stai r s
gener al l y. Most stai r s ar e
used for exi t pur poses
andhavedetai l ed code
r equi r ements whi ch must be
met such as wi dth
and r ati o of
tr ead- to- r i ser s .
School
Exi ts
Exi ts and emer gency exi ts shoul d be
cl ear l y
mar ked so that at noti mei s ther eanydoubt
or
Fi g. 11
hesi tati on as to thei r pur pose. Asi gn i ndi cati ng
thenear est exi t
shoul d bevi si bl e fr omever y
poi nt i n the
cor r i dor . Twoor mor eexi ts shoul d
be
pr ovi ded fr omanyar ea wi thi n theschool .
Somestates
r equi r etwoexi ts fr omeach cl ass-
r oom
.
I t
shoul d
be
possi bl e to open ever y door
fr omthei nsi deat al l ti mes, even after
school
i s cl osed for theday.
A
wel l - defi ned exi t wi l l i ncl udea l i ghted r ed
exi t si gn and a whi te
secur i ty l i ght connected
to an emer gencypower
suppl yi n theevent of
mai n oower fai l ur e.
Fi g. 12
Educati onal
SCHOOLS
Safety; Ki nds of School s
However, more
frequentl y i n recent years i t
covers onl y K-6
wi th j uni or hi gh or mi ddl e
school s experi encefor
thel ast two years.
Pri mary: The
earl i er years of el ementary
educati on,
usual l yK-3, someti mes K-4.
Mi ddl eschool s
: Usual l ygrades 5-8, some-
ti mes grades 4-8,
combi ni ng both secondary
and
el ementary pupi l s . Programi s frequentl y
structured
as a secondaryschool .
Secondaryschool s: Thi s categoryi ncl udes
mi ddl e
school s, j uni or hi ghschool s, andseni or
hi ghschool s,
grades 5-12.
J uni or hi gh
school s: Theearl i er years of
secondary
educati onusual l ygrades 7-9, some-
ti mes grades 7
and8.
Seni or
hi ghschool s: Thel atter years of
secondary
educati on usual l y grades 9-12,
someti mes
grades 10-12.
Speci al school s
for secondary educati on:
Theseschool s are
usual l yfound i n l argeurban
areas or i n morerural areas
as speci al regi onal
school s. Theyprovi de
aspeci al curri cul umfor
suchstudi es
as vocati onal trai ni ng, busi ness,
art, drama, sci ence,
mari ne, and fashi on and
desi gn.
- Speci al school s
: School s for chi l dren who
do not fi t tradi ti onal l y
i nto thenormal school
programs. These
school s arefor emoti onal l y
and physi cal l y
handi capped, the mental l y
retarded, or the
excepti onal l ybri ght .
" Communi tyschool s
: Communi ty useof
the faci l i ti es for
programs other than the
normal school program. Thi s
can rangefrom
thel i mi ted useof a gymnasi um
for basketbal l
at ni ght to a bui l di ng
that coul d housesoci al
agenci es; heal th
agenci es; extensi ve youth
programs; andprograms
for theel derl y, soci al
gui dance, publ i c
assi stance, l egal ai d, etc.
- Nei ghborhood: General l y means smal l er
school s i denti fi ed wi th a speci fi c nei ghbor-
hood, wherebusi ng i s nei ther necessary
nor
desi rabl e.
- Central school s and/ or regi onal :
General l y
found i n rural areas wherepopul ati on
densi ty
does not support adequateschool
faci l i ti es .
Chi l drenarebusedfor great di stances
toal l ow
themto attend faci l i ti es
that
offer
them
broader programandopportuni ty.
Urban: Urban school s can
be
any
of the
above, but some newi nnovati ons
are such
thi ngs
as storefront academi es.
Storefront school s: Theseschool s
i denti fy
wi ththepeopl eof the
street
i n
heavi l y con-
gestedurban areas. Suchschool s
do awaywi th
thetradi ti onal atmosphere
. Theyrel ate to the
dropout andother youth
whoareal i enatedfrom
thetradi ti onal i nsti tuti on.
- School s wi thout wal l s : I n
downtown urban
areas, school s usethefaci l i ti es
of communi ty
space, offi ce spaceof
busi ness organi zati ons,
publ i c l i brari es, etc.
Organi zati on of Spaces
Therearemany
ways to organi ze the
spaces
for aschool i nto
a pl an, andmanydetermi nants
to consi der,
begi nni ng wi ththebasi c purpose
of the
speci fi c teachi ng programand
the
chi l dren to
be served. But even thi s
basi c
premi semay
have to be consi dered i n
the
context of
howfl exi bl ethepl an may
bemade
to anti ci pate
the possi bi l i ty, or
rather the
probabi l i ty,
that theschool coul d
convert to
some
other organi zati onal structure.
Pupi l Capaci ty
El ementary School s
Before any cal cul ati on of
school capaci ty
canbemade, theschool
system
must havean
educati onal pol i cy establ i shi ng
theopti mum
capaci tyof cl assrooms. I n many
school s thi s
fi gure i s set at 27 pupi l s, whi ch,
when used
as anaveragecl ass si ze, maymean
that some rooms
wi l l exceed thi s number .
Fi g. 13
Efforts to mi ni mi ze
barri ers between i nstruc-
ti onal areas andcorri dors
bygl azi ng wi thordi -
narygl ass or by
el i mi nati ng porti ons of corri -
dor wal l s run counter to tradi ti onal
safety
requi rements, but have been
accompl i shed
through speci al provi si ons of
spri nkl er sys-
tems, pl an organi zati on, and bui l di ng
materi al
use. Open pl anni ng for l arge
i nstructi onal areas
accommodati ng several groups
wi thno desi g-
nated corri dor areas andwi th
fl exi bl edi vi si ons
provi ded by movabl e parti ti ons
and di vi der
uni ts al so presents speci al
probl ems of safety.
Si ncemanycodes werewri tten before
thi s edu-
cati onal concept becamepopul ar,
pl anni ng of
thi s typewi l l requi reconferences and
coopera-
ti on
wi thpubl i c safetyoffi ci al s to obtai n
agree-
ment on acceptabl eprovi si ons for
safety.
Somesafety consi derati ons,
suchas avoi d-
anceof
ri sers at entrances, al so
rel ate to the
needs of
thehandi capped and
thetemporari l y
di sabl ed. Low-pi tchramps
i nstead of stai rs at
changes
i n l evel can bea safetyfeature
as
wel l
as a
servi ceto thephysi cal l yhandi capped
and
an ai d
to themovement of mai ntenanceequi p-
ment and suppl i es
. Speci al addi ti onal provi .
si ons for the
handi capped shoul d bemadei n
toi l ets and other
areas.
Secondaryto
l i fe-safety consi derati ons, but
sti l l a maj or factor
i n school desi gn, i s the
pres-
ervati on of bui l di ng
i ntegri tyandsecuri ty. Fi re
i nsurance bureaus
establ i sh requi rements of
bui l di ng desi gn
andconstructi on whi chmust
al so bechecked
for thesafetyof theoccupants
andfor qual i fi cati on for
reasonabl erates of i n-
surance. External securi ty
shoul d beprovi ded
by ni ght i l l umi nati on
of thearea around the
bui l di ng andbyother
el ectroni c systems. Prob-
l ems of vandal i smare
i ncreasi ng wi thexteri or
gl ass a parti cul ar
target . Currentl y, gl ass areas
arebei ng reduced al ong
wi ththetrend to ai r
condi ti oni ng, and new
types of pl asti c gl azi ng
arebei ng used.
Whi l emost responses to the
vari ous safety-
factor requi rements are
qui te obvi ous, com-
monsensepl anni ng and
aestheti c consi derati on
canmakeschool s moresafei n
other ways. The
parti cul ar useof col ors and
materi al s canpro-
ducean aura of sereni ty
and order i n them-
sel ves. Apl an of surecl ari ty
canmi ni mi zecon-
fusi on and makeci rcul ati on
patterns cl earer .
Carpeti ng and other
acousti c provi si ons can
reducenoi seanddi stracti on.
Materi al s that are
attracti ve but easi l y mai ntai ned
wi l l al l ow a
cl eaner andsafer school . And,
l astl y, theatti -
tude of those l earni ng and teachi ng
i n the
school can makei t safer . A
cl ean, wel l -done,
wel l -run, and "happy shi p"
school i s a safe
school .
KI NDS
OF SCHOOLS
Therearedi fferent ki nds of school s, functi on.
i ng
as organi zati ons of students and facul ti es,
that servevari ous agegroups andcertai n pur-
poses. Thereareal so di fferent ki nds of
school
pl ans, or ways of organi zi ng theneeded space
to better respond to theways of teachi ng cer-
tai n agegroups andto other requi rements such
- Daycare: Serves thedual
functi on of pro-
vi di ng acustodi al or care
center whereworki ng
parents can l eavethei r preschool
chi l dandpro-
vi di ng group l earni ng experi ence
for thechi l d.
Nursery: Mayserve
thesamefuncti on as
day care, but frequentl y
provi des onl y the
group l earni ng experi ence
.
- Head Start : The
samefuncti on as daycare
andnurseryfor soci al l ydepri ved
chi l dren, wi th
emphasi s on programandexperi ence
to reme-
dyor prevent theprobl ems
of suchdepri vati on.
- Ki ndergarten: Usual typeof
i ntroducti on to
group l earni ng experi ence
i n el ementary
school s.
El ementary: Tradi ti onal l y
covers K-8.
178
as si te and cl i mate condi ti ons,
constructi on
and fundi ng phasi ng,
and coderestrai nts .
Organi zati on of Students
and Facul ti es
Ti me,
l ocati on, organi zati on, method,
and se-
manti cs
al l havehadthei r i nfl uence
on school s.
Someti mes a school ' s name
has l i ttl eto do wi th
what the school i s . Thereare sti l l
grammar
school s, but most of thi s category
are now
cal l ed el ementary school s . Secondary
school s
usual l ydenotegrades 9 to 12, but thi s
category
now
encompasses j uni or hi gh
and mi ddl e
school s, dependi ng on program
and organi za-
ti on
.
Ki ndergarten at oneti me
was preschool
educati on. Nowal most
uni versal l y, i t has be-
comea part of the
el ementary school ' s pro-
gram
.
Preschool educati on canbedi vi ded
i nto
a number of types : day care,
nursery, and
Head Start .
Therearecommuni ty, central ,
nei ghborhood,
regi onal ,
vocati onal , techni cal ,
academi es, aca-
demi c,
and speci al school s. Al l
theseschool s
i ncl ude
educati on before hi gher
educati on.
Even thedefi ni ti on
between l ower and hi gher
educati on i s nowbei ng
reconsi dered, wi ththe
fi rst twoyears of col l egeand
j uni or col l egebe-
i ng thought of as the
thi rteenthand fourteenth
years of publ i c educati on.
Becauseof theoverl appi ng
names, grades,
l evel s,
andagegroups, the
fol l owi ng l i st of de-
scri pti ons
and Fi g. 14 mi ght make
thi s maze
somewhat cl earer .
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
Ki nds of
School s
Ki ndergart ens maybe set at
20 pupi l s i n each
of t he morni ngand af t ernoon sessi ons
.
Someschool sdo not l i ke t o exceed 25pupi l s
per cl ass . I t i s f requent l y recommended t hat
when a cl ass goes t o 32pupi l s i t be
di vi ded i nt o
t wo sect i ons wi t h t wo t eachers. I t i s al so ad-
vi sabl e i n det ermi ni ng t he capaci t y of an el e-
ment aryschool t o consi der each grade sepa-
rat el y so t hat t here wi l l be no si ngl e cl assroom
housi ng more t han one grade.
Hi gh School s Det ermi ni ng capaci t y on t he
secondary school l evel i s consi derabl y more
compl ex t han on t he el ement ary school l evel .
Capaci t y i n a good secondaryschool ref l ect s
t heki nd of educat i onal programand t heeduca-
t i onal
goal s
of
t he communi t y. ( See Fi g. 15. )
Thecharact er of t he cl assroomand t he sub-
j ect are det ermi nant s of t he cl assroomsi ze.
Physi cal educat i on cl asses mayrun t o 35or 40
st udent s ; shop cl asses shoul d not exceed 20
st udent s. Manyot her areas shoul d not exceed
25 st udent s and mi ght , more l i kel y, hol d 20
pupi l s, i ncl udi ng sci ence rooms, homemaki ng,
andf i ne art s. Thesecl ass si zes maybe adj ust ed
f romcommuni t yt o communi t y, but f or compar-
at i ve purposes i t woul d be hel pf ul t o mai nt ai n
a st andard f ormul a f or det ermi ni ng capaci t y
( Tabl e4) .
Fl exi bi l i t y and t he Open
Pl an
I ndeed,
f l exi bi l i t y has become a most cri t i cal
consi derat i on,
ref l ect i ng t he cont i nui ng
changes i n
educat i onal t hi nki ng and bui l di ng
t echni ques. The openpl an concept deri ves
f rom
a
dramat i c change f romt he sel f - cont ai ned
cl assroomt o vari ous si ze spaces t o accom-
modat egroups worki ngt oget her and separat e-
l y, and al so f romt he devel opment of
dramat i c
i mprovement s
i n l i ght i ng and vent i l at i on
t echni ques, acoust i c and l ong- span st ruct ural
economi es, and t he t ot al economy
of bet t er
ut i l i zed space
.
What i s requi red byusers and aut hori t i es
i s
a
real breakt hrough i n at t i t udes t oward
t he
shari ng of a t ot al space by a l arge group of
di f f erent ages so t hat t he space can be con-
st ruct ed wi t h f ewor no cei l i ng- hi gh
part i t i ons,
wi t hout
any speci al concern f or bei ng
near
wi ndows, and wi t h no especi al l y desi gnat ed
bands
of space f or ci rcul at i on.
I n f act , t he
openpl an concept responds t o
a
l ooser, more rel axed soci et y wi t h more con-
f i dence i n t he group, and t o t he t ot al i t y of t he
school ' s
obj ect i ve of enabl i ng peopl e t o get
al ong wi t h each ot her, and t o t he st ep- by- st ep
progress
of democracy: an i ndi vi dual
i nt o a
group, a
group i nt o anot her, i nt o t he whol e.
As
wi t h manyi deas i n educat i on, t he open-
pl an concept
has begun at t he el ement ary
school l evel and has
yet t o ext end appreci abl y
beyond
t o where concept s of speci al i zat i on
begi n, spaces
are more especi al l y pl anned,
andi nnovat i ons
aremoresl owl yreal i zed. Such
areas
of speci al i zat i on, l i ke sci ence, bri ng
t oget her
peopl e of speci al i zed i nt erest
and
requi re t he use
of speci al i zed equi pment
or
t eachi ng
t echni ques t hat make more di f f i cul t
t he real i zat i on
of new, combi ned approaches.
Worki ng Space
Rel at i onshi ps

Vari et yi n Pl an Concept
Successf ul pl anni ng put s t oget her t he part s

The pl ans
shown have been chosen f or t he
i n such a wayt hat t hey work wel l t oget her .

di f f erences
t hey i l l ust rat e, si mpl y because
As t he openpl an concept responds t o a wayof

manyf act ors
ot her t han purpose and f unct i on
t eachi ng and a wayof ef f i ci ent l y usi ng space,

af f ect and
det ermi ne t he concept of a pl an.
anygood pl an st ems f romand assures ef f i ci ent

Some are compact
and chunky, cont ai ni ng
f unct i on byrespondi ng caref ul l yt o t he educa-

l arge amount s of i nt eri or, mechani cal l y ven-
t i onal programand mat chi ng i t wi t h a l ogi cal l y

t i l at ed
spaces f or reasons of i nt ernal rel at i on-
engi neered bui l di ng expressi on. Ci rcul at i on

shi ps or
ul t i mat e use of rest ri ct ed si t e. Some
shoul d be as di rect and mi ni mal as possi bl e,

are
cl ust er pl ans usi ng uni t s connect ed by
di rect ed t o an ef f i ci ency of t he t ot al pl an t o

ci rcul at i on
l i nks t o resol ve a pl an i nt o a seri es
al l owf or t he i ncorporat i on of ameni t i es t o gi ve

of smal l er
pi eces t o gi ve t he school bet t er
t he school some speci al qual i t i es.

scal e, t o
al l owsmal l chi l dren t o respond bet t er,
The sect i ons f ol l owi ng on speci al areas

t o rel at e
bet t er t o a nei ghborhood of homes,
def i ne t hei r own requi rement s as part of t he

and t o
f i t bet t er t o changi ng t errai n.
t ot al programand f urt her i l l ust rat e
rel at i on-

Ot her pl ans group t hei r part s t o resol ve a
shi ps wi t hi n t hei r speci al t i es.
Ci rcul at i on t o

l arge school i nt o component communi t i es of
Fi g.
16
t he school and wi t hi n t he school al ong wi t h
t he physi cal needs of t he spaces est abl i shes
t he pl an concept . The pl an exampl es shown
varyi n t ot al concept yet work as ent i t i es i n t he
rel at i onshi p of t hei r part s.
st udent s.
Ot hers especi al l y rel at e t o unusual
si t e condi t i ons, pl ace emphasi s on uni que ci r-
cul at i on
requi rement s, and respond t o t he need
of i ncrement al expansi on of cl assrooms or core
el ement s. Chosen t o represent such di f f er-
ences, t he exampl es shown col l ect i vel y ref l ect
a maj or t rend i n school bui l di ngs, as i n al l
bui l di ngs: a t rend awayf romf i nger pl ans or
narrowbui l di ng uni t s dependent on wi ndows
t oward l arge pl an areas di vi si bl e i nt o many
combi nat i ons, more ef f i ci ent i n usabl e area,
devel opi ng l ess peri met er wal l , and general l y
represent i ng more val ue f or t he cost t o bui l d,
t o ut i l i ze, and t o operat e.
El ement ary Fi gure 16 shows a ci t y school
of
t hree uni t s, f our st ori es hi gh, dependent
on
si mpl e st ai r ci rcul at i on. Most
cl assrooms get
179
Fi g . 15
Educati onal
SCHOOLS
Ki nds of School s
to suppl ement
the si te' s mi ni mal pl ay area.
Fi gures 21b
andc showthecommuni cati ve
arts uni t, a centered
experi mental theater sur-
rounded
by art studi os of adaptabl e, di vi si bl e
spacewi th servi ce
uti l i ti es on thei nner peri m-
eter .
J uni or
Hi gh- Mi ddl e Sch00111 The pl an
shown i n
Fi g. 22 was devel oped
f or a narrowci ty l ot,
and compactl y
radi ates i ts parts out f roma
central acti vi ti es
court. The speci al i zed and
publ i c- ori ented
f aci l i ti es are al l on the ground
f l oor, whi l estai rways at the f our
corners serve
the upper f l oors of
typi cal cl assrooms that
ri ng thecourtyard.
Fi gure
23 i s atwo- story mi ddl e school wi th
cl assroom/ l aboratory
bl ocks rel ated to a cen-
tral resource area. Al l
the maj or uni ts arewel l
arti cul ated, wi th stai r uni ts on
the edge of or
between f l exi bl e uni ts of
space. The pool i s a
l ater added uni t
and i l l ustrates the abi l i ty to
successf ul l y
expandsuch a concept
. Fi gure23b
i s
the upper f l oor academi c uni t,
i l l ustrati ng
a
cl assi c and basi c groupi ng of
cl assrooms
around
a l arge, shared l ecture room.
Hi gh Sch0el $ Fi gure 24
shows a campus- type
pl an resol vi ng a rel ati vel y
l arge school i nto
smal l er el ements.
Cl assrooms are grouped
around i nteri or l aboratory and l ecture
f aci l i -
ti es, and the l i brary i s
the academi c f ocus;
gyms andaudi tori um
are i n separate bui l di ngs
of structures appropri ateto thei r
f uncti on, as
arethe academi c el ements
.
Fi gure 25demonstrates
a basi c di sposi ti on
of f uncti onal el ements i n si mpl e, economi c
bl ocks of spaces organi zi ng i ts
publ i c and
maj or entrances to the l ef t, and
f ocusi ng i ts em-
phasi s on a pl easant ci rcul ati on- f l anked court
to whi ch the l earni ng resource opens.
Agai n,
si mpl e l arge bl ocks of space, i n Fi g.
Fi g. 17
corner
ori entati on, mi ni mumcorri dors,
si mpl e

requi ri ng
speci al servi ces . The upper f l oor
converti bi l i ty
to openpl an cl usters,
ef f i ci ent

accommodates
the more typi cal , si mpl er
si te uti l i zati on,
and repeti ti ve constructi on.

spaces l i ke cl assrooms
andl i brary andhas the
Fi gure 17
shows an openpl an
concept of

potenti al f or compl ete
f l exi bi l i ty around
the
spaces f or smal l
groups arranged around l arge

stai r andtoi l et
cores.
groupi nstructi onal
areas f or threeage
groups

I n Fi g. 20, there
i s an ef f i ci ent, one- story
i n turn rel ated
to a central study- resource

pl an of al ternati ng
cl assroomcl usters openi ng
center.
Admi ni strati onandother shared spaces

to pri vate courtyards
andconnected by a
mai n
wrap around school
court entrance area.

ci rcul ati on ai sl e. Shared
f aci l i ti es are centered
Fi gure 18 i l l ustrates a cl uster
pl an of di vi si bl e

i n
thepl an f or easy publ i c
access through the
cl assrooms arranged by
age groups shari ng

l arge
entry court .
central

entrance

areas,

rel ati ng

to

shared

Fi gure21a showsanother speci al
ci ty school
spaces, and resul ti ng i n
a pl an of resi denti al

f or ages 3 to 14 on al i mi ted si te,
three f l oors,
scal e and noni nsti tuti onal
i nteri ors.

wi th l arge corner openpl an
spaces f or group
Atwo- story school , a
near square i n pl an, i s

i nstructi on rel ated to a core spacef or
f acul ty
showni n Fi g. 19. I ts l ower l evel
accommodates

andsemi nar use. Roof tops of a rel ated
parki ng
the
more f i xed
el ements of speci al f uncti on

area anda communi cati ve arts
center areused
Fi g. 19
Fi g. 19
Educati onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Ki nds of School s
Fi g. 21
Fi g
.
22
18
1
Educati onal
Ki nds of School s
182
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Ki nds of School s
26, i n a compact pl an
on a r est r i ct ed ci t y si t e,
connect ed by a see- t hr ough, cent r al ,
t wo- st or y
uni t of cafet er i a,
st udy and l obby and bal cony
ci r cul at i on ( t oned ar ea) and l i br ar y
at t he second
l evel . Ter r ai n and
gr adi ng of si t e al l owacademi c
uni t s t o exi t wi t hout st ai r uni t s. For m
ar t i cul at i on
devel ops a
scal e compat i bl e t o t he nei ghbor -
hood' s apar t ment s.
Fi gur e 27 i s a
school t hat has been added
t o many t i mes; i t s most
r ecent and subst ant i al
addi t i on enl ar ges
i t fr oma school for 2, 400
st u-
dent s t o 6, 000st udent s. The
pl an expansi on de-
vel ops
ar ound cour t yar ds and r esol ves i t sel f
i nt o
four subschool s, or houses, of
1, 500 si mi l ar aca-
demi c faci l i t i es,
wi t h shar ed faci l i t i es
expanded
t o ser ve t he t ot al . Each "house"
of 1, 500 has
i t s
own r esour ce cent er , st udy, and di ni ng faci l i -
t i es, as wel l as cor e cl assr ooms
gi vi ng t he st udent s
a bet t er
sense of i dent i t y and scal e for
l ear ni ng.
Vocat i onal Hi gh School s
At ypi cal fl oor pl an of
a hi gh school for busi ness i nst r uct i on
( Fi g. 28) i s
l ocat ed
appr oxi mat el y i n a t en- st or y bui l di ng
i n
a downt own l ocat i on. Desi gned as
an offi ce bui l d-
i ng t o
expand ver t i cal l y, i t has fl exi bl e
space
ar ound t he cor e of ci r cul at i on
and mechani cal
r equi r ement s. Addi t i onal el evat or s
can be accom-
modat ed i n spaces next
t o t he exi st i ng el evat or s.
Fi gur e 29 pr oves t hat vocat i onal
school s can
i ndeed be
exci t i ng i n concept. Thi s pl an gr oups
i t s maj or shops effi ci ent l y i n t wo
wi ngs andsl ashes
t hr ough a
r ampi ng di agonal connect i ng
t he
changi ng l evel s of t he si t e .
The
por t abl e or pr efabr i cat ed cl assr oom( Fi g.
30) i s a good and useful i dea
t hat hasdevel oped
asomewhat
bad r eput at i on. Desi gned t o be
t em-
por ar y, i t t oo sel dom
has been r emoved or r e-
pl aced
or r efur bi shed. I t r emai ns,
however , a
good i dea t o ser ve
t empor ar y peak enr ol l ment
l oads.
Many such faci l i t i es ar e avai l abl e,
andt hei r
qual i t y i s
i mpr ovi ng.
183
Fi g. 25
Fi g . 2fi
Educati onal
SCHOOLS
Ki nds of School s
Fi g . 27
Fi g . 29
Fi g . 28
184
18 5
Educat i onal
Admi ni st rat i on
Sui t es
ADMI NI STRATI ONSUI TES
The admi ni st rat i ve spaces f or a
school , whet h-
er i t ' s a si ngl e of f i ce f or a t eachi ng
pri nci pal
and a part - t i me secret ary or a bat t ery of of f i ces
f or a huge
hi gh school , are t he cont rol cent er
f or t he school and cont act
poi nt f or parent s,
st udent s, and f acul t y
al i ke
.
Here t he school
records are kept or revi ewed,
t he ubi qui t ous
publ i c address syst em ori gi nat es,
budget s
are devel oped, books and
records are kept ,
and
counsel i ng and di sci pl i ne are met ed
out . I t
i s a f i rst cont act poi nt and a crossroads check-
poi nt and i s most al ways pl aced near t he mai n
ent rance, and bel ongs t here.
Essent i al l y
i t i s an
of f i ce,
or a
group of of -
f i ces, conf erence rooms, work st orage rooms,
record
st orage,
and money
vaul t .
Openi ng t o
t he ent rance l obby, Fi g . 31 shows a wel l - devel -
oped sui t e f or an el ement ary school , cont ai ni ng
t he basi c
admi ni st rat i ve of f i ces and areas f or
t ypi cal
rel at ed act i vi t i es . Fi gure 32 shows a
more ext ensi ve devel opment f or a j uni or hi gh
school , wi t h added t ypi cal l y rel at ed space f or
counsel i ng of f i ces. Fi gure 33 shows a hi gh
school sui t e, where counsel i ng occurs el se-
where, but wi t h ot her f aci l i t i es and a cl ose rel a-
t i onshi p t o
t he
resource cent er
.
Fi gures
34a
and b are det ai l s f or f acul t y mai l boxes, al l ow-
i ng servi ce f romone si de and access f romt he
ot her.
Fi gure 34c shows anot her hi gh school of -
f i ce sui t e i ncl udi ng counsel i ng and space f or
Fi g . 31
Fi g . 30
Fi g. 32
Fi g . 33
Fi g .
34
186
Educati onal
Admi ni strati on Sui tes
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYANDPUBLI CSCHOOLS
Admi ni st rat i on Sui t es
f acul t y carrel uni t s. Fi gure 35 devel ops i n
a
l i near pl an. Fi gures 36and 37 showt he basi cs
needed i n a f acul t y of f i ce, and Fi g.
38 i s a
uni quevari at i on t hat groups f our f acul t y of f i ces
as an i sl and space, wi t h non- cei l i ng- hi gh
part i t i ons, set i n groups i n a l arge resource
cent er space f or cl oser cont act wi t h t he st u-
dent s.
I n school pl anni ng part i cul arl y, t he area
f or of f i ce use i s caref ul l y di spensed i n rel at i on
t o al l t he ot her spaceneeds and si nce t he pub-
l i c i s somet i mes suspi ci ous, caref ul pl anni ng
187
Educati onal
Learni ng
Resource Centers
andchoi ceof
ef f i ci ent equi pment areespeci al l y
i mportant ; mi ni mums are
al most i nvari abl y
exerci sed, but common sense shoul d be too.
Af ewsuggesti ons: f i reproof f i l es f or records
are l ess
expensi ve thana
f i reproof
vaul t ; di s-
ci pl i nary of f i ces
and
wai ti ng rooms shoul d
bekept separate f romthe admi ni strati ve
wai t-
i ng roomf or psychol ogi cal ( student) reasons;
andteachers' mai l shoul d be pri vate but easi l y
accessi bl e.
LEARNI NG RESOURCE CENTERS
Li brary maybe yesterday' s termf or yesterday' s
servi ces, f or the school l i brary
has
become the
i nf ormati onandresourcecenter f or theschool ,
and i s more appropri atel y and nowcommonl y
cal l ed l earni ng resource center ( LRC) , i nstruc-
ti onal materi al s center ( I MC) , or i nf ormati on
resource center ( I RC) . I n addi ti on to books
and peri odi cal s
there are
now
records, tapes
and casettes, cl osed- ci rcui t TVprogrammi ng
and producti on, f i l m, cameras, and proj ecti on
equi pment . Al ongsi de the book stacks, chai rs,
and
tabl es are si ght- and- sound- equi pped study
carrel s,
l i steni ng rooms, earphones and pro-
gramsel ectors,
f i l mspl i cers and sl i de- maki ng
equi pment, previ ew rooms, even tel evi si on
studi os. I t i s
asupermart of medi aanda pl ace
f or i ts acti ve
use, but i ts ul ti mate usecoul dbe
anywhere andeverywhere ( Fi g. 39) .
The resource center i s nowi ndeed where
the acti on i s andshoul d be physi cal l y andedu-
cati onal l y at the heart- center of the school ,
as equal l y accessi bl e as possi bl e to the cl ass-
rooms, the l aboratori es, the admi ni strati ve
of f i ces, andthecommuni ty. I t may wel l be
open
af ter school hours and shoul d be l ocated to
al l owdi rect access to i t .
Whi l e theresourcecenter i s
now
a
congl orn-
erate of materi al s and servi ces andsuccessf ul
pl anni ng seeks the mi xtureof thesef or the con-
veni ence of the users,
control of the materi al s
becomes agreater
concernandprobl em, al ong
wi thwel l - rel ated backuppreparati on
andwork
space. Theci rcul ati on of the users,
the admi n-
i strati on of the materi al s,
and the f uncti onal
accommodati on of the materi al s
are
the
basi c
pl anni ng determi nants.
The exampl es i l l ustrated
show vari ous
combi nati ons of el ements, the constant
of the
control desk and i ts more usual rel ati onshi p
to
workrooms, ref erence- peri odi cal areas,
andof f i ces.
Addedrequi red exi ts are treated as
emergency exi ts wi th al armprovi si ons. Areas
al l ocated
f or books and seati ng are usual l y
prescri bed
by state agenci es or f ol l owrec-
ommendati ons of the Ameri can Li brary As-
soci ati on
. Thetotal programmay best be de-
vel opedwi th a consul tant
i n the f i el d whoi s
f ul l y aware of equi pment needs, current devel -
opments, andthe proper rel ati on of a program
f or the resource center to the enti re school
curri cul um.
Though the i dea of a qui et readi ng atmo-
sphere has
not been f orgotten, the resource
center has become a pl easant, busy gol df i sh-
bowl ki nd of pl ace: gl assy, on di spl ay i tsel f ,
extendi ng i ts wel come to students as a com-
f ortabl e pl ace they l i ke to l earn i n. Whether
i t may be consi dered a resource center or sti l l
a l i brary, whether i t i s an al cove of f the l obby,
a room, or amaze of parts, the real goal i s to
get the students to use the materi al s andto
l earn. Carpeti ng has become very common,
andother surf aces are bei ng upgraded, resul t-
i ng i ngoodl ooki ng f uncti onal f i ni shes to whi ch
everyone responds wel l .
Aresource center f or a 1, 000- to 2, 000- stu-
dent hi gh school , Fi g. 40 wel l i l l ustrates the
many ki nds of f aci l i ti es that can be i ncl uded,
188
Fi g. 41

( a) Study carrel cl uster. ( b) Secti on through study carrel cl uster.
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Lear ni ng Resour ce Cent er s
APPROXIMATE BOOKCAPACITYPER3' SINGLE-FACE SECTION:
HIGHSHELFUNIT
:
150; MEDIUM
SHELFUNIT: 105; LOW
SHELF
UNIT:
65
Fi g. 43
189
Educati onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Learni ng Resource Centers;
Cl assrooms
themi xi ng of stacks wi th group study tabl es
and study carrel s, a teacher materi al prepara-
ti on area, and a central nerve- control center .
Fi gure 41 showsatypi cal carrel uni t and de-
tai l equi pped f or audi o- vi sual use. Groupi ng
f our together i n thi s manner saves spaceandi s
a usef ul al ternati ve to wal l peri meter uni ts.
Respondi ngto thescarci ty and hi gh cost of
l and i n certai n communi ti es, Fi g. 42 shows a
center that connects to an exi sti ng bui l di ng,
but i s ai r condi ti oned andal l bel owgrade, wi th
i tsroof devel opedasl andscapedor pl ay space.
I t al so responds 100 percent to theconcern
by someabout wi ndowsi n the resources
cen-
ter whi ch reducethe wal l peri meter f or book
shel vi ngandother uses.
Accommodati ngbooksremai ns a basi c prob-
l emi n the desi re to vi sual l y "open up" a re-
source center ; capaci ti es can be gaged f rom
thei l l ustrati onsi n Fi g. 43and
Tabl e
5.
Atwo- l evel hi gh school resource
center i s
showni n Fi g. 49 wi th entrance
l and
control )
at both l evel s bri ngi ng the center' s servi ces
cl oser tomoreof theschool . Anopeni ngi n
the
second l evel and generous stai rs between
l evel s uni tethespacesthat opentoanencl osed
court .
Fi gure45showsoneof f our l earni ngresource
centersf or ahi ghschool of 6, 000studentsthat
has been organi zed i nto f our subschool s
of
1, 500 and rel ated groupi ngs of core
cl ass-
rooms. Uni quei s theaccommodati ngof
f acul ty
of f i ceswi thi nthestudy- resourcearea
i n group
uni ts of non- cei l i ng- hi gh gl ass parti ti ons
and
book shel vi ng uni ts. Thi s devel ops
a cl ose
teacher- student rel ati onshi p anda
counsel i ng
tothetypi cal resourcecenter by persons
expert
i n speci f i c subj ect areas.
CLASSROOMS
Thecl assrooml ayout i n
Fi g. 46 represents a
standard si ze roomwi th a recessed
corri dor
door anda standard seati ng
arrangement .
Fi gure 47 showsa roomdesi gned
f or
ten
to
f i f teen pupi l s. Roomsof thi s
si ze can be used
f or a vari ety of purposes,
such as conf erence
room, student counci l
room, or f or smal l cl ass
groups.
The
devel opment of the teachi ng process,
extensi on of cl assroom
acti vi ti es, and useof
group techni ques wi thi n
the cl assroomhave
l ed to new
cl assroomdesi gn i n recent years.
Square cl assrooms
have been provi ng more
sati sf actory than rectangul ar
ones. Thearea of
thecl assroomi s i ncreasi ng
wi th thereal i zati on
that smal l cl assrooms
of thepast havebeen the
greatest handi cap to the
i mprovement of the
educati onal
program.
Thel arge group l ecture and demonstrati on
roomi n Fi g. 46 i s provi ded
wi th 64 tabl et-
armed chai rs . Proxi mi ty to
the demonstrati on
tabl ei s i mportant f or al l
students. Seatsshoul d
be ti ered f or better
vi si bi l i ty. I n the case of
sci encedemonstrati on,
thedemonstrati ontabl e
shoul d bei mmedi atel y adj acent
to the prepara-
ti on room. Natural
l i ghti ng i s general l y unde-
si rabl e but, i f requi red, provi si on shoul d be
made f or automati c
operati on of bl i nds. The
l i ght swi tch shoul d benear
thedemonstrati on
tabl e.
Recommended cl assroom
si zes f or el emen-
tary school s rangef rom850
to 1, 150sqf t . Hi gh
school cl assrooms may
rangef rom750to 900
sq f t . I n some i nstances
where l arge group
teachi ng or teamteachi ng
i s taki ng pl ace,
doubl e
cl assrooms may bedesi rabl e. I n other
i nstances,
regul ar cl assrooms maybe di vi ded
by theuse of a
f ol di ng parti ti on whi ch has a
sati sf actory
acousti cal separati on.
190
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
Cl assrooms
General
Requi rement s f or Al l Cl assrooms
Desi gn
1 . Suf f i ci ent space i s needed near t he
f ront
of t he room
f or set t i ng up audi ovi sual equi p-
ment , such as
proj ect i on screens and chart s.
2. Cei l i ngs shoul d be
a maxi mumof 9 ' , f t
hi gh.
3. Li ght f romwi ndows
shoul d, i f possi bl e,
come over a pupi l ' s l ef t
shoul der. No t eacher
shoul d be requi red t o f ace
t he wi ndows when
addressi ng t he cl ass
f rom
t he
normal t eachi ng
posi t i on.
4.
Cei l i ngs and/ or wal l s shoul d be acous-
t i cal l y t reat ed.
5. Fl oors shoul d have a
cushi oni ng mat eri al .
Locat i on The
cl assroomshoul d have as qui et
a l ocat i on aspossi bl e,
away f romnoi sy out door
areas. Ease
of
access
t o speci al i zed f aci l i t i es
out si de t he academi c
uni t shoul d be ensured.
Li ght
Cont rol Col or f i l ms, t el evi si on, and sl i des
are
becomi ng more and more wi del y used.
Darkeni ng
curt ai ns or l i ght - t i ght bl i nds shoul d
be
provi ded f or l i ght cont rol i n al l t eachi ng
areas.
The archi t ect shoul d gi ve caref ul con-
si derat i on
t o t he probl emof darkeni ng cl e-
rest ori es,
skyl i ght s, andot her sourcesof l i ght .
Consi derat i on
mi ght be gi ven t o t he t ype of
venet i an
bl i nds t hat ri de i n si de channel s and
are easi er t o operat e and t o cl ean t han ot her
bl i nds.
El ect ri cal
Servi ces
1 . Adoubl e el ect ri c out l et shoul d be l ocat ed
on each of t he t hree i nt eri or wal l s, and above
al l count ers f or use wi t h equi pment such
as
proj ect ors and phonographs. Locat i ons
near
si nks shoul d be avoi ded.
2. Ei ght - i nch cl ocks shoul d be
pl aced i n al l
educat i onal rooms.
3. Af i real armsyst emi s requi red
.
4. Li ght swi t ches
door. I t i s suggest ed
t hat swi t ches f or corri -
dor l i ght i ng be l ocat ed so t hat
pupi l s do not
have access t o
t hem.
5. I n pl anni ng t he
bui l di ng, consi derat i on
shoul d be gi ven t o ease
of wi ri ng a coaxi al
cabl e f or t el evi si on,
i f
i t
wi l l be needed l at er.
Condui t i s not recommended,
but access t o
f urred cei l i ngs above corri dors
f or t hi s purpose
woul d be desi rabl e. Tel evi si on recept i on f rom
broadcast st at i ons
may be desi rabl e i n l arge
groupcl assrooms.
Ant ennas mi ght be provi ded
here and at
ot her sel ect ed poi nt s i n t he bui l d-
i ng.
6. Tel ephone
servi ce wi l l be requi red t o ad-
mi ni st rat i ve
of f i ces and t o ot her cri t i cal poi nt s
i n t he school
.
Dears
1 .
Doorsshoul d be pl aced at t he f ront of t he
cl assroom
and shoul d be recessed so t hat t hey
do not prot rude i nt o t he corri dor.
2.
Threshol ds shoul d be avoi ded so t hat
equi pment
on wheel edt abl es, suchas mount ed
movi e proj ect ors, can be rol l ed i n and out
easi l y .
3. Al l doors shoul d have a vi si on panel of
t empered or wi re gl ass.
4. Door hardware shoul d besuch t hat doors
cannot be l ocked f romi nsi de t he cl assroom.
Two l arge cl assrooms separat ed by a mov-
abl e part i t i on are shown i n Fi g. 49 . When t he
f ol di ng door i s open t hese rooms become an
assembl y roomor an area f or l arge group i n-
st ruct i on. Caut i on shoul d be exerci sed when
sel ect i ng a
f ol di ng door. I t shoul d be easy t o
operat eand i t shoul d provi de sui t abl e acoust i -
cal
propert i es. Roomsof t hi s t ype shoul d have
t wo
exi t s,
one f or each area.
19 1
Educat i onal
Cl assr ooms
Fi g . 46 Fi g . 47
Fi g. 46
Thespl i t - l evel pl an of t heDundeeEl ement ar y
School i n Gr eenwi ch, Conn. (Fi g . 50) ,
shows
cl assr oom space needed f or a t eam- t eachi ng
pr ogr am. Teamt eachi ng, a r el at i vel y
newt ech-
ni que, i s bei ng
used
i n
bot h t he el ement ar y
and t hehi ghschool l evel .
Thepr i nci pal r equi r e-
ment f or bui l di ng f aci l i t i es i n
t eam- t eachi ng
pr ogr ams i s f l exi bi l i t y- t he
abi l i t y t o have
spacef or smal l ,
aver age, and l ar ge- si zecl asses,
and t o beabl et o shi f t t hese
spaces f r omhour
t o hour . I n t hi s t ypeof school
t her ooms maybe
const ant or var i abl e i n
si ze, and
i n
bot hcat e-
gor i es t her ear esmal l , aver age, and l ar ge- si ze
gr oups . Thei l l ust r at i on i ndi cat es howt hi s has
been done by t he i nst al l at i on of el ect r i cal l y
oper at ed f ol di ng par t i t i ons i n many of t he
r ooms . Under t hi s pr ogr amt he movement of
pupi l s i s gener al l y muchgr eat er t han under t he
homer oomt ypeof el ement ar y pr ogr am. Ampl e
cor r i dor s and st ai r s ar eessent i al . Thi s pr o-
gr am al so i ndi cat es t he need f or compact
desi gn t o avoi d excessi ve t r avel t i me bet ween
r ooms . The l ower por t i on of t he pl an i s at
gr ound l evel ; t he upper por t i on i s one hal f
st or y hi gher . Bel owt he upper l evel ar e addi -
t i onal cl assr ooms and t he admi ni st r at i ve
of f i ces.
Thi s pl an of t he Concor d- Car l i sl e Regi onal
Hi ghSchool , Concor d, Mass . (Fi g . 51) , gi ves an
i ndi cat i on of t he var i at i on i n si zes of r ooms
needed t o suppor t a moder n compr ehensi ve
pr ogr am. Adapt at i on of r oomsi zes t o t heneeds
of t he cl ass ensur es maxi mumuse of space.
Gr oupi ng of st udent s wi t hi n cl asses i s qui t e
common and cal l s f or t heavai l abi l i t y of smal l
spaces wher esmal l gr oups f r omcl asses may
meet i nf or mal l y. Li kewi se, t her ear emanyoc-
casi ons when i t i s desi r abl et o j oi n t wo or mor e
cl asses f or a l ar ge gr oup exper i ence.
Asmal l pl at f or muni t (Fi g . 52) i s r ecommend-
ed f or el ement ar y cl assr ooms. I t i s por t abl e
and desi gned i n f our sect i ons . The sect i ons
maybeused t oget her or separ at el yf or a var i et y
of
educat i onal act i vi t i es . Thi s por t abl e uni t
keeps t he f l oor ar ea f l exi bl e, wher eas a per -
manent bui l t - i n pl at f or ml i mi t s t heuseof a sec-
t i on of t he cl assr oom.
Cl assr oom Faci l i t i es
Moder n t eachi ng pr ocedur es r equi r emor e
com-
pl ex
cl assr oomf aci l i t i es
t han wer e
consi der ed
necessar y i n t he past . Pr ovi si on shoul d be
192
Fi g . 50 Per ki ns
and
Wi l l , Ar chi f ecf s
CONSTANTSI ZE ROOMS
VARI ABLE SI ZE ROOMS
TEACHI NGCENTER
Fi g . 49
Educati onal
Cl assrooms
made f or books, audi o- vi sual equi pment, re-

vi ded f or the i ntermedi ate grades
and above.
corders, tel evi si on, tack space,

and

wri ti ng

Dri nki ng f ountai ns i n or adj acent to
cl assrooms
surf aces.

are
desi rabl e.
Many communi ti es are bui l di ng a sel f - con-

Several
educati onal acti vi ti es requi re such
tai ned cl assroomi n el ementary school s . Thi s

f aci l i ti es as
si nk, counter work area, portabl e
roomrequi res f aci l i ti es f or teachi ng
vari ous

stage,
hot and col d water, earth bed, and spe-
subj ects, such as Engl i sh,
mathemati cs, read-

ci al f urni ture
. provi si on shoul d be made f or
i ng, arts and craf ts, musi c, soci al
studi es, and

such i tems
i n accordance wi th the educati onal
sci ence. Thi s area i s used
excl usi vel y by one

programwhen the bui l di ng i s pl anned.
group of pupi l s. Other school s
provi de certai n
f aci l i ti es i n speci al areas f or use
by numerous

Storage Needs i n Hi gh School
cl assroomgroups.
Thi s desi gn, however, may

1 . Storage space
f or each group usi ng the
l i mi t the programbecause
i t becomes noces-

cl assroomshoul d be
provi ded wi th l ocks.
sary f or groups to
conf orm
to
a ti me schedul e.

2 . Storage i s needed
f or thef ol l owi ng i tems :
The
el ementary cl assroomwi l l requi re stor-

suppl i es, such as paper and penci l s; books and
age f or such
i tems as sci ence proj ects and

magazi nes; speci al equi pment f or the
subj ect
equi pment, ref erence books,
pai nts, paper,

taught
i n the room( such as bl uepri nts f or
posters, maps, gl obes,
coats, boots, audi o-

mechani cal drawi ng, gl obes and paperback
vi sual equi pment, records, l unches,
and smal l

repri nts f or soci al studi es, and compasses and
pl ayground equi pment .
For ki ndergarten and

protractors
f or mathemati cs) ; and theteacher' s
pri mary
grades, toi l ets and coat storage areas

coat and personal bel ongi ngs, i f not provi ded
l ocated
i n or adj acent to the cl assroomare

f or el sewhere.
conveni ent
f or
the
teacher to assi st the smal l er

3 . Astandard storage cl oset, ei ther of metal
chi l dren.
Central toi l et f aci l i ti es shoul d be pro-

or wood, i s recommended f or al l cl assrooms .
Fi g. 51 Warren H. Ashl ey,
Archi tect
rypi e'
ac
ASS0N8Ly:
-
PI ECE PLArFORA'
Fi g . 53 Fi g . 52
1 93
Educati onal
Cl neernnme
194
Fi g. 56
Chal kboard and Tackboard
1. Thedemands f or chal kboard and tack-
board wi l l vary f romsubj ect to subj ect i n the
hi gh school . General l y, Engl i sh and mathema-
ti cs requi remorechal kboard than do thesoci al
studi es, whi ch i n turn requi remoretackboard.
Themi ni mumamount of chal kboard i n any
cl assroomshoul d be16l i n f t, andupto 48 l i n
f t coul d beused to advantagei n many mathe-
mati cs rooms. Approxi matel y 16to 32 l i n f t of
tackboard shoul d beprovi ded.
2. Adi spl ay rai l extendi ng theenti rel ength
of thechal kboard i s an essenti al teachi ng ai d.
Such a di spl ay rai l shoul d havehookswi th cl i p
f asteners. Provi si on mi ght al so bemadef or
hangi ng pi ctures, maps, and charts on other
wal l s of theroom. Embedded pi cturemol di ng
shoul d bei nstal l ed on threewal l s at a sui tabl e
hei ght .
3. Consi der i nstal l i ng di spl ay cabi nets to
serveas cl assroomshowcases.
Chal kboard i nstal l ati on i s of great i mpor-
tance. Foreach room, consi derati on shoul d be
gi ven to thetype, amount, hei ght, and neces-
sary attachments. Therecommendedmounti ng
hei ghts can bedetermi ned by revi ewi ng the
"worki nghei ghts" chart ( Tabl e6) .
Chal kboard maybepurchased i n several di f -
f erent materi al s. Gl ass, sl ate, and porcel ai n-
enamel ed steel haveproved sati sf actory; how-
ever, asbestos- cement may bemoreeconomi -
cal . Avoi d hardboard types. I f thesteel typei s
used, a three- coat f i ni sh wi l l gi vemorel asti ng
resul ts. Thechal k tray shoul d bedesi gned f or
easy cl eani ng. Amaprai l i s needed, compl ete
wi th hooks andcork stri p( Fi gs. 53 and54) .
Corkboard shoul d bedi stri buted throughout
theschool . Di spl ay of educati onal materi al s
wi l l support theeducati onal program. Si xteen-
f oot secti ons arerecommendedf ormost cl ass-
roomsandpl acedf oreasy vi ewi ngby students.
Thecork
shoul d beat l east ' A
i n.
thi ck i f stapl es
or
thumbtacks areused f ormounti ng di spl ays
( Fi g
.
54)
.
Apegboard may beused to di spl ay three-
di mensi onal obj ects on brackets, hooks, or
shel ves. Thethi ckness of theboard shoul d be
no
l ess
than ' ' A i n. ;
thetemperedgradewi l l gi ve
betterservi ce.
Ahi gh degreeof f l exi bi l i ty i n theuseof wal l
area can beobtai ned by bui l di ng i n adj ustabl e
hangi ng stri ps ( Fi g. 54) .
Steel cabi net ( Fi g.
55) i s a
combi nati on of
teacher' s wardrobe, f i l edrawers, and a smal l
cabi net f or personal bel ongi ngs. Thi s uni t
shoul d beequi pped wi th a l ocki ng devi ce. I t
canbebui l t i nto a wal l , set i n arecess orcorner
of thecl assroom. Acoat hangerrod andmi rror
shoul d bei ncl uded on thewardrobesi de.
Theuni t i n Fi g. 56may beused
f orstori ng
l argecharts ( 24by 48 i n . ) , maps,
graphs, l arge
paper, pai nti ngs, proj ects,
and audi o- vi sual
equi pment . Thel owerhal f i ncl udes l ong, deep
drawers and thetop secti on provi des a very
f l exi bl espacewi th adj ustabl eshel vi ng. Thi s
uni t wi l l havei ts greatest usei n el ementary
school s.
Thestorageuni t i n Fi g. 57 serves al so as a
work counter and si nk . Thehei ght i s de-
termi ned by thesi zeof students. Thesl i di ng
doors
aresaf er
and
need
l ess mai ntenancethan
swi ngi ng doors. Thetop and spl ashboard
shoul d bea durabl epl asti c .
Fi gure58 shows shel vi ng orbasecabi nets
al ong a wi ndow wal l . Thestorageuni t makes
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
Cl assrooms; Mul t i purpose Rooms
good use of t hi s area
and provi des count er
spacef or pl ant s
and di spl ays. Theuni t s may be
pref abri cat ed or
cust ombui l t .
Worki ngHei ght s f or St udent s
Tabl e 6can beused as
a general gui det o accep-
t abl e
worki nghei ght s f or el ement ary andj uni or
and seni or
hi gh school chi l dren. There i s a
l arge
vari at i on i n t he si ze of chi l dren wi t hi n
a
part i cul ar
cl assroomgroupand i n vari ous geo-
graphi cal
sect i ons of t hecount ry. The
archi t ect
shoul d obt ai n
t he medi an chi l d hei ght
i n t he
part i cul ar
communi t y and sel ect
mi ni mum, op-
t i mum, or maxi mumhei ght s as
i ndi cat ed.
MULTI PURPOSE ROOMS
Thel ayout i n Fi g. 59 was desi gned
f or a smal l
hi gh school . As t he st udent
enrol l ment s
i n-
crease and addi t i onal cl assrooms
are bui l t , t he
st age wi l l be removed and t hi s
area convert ed
t o di ni ng. The roomi s
l ocat ed at t he mai n en-
t rance t o t he bui l di ng,
wi t h a combi ned
corri dor and l ounge. The
chai r and t abl e st or-
age i s wel l pl aced wi t h
di rect access t o t he
195
Fi g. 57
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Mul t i purpose Rooms
servi ce ent rance
. The roomi s opened upt o t he
t wo wi de
corri dors- an arrangement t hat per-
mi t s overf l ow seat i ng duri ng speci al assem-
bl i es or publ i c
perf ormances. Theopeni ngs can
be cl osed
wi t h drapes when desi red. The open-
ness reduces
t raf f i c congest i on and di sci pl i ne
probl ems.
Thi s
caf et eri a- assembl y room( Fi g. 60) i s
opened
upon t wo si des, wi t ht heki t chen at one
end. Overf l ow
seat i ng i s avai l abl e on t he corri -
dor
si de. The pl an provi des space f or an
adequat e programwi t hi n a l i mi t ed budget .
The f ol l owi ng
i nf ormat i on and drawi ngs are
pri mari l y
concerned wi t h l arge areas i n school
bui l di ngs
whi ch aredesi gned and equi pped f or
t wo or more
group act i vi t i es. The most f re-
quent l y
used room combi nat i ons i ncl ude
assembl y- caf et eri a, assembl y- caf et eri a- gym.
nasi um,
assembl y- gymnasi um, and a st udent
act i vi t y
area wheremany smal l l earni ng cent ers
may
operat e at one t i me.
Assembl y- Caf et eri a
The assembl y- caf et eri a combi nat i on
i s popul ar
becauset heroomcan be desi gned
wi t ha pl eas-
i ng envi ronment f or bot h eat i ng and
assembl y .
Thi s t ype of roomi s al so more
adapt abl e t o
schedul i ng wi t hout l i mi t i ng
ot her phases of t he
educat i onal program.
The roomshoul d be f urni shed wi t h
t abl es
t hat can bequi ckl y moved i nt o a nearby
st orage
area . Al arge port abl e f ol di ng uni t cont ai ni ng
t abl e and benches has proved sat i sf act ory f or
el ement ary school s. Tabl es t hat f ol d i nt o
t he
wal l are al so avai l abl e. Many hi gh school s
pre-
f er t he smal l er f ol di ng t abl e and st acki ng
chai rs, whi ch permi t a more i nf ormal and
f l exi bl e arrangement .
Thi s t ype of roomshoul d havea st age, st age
curt ai n, backdrops, and adequat e l i ght i ng f or
dramat i c present at i ons.
St udent t raf f i c f l ow i n t hi s area shoul d be
pl anned. Mi ni mum
cross t raf f i c i s essent i al
duri ng t he
l unch peri od when chi l dren are
carryi ng f ood .
Duri ng st udent assembl y peri ods
good ci rcul at i on
may reduce di sci pl i ne prob-
l ems .
Assembl y- Caf et eri a- Gymnasi um
The assembl y- caf et eri a- gymnasi um combi na-
t i on can be f ound i n school s where l i mi t ed
f unds are avai l abl e. Thi s arrangement may
seri ousl y curt ai l t he educat i onal program. The
t i menecessary t o set up t hecaf et eri a f urni t ure,
f eed t he chi l dren, cl ean t he room, and remove
t hecaf et eri a f urni t ure wi l l consumea l arge por-
t i on of t he school day . The remai ni ng t i me
avai l abl e f or physi cal and assembl y act i vi t i es
may be i nsuf f i ci ent f or a good program. I t i s
al so di f f i cul t f or t he archi t ect t o desi gn a room
i n whi cht heat mosphere i s conduci ve t o di ni ng,
physi cal educat i on, and assembl y product i ons.
Assembl y- Gymnasi um
The assembl y- gymnasi umcombi nat i on i s a
possi bl e sol ut i on t o seat i ng t he t ot al st udent
enrol l ment when a smal l or no audi t ori umi s
avai l abl e. Thi s area shoul d be desi gned wi t h a
st aget hat can al so be used f or physi cal act i vi t y .
St orage space wi l l be needed f or chai rs, gym-
nasi um equi pment , and st age equi pment .
Acoust i cs, l i ght i ng, vent i l at i on, and t raf f i c f l ow
shoul d be adequat e f or assembl y and physi cal
educat i on. Thi s arrangement i s not consi dered
as sat i sf act ory as t he assembl y- caf et eri a com-
bi nat i on .
Adequat e chai r st orage i s provi ded i n t hi s
caf et eri a- assembl y combi nat i on ( Fi g. 61) f or an
196
Fi g. 60 Chapman and Lef f i er, Archi t ect s
Fi g. 58
Fi g. 59 Chapman and Lef f l er,
Archi t ect s
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
Mul t i purpose Rooms; St udent Lockers
el ement ary school . The l owdi spl ay can be
moved and overf l owseat i ng i s avai l abl e i n t he
l obby
corri dor. Publ i c t oi l et s are wel l pl aced .
Thest age has
out si de and i nsi deaccess i nde-
pendent of t hemai n room. Themusi c roomand
t he
st agecraf t area provi de adequat e space
f or school
or publ i c perf ormance preparat i on .
The gymnasi um- assembl y combi nat i on
shown i n
Fi g. 62provi des chai r st orage. gym-
nasi umst orage, st age, and exerci se rooms.
The
l argegymnasi umhas a l argef ol di ng door
whi ch
provi dest wot eacher st at i ons. Thest age
can be
di vi ded wi t h a f ol di ng door t o provi de
t wo
morest at i ons. Accesst o shower roomsi s
on ei t her
si deof t hest age, and t hest agecan be
ent ered f romt he
corri dor on ei t her si de. Fol d-
i ng bl eachers cl ose t he prosceni umopeni ng
when t hest agei s used as exerci serooms.
STUDENT
LOCKERS
Many
di f f erent sol ut i ons havebeen devel oped
t o
sol vet heprobl emof st ori ng coat s and
per-
sonal
bel ongi ngsof st udent s. I n t heel ement ary
school , proxi mi t y t o t he homeroomf or ease Fi g. 63

COR RI D0R
of t eacher supervi si on i s i mport ant . Lockers
i n t he hi gh school shoul d be l ocat ed f or easy
accessbet ween peri ods. Ci rcul at i on i n t he
l ock-
er areas shoul d besuf f i ci ent l y adequat et o pre-
vent congest i on. I t i s general l y necessary t o
provi de arrangement s whereby st udent s
may
l ock uppersonal bel ongi ngs and books.
Most
hi gh school s al so provi de l ockers wi t h
l ocks
f or coat s. However, ot hers havebeen
success-
f ul i n provi di ngsmal l securi t y l ockers
and open
coat racks.
Fi gure63 shows oneway
of st ori ng coat s,
boot s, and smal l personal art i cl es
i n a f our-
cl assroomuni t of an el ement ary
school . Ven-
t i l at i on can beprovi ded
economi cal l y. Thi s t ype
of open cubi cl e shoul d
have permanent l y
at t ached coat hangers. Theboot rack
shoul d be
const ruct ed of mat eri al sresi st ant t o
wat er and
di rt .
Anot her way of st ori ng coat s i s
wi t hi n a
cl assroom( Fi g. 64) , where t he
st orage area
serves al so f or passageof pupi l s.
Thearea i s
conveni ent f or t eacher supervi si on
. The coat
and t oi l et areas f or al l f our
cl assrooms are
l ocat ed t oget her, permi t t i ng
economi cal
ut i l i t i es.
Fi g. 62 Fi g. 64
197
Fi g. 61 Chapman
and Lef f l er, Archi t ect s
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
St udent Lockers
A. G. Odel l , J r
.
and
Associ at es, Archi t ect s
Fi g. 65
and ci rcul at i on. Mechani cal vent i l at i on i s need-
ed t o dry wet cl ot hi ng and avoi d odors. How-
ever, t hi s pl an uses up wal l spacet hat mi ght
bet t er beused f or educat i onal purposes.
Thet ype
of st orageshown i n
Fi g. 68
i s
usu-
al l y f ound i n el ement ary school s whereopen
cubi cl es are
desi rabl e.
These
uni t sarel ocat ed
on
t hecl assroomsi de of a si ngl e- l oaded cor-
ri dor f or
conveni ent supervi si on. The wal l s
have
been spl ayed t o rel i eve corri dor conges-
t i on duri ng t he arri val and di smi ssal of chi l -
dren.
Thespl ayed wal l al so provi des a recess
f or
t hecl assroomdoor.
I n Fi g. 69, panel s f ol d t o provi det hedoors
on t he
wardrobe. Mechani cal vent i l at i on i s
essent i al
.
Thel argeamount of wal l area used
by t hi s syst emmay i nt roduceseri ous handi -
Lockersmaybeconcent rat ed i n
several
con-
veni ent l y l ocat ed areas( Fi g.
65) . Theseareas
arecompl et el y open and t hewi despaces be-
t ween rows provi de comf ort abl e ci rcul at i on.
Thi s t ype of l ocker arrangement el i mi nat es
congest i on i n corri dors and f rees corri dor
wal l sf or di spl ay and vi si on panel s. As l ocker
al covesaredi f f i cul t t o supervi se, i t i s essent i al
t o provi de compl et e ci rcul at i on around t he
ent i respace.
Anot herwayof t reat i ng l ocker i nst al l at i on i n
a hi gh school i s shown i n Fi g. 66. Thel ockers
havebeen concent rat ed i n t wo areas near t he
ent ranceand st udent cent er. Theareas have
been l ef t open wi t h ampl e space f or com-
f ort abl eci rcul at i on. Rest roomsareadj acent t o
t hel ocker area, whi ch may reduce corri dor
t raf f i c and save st udent t i me. Each st udent
i s assi gned a securi t y l ocker f or books and
personal i t ems. Coat sand boot s arest ared i n
open coat racks.
Coat st orage( Fi g . 67) i n a cl assroomcan be
cl osed of f bymeansof af ol di ng part i t i on. Thi s
arrangement gi ves st udent s easy access t o
wraps. Thearea i s conveni ent t o supervi seand
t hecl assroomarea provi des spacef or dressi ng
Fi g. 66 Chapman and Lef f l er, Archi t ect s Fi g. 67
Educati onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Student Lockers
caps i n the use of the roomf or teachi ng
purposes .
Thel ocker uni t (Fi g. 70) i s used as a space
saver .
These uni ts gi ve an economi cal ap-
proach to coat storage. Each student may be
assi gned a
personal l ocker f or booksandsmal l
personal
bel ongi ngs. The coats are hung on
permanentl y attached hangers.
Thi s uni t per-
mi ts natural ai r ci rcul ati on f or
dryi ng coats
and i s conveni ent to supervi se.
Thedetai l i n Fi g. 71 showstherecessedcor-
ri dor
l ockers. whi ch are seen bel owi n el e-
vati on (Fi g. 72). The cerami c ti l e
base i s used
to
si mpl i f y f l oor mai ntenance. The
cei l i ng
i s
Fi g.
69
Fi g. 72
199
Fi g. 70
Fi g. 71
Educati onal
Student Lockers; Language Laboratory; Sci ence Faci l i ti es
f urred downto el i mi nate the accumul ati on of
dust and trash on top of the l ockers. These
uni ts can be venti l ated by pul l i ng ai r through
l ower f ront vents and i nto the pl enum above.
LANGUAGE
LABORATORY
The l anguage l aboratory provi des a pl ace
where pupi l s can l i sten to recordi ngs i n a f or-
ei gn l anguage, make thei r own recordi ngs,
practi cespeaki nga f orei gn l anguagei n pri vate,
and carry
out dri l l exerci ses.
I t shoul d have students' booths constructed
of sound- absorbent materi al , approxi matel y 30
or 36 i n. wi de, 36 i n. deep, 54 i n. hi gh . These
shoul d f ace the teacher . The top f ront hal f
shoul d have a see- through gl ass panel so that
the student can see the teacher, and so that
the l aboratory can easi l y be adapted f or audi o-
vi sual ai ds. The back wal l and cei l i ng shoul d
be treated wi th acousti cal or sound- absorbent
materi al s ( seeFi g. 73) .
SCI ENCE FACI LI TI ES
General Sci ence
Rooms and Bi ol ogy
Laboratori es
General sci ence rooms and bi ol ogy l abora-
tori es shoul d be l ocated on the f i rst f l oor,
wi th
wi ndows f aci ng south or southwest, a door
openi ng i nto the preparati on room, and a door
openi ngonto the campus so that cl asses may
study outdoors wi thout passi ng through the
bui l di ng ( see Fi g. 74) .
Acti vi ti es i ncl ude l ectures, demonstrati ons,
vi ewi ng proj ected materi al s, i ndi vi dual and
group study, wri ti ng, and experi mentati on
wi th
ani mal s andpl ants
.
The f ront wal l shoul d be equi pped al ong
i ts enti re l ength wi th chal kboard, the
center
secti on of whi ch shoul d be rai sabl e.
There
shoul d be a di spl ay rai l over everythi ngexcept
the rai sabl e secti onof board. Provi si on
shoul d
be made f or
a
proj ecti on
screen at the f ront
shel ves are desi rabl e. I nstructor' s demonstra-
ti on desk shoul d be equi pped wi th hot and
col d water, dupl ex ac receptacl e, soapstone
si nk, upri ght rods wi th cl amps andwoodcross-
bar, and doubl egas cock. Al so needed aretwo-
student bi ol ogy desks wi th one cupboard and
two book compartments ; chai rs, mock- up ta-
bl e; herbari um, aquari ums; proj ecti on screen;
mi croscopes;
model s, charts; di ssecti ng trays ;
speci mens ; portabl e germi nati ng bed; terrar-
i um; mi croproj ectors ; three si nks wi th towel s
and soap di spensers; experi ment sheet f i l i ng
cabi net near tackboard; f i rst- ai d cabi net ; f i re
exti ngui sher .
El ectri c outl ets shoul d be l ocated on each
of the wal l s. I f the enti re cl ass uses el ectri cal l y
Fi g. 73
Fi g. 74
l i ghted
mi croscopes, tabl es wi l l need el ectri c
outl ets . Si nks and outl ets f or gas and el ec-
tri ci ty are needed i n
counters.
Booths shoul d beequi pped
wi th headphones,
mi crophones attached to a f l exi bl e gooseneck
stand, magneti c di sc or tape recorder, and
a control panel wi th swi tches f or
sel ecti ng
bal anceandvol ume. Thereshoul d bea moni tor
j ack on the same panel .
At the f ront of the room, the
teacher' s area
shoul d have a pl atf orm at l east 6 i n. hi gh
i n
order to rai se the l evel of vi si on
i nto the stu-
dent booths. The master uni t
shoul d accom-
modate three channel s f or si mul taneous pro-
grams and shoul d al so contai n two dual - track
tape recorders and two phonographs,
f our-
speed. Asmal l soundproof booth wi l l be nec-
essary to enabl e the teacher to make
master
taperecordi ngs. Atypewri ter wi th
i nternati onal
keyboard i s needed.
Storage and smal l recordi ng rooms
shoul d
be separate.
of the room. Corkboard4- f t wi de
shoul d cover
the enti re wi dth of the beck wal l above
the
wai nscoti ng. I t i s suggested
that counters be
i nstal l ed al ong two si des of the
room, one
bei ng the wi ndowsi de. Such counters
shoul d
i ncl ude several si nks and
outl ets f or gas and
el ectri ci ty.
Al l l aboratoryf urni ture shoul d be aci d- resi s-
tant and easy to wash and cl ean. Equi pment
i ncl udes a di spl ay case f or bi ol ogi cal speci -
mens that opens to the corri dor f rom wi thi n
the room; teacher' s combi nati on wardrobe and
cl oset ; l egal - si ze f i l e wi th l ock ; storage areas
f or notebooks, aprons, mi croscopes, i nstru-
ments, speci mens, bi ol ogi cal s, pupi l proj ects,
mi croproj ector, and books. Astorage cabi net
at counter hei ght mi ght be i nstal l ed al ong wi n-
dowwal l . Locked sl i di ng door extendi ng the
enti re l ength of the storage cabi net and metal
Storage and Preparati on Rooms
Storage and preparati on rooms shoul d be ad-
j acent to general sci ence and bi ol ogy. These
rooms are used f or teacher preparati on, stor-
age of bul k suppl i es, conf erences andof f i ces .
Thi s area shoul d bel i ned wi th storage spaces
f or materi al s and equi pment of vari ous si zes.
There shoul d beprovi si onf or teachers' records
and prof essi onal books. Roomshoul d be out-
f i tted wi th a si nk and gas and el ectri c out-
l ets
.
Access wi ndows shoul d open i nto the
l aboratori es
.
Storage
provi si on shoul d be made f or equi p-
ment used
i n general sci ence and bi ol ogy. A
storage bi n,
made up of many smal l draw-
ers, each measuri ng
approxi matel y 4 by 4 i n. ,
shoul d
be i ncl uded f or ef f i ci ent storage of
smal l
i tems of equi pment . Al so needed are
desks andchai rs; preparati on tabl e on wheel s ;
preparati on tabl e wi th drawers ; standi ng stor-
age cabi net f or
charts; cabi net wi th sl i des;
bookcase;
shel vi ng to cei l i ng; si nk wi th hot
and
col d water ; gas andel ectri c outl ets .
200
Educat i onal
Sci ence Faci l i t i es
Fi g . 75
Pl ant and Ani mal Room
The pl ant and ani mal room
adj acent t o
t he bi ol og y l aborat ory, possi bl y
adj acent t o a bi ol og y st oreroom.
Easy access
t o t he out doors i s desi rabl e.
Sout hern exposure i s desi rabl e . Thi s area
shoul d be arrang ed l i ke a g reenhouse, wi t h
sani t ary f i ni shes and a concret e f l oor wi t h
drai n so t hat t he room can be hosed down.
I n addi t i on t o sunl i g ht , t he pl ant room wi l l
requi re speci al vent i l at i on and heat i ng so t hat
i t does not g et col d overni g ht . Speci al heat i ng ,
t hermost at i cal l y cont rol l ed and separat e f rom
ot her part s of t he bui l di ng , shoul d ensure even
heat i ng duri ng weekends and hol i day peri ods .
Equi pment i ncl udes t abl e and racks f or
pl ant s ; g rowi ng beds on wheel ed t abl es ; ani -
mal cag es ; f eedi ng t rays ; st orag e f or f ood,
t ool s, equi pment ; si nk wi t h hot and col d wat er ;
hose; pai l s ; hand g arden t ool s ; bi ns f or l oam,
sand, and peat moss .
Chemi st ry Laborat ori es
Chemi st ry l aborat ori es shoul d be readi l y ac-
cessi bl e f romi ndi vi dual research and prepare-
t i on rooms
( see
Fi g . 75) . Laborat ory act i vi t i es
i ncl ude demonst rat i ons,
i ndi vi dual and g roup
st udy and experi ment at i on,
wri t i ng , vi ewi ng
proj ect ed mat eri al s, and l ect ures
.
At a comf ort abl e hei g ht t here
shoul d be
st u-
dent st at i ons f or 24 st udent s, consi st i ng of
t abl es wi t h l arg e f ree worki ng area and al l
servi ces avai l abl e: ac and do vari abl e vol t ag e
shoul d be provi ded . The f ront wal l shoul d be
equi pped f or i t s ent i re l eng t h wi t h a chal k-
board, t he cent er sect i on of whi ch shoul d be
rai sabl e
. There
shoul d be a di spl ay
rai l
over
al l but t he rai sabl e sect i on of
board. On t he
back wal l above t he wai nscot i ng l evel ,
t here
shoul d be some corkboard and peg board wi t h
hardware.
A
f ume hood, accessi bl e
f rom
t hree
si des, shoul d be provi ded.
One end of t he room shoul d cont ai n t he
t eacher' s desk and a demonst rat i on area wi t h
a 5- i n. - hi g h dai s f or demonst rat i on. Demonst ra-
t i on t abl e shoul d have a st one t op, spot l i g ht
l i g ht i ng , and a rol l - away ext ensi on . Al l servi ces
shoul d be provi ded f or t he demonst rat i on, i n-
cl udi ng vari abl e ac and do vol t ag e. Sound cabl e
shoul d be i nst al l ed i n t he f l oor f or proj ect i on
purposes . Provi si on shoul d be made f or dark-
eni ng t he room.
Speci al at t ent i on shoul d be g i ven t o t he
f urni t ure f or t hi s space. As a mi ni mum, i t
shoul d be aci d- and base- resi st ant and easy
t o wash and cl ean. I t shoul d i ncl ude t abl et
armchai rs ; t eacher' s combi nat i on wardrobe
and
cl oset ; aci d- proof
si nks
wi t h
di l ut i on t ank ;
st orag e f or chemi cal suppl i es ; st orag e space i n
l aborat ory t abl es ; normal chemi st ry l aborat ory
equi pment f or semi - mi cro t echni ques ; sal t and
sol ut i on cabi net s ; t hree rol l i ng t abl es t o ser-
vi ce t abl es ; st andard reag ent st orag e area;
l ocked cupboards f or del i cat e i nst rument s and
dang erous chemi cal s ; f i re ext i ng ui shers and
f i rst - ai d ki t s ; st orag e f or not ebooks and
aprons ; experi ment - sheet f i l i ng cabi net ; chart s
and model s ; proj ect i on screen.
Physi cs Laborat ori es
Physi cs l aborat ori es are used f or l ect ures,
dem-
onst rat i ons, vi ewi ng proj ect ed mat eri al , i ndi -
vi dual and g roup st udy, wri t i ng ,
i ndi vi dual and
g roup experi ment at i on ( see Fi g . 76)
.
Around t he room on t hree si des at
a com-
f ort abl e hei g ht ( hi g her t han t he ordi nary
t abl e)
shoul d be a work st at i on f or each st udent ,
Fi g . 76
201
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
Sci ence Faci l i t i es
consi st i ng of a t abl ewi t h a
l ar gef r ee wor ki ng
ar ea and al l
ser vi ces avai l abl e; ac and do var i -
abl e vol t ageshoul d be pr ovi ded
t o al l st at i ons ;
vol t ageshoul d be suppl i ed by sever al
por t abl e
vol t age- r egul at i ng uni t s. Si nks
shoul d beavai l -
abl e. Someat t ent i on
shoul d be gi ven t o per -
manent or semi per manent
l abor at or y st ands
f or r i ggi ng equi pment .
One end
of t he r oomshoul d cont ai n t he
t eacher ' s desk and a
demonst r at i on ar ea wi t h
a 5- i n. - hi gh dai s f or t he
demonst r at i on t abl e.
Thedemonst r at i on
t abl e shoul d have a st one
t op, spot l i ght l i ght i ng, and
a r ol l - away ext en-
si on . Al l ser vi ces
shoul d be avai l abl e. Down-
dr af t vent i l at or
i s suggest ed, but i t shoul d be
posi t i oned so
as t o gi ve as much unobst r uct ed
br oad
ar ea on t abl e sur f ace as possi bl e. I t
shoul d not be cent r al l y pl aced. Tabl et ar m-
chai r s shoul d be
pl aced
i n
f r ont of t hedemon-
st r at i on desk.
Ther oom
shoul d haveas much chal kboar d
spaceas
possi bl e, si ncechal kboar d wor k wi t h
pr obl ems const i t ut es
a consi der abl e par t of
cl ass t i me. Ampl ecor kboar d space and some
pegboar d wi t h har dwar ear e needed .
At t ent i on shoul d be gi ven t o dar keni ng
t he
r oompr oper l y. Thi s i s i mpor t ant f or t he pr o-
j ect i on of movi es and sl i des, as wel l
as f or
demonst r at i ons t hat r equi r ea dar kened r oom,
and f or somel abor at or y wor k such as phot om-
et r y. Sound cabl e shoul d be i nst al l ed f or pr o-
j ect i on pur poses andant enna f aci l i t i es f or
t el e-
vi si on and r adi o r ecept i on. Ther e shoul d be
cent r al cont r ol of l i ght i ng.
Door s shoul d open i nt o t hef r ont of t he l ab-
or at or y. An open- j oi st cei l i ng has t headvant age
of per mi t t i ng hangi ng of appar at us. Acei l i ng
hook capabl eof hol di ng a ' / , - t on l oad shoul d
be pr ovi ded.
Oneof
t he mai n pr obl ems f or t he physi cs
ar ea wi l l be pr ovi si on of adequat e st or age
space f or a vast amount of demonst r at i on
equi pment
and speci al i zed sci ent i f i c appar at us.
St or age space wi t h gl ass door s f or vi si bi l i t y,
bookshel ves f or a r ef er encel i br ar y, and a cab-
i net f or not ebooks
Pr epar at i on
and St or ageRooms f ar Chemi st r y
and Physi cs
Labor at or i es
Pr epar at i on
and st or age r ooms shoul d be ad-
j acent t o l abor at or i es,
wi t h a door l eadi ng t o
cor r i dor and
l abor at or y. They ar e used f or
t eacher pr epar at i on,
st or ageof bul k suppl i es,
and conf er ences .
Thear ea shoul d be l i ned
wi t h st or agespaces
f or mat er i al s and
equi pment of var i ous si zes
( i n chemi st r y, gl ass t ubi ng,
l ong i t ems, t al l
i t ems) . Al l shel ves
shoul d have l i ps t o pr event
sl i ppage, and
shoul d be bui l t so t hat t he f l oor
suppor t s t he
wei ght , unl ess t he st or age ar ea
i s smal l
and speci f i cal l y desi gnat ed f or l i ght
i t ems.
Chemi st r y Open shel vi ng
of cabi net s i s f a-
vor ed f or
st or age of bul k chemi cal s. Speci al
t r ansi t e- l i ned
vol at i l e cl oset s vent ed t o t heout -
si de f or vol at i l e
r eagent s, aci ds, and al kal i es
shoul d
be pr ovi ded, al ong wi t h pr ovi si ons f or
t he t eacher ' s r ecor ds
and pr of essi onal books.
The r oom
shoul d be out f i t t ed wi t h si nk and
gas and
el ect r i c out l et s. I t shoul d al so have
st or agepr ovi si on f or al l
equi pment , a pr epar a-
t i on t abl e l ar ge
enough f or si x anal yt i cal bal -
ances,
adequat e wor k space f or pr epar at i on,
speci al st or age f or
char t s so t hat t hey ar e
kept f l at , not r ol l ed,
desks and chai r s, pr epar a-
t i on t abl e
on wheel s, l adder s wi t h r ai l , and a
bookcase.
Physi cs A st or age bi n made up of many
smal l dr awer s measur i ng appr oxi mat el y 4 by
4 i n. f or ef f i ci ent st or age of smal l i t ems of
equi pment
i s suggest ed. El ect r i c out l et s si m-
i l ar t o t hosepr ovi ded i n demonst r at i on t abl e,
as wel l as pl ent i f ul 110- V
ac out l et s, and ade-
quat el i ght i ng shoul d
be pr ovi ded, as wel l as
l adder s wi t h r ai l t o r each st or ed i t ems, and
a wor kbench
and si nk wi t h dr ai nboar d al ong
one si de, t o r epai r and set up equi pment . The
bench shoul d be r ugged enough t o t ake con-
si der abl e hammer i ng.
I ndi vi dual Resear chand Pr oj ect Rooms f or
Chemi st r yandPhysi cs
Resear ch and
pr oj ect r ooms shoul d be adj a-
cent t o chemi st r y
and physi cs l abor at or i es and
separ at ed f r om
t hemby hal f - gl ass par t i t i ons .
They ar e
used f or i ndi vi dual and smal l gr oup
st udy and
exper i ment at i on, i nst r uct i on, and
r esear ch.
( See Fi g. 89)
Sci enceShop
The sci ence shop and t he dar kr oom
maybe
bui l t as a uni t and pl aced
back t o back bet ween
t hecor r i dor and t hewi ndowsi de. Thepr oj ect
r oomshoul d be l ocat ed on t he wi ndowsi de
and have a door openi ng i nt o a l abor at or y.
Agl ass wal l wi l l enabl e t he t eacher t o keep
t hear ea under obser vat i on.
The sci ence shop
i s
used f or
i ndi vi dual
wor k i n maki ng and r epai r i ng i nst r ument s
and equi pment .
I t shoul d have a wor kbench
and si nk al ong
onesi de of t he
r oom. Thebench, f or r epai r and
set t i ng up of equi pment , shoul d be r ugged
enough f or met al wor ki ng.
The f ur ni t ur e and equi pment shoul d i n-
cl ude equi pment dr awer s, wor k count er ,
dr i l l
pr ess, smal l met al wor ki ng l at he, some
st or -
ageshel ves f or r ef er encebooks, t ool
st or age,
si nk, andampl espacef or el ect r i cal equi pment
.
El ect r i c out l et s si mi l ar t o t hose pr ovi ded
i n
t he demonst r at i on desk shoul d be avai l abl e,
as wel l as 110- Vac out l et s.
Dar kr oom
Thedar kr oomcoul d be pl aced
back t o back
wi t h t hesci ence shop
and l ocat ed on t he cor -
r i dor si de wi t h
t he door openi ng i nt o t he
cor r i dor .
I t i s used f or devel opi ng f i l mand
t hest or age
of dar kr oommat er i al s
and r eagent s, mount i ng
equi pment , and t he l i ke.
Avest i bul eand t wo- door
ent r ance wi l l pr e-
vent l i ght f r om
ent er i ng
.
The ar ea coul d be
di vi ded i nt o
a smal l r oomnear t he ent r ance
f or wei ghi ng
and mi xi ng chemi cal s and a l ar ger
r oom
t owar d t he r ear f or devel opi ng and
pr i nt i ng.
Acount er shoul d beconst r uct ed
al ong t hr ee
si des of t he r oom, 34 t o 36 i n. hi gh and 24
i n. wi de. Ther e shoul d be
a
l ar ge
chemi cal -
r esi st ant open si nk, 24 by 30 i n. and 18 i n.
deep; and a wet bench, at t ached at ei t her end,
dr ai ni ng i nt o t he si nk. The si nk must have
bot h hot and col d wat er . St ai nl ess- st eel sur -
f aces ar e r ecommended; f i ni shes must beeas-
i l y cl eaned and st ai n- r esi st ant .
Shel ves 12 i n. apar t and 10 i n. deep shoul d
be const r uct ed above t he count er . St or age i n
st andar d dar kr oomst yl e shoul d pr ovi de t r ay
and chemi cal st or age as wel l as shel ves f or
dr y st ock. Si nce t he r oomwi l l be used f or
dr y wor k, such as spect r oscopy, pr ovi si on
202
Fi g. 78
Fi g. 77
shoul d be madef or si t - down as wel l as st and-
up dr ywor k. Wel l s
shoul d be
f i ni shed
a f l at
gr een f or eye ease.
Ser i ous
at t ent i on
must
begi ven t o ensur e adequat e
vent i l at i on of t hi s
r oom.
Fur ni t ur e and equi pment wi l l i ncl ude
r e-
t ouchi ng
t abl e; devel opi ng ; enl ar gi ng, and
pr i nt i ng
equi pment ; dr yer ; pr i nt washer ; t r ays;
paper cut t er ;
hot pl at e; saf e l i ght s ; t i mer ; f i r e
ext i ngui sher
; cl ock.
At l east f our doubl e el ect r i c out l et s ar e
needed
at t hecount er. Ther emust be suf f i ci ent
pl ugs
f or al l appl i ances, conveni ent l y pl aced
near al l wor k posi t i ons.
AUXI LI ARY
SCI ENCE FACI LI TI ES
Speci al sci ence f aci l i t i es l i ke ani mal r ooms,
gr eenhouses, vi var i ums, and pl anet ar i ums
ar enot excl usi vel y
par t of l ar ge sci ence com-
pl exes
. Somet i mes a gi ven i nst r uct or wi l l have
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
Sci ence
Faci l i t i es
Fi g . 85
Fi g . 84
Fi g . 79
Fi g . 80
Fi g . 86
Fi g .
81
Fi g . 82
Fi g . 83
Fi g . 87

Combi ned l abor at or y and l ect ur e hal l .
Fi g . 88
203
Educat i onal
Sci ence
Faci l i t i es
Fi g . 89
Fi g . 92
Fi g . 90
Fi g. 93
Fi g . 91
20 4
Fi g . 94
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Sci ence Faci l i t i es ; Art s
a speci al i nt erest , or a l ocal busi ness
group or
communi t y ef f ort wi l l f ocus on f undi ng such
added programs . As a resul t , such spaces of t en
get ext ra speci al at t ent i on i n t hei r
devel opment
Pl anet ari ums, as very speci al spaces, can be
accommodat ed wi t hi n a bui l di ng or devel oped
as a sat el l i t e f aci l i t y, as
t he one exampl e i ndi -
cat es,
bei ng bui l t f rom pref abri cat ed manu-
f act ured
part s . Many speci al l y mot i vat ed
st udent s, part i cul ar
parent and communi t y
pri de, and
uni que accompl i shment have de-
ri ved f romhavi ng such bonus
f aci l i t i es .
ARTS
Worki ng surf ace, and l ot s
of i t , by way of
count ers and t abl es i s a basi c
requi rement ,
as
i s wal l space f or di spl ay and st orage
cabi -
net ry. Fi gure 99 shows a
wel l - equi pped, t ypi cal
general art roomwi t h si nks ( X
squares) i n t he
peri met er count erwork, al l owi ng
f l exi bi l i t y
f or vari ous t abl e and desk combi nat i ons
.
Fi gure 100 shows a l arger art sui t e, wi t h no
wi ndows and al l ki nds of wal l space, art i f i ci al l y
wel l l i t , wi t h a st orage
core and peni nsul a
si nks, but
ot herwi se open, f l exi bl e space
ut i l i z i ng 7- f t - hi gh st orage uni t s as
di vi ders of
f unct i ons .
Corri dors f l ank t he art sui t e shown i n Fi gure
101 t hat devel ops as an i nt eri or core uni t rel at -
ed t o t ypi cal cl assrooms al ong t he corri dors .
Gl ass over t he work count ers al l ows t he cre-
at i ve act i vi t i es t o be seen f romt he corri dors,
showcasi ng an at t ract i ve i nt erest cent er .
Where st orage requi rement s are so uni que
and st ri ngent , and worki ng t echni ques so
i mport ant i n t he work done, cert ai n speci al
det ai l s and i deas devel op as usef ul and pract i -
cal . Some of t hese are not ed here. Fi gure 102
shows a roomwel l equi pped wi t h al l ki nds of
cabi net s and count ers, pl us one bonus ext ra,
t hat of wi res st ret ched across t o hang pri nt s
on
t o dry. Fi gure 103 shows a cl ay wedgi ng board,
usef ul f or worki ng i n cl ay. Fi gure 104 i s a com-
mon avai l abl e l i ght t rack, al l owi ng f eat ure
l i ght i ng f i xt ures anywhere. Fi gure 105 shows a
way of st ori ng f abri c f or use i n si l k- screen
work. A spare rol l i s kept f orward, and t he
worki ng rol l i s l ooped around and t hen f ed un-
der a cut t i ng gat e board. Fi gure 106 shows
movabl e pl at f orms set on l ockabl e cast ers
t o serve as a model st and .
Fi g.
95
Fi g. 97
Fi g. 96
Fi g. 98
f rom
everyone, demand research, t urn out t o
be t opnot ch, and real l y exci t e t he st udent s .
Fi gures 95- 98
exempl i f y a vi vari um
and
a
pl anet ari um, nei t her of whi ch requi res
much area, but bot h
ent ai l speci al equi pment ,
speci al care and
know- how t o const ruct and
operat e. The vi vari um
shown
i s l ocat ed
i n a
hi gh school sui t e
bet ween t wo bi ol ogy l abora-
t ori es, backs up t o a
preparat i on room, and
f ront s, t hrough a gl ass
wal l , t o a mai n ci rcul a-
t i on corri dor. Skyl i t , i t s set t i ng of sun, ani mal s,
pl ant s, and wat er bri ngs nat ure ri ght i nt o t he
everyday
act i on of t he school .
Educat i onal
Art s; Musi c Faci l i t i es
Di spl ayi ng art work i t sel f becomes a creat i ve
and pract i cal chal l enge. Ampl e t ack surf ace
shoul d be avai l abl e on t he wal l . Di spl ay devi ces
can be hung f romt he cei l i ng, devel oped as
f reest andi ng ki osks, or used i n ot her con-
st ruct i ons, even i n f ront of wi ndows t o set
cerami c pi eces on. The art roomshoul d be an
exci t i ng pl ace t o be and t o work, ami d work
t hat has been done t o encourage compari son
and i ncreasi ng qual i t y . Fi ni shes shoul d be
pract i cal and spart an, f or i t i s a l aborat ory t o
work i n wi t h f reedomt o expl ore and, i f neces-
sary, t o be messy.
Art s and Craf t s Rooms
Art s and craf t s rooms shoul d be l ocat ed near
audi t ori um st age, st agecraf t area, homemak-
i ng, i ndust ri al art s, dramat i c, and musi c rooms.
Locat i on shoul d f aci l i t at e del i very of suppl i es.
They shoul d have an out si de door, f or use
when hol di ng cl asses out doors, and good nat -
ural l i ght i ng.
The space shoul d be arranged wi t h suf f i ci ent
i magi nat i on so t hat i t i s f l exi bl e and al l ows
t he t eacher t o vary t he curri cul um f romyear
t o year . The programi nvol ves t he use of a
number of medi a. Rooms, t heref ore, shoul d
be concei ved of as a seri es of work cent ers
i n whi ch act i vi t i es wi t h di f f erent ki nds of ma-
t eri al s can be carri ed f orward. There i s much
need f or di spl ay space f or f i ni shed work. Wal l s
shoul d be of mat eri al t hat wi l l recei ve t humb-
t acks, t o el i mi nat e t he need f or broken- up
wal l panel s and bul l et i n board. Avoi d breaki ng
up wal l spaces uneconomi cal l y; keep di spl ay
areas l arge and si mpl e . Phones, l i ght swi t ches,
t hermost at s, and ot her necessary el ect ri c out -
l et s shoul d be pl aced where t hey are accessi bl e
but do not i nt erf ere wi t h ot herwi se usabl e di s-
pl ay spaces . Wi ndows shoul d provi de adequat e
l i ght and be hi gh enough f or st orage and coun-
t er space underneat h.
Cei l i ngs and/ or wal l s shoul d be acoust i cal l y
t reat ed. I t i s pref erabl e t o have a vi nyl asbest os
f l oor i n t he general art area; i n t he cerami cs
area t errazzo or hardened concret e f l oor i s sug-
gest ed . Fi ni shes shoul d be easi l y washed and
mai nt ai ned, and resi st ant t o oi l s and heat . A
chal kboard shoul d be pl aced where i t can be
seen easi l y but where i t wi l l not produce re-
f l ect i ons or shi ne. I t coul d be i ncorporat ed i n
a cabi net of vert i cal sl i di ng bal anced sect i ons
t o i ncl ude t wo chal kboards, one corkboard,
and one proj ect i on screen. A bul l et i n board
and opaque drapes or l i ght - t i ght venet i an bl i nds
f or darkeni ng t he roomare al so necessary .
Sui t abl e l i ght i ng i s needed t o ensure ef f ec-
t i ve col or renderi ng on dark days and i n t he
eveni ng. Semi - i ndi rect l i ght i ng wi t h dayl i ght
bul bs i s recommended. I f t he roomi s l ocat ed
on t he ground f l oor, i t wi l l need prot ect i on
agai nst ground gl are i n l ower sash of wi ndows
.
Doubl e si nks wi t h hot and col d wat er ; dri nki ng
f ount ai n out l et ; gas out l et s;
enough el ect ri c
out l et s around roomf or
proj ect ors and spot -
l i ght s; and heat i ng by cei l i ng or f l oor
radi at i on
t o save f l oor and wal l space, or at
l east a mi n-
i mumal l ocat i on of space t o t hi s ut i l i t y,
are
al so recommended.
Roomf or bul k st orage and
st orage of papers,
i l l ust rat i ve
mat eri al s, model s, cardboard, f i n-
i shed and unf i ni shed
proj ect s wi l l have t o
be suppl i ed. The
area wi l l requi re much pro-
t ect i on
agai nst f i re
.
Shel vi ng, suspensi on f a-
ci l i t i es, and bi ns shoul d be arranged
f or great
f l exi bi l i t y .
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
The musi c program i s usual l y di vi ded i nt o
f our part s : i nst rument al act i vi t i es; choral ac-
t i vi t i es ; cl asses i n musi c t heory, musi c appre-
ci at i on, and
voi ce ; and correl at ed act i vi t i es,
such as drama and opera proj ect s. Good t raf -
f i c ci rcul at i on i s essent i al . I nst rument st orage
area shoul d
be pl anned so t hat st udent s can
ci rcul at e easi l y t o col l ect t hei r i nst rument s,
at t end cl ass, and ret urn i nst rument s
f or st or-
age. I t shoul d be conveni ent t o move l arge
i nst rument s t o buses, st age, and pl ayi ng f i el d.
The si ze, shape, and const ruct i on mat eri al
are i mport ant f act ors t o consi der i n pl anni ng
and desi gni ng musi c f aci l i t i es f or t he best
sound cont rol possi bl e . The archi t ect shoul d
ai mf or rooms t hat have opt i mumreverberat i on
t i me, even di st ri but i on of sound, and f reedom
f romundesi rabl e absorpt i on at cert ai n pi t ches.
Nevert hel ess, t he reverberat i on peri od must
not be reduced bel owt he poi nt mandat ory f or
correct bri l l i ance of t one. Nonparal l el wal l s
or spl ayed wal l s and cei l i ngs shoul d be con-
si dered ; soundproof wal l s and doors are de-
si rabl e . Acoust i c cei l i ngs and wal l s shoul d
be caref ul l y desi gned t o ensure sat i sf act ory
condi t i ons wi t hi n each room. St orage areas
shoul d serve as sound- t ransmi ssi on buf f er
areas t o keep
i nt erf erence bet ween musi c
rooms at a mi ni mum
.
I t i s
recommended t hat
a compet ent sound engi neer be consul t ed i n
prel i mi nary pl anni ng st ages.
Musi c Cl assroom
The musi c cl assroom shoul d be part of t he
musi c sui t e and readi l y accessi bl e t o corri dor
and of f i ce ( see Fi g. 107) .
I t i s used f or cl ass i nst ruct i on, choral work,
and as a dressi ng roomf or l arge groups.
I t shoul d have sound- t i ght doors, nat ural
l i ght i ng, l avat ory, and a dressi ng t abl e. Achal k-
board rul ed f or musi c, bul l et i n board, pi ano,
and t abl et armchai rs wi l l be needed.
Provi si on shoul d be made f or proj ect i on,
t el evi si on, and a hi gh- f i del i t y sound syst em.
Choral Room
The
choral roomshoul d be near t he rear of
t he audi t ori umst age so t hat choral groups
can move
easi l y ont o st age f or perf ormances .
CORRI DOR
Fi g . 101 Fi g . 100
CORRI DOR
Fi g . 99
20
6
207
Fi g . 105
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARY
SCHOOLS
Musi c
Faci l i t i es
I t i s used f or boys' and gi r l s' gl ee cl ubs
and
mi xed chor us.
The r oomshoul d have a f l at f l oor
and 6- f t -
wi de door s
so t hat a pi ano can be moved
i n
and
out . I t may be r ounded at r ear . Achal k-
boar d
wi t h musi c r ul i ng on par t of i t , a
pul l -
t ype scr een
over t he chal kboar d, and a bul l et i n
boar d
ar e r ecommended.
Fur ni t ur e and equi pment i ncl ude movabl e
seat s of t he
dr opar mt ype, conduct or ' s pl at -
f or m, r ecor d
pl ayer , t ape r ecor der , st or age f or
r ecor ds and
sheet musi c, pi ano, t el evi si on set ,
por t abl e r i ser s,
and cl ock.
Roomshoul d
have nat ur al l i ght i ng, vent i l a-
t i on, soundpr oof i ng,
pr ovi si ons f or musi c r e-
cor di ng and r epr oduct i on,
t wo bui l t - i n 12- i n.
speaker s wi t h
pr oper connect i on f or ei t her
r ecor d pl ayer or
mi cr ophone pl ug- i n t o ser ve
f or br oadcast i ng
over school publ i c- addr ess
syst em.
I nst r ument al Musi c Room
The i nst r ument al
musi c r oomshoul d be near
t he r ear of t he
audi t or i um so t hat t he band
can
move i nst r ument s easi l y ont o t he st age,
near an
out door ent r ance so t hat t he band can
have access
t o t he f i el d wi t hout goi ng
t hr ough
t he bui l di ng,
and near pr act i ce r ooms.
I t i s used
f or band, or chest r a, br ass and
woodwi nd ensembl e,
chamber musi c gr oups,
and sect i onal r ehear sal s.
Thespace
shoul d have a f l at f l oor and door s
6 f t wi de t o move
pi ano i n and out . Door s
shoul d be soundpr oof ed.
St or agespace i n back
and si des of r oom,
chal kboar d wi t h musi c r ul -
i ng on par t of i t , pul l - t ype
scr een over chal k-
boar d, and bul l et i n boar d ar e
suggest ed.
Fur ni t ur e and equi pment
i ncl ude movabl e
seat s, conduct or ' spl at f or m, r ecor d
pl ayer , t ape
r ecor der , pi ano, t el evi si on set ,
musi c st ands,
smal l si nk, count er s f or
books wi t h musi c
sl ot s bel owcount er s, st or age
f or r ecor ds and
musi cal scor es of var i ous si ze,
por t abl e r i ser s,
and cl ock.
The r oomshoul d have speci al
soundpr oof -
i ng;
nat ur al l i ght i ng andvent i l at i on,
i f possi bl e;
pr ovi si on f or musi c
r ecor di ng and r epr oduc-
t i on; t wo bui l t - i n 12- i n. speaker s
wi t h pr oper
connect i on f or ei t her r ecor d
pl ayer or mi -
cr ophone pl ug- i n t o
ser ve f or br oadcast i ng
over school publ i c- addr ess
syst em; out l et s f or
16- mmsound mot i on
pi ct ur e pr oj ect or . Re-
pr oduct i on i n musi c
r oomsr equi r es hi gh- f i del -
i t y equi pment .
Pr act i ce Rooms
Pr act i ce r ooms shoul d be
near band and or -
chest r a r oom.
They ar e used f or pr act i ci ng
and i ndi vi dual
i nst r uct i on.
They may ser ve as
musi c l i st eni ng r ooms.
Soundpr oof door s,
and soundpr oof wi ndows
i nt o cor r i dor , ar e necessar y
f or super vi si on
.
Equi pment i ncl udes
musi c r ack, smal l t abl e,
musi c l amp, chai r s,
cl ock, and count er f or
i nst r ument s and books.
I t may have a
pi ano
and phonogr aph.
El ect r i c out l et s
and ar t i f i ci al l i ght i ng ar e
needed. Speci al
acoust i cal t r eat ment i s nec-
essar y t o pr event
i nt er f er ence bet ween r ooms
and wi t h
ot her ar eas andt o deaden r ever ber a-
t i on . Speci al
at t ent i on shoul d be pai d t o
me-
chani cal vent i l at i on
Fi g. 104
Fi g . 103
Fi g .
102
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Musi c Faci l i t i es
Fi g . 106
Musi c Of f i ce and
Li br ar y
The musi c of f i ce and l i br ar y
shoul d be bet ween
t he chor al and i nst r ument al r ooms. I t shoul d
pr ovi de g ood super vi si on of spaces i n musi c
ar ea.
I t i s used as an of f i ce-f or t eacher conf er -
ence, t eacher pr epar at i on, and
keepi ng r ecor ds
-and a l i br ar y-f or
r esear ch, r eadi ng , st udy-
i ng , and
st or ag e of musi c .
Fur ni t ur e
and equi pment i ncl ude t eacher s'
desks and chai r s ; war dr obe space ; conf er ence
t abl e ; wor k count er ; adj ust abl e shel ves
on
wal l s; bookcase;
cabi net
f or r ecor ds
; t ype-
wr i t er
and st and; phonog r aph; r adi o; and pl ay-
back machi nes.
Musi c
St or ag e Room
The musi c st or ag e r oomshoul d pr ovi de
saf e,
sani t ar y pr ot ect i on
ag ai nst r obe and uni f or m
dest r uct i on . Cabi net s,
3 f t deep, 30 f t l ong ,
equi pped wi t h
r acks and hang er s and space
above f or hat s
and l ocker s, f or speci al band
equi pment such as f l ag s and bat ons, and wi t h
l ockabl e sl i di ng door s ar e desi r abl e.
I nst r ument s need
maxi mumcar e and pr es-
er vat i on f r omdamag e. Adj ust abl e
shel vi ng
must var y accor di ng
t o i nst r ument si zes. Rol l -
away r acks f or
bul ky i nst r ument s ar e needed.
Smal l er i nst r ument s
ar e best car ed f or i n cab-
i net s. Ot her pr ovi si ons
i ncl ude l ocker s wi t h
mast er -keyed
padl ocks, st udent benches, r ec-
or d cabi net , musi c f i l i ng
cabi net , pi ano dol l y,
and musi c st ands
.
I f
possi bl e, a smal l ar ea
f or i nst r ument
mai nt enance shoul d be pr o-
vi ded: si nkwi t hhot
and col d wat er , f l oor dr ai n,
shel ves, wor kbench,
g as out l et f or Bunsen
bur ner , and
count er f or i nst r ument r epai r .
Acompl et e musi c sui t e i s shown
i n Fi g .
108 accommodat i ng al l t he f unct i ons wi t h
r e-
l at ed st or ag e
.
Ti er s
i n t he chor al and i nst r u-
ment al r ooms ar e of t en bui l t -up f r omt he f l at ,
mai n-l evel st r uct ur al f l oor . Fi g ur es 109t o 111
showa pr act i ce r oomnot ed f or pr oper sound
i sol at i on and equi pped f or doubl e dut y
as a
t heat er dr essi ng r oomsi nce musi c
f aci l i t i es
ar e commonl y r el at ed t o
t he audi t or i umf aci l i -
t i es f or i nst r ument st or ag e.
Fi g ur e 112 shows i n
mor e det ai l an i nst r u-
ment r ehear sal r oom, wi t h
st udent st at i ons
shown as dot s, and pr act i ce r ooms acr oss a
t ypi cal ci r cul at i on cor r i dor ; a ver y t ypi cal , basi c
si t uat i on al l owi ng f r ee use of t he pr act i ce
r ooms and easy access t o t he smal l i nst r ument
Fi g . 107
Fi g . 108
Fi g . 109
Fi g . 110
208
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Musi c Faci l i t i es
st or age l ocker s al ong t he cor r i dor ( see Fi g.
113) .
Lar ge i nst r ument s ar e st or ed i n t he r e-
hear sal
r oomi n r ol l i ng r acks ( Fi g. 114) t o al l ow
f or t hei r easy movi ng f or away- f r omhome per -
f or mances
. I n t hi s scheme, t he r oom st eps
down f r om
t he cor r i dor , al l owi ng t he gener a-
t i on of
adequat e vol ume i n t he r oomwi t hout
st eppi ng t he
r oof
up .
The f r ont wal l i s made
heavi l y absor bent t o
sound- si mul at e pl ayi ng t o
an audi ence
: t he cei l i ng i s 50 per cent r ef l ect i ve
and 50
per cent absor bent so t hat one sect i on of
t he r oomcan
hear t he ot her .
Fi gur e 115 shows a r el at ed r ef l ect ed cei l i ng
pat t er n,
and Fi g. 116 shows some det ai l s f or
" sof t " and " har d"
sur f aces. Fi gur e 117 i s an-
ot her
conveni ent space saver .
Fi g . 112
Fi g . 113 Fi a. 114
Fi g . 115
Fi g .
111
209
Educat i onal
I ndust ri al and Vocat i onal Faci l i t i es
Fi g. 116
I NDUSTRI AL AND
VOCATI ONALFACI LI TI ES
I ndust ri al andvocat i onal educat i on are one
and
t he same, "vocat i onal " bei ng t he more current
t ermand i mpl yi ng a more speci al i zed educat i on
programdesi gned t o t rai n a person f or a
voca-
t i on rat her t han si mpl y acquai nt i ng hi mwi t h a
worki ng
knowl edge of t ool s and t hei r uses.
Manyschool s ext end t hei r i n- school educat i on
t o cooperat i ve programs wi t h l ocal i ndust ri es,
provi di ng t he st udent wi t h act ual on- t he- j ob
experi ence. Addi t i onal l y, i ndust ry represent a-
t i ves counsel and work wi t ht he st udent s i n t he
school .
The i ndust ri al art s depart ment
shoul d be
i sol at ed f romqui et er areas of bui l di ng,
wi t h
a servi ce road provi ded nearby.
There shoul d
be
an out door shop
area, i f possi bl e. Ac-
cess t o shower and l ocker f aci l i t i es
wi l l be
needed. Al l machi nes and equi pment
shoul d
be arranged so t hat a sequence of
operat i ons
can be carri ed out wi t h t he great est
possi bl e
ef f i ci ency.
Speci al servi ci ng
requi rement s of mat eri al s,
rel at i onshi p t o dri ves f or aut omot i ve shops,
noi se l evel s, and ki nds of f unct i ons perf ormed
very
real i st i cal l y det ermi ne t he rel at i onshi p
of t he vocat i onal educat i on area t o t he t ot al
pl an. Al so, because t he school ' s f unct i ons are
essent i al l y
i ndust ri al i n nat ure, rel at ed st ruc-
t ural and encl osure syst ems are appropri at el y
di f f erent f rom t he more f i ni shed el ement s
i n
t heremai nder of t he school . One- st ory st ruc-
t ures on grade are most common, t hough mez-
zani ne space i s of t en devel oped f or st orage or
semi nar use.
However, t hi s does not mean t hat t he spaces
cannot be at t ract i ve i n t hei r own way. For i t
i s most
i mport ant t o t he st udent , and t he rel a-
t i onshi p among
al l st udent s, t hat no one i s
bei ng
di scri mi nat ed agai nst . Al l are bei ng t reat -
ed equal l y. And
so i n rel at i ng t he vocat i onal
educat i on
uni t s t o t he rest of t he school , rat her
t han
bei ng
a separat e or t ai l - end uni t as i t was
so of t en i n
t he past , i t shoul d be made as i nt e-
gral
a part
of
t het ot al school as possi bl e, phys-
i cal l y
and phi l osophi cal l y.
Basi cal l y, t he
maj or el ement s of vocat i onal
educat i on
are speci al i t y shops l i ke woodwork-
i ng,
el ect ri cal , met al s, aut o, or combi ned gen-
eral shops
. Addi t i onal l y, draf t i ng rooms are
common
as wel l as support i ng cl assrooms,
of f i ces, and
somet i mes l ocker rooms. The l ay-
out of any
shop shoul d f ol l ow t he l ogi c of i t s
equi pment use and i t s rel at i onshi p t o el ect ri cal
and
mechani cal servi ces . Several t hi ngs must
be consi dered such as speci al code and saf et y
concerns, good l i ght i ng, sawdust col l ect i ng
syst ems,
overhead hoi st syst ems, exhaust
duct s, and t he abi l i t y t o get l arge suppl i es i n,
out , and st ored. I t shoul d al so be real i zed t hat
st udent s are l earni ng
on t he machi nes, and
ext ra
cl earances shoul d be al l owed f or j oi nt
t eacher- l earner
use.
Fi gure 118 shows a l ayout of t ypi cal shop
t ypes wi t h rel at ed spaces. Typi cal l y t he cl ass
meet s f i rst i n t he cl assrooms t o l earn pri n-
ci pl es, t ake cert ai n t est s, and put t hese i nt o
pract i ce i n t he shop l aborat ori es . I n t he di a-
gramt he dot s represent st udent s, t he semi -
ci rcl es group si nk- wash uni t s. Fi gure 119
shows a more comprehensi ve shop sui t e.
Fi gure 120i s a sect i on t hrough a not unusual
hi gher- cei l i ng shop area showi ng open- st ruc-
t ure t reat ment , roof t op mechani cal uni t s, and
t he devel opment of some doubl e- deck space.
The speci f i c equi pment provi ded i n any shop
i s det ermi ned by
t he cl i ent and by t he vari ous
Fi g. 116
210
Fi g. 117
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
I ndust ri al and Vocat i onal
Faci l i t i es; Home Art s
Fi g . 119
Fi g . 120
Fi g .
121
requi rement s most st at es have.
Somet i mes t he
equi pment i t sel f i s l eased, anot her reason
f or
t he i ncreasi ng pref erence
f or el ect ri cal servi ce
bei ng f ed down f romt he
cei l i ng rat her t han up
f romt he f l oor, al l owi ng more
f l exi bi l i t y . Whi l e
most surf aces must be
hard f or mai nt enance
reasons, some acoust i c rel i ef can be
i nt roduced
by acoust i c-absorbent mount ed
bl ocks i n
cei l i ng mat eri al s, roof
decki ng, and hi gh wal l
surf aces.
Asense of order shoul d prevai l i n consi der-
i ng t he equi pment needs
and t he di sposi t i on
of servi ces t o t hem, f or a
wel l -organi zed shop
i s i t sel f a det errent t o acci dent s
.
HOME ARTS
Home art s mi ght be bet t er cal l ed f ami l y-l i f e ed-
ucat i on, f or i t s purpose i s t o t each st udent s
about everyday l i vi ng, home l i f e, cooki ng, sew-
i ng, personal care, and cari ng f or a home and
f ami l y
.
I t woul d be wel l i f boys coul d part i ci -
pat e more
i n
t he curri cul um, and t hi s mi ght
wel l be encouraged by a more cent ral l ocat i on
of t he f aci l i t i es i n t he t ot al pl an and merchan-
di si ng and f urbi shi ng i t i n a l ess excl usi vel y
f emi ni ne way. For i t shoul d represent t he f eel -
i ng and purpose of t he t ot al home i n t he
school
; even out door pat i os mi ght be i ncl uded.
Faci l i t i es
compri si ng a home art s program
can range f roma si ngl e l aborat ory
space serv-
i ng cooki ng and
sewi ng cl asses t o a f ul l sui t e of
spaces embraci ng t hese,
and chi l d devel op-
ment , cosmet ol ogy,
l i vi ng-di ni ng, and support -
i ve cl assroomareas.
The vari ous exampl es
shown here i l l ust rat e program
emphasi s, and
t he many combi nat i ons
possi bl e, t he rel at i on-
shi ps of one space t o anot her,
and t he apparent
f l owof act i vi t y f unct i ons. Obvi ousl y,
t he l arger
t he f aci l i t y, t he more
di f f i cul t t o avoi d an i nst i -
t ut i onal i zed charact er . But i t
shoul d bereal i zed
t hat cert ai n of t hese programs
are di rect ed t o-
ward i nst i t ut i onal vocat i onal
educat i on, ot hers
t oward homemakers.
Food Laborat ori es
Thef ood l aborat ori es may be
di vi ded i nt o cook-
i ng area,
f reezi ng area, l aundry, wal l st orage
( f or t ot e drawers,
st apl es, cl eani ng suppl i es,
and books), and
cl assroomarea l arge enough
t o accommodat e
movabl e desk chai rs f or st u-
dent s
. Grease-resi st ant
asphal t t i l e or l i nol eum
f l oori ng i s
necessary. Fol di ng doors or screens
coul d
be used t o separat e areas.
Uni t
ki t chens shoul d cont ai n equi pment
f or
about f our
st udent s and i ncl ude st oves, doubl e
si nks, count er space, and st orage cupboards
above and bel owt he count ers. Enamel ed-st eel
upper
and l ower cabi net s wi t h back spl ashes
whi chare mol ded i nt o a curved surf ace rat her
t han
j oi ned t oget her wi t hst ai nl ess-st eel
st ri ps
are suggest ed
. Movabl e suppl y wagons
made
of
mat eri al s si mi l ar t o t hose of ot her ki t chen
equi pment can be bui l t t o f i t i nt o recessed
space under
t he count er surf ace. Al l owance
must be made on t he wi ndowwal l f or access
t o
wi ndows. Count ers shoul d be made of a
durabl e mat eri al wi t ht wo areas l arge enough
211
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
HomeAr t s ; Food Ser vi ce
t o pl acet wo boar ds 16 by 20 i n. next t o each
ot her so t hat t wo st udent s can wor k si de by
si deat each ar ea . Theseshoul d not be l ocat ed
at a cor ner si nce t hi s does not al l ow space
f or t wo pupi l s t o st and and wor k t oget her ,
Mi ni mumdesi r abl el engt h of count er per pupi l
i s 30 i n. I f count er wi dt h i s 24 i n. , mi ni mum
desi r abl e si ze of one uni t ki t chen
shoul d be
11 by 9 f t , or 99 sqf t . Count er hei ght s shoul d
be about 33 t o 34 i n. To
accommodat ef our
st udent s at wor k,
space bet ween count er s
shoul d be6 t o 8 f t . J ust out si de each ki t chen
shoul d bespacef or a ki t chen t abl e end
f our
chai r s f or ser vi ng and eat i ng .
Al l owanceshoul d bemadef or adequat even-
t i l at i on t o car r y away f ood odor s
. Exhaust f an
f or ent i r er oomi s suggest ed. Two
dupl ex el ec-
t r i c out l et s shoul d bepr ovi ded i n
each cooki ng
ar ea. I n l aundr y ar ea, pr ovi si on
shoul d bemade
f or 110/ 220- V out l et f or cl ot hes dr yer .
Cl ot hi ng Labor at or y
Thecl ot hi ng
l abor at or y shoul d
be
equi val ent
i n si ze
t o a l ar gecl assr oom. I t shoul d i ncl udea
sewi ng
ar ea ( pr ef er abl y al ong wi ndow wal l ) ;
gr oomi ng
ar ea ; dr essi ng r oomar ea ( about
8
f eet squar e) , wal l ed of f by cabi net s on
at l east one si de; st or age ar eas ( pr ef er abl y
al ong wal l s) ; and f i t t i ng ar ea. Fol di ng door s
or scr eens coul d beused t o separ at ear eas .
St or ageshoul d be pr ovi ded f or por t abl e ma-
chi nes,
not i ons, t ot eboxes ( 5 i n. deep by 14 i n.
wi de
by 19 i n. l ong) , r ol l of 36- i n. wr appi ng
paper , smal l ar t i cl es, t ext books, l ar ge f ashi on
magazi nes, pat t er ns, and t eacher ' s war dr obe,
f our - dr awer , l egal - si ze f i l e wi t h l ock.
Space
i s needed f or hangi ng st udent pr oj ect s .
Pr ovi deadequat el y keyed el ect r i c out l et s f or
machi nes- suggest onedoubl eout l et f or each
machi ne- el ect r i c out l et s f or i r ons and vi su-
al - ai d
machi nes, one f l uor escent l i ght over
gr oomi ng
uni t , and adequat e l i ght at wor ki ng
sur f aces .
Fami l y Li vi ng Labor at or y
Thef ami l y l i vi ng
l abor at or y i s used f or ad-
vanced cour ses i n
homemaki ng: t abl e ser vi ce,
housekeepi ng, home
decor at i on, sel ect i on and
ar r angement of f ur ni t ur e, ent er t ai nment ,
bed
maki ng, homecar e of si ck, l ei sur e
t i me ac-
t i vi t i es, f ami l y l i vi ng, money
management , chi l d
car e, and consumer educat i on.
Thi s i s t he cent r al
cor e of homemaki ng f a-
ci l i t i es . Fur ni t ur e and equi pment shoul d r ep-
r esent advanced sol ut i ons of
homepr obl ems .
Spaceshoul d pr ovi def or
di ni ng r oom, l i vi ng
r oom, and f l exi bl e
ar ea f or homenur si ng, chi l d
car e, home f ur ni shi ng, f ami l y
l i vi ng, gr oup
di scussi on, and f i l m
vi ewi ng . Ther e shoul d
beat l east one
pl ast er ed wal l f or exper i men-
t at i on wi t h wal l paper s
. Har dwood f l oor s ar e
pr ef er r ed. Fol di ng door s
or scr eens coul d be
used t o separ at e
ar eas .
Fur ni t ur eand
equi pment i ncl udeuphol st er ed
sof a and chai r s
; si de t abl es and cof f ee t abl e;
l amps and
vases ; si deboar d or hut ch; dr apes
( t o bemadeby cl ass) ; di ni ng
r oomt abl eand
chai r s t o seat ei ght ;
car d t abl e and chai r s ;
f r amed pi ct ur es ( ar t
pr oj ect ) ; r ol l - away bed;
bui l t - i n st or age cabi net s f or
magazi nes and
l i nens ; cl eani ng suppl i es
; vacuumcl eaner ; el ec-
t r i c dr i l l and at t achment s
f or waxi ng and buf f -
i ng ; sampl es of homef ur ni shi ng
mat er i al s ;
di shes ; si l ver ;
t abl e l i nen; cur t ai n and dr ap-
er y f i xt ur es
; f ul l - l engt h mi r r or s ; home nur s-
i ng equi pment ; chi l d- car e suppl i es
. Suppl i es
shoul d be st or ed
near ar ea wher e t hey wi l l
beused.
Ther e shoul d
be ar t i f i ci al l i ght i ng and
swi t ches adapt ed
t o house si t uat i ons ; com-
bi nat i on out l et f or el ect r i c i r on, pi l ot
l i ght ,
swi t ch and out l et ; el ect r i c cl ock;
speci al l i ght -
i ng on machi nes ; el ect r i c dupl ex
out l et spaced
at l east ever y
12 f t of avai l abl e wal l space;
si nk wi t h
hot and col d wat er
.
I n l ayi ng out t he pr ot ot ype ki t chen uni t s i t
shoul d ber emember ed t hat t her ear e bot h i n-
st r uct or s and st udent s usi ng t hem; hencedi -
mensi ons bet ween
count er s shoul d be mor e
ampl e. Fi gur e121
i ndi cat es somemi ni mumdi -
mensi ons, whi l eFi g.
122 shows a gr oupi ng of
Uki t chens . Fi g . 123 shows
per i met er ki t chens,
al l owi ng f or
a
si t - down
cl ass gr oupi ng at t he
t abl es i n t hecent er i n
a r at her t ypi cal combi ned
f ood- and- cl ot hi ng ar r angement
.
Typi cal l y, var i ous ki t chen- pl an t ypes as wel l
as var i ous appl i ancet ypes ar e i ncor por at ed i n-
t o a l ayout t o al l owt he st udent t o exper i ence
t hei r di f f er ences . Count er and cabi net t ypes
and f i ni shes, even f l oor i ng, mi ght l i kewi se be
var i ed whi l e r eal i zi ng somedi scr et i on t owar d
enough common denomi nat or s t o gi veor der t o
t het ot al space.
Li ke pl anni ng any l abor at or y, equi pment
f unct i ons, cl ear ances, and t hei r el ect r i cal and
mechani cal ser vi ce r equi r ement s shoul d be
car ef ul l y under st ood, and most of t heneeds ar e
l ar ger ext ensi ons of homesi t uat i ons, such as
ext r a l engt hs of count er and spacebet ween ap-
pl i ances . Uni t ki t chen pl ans shoul d al so bede-
si gned t o al l owf or per i odi c appl i ance r epl ace-
ment wi t h newmodel s, somet i mes pr ovi ded f or
speci f i c consi gnment by l ocal ut i l i t y compa-
ni es, such as accommodat i ng r anges at count er
ends t o al l ow f or si ze changes.
Af ewmi scel l aneous pl anni ng ai ds shoul d be
pr ovi ded :
" Ami ni mumof 2 l i near f eet of count er
spaceper
st udent ( wal l cabi net st or age i s un-
der ut i l i zed i n
t hepr ot ot ypeki t chen and can be
mor e
mi ni mal )
" Tackboar d or wal l
behi nd
si nk
" A
wel l - l ocat ed t eacher demonst r at i on
ki t chen
count er ( an over head mi r r or hel ps t oo)
" Pul l - out
br ead boar ds ( t hey save on coun-
t er
t op
wear )
Spr eadout st or age f or st udent pr oj ect s,
l i ke sewi ng
" Por t abl e i r oni ng boar ds
( t hese ar e bet t er
t han bui l t - i ns)
" Sewi ng t abl e uni t ( f or
useby f our wor ks
wel l )
Fi g .
123
" Cor r i dor exhi bi t ar ea f or di spl ay
Summi ng up, t hehomear t s ar ea
i s a pl ace
f or l ear ni ng about l i vi ng ; makei t as easy and
pl easant as l i f ecan bef or t hest udent s st ar t i ng
out .
F000 SERVI CE
Luncht i me can and shoul d be br eak- t i me, a
changeof pace i n a pl ace di f f er ent i n f eel i ng
and f act f r omt her est of t heday. I n r eal i t y, i t i s
har d t o be ef f i ci ent i n t he use of space i n
school s . Most of t en l unchr ooms must ser ve
ot her pur poses . Ti mef or eat i ng i s cut t oo f i nel y
bet ween academi c per i ods . Gr eat number s
must beser ved i n a hur r y.
Al l t he mor er eason and need t hen t o t r y
har der whi l epl anni ng t o car ef ul l y consi der t he
pr ocesses of f ood pr epar at i on and ser vi ng, t o-
get her wi t h seat i ng ar eas and t r af f i c f l ow, t o
gi vet he best chancef or t abl emanner s t o sur -
vi veand a happy shi pshapeat mospher et o exi st
ami d t he hubbub.
Ther e
ar e enough or di nar y pr obl ems t o be
sol ved i n pl anni ng
a di ni ng and ki t chen ar ea t o
al l ow
consi der at i on of a uni que desi gn ap-
pr oach. Li ke anyt hi ng
t hat i s ar chi t ect ur e, i t
gr ows f r om
t hosehuman needs i t i s ser vi ng,
aski ng :
Whomar ewegoi ng t o ser ve? What ar e
wegoi ng
t o ser vet hem? Howwi l l wego about
i t ?
212
Fi g . 122
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARY
SCHOOLS
HomeArt s;
Food Servi ce
Theprogrami s madeupof t hreef act ors: pa-
t rons, menus, and operat i on . Part i cul arl y i n t hi s
part of t heschool , t heal l ocat i on and arrange-
ment
of spaces andt hechoi ceof f i xt ures must
devel op f or speci f i c reasons i n order t hat t he
t ot al
desi gn bef unct i onal .
Syst ems f or a School LunchProgram
Each
syst emi s a ki t chen and an arrangement
f or t hedi st ri but i on of f ood.
1 . Convent i onal ki t chen and adj acent
caf et eri a.
2. Ki t chen, cent ral t o si t e, wi t hadj acent and
remot e
servi ng
st at i ons.
3. Ki t chen, cent ral t o
communi t y, wi t h al l
servi ng st at i ons remot e. "Sat el l i t e" i s anot her
t erm
f or remot e.
TheConvent i onal Ki t chen

Aconvent i onal ki t chen
and adj acent caf et eri a arei l l ust rat ed
i n Fi g. 129.
Thi s
part i cul ar ki t chen produces an a l a cart e
Fi g. 126

Homeart s, Li nt on Hi gh School , Schenect ady, N. Y.
Fi g. 125
Fi g. 127
CORRI DOR
Fi g. 124
21 3
Educati onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Food Servi ce
Fi g . 128
Fi g. 129 Ki tchen and servi ng
214
Educat i onal
Food Servi ce
l uncheon f or approxi mat el y 1, 100 pat rons. Raw
f oods ent er t hebui l di ng at t herear, di agonal l y
opposi t e t he di ni ng room. Food processi ng f ol -
l ows a st rai ght f l owl i nef romrecei vi ng t o st or-
aget o preparat i on t o t hecount ers.
The servi ng count er adj acent t o a conven-
t i onal ki t chen requi res l i t t l e or no cart age of
bul k f ood. I n Fi g. 130t hedi st ance bet ween pre-
pared f ood and pi ckup of t rays i s but t het hi ck-
ness of a wal l . Ki t chen personnel assembl e
t rays at bot h si des of t hi s assembl y l i ne. There
areno conveyor bel t s. Trays are set up i n ad-
vance wi t h napki n- wrapped si l ver . Out put of
t hel i ne i s t wo t rays at a t i me. Snack bars when
t hey do exi st i n school s, usual l y augment caf e-
t eri a count er servi ce of a f ul l , hot l unch. Most
snack bars servemi l k, prepackaged i ce cream,
appl es, and cooki es, as does t he smal l uni t i n
Fi g. 131. Someservesof t dri nks. Thesecond or
t hi rd count er i n somehi gh school s i s an "a l a
cart e" servi ce of prepared sandwi ches, pack-
aged snacks, and bakery and soda
f ount ai n
i t ems ( see
Fi g.
132) .
Cl ean di shes are needed at t he servi ng st a-
t i on; t heservi ng st at i on i s adj acent t o t hecaf e-
t eri a. Soi l ed t rays anddi shes f romt he
caf et eri a
areusual l y deposi t ed by st udent cust omers at
t hedi shroom. Thi s cycl e est abl i shes t he l oca-
t i on of di shwashi ng as "adj acent t o caf et eri a
and adj acent t o servi ng, " as shown i n Fi gs. 118
and 119.
Large caf et eri as ut i l i ze conveyor bel t s
be-
causet hese permi t mul t i pl e and si mul t aneous
deposi t of t rays. Fi gure 133 shows a bel t bri ng-
i ng soi l ed t rays f romt he st udent and
f acul t y
di ni ng rooms t o j oi n t rays f roma t hi rd
di ni ng
roomf or scrapi ng near t he f eed end of t he
di shwasher. The baf f l e wal l bet ween t he con-
veyor and di shroomi n Fi g. 134 screens t hat
room' s act i vi t i es and sounds f romt he di ni ng
area. Ampl edi sh- and t ray- scrapi ng t abl e, di s-
poser, andshel f spacecan be provi ded whet her
or not a conveyor i s used.
Fl i ght - t ype di shwashi ng machi nes are com-
monl y empl oyed f or pat ronage numbers as
smal l as 1, 000, al t houghconveyor model s f unc-
t i dn ef f i ci ent l yf or programs of moret han 1, 000
peopl e. Thi s choi ce depends upon many f ac-
t ors, such as t heamount of weret o be st ored
Fi g. 130 Ki t chen, servi ng, and di shwashi ng.
Fi g. 131

Snack bar, servi ng, and di shwashi ng.
Fi g. 132 Col d f ood ki t chen and a l a cart e count er. Fi g. 134

Servi ng and seat i ng arrangement s .
Fi g. 135
Remot e servi ng st at i on.
21
5
Fi g. 133

Ki t chen bet ween
t wo caf et eri as .
Educati onal
Food Ser vi ce
and handl ed i n r acks, the shape of the r oom
avai l abl e, and the r ati o of tr ays to di shes, etc.
The di shr oom
i s
di f f i cul t to venti l ate ef f ec-
ti vel y
.
Pr ovi de a steamr emoval exhaust
f or
di shwasher , ampl e f r esh ai r suppl y and ex-
haust, andkeepcei l i ng hi ghf or maxi mumcubi c
f eet of ai r i n ci r cul ati on.
Ki tchen Centr al to Si te

Smal l bul k- f ood car ts can
tr aver se the cor r i dor s or el evator s f r omthe
ki tchen to the r emote ser vi ng stati on wi thi n a
bui l di ng. The hot f ood, col d f ood, and pastr y
car ts shown at the ser vi ng stati on i n Fi g. 134
have been f i tted wi th tongues and hi tches.
They ar e pul l ed by el ectr i c tr actor f r omthe ex-
i sti ng ki tchen i n the ol d school bui l di ng
thr oughthe newcor r i dor s to thi s l ocati on .
Some r emote ser vi ng stati ons have di sh-
washi ng f aci l i ti es. The sour ce of cl ean di shes
must be cl ose to the ser vi ngstati on i n any pl an.
Fi gur e 135 shows a smal l ser vi ngstati on whi ch
i ncl udes a counter gar agi ng bul k f oods under
i ts top, a back bar wi thr ef r i ger ator and smal l
el ectr i c appl i ances, pl us a compl ete assembl y
of soi l ed and cl ean di sh tabl es wi th smal l est
f l oor - suppor ted di shwasher , a wi ndowsi l l f or
soi l ed tr ay deposi t, a di sposer , and a si l ver -
soak si nk.
Any r emote stati on al so r equi r es some di sh-
scr api ng f aci l i ty; i t i s not pr acti cal to tr ans-
por t gar bage. Note the l ocati on of soi l ed tr ay
deposi t i n the r emote ser vi ng stati on of Fi g.
136. The pl an per mi ts the f l owof hi gh school
student patr ons to ci r cul ate ar oundthi s ser vi ng
stati on segment of the bui l di ng wi thout any
tur ni ng backor cr ossi ngof tr af f i c. Pi ck- upf ood
and entr ance to the di ni ng ar ea ar e at the l ef t of
the pl an; exi t and tr ay deposi t ar e at the r i ght .
Wi thi n the segment, di shes ar e pr ocessed i n a
di r ecti on towar d the ser vi ng stati on.
Ki tchens Centr al
to
Communi ty The conventi onal
ki tchen di f f er s f r omthe centr al ki tchen i n that
i t does not have to accommodate, wash, ga-
r age, andl oadbul k- f ood car ts. Ki tchens centr al
to the communi ty di f f er f r omthe ki tchen cen-
tr al to a bui l di ng because communi ty bul k- f ood
car ts and ki tchen car t spaces ar e l ar ge, and
these car ts ar e i nvar i abl y tr anspor ted by motor
vehi cl e. Each of those shown i n Fi g . 137 i s
str apped i nto pl ace al ongwi tha car t of tr ays i n-
si de a tr uck. The tr uck i s f i tted wi tha hydr aul i c
tai l gate to adj ust to the var i ous unl oadi ng con-
di ti ons at communi ty school s. Thus, an adj a-
cent, wel l - appoi nted l oadi ng- dock f aci l i ty i s i m-
per ati ve. I f l ocated i n a col d cl i mate, the l oadi ng
dock can be encl osed.
Compar tmented tr ays used i n l i eu of di shes
tr avel i n car ts to the r emote ser vi ng stati on i n
the communi ty and ar e r etur ned to the centr al
ki tchen f or di shwashi ng, as shown i n
Fi g.
137.
Thi s l ar gest of car ts keepi ng bul k, hot, and col d
f ood has a ser vi ng top. I t ther ef or e has many
appl i cati ons as a por tabl e counter , f or exampl e
f or ser vi ce i n the cl assr oomto ki nder gar ten
tots and f i r st gr ader s. Fi gur e 136shows i t sub-
sti tuti ng f or a secti on of bui l t- i n counter .
Anatomy of a Ki tchen
Anef f i ci ent ki tchen has a str ai ght- thr ough f l ow
of f oods bei ng pr ocessedf r omthe r awstate to
f i ni shed and r eady to ser ve.
I ts Depar tments

Thei r r el ati onshi p
Recei vi ng and . . . . Near
dock
tr ashr ooms
Dr y stor age . . . . . . Near
the r ecei vi ng and
adj acent
to the ki tchen
Ref r i ger ated

Near the r ecei vi ng ar ea
stor age

and adj acent to the
ki tchen
Pr e- pr epar ati on

Between r ef r i ger ated
si nks,
tabl es

stor age and vegetabl e
pr ep
Vegetabl e

Adj acent to the cooki ng
pr epar ati on batter y
Cooki ng . . . . . . . . .
Adj acent to the cooki ng
batter y
Baki ng . . . . . . . . . .
Can be r emote, adj acent
to the ki tchen
Pot washi ng . . . . .
. Must be near the
cooki ng ar ea, the baki ng
ar ea or both
Sal ad maki ng . . . . . Near r ef r i ger ated
stor age,
can be r emote,
adj acent to the ki tchen
Fi g. 136 Remote ser vi ng stati on.
Fi g. 138 Ser vi ng.
216
Fi g. 137

Communi ty centr al ki tchen.
Educat i onal
Food Servi ce
Servi ng Count ers
When t he menu i s si mpl e and everyone re-
cei ves t he same l unch, t ray assembl y can
be empl oyed f or f ast servi ce. When f ood
choi ces are of f ered, t he servi ng count er i s
needed t o st ock and di spl ayi t ems. Thenumber
of seat s i n t he caf et eri a det ermi nes t he t ot al
l engt h of servi ng count er requi red ( ref er t o
t he Food Servi ce Space Requi rement Chart ) .
Bot t l enecks i n st udent t raf f i c can occur i f
count ers are not of suf f i ci ent si ze, i f t here
are t oo f ewcashi ers, or i f t here are not si mpl e
seat s . As Tabl e8 i l l ust rat es, a count er ( 35 f t )
i s requi red f or every150 t o 200 seat s . One t o
t wo cashi ers per count er i s recommended.
The quant i t y of seat s requi red i s hal f way
bet ween one- t hi rd and one- hal f of t ot al pat rons
dai l y. Thi s f ormul a provi des f or t he peak l oad
i n t he caf et eri a, whi chwi l l occur duri ng t hree
seat i ng peri ods .
I t i s i ncreasi ngl y necessary, wi t ht he advent
of modul ar schedul i ng of cl asses, t o provi de
f or f ast pi ckupof f ood . For t hi s reason, "scram-
bl e" and ot her conf i gurat i ons shoul d be con-
t empl at ed as soon as more t han one count er
i s requi red. Thi s need not i ncrease t he quant i t y
of count ers . Sect i ons of count ers f or cat egori es
of f oods, suchas "beverages" or "col d f oods"
are arranged separat el y f or di rect and qui ck
access .
I f t he scrambl e syst emi ncorporat es paral l el
uni t s, mi ni mumdi st ance bet ween t ray sl i des
i s 12t o 13 f t . Dupl i cat i on of count er sect i ons
keeps t raf f i c cri sscross at a mi ni mum. The
scrambl esyst emi s most successf ul i n school s
or any si t uat i ons where peopl e eat regul arl y.
Thepat ron who ent ers t he servi ng area knows
where he i s
goi ng. The
scrambl e
l ayout i n
Fi g. 138 i ncorporat es a
beverage i sl and at t he
cent er . Two si des of t he i sl and
are i dent i cal .
The "market pl ace" unconnect ed
"sawt oot h"
arrangement of t he count ers i n
Fi g. 139al l ows
t he pat ron t o ski pcert ai n sect i ons .
Thi s l ayout
l ends i t sel f t o a servi ng area
whi chi s l ong and
narrow. Awi de ai sl e suf f i ces ; pat ron
t raf f i c
moves qui ckl y
.
Fi g
.
139

Servi ng and seat i ng arrangement .
Di ni ng Rooms, Seat i ng and Pl an
Arrangement s
School di ni ng rooms most of t en doubl e as
st udyhal l s and l ect ure rooms ; t hey are mul t i -
purpose and must i ncl ude f unct i onal aspect s
whi chare i ncompat i bl e wi t h a di ni ng at mo-
sphere( see Fi g. 140) .
Whi l e bywords l i ke washabl e, easi l y mai n-
t ai ned, movabl e, durabl e, and economi cal do
and must prevai l i n sel ect i ng f urni shi ngs and
f i ni shes, t he cal l f or charact er and creat i vi t y
must t hen come on st ronger . Col or, pl an
arrangement , and t he whol e"f eel " of t he room
must have a senseof order and sureness, some
predomi nant t heme.
Commonsense pl anni ng can el i mi nat e a
l ot
of i rri t at i ons . Apart i t i on bet ween
t he di ni ng
and servi ng area can screen of f t he cl ut t er,
noi se, and di st ract i ons of t he servi ng l i nes .
The ut i l i t y aspect s of cashi er st ands,
si l ver
and condi ment st ands, and wat er st at i ons can
be l ess obst rusi vel yl ocat ed and "camouf l aged"
i n t he roomdecor . Look at t he more
at t ract i ve
commerci al caf et eri as, t hei r subdui ng
of t he
"worki ng part s, " and t he pl easant , somet i mes
st ri ki ng, overal l l ook desi gned
wi t h si mi l ar
cri t eri a . They avoi d "namby pamby"
col ors,
t oo many mat eri al s, and di sorder ; i nst ead,
t hey have an organi zed t heme of col or,
f orm,
and mat eri al s, and acoust i cal mat eri al s
t oo,
f or noi se i s a pri mechaos cont ri but or .
"Mess- hal l "- si ze spaces,
undi vi ded, are
unnecessary, as a screen
or part i t i on can cut
downsi mpl yon t hevast ness end
accumul at i on
of noi se and vi sual busi ness . Carpet i ng wi t h
col or, t ext ure, and: whol e
envi ronment al con-
t rol and order of i t s
own and whi chi s vi rt ual l y
st ai nproof
can
be used nowt o f urt her mi ni mi ze
noi se.
Or, i f
t he
roomhas t o serve f or gymor
coke dances, al l
ki nds and col ors of resi l i ent
f l oori ng mat eri al s are avai l abl e.
Whi l e ai r condi t i oni ng and newef f i ci ent
l i ght i ng have
made wi ndows f unct i onal l y
unnecessary, st i l l a "roomwi t h a vi ew" i s
wort h
l ooki ng i nt o, or out of , and an out ward
vi sual
rel ease can generat e cal mwi t h t he
apparent
i ncreaseof sensed space. An out l ook-
i ng vi ewwoul d be al l t he more appropri at e i f
t he
school ' s i nst ruct i onal areas are pri mari l y
wi ndowl ess . Good vent i l at i on i s anot her cri t i -
TABLE 8

Food Servi ce Space
Requi rement Chart f or School , Col l ege,
and Commerci al LunchPrograms
* Ki t chen space:
150- 650
st udent s =3 and 4sq f t per st udent
650- 2, 000 st udent s =2and 2' G sq f t per st udent
2, 000- 6, 000st udent s =1 1/ 2 and 1 34 sq f t per st udent
t
Count er =35 t o 40l i near
f eet of servi ng equi pment .
217
Pl anned
enrol l ment Seat s
Area desi gnat i on, sq
f t
Number of
or
pat rons requi red Ki t chen* Servi ng count erst
400 170 1, 500 700 1
500 210 1, 650 800
600 250 1, 800 1, 540 2
700 290 1, 950 1, 540
800 335 2, 100 1, 920
900 375 2, 250 1, 920
1, 000 420 2, 400 2, 310 3
1, 100 460 2, 550 2, 310
1, 200 500 2, 700 2, 690
1, 300 540 2, 850 2, 690
1, 400 585 3, 000 2, 690
1, 500 625 3, 150 3, 080 4
1, 600 670 3, 300 3, 080
1, 700 710 3, 450 3, 460
1, 800 750 3, 600 3, 460
1, 900 790 3, 750 3, 460
2, 000 835 3, 900 3, 850 5
2, 100 875 4, 050 3, 850
2, 200 920 4, 200 4, 230
2, 300 960 4, 350 4, 230
2, 400 1, 000 4, 500 4, 620 6
2, 500 1, 040 4, 650 4, 620
2, 600 1, 085 4, 800 5, 000
2, 700 1, 125 4, 950 5, 000
2, 800 1, 170 5, 100 5, 000
2, 900 1, 210 5, 250 5, 390
7
3, 000 1, 250 5, 400
5, 390
3, 100 1, 290 5, 550
5, 770
3, 200 1, 335 5, 700
5, 770
3, 300 1, 375 5, 850
5, 770
3, 400 1, 420 6, 000
6, 160 8
3, 500 1, 460 6, 150 6, 160
3, 600 1, 500 6, 300
6, 540
Educati onal
Food Servi ce; Physi cal Educati on: Gymnasi ums
Fi g
.
140 Seati ng arrangement .
cal i tem. Food odors are best control l ed by
bri ngi ng ai r
i nto the di ni ng roomand exhaust-
i ng i t through the ki tchen at 30 ai r changes
per hour mi ni mum. I n the ki tchen i tsel f , 30 to
60 ai r
changes are desi rabl e.
Space
and
howi t' s used, though, i s the key.
Agood gui de i s to al l ow 12 to 15 sq f t per
seat i n pl anni ng
the
di ni ng
space. Smal l er
tabl es
wi l l
use more space, but wi l l encourage
more qui et conversati on
.
The smal l tabl e f or
f our
persons, whi ch makes most of f l oor space
and yi el ds
the most el bowspacewhenstandard
trays
are pl aced on i ts top i s 30 X48 i n.
Four standard 14
X
18 i n.
trays wi l l not f i t
on a 36 i n. sq tabl e. Mi xi ng
round tabl es wi th
rectangul ar
ones rel i eves the monotony of the
repeti ti ous, i nsti tuti onal l ook . Manuf acturers
provi de tabl es whi chare 29 i n. and
24
i n. hi gh
f or the younger chi l dren. Al l ki nds of
tabl e
and
seati ng types- f ol di ng, j ackkni f i ng, f ol di ng
i nto wal l s, stacki ng- al l ow f or
countl ess
arrangements and f l exi bi l i ty
.
To revi ewbri ef l y, i n pl anni ng f or f ood ser-
vi ce, the si mpl e obj ecti ves are getti ng the f ood
tothe student, getti ng the students to
the
f ood,
and provi di ng an enj oyabl e di ni ng atmosphere.
PHYSI CAL EDUCATI ON
Gymnasi ums
I n thi s keep- f i t, di et- craze, body- bent, sports-
mi nded age, physi cal educati on programs
have gai ned a newf ocus, and top- notch f aci l i -
ti es are getti ng bui l t, f rommul ti purpose 40 X
60 f t
rooms i n the el ementary
grades to mul ti -
gyms and
speci al ty spaces
i n
the
l arge
hi gh
school s . The
basketbal l
court
i s the common
denomi nator
of the gymnasi umpl an, over-
l apped by other court l ayouts and enl arged
f or other uses i ncl udi ng spectator
seati ng
.
Maki ng up the ri ght ki ndof envi ronment are
the f actors di agrammed bel ow. Pl aces to pl ay
wel l i n shoul d be wel l desi gned i n al l ways,
more than super- space boxes . Thegymnasi um,
the whol e physi cal educati on uni t, i s most
al ways a pl ace f or other perf ormance use, and
so i ts i nternal pl anni ng rel ati onshi ps must
serve i ts everyday use, but i ts publ i c use sets
other demands f or i ts rel ati on i n the total pl an.
I ts great vol ume begs other consi derati ons
f or separate, speci al venti l ati ng systems,
structural systems, and rel ated massi ng con-
cerns of i ts exteri or ( see Fi g . 141) .
openi ng to al l owthe total space f or exhi bi ti on
gameuse, wi th bl eachers f ol di ng out and down
f romthe bal cony
gyms, and the
whol e
vol ume
gi ven better scal e and character i nsi de and out
wi th beams and undul ati ng angul ar roof / cei l i ng
treatment .
Tabl e 9 gi ves recommended di mensi ons f or
vari ous gymnasi umsi zes .
The
basi c rel ati onshi p of el ements and pl an-
ni ng f undamental s f or
a gymnasi umare shown
i n Fi gs . 143 to 147. I n
the typi cal school the
staf f f or boys and gi rl s
have a
worki ng rel ati on-
shi p to each other and a responsi bi l i ty f or
i nstructi onal supervi si on to both the gymnasi -
umand l ocker spaces, as wel l as a pref erred,
as- di rect- as- possi bl e rel ati onshi p to the total
school , or corri dor entry. The staf f of f i ces are,
i n ef f ect, control centers . The l ocker rooms
shoul d be so l ocated and pl anned to al l ow
di rect access to the outdoor pl ayf i el ds as wel l
as to the gym.
Expansi on potenti al shoul d al ways be con-
si dered, and the physi cal educati on parts
shoul d not be "l ocked" i nto other pl an el e-
ments . As enrol l ment i ncreases, of t- ti mes
added practi ce gyms or auxi l i ary spaces l i ke
wrestl i ng rooms, a pool , or more l ocker space
may be needed.
The gymnasi umi tsel f devel ops f rommany
f uncti onal and prescri bed requi rements as are
noted on Fi g . 143.
Fi gure 148 i l l ustrates a f i el d house compl ex,
wi th l arge bal cony gyms ( above the l ocker
areas) f l anki ng the mai n exhi bi ti on gym. Spec-
tator seati ng i s accommodated by f ol di ng/ rol l -
i ng bl eachers at both l evel s. Those at the mai n
f l oor l evel canbe f ol dedback agai nst the l ocker
roomwal l to al l owmore usabl e space i n the
mai n gymand those on the bal cony can be
rol l ed and f ol ded back, or coul d be detai l ed to
f ol d up to f orma wal l between the bal cony and
mai n gymspaces .
Fi g .
141
The gymnasi um
compl ex i n Fi g . 142 shows
several
rel ati ve poi nts : di rect rel ati on to
parki ng and pl ayf i el ds,
publ i c l obby space
and rest rooms,
doubl e- decki ng of l ocker
f aci l i ti es and auxi l i ary, or bal cony, gymspace
equati ng to the hei ght of the mai n
gym, "boys"
and "gi rl s" gyms di vi ded
by a
f ol di ng
parti ti on
TABLE
9

Recommended Di mensi ons i n f eet f or Gymnasi ums
* W, andL, are di mensi ons of basketbal l court .
t Use f ol di ng parti ti on.
21 8
School W L WI * LI * Seats
Smal l el ementary
36 52
Large
el ementary 52 72
J uni or hi gh school * 65 86 42 74 400
Smal l seni or hi gh
school t
79 96 50 84 700
Large
seni or hi gh school t
100 104
50
84 1, 500
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Physi cal
Educat i on: Gymnasi ums
F i g . 142

Physi cal educat i on uni t , Newar k Hi g h School , Newar k, Ohi o.
A.
ACCESSF ROMLOCKERROOMS
B. 5' MI N.
DI MENSI ONSRECOMMENDED-F ACE
OF BLEACHER
ORWALLF ROMENDORSI DE
LI NE OF COURT.
C. F OLDI NGBLEACHERS
EXTENDED. VARI ESDEPENDI NGON
REQUI REMENTS. F OR
BESTSPECTATORVI EW, RESTRI CT
BLEACHERLENGTH
TOF ACE-TO-F ACE DI MENSI ONOF
BACKBOARDS.
D. 6' MI N. -10' RECOMMENDED.
E. SCORERS' TABLE-MAYBE
LOCATEDI NBLEACHERS
.
PROVI DE ELECTRI CALOUTLETS,
MI CROPHONE J ACK, AND
SCOREBOARDCONTROLS.
F .
COURTSI ZE : J R. HI GH-42' X74' , HI GH
SCHOOL-50' X84' .
SOME HI GHSCHOOLSUSE COLLEGE
SI ZE COURT, 50' X94' ,
F OR
VARSI TYTOURNAMENTCOURT.
G. HI GH
SCHOOL BACKBOARD, GLASS
ORMETAL, 54" F AN-
SHAPED(PER1969-1970 N. F . S. H. S. A. A. RULES) KEEP WALLS
BEHI ND
BACKBOARDSF REE OF DOORSAND
OBSTRUCTI ONS.
H. EGRESSTOPLAYI NGF I ELDS.
I .
10' -RECOMMENDEDCLEARANCE F ORTOURNAMENT
COURT.
J .
ACCESSF ORSPECTATORS. LOCATE
TO
MI N
. TRAF F I CONGYM
F LOOR. (POSSI BLE USE OF CARPETRUNNERS
. )
K. PRACTI CE COURTS. MAYBE
SHORTERANDMORE NARROW
THANSTANDARD
COURT.
L. STRUCTURE HUNGWD.
F OLD. PART. HORI ZONTALPULLOR
VERTI CAL
ROLLNETCURTAI NWI THCANVASBOTTOM
VI SUAL
BARRI ERMAYBE USED.
M. SPAN-ACROSS
SEATS(UP TO6' I TOACCOMMODATE
F OLD.
PART.
OPENI NG.
F i g . 143

Di vi ded g ym, seat i ng one si de
. (Two t eachi ng st at i ons . )
21 9
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Physi cal Educat i on: Gymnasi ums
TOURNAMENTCOURT
. 50' X94'
TWOCROSSPRACTI CE COURTS: 50' X 84'
FOLDI NGBLEACHERS. GYMFLOOR-RECESSED: 4-14' , 2-16' SEC. ,
14 ROWS
-
846
SEATS. BALCONY

REVERSE FOLD: 4-14' , 2-16' SEC.
15 ROWS= 960 SEATS.
CAPACI TY. 1, 846SEATS
AT16" .
GYMFLOOR: 94' X 120' .

( a)
PLASTI C"SKY
DOMES" PROVI DE EXCELLENTNONGLARE GYM
LI GHTI NG. AREAOF
THE"SKYDOMES" SHOULDEQUAL4-6%OFTHEGYMFLOOR.
POWER GROOVE
FLUORESCENTLAMPEDLI GHTFI XTURES, GROUPEDADJ USTABLE
TOORAROUND
THE"SKYDOMES" PROVI DESAGOODCLEAN
LOOKI NGELECTRI CAL I LLUMI NATI ON
I NSTALLATI ON.
DELAYEDACTI ON REVERSE FOLD. BLEACHERSUSEDON
ABALCONYTEACHI NG
STATI ON, PROVI DESNO7
ONLYI NCREASEDSEATI NGCAPACI TY, BUTI NTHE
RETRACTEDPOSI TI ON, CREATES
APHYSI CALANDVI SUAL BARRI ERBETWEEN
THE BALCONYANDTHE
MAI NGYMFLOOR. WHENPLANNI NGTHE USE OF FOLDI NG
BLEACHERSASSHOWNABOVE,
CONSULTWI THTHEBLEACHERMANUFACTURERS
FORCORRECTDI MENSI ONS,
CLEARANCES, MAXI MUMRECOMMENDEDROWS,
OPERATI ONANDSEAT
RI SE, FOROPTI MUMSI GHTLI NES.
( b )
Fi g . 146

( a)
Di vi ded gymwi t h ( b ) b al cony auxi l i ar y gym,
seat i ng one si de .
( Four
t eachi ng st at i ons. )
TOURNAMENTCOURT: 50' X84' WI THMI NI MUM
ENDANDSI DE
CLEARANCE
TWOCROSSPRACTI CE COURTS: 50' X84' WI THMI NI MUMEND
CLEARANCE
FOLDI NGBLEACHERS:
FOLD. PART. SI DE : 2-16' , 2-20' SEC.
WI TH
6'
SPANACROSS-11 ROWS- 616SEATS. OPPOSI TE SI DE :
4

16' ,
2-8'
SEC. , 11 ROWS- 660 SEATS.
ENDS: 3-16' SEC.
EACH, 9 ROWS= 648 SEATS.
CAPACI TY: 1, 924 SEATSAT16" .
Fi g . 145

Di vi ded gym,
seat i ng f our si des. ( Two t eachi ng st at i ons. )
TOURNAMENTCOURT
: 50' X 84' ( 50' X94' POSSI BLEI
TWOCROSSPRACTI CE COURTS: 50' X
84' WI THMI NI MUM
ENDCOURTCLEARANCE.
FOLDI NGBLEACHERS. FOLD. PART. SI DE: 2-16' , 2-20' ,
SEC.
WI TH6' SPAN ACROSSSEATSATPART.
PACKET.
11 ROWS-
616SEATS. OPPOSI TE SI DE : 2-8' , 4-16' SEC.
11 ROWS-660
SEATS.
CAPACI TY: 1, 276SEATS
AT16" .
Fi g .
144

Di vi ded gym, seat i ng t wo si des. ( Two t eachi ng st at i ons. )
220
Educati onal
Physi cal Educati on: Gymnasi ums, Locker Rooms
TOURNAMENTCOURT: 50' X84' .
TWOPARALLELPRACTI CECOURTS: 50' X84' .
FOLDI NG
BLEACHERS: GYMFLOOR-RECESSED: 1--14' , 4-- 16' SEC.
-14 ROWS= 812
SEATS
~EACH
SI DE
BALCONY-REVERSEFOLD: 5-16' SEC. -15 ROWS
-
900SEATS
CAPACI TY: 3,424SEATSAT16" .
GYMFLOOR: 104' X120' .
Fi g . 147

Di vi dedgymwi th bal cony auxi l i arygyms, seati ng twosi des. ( Four teachi ng stati ons. )
Fi gure 149 i l l ustrates a 2,400-student hi gh
school physi cal educati oncompl ex where the
mai nacti vi ty areas devel op abovea base f l oor
of l ockers andauxi l i ary space. The resul t i s
archi tectural l y wel l arti cul ated, saves on
groundcoverage f or morepl ayf i el dspaceona
restri cted si te, al l ows f or separate student
andpubl i c access to the pool , provi des on-
grade access to the pl ayf i el ds, and
cl earl y
di vi des the gyms i nto usabl e components
( see
Fi g . 150) .
Locker
Rooms
Locker rooms neednot be the noi sy,
steamy,
smel l y,
di ml y l i t
spaces
too many have been.
Because they are very
concentrated areas of
compl ex pl umbi ng andventi l ati on and hard
wear requi rements,
they can be expensi ve to
bui l d and
aretoo of tenmade toomi ni mal to
properl y f uncti on andbe mai ntai ned.
Locker rooms are busy pl aces f or students
i n a
hurry, dressi ng i n never-enough room,
wi th showeri ng humi di ty, outdoor muck, and
emoti onal pi tch andpi queas added real i ti es.
A
very f uncti onal pl an i s a must, one that
thoroughl y consi ders traf f i c f l ow, the real i ti es
of body dressi ng cl earances, l ocker door
swi ngs, cl othi ng storage, systems f or towel
di stri buti on, uni f ormdryi ng, andsupervi si on
anddi sci pl i ne. Equal
concern must be gi ven
togoodanddurabl el i ghti ng,
pl umbi ng, venti l a-
ti on, andf i ni shes
( see
Fi g .
151) .
221
Fi g. 148 Fi el d house de-al l opment, seni or hi gh school Engl ewood, Col o. ( Perki ns &Wi l l -Wheel er &Lewi s,
Apri l 15, 1957 . )
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARYAND
SECONDARYSCHOOLS
Physi cal Educat i on: Gymnasi ums, Locker Rooms
Fi g. 149 ( a) Fi r st l evel . ( b) Second l evel . ( c) Second f l oor of
physi cal educat i on ar ea, west di vi si on of
NewTr i er Hi gh School . ( Used wi t h per mi ssi on f r omThe
Per ki ns &Wi l l Par t ner shi p, Ar chi t ect s, and The Ar chi t ect s
Col l abor at i ve, Cambr i dge, Massachuset t s, Associ at ed Ar chi t ect s . )
Fi g. 150
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Physi cal
Educat i on
:
Gymnasi ums, Locker Rooms
Wi r e basket s
may be used
i n pl ace of t he
smal l l ocker s f or t he
st or age
of gymcl ot hes .
Al t hough i n
some cases t he
basket s have been
mount ed i n a f i xed posi t i on, i t i s mor e desi r abl e
t o pl ace t hemon t r ucks whi ch can be l ocked
i n a wel l - vent i l at ed st or age space. The basket
syst em i s gener al l y mor e di f f i cul t t o manage
t han t he l ocker syst em.
Acommon ar r angement i s t o pr ovi de one
l ar ge dr essi ng l ocker , t oget her wi t h si x st or -
age l ocker s . Thi s per mi t s t he st udent t o have
a l ar ge l ocker i n whi ch t o hang hi s st r eet
cl ot hes and al so pr ovi des hi mwi t h a smal l
l ocker f or t he st or age of gymcl ot hes .
Fi gur es 153 t hr ough 157 show var i ous
shower
ar r angement s and di mensi ons f or
gr oup shower i ng
. Addi t i onal l y, i t i s st i l l com-
mon
pr act i ce t o pr ovi de some pr i vat e shower s
f or
speci al demand usage. As t he i l l ust r at i ons
i ndi cat e,
t her e i s a t r end t o pr ef abr i cat ed
pl umbi ng ar r angement s wher ei n t he pl umbi ng
i s not bui l t i nt o t he wal l s, r educi ng i t s i nst al l a-
t i on and r epai r
cost s . I t i s al so qui t e common
t o equi p
t he f aci l i t y wi t h pr eset t emper at ur e
val ves or
gr aduat ed set t i ngs i n wal k- t hr ough
shower s . Fi gur e
158 shows
t he hei ght r ange
f or shower
heads .
The ar r angement s shown her e ar e f or a 500-
st udent j uni or hi gh school boys' l ocker r oom
( Fi g.
159) wi t h cent er benches, a 1, 500- st udent
hi gh school gi r l s' l ocker r oom( Fi g. 160) , and
t he boys' and t eaml ocker r oom( Fi g. 161) wi t h
benches i nt egr al wi t h t he l ocker bases . Not e
t he i ncl usi on
of t wo pr i vat e
shower s i n t he
gi r l s' l ocker r oom, t he super vi sor y l ocat i on
( and
wi ndows)
of t he of f i ce i n bot h ar eas,
t he
wal k- t hr ough
shower s i n t he one,
and shower s
and dr yi ng ar eas i n t he ot her .
Fi gur e 162 shows a ver y compact ,
wel l -
or gani zed compl ex of t eaml ocker
bays, per -
mi t t i ng unused bays t o be l ocked wi t h sl i di ng
gat es
whi l e pr ovi di ng good access f r om t he
opened
bays t o
t he shower f aci l i t i es . Fi gur es
163 and 164 showvar i ous det ai l s and ar r ange-
ment s pr ovi di ng f or uni f or mdr yi ng and st or age.
S =number
of st r eet cl ot hes ( dr essi ng)
l ocker s r equi r ed
Tal so t hen
r epr esent s t he gymsui t l ocker s
needed, and T/ S
=R, or t he r at i o of gymsui t
ver sus st r eet cl ot hes l ocker s, var yi ng as shown
i n Fi gs. 151 and 152 and det er mi ni ng t he t ot al
space r equi r ed f or l ocker s.
The st andar d t ype of f ul l - l engt h l ocker shoul d
be set on a masonr y
base t o f aci l i t at e
cl eani ng.
The uni t shoul d be compl et e wi t h t wo t op
shel ves, vent i l at i ng gr i l l es, and f our hooks
f or hangi ng cl ot hes . Some t ype of l ocki ng de-
vi ce shoul d be f ur ni shed.
Unl ess t he
i ncr easi ngl y sel domused syst em
of cent r al basket st or age i s
ut i l i zed f or cl ot hi ng
st or age,
t he number and r at i o of gymsui t t o
st r eet
cl ot hes l ocker s ar e det er mi ned by t he
f or mul a
TXN/ P=S
wher e T=number of st udent s t o be enr ol l ed
N=number of t i mes/ week st udent i n
cour se
P =number

of

per i ods/ week

t hat
physi cal educat i on i s gi ven ( hour s/
day Xdays/ week)
"
CENTER
TRAFFI CAI SLE
NOCONFLI CT WI TH
DRESSI NGAREA
" BENCHFOREACHLOCKER
BANK
" LOCKERDOORS LESS
HAZARDOUSTHAN( b)
" BOTTOMGYMSUI T
LOCKERI NCONVENI ENT
- MAXI MUMFLOORAREA
REQUI RED
" COMBI NEDAI SLE AND
DRESSI NGAREA-
CONGESTED
" SI NGLE SEAT FORTWO
BANKS
OF
LOCKERS
- UNPROTECTEDLOCKER
DOORS I NAI SLE PRESENT
HAZARD
" BOTTOMGYMSUI T
LOCKERI NCONVENI ENT
- ECONOMI CALUSE OF
FLOORAREA
( a)
" COMBI NEDWI DERAI SLE AND
DRESSI NGAREA
*SEAT FOREACHLOCKERBANK
LESS CONGESTI ON
- SEAT
PROVI DES
AI SLE PROTECTI ON
FROMDOORSWI NG
- POSI TI VE THROUGH- LOCKER
VENTI LATI ON( SEE DETAI LSKETCH)
- ECONOMI CALUSE OF FLOORAREA
Fi g. 151
Educat i onal
Physi cal Educat i on: Locker Rooms
REQUI RES MOST FLOORAREA
PERRATI OUNI T
" HI GHESTI NI TI ALCOST
. AFFORDS GREATEST HANGI NG
DI MENSI ONI NGYMSUI T
LOCKERFORGOODVENTI LATI ON
ANDDRYI NGOF GYMSUI TS.
SEE SKETCHDETAI LOF
POSI TI VE VENTI LATI ON
THROUGH
LOCKERS
" ECONOMI CALUSE OF
FLOORAREABETWEEN
( a) AND( c)
" GOOD
VENTI LATI ON-
SI NCE
HANGI NGOF
GYMSUI TSPOSSI BLE
" REQUI RES
LEAST
FLOORSPACE PER
RATI OUNI T
"
POOR
VENTI LATI ON
ANDDRYI NGOF
GYM
SUI TS- NOHANGI NG
POSSI BLE
" LEAST
I NI TI AL
COST
OPENBASKET
PROVI DES
BETTERVENTI LATI ON
THAN( c) , NOT AS GOOD
AS ( a)
AND
( b)
REMOVABLE BASKETS
MORE SUBJ ECTTO
DAMAGE- MAI NTENANCE
PROBLEM
NOTE : OTHERWI DTHS, DEPTHS ANDCOMBI NATI ONS ARE AVAI LABLE: THESE SHOWN
ARE REPRESENTATI VE.
Fi g. 152
Fi g. 153

Convent i onal shower ( i n- wal l pi pi ng)
;
14 sq f t per head. Fi g. 155

Pr epi ped package shower s ( span- acr oss)
;
12. 2 sq f t par head.
Fi g. 156

Col umn shower s. ( Avai l abl e
i n 4,
5,
or 6 heads per col umn; 12. 8 sq f t
per
head at 5
. )
1
Fi g . 154

Pr epi ped package shower s ( wal l - mount ed) ; 14. 6 sq f t per head.
Fi g .
157 Wal k- t hr ough shower .
Fi g.
159 J uni or
hi gh
l ocker r oom
( 500) .
Educat i onal
SCHOOLS
Physi cal
Educat i on: Locker Rooms
Fi g. 158 Recommended
shower head hei ght s.
( Fr om" Basi c Body
Measur ement of School Age Chi l -
dr en, " U. S. Depar t ment of
Heal t h, Educat i on, andWel -
f ar e. )
Fi g. 160 Hi gh school gi r l s' l ocker r oom( 1500) .
Fi g. 161

Boys' physi cal educat i on and t eaml ocker r ooms
wi t h dual use shower s and t oi l et s bet ween.
Educat i onal
Physi cal Educat i on: Locker
Rooms
Fi g . 163

( a) Hooks. ( h) Uni f or mdr yi ng r ack .
( c)
Uni f or mdr yi ng and st or age r oom.
Fi g. 162
Teaml ocker r ooms wi t h j oi nt shower s.
Swi mmi ng
Pool s
Swi mmi ng pool s ar e a ver y desi r abl e, but r el a-
t i vel y expensi ve, par t of a physi cal educat i on
pr ogr am. However , wi t h t he i ncr easi ng publ i c
i nt er est i n par t i ci pat i ng, mor e r ecr eat i onal ac-
t i vi t i es ar e bei ng bui l t as par t s of school s or as
communi t y f aci l i t i es .
Newf i ni shes l i ke epoxy coat i ngs
and pr ef ab-
r i cat ed pool l i ner s of pl ast i c and al umi num
ar e
bei ng used mor e of t en. Swi mmi ng
pr ogr ams
di vi de t hei r act i vi t i es i nt o di vi ng, swi mmi ng i n-
st r uct i on,
and compet i t i ve swi mmi ng. The
mor e ext ensi ve f aci l i t i es accommodat e t hese
t hr ee act i vi t i es i nt o separ at e, appr opr i at el y de-
si gned pool s or devel op di vi ng " al cove" ar eas
i n T- or L- shaped pool s .
The basi cs of pool desi gn ar e cover ed i n Fi g.
165,
t he var i ous di mensi ons r el at i ng t o t he age
gr oup usi ng t he pool . I mpor t ant al so i s t he
amount and l ocat i on of t he sur r oundi ng deck
ar ea
f or i nst r uct i onal use, a r el at ed advant age
of t he T- and L- shaped pool s ( see Fi g. 166) .
Gi vi ng spect at or s a good and comf or t abl e
vi ewi nvol ves pr oper si ght l i nes, pl us a car e-
f ul consi der at i on of acoust i c and l i ght i ng t hat
t akes i nt o account t he r ef l ect ance of t he wat er .
Fi gur e 167 shows one sol ut i on
wher e t he
l i ght ,
sour ce has been scr eened and t he cei l i ng made
nonpar al l el t o t he f l oor t o mi ni mi ze r ever ber a-
t i on. Fi gur e 168 i l l ust r at es ot her i deas f or user
comf or t and conveni ence. Away t o
accom-
modat e super vi si on and pr i vacy bot h i s shown
i n Fi g. 169.
Fi gur e 170 i l l ust r at es a compl et e pool
and
SI ZE RECOMMENDATI ONS:
ELEMENTARYSCHOOL
WATERDEPTH: 2' TO4' , 4. 5'
MI N. WI DTH: 16'
DESI RABLE WI DTH: 20' , 25' ,
30'
MI N. LENGTH: 36'
DESI RABLE LENGTH: 50' , 60' , 75'
J R. HI GHSCHOOL
WATERDEPTH: 3' - 5'
MI N. WI DTH: 25'
DESI RABLE
WI DTH: 30' , 36' , 42'
MI N. LENGTH: 60'
DESI RABLE
LENGTH: 75'
SENI OR
HI GHSCHOOL
WATERDEPTH: 3' - 6" TO9' ( 1 M. BD) *
MI N. WI DTH: 36' 12'
( 2M. BD)
DESI RABLE WI DTH: 45' - 46'
MI N. LENGTH
DESI RABLE: 75' - 1"
" 4' SHALLOWDEPTHPERMI TS FASTER
TURNS
.
FASTER
SPEEDS
ARE POSSI BLE I N5' OR
DEEPERWATER.
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Physi cal Educat i on:
Locker Rooms,
Swi mmi ng Pool s
Fi g . 164

( a) Uni f or mdr yi ng t r uck . ( h) Tr uck hanger . ( c) Uni f or mdr yi ng and st or age r oom.
Fi g . 165

Recommended mi ni mumpool desi gn di mensi ons . ( *NCAA, 1970; FI NA, 1968. )
Fi g. 168 Comf or t
cont r ol . Fi g.
169

Vi sual cont r ol f or super vi si on
.
Fi g. 167

Li ght
sour ce
not vi si bl e f r om spect at or ar ea.
Fi g. 166

Addi t i onal pool shapes
i ncor por at i ng separ at ed di vi ng pool .
Educat i onal
Physi cal Educat i on:
Swi mmi ng Pool s
Educat i onal
ELEMENTARY
ANDSECONDARYSCHOOLS
Physi cal Educat i on: Swi mmi ng Pool s ; Audi t or i ums
suppor t i ng l ocker f aci l i t y. I n many st at es sep-
ar at e l ocker f aci l i t i es ar e r equi r ed f or pool use.
Not e i n t he l ocker r ooml ayout , t he ent r y i nt o
t he pool vi a t he shower r oom, a basi c r equi r e-
ment .
AUDI TORI UMS
The school audi t or i um i s f r equent l y used as
a cent er f or communi t y af f ai r s . I t
shoul d be
so desi gned and equi pped t hat i t may be
used
ef f ect i vel y by al l gr oups- amat eur s, pr of es-
si onal s, yout h and adul t al i ke.
The use of t hi s
f aci l i t y wi l l ext end over a wi de
r ange, i ncl udi ng
concer t s, pl ays, mot i on pi ct ur es,
f or ums, and
ot her f or ms of pr esent at i on.
The st age i s t he essent i al educat i onal
f aci l -
i t y, f or i t i s on t he st age t hat young
peopl e
have t he oppor t uni t y t o l ear n t o pr esent
t hem-
sel ves bef or e l ar ge gr oups . I t shoul d be
de-
si gned f or ease of movement of per f or mer s
and st age set s . Ar eas t hat suppor t
pr oduc-
t i on, such as st agecr af t , band r oom,
chor al
r oom, st or age, dr essi ng r ooms, and r est r ooms,
shoul d be l ocat ed t o gi ve r api d and conveni ent
access t o t he st age.
Manyschool of f i ci al s have expr essed a pr ef -
er ence f or audi t or i ums wi t hout any nat ur al
l i ght i ng. Absol ut e l i ght cont r ol i s essent i al f or
a good per f or mance. I n some school s,
wi n- dows can be dar kened by aut omat i c cont r ol s
oper at ed f r oma cent r al poi nt . St age l i ght i ng
shoul d be f l exi bl e and si mpl e enough t o per mi t
amat eur s t o oper at e t he equi pment ef f ect i vel y.
The seat i ng of t he audi t or i umi s
not as i m-
por t ant f r oman educat i onal poi nt of
vi ewas
i t may be f r omt he communi t y
use st andpoi nt .
Ther e i s no need f or t he school audi t or i um
t o
seat t he ent i r e st udent body. I t i s best
desi gned
when t he audi ence i s smal l
enough t o make
par t i ci pat i on possi bl e i n gr oup
di scussi ons
and t o ensur e a r easonabl y f ul l assembl y
ar ea
under most t ypes of usage. A
capaci t y of 300
t o 800 woul d nor mal l y meet al l school
r equi r e-
ment s . Addi t i onal capaci t y woul d be di ct at ed
l ar gel y by communi t y use.
The school audi t or i umi n Fi gs . 171 and 172
wi l l comf or t abl y seat about 850 st udent s . A
t i cket boot h i s l ocat ed i n t he f oyer of t he
audi -
t or i uml obby. Thi s l obby pr ovi des ampl e ci r cu-
l at i on space i mmedi at el y out si de t he seat i ng
ar ea. The pl acement of seat s and ai sl es gi ves
good t r af f i c ci r cul at i on. The ent i r e seat i ng ar ea
has adequat e si ght l i nes gi vi ng good vi ewof
Fi g . 170

( a)
Bal cony seat i ng l evel . ( b) Pool deck l evel
.
Fi g . 172
Fi g .
171
Educat i onal
Audi t or i ums
t he st agef r omal l seat s. The f r ont of t he st age
pl at f or m ext ends beyond t he mai n cur t ai n,
pr ovi di ng ar ea f or a speaker or di scussi on
panel whi l e t he mai n st age i s bei ng set up
f or a f ol l owi ng per f or mance. The st age cur -
t ai ns, t easer s, bor der s, and cycl or ama shown
on t he dr awi ng ar e adequat e t o suppor t t he
var i ous st age act i vi t i es . The ampl e cor r i dor
space and door s back st age pr ovi de r api d ci r -
cul at i on of per f or mer s, st age cr ews, and pr op-
er t i es . The band and chor al r ooms ar e con-
veni ent l y l ocat ed wi t h di r ect access t o t he
st age. Musi c pr act i ce r ooms ar e al so used as
dr essi ng r ooms f or per f or mer s . Thi s audi t o-
r i umhas di r ect access t o a del i ver y ar ea, whi ch
i s conveni ent when del i ver i ng or r emovi ng
st age pr oper t i es .
Thi s audi t or i um uni t ( Fi g. 173) i s a com-
muni t y ar t cent er . I nt egr at i on of al l t he ar t s
wi t h t he audi t or i umi s hi ghl y desi r abl e.
The educat i onal pr ogr amof t he school and
t he needs of t he communi t y r esul t ed i n
t hi s
ext ensi ve audi t or i um
cent er
( Fi g . 174) .
Over
1, 400 seat s ar e pr ovi ded on t he mai n f l oor
and bal cony ar ea. Adj acent t o t he st age i s a
wor kshop r oomwher e scener y and pr oper t i es
may be desi gned, bui l t , and moved di r ect l y
t o t he st age. Thi s r oomal so pr ovi des
st or age
f or f l at s and pr ops. The ar ea i n f r ont of t he
st age i s l ar geenough t o seat a band or or ches-
t r a wi t h adj acent st or age f or musi c chai r s and
st ands . St udent and adul t per f or mer s ar e pr o-
vi ded wi t h dr essi ng r ooms, makeup r oom,
and t oi l et s.
Fi gur es 175 and 176 i l l ust r at e an audi t or i um
uni t
wher e
consi der abl e emphasi s i s
pl aced
on t eachi ng and pr epar at i on f or t heat er , t el e-
vi si on, and r adi o pr oduct i ons. Thi s desi gn may
be consi der ed mor e
advant ageous
f or st udent
use t han f or use by communi t y
gr oups . Not e
t he r el at i on i n
ar ea
of t he st age and seat i ng
space.
Fi g. 173 W. B. I t i ner , Ar chi t ect
Fi g. 175
Fi g.
176 M. McDowel l Br acket t , Ar chi t ect
Fi g.
174 LaPi er r e, Li t chf i el d and Par t ner s, Ar chi t ect s
Educat i onal
GUI DANCE SERVI CES
SCHEME 2
DI AGRAMMATI C
SCHEME
I
DI AGRAMMATI C
Fi g. 1
Wai t i ng Ar ea
Thewai t i ng ar ea i s pr ovi ded as a r ecept i on ar ea,
as an i nf or mat i onal r esour ce ar ea,
and as a pl ace
f or st udent s and ot her s t o wai t f or t hei r appoi nt -
ment wi t h t he
counsel or s . Thi s r oomshoul d be
suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge t o pr ovi de space f or a
secr et ar y-
r ecept i oni st and
f or one st udent f or each coun-
sel or avai l abl e. I n addi t i on, t her e shoul d
be space
avai l abl e
f or t hr ee or f our addi t i onal per sons,
such as par ent s or t eacher s who
mi ght be accom-
panyi ng t he st udent
. Thus, f or a school whi ch
has t hr ee counsel or s, wai t i ng
space shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or about
seven or ei ght per sons.
I n or der t o pr ovi de a smoot her f l ow
of t r af f i c,
and
al so t o mi ni mi ze possi bl e embar r assment t o
t hose st udent s who appear
t o have exper i enced
an
emot i onal di st ur bance dur i ng t he counsel i ng
i nt er vi ew, i t i s desi r abl e t hat
exi t s ot her t han
t hr ough t he wai t i ng ar ea be pr ovi ded f or st udent s
l eavi ng counsel i ng
of f i ces. ( See Fi g. 1. )
Counsel or s'
Of f i ces
The counsel or s of f i ce i s t he set t i ng f or
t he i nt er -
vi ew. Ther e
shoul d be an of f i ce f or each counsel or .
The i nt er vi ewusual l y i nvol ves onl y
t he counsel or
and t he st udent
. However , at t i mes ot her per sons
such as a t eacher , t he chi l d' s par ent s,
or anot her
pr of essi onal wor ker , such as t he vi si t i ng
t eacher ,
ar e cal l ed i nt o conf er ence
. Si nce t he i nt er vi ew
Physi cal Faci l i t i es f or School
Gui dance Ser vi ces, Of f i ce
of Educat i on, Dept . of
Heal t h, Educat i on, and Wel f ar e,
Washi ngt on
.
i s
r egar ded as conf i dent i al , t he r oomshoul d of f er
pr i vacy, and shoul d be r easonabl y
soundpr oof .
The use of par t i al par t i t i ons i s not sat i sf act or y.
Smal l Conf er ence Room
The
smal l conf er ence r oomwi l l be used
f or case
conf er ences wher e
as many as 10 per sons may
be pr esent
. I t al so may be used by such
pr of es-
si onal per sons as t he
vi si t i ng t eacher , school psy-
chol ogi st ,
heal t h and medi cal ser vi ces per sonnel ,
at t endance of f i cer , col l ege
admi ssi ons per sonnel ,
and t he
school psychomet r i st or di agnost i ci an
f or
i ndi vi dual t est i ng or f or
smal l gr oup ( l ess t han
10) t est i ng.
Mul t i pur pose
Gui dance Room
Thi s r oom wi l l have many uses . These
uses wi l l
var y f r omschool t o
school dependi ng upon t he
gui dance ser vi ces of f er ed and upon
t he concept
of
gr oup pr ocedur es i n gui dance whi ch
pr evai l s .
The r oomshoul d be
about t he same si ze as a
r egul ar cl assr oom. When a mul t i pur pose
r oomas
a par t of t he
gui dance ar ea i s not f easi bl e, some
school s make use of a conveni ent l y l ocat ed
cl ass-
r oom. Uses mayi ncl ude
gr oup pr ocedur es, gr oup
t est i ng, and i nser vi ce t r ai ni ng sessi ons i n gui d-
ance. Some
school s may use i t as a cent er f or
i nf or mat i on ser vi ces . ( See Fi g. 2. )
St or age Room
St or age space i s
desi r abl e i n sever al of t he ar eas.
Thi s
coul d be one ar ea or sever al
smal l er ar eas,
dependi ng on t he si ze of t he gui dance
ar ea and
t he i ngenui t y of
t he ar chi t ect .
SUMMARY
OF
LOCATI ONANDSPACE
GUI DELI NES
Locat i on
The gui dance uni t shoul d
be:
1. Separ at e f r ombut near t he
admi ni st r at i ve
of f i ces f or conveni ent
access t o per sonnel r ecor ds
and cer t ai n cl er i cal ser vi ces . ( See Fi g.
2. )
2.
Accessi bl e by a di r ect ent r ance f r om
cor r i -
dor .
3.
Locat ed t o pr ovi de exi t s f r om counsel i ng
ar ea separ at e f r oment r ances,
i f possi bl e.
4. Readi l y accessi bl e t o st udent s and near
t he
mai n f l owof st udent t r af f i c t o
f aci l i t at e cont act ,
schedul i ng, and communi cat i on.
5. Readi l yaccessi bl e
f r omamai n ent r ance f or
t he benef i t of par ent s and r epr esent at i ves
of com-
muni t y agenci es
.
6. Reasonabl y near t o r el at ed
per sonnel ser -
vi ces, such as
pupi l account i ng, heal t h, and psy-
chol ogi cal ser vi ces .
7. Reasonabl y
near t o t he l i br ar y f or conve-
ni ence i n use of di spl ay and
r ef er ence mat er i al s.
Space
The gui dance uni t shoul d pr ovi de:
1. At t r act i ve and
comf or t abl e r ecept i on ar ea
wi t h
appr opr i at e mat er i al s t o encour age
pr of i t -
abl e use of
wai t i ng t i me.
2. Pr i vat e counsel i ng r ooms or
of f i ces.
3. Conf er ence r oom
f or such uses as case con-
f er ences ; i ndi vi dual t est i ng; speci al st af f per son-
nel such as t he school
nur se,
vi si t i ng
t eacher ,
speech cor r ect i oni st ; i nt er vi ewi ng by pr ospect i ve
empl oyer s and r epr esent at i ves of i nst i t ut i ons
of
hi gher l ear ni ng.
4. Mul t i pur pose r oomadj acent t o counsel i ng
of f i ces f or gr oup t est i ng, gr oup pr ocedur es, and
i nser vi ce t r ai ni ng act i vi t i es .
Fi g. 2

Locat i on
of
gui dance
uni t
.
( Repr oduced f r om" Admi ni st r at i ve Faci l i t i es i n School Bui l di ngs, " Speci al
Publ i cat i on No.
6,
U
. S . Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on and Wel f ar e, Of f i ce of Educat i on, Washi ngt on,
1957. )
Educat i onal
GUI DANCE SERVI CES
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
Cl assr ooms
CLASSROOMS
Maj or f act or s t o be
consi der ed i n desi gni ng a
cl assr oomar e t he f ol l owi ng:
l .
Seat i ng and wr i t i ng sur f aces
2. Space and f ur ni shi ngs f or
t he l ect ur er
3. The use of
wal l space, i ncl udi ng chal kboar ds,
scr eens, si ze and l ocat i on of
wi ndows, et c.
4.
Faci l i t i es f or pr oj ect i on and t el evi si on
5. Coat r acks, st or age,
and ot her conveni ences
6. Acoust i cs and
l i ght i ng
7. Heat i ng and ai r condi t i oni ng
8. Aest het i c
consi der at i ons
Cl assr oom
Seat i ng The seat i ng ar r angement i s
t he most i mpor t ant f eat ur e
i n det er mi ni ng t he
si ze and shape
of a cl assr oom. Seat i ng ar r ange-
ment s i n a mat hemat i cs cl assr oomshoul d
pr ovi de
al l st udent s wi t h
a good vi ewof t he f r ont chal k-
boar d, r eady access bot h t o
t he seat s and t o
chal kboar ds on ot her
wal l s, an adequat e, wel l -
i l l umi nat ed wr i t i ng sur f ace
at each seat , a pl ace
t o set books
and paper s, r easonabl e comf or t , and
pr i vacy i n t aki ng exami nat i ons. I n
a cl ass of 50
or
f ewer st udent s, wher e a l ong f r ont chal kboar d
i s desi r abl e,
i t seems bet t er t o have t he f r ont
wal l l onger t han t he si de
wal l s
.
Thi s pr esupposes
t hat t her e
ar e mor e st udent s i n a r owof seat s
t han t her e ar e r ows ; f or
exampl e, vi si bi l i t y i s bet -
t er i n a cl assr oomhavi ng f i ve r ows of seven
seat s
t han i n one havi ng seven
r ows of f i ve seat s. I n
ar oommeasur i ng 26' X30' ( Fi g. 1) , wi t h separ at e
t abl et
ar mchai r s f or 35 st udent s, t he seven seat s
i n a r owmi ght have a spaci ng of 3' 6"
bet ween
seat
cent er s l at er al l y and 4' 6" bet ween t he end
seat cent er s and si de wal l s ( 6
X
3' 6"
- f - 9' _
30' ) .
Spaci ng f r om f r ont t o back i n a col umn
mi ght be 3 f eet bet ween seat
cent er s wi t h 4 f eet
behi nd t he back- seat cent er and 10 f eet bet ween
t he f r ont - seat cent er and
t he f r ont chal kboar d
( 4
X
3'
+14' =26' ) . Thi s pat t er n al l ows f or
ai sl es of about 20 i nches
bet ween col umns, a
wi dt h j ust
under t he 22- i nch " uni t wi dt h" used
as a st andar d i n est i mat i ng
t henumber of per sons
who can wal k
abr east i n a cor r i dor or st ai r hal l .
Thi s ar r angement r equi r es about 22 squar e
f eet
of space per
st udent . Lect ur e hal l s whose seat s
have f ol di ng t abl et ar ms may al l ow
15 squar e
f eet or
l ess per st udent .
Cl ose- packed seat i ng
ar r angement s ar enot t he
most
desi r abl e, but somet i mes ar e necessar y be-
cause l ar ger r ooms ar e
not avai l abl e. Laws i n
some
st at es pr ovi de t hat no per son shal l have
t o pass mor e
t han si x ot her s t o r each an ai sl e;
hence 14 per sons i n a r owbet ween
ai sl es i s an
absol ut e
maxi mum. I f 10 t o 14 st udent s si t next
t o each ot her i n a r ow
behi nd a l ong st r i p t abl e
or
wr i t i ng l edge, t he l edge shoul d be at l east
12 i nches wi de and shoul d
pr ovi de at l east 2
f eet of
l engt h per per son. An ar r angement
wher eby t he near er hal f
of t he wr i t i ng sur f ace
i n f r ont
of each per son can f ol d up and away
f r omt he wr i t er gi ves
mor e r oomf or st udent s t o
pass
. Aspaci ng bet ween r ows of
42 i nches be-
J .
Sut her l and and J ohn W. McLeod,
Bui l di ngs and
Faci l i t i es f or t he Mat hemat i cal
Sci ences, Conf er ence
Boar d
of t he Mat hemat i cal Sci ences,
Washi ngt on, 1963.
t ween seat cent er s i s adequat e
f or most seat i ng
ar r angement s
t hat use st r i p t abl es f or wr i t i ng.
Tabl et ar mchai r s ar e commonl y used
f or seat -
i ng
i n col l ege cl assr ooms i n t he Uni t ed St at es
and per mi t r ows t o be spaced ever y 3
f eet . They
ar e
sat i sf act or y f or most cl asses t hat do not make
useof speci al equi pment ( such as desk
cal cul at or s
or sl i de r ul es) , pr ovi ded t hey have al ar ge wr i t i ng
sur f ace and a
shel f under neat h f or books and
paper s . Tabl et ar mchai r s may be
f ound ei t her
f i xed t o t he f l oor , f ast ened t oget her i n set s of
t wo t o si x t hat can be moved
as a gr oup, or
i ndi vi dual l y movabl e. When chai r s ar e f i xed t o
t he f l oor t he ar r angement shoul d
be one t hat
per mi t s good vi si bi l i t y and r eady access . Good
vi si bi l i t y maybe achi eved
i n t hr ee ways : by sl op-
i ng t he f l oor , by
st agger i ng seat s i n consecut i ve
r ows, or by wi de spaci ng
.
An ar r angement per mi t t i ng a cl ass
of 30 t o
spr ead out
f or exami nat i on pur poses i n a 26' X
26' cl assr oomseat i ng 40 st udent s woul d be t he
f ol l owi ng ( Fi g . 2) :
i n each of f i ve r ows, spaced
3 f eet apar t f r om f r ont t o back bet ween
seat
cent er s, l et t wo t r i pl es of seat s be
pl aced wi t h
seat
cent er s 2 f eet apar t l at er al l y and wi t h a
4- f oot cent r al ai sl e f r omf r ont t o
back bet ween
t r i pl es. I n 5- f oot ai sl es at t he si des, l et
movabl e
t abl et ar mchai r s be pl aced next t o
t he f i xed seat s
f or l ect ur es and r eci t at i ons ( keepi ng t he 3- f oot
ai sl e by t he wal l s) , but l et t hese chai r s
be moved
over
next
t o
t he wal l s dur i ng exami nat i ons . I f
t he cent er chai r i n each
f i xed t r i pl e wer e l ef t
vacant , t her e woul d st i l l be 30 wi del y
spaced
chai r s avai l abl e f or an
exami nat i on. Anot her pat -
t er n i nvol ves j oi nt act i vi t y by t wo i nst r uct or s
whose adj oi ni ng cl assr ooms
ar e separ at ed by a
f ol di ng par t i t i on, and can be combi ned
i nt o a
l ar ger r oom
f or
60
f or appr opr i at e por t i ons of
t he i nst r uct i on
( Fi g .
3) .
AFr ont Pl at f or m

I n
f r ont
of
t he st udent s' seat i ng
ar ea, t her e shoul d be enough space f or t he l ec-
t ur er t o wal k back and
f or t h bef or e a l ong chal k-
boar d
. I n r ooms wi t h mor e t han f i ve r ows of
seat s
t her ei s an advant agei n havi ng a
pl at f or m, possi -
bl y
8
i nches above t he f l oor and ext endi ng t he
Fi g. 1

Seat i ng ar r angement i n a cl assr oom
f or 35 st udent s.
Fi g. 2

Cl assr oomf or 40, wi t h 10
si de seat s movabl e.
Educat i onal
COLLEGE ANDUNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Lect ur e Rooms
f ul l wi dt h of t he r oom, on whi ch t he t eacher may
wal k t he
l engt h of t he boar d wi t hout danger of
f al l i ng of f t he end. The chal kboar d
shoul d t hen
be r ai sed cor r espondi ngl yhi gher above t he cl ass-
r oomf l oor f or bet t er vi si bi l i t y. The
mat hemat i cs
t eacher
needs a t abl e on whi ch he [ she] can pl ace
hi s [ her ] l ect ur e not es and
paper s, but i t i s bet t er
t o have
t hi s t abl e ei t her movabl e on cast er s or
f i xed at t he si de of t he pl at f or mwher e
i t does
not bl ock t he vi ewof t he chal kboar d f r om t he
f i r st t wo r ows of st udent s . I f an over head
pr oj ect or
i s
t o be used, t her e must ei t her be a pl ace wher e
i t can be mount ed per manent l y at t he
f r ont of
t he
r oom, or t her e must be pr ovi si on f or r ol l i ng
i t i n on a car t and connect i ng i t el ect r i cal l y. I n
t he l at t er case, t he f r ont
pl at f or mmi ght be sl i ght l y
l ower and be accessi bl e by a r amp. The mat he-
mat i cs t eacher sel dom si t s dur i ng a l ect ur e
but
may wi sh t o si t
down dur i ng an exami nat i on.
Ther e shoul d be a chai r by hi s [ her ] t abl e
or desk.
Al ect ur e r oomshoul d be so pl aced i n abui l di ng
t hat i t i s accessi bl e t o st udent s
wi t hout over cr owd-
i ng
of cor r i dor s or st ai r ways. Coat r acks, ade-
quat e bul l et i n boar ds
l i ni ng t he cor r i dor s, and
ampl e t oi l et
f aci l i t i es shoul d be pr ovi ded near by.
The r oomi t sel f shoul d
be ar r anged so t hat t he
audi ence canseewel l , hear wel l , and be comf or t -
abl e. I n par t t hi s depends on t emper at ur e, humi d-
i t y, backgr ound
of l i ght and sound, and seat i ng
space.
Pr oj ect i on Syst ems

The l ar ge l ect ur e r oomshoul d
be bui l t t o accommodat e a var i et y of pr oj ect i on
syst ems t hat maybe used i mmedi at el y or i n t he
mor e di st ant f ut ur e. An over head pr oj ect or r e-
qui r es an el ect r i cal
out l et near t he l ect ur er ' s t abl e,
pl aced so t hat t he l ect ur er wi l l not t r i p over t he
cor d, and al so
a scr een pr oper l y mount ed t o as-
sur e t hat t he ent i r e cl ass has good vi si bi l i t y wi t h
mi ni mumdi st or t i on. Mor e
scr eens or a wi de scr een
maybe needed t o enabl e t he l ect ur er t o use t wo
or mor e over head pr oj ect or s at once. I f movi es,
f i l ms,
or sl i des ar e pr oj ect ed f r omt he r ear of
t he r oomand r ef l ect ed f r om
a
f r ont
scr een, t he
r oomshoul d have a pr oj ect i on boot h, or at l east
a sui t abl e st and and el ect r i cal out l et
f or t he pr o-
j ect or . Remot e
cont r ol s f or oper at i ng t he pr oj ect or
ar e desi r abl e. Shades may be
r equi r ed f or dar k-
eni ng a
r oomwi t h wi ndows. I f t he " r ear scr een"
met hod of pr oj ect i on i s t o be used, i n whi ch t he
i mage i s t hr own ont o a t r ansl ucent scr een
mount ed i n t he f r ont wal l f r om a pr oj ect or i n
an
adj acent r oombeyond t he f r ont wal l , t he bui l d-
i ng pl ans must i ncl ude adequat e pr ovi si on f or
t hi s pr oj ect i on
r oom.
Ar oomor space f or t he pr epar at i on of t r an-
spar enci es or ot her
vi sual s i s a cor ol l ar y of t hei r
use. Mat er i al can be pr epar ed on or di nar y paper
and copi ed qui ckl y ont o a t r anspar ency by a t her -
mal dupl i cat or
or si mi l ar equi pment . Such copi es
can be post ed af t er t he l ect ur e f or i nspect i on
by st udent s . St or age f or
such mat er i al s must al so
be pr ovi ded, as wel l as f or any mat er i al s di st r i b-
ut ed t o st udent s t o suppl ement t hei r l ect ur e
not es.
Pr ovi si on f or r ecei vi ng and t r ansmi t t i ng t el evi -
si on i s al so an i mpor t ant consi der at i on
i n
pl anni ng
a l ect ur e
r oomf or l ar ge gr oup i nst r uct i on.
Seat i ng
and Vi si bi l i t y Good vi si bi l i t y depends
not onl y on t he ar r angement of chal kboar ds and
of pr oj ect i on scr eens and equi pment , but al so
t o a l ar ge degr ee upon seat i ng
ar r angement s.
Fact or s t o be consi der ed ar e avoi dance of ob-
J . Sut her l and and J ohn W. McLeod, Bui l di ngs and
Faci l i t i es
f or t he Mat hemat i cal Sci ences, Conf er ence
Boar d of
Mat hemat i cal Sci ences, Washi ngt on, 1963. Fi g.
4

Opt i mumvi ewi ng angl es.
Fi g
. 3

Acl assr oomdi vi si bl e i nt o t wo semi nar r ooms.
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Lect ur e Rooms
mor e t han si x t i mes t he wi dt h of t hescr een i mage
t o be vi ewed and t hat t hedi st ance
f r oma per son
t o t he chal kboar d shoul d not exceed 400 t i mes
t he si ze of t he smal l est l et t er or di gi t
bei ng wr i t -
t en. Thus, i f t he back r owof st udent s i s 64
f eet
away, t he l ect ur er shoul d
make hi s l et t er s and
di gi t s at l east t wo i nches hi gh. Si mi l ar st udi es
i ndi cat e
t hat t he angl e of el evat i on f r omt he eye
t o t he upper par t of an obj ect on t he scr een or
chal kboar d shoul d not exceed 30
degr ees ( see
Fi g. 4) . I f l ect ur e r ooms ar e bui l t i n a f an shape
i nst ead of a r ect angul ar shape, t he mi ni muman-
gl e bet ween l i ne of si ght and t he bl ackboar d
shoul d be at l east 30 degr ees
and pr ef er abl y
mor e t han 45 degr ees. These l i mi t at i ons
of vi ew-
i ng di st ance and
angl e i mpose r est r i ct i ons on t he
pl acement of seat s f or adequat e
vi ewi ng.
t o see over or ar ound t he heads
of t hose i n f r ont
of hi mand t o gi ve t he i mpr essi on of a smal l er
r oom. I f t he seat s i n successi ve r ows
ar est agger ed
so t hat t he l i ne of si ght f r omone seat t o t he
l ect ur er goes di r ect l y
bet ween t he cent er s of t wo
seat s
i n t he next r ow, t he r i se r equi r ed per r ow
may be r educed by hal f
. Cl osel y i nt er dependent
ar e t he sl ope of t he f l oor and t he hei ght of t he
speaker ' s pl at f or m. The use of
a r ai sed pl at f or m
f or t he t eacher has advant ages i n i ncr eased vi si -
bi l i t y i n any r oomseat i ng mor e
t han about 40
per sons, pr ovi ded t hat t he t abl e or ot her f ur ni t ur e
on t he pl at f or m does not bl ock t he
chal kboar d
f or t hose i n t he f r ont r ows . [ Apossi bl e pl an i s
shown i n Fi g. 5. 1
St udi es of di st ances andangl es f or sat i sf act or y
vi ewi ng i ndi cat e t hat seat s shoul d be pl aced at
a di st ance f r oma scr een not l ess t han
t wi ce nor
st r uct i ons, sl ope of t he f l oor and hei ght of t he
speaker ' s pl at f or m,
vi ewi ng di st ance, and t he ex-
t r eme ver t i cal and hor i zont al vi ewi ng angl es . I t
i s cl ear t hat a good l ect ur e r oomwi l l not have
col umns or suppor t s so pl aced as t o bl ock t he
f r ont scr een and chal kboar d f r om any seat i n
t he r oom. However , when a l ar ge demonst r at i on
t abl e st ands on a pl at f or mbet ween
t he chal k-
boar dand t he audi ence, t he l ower 12 t o 18 i nches
of
t he boar d of t en cannot be seen by peopl e
i n t hef i r st f ewr ows. I n t hi s case, ver t i cal l y sl i di ng
chal kboar ds ar e needed so t hat t he wr i t i ng may
be r ai sed t o a l evel wher e i t can be seen by
al l . Asl opi ng f l oor i n a l ect ur e r oomwi l l gener al l y
add somewhat t o t he cost of
const r uct i on, but
i n many i nst ances i t wi l l be wor t h t he ext r a cost
i n
pr ovi di ng
good
vi si bi l i t y f or al l . The obj ect of
a sl opi ng f l oor i s t o make i t easi er f or a per son
Fi g. 5 Thr ee audi t or i ums wi t h common
pr epar at i on r oom.
GYMNASI UMS
Basi c Consi der at i ons
The t ype and si ze of gymnasi um f aci l i t i es
needed f or a gi ven col l ege or uni ver si t y wi l l de-
pend upon many f act or s, one of t he most i m-
por t ant of whi ch i s t he ant i ci pat ed enr ol l ment
of
t he i nst i t ut i on. Agymnasi umpl anned t o
ser ve 2, 000
st udent s wi l l , obvi ousl y, be con-
si der abl y
smal l er t han, and di f f er ent i n desi gn
and const r uct i on
f r om,
a
f aci l i t y pl anned f or a
uni ver si t y of 10, 000 or mor e st udent s . I n ot her
wor ds,
pl anni ng must be done wi t h f ut ur e en-
r ol l ment i n mi nd,
and
as par t
of t he mast er pl an
f or t he col l ege
or uni ver si t y. I f a col l ege or
uni ver si t y has a def i ni t e
enr ol l ment cei l i ng, t he
bui l di ng maybe pl anned f or t hi s
enr ol l ment . I f
t he enr ol l ment cei l i ng i s
i ndef i ni t e, however ,
t he st r uct ur e shoul d be pl anned so
t hat addi -
t i ons t o t he bui l di ng ar e f easi bl e. Most
uni ver -
si t i es or col l eges
shoul d pl an f or and bui l d f or
expansi on. Gymnasi um space i s
usual l y
pl anned t o t ake car e of enr ol l ment s
f or at l east
t enyear s i n advance.
Uni ver si t i es of 15, 000 or
mor e st udent s may f i nd i t
desi r abl e t o bui l d
mor e t han one gymnasi um
st r uct ur e, each ser -
vi ci ng an ar ea of t he campus.
Anot her f act or t hat wi l l af f ect
t he
t ype
of
bui l di ng const r uct ed i s t he phi l osophy of
t he
admi ni st r at i on
concer ni ng at hl et i cs and phys-
i cal educat i on. Many quest i ons
need t o be
answer ed bef or e pl anni ng
begi ns
.
Some of
t hese quest i ons ar e:
- Wi l l al l st udent s be r equi r ed t o t ake
phys-
i cal educat i on f or one, t wo, t hr ee, or f our
year s?
I s t he r equi r ed pr ogr ami n physi cal educa-
t i on t o be br oad i n scope; i . e. , wi l l agr eet many
oppor t uni t i es t o devel op spor t s ski l l s be
ex-
t ended t o st udent s?
" I s t eacher educat i on i n physi cal educa-
t i on t o be par t of t he pr ogr am?
" What r esponsi bi l i t y does t he col l ege or
uni ver si t y t ake f or t he physi cal educat i on, r ec-
r eat i on, and f i t ness of i t s f acul t y?
" I s i t ant i ci pat ed t hat r esear ch i n physi cal
educat i on, heal t h, and r ecr eat i on may become
an i mpor t ant aspect of t he pr ogr am?
" What i s t he scope of t he var si t y at hl et i c
pr ogr am?
( The f aci l i t y r equi r ement s ar e con-
si der abl y
di f f er ent i f var si t y t eams ar e t o be
f i el ded onl y
i n
t he
maj or spor t s . )
" What wi l l
be done
t o
pr ovi de f aci l i t i es f or
an expanded
pr ogr amof i nt r amur al s and ext r a-
mur al s?
Pr i nci pl es of
Gymnasi umand Const r uct i on
I ndoor f aci l i t i es f or spor t s endat hl et i cs shoul d
be
pl anned so t hat al l act i vi t y ar eas wi l l be
avai l abl e
t o bot h men and women. I t i s unwi se
t o i dent i f y
f aci l i t i es as men' s or women' s
at hl et i c ar eas. Good pl anni ng wi l l per mi t easy
Pl anni ng Ar eas and Faci l i t i es f or Heal t h,
Physi cal Educat i on, and Recr eat i on, r ev. 1966,
The
At hl et i c I nst i t ut e, Mer chandi se
Mar t , Chi -
cago, I I I . , Amer i can Associ at i on f or Heal t h,
Physi cal Educat i on, and
Recr eat i on, Washi ng-
t on, D. C.
access t o al l ar eas f r om bot h t he men' s and
women' s l ocker r ooms. Thi s t ype of
pl anni ng
per mi t s t he f l exi bi l i t y necessar y f or ef f i ci ent
ut i l i zat i on
and cont r ol .
The space used f or per manent seat i ng of
spect at or s at at hl et i c event s shoul d be kept
t o a
mi ni mumunl ess space and f unds pr esent
no
pr obl emt o be consi der ed. Rol l - away or
f ol di ng
bl eacher s shoul d be used i n or der t o
ut i l i ze ef f i ci ent l y t he
space avai l abl e. Most col -
l eges and uni ver si t i es
cannot af f or d t o i nvest
l ar ge sums of money nor gi ve
l ar ge ar eas of
spacet o per manent seat i ng
whi ch
i s
used onl y
a f ewt i mes each
year .
The heal t h and
saf et y of t hose usi ng t he
bui l di ng shoul d be a pr i me
consi der at i on i n
pl anni ng of al l act i vi t y ar eas.
The di sabl ed and
t he agi ng shoul d al so be consi der ed
.
The const r uct i on of t he t ypes of
f aci l i t i es
and t he al l ocat i on of adequat e squar e
f oot age
t o handl e a br oad at hl et i c and i nt r amur al
pr o-
gr am wi l l pr ovi de mor e t han enough gr oss
space f or a t wo- year physi cal
educat i on r e-
qui r ement f or al l st udent s .
The t r af f i c pat t er ns f or a bui l di ng shoul d be
car ef ul l y st udi ed. Locker s, shower s,
and
t owel i ng r ooms shoul d be cent r al l y l ocat ed
i n
t he bui l di ng so t hat t hey mayser ve al l
act i vi t y
ar eas. Easy access shoul d be pr ovi ded
f r omt he
l ocker r ooms t o t he pl ayi ng f i el ds adj acent t o
t he bui l di ng
.
St or age r ooms
f or equi pment and suppl i es
shoul d be car ef ul l y pl anned
and f unct i onal l y
l ocat ed. These r ooms shoul d be of
t hr ee t ypes :
- Cent r al r ecei vi ng st or age
r oom, t o whi ch
al l equi pment and suppl i es ar e del i ver ed.
The
war ehouse st or age r oomshoul d be accessi bl e
by t r uck.
" Ut i l i t y st or age r ooms l ocat ed adj acent t o
gymnasi ums so t hat bul ky equi pment may be
moved t o t he f l oor and back t o st or age wi t h
l i mi t ed di f f i cul t y. Over head door s or doubl e
door s shoul d be l ar ge enough t o per mi t f r ee
movement of heavy equi pment .
" Suppl y r ooms wi t h an
at t endant ' s wi ndow
openi ng t o t he l ocker
r ooms .
Of f - season st or age r ooms
ar e cr i t i cal l y
needed. Thet ype of equi pment t o be
moved and
st or ed wi l l def i ne t he di mensi ons
of t he r oom
and si ze of t he door s needed . Reser ve
st or age
shoul d al so be pr ovi ded.
Locat i on of t he Gymnasi um
I f physi cal educat i on
and at hl et i c f aci l i t i es ar e
used by al l of t he
st udent s at a col l ege or
uni ver si t y, t he gymnasi umf aci l i t y shoul d
be
cent r al l y l ocat ed i n or der t o be easi l y
r eached
f r ombot h t he academi c bui l di ngs and
st udent
housi ng. Physi cal educat i on f aci l i t i es, t o ser ve
as t eachi ng st at i ons, must be cl ose enough
t o
academi c bui l di ngs t o make i t possi bl e f or
st udent s t o move f r omt he cl assr oomi nt o t he
gymnasi umand back wi t hi n t he t i me
pr ovi ded
bet ween cl asses.
Bui l di ngs used onl y f or i nt r amur al and i nt er -
col l egi at e act i vi t i es may be l ocat ed
f ar t her
f r omcl assr ooms and housi ng t han a gener al -
use
gymnasi umwoul d be. Thi s i s especi al l y
t r ue i f t he act i vi t i es pr omot ed i n t hese bui l d-
i ngs ar eschedul ed. I f t he bui l di ng i s t o be used
f or unschedul edpar t i ci pat i on of st udent s, how-
ever , t he amount of use wi l l var y i nver sel y
wi t h t hedi st ance f r omhousi ng
and ot her cam-
pus
bui l di ngs
.
The Mai n Gymnasi um
The cr i t er i a
f or det er mi ni ng t he si ze of t he gym-
nasi umar e: ( 1) t he nat ur e of t he
t ot al physi cal
educat i on pr ogr am; ( 2) st udent
l oad as det er -
mi ned by enr ol l ment and at t endance
r equi r e-
ment s per week; ( 3) spect at or i nt er est ;
and ( 4)
ant i ci pat ed enr ol l ment gr owt h.
The physi cal educat i on bui l di ng shoul d
i n-
cl ude one mai n gymnasi um t o be used f or
gener al physi cal educat i on cl asswor k,
i nt r a- mur al s, and i nt er col l egi at e at hl et i c act i vi t i es i n
basket bal l and wr est l i ng. I deal l y, t he si ze of
t he mai n- gymnasi umf l oor f or an enr ol l ment of
4, 000 st udent s woul d be appr oxi mat el y 140 by
140 i t . ( Use a r ect angul ar di mensi on i f t he
f aci l i t y wi l l be heavi l y used f or spect at or
spor t s . ) Thi s si ze woul d pr ovi de f or one of f i ci al
and t hr ee j uni or - si ze ( 35 by 84 f t ) basket bal l
cour t s, wi t h adequat e spacebet weent he
cour t s
and bet ween t he cour t s and wal l s. I f desi r abl e,
f ol di ng par t i t i ons can be used t o pr ovi de t hr ee
pr act i ce gymnasi ums, each 48 by 140 f t .
For
t he basket bal l cour t s, backboar ds t hat swi ng
up t o t he cei l i ng ar e needed, si nce nonf ol di ng
backboar ds woul d i nt er f er e wi t h t he cour t us-
age f or vol l eybal l and badmi nt on. I n or der t o
i ncr ease t he number of ot her i nst r uct i onal
uni t s, el ect r i cal l y cont r ol l ed wooden par t i t i ons
or net s ( nyl on or Fi ber gl as) shoul d be i nst al l ed.
I f t he gymnasi umi s t o be used f or i nt er col -
l egi at e at hl et i cs, seat i ng must be pr ovi ded f or
spect at or s ( 3 sq
f t per per son). Por t abl e f ol di ng
bl eacher s whi ch can be
easi l y moved ar e r ec-
ommended f or seat i ng . Por t abl e knock- down
bl eacher s
ar e not r ecommended because t hey
i nt er f er e wi t h cl asswor k
whi l e t hey ar e bei ng
er ect ed, used, and
r emoved. Cost i s al so an
i mpor t ant f act or .
The number of seat s t o be
pr ovi ded wi l l be
det er mi ned byt he si ze of t he
st udent body, t he
col l ege communi t y, and t he degr ee
t o whi ch
t her e i s publ i c demand f or
admi t t ance. The
seat i ng capaci t y shoul d be
set at a mi ni mumof
one- hal f t o t wo- t hi r ds of
t he st udent - f acul t y
popul at i on . I n l ar ger i nst i t ut i ons,
i t may be
necessar y t o i nst al l r ol l - away
bl eacher seat s i n
t he bal cony,
whi ch, when combi ned wi t h t he
bl eacher s on t he mai n f l oor ,
wi l l pr ovi de t her e-
qui r ed number of seat s.
The var si t y basket bal l
cour t shoul d be l ai d
out l engt hwi se i n t he cent er
of t he gymnasi um.
I f t he
di mensi ons of 114by 145 f t ar e pr ovi ded,
25 f t i s l ef t on
ei t her si de f or bl eacher s. Ami ni -
mumof 5 f t shoul d be l ef t
bet ween t he f i r st r o-
of seat s and t he out si de
boundar y l i ne of t he
cour t .
Wher e a per manent bal cony i s
r equi r ed, i t i s
necessar yt o pl an t he l i ne
of vi si on so t hat t he
si del i nes of t he var si t y
basket bal l cour t ar e
pl ai nl y vi si bl e t o t he spect at or s .
I n t hi s case,
t he f ol di ng bl eacher s on
t he f l oor shoul d be
pl anned t o conf or mt o t he
same l i ne of vi si on.
Wi t h t he use of r ol l - away
bl eacher s, added
Educat i onal
COLLEGE ANDUNI VERSI TYFACI LI TI ES
Gymnasi ums
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Gymnasi ums
sponsi bi l i t i es shoul d be pr ovi ded a pr i vat e
of -
f i ce. I deal l y, each of t hese of f i ces shoul d oc-
cupy a mi ni mumof 120 sq f t and be equi pped
wi t h necessar y of f i ce f ur ni t ur e. Awor kr oom
wi t h spacef or a secr et ar i al pool shoul d r ecei ve
ser i ous consi der at i on.
Cl assr ooms The physi cal educat i on compl ex
shoul d i ncl ude suf f i ci ent cl assr oomspace de-
si gned pr i mar i l y f or l ect ur es, di scussi on, and
demonst r at i ons . Thenumber , si ze, and t ypes of
r ooms wi l l depend upon t he ant i ci pat ed enr ol l -
ment and cur r i cul ar of f er i ngs. I nst i t ut i ons of -
f er i ng t eacher - t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams i n heal t h,
physi cal educat i on, r ecr eat i on, and saf et y wi l l
have need f or mor e speci al i zed r ooms t han wi l l
t hose
concer ned pr i mar i l y wi t h ser vi ce and
basi c i nst r uct i on cour ses
and var si t y at hl et i cs.
The si zes of cl assr ooms maywel l var y t o ac-
commodat e f r om10 t o 150 per sons. The space
per
st udent mayvar y f r omappr oxi mat el y 20 sq
f t
per st udent i n smal l er r ooms t o 12 aq f t per
st udent
i n r ooms f or 100 or mor e per sons.
St andar d cl assr ooms
nor mal l y sent an aver age
of 40 st udent s .
The smal l er r ooms l end t hem-
sel ves mor e r eadi l y t o
semi nar s, conf er ences
and i nf or mal di scussi ons, whi l e an
assembl y
r oom
bi g enough
t o
combi ne l ar ge gr oups f or
pr of essi onal l ect ur es, cl i ni cs,
and demonst r a-
t i ons i s essent i al .
Wher e cl ass si ze war r ant s, a
wal l cl ock vi si -
bl e f r omal l seat s shoul d be
i nst al l ed. Acous-
t i cal t r eat ment , adequat e l i ght i ng,
and t her mo-
st at i cal l y cont r ol l ed mechani cal
vent i l at i on
shoul d be consi der ed f or al l cl assr ooms.
Each
cl assr oom shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h
chal k-
boar ds, t ackboar ds,
and hook st r i ps . El ect r i -
cal out l et s
f or audi ovi sual equi pment shoul d be
st r at egi cal l y l ocat ed
wi t h due r egar d f or t he
conveni ent
pl acement of cont r ol s.
Wi ndows shoul d be equi pped
wi t h ef f ect i ve
r oomdar keni ng devi ces whi ch ar e
easi l y oper -
at ed. Aspeaker s' pl at f or mor
podi um i s f r e-
quent l y desi r abl e i n r ooms desi gned
f or l ar ger
gr oups . Lar ge assembl y r ooms
mi ght wel l be
equi pped
wi t h
a pr oj ect i on
boot h. Ar ect angu-
l ar r oomi s mor e sat i sf act or y
f or f i l m pr oj ec-
t i on. Tr ansmi ssi on and r ecept i on
of t el evi si on,
i ncl udi ng
cl osed- ci r cui t pr ogr ams, shoul d be
consi der ed when pl anni ng
moder n physi cal
educat i on f aci l i t i es .
I n l ocat i ng r oom ent r ances,
due r egar d
shoul d be gi ven t o t r af f i c cont r ol .
The r ooms
t hemsel ves shoul d be pl aced wher e t hey ar e
conveni ent l y accessi bl e yet
r emoved f r omdi s-
t ur bi ng noi se and di st r act i on.
I n smal l er cl assr ooms, movabl e t abl et
or
desk ar mchai r s mayt i e used, or
conf er ence t a-
bl es and st r ai ght chai r s may be pr ef er r ed
.
Lar ge l ect ur e hel l s and assembl i es shoul d be
equi pped wi t h number ed t abl et or desk
chai r s
secur ed t o t hef l oor and so ar r anged as t o pr o-
vi de vi sual ef f i ci ency. I t i s hi ghl y desi r abl e t hat
conveni ent r ecessed cabi net s and
cl oset s be
pr ovi ded f or st or i ng i nst r uct i onal
mat er i al s
and per sonal ef f ect s .
Auxi l i ar y Gymnasi ums
I n addi t i on t o t he l ar ge gener al
gymnasi um, or
gymnasi ums, sever al ot her
gymnasi ums may
be r equi r ed f or
" Exer ci se t her apy
" Gymnast i cs
" Wei ght exer ci se
" Wr est l i ng and per sonal def ense
" St r eet - shoe usage
" Dance st udi o
" Gener al games
l ocked di spl ay cabi net s, bul l et i n boar ds, and
di r ect or i es. Theseuni t s
shoul d be r ecessed and
f l ush- mount ed. Publ i c t el ephones
shoul d be
l ocat ed i n or adj acent t o
t he l obby. Ot her ser -
vi ce f aci l i t i es needed, as
def i ned by t he pr o-
gr am, shoul d be pr ovi ded. Exampl es of t hese
needs ar e t i cket boot hs, pl ant er s, and speci al
decor at i ons. Thel obby shoul d be at t r act i ve and
of suf f i ci ent si ze t o accommodat et r af f i c needs.
Vest i bul es shoul d be i ncl uded f or cl i mat e con-
t r ol .
The gener al admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces of t he
bui l di ng shoul d be l ocat ed near t he l obby. Cor -
r i dor s shoul d l ead f r om t he l obby t o l ocker
r ooms and spect at or ar eas. Pr obabl y t he most
ser vi ceabl e and at t r act i ve f l oor f or t he l obby
i s t er r azzo or a mat er i al of si mi l ar qual i t y. The
wal l s shoul d be const r uct ed of dur abl e mat e-
r i al .
Al ar gecheckr oomf or out er wr aps shoul d be
pl aced
adj acent t o t hedi r ect l i ne of t r af f i c, but
i n an
al cove or a si de r oomi n or der t o pr event
congest i on
. The l ocat i on and ar r angement of
t he checkr oom
shoul d ser ve t he dai l y needs of
t he bui l di ng as wel l as t he needs of speci al oc-
casi ons.
The r oomshoul d have a l ong, l ow
count er cover ed
wi t h br ass or st ai nl ess st eel ,
endi t shoul d be
possi bl e t o l ock bot h t he r oom
andcount er openi ng
when t hef aci l i t y i s not i n
use. Racks per manent l y
number ed f or checki ng
coat s and hat s shoul d
be i nst al l ed. Shel ves
shoul d al so be pr ovi ded
f or st or i ng packages
and bags .
Toi l et and washr oomf aci l i t i es f or men and
women
shoul d be l ocat ed near t he checkr oom.
Adequat e st ai r ways
or r amps shoul d l ead f r om
t he mai n l obby t o bal coni es or ot her spect at or
ar eas above t he f i r st f l oor .
Of f i ces The cent r al admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces ser ve
as
t hener vecent er of t heent i r e physi cal educa-
t i on pl ant .
They shoul d be l ocat ed near t he en-
t r ance of t he bui l di ng, si nce al l who have
busi ness wi t h t he depar t ment wi l l f i r st come
t o
t hese of f i ces. The of f i ce of t he di r ect or and
t hoseof t he var i ous f acul t ymember s shoul d be
adj acent t o a l ar ge cent r al of f i ce whi ch wi l l
ser ve
as t hewor kr oomf or t he secr et ar i al and
cl er i cal st af f , as a r eposi t or y f or al l depar t -
ment al r ecor ds,
and as a r ecept i on cent er and
wai t i ng
r oomf or per sons who have busi ness
wi t h t he depar t ment .
The wor k ar ea of t hi s cent r al of f i ce shoul d be
separ at ed
f r om t he r ecept i on- wai t i ng r oom
ar ea
by a count er . The r ecept i on- wai t i ng r oom
shoul d open
i nt o t he mai n cor r i dor of t he bui l d-
i ng. Al ar ge
cl oset shoul d be pr ovi ded adj acent
t o t he wor k
.
ar ea
f or t he st or age of of f i ce sup-
pl i es and r ecor ds.
The admi ni st r at i ve head
shoul d have hi s of f i ce
i n
or
near t he cent r al
admi ni st r at i ve sui t e.
Hi s of f i ce shoul d be of
suf f i ci ent si ze t o
accommodat e such t hi ngs as
an execut i ve desk, a
number of chai r s, a f i l e
cabi net ,
and
a
smal l wor k t abl e. Thi s wi l l r e-
qui r e appr oxi mat el y 200 sq f t .
The cent r al ad-
mi ni st r at i ve of f i ce uni t shoul d
i ncl ude a con-
f er ence . r oom
. Thi s r oomshoul d be near t he
of f i ce of t he admi ni st r at i ve
head of t he depar t -
ment
.
I t shoul d be
f ur ni shed wi t h a t r uncat ed
conf er ence
t abl el ar geenough t o seat t he ent i r e
physi cal educat i on
f acul t y, i f possi bl e, or t he
admi ni st r at i ve st af f i n a
l ar ger uni ver si t y.
Asmal l cl oakr oom
and r est r ooms shoul d be
l ocat ed near t he conf er ence r oom
. The chai r s
f or t he conf er ence r oomshoul d be
uphol st er ed
i n at t r act i ve col or s of vi nyl mat er i al s so
t hey
canbe kept cl ean. Theconf er ence r oom
shoul d
be f i ni shed i n l i ght , at t r act i ve col or s
.
I t i s
de-
si r abl e t o have a smal l , mur phy- t ype
ki t chen
f or r ef r eshment s .
Each member of t he f acul t y wi t h
maj or r e-
t eachi ng
st at i ons can be pr ovi ded i n t he bal -
cony ar ea.
I f t he gymnasi umi s t o
be used f or i nt er col -
l egi at e spor t s,
t he number of ent r ances and
exi t s equi pped
wi t h pani c har dwar e shoul d
meet f i r e r egul at i ons and be
ampl e i n number
t o cont r ol spect at or
t r af f i c. Spect at or s shoul d
be r out ed i n such a
manner t hat t hey do not
cr oss t he pl ayi ng cour t s or ot her
act i vi t y ar eas
i n t he gymnasi um.
The hei ght f r omt hef l oor t o t hebeams
i n t he
mai n gymnasi umshoul d be such t hat
i n nor mal
useof anyof t he cour t s, t he bal l s or
badmi nt on
bi r ds wi l l not st r i ke t he l owest cei l i ng beam.
Thi s hei ght shoul d be a mi ni mumof 22 f t t o ac-
commodat e t he r ope cl i mb, basket bal l ,
vol l ey-
bal l , and badmi nt on.
Wher e i nt er col l egi at e
basket bal l i s pl ayed,
t her e shoul d be
adequat e pr ovi si on f or spor t s-
wr i t er s. Apr ess box i s
r ecommended i f condi -
t i ons per mi t . The pl aci ng
of t abl es adj acent t o
pl ayi ng cour t s i s not a good pr act i ce.
Pr ovi si on
shoul d be made f or
t el ephone and t el egr aph
connect i ons, f or r ecept i on
and t r ansmi ssi on
l i nes f or t el evi si on,
f or t i mi ng and scor i ng de-
vi ces, and f or t heoper at i on
of a publ i c- addr ess
syst em, i ncl udi ng st er eophoni c musi c
.
When an ar ea i s desi gned f or an
act i vi t y
whi ch wi l l r equi r e t he use of a pi ano, phono-
gr aph, or t ape r ecor der , a space shoul d be pr o-
vi ded f or st or i ng t hi s equi pment . I t i s
pr ef er -
abl e t o have a space r ecessed i n t he si dewal l
near t hepl acewher et he i nst r uct or wi l l st andt o
l ead t hecl ass. El ect r i cal out l et s
whi chwi l l pr o-
vi de cur r ent at al l t i mes wi l l be needed
f or such
equi pment as ampl i f i er s . Al ocki ng,
sl i di ng
door shoul d be
i nst al l ed f or t he pr ot ect i on of
t he i nst r ument s as wel l as t he
st udent s . Al l
i nst r uct i onal equi pment shoul d
be on movabl e
car t s.
I n addi t i on t o t he ni che descr i bed above
f or
t he st or age of t he pi ano andphonogr aph,
t her e
shoul d be a st or age
r oomadj acent t o t he mai n
gymnasi umof suf f i ci ent si ze
t o accommodat e
t he st or age of al l t ypes of
equi pment , such as
r ol l - sway st andar ds, mot s
and gymnast i cs ap-
par at us, and chai r s .
Ot her audi ovi sual ai ds can i ncl ude st i l l
and
movi e pr oj ect or s, dayl i ght - pr oj ect i on scr eens,
t el evi si on set s, a scor eboar d, a cl ock, chal k-
boar ds, and an i nt er communi cat i on syst em.
Concr et e i s commonl yused as a base
i n con-
st r uct i ng t he f l oor of t he mai n gymnasi um
.
Sl eeper s of 2 by 2 i n. up t o 2 by 10 i n. ar e l ai d
on edge. Mapl e t ongue- end- gr oove i s t he most
popul ar t ype of wood f i ni sh.
I t i s suggest ed t hat a gl azed- t i l e wai nscot be
car r i ed up t o a hei ght of 7 or 8 f t . Fr omt hat
poi nt t o t he cei l i ng, t he concr et e or ci nder
bl ock
shoul d be pai nt ed wi t h a l i ght - col or ed
poi nt.
Exper i ence has shown t hat , i n gener al , nat u-
r al l i ght i ng met hods have not pr oved sat i sf ac-
t or y.
Mer cur y- vapor or f l uor escent l i ght s wi t h
di f f usi on panel s
have pr ovi ded sat i sf act or y i l -
l umi nat i on.
Ther e i s some evi dence t hat suspended
t r acks
ar eno l onger f avor ed by physi cal educa-
t i on di r ect or s. However , i f t her e i s no bal cony
i n t he mai n gymnasi um, a t r ack ser ves as space
f or spect at or
seat s and al so f or addi t i onal
t eachi ng
st at i ons .
I f a t r ack i s
const r uct ed, i t shoul d be at l east
8 f t wi de and 10 f t abovet he
gymnasi umf l oor.
The sur f ace shoul d
pr ovi de good t r act i on, and
t he cur ves shoul d be
banked.
The Lobby

The pur pose of t he l obby i s t o f ur -
ni sh an ar ea f or t he cont r ol of admi ssi on and
di st r i but i on of t r af f i c and t he pr ovi si on of i n-
f or mat i on. I t shoul d cont ai n wel l - l i ght ed and
Educat i onal
Gymnasi ums
Exer ci se- Ther apy Faci l i t i es Two separ at e ar eas
shoul d be pl anned f or t hi s speci al i zed pr ogr am:
( 1) an exer ci se- t her apy r oom, whi ch can be
used as a
cl i ni c,
desi gned
f or i ndi vi dual ame-
l i or at i ve exer ci ses, i s t he basi c
r equi r ement ;
and ( 2) a gymnasi um
f or
adapt ed
act i vi t y i s
nec-
essar y f or st udent s assi gned t o t hi s pr ogr am.
The exer ci se- t her apy r oomshoul d be on t he
gr ound f l oor i f possi bl e, or accessi bl e t o an
el evat or . I t shoul d be wel l l i ght ed, and t he
wal l s end f l oor at t r act i vel y f i ni shed t o l end a
cheer f ul at mospher e. The si ze of t he r oomi s
det er mi ned by t he number of st udent s needi ng
t hi s speci al at t ent i on. Appr oxi mat el y 70 sq f t of
f l oor space i s r equi r ed per st udent . To accom-
modat e equi pment , t he mi ni mumsi ze of t he
r oomshoul d be 1, 600 sq f t . Of f i ce space shoul d
be l ocat ed wi t hi n t hi s ar ea, and t he of f i ce
shoul d be equi pped wi t h l ar ge gl ass wi ndows
f or adequat e super vi si on of t he r oom. The r oom
shoul d be wel l vent i l at ed, wi t h ai r condi t i oni ng
pr ovi ded wher e necessar y. The dr essi ng and
t oi l et f aci l i t i es shoul d be cl ose t o t he exer ci se.
t her apy r oam and shoul d be adj ust ed t o t he
needs of t he handi capped. Asi nk or washbasi n
shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t hi s f aci l i t y. Door s and
wi ndows t o t he r oomshoul d be desi gned f or
pr i vacy. Acur t ai ned ar ea shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or changes of equi pment or appl i ances when
pr i vacy i n desi r ed.
Per manent equi pment i nst al l ed i n t he exer -
ci se- t her apy
r oomshoul d i ncl ude st al l bar s,
wal l wei ght s ( pul l ey) , pr ess bar , wei ght
r acks,
shoul der wheel , f i nger
l adder , hangi ng bar s,
over head l adder , push- up bar s, wal l char t s and
anat omi cal dr awi ngs, mi r r or s ( si ngl e) , mi r r or s
( t r i pl e) , and wal ki ng r ai l s
.
Removabl e equi pment shoul d i ncl ude:
pl i nt hs
( t r eat ment t abl es) 26
by
72
by
30 1/ 2 i n. ;
st al l - bar benches ; i ncl i ne boar ds 7 f t by
30
i n.
by 3 i n. ; ankl e exer ci ser s ; a bi cycl e ( st at i on-
er y) ; wei ght s ( dumbbel l s)
;
wei ght s
( bar bel l s) ;
exer ci se
mat e
;
i r on
boot s ( si ngl e) ; i r on boot s
( doubl e) ; par al l el bar s ( l ow) ; or t hopedi c st ai r s ;
r owi ngmachi ne st ool s ; scal es
;
an El gi n t abl e
( or i mpr ovi sat i on of quadr i ceps
exer ci se t a-
bl e) ; wr i st r ol l er s ; neck- t r act i on hal t er s
;
cush-
i ons or pi l l ows
; cr ut ches ; a wheel chai r ; dyna-
momet er s ( hand, spr i ng cabl e) ; goni omet er s
; a
chal kboar d; end a skel et on .
The equi pment i n an adapt ed- act i vi t i es
gym-
nasi umshoul d be t he same as
i n a r egul ar gym-
nasi um, wi t h necessar y adapt at i ons
.
Thi s
gymnasi umshoul d be i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y
t o t he
exer ci se- t her apy r oom so t hat
a st udent can
ut i l i ze bot h f aci l i t i es .
Gymnast i c Faci l i t i es Wi t h t he
r ecent nat i onwi de
sur ge of i nt er est i n
physi cal f i t ness, t her e has
been a r enewed
suppor t of i nst r uct i on i n gym-
nast i cs
. Gymnast i cs make a uni que cont r i bu-
t i on t owar d over comi ng
a l ack of devel opment
of t he upper body, whi ch
i s of t en negl ect ed i n
ot her spor t s . Gymnast i cs
cont r i but e t o bui l di ng
st r engt h, agi l i t y, f l exi bi l i t y,
coor di nat i on, bal -
ance, and
post ur e. They al so cont r i but e t o t he
ment al qual i t i es
of al er t ness, dar i ng, and pr e-
ci si on; t he
char act er t r ai t of sel f - di sci pl i ne; and
f un andenj oyment .
These val ues, t oget her wi t h
t hose
of pr event at i ve and cor r ect i ve act i on,
pl ace gymnast i cs i n a
posi t i on of maj or i mpor -
t ance i n
physi cal educat i on.
I n addi t i on
t o t he mai n gymnasi umwher e
gymnast i c
meet s, exhi bi t i ons, and ot her com-
pet i t i ons ar e hel d bef or e a vi ewi ng publ i c, a
separ at e gymnasi umshoul d be pr ovi ded f or
t he per manent i nst al l at i on and st or age of ap-
par at us and equi pment and f or i nst r uct i on i n
gymnast i cs . The di mensi ons of t hi s gymnasi um
shoul d be det er mi ned by space r equi r ement s
needed t o accommodat e t he appar at us and
equi pment t o be i nst al l ed, by space needs f or
per f or mance i n gymnast i cs, and by t ot al school
enr ol l ment
and i nt er est i n gymnast i cs . I deal l y,
t he si ze of t hi s gymnasi umshoul d be 120 by 90
f t , wi t h a mi ni mumcei l i ng hei ght of 23 f t . Thi s
hei ght per mi t s a cl ear ance of 22 f t f or t he r ope
cl i mb and i s i deal f or hangi ng t he var i ous me-
chani cal syst ems used i n gymnast i cs . Some
have f ound i t desi r abl e t o i nst al l t r acks on t he
cei l i ng suppor t s t o make i t possi bl e t o use t r ol -
l eys f or movi ng equi pment and f or at t achi ng
saf et y bel t s used i n t he i nst r uct i on of t r ampo-
l i ni ng and t umbl i ng.
The saf et y of per f or mer s and i nst r uct or s
shoul d r ecei ve maj or consi der at i on i n pl anni ng
t he l ocat i on and i nst al l at i on of appar at us,
equi pment , and wal l f i xt ur es . Appar at us used
i n per f or mance shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat per -
f or mer s do not i nt er f er e wi t h each ot her when
goi ng t hr ough t hei r r out i nes . Fl yi ng r i ngs
shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat t her e i s at l east 1 5 f t
of
f r ee
space
al l owed
at
each end of t he swi ng-
i ng ar c . Al l equi pment shoul d be i nst al l ed ac-
cor di ng
t o a pl an t hat
wi l l per mi t , wi t hout i nt er -
f er ence, a f ul l r ange of movement , i ncl udi ng t he
appr oach. Mat s shoul d be l ai d compl et el y
ar ound t he ar ea of
per f or mance on hor i zont al
and par al l el bar e.
Fl oor pl at es f or at t achi ng equi pment shoul d
be r ecessed and f l ush wi t h t he f l oor . I t may be
necessar y t o r ei nf or ce t he f l oor t o i nst al l f l oor
pl at es adequat el y wher e t ensi on i s unusual l y
sever e. Wal l boar ds shoul d be secur el y i n-
st al l ed t o t he wal l when equi pment i s at t ached
t o i t . Appar at us suspended f r om t he cei l i ng
shoul d be secur el y at t ached t o met al suppor t s .
The cei l i ng shoul d be acoust i cal l y t r eat ed.
Li ght s shoul d be shi el ded andadequat e f or t he
pr ogr am. Door s shoul d be const r uct ed wi de
enough andwi t hout a t hr eshol d so as t o accom-
modat e t he movement of equi pment t o ot her
ar eas . Mapl e has many advant ages over ot her
t ypes of f l oor i ng. The f aci l i t y shoul d be ai r -
condi t i oned i n accor dance wi t h st andar d spec-
i f i cat i ons . Wal l const r uct i on shoul d be of t he
same mat er i al s as r ecommendedf or ot her gym-
nasi ums .
Acommon f ai l ur e i n pl anni ng i s t o over l ook
t he need f or adequat e and conveni ent l y pl aced
st or age space f or gymnast i c equi pment . I f mul -
t i pl e use of t hi s equi pment i s expect ed, t r ans-
por t at i on car t s and dol l i es shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Speci f i cat i ons on si ze and i nst al l at i on of t he
var i ous pi eces of appar at us and equi pment may
be obt ai ned f r omt he manuf act ur er s . I deal l y,
t he gymnasi um f or gymnast i cs shoul d be
equi pped wi t h t he f ol l owi ng t ypes of i t ems :
si de hor ses, hor i zont al bar s, l ong hor ses, par -
al l el bar s, bucks, t r ampol i nes, mat s, r i ngs, and
ot her speci al appar at us .
Agymnast i c l andi ng pi t , 10 f t wi de, 20 f t
l ong, and 30 i n. deep, f i l l ed wi t h sponge r ub-
ber - f or use wi t h par al l el bar s, hor i zont al bar s,
st i l l r i ngs, and t umbl i ng- i s anewdevel opment
i n const r uct i on f or gymnast i cs .
Wei ght - Exer ci se Room

Thi s r oomshoul d cont ai n
a mi ni mumof 2, 500 sq f t of f l oor space.

Such
space wi l l pr ovi de a wei ght - t r ai ni ng ar ea and
space f or t he pr act i ce of of f i ci al event s i n com-
pet i t i ve wei ght l i f t i ng. I t i s r ecommended t hat
t he f l oor of t hi s r oombe cover ed wi t h a dur a-
bl e, r esi l i ent mat er i al . A f l oor i ng of t hi s t ype
makes i t unnecessar y t o use wei ght pl at f or ms,
whi ch ar e essent i al t o pr ot ect a mapl e or ot her
wood f l oor i ng.
The wei ght - l i f t i ng ar ea shoul d be r oped of f
andshoul d be appr oxi mat el y 15 by 15 f t f or t he
pr act i ce of of f i ci al l i f t s . The r est of t he r oom
may be used f or exer ci se wi t h bar bel l s, dumb-
bel l s, i somet r i c cabl es, et c . Sever al f ul l - l engt h
mi r r or s shoul d be i nst al l ed on t he wal l s . Bar -
bel l and wei ght r acks shoul d be at t ached t o t he
wal l s so t hat t he r oommay be kept t i dy.
Wr est l i ng and Per sonal - Def ense ROOM

Thi s r oomi s
desi gned f or wr est l i ng, j udo, and per sonal de-
f ense act i vi t i es . The cei l i ng shoul d be of
acoust i cal mat er i al and shoul d be a mi ni mum
hei ght of 12 f t . I t shoul d be r ect angul ar i n
shape and shoul d cont ai n t wo squar e 40- by 40.
f t mat s . The f l oor ar ea not cover ed by t he r egu-
l at i on mat s shoul d be cover ed wal l t o wal l wi t h
t he same t ype of mat mat er i al . The r oomshoul d
be at l east 40 by 80 f t . Asat i sf act or y st andar d
i s
40
sq f t per st udent dur i ng peak usage.
The f l oor
of
t he wr est l i ng r oomshoul d be
const r uct ed of , or cover ed wi t h, r esi l i ent mat e-
r i al s t o pr ol ong t he l i f e of t he mat s . These mat e-
r i al s may be r ubber l ock pr oduct s, ot her newl y
devel oped r esi l i ent mat er i al s, or wood. Con-
cr et e i s not r ecommended. The mat s shoul d be
of pl ast i c- t ype mat er i al s and t he wal l s shoul d
be cover ed wi t h r esi l i ent mat er i al s up t o 5 f t
above t he f l oor on al l ai des . Adequat e l i ght i ng
whi ch i s pr oper l y scr eened and f or ced vent i l a-
t i on ar e essent i al i n t hi s r oom.
St r eet - Shoe Usage ROOM

Thi s r oomshoul d be of
suf f i ci ent
si ze- 70 by 90 f t - t o car e
f or t he
gr oups f or
whi ch i t i s needed.
A
f l oor f or st r eet -
shoe usage may be needed i n any si ze col l ege
or uni ver si t y, or i n
a pr ogr amwi t h a var i et y of
of f er i ngs . The f l oor most commonl y used f or
t hi s pur pose i s har d mapl e, t ongue- end- gr oove,
convent i onal
gymnasi um f l oor i ng
.
Squar e
dance, f ol k dance, soci al dance, physi cal educa-
t i on
f or el ement ar y t eacher s, mar chi ng and
bandpr act i ce, and
si mi l ar
act i vi t i es can
be
con-
duct ed on such a f l oor . The demand of speci al
col l ege and communi t yevent s whi ch need t o be
ser ved, such as musi cal and dr ama pr oduct i on,
f ai r s, and car ni val s, maybe met . The " makeup"
r oomor " war mi ng r oom" f or depar t ment and
col l ege
out door pr ogr ams can be housed
i n t hi s
ar ea and can be ser ved t hr ough a door l eadi ng
t o a cor r i dor and i mmedi at el y t o t he out - of -
door s .
Thi s st r eet - shoe r oom, when not schedul ed
i n some manner as i ndi cat ed above, can ser ve
t he pur poses of any r egul ar gymnasi umi f so
pl anned i n i t s equi pment and f l oor mar ki ngs .
The f l oor wi l l need some ext r a mai nt enance f or
t he har d use i t wi l l r ecei ve, but t he desi r abi l -
i t y of t he act i vi t i es whi ch may be schedul ed on
i t wi l l j ust i f y t he usage and r esul t ant wear .
Dance St udi OS

Dance ar eas shoul d be pr ovi ded
t o ser ve t he depar t ment al and st udent needs
and t o af f or d oppor t uni t y f or i ndi vi dual and de-
par t ment al devel opment . Some of t hese ar eas
ar e speci f i c and may be l i mi t ed t o f or ms of
dance act i vi t y. Ot her dance ar eas ar e ver sat i l e
and may ser ve sever al pur poses. Lar ge col l eges
and uni ver si t i es wi t h a var i et y of cour ses may
need t o pl an f or one or mor e of each of sever al
dance- act i vi t y r ooms . Cl asses shoul d be advan-
t ageousl y schedul ed f or t he pur poses of f l oor
mai nt enance or equi pment movi ng. The t ypes
of dance ar eas suggest ed ar e di scussed i n t he
mat er i al whi ch f ol l ows .
Mai n Dance St udi o Thi s st udi o, whi ch
shoul d measur e no l ess t han 56 by 56 f t , wi l l
pr ovi de f or a cl ass of up
t o
36 st udent s i n mod-
er n
dance, bal l et , or some
ot her dance f or m
per f or med i n bar e f eet or wi t h
sof t - sol e dance
shoes . The f l oor , whi ch shoul d be of conven-
t i onal gymnasi um const r uct i on- t ongue- and-
gr oove, sel ect mapl e- shoul d
be f r ee of f l oor
pl at es,
pl ugs, and
ot her i nst al l at i ons . The
cei l i ng
hei ght shoul d be 22 f t t o be
pr opor t i onal
Educat i onal
Gymnasi ums
The back wal l of s si ngl e cour t need not be
hi gher t han 12 f t . Shat t er pr oof gl ass may be
used t o encl ose t he r emai nder of t he back wel l .
The use of wi r e mesh f or t hi s pur pose i s of
quest i onabl e val ue. Many cour t s ar e sat i s-
f act or i l y used wi t h an open upper r ear wal l .
Handbal l cour t s maybe const r uct ed of har d
pl ast er , concr et e, shat t er pr oof gl ass, or a non-
spl i nt er i ng, dur abl e wood. Whi l e pl ast er i s
somet i mes r ecommended, i t woul d be wi se t o
consi der cour t s const r uct ed of ot her mat er i al s
because of mai nt enance cost s. Gl ass cour t s
pr ovi de maxi mumspect at or par t i ci pat i on, but
t he i ni t i al cost may be pr ohi bi t i ve. Har dwood
const r uct i on i s most sat i sf act or y. Cour t s con-
st r uct ed wi t h a hi gh
pr opor t i on of gl ass wal l s
obvi ousl y al l owf or a l ar ge number of ob-
ser ver s .
Open- bal cony const r uct i on i nt er f er es
wi t h i ndi vi dual - cour t ai r condi t i oni ng.
Fr ont wal l s may be const r uct ed of har d
mapl e l ai d
on
di agonal
wood sheat hi ng. St ud-
di ng shoul d be pl aced cl ose enough t o pr event
dead spot s. Amaxi mumof 16- i n. cent er ed
st uds i s
r ecommended. A
cost l y
but desi r abl e
f r ont - wal l const r uct i on i s t o l ay mapl e
on
edge
gr ai n.
Si de and back wal l s may be of
nonspl i n-
t er i ng, dur abl e wood such as yel l ow pi ne or
har d mapl e. Some si de end back wal l s con-
st r uct ed wi t h 1- i n. t ongue- and- gr oove mar i ne
pl ywood have been sat i sf act or y and economi -
cal
. Har dwood f l oor s of
st andar d
gymnasi um
const r uct i on ar e r ecommended
. Pl ast er
cei l i ngs have pr oved sat i sf act or y
. Al l i n-
t er i or sur f aces shoul d be pai nt edwi t h
eggshel l -
whi t e enamel .
Ent r ance door s shoul d open
t owar d t he
cor r i dor and be pr ovi ded wi t h f l ush- t ype pul l s
and hi nges . Asmal l shat t er pr oof wi ndow
i nst al l ed f l ush wi t h t he i nt er i or sur f ace of t he
door shoul d be l ocat ed at appr oxi mat el y ever -
ageadul t - mal e eye l evel .
No f i xt ur es, such as heat pi pes, vent i l at i ng
duct s, l i ght s, or any ot her mechani cal equi p-
ment , shoul d pr oj ect i nt o t he pl ayi ng ar ea.
Vent i l at i ng duct s and l i ght i ng f i xt ur es ar e best
l ocat ed f l ush wi t h t he cei l i ng sur f ace. Li ght i ng
speci f i cat i ons ar eavai l abl e f or handbal l cour t s .
Pr ovi si on f or r epl acement of bur nt - out l i ght
bul bs f r omabove i s a desi r abl e f eat ur e.
Asi ngl e l i ght swi t ch t o cont r ol al l l i ght s i n
each cour t shoul d be pl aced on t he cor r i dor
si de and near t he ent r ance door . War ni ng
l i ght s, l ocat ed out si de each cour t , shoul d
i ndi cat e when acour t i s bei ng used. By use of a
st ur dy push but t on, l i ght s can be t ur ned on
when an ent r ance door i s cl osed.
Ref r i ger at ed ai r condi t i oni ng, or at l east
f or ced vent i l at i on, i s essent i al f or i ndi vi dual
cour t s . The vent i l at i on swi t ch can oper at e i n
conj unct i on wi t h t he l i ght swi t ch. Cl i mat i c
condi t i ons maydi ct at e separ at e swi t ches .
Squash
Cour t s Squash i s ver y popul ar i n some
l ocal i t i es
and shoul d be pr ovi ded f or i n t he
pr ogr am. I t i s r ecom-
mended t hat at l east one si ngl e and one doubl e
squash
cour t be i ncl uded i n a physi cal educa-
t i on
compl ex . Asi ngl es cour t i n
18 f t - 6 i n.
wi de
by 32 f t l ong by 16 f t hi gh. Adoubl es
cour t i s 25 f t
wi de by 45 f t l ong by 20 f t hi gh.
The number of cour t s
shoul d be det er mi ned
by
t he i nt er est i n t hi s act i vi t y i n a gi ven com-
muni t y.
I t i s possi bl e t o i nst al l
movabl e met al " t el l -
t al es" acr oss t he
f r ont of handbal l cour t s so
t hey can be used f or squash
. Const r uct i on
f eat ur es of squash cour t s ar e
si mi l ar t o t hose
of f our - wal l handbal l cour t s
r el at i ve t o f l oor s,
wal l s, cei l i ngs, l i ght i ng, heat i ng,
end vent i l a-
t i on.
housed i n a r ecessed, l ockabl e cabi net
. Ot her
l ockabl e cabi net s wi l l pr ovi de needed st or age
space f or dance pr act i ce mat er i al s. Bal l et bar s
and mi r r or s wi l l add t o t he usef ul ness of such
a r oom.
Dance Pr oper t y Const r uct i on and St or age
Room Fl at s, l evel s, and ot her pr oper t i es can
be made and st or ed i n a r oomof appr oxi mat el y
25 by 30 f t . Thi s r oomshoul d be l ocat ed adj a-
cent t o t he mai n dance st udi o and shoul d have
wi de doubl e door s wi t h a r emovabl e mul l i on so
set s and pr oper t i es can be moved i n and out .
The r oomshoul d have a hi gh cei l i ng t o al l ow
set s t o be const r uct ed and moved t o a ver t i cal
posi t i on or t o t hef i ni shed posi t i on f or pai nt i ng.
Dr awer s and cabi net s, some l ockabl e, a si nk
wi t h hot and
col d wat er , l umber r acks, wor k
count er s and t abl es, and el ect r i cal out l et s ar e
essent i al i n t he pl anned st r uct ur e of t he r oom.
Tackboar ds,
bul l et i n boar ds, and l ockabl e,
gl ass- f r ont di spl ay bul l et i n boar ds ar e desi r -
abl e.
Dance Cost ume Const r uct i on and St or age
Room
The si ze of t hi s r oom wi l l var y ac-
cor di ng t o t he
pr ogr amneeds f or cost ume
const r uct i on and t he st or age needs f or cos-
t umes made and r et ai ned i n t he depar t ment .
The
r oomwi l l pr obabl y be best used by havi ng
cabi net s i n cl ose- or der banks, somewhat as
bookcases ar e pl aced i n t he st acks i n a l i br ar y.
Thi s wi l l f r ee
one and of t he r oomf or cl ot hi ng
const r uct i on. Cost ume- st or age cabi net s shoul d
have r acks
f or hangi ng and bi ns and dr awer s
f or st or age.
Uni t s
can
be pl anned so as t o be
compr i sed of sever al component s, whi ch may
be used as desi r ed f or separ at e assi gnment t o
cl ubs, gr oups, or pr oj ect s .
Cabi net s f or mat er i al and equi pment st or age,
wal l - at t ached i r oni ng boar ds, an aut omat i c
washer - dr i er , a t hr ee- way mi r r or uni t , a
washr oombasi n, a l ar ge cut t i ng t abl e of 4
by 8 f t , and a count er si nk ar e addi t i onal
necessi t i es.
Game Room Thi s i s a mul t i pl e- pur pose r oom,
and i t s use
wi l l det er mi ne i t s di mensi ons . I t
shoul d be l ar ge enough t o accommodat e at
l east si x
t abl e- t enni s t abl es . Acei l i ng hei ght
of 12 f t i s adequat e.
The r oomshoul d be
equi pped
wi t h
a
publ i c- addr ess syst em and
r ecor d pl ayer f or i nst r uct i onal
and r ecr eat i onal
act i vi t i es, i ncl udi ng soci al
and
squar e
danci ng.
Thi s
r oomshoul d be accessi bl e f r omt he l obby
or f r om a
bui l di ng cor r i dor . I t shoul d have
some ki t chen f aci l i t i es
and
a
her d- usage t ype
f l oor . The
di sabl ed shoul d be consi der ed i n
t he pl anni ng.
Speci al I nst r uct i onal end Act i vi t y Ar eas
Handbal l Cour t s Handbal l i s a vi gor ous com-
pet i t i ve spor t l ong r ecogni zed as an
essent i al
act i vi t y f or a col l ege physi cal educat i on
pr o-
gr am. Dependi ng on t he si ze of t he i nst i t ut i on
and t he expr essed i nt er est
i n handbal l , one
or mor e bat t er i es of f our - wal l handbal l
cour t s
shoul d be pr ovi ded. The of f i ci al si ze
of
a
hand-
bal l cour t i s 20 f t wi de by 40 f t
l ong by 20 f t
hi gh. Speci f i cat i ons f or handbal l cour t s can be
f ound i n t he of f i ci al handbal l r ul e book.
When mor e t han a si ngl e bat t er y
of cour t s
i s t o be const r uct ed, t he bat t er i es shoul d be
ar r anged so t he back wal l s of each bat t er y ar e
separ at ed by a cor r i dor appr oxi mat el y 10 f t
wi de and 8 f t hi gh. Acor r i dor l ocat ed
i m-
medi at el y
above, and at l east 12 f t hi gh, may
ser ve an i nst r uct or or be used as a spect at or
gal l er y. Cor r i dor s and gal l er i es shoul d be
i l l umi nat ed wi t h i ndi r ect l i ght .
wi t h t he r oomand t o gi ve t he f eel i ng of hei ght
i n l eaps.
Ther oom
shoul d have wal l mi r r or s al ong one
wel l - 24
f t i n l engt h, 6 f t hi gh, and wi t h t he
bot t om
bei ng 2f t f r omt he f l oor . The mi r r or s
shoul d have a dr awdr aper y
cont r ol l ed by cor d
pul l s. Bal l et bar s ( hand r ai l s)
shoul d
be
i n-
st al l ed on t wo opposi t e si des of t he r oomat
ascendi ng hei ght s of 3, 3' / 2, and 4f t above t he
f l oor .
Audi ovi sual equi pment shoul d i ncl ude a
t ackboar d, a chal kboar d, a hook r ai l , and a
l ockabl e gl ass- f r ont bul l et i n boar d. An
ampl i f i -
cat i on syst em- f or a r ecor d pl ayer and t ape r e-
cor der - on a r ol l - away t abl e shoul d be r e-
cessed i nt o a l ockabl e cabi net wi t h a sl i di ng
door . Ot her cabi net s shoul d pr ovi de space f or
musi cal i nst r ument s, r ecor ds, musi c, cos-
t umes, and ot her pr oper t i es . Some dance
st udi os mayhave a gr and pi ano
i n t he
r oom
. I t
maybe desi r abl e t o have an ar ea wher e a gr and
pi ano or an upr i ght pi ano can be st or ed
when
r emoved f r omt he f l oor . St or age cabi net s f or
st ageequi pment , l evel s, andot her i t ems shoul d
be pr ovi ded si nce f l oor st or age of mat er i al s
not act i vel y used mar kedl y di mi ni shes t he f l oor
space usabl e f or dance act i vi t i es .
Mai n- Dance- St udi o Bal cony
Cur r ent pl ans
of some maj or i nst i t ut i ons maybe consi der ed
desi r abl e i n t he pr ovi si on f or a hangi ng bal cony
or a bal cony over ot her cl ass or ser vi ce ar eas.
Thi s bal conycan pr ovi de 100 or mor e seat s f or
vi ewi ng act i vi t y on t he f l oor of t he mai n dance
st udi o or i n t he auxi l i ar y dance st udi o, whi ch
can be used as a st age ar ea f or t he mai n dance
st udi o . Access t o t he
bal cony may be gai ned
f r omt hedance- st udi o f l oor t hr ough a l ockabl e
cont r ol door or f r omt he
second- f l oor ser vi ce
hal l way. The bal cony
wi l l pr ovi de oppor t uni t y
f or pr act i ce- per f or mance vi ewi ng f r om t he
bal cony l evel byt he member s of a dance gr oup
or wi l l make i t possi bl e t o seat vi si t or s
f or
an
i nvi t at i on per f or mance.
Auxi l i ar y Dance St udi o
An auxi l i ar y
dance
st udi o of 56 by 40 f t wi t h a cei l i ng of 22 f t can
be l ocat ed adj acent t o t he mai n dance st udi o on
t he si de opposi t e f r omt he bal cony and can be
separ at ed by appr opr i at e f ol di ng door s and
dr aper i es. Thi s st udi o can ser ve as a st age f or
smal l concer t pr oduct i ons or cl ass pr oj ect s .
Sever al i nst i t ut i ons have successf ul l y con-
st r uct ed such a f aci l i t y. Tr avel i ng dr aper i es
suspended f r om t he cei l i ng can be r un on
t r acks and can be cont r ol l ed el ect r i cal l y t o
ser ve
as t he t r adi t i onal " f l at s" used i n st agi ng
and i n maki ng up a backdr op behi nd whi ch
dancer s can
cr oss over . When not used, t he
dr aper i es can be wi t hdr awn
f r omt he st agi ng
ar ea
and can be st acked al ong one wal l . St age
l i ght i ng can be
devel oped t o gi ve i l l umi nat i on
f r omt he
cei l i ng, f r omt he st age si de of t he di -
vi der ,
f r om" pr oj ect i ng" semi - cones i n t he cei l -
i ng of t he mai n dance
st udi o, and f r om" spot s"
i n t he bal cony.
Thi s dance st udi o
wi l l need t o i ncl ude t hose
f eat ur es desi r abl e f or t he
pr ogr amneeds as ar e
i ncl uded i n t he mai n dance st udi o :
bal l et bar s,
mi r r or , cabi net s f or cl assr oommat er i al s, and
e r ol l - away t abl e wi t h r ecor d pl ayer
and t ape
r ecor der
. I n addi t i on, t her e
maybe a need f or
pi ano
and
equi pment
st or age r ooms.
Dance Rehear sal Room

Oneor mor e dance
r ehear sal r ooms of a mi ni mumof 400sq f t each
wi l l cont r i but e t o t he devel opment of st udent s
i n dance who need smal l - gr oup pr act i ces and
ext r ar ehear sal s . Achal kboar d, t ackboar d, and
r ol l i ng t abl ef or t ape r ecor der pl ayer shoul d be
pr ovi ded i n such r ooms. The t abl e shoul d be
Educat i onal
Gymnasi ums; Physi cal Educat i on and Spor t s Faci l i t i es
The of f i ci al r ul es of t he
Uni t ed St at es Squash
Racquet s
Associ at i on andt he Nat i onal Squash
Tenni s
Associ at i on shoul d be consul t ed i n
pl anni ng and
const r uct i ng squash cour t s .
Rowi ng- Pr act i ce
Faci l i t i es

I n cer t ai n col l eges and
uni ver si t i es, i t may be desi r abl e t o const r uct
f aci l i t i es f or i ndoor cr ew pr act i ce. Col l eges
engagi ng i n compet i t i ve r owi ng wi l l r equi r e
ei t her f i xed r owi ng machi nes wi t h accompa-
nyi ng mi r r or s t o r ef l ect t he act i on of t he
r ower s, or a r owi ng- pr act i ce t ank. The r owi ng
machi nes may be i nst al l ed i n a speci al act i vi t y
r oom. I f t her e i s space. under neat h t he
spec-
t at or ar ea i n t he mai n gymnasi um, t hey may be
i nst al l ed t her e. I n ever y case, t he ar ea shoul d
be wel l l i ght ed and vent i l at ed.
The r owi ng t ank, when used, shoul d si mu-
l at e t he condi t i ons t o be f ound i n open- wat er
r owi ng. The wat er shoul d be mechani cal l y
ci r cul at ed i n such a manner as t o make
pos-
si bl e t he act ual i nt r oduct i on of t he oar i nt o
t he wat er end t he compl et i on of
t he st r oke.
The cr ewshoul d be seat ed on a r i gi d pl at f or m
whi ch spans t he pool et act ual shel l hei ght .
Al l t he speci f i cat i ons f or i ndoor r owi ng
equi pment may be obt ai ned f r om t he manu-
f act ur er s, and t he det ai l s of t he const r uct i on of
a r owi ng t ank ar e avai l abl e t hr ough
t he of f i ce
of t he I nt er col l egi at e Rowi ng Associ at i on.
I ndoor
Ar cher y Range An i ndoor ar cher y r ange
i s much needed i n moder n col l ege gymna-
si ums . The popul ar i t y of t he Chi cago Round
has made i ndoor r anges f easi bl e
because of t he
decr eased shoot i ng di st ances, r equi r i ng
l ose
space t han f or mer l y r equi r ed f or t he Amer i can
and Yor k Rounds . Asat i sf act or y i ndoor r ange
shoul d be 45 f t i n wi dt h and 78 f t i n l engt h .
Thi s wi l l pr ovi de space f or 15 shoot er s on
t he
l i ne at t he same t i me, each f aci ng a
separ at e
t ar get . The l engt h suggest ed wi l l pr ovi de a
di st ance of 60 f t f or t he Chi cago Round, t wo
f eet f or backst op mat er i al , and 16 f t behi nd
t he shoot i ng l i ne f or i nst r uct or s, obser ver s,
and t hose pr epar i ng t o shoot .
Backst ops may be const r uct ed of
bal ed
st r aw t r eat ed wi t h f i r e- r esi st ant mat er i al s,
or may be pur chased f r omar cher y equi pment
manuf act ur er s . The t ar get s
may be f ast ened
t o t he backst op or pl aced on easel s i n f r ont
of i t . The f l oor i n t he ar cher y r oomshoul d
be const r uct ed of har d- usage
mat er i al s t o
per mi t st r eet shoes t o be wor n. The
r oom
shoul d be wel l l i ght ed. The
t ar get l i ne shoul d
be i l l umi nat ed by f l oodl i ght s
whi ch shi ne onl y
on t he t ar get ar ea.
Resear ch
Labor at or y Col l ege and uni ver si t y
heal t h, physi cal educat i on,
and r ecr eat i on
pr ogr ams ar e becomi ng
i ncr easi ngl y i nvol ved
i n r esear ch.
Gr aduat e st udi es and f acul t y r e-
sear ch cannot t hr i ve
unl ess apace i s al l ocat ed
f or t hi s wor k i n t he gymnasi um
bui l di ng wher e
exer ci se and
spor t s ar eas ar e conveni ent .
Resear ch i n
physi cal educat i on may be of
many di f f er ent
t ypes . Some col l eges and
uni ver si t i es emphasi ze one or mor e ar eas .
The r esear ch t aki ng pl ace i n
pr ogr ams i s i n t he f ol l owi ng
cat egor i es : ki ne-
si ol ogi c,
t est s
and
measur ement s, or gani c
( met abol i c,
car di ovascul ar , and chemi cal
anal ysi s) , and
st at i st i cal .
A
l abor at or y pr ovi di ng oppor t uni t i es i n t he
ki nds
of r esear ch ment i oned r equi r es a mi ni -
mumof 2, 800 sq f t of space f or t he basi c
equi pment needed . The maxi mumspace needs
wi l l depend
upon t he number of f acul t y and
st udent s i nvol ved and t he compl exi t y of t he
r esear ch pr ogr am. Resear ch l abor at or y space
maybe
pr ovi ded
i n one l ar ge r oomor i n sever al
smal l er r ooms. I t i s suggest ed t hat a separ at e
r oomof 300 sq f t be used f or a st at i st i cal
l abor at or y.
St eam Room Some col l ege gymnasi um f aci l i -
t i es i ncl ude: st eam- bat h i nst al l at i on. Thi s may
be desi r abl e i f super vi si on i s pr esent when
t he st eamr oomi s i n use. Unsuper vi sed st eam
bat hs or sweat boxes ar e not r ecommended.
I f a st eamr oomi s const r uct ed, a sat i sf act or y
si ze i s 8 i t squar e, wi t h a cei l i ng 10 f t hi gh.
Al ockabl e door cont ai ni ng a wi ndowshoul d
open out war d. The r oomshoul d be equi pped
wi t h t wo or t hr ee movabl e benches of st ur dy
wood const r uct i on. The st eam val ve
used
shoul d be a t ype t hat can be set t o pr event
t he t emper at ur e i n t he r oomf r omexceedi ng
130 .
Gr oup St udy
Rooms

I f t he gymnasi um
i s t o ser ve
t he needs of st udent s enr ol l ed i n
a
maj or
pr o-
f essi onal pr ogr am, t he i ncl usi on of
smal l - gr oup
st udy r ooms
i s r ecommended. St udy r ooms
shoul d
occupy appr oxi mat el y 150 sq f t end
shoul d be equi pped wi t h a l ar ge t abl e and
suf f i ci ent chai r s t o accommodat e
a maxi mum
of ei ght st udent s
. These r ooms may ser ve a
var i et y of educat i onal
needs i n addi t i on t o
smal l - gr oup
on- campus st udy.
" I n- Uni f or m" St udy- Hour Rooms I n gymnasi um
bui l di ngs, t her e i s a need f or r ooms wher e
men end women st udent s who have one f r ee
hour
bet ween t wo act i vi t y cl asses may go i n
uni f or mt o r ead or st udy.
The use of t hi s r oomwi l l conser ve st udent
t i me, encour age t hei r r eadi ng or st udyi ng
habi t s, and wi l l cl ear t he dr essi ng r ooms
.
Rooms f or i n- uni f or mst udyshoul d be separ at e
f or man and womenand shoul d be l ocat ed near
t he appr opr i at e dr essi ng r ooms.
Wor kr oom

Each physi cal educat i on depar t ment
maywi sh t o concent r at e sever al wor k or r epai r
f unct i ons i n one or mor e ar eas accor di ng t o
t he pr ogr am and equi pment and dependent
upon t he secr et ar i al and of f i ce needs . Two
t ypes of ar eas ar e descr i bed bel ow. I n
some
col l eges, i t may be consi der ed pr act i cal t o
combi ne most of t he f unct i ons of t hese t wo
wor kr ooms i nt o one pl an.
Secr et ar i al Wor kr oom Secr et ar i es, ma-
chi nes, and t ypewr i t er s ar e assi gned
t o
some
i ndi vi dual of f i ces or t o a gr oup of of f i ces,
but
i t may not be pr act i cal
t o have al l i ndi vi dual
of f i ces so st af f ed
and equi pped. Of f i ce sup-
pl i es, t ypewr i t er s, dupl i cat i ng machi nes, end
some ot her needed and desi r abl e
of f i ce ma-
chi nes can be
concent r at ed
i n
one or mor e
depar t ment or col l ege wor kr ooms
wher e
ser vi ces
can be per f or med f or f acul t y member s
who have
l i mi t ed or i r r egul ar need of secr e-
t ar i al hel p.
I n such a r oom, a wor kr oom
manager can r ecei ve assi gnment s, di st r i but e
and al l ocat e t hi s wor k, r ecei ve i t f r om t he
wor ker s, and
r et ur n i t t o t he appr opr i at e
f acul t y
member s.
The
r oomshoul d have ar ea enough t o ac-
commodat e desks, t abl es, and cabi net s, whi ch
must be pl anned accor di ng t o t he ant i ci pat ed
demands. Acoust i cal t r eat ment and a gener ous
suppl y of el ect r i cal out l et s ar e essent i al t o
t he or der l y f unct i oni ng of such a ser vi ce ar ea.
Awal l - i nst al l ed washbasi n and a hand- t owel
cabi net ar e i mpor t ant t o t he economy of t i me
i n t he wor k ar ea.
Repai r and Ser vi ce Wor kr oom The need
f or r epai r and ser vi ce of equi pment wi l l di ct at e
t he si ze of t he r epai r end ser vi ce wor kr oom.
Some depar t ment s wi l l per f or m onl y mi nor
r epai r s whi ch can be accompl i shed i n a smal l ,
modest l y equi pped
wor kr oomor i n a par t of
some ot her ar ea
al r eady pr ovi ded
.
Ot her
f acul t i es wi l l wi sh t o pl an t o r epai r ar cher y-
t ar get st ands, cover s, f i el d car t s, and ot her
l ar ger pi eces whi ch r equi r e t he use of t ool s
and space. Thi s pl an t o ser vi ce and r epai r
l ar ge pi eces, t hen, wi l l r equi r e
space
f or t he
equi pment t o be r epai r ed end t ool s
wi t h whi ch
t o per f or mt he needed r epai r s
.
Awel l - equi pped
wor kr oomwi l l cont ai n such
const r uct i onal and
bui l t - i n f eat ur es as cabi net s,
a si nk, wood and l umber st or age
r acks,
shel ves, a bl ower di schar ge f en,
a
wor k
shel f ,
and dr awer s . Many, or
most ,
of t he
st or age
ar eas shoul d
be l ocked i ndi vi dual l y or as a
gr oup wi t h a mast er key syst em.
PHYSI CAL EDUCATI ONAND
SPORTS FACI LI TI ES
The f ol l owi ng st andar ds ar e r ecommended f or
consi der at i on by t hose i nvol ved i n pl anni ng
col l ege and uni ver si t y f aci l i t i es f or physi cal
educat i on, i nt r amur al spor t s, i nt er col l egi at e
at hl et i cs, and r ecr eat i on.
Type A- I ndoor
Teachi ng St at i ons
" Space
r equi r ement s : 8. 5 t o 9. 5 sq f t per
st udent ( t ot al
under gr aduat e enr ol l ment )
" I ncl udi ng : Gymf l oor s,
mat ar eas, swi m-
mi ng pool s, cour t s,
et c . ( adj acent t o l ocker s
and shower s and
wi t hi n 10- mi n wal ki ng di s-
t ance of academi c
cl assr ooms)
- Uses :
Physi cal educat i on cl ass i nst r uct i on,
var si t y spor t s,
i nt r amur al spor t s, unor gani zed
i nf or mal spor t s
par t i ci pat i on, st udent and
f acul t y
r ecr eat i on, et c .
Br eakdown
of Type A Space
Al - Lar ge
gymnasi um ar eas wi t h r el a-
t i vel y hi gh cei l i ngs
( 22- f t mi ni mum) f or
basket bal l , badmi nt on, gymnast i cs, appar at us,
vol l eybal l ,
et c . ( appr oxi mat el y 55 per cent of
t ype Aspace)
A2- Act i vi t y ar eas wi t h r el at i vel y l ow
cei l i ngs ( 12- f t mi ni mum) f or combat i ves, t her a-
peut i c exer ci ses, danci ng, wei ght l i f t i ng, et c .
( appr oxi mat el y 30 per cent of t ype Aspace)
- A3- Swi mmi ng and di vi ng pool s ( ap-
pr oxi mat el y 15 per cent of t ype Aspace)
Type B- Out door Teachi ng St at i ons
Space r equi r ement s : 70 t o 90 sq f t per
st udent ( t ot al under gr aduat e enr ol l ment )
- I ncl udi ng : Spor t s f i el ds of al l t ypes ( adj a-
cent t o l ocker s and shower s end wi t hi n 10- mi n
wal ki ng di st ance of academi c cl assr ooms)
- Uses : Physi cal educat i on cl ass i nst r uct i on,
var si t y spor t s, i nt r amur al spor t s par t i ci pat i on,
st udent and f acul t y r ecr eat i on, et c.
Br eakdown of Type B Space
. B1 - Sodded ar eas f or soccer , t ouch f oot -
bal l , sof t bal l , et c . ( appr oxi mat el y 60 per cent
of Type " B" space)
. B2- Cour t - t ype ar eas f or t enni s, vol l ey-
bal l , f l i cker bal l , et c . ( appr oxi mat el y 15 per cent
of Type " B" space)
- B3- Speci al i zed at hl et i c ar eas f or t r ack
and f i el d, basebal l , ar cher y, var si t y f oot bal l ,
gol f , campi ng
demonst r at i ons,
et c
.
( appr ox-
i mat el y
25
per cent of Type " B"
space)
- B4- Swi mmi ng pool s ( i ncl uded i n
B3
ap-
pr oxi mat i on)
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Fi el d House
Type C- Spor t s Fi el ds and Bui l di ngs ;
I nt r amur al and
Gener al Out door Recr eat i on Ar eas
" Space r equi r ement s : 120 t o 140 sq f t per
st udent ( t ot al under gr aduat e enr ol l ment )
" I ncl udi ng: Pl ayi ng f i el ds and at hl et i c
bui l di ngs of al l t ypes; sof t bal l di amonds, t enni s
cour t s,
ar enas, f i el d houses, et c. ( t oo f ar r e-
movedf r omgener al st udent l ocker s, shower s,
l i vi ng quar t er s,
and academi c bui l di ngs f or
use as t eachi ng st at i ons)
( maxi mumdi st ance
f r ommaj or r esi dence ar eas- 1 mi )
" Uses :
I nt r amur al
spor t s, var si t y spor t s,
unor gani zed i nf or mal spor t s
Br eakdown of Type CSpace
" C1 - Sodded ar eas
f or soccer , t ouch f oot -
bal l , sof t bal l , et c. ( appr oxi mat el y
40 per cent of
t ype Cspace)
" C2- Cour t - t ypear eas
f or t enni s, vol l eybal l ,
f l i cker bel l , et c. ( appr oxi mat el y 10
per cent of
t ype Cspace)
" C3- Speci al i zed at hl et i c ar eas

f or

t r ack
end f i el d, basebal l , ar cher y, var si t y f oot bal l ,
gol f , campi ng demonst r at i ons, et c. ( appr ox-
i mat el y 45 per cent of t ype Cspace)
" C4- Swi mmi ng pool s ( i ncl uded i n C3
appr oxi mat i on)
" C5- Spor t s and i nt r amur al bui l di ngs pr o-
vi di ng l ocker s, shower s, pl ay space, of f i ce
space, l ounge r ooms, et c. ( appr oxi mat el y 5
per cent of t ype Cspace)
Type O- I nf or mal Recr eat i on Ar eas
" Space r equi r ement s : i ncl uded i n C3
" I ncl udi ng : On- campus pi cni c ar eas ( maxi -
mumdi st ance f r omr esi dence ar eas- 11/ 2 mi l es)
( appr oxi mat el y 15 per cent of t ot al t ype C
space)
" Uses : Pi cni cs, out i ng act i vi t i es ( i ncl udi ng
out door cooker y, eveni ng songf est s, st or y-
t el l i ng, et c. )
Type E- Of f - Campus Out door Educat i on,
Campi ng, and Recr eat i on Ar eas
" I ncl udi ng : Out door campi ng and out door
educat i on cent er , of f - campus gol f cour se,
uni ver si t y count r y cl ub, et c. ( maxi mumdi s-
t ance f r omhear t of t he campus- 25 mi ) .
" Uses : Over ni ght campi ng, pi cni cs, out i ng
act i vi t i es, campi ng demonst r at i ons, gol f ,
ar cher y, boat i ng, canoei ng, out door swi mmi ng,
f or mal cl asses t aught out door s .
" Est i mat e of space needs of t hi s t ype ar ea:
I t i s di f f i cul t t o st at e t hese needs on a squar e-
f eet - per - st udent basi s . Such ar eas cont r i but e
mat er i al l y t o t he out door educat i on and out -
door r ecr eat i on of bot h men and women st u-
dent s, but t he many var i abl es i n cl i mat e, i n
t opogr aphy, i n di st ance f r omt he hear t of t he
campus, and i n emphasi s on out door educat i on
make a aquar e- f eet - per - st udent st andar d di f -
f i cul t t o est abl i sh.
" I t has been est i mat edby i nt r amur al l eader s
t hat
gr aduat e st udent s par t i ci pat e i n physi cal
r ecr eat i on 25 per cent as ext ensi vel y as under -
gr aduat es. Consequent l y, i t i s suggest ed t hat
pl anner s add 25 per cent of t hegr aduat e enr ol l -
ment i n usi ng t he st andar d .
Anci l l ar y Ar eas
I nvest i gat i on
i ndi cat es t hat a r easonabl e st an-
dar d f or
det er mi ni ng t he space needed f or
l ocker s, shower s,
t owel i ng r ooms, equi pment
st or age, suppl y r ooms,
and of f i ces associ at ed
wi t h t ype Aspace i s a squar e f oot age
equal i ng
appr oxi mat el y40 per cent of
t he pl ay or act i vi t y
ar ea i n a gymnasi umf aci l i t y. As
an exampl e of
howt hi s f i gur e may be
used, assume t hat a
gymnasi umi s bei ng pl annedwhi chwi l l pr ovi de
100, 000 sq f t of
act i vi t y space. I n ot her wor ds,
t he squar e f oot age
i n t he swi mmi ng- pool sur -
f ace and deck, and al l
gymnasi umf l oor s, i n-
cl udi ng hi gh and l owcei l i ng
ar eas, equal s
100, 000 sq f t . Thi s woul d mean
t hat t he squar e
f oot age needed f or anci l l ar y ar eas
woul d be i n
t he nei ghbor hood of 40, 000 sq f t . Ar chi t ect s
gener al l y speak of t he
combi nat i on of pl ay
space and anci l l ar y ar eas i n a
gymnasi umas
" net usabl e ar ea. " Consequent l y,
t he net
ar ea i n t he bui l di ng woul d be
appr oxi mat el y
140, 000 sq f t .
Al l ot her space i n a
bui l di ng, i ncl udi ng hal l -
ways, st ai r ways, wal l
t hi cknesses, l obbi es,
publ i c t oi l et s, bl eacher s f or publ i c
use, cus-
t odi al . space, and space needed f or
ser vi ce
condui t s of al l t ypes, i s spoken
of by many
ar chi t ect s as " t ar e. " The space
needed f or
t ar e var i es gr eat l y f r om bui l di ng
t o bui l di ng,
dependi ng upon t he f unct i on
and ar chi t ect ur al
desi gn. Ar ough est i mat e of t he ar ea
needed
f or t hi s
i t emi s a f i gur e equal t o 80 per cent
of t he act i vi t y or pl ay ar ea i n a gymnasi um
.
By addi ng t ar e, anci l l ar y, and pl ay space, a
r ough est i mat e of
t he gr oss squar e f oot age of
a gymnasi um
pl an can be comput ed. Thi s
f i gur e i s hel pf ul i n
pr el i mi nar y di scussi ons of
cost s i nvol ved.
Enr ol l ment Rel at i onshi ps
When st andar ds i n
t er ms of squar e f eet per
st udent ar e used as gui des
i n col l ege or uni -
ver si t y pl anni ng, i t i s nat ur al t o
ask wher e
t he cut - of f begi ns . At what
poi nt , f r om 10
st udent s up, do t he st andar ds
become mean-
i ngf ul ? Obvi ousl y, f or acol l ege of
200 st udent s,
9sq f t per st udent of i ndoor ar ea
f or spor t s
and at hl et i cs woul d be woef ul l y i nadequat e
.
I t woul d not even pr ovi de one basket bal l
cour t
.
Auni ver si t y or col l ege meet i ng
t he space
st andar ds f or 1, 500 st udent s r epr esent s
t he
mi ni mumphysi cal - r ecr eat i on space needs
of
any col l egi at e i nst i t ut i on. As a col l ege or
uni ver si t y i ncr eases i n si ze, t hese st andar ds
ar e appl i cabl e r egar dl ess of enr ol l ment .
Peak Load
Af t er School Hour s
Thr ough st udy of ut i l i zat i on pr obl ems
at t he
var i ous uni ver si t i es, i t was f ound t hat
t he
gr eat est
l oad on f aci l i t i es each day occur r ed
bet ween
4 P. M. and 10 P. M. I n al l t he
uni ver -
si t i es st udi ed,
ei t her one or t wo year s of
physi cal
educat i onwas r equi r ed of al l st udent s .
As l ong as
t he r equi r ement i n basi c physi cal
educat i on i s
not gr eat er t han 2year s, i t seems
t hat t he
gr eat est demand f or spacecomes af t er
t he usual
school hour s. Thi s may not be
t r ue
i n uni ver si t i es
whi ch r equi r e al l st udent s t o
r egi st er f or
physi cal educat i on each year t hey
ar e i n r esi dence.
Af ewuni ver si t i es
have dr opped r equi r ed
physi cal educat i on i n
t he bel i ef t hat t hi s wi l l
r educe t he pr essur es
on f aci l i t i es f or spor t s
and at hl et i cs. The f ut i l i t y of t hi s
move i s ob-
vi ous. I n f act , t he
el i mi nat i on of a physi cal
educat i on r equi r ement may
i ncr ease t he de-
mands f or t hi s t ype of space,
si nceal l st udent s
wi l l t hen t end t o use
af t er - school hour s t o
meet t hei r physi cal - act i vi t y
needs. Thi s concen-
t r at i on of st udent act i vi t y
wi l l l i kel y make i t
necessar yt o
pr ovi de gr eat er pl ay end exer ci se
space t han needed
f or a bal anced pr ogr amof
basi c i nst r uct i on, f r eepl ay
oppor t uni t i es, and
i nt r amur al spor t s
compet i t i on.
Appl i cat i on of St andar ds
St andar ds ar e gui des
f or t he use of pl anni ng
commi t t ees and admi ni st r at or s .
They ar e not
subst i t ut es
f or cr eat i ve pl anni ng. They hel p
a gr eat
deal i n ear l y comput at i ons of
cost
est i mat es end ar e al so hel pf ul i n checki ng
pr el i mi nar y dr awi ngs t o det er mi ne
whet her or
not enough
space has been pr ovi ded
i n di f -
f er ent cat egor i es
t o meet t he pr ogr am
needs
of t he st udent
enr ol l ment f or whi ch t he
f aci l i -
t i es ar e pl anned.
FI ELDHOUSE
Funct i on
The f i el d house pr ovi des encl osed end un-
obst r uct ed space adapt abl e t o i ndoor and
out door spor t s act i vi t i es . I t i s not i nt ended
as a
subst i t ut e f or t he gymnasi um; i t i s
com-
pl ement ar y
and suppl ement ar y t o ot her f aci l i -
t i es
f or i ndoor end out door physi cal educat i on
and r ecr eat i on
act i vi t i es . The encl osur e may
al so ser ve pur poses
ot her t han physi cal educa-
t i on and r ecr eat i on .
Typi cal
f unct i ons of t he f i el d house f or a
col l ege
ar e
as
f ol l ows: i nst r uct i on i n t he
ser vi ce
pr ogr ami n physi cal educat i on; pr act i ce
f or i nt er col l egi at e
at hl et i cs ( f oot bal l , t r ack
and f i el d, basebal l ,
basket bal l , t enni s, soccer ,
l acr osse, and ot her
spor t s) ; i nt r amur al and
i nt er col l egi at e compet i t i on
; i nf or mal pl ay;
hor seback r i di ng; demonst r at i ons
and exhi -
bi t i ons
whi ch at t r act l ar ge cr owds of spec-
t at or s ; commencement
exer ci ses; r egi st r at i on ;
and f i nal exami nat i ons .
I n addi t i on, communi t y
uses may
i ncl ude i nt er schol ast i c games,
mat ches, meet s and
t our nament s; bend con-
cer t s; school commencement
exer ci ses; ex-
hi bi t s ; and mass meet i ngs .
The t ot al physi cal educat i on
pr ogr am, i n-
cl udi ng co- physi cal educat i on
and co- r ecr ea-
t i on, shoul d
be consi der ed when pl ans ar e
devel oped, so t hat
f aci l i t i es f or act i vi t i es such
as t enni s, vol l eybal l ,
badmi nt on, and gol f
pr act i ce may be
pr ovi ded. Unl ess pr ovi ded i n
t he gymnasi um, handbal l
and squash cour t s
shoul d be const r uct ed i n t he
f i el d house. A
sur vey of avai l abl e f aci l i t i es
f or act i vi t i es com-
mon t o moder n physi cal educat i on
pr ogr ams
wi l l ser ve t o det er mi ne t he number
and ki nd
of act i vi t y uni t s t o i ncl ude
i n
t he
f i el d house.
Locat i on
I f needed f or cl ass i nst r uct i on, t he
pr ef er abl e
l ocat i on f or t he f i el d house i s adj acent
t o t he
mai n gymnasi umbui l di ng and t he
nat at or i um.
I f space i s not avai l abl e i n pr oxi mi t y t o
t he
gymnasi um, t he f i el d house wi l l ser ve wel l
f or
i nt r amur al act i vi t i es and i nt er col l egi at e
spor t s,
even t hough i t i s const r uct ed i n a
per i pher al
ar ea of t he campus. I t shoul d,
however , be
pl aced i n an ar ea cont i guous t o
at hl et i c f i el ds
and wher e par ki ng pr obl ems ar e
not cr i t i cal .
SI ZE
The si ze of t he f i el d house shoul d
be det er -
mi ned by car ef ul st udy
of i t s f unct i ons; con-
si der at i on shoul d be
gi ven
t o
t hesi ze and num-
ber of gr oups ( cl asses,
squads, t eams) l i kel y
t o par t i ci pat e
si mul t aneousl y i n t he pr ogr am.
Ther e shoul d be a
mi ni mumof i nt er f er ence of
gr oups wi t h each ot her . The ar ea
sur r ounded
by a %r- mi t r ack can i ncl ude t he f ol l owi ng
f aci l i t i es : a
r egul at i on basket bal l cour t ; a t en-
ni s cour t on each
si de of t he basket bal l cour t ;
br oad- j ump,
hi gh- j ump, and pol e- vaul t r unways
and pi t s ;
and
a
shot - put ar ea.
The
mi ni mum l engt h of t he f i el d house
Educat i onal
Fi el d House; Dor mi t or i es
shoul d accommodat e a 60- yd st r ai ght away f or
men' s t r ack pl us suf f i ci ent di st ance f or
st ar t i ng and st oppi ng. Awi de door at t he end
of t he st r ai ght away t o per mi t compet i t or s t o
r un out si de t he f i el d house woul d pr event
i nj ur i es and el i mi nat e a ment al hazar d wher e
space i s l i mi t ed. Si x r egul at i on l anes ar e
desi r abl e. The t r ack ar ound t he por t abl e or
per manent basket bal l f l oor shoul d be of such
si ze as t o be a conveni ent f r act i on of
a
l onger
st andar d di st ance.
Bal coni es and Bl eacher s
When per manent bal coni es ar e pl anned, t hey
shoul d be const r uct ed wi t hout suppor t i ng
pi l l ar s whi ch woul d i nt er f er e i n any
way wi t h
t he pl ayi ng or vi sual ar ea. Bal coni es shoul d
be
ser ved by r amps whi ch connect di r ect l y, or
by
means of wi de cor r i dor s, wi t h
conveni ent
ent r ances and exi t s. Tempor ar y bl eacher s,
when pl aced i n f r ont of and bel owt he per -
manent bal coni es, shoul d cont i nue
t he si ght
l i nes of t he bal coni es. Bl eacher s can be pl aced
i nsi de a 1/ H- mi t r ack on bot h si des and ends of
a basket bal l cour t t o accommodat e
appr ox-
i mat el y 5, 000 spect at or s . Such
bl eacher s
shoul d be i nspect ed t hor oughl y bef or e
t hey ar e
used; t hei r capaci t y shoul d
never be t axed
.
The f i el d house shoul d be so desi gned t hat
nor mal f l owof t r af f i c wi l l not encr oach upon
t he act i vi t y ar eas. I t i s essent i al t hat t hi s
be
done i n or der t o avoi d i nt er f er ence wi t h i n-
st r uct i on and par t i ci pat i on and t o
decr ease
mai nt enance cost s.
Pr ess, Radi o, and Scout Accommodat i ons
Accommodat i ons f or r epor t er s, spor t s br oad-
cast er s, and scout s shoul d be pl anned i n t he
or i gi nal desi gn. Soundpr oof br oadcast i ng
and t el evi si on boot hs shoul d be pr ovi ded f or
t hese ser vi ces when t he f i el d house wi l l be
used f or at t r act i ons of consi der abl e publ i c
i nt er est .
Ent r ances
Ent r ances t o t he f i el d house shoul d be l ocat ed
wi t h r ef er ence t o par ki ng f aci l i t i es and t r af f i c
appr oaches . The mai n l obby shoul d be l ar ge
enough t o accommodat e ant i ci pat ed cr owds
seeki ng t i cket s and admi ssi on. Thi s i s par t i c-
ul ar l y i mpor t ant i n nor t her n cl i mat es . The
l obby shoul d be so desi gned f or t i cket sel l i ng
and col l ect i ng t hat t he t r af f i c wi l l f l ow i n a
st r ai ght l i ne, or near l y so, f r omt he ent r ances
t o t he box of f i ces t o t he t i cket col l ect or s . To
avoi d congest i on, appr oxi mat el y t wo- t hi r ds
of t he l obby shoul d be pl anned f or accom-
modat i ng box of f i ces and t i cket pur chaser s ;
t he r emai nder shoul d be r eser ved f or t i cket
hol der s, who shoul d have di r ect access t o
admi ssi on gat es.
Dr i nki ng Fount ai ns
Dr i nki ng f ount ai ns shoul d be suf f i ci ent i n num-
ber and so l ocat ed t hat t hey do not i nt er f er e
wi t h t he ci r cul at i on of
t he cr owd.
Ser vi ce Uni t s
I f t he f i el d house i s adj acent t o t he mai n gym-
nasi um bui l di ng and t he nat at or i um, t he r e-
qui r ement s f or l ocker s, shower s, and t oi l et s
can, i n some i nst ances, be r educed. An under -
pass f r omt he gymnasi umt o t he f i el d house
may be desi r abl e i n or der t o make t he gym-
nasi umser vi ce uni t s avai l abl e t o some par t i ci -
pant s i n t he f i el d house. I f t he f i el d house i s
not adj acent t o t he gymnasi um, consi der at i on
shoul d be gi ven t o t he er ect i on of a smal l
bui l di ng or a basement , si mpl e i n desi gn, wi t h
dr essi ng, shower , and
t oi l et f aci l i t i es, r at her
t han
usi ng
space f or such pur poses whi ch
mi ght
be ut i l i zed mor e advant ageousl y f or
act i vi t y
uni t s
.
Conveni ent and accessi bl e dr essi ng uni t s
equi pped wi t h chal k and t ack boar ds f or t he
home and vi si t i ng t eams shoul d be pr ovi ded.
When t he f i el d house i s t o be used f or i nt er -
schol ast i c basket bal l t our nament s and i ndoor
t r ack meet s, consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o
pr ovi di ng
separ at e l ocker r ooms wi t h ad-
j oi ni ng shower andt oi l et f aci l i t i es . These uni t s
coul d be
used r egul ar l y t hr oughout t he year
by i nt r amur al
par t i ci pant s and i nt er col l egi at e
squads .
I t i s desi r abl e t o pr ovi de passageways f r om
dr essi ng r ooms
di r ect l y t o t he basket bal l f l oor
t o
avoi d
cr owd i nt er f er ence
.
Adr essi ng r oom
wi t h adj oi ni ng shower and
t oi l et
f aci l i t i es shoul d be pr ovi ded f or st af f
member s. These accommodat i ons can al so be
used by
game of f i ci al s .
Separ at e t oi l et f aci l i t i es i n suf f i ci ent num-
ber f or men and f or women spect at or s shoul d
be pr ovi ded i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he seat i ng
ar eas. Toi l et s shoul d be pr ovi ded near t r af f i c
l anes . Wher e l ar ge cr owds at t end games, i t i s
advi sabl e
t o pl ace suppl ement ar y t oi l et f aci l i -
t i es of f t he mai n l obby.
Fi r st - Ai d and Tr ai ni ng Rooms
Ar oom
f or f i r st - ai d t r eat ment shoul d be pr o-
vi ded i f t he
f i el d- house pr ogr am i s pl anned
t o at t r act
spect at or s . Thi s r oommayal so ser ve
t he pur pose of
a
t r ai ni ng
r oomf or emer gency
t r eat ment of par t i ci pant s, and t he pr event i on
of
i nj ur i es .
Lounge
and
Tr ophy Room
Pr ovi si on f or a l ounge r oommaybe advi sabl e
af t er consi der at i on of such f act or s as avai l abl e
space and f unds, and t he f unct i ons of
such a
r oomf or cl ubs, member s of at hl et i c squads,
l et t er men, of f i ci al s and coaches, and vi si t or s
.
An adj oi ni ng
ki t chenet t e i s desi r abl e.
St or age Space
Suf f i ci ent st or age space shoul d be pr ovi ded
t o accommodat e physi cal educat i on and mai n-
t enance
suppl i es and
equi pment
.
Suppl y
r ooms, bui l t so t hat suppl i es and equi pment
maybe car ed f or wi t hi n
t hem
and
i ssued f r om
t hem,
shoul d be pr ovi ded wher e t hey ar e
needed.
Concessi on Boot hs
When t he f i el d house
i s
pl anned
t o accom-
modat e l ar ge cr owds,
concessi on boot hs
shoul d be const r uct ed. Theyshoul d
be equi pped
wi t h el ect r i c or gas st oves,
si nks, r unni ng
wat er , and sewer connect i ons and
shoul d be
l ocat ed wher e t hey do not i nt er f er e wi t h
t he
nor mal f l owof t r af f i c.
Scor eboar ds and Ti mi ng Devi ces
Scor eboar ds and
t i mi ng devi ces shoul d be of
suf f i ci ent
number and be so pl aced t hat t hey
can
be seen r eadi l y by pl ayer s and al l spec-
t at or s . They shoul d be easy t o oper at e and
r eadi l y accessi bl e f or mai nt enance pur poses .
Publ i c- Addr ess Syst em
Pr ovi si on shoul d be
made f or t he i nst al l at i on
of a publ i c- addr ess syst em.
Acoust i cal t r eat -
ment of t he bui l di ng i s
desi r abl e.
Li ght i ng, Heat i ng, and Vent i l at i on
Wi ndows shoul d be equi pped wi t h means t o
pr event
t he
i nt er f er ence of sunl i ght wi t h pl ayer
per f or mance
at
any
t i me
dur i ng t he day. Wal l s
and
cei l i ngs shoul d be
l i ght i n col or . Cat wal ks
ar e necessar y f or ser vi ci ng t he
cei l i ng l i ght s,
spot l i ght s, and net .
Condensat i on pr obl ems shoul d be gi ven ma-
j or consi der at i on, par t i cul ar l y wher e t her e
ar e
ext r emes of t emper at ur e, wher e spr i nkl i ng
of
sur f ace or di r t ar eas i s r equi r ed, and wher e
l ar ge cr owds
wi t ness event s
i n t hef i el d house.
As a means wher eby some of t he excess
con-
densat i on may be r eabsor bed, t he
bui l di ng
shoul d be heat ed by t he ci r cul at i on
of war m
ai r i n addi t i on t o f i xed r adi at i on
.
Adequat e
means shoul d be pr ovi ded t o suppl y f r esh ai r
and t o exhaust f oul ai r . The wal l s
i nsi de and
out si de shoul d be i mper vi ous t o vapor pr es-
sur e. Techni cal heat i ng, vent i l at i ng, and
l i ght i ng pr obl ems shoul d be r ef er r ed t o a
speci al i st .
Fl oor s
The f l oor of t he f i el d house shoul d be of an
al l - weat her - r esi st ant const r uct i on . Rubber
asphal t and sever al pat ent ed r ubber l i ke syn-
t het i cs shoul d be consi der ed. Apor t abl e wood
f l oor f or basket bal l may be used. Di r t f l oor s
ar e not r ecommended.
DORMI TORI ES
Ar ea Requi r ement s
f or St udent RoomFur ni t ur e
1 . Fur ni t ur e si zes and use spaces ar e t he
aver age f or
exi st i ng f ur ni shi ngs.
2. Each f ur ni t ur e l ayout assumes t he i t em( s)
pl aced al ong a wal l .
Use Space

Theusespace of one i t emmayover -
l ap t he use space of anot her , but no use space
shoul d over l ap an adj acent i t emof f ur ni t ur e.
desi gnat i ons An i t emof f ur ni t ur e aut omat i cal l y
r equi r es addi t i onal space ar ound i t t o make i t s
usepossi bl e. Thi s spaceshoul d be al l owed f or
i n t he pl anni ng of t he r oom.
User
Requi r ement s, URBS Publ i cat i on 5,
Uni ver si t y
Resi dent i al Bui l di ng Syst em, Uni ver -
si t y of
Cal i f or ni a, Ber kel ey, Cal i f . , 1969.
Fi g. 1
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
Dor mi t or i es
t he r oom
. I f
i t i s
desi r abl e t o move
t he bed f r om
one sect i on t o t he ot her ,
t he t wo sect i ons
wi l l be appr oxi mat el y
equal i n si ze
.
I f i t i s
not desi r abl e, t he
i nt er changeabi l i t y of ot her pi eces of
f ur ni t ur e
wi l l cont r ol t he di mensi ons
and si ze of each
sect i on of t he r oom.
d. An of f set
r oomwi l l i ncr ease t he pos-
si bi l i t y of space
di vi si bi l i t y. I n a r ect an-
gul ar r oom, t he i t ems
must cr eat e t he
space; i n an
of f set r oomt he wal l s di -
vi de t he space.
St udent Rooms

The
st udent r oomi s t he smal l est
el ement and t he basi c space
i n t he housi ng f a-
ci l i t y. I t i s t he cor e envi r onment of
t he st udent
who spends many of hi s
waki ng hour s her e
( under gr aduat e gi r l s, 8 hr ; boys, 6
hr ) . I n t hi s
space t he st udent st udi es, sl eeps,
dr esses, and
soci al i zes . He st or es al l of hi s cl ot hes,
books,
and per sonal possessi ons her e except
f or non-
seasonal cl ot hi ng and l ar ger - si ze spor t s equi p-
ment . I n a ver y r eal sense, i t i s her e
t hat hi s
i dent i t y wi t hi n t he uni ver si t y i s
est abl i shed,
si nce i t i s t he onl y space on campus whi ch
he
hi msel f can cont r ol i n any way.
1 . St udy.

I ndi vi dual st udy i s accompl i shed
wi t hi n an amazi ng spect r um of act i vi t i es . I t
t akes
pl ace whi l e st andi ng, wal ki ng, si t t i ng,
l yi ng,
si ngi ng, whi st l i ng, eat i ng, dr i nki ng -
al one or wi t h anot her per son. Fewpar t i ci pat e
i n gr oup st udyi ng.
Peopl e st udy at di f f er ent r at es . Somesubj ect
t hemsel ves t o l ong per i ods of monkl i ke con-
cent r at i on
; ot her s appl y t hemsel ves f or r el a-
t i vel y
shor t per i ods i nt er sper sed wi t h i nt er val s
of soci al or r ecr eat i onal act i vi t y. The i ndi vi dual
pr ef er s t o st udy i n hi s own r oomand,
f or i n-
t ense st udy, by hi msel f . For t hi s t ype of st udy,
t he r oommat e must be el sewher e.
The desk appar ent l y i s used f or
r eadi ng onl y
i n cases r equi r i ng ext ensi ve not e- t aki ng
or use
of sever al r ef er ence sour ces . Ot her wi se, i t
i s a
r eposi t or y f or st udy and per sonal
equi pment
i ncl udi ng t ypewr i t er s, cal cul at or s,
dr af t i ng
equi pment , r adi os, and phonogr aphs .
Yet i t
does not have t he hei ght accommodat i ons
or
acoust i cal paddi ng needed t o use t hese
mat e-
r i al s qui et l y and ef f ect i vel y. I t s l engt h i s
i nade-
quat e f or any use- t he 42 i n.
st andar d desk i s
over t axed wi t h books
and wr i t i ng mat er i al [ as
wel l as per sonal par apher nal i a
. The space r e-
qui r ement s f or
mul t i pl e r ef er ences, col l at i on of
mat er i al s, or l ar ge
bel ongi ngs cr eat e over f l ow
ont o t he bed or f l oor
. Consequent l y, wor k i s
of t en done on t he
f l oor of t he r oom, par t i cu-
l ar l y i f i t i s car pet ed, and on
t he bed .
Somet i mes an appar ent
st udent i di osyncr asy
has a r eal f unct i onal
basi s . Many st udent s wer e
obser ved t ypi ng on t he
f l oor when an adequat e
t abl e was avai l abl e. The st udent s
t hen der non-
st r at ed t he dr uml i ke
sound of t he unmuf f l ed
t ypewr i t er whi ch
conf l i ct ed wi t h t hei r r oom-
mat e' s sl eepi ng. St udent s of t en used
t he cor -
r i dor s and bat hr ooms
as st udy spaces when
t ypi ng and st udy r ooms wer e
mi ssi ng or occu-
pi ed and r oommat es
wer e sl eepi ng.
Bookshel ves
ar e gener al l y i nadequat e i n si ze
and l engt h .
Mor eover , t he shel ves ar e usual l y
i n pl aces of di f f i cul t access
and ar e poor l y i l -
l umi nat ed
.
Ther e i s
a need f or mor e shel ves,
pr ef er abl y adj ust abl e
and f l exi bl e as t o pl ace-
ment .
Bui l t - i n
f ur ni shi ngs ar e r esent ed because
t hei r r i gi di t y i mpedes
bot h i ndi vi dual l i vi ng and
st udy habi t s
.
St udent s ar e
f or ced t o suppl e-
ment t he uni ver si t y f ur ni shi ngs wi t h such
t hi ngs as or ange cr at es t o cr eat e an i ndi vi dual
st udy
envi r onment . The r esul t s may appear
cl ut t er ed
t o some, but t hey accommodat e t he
occupant . Cl ear l y t hen, a book, pen, r eadi ng
l i ght , st r ai ght back chai r , anda 42- i n. - l ong desk
Fi g. 2
Pl anni ng
St udi es- Si ngl e and Doubl e Rooms
Gener al
1 . Roomdi mensi ons must accommodat e :
a. Fur ni t ur e si zes and desi gn ( wal l
mount ed, f r eest andi ng)
b. Fur ni t ur e use spaces
c . Combi nat i on of f ur ni t ur e i t ems
2. Roomsi ze ( and shape) wi l l af f ect t wo l ev-
el s of possi bl e r oomchange :
a. Adapt abi l i t y of f ur ni t ur e ar r angement s
b. Di vi si bi l i t y of spaces- physi cal or vi -
sual separ at i on of act i vi t i es
Room
Ar eas
1 . Def i ni t i on of t er ms used:
a. Mi ni mumaccess t o f ur ni t ur e i t ems ;
over l ap of i t ems and use space; some
r est r i ct i on i n t he use of f ur ni t ur e.
b. Opt i mum- no over l ap of i t ems
and use
space
c. Gener ous- begi nni ng of space di vi si -
bi l i t y
2. Si ngl e Rooms
a. Mi ni mumr ecommendedar ea- 90 sq f t
b. Opt i mumr ecommended ar ea- 110
sq
f t
c . Gener ous r ecommended ar ea- 120 sq
f t
3. Doubl e r ooms wi t h
bunked beds
a. Mi ni mumr ecommended
ar ea- 140 sq
f t
b. Opt i mum
r ecommended ar ea- 160 sq
f t
c . Gener ous r ecommended
ar ea- 180 sq
f t
4. Doubl e r ooms wi t hout
bunked beds
a. Mi ni mumr ecommended
ar ea- 180 sq
f t
b. Opt i mumr ecommended
ar ea- 220 sq
f t
c . Gener ous
r ecommended ar ea- 240 sq
f t
Of f set Si ngl e Rooms
1 . Concl usi ons
a. The ar ea
of t he r oomwi t h an of f set
may be compar abl e
t o a r ect angul ar
r oomwi t h l i t t l e or no l oss i n t he adapt -
abi l i t y
of f ur ni t ur e.
b.

I f di mensi ons
of t he r oomand f ur ni t ur e
si zes
shar e a common modul e, an of f -
set
r oom may have a sl i ght l y gr eat er
amount of
f ur ni t ur e adapt abi l i t y t han a
r ect angul ar
r oomof equal ar ea.
c . I n an of f set
r oom, t he cont r ol l i ng ob-
j ect i s t he bed
i n det er mi ni ng t he pr o-
por t i onal ar eas of t he t wo sect i ons
of
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
AND
UNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Dor mi t or i es
B Bed
D Desk
D2 Desk 2' 6" X5' 6"
WWar dr obe
SC
Sof t chai r
BC Bookcase
Fi g. 3

Exampl es of f ur ni t ur e l ayout s depi ct i ng some possi bl e ar r angement s i nvol ved i n t he pl anni ng of t he st udent
r oom.
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Dor mi t or i es
Fi g. 3 ( cont . )

Exampl es
of f ur ni t ur e l ayout s depi ct i ng some possi bl e ar r angement s i nvol ved i n t he pl anni ng of t he
st udent r oom.
Educat i onal
Dor mi t or i es
vi de t he sl i ght sl ope f or pr oper
si t t i ng ; some
adj ust ment t her ef or e i s necessar y. Beds coul d
be made t o r esembl e couches
and have a mech-
ani smal l owi ng a shi f t f r om
sl opi ng f or si t t i ng
t o l evel f or sl eepi ng posi t i on
.
3 . Soci al i zi ng. The st udent ' s
r oom has al -
ways at t r act ed soci al di scour se. Wi t h mor e
l i b-
er al r ul es, t he st udent ' s r oombecomes
mor e of
a soci al cent er f or bot h sexes . The
st udent
r oom, however , wi t h i t s spl i t emphasi s
of
st udy- sl eep, pr esent s di f f i cul t i es as a soci al
envi r onment . The bed i s t he
chi ef of f ender . The
bed as a bed conj ur es al l sor t s
of
soci al
pr ob-
l ems i n i nt er vi si t at i on. Abed wi t h cushi ons or
pi l l ows t ossed about i s not accept abl e because
of t he di f f i cul t y of si t t i ng upr i ght comf or t abl y.
I t s conver si on t o a sof a, wi t h i t s cont r i but i ons
as a l i vi ng r oomf ur ni shi ng, i s most desi r abl e
not t o ment i on i t s mor e comf or t abl e use f or
mul t i pl e seat i ng .
Cl ot hes and st or age of per sonal posses-
si ons ar e al so a bedr oomsymbol . Cl oset s l ook
l i ke cl oset s ; dr esser s l ook l i ke dr esser s . Con-
t empor ar y f ur ni t ur e desi gner s, however , have
pr ovi ded st or age uni t s f or st udi o- apar t ment
( whi ch ar el qui t e accept abl e as l i vi ng r oom
pi eces . Such pi eces have yet t o make t hei r ap-
pear ance i n st udent r ooms. I t shoul d be pos-
si bl e t o have ei t her i nt i mat e conver sat i ons or
sessi ons wi t h a number of addi t i onal
i ndi vi d-
ual s wi t hi n one' s own pr i vat e r oom. The bed,
har d and sof t chai r s, and even a desk t op may
be br ought i nt o use as si t t i ng sur f aces t o ac-
commodat e a congeni al gr oup. The space
shoul d be such t hat f ur ni t ur e can be qui ckl y ar -
r anged t o make gr oup conver sat i on easy.
4. Dr essi ng. The concent r at i on of cl ot hes
st or age i n t he st udent r oomnot onl y pr ecl udes
i t s
use as
a soci al envi r onment but al so r e-
st r i ct s i t s use
f or dr essi ng. One st udy di scl oses
t hat t he nor mal 4- f t cl oset
and f i ve- dr awer
dr esser j ust sat i sf i es
t he
mal e st udent , and i t
pr ovi des onl y
hal f t he
f emal e st udent ' s st or age
r equi r ement s . Bot h sexes r equi r e
di f f er i ng vol -
umes
and
t ypes
of
st or age.
Smal l er combi ne-
t i onst or age uni t s
mi ght wel l accommodat e
st udent pr ef er ence andal l ow
f l exi bi l i t y of r oom
ar r angement .
Types of Spaces
1 . Si ngl e r ooms .

The si ngl e r oompr ovi des
cont r ol l ed
pr i vacy
f or
i t s
occupant wi t h r espect
t o
al l
ot her st udent s . I t may
open di r ect l y t o a
cor r i dor and
t hus
pr ovi de compl et e pr i vacy
comi ng
and
goi ng,
or i t may
be par t of a sui t e or
apar t ment . Pr i vacy f or sl eepi ng
can be con-
t r ol l ed i f adequat e acoust i c separ at i on bet ween
adj acent spaces i s pr ovi ded.
The si ngl e r oomshoul d be ar r anged sui t abl y
so t hat i t i s possi bl e t o st udy ef f ect i vel y wi t h
an i nvi t ed second per son. I n addi t i on, t he st u-
dent
shoul d be abl e t o pl ay t he r adi o, phono-
gr aph, t ape r ecor der , or qui et i nst r ument s and
t o i ndul ge i n r easonabl e r ecr eat i onal act i vi t y
wi t hout
cr eat i ng an acoust i cal
pr obl emf or hi s
nei ghbor s .
One aut hor i t y bel i eves t he si ngl e r oom i s
" unl i kel y t o be r eal l y humanel y sat i sf act or y i f
i t i s l ess t han 120 squar e f eet . The f ur ni t ur e
shoul d be movabl e, not f i xed, t o al l owt he st u-
dent t o or gani ze hi s own envi r onment . "
2. Spl i t doubl e r ooms. The spl i t doubl e
r oompr ovi des t he soci al cont act obt ai ned by
t wo st udent s shar i ng a common space but , at
t he same t i me, r ecogni zes and sol ves t he pr ob-
l emof conf l i ct of i nt er est i n t he st udent ' s soci al
and st udy act i vi t i es . The spl i t doubl e r oomcon-
si st s of t wo spaces wi t h a connect i ng openi ng.
When connect ed wi t h a door , t her e i s a degr ee
of acoust i c pr i vacy. Wi t hout a door , t he ar -
Fi g. 4

Di agr ammat i c ar r angement s r ect angul ar r ooms,
si ngl e r ooms.
const i t ut e
l ess t han t he opt i mumanswer t o t he
st udy
pr obl em.
The t el ephone i s a most i mpor t ant t ool t o t he
st udent . I t s use i s r est r i ct ed onl y by t he uni ver -
si t y' s abi l i t y t o pr ovi de an i ndi vi dual i nst r ument
and t he st udent ' s abi l i t y t o payt het ol l . The t el e-
phone i s f i ndi ng i ncr eased use- bot h as a
st udy and a soci al ai d .
The t r emendous and cont i nui ng advances
of
t he
el ect r oni cs i ndust r y ar e onl y begi nni ng t o
be
not ed i n t he educat i onal sect or . Al t hough
t he st udent
of t oday i s r equi r ed t o at t end uni -
l at er al communi cat i on l ect ur es i n l ar ge hal l s,
t he st udent of t omor r owmay vi ewt he l ect ur e
on TVi n hi s r oom, comi ng out f or semi nar s or
l abor at or y sessi ons . Fut ur e st udent housi ng
must accommodat e t hi s .
The st udent s of al l campuses coul d si mul -
t aneousl y be abl e t o r ecei ve t he l ect ur e of one
out st andi ng pr of essor or pr of essi onal t eam.
Much of t hi s
communi cat i on wi l l be at t he di s-
cr et i on of t he st udent . I t i s but one i ndi cat i on
of t he
gr owi ng i mpor t ance of t he st udent r oom
as a st udy
ai d. Onl y t he pr ovi si on of condui t
access i s needed t o expand t he hor i zons
of t he
st udent r oombeyond i magi nat i on.
2. Sl eep.

The st udent ' s pat t er n of act i vi t y i s
r ar el y
consi st ent ; he may
sl eep
at
any
t i me
of
t he day
or
ni ght . Two occupant s of a
r oor n
ver y
r ar el y f ol l owt he same schedul e. Exams and
soci al
act i vi t i es modi f y t hei r pat t er ns even
mor e
ext ensi vel y. I t i s t he
var yi ng
pat t er ns t hat
pr esent conf l i ct s i n mul t i pl e- occupancy r ooms.
I nt er est i ng i mpr ovi sat i ons- hangi ng bl anket s,
r el ocat ed war dr obes and beds, and st acked
dr esser s- - wer e obser ved i n si t uat i ons wher e
one st udent wi shed t o st udy whi l e t he ot her
sl ept . Per haps beds wi t h sui t abl e acoust i cal
l i ght - separ at i on scr eens coul d be one answer ;
si ngl e- occupancy r ooms woul d be bet t er .
Pr esent pr ovi si ons
f or
sl eepi ng
r ange f r om
t he st udi o bed i n si ngl e r ooms t o
bunkabl e
beds
i n mul t i - occupancy r ooms. Beds acqui r ed
a decade ago ar e
i ncr easi ngl y l i mi t i ng t o t he
succeedi ng gener at i ons
of t al l er st udent s .
Readi ng
i s
mor e of t en done i n t he compar a-
t i vel y r el axed at t i t ude
of t he bed or easy chai r .
However , t he
bed
i s
sel domdesi gned t o pr o-
At pr esent , t hear ea of a doubl e r oom
var i es
bet ween 145 and 250 sq f t . Wi t hi n t hese
ar eas,
possi bi l i t i es
f or al t er nat i ve f ur ni t ur e l ayout s
and r oom
shapes ar e par t i cul ar l y i mpor t ant
.
Some r oom
conf i gur at i ons make possi bl e
t he
separ at i on of t he
t wo st udent s i n t hei r
st udy
act i vi t i es ; ot her s
si t uat e t he desks i n par al l el
ar r angement s
f or st udy. The use of
movabl e
war dr obes t o shi el d
t he beds f r omdesks
pr o-
vi des t he
degr ee of separ at i on bet ween act i vi -
t i es wi t hi n a
r oom but r educes t he appar ent
si ze of t her oom
. War dr obes whi ch ar e gr ouped
t o pr ovi de
dr essi ng al coves or t o l i ne cor r i dor s
r emove
val uabl e space f r omt he r oom
i t sel f . I f
doubl e r ooms ar e
t o be pr ovi ded, t her e
shoul d
be suf f i ci ent ar ea t o
conver t t hem i nt o spl i t -
doubl e, si ngl e, or ot her t ypes
of r ooms i n t he
f ut ur e. Mor e t han enough
convent i onal doubl e
f aci l i t i es al r eady
exi st on most campuses .
4. Tr i pl e r oom
. Thi s f or m has been popu-
l ar wi t h some st udent s
on a smal l number of
campuses . Wher e
t hi s ar r angement has been
used wi t h movabl e
f ur ni t ur e, t he ext r a
ar ea
pr ovi ded i n t he
si ngl e space has made possi bl e
a l ar ge
number of di f f er ent space ar r ange-
ment s. The
r esul t i ng i ndi vi dual i t y of t he
l ayout
of t her oom
woul d appear t o be a maj or
r eason
f or t he popul ar i t y of such spaces, si nce
some
st udent s
do seemt o pr ef er a t hr eest udent
t o a
t wo- st udent
r oom. The t r i pl e r oom,
however ,
t ends
t o br eed mor e ser i ous i nt er per sonal
pr obl ems
.
5 .
Four - st udent

r oom. Four

st udent s
shar i ng one r oomhave t he same
pr obl ems as
t he
st udent s shar i ng doubl e- or
t r i pl e- occu-
pancy
r ooms
.
Ther ei s a sl i ght advant age
i n t hat
t he space i s usual l y l ar ge enough t o be
subdi -
r oom
wi t h di r ect communi cat i on
bet ween
t hem. Then
t he spaces maybe separ at ed
on an
act i vi t y
basi s, wi t h t he desks, st udy,
and l i vi ng
f aci l i t i es
i n one space and sl eepi ng
and dr ess-
i ng
f aci l i t i es i n t he ot her . When
one of t he t wo
spaces
i s l ar ge and t he ot her smal l
i n si ze, t he
st udent s
l i ve t oget her much as
t hey woul dwi t h-
Fi g. 5

Di agr ammat i c ar r angement s
r ect angul ar r ooms,
doubl e r ooms.
r angement
pr ovi des onl y
vi sual pr i vacy and
shi el di ng f r om i l l umi nat i on
sour ces. The pr o-
vi si on of t wo spaces makes
i t possi bl e f or one
st udent t o sl eepwhi l et he
ot her st udi es or t al ks
wi t h f r i ends .
The best ar r angement
woul d per mi t t he st u-
dent s
t o t r eat each of t he
t wo spaces as a si ngl e
i n a t r adi t i onal doubl e
r oom. Wher e t he habi t s
of t wo st udent s
come i nt o conf l i ct , t he second
smal l er space can
r el i eve t he si t uat i on. For ex-
ampl e, t he second r oomcan
pr ovi de f or a l at e-
hour st udy st at i on
. Thi s t ype of ar r angement
wi l l not necessar i l y suf f i ce t o
pr ovi de t he ap-
pr opr i at e
separ at i on bet ween soci al and
sl eep-
i ng
habi t s, but i t maydo so i f t he
smal l er space
has
suf f i ci ent r oomf or an ext r a chai r
.
I f t wo
st udent s must shar e space,
t he spl i t
doubl e
r epr esent s an opt i mum
ar r angement ,
because easy
choi ce exi st s f or pr i vacy
or soci a-
bi l i t y
.
Her e
agai n, t he space wi t h t he
t wo beds
shoul d
have t he at mospher e of a si t t i ng
r oom
so t hat
one
i s
not consci ousl y i n a bedr oom
.
3.
Doubl e r ooms. The doubl e
r oom i s t he
pr esent st andar d
i n st udent housi ng,
l ar gel ybe-
causeof t he
t r adi t i on andeconomi es i t
pr esum-
abl y
br i ngs t o i ni t i al const r uct i on
cost s. Thi s
economy i s
decept i ve, however .
Si nce t hese
r ooms i r r i t at e t hei r
i nhabi t ant s because
of l ack
of
pr i vacyand qui et and because of
i nsuf f i ci ent
st udy
and st or age space, i t becomes
necessar y
t o pr ovi de
t ypi ng r ooms, i ndi vi dual st udy
car -
r el s,
and l ar ge publ i c l ounges ( f ur ni t ur e
show-
r ooms) .
These f act or s shoul d be
consi der ed
when
ci t i ng t he economi es of t he
st andar d
doubl e- r oomr esi dence hal l .
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Dor mi t or i es
Fi g. 6
common ar ea when goi ng
bet ween one' s
r oom
and bat hr oom.
Wi t h ei ght or mor e
st udent s
i n doubl e r ooms,
mor e t han one common
space
i n
a sui t e i s r e-
qui r ed.
At l east
one
separ at e st udy as wel l as a
soci al r oom shoul d be pr ovi ded t o accom-
modat e pr i vacy f or st udy and t ypi ng l at e at
ni ght and t he noi sy soci al
sessi ons
t hat i nevi -
t abl y occur wi t hi n a sui t e. Obvi ousl y, si ngl e
r ooms desi gned so t hat pr i vacy may be mai n-
t ai ned r epr esent
t he most i deal sol ut i on
.
I f t he sui t e i s ent er ed t hr ough a common
space, t hi s space
i s usef ul
onl y f or pur poses
wher e qui et and
pr i vacy ar e
not
essent i al
.
At -
t empt s t o pr ovi de a combi ned l i vi ng- st udy
r oomi n t he sui t e ar e not successf ul because
st udent s soon r ever t t o usi ng t hei r bedr ooms
f or st udy. The sui t e t el ephone must not i nt er -
f er e wi t h st udy act i vi t i es .
7. Apar t ment s .

An
apar t ment
di f f er s f r om
t he sui t e i n pr ovi di ng a ki t chen . I t may consi st
of si ngl e or doubl e r ooms bui l t ar ound common
spaces as i n a sui t e, or
i t may
have
a
number of
st udent s i n a sl eepi ng r oom wi t h t he ot her
spaces i n common f or soci al , di ni ng, and st udy
pur poses .
Aconsensus of opi ni on among st udent s i ndi -
cat es t hat t hr ee t o f i ve si ngl e st udent s f or man
opt i mumgr oup f or apar t ment l i vi ng . Thi s num-
ber t ends t o wor k wel l i n ar r angi ng cooki ng
chor es f or t he week, wi t h weekends l ef t on an
i ndi vi dual basi s . Wi t h mor e t han f i ve st udent s,
assi gnment of cooki ng chor es becomes di f f i -
cul t . I ndi ana Uni ver si t y and Mi chi gan St at e
Uni ver si t y have ext r emel y popul ar f aci l i t i es ac-
commodat i ng f our
st udent s .
Somest udent s bel i eve t hey get bet t er f ood al
l ess cost i f t hey do t hei r own cooki ng and
shoppi ng.
Ther ef or e, t he apar t ment r equi r es
adequat e f ood suppl y capaci t y t o handl e a
posed f or t hi s r eason, especi al l y i n r egar d t o
f r eshman st udent s who desi r e maxi mum op-
por t uni t i es t o meet f el l owst udent s .
Anot her pr obl emi n sui t es composed of f our
t o seven st udent s i s t he possi bi l i t y t hat st r ong
f r i endshi p pat t er ns may have a det r i ment al i n-
f l uence on a st udent ' s academi c l i f e. The peer
gr oup pr essur e t o go out f or cof f ee or a ham-
bur ger
i s qui t e st r ong on one out of si x . Ri es-
man not es t hi s " encapsul at i on . " One si ze of an
encapsul at ed gr oup has been equat ed wi t h t he
si x occupant s of an aut omobi l e . Ther ef or e, t he
or gani zat i on of space i nt o sui t es must be such
t hat t he st udent s i n di f f er ent sui t es may i nt er r e.
l at e. I f , f or exampl e, t hr ee sui t es of si x st udent s
shar e a l ar ger l i vi ng r oomso t hat a gr oup of
ei ght een have somet hi ng i n common, i t i s qui t e
unl i kel y t hat
a
smal l
gr oup desi r i ng a cof f ee
br eak coul d
i nt er r upt t he st udy pat t er n of t he
ot her
el even. Mor e l i kel y, t hey wi l l f i nd onl y
one or t wo ot her s wi l l i ng
t o
go
al ong.
The
shar ed l i vi ng r oomal so pr ovi des a l ar ger
base f or f r i ends and t ends t o r educe st r ess . The
val ue of gr oupi ng st udent s i nt o a sui t e wher e
an or der ed
pat t er n of r el at i onshi ps may devel -
op
( f i r st wi t h a r oommat e or per haps wi t h t wo
or f our addi t i onal
st udent s and t hen wi t h a
l ar ger number ) pr ovi des
some bal ance i n t he
wayout si de at t achment s
ar e f or med. Such r el a-
t i onshi ps ar e not wel l st udi ed
at t hi s t i me and
t he pat t er ns of change i n
t he f ut ur e may be ver y
consi der abl e
. Ther ef or e an appr oach t o t he use
of sui t es shoul d l eave
open t he maxi mumnum-
ber of opt i ons f or
f ut ur e l i vi ng pat t er ns .
Wi t hi n t he
sui t e i t i s i mpor t ant t o or gani ze
t he common spaces so t hat pr i vacy i s mai n-
t ai ned bet ween t he sl eepi ng r ooms
and t he
bat hr oom. Pr obl ems occur wher e
t he common
r oom( s) i n a sui t e may be open f or
coed act i v-
i t i es and i t i s necessar y t o
pass t hr ough t he
Fi g. 7
vi ded by war dr obes, l i ght wei ght par t i t i ons, and
ot her el ement s .
Al t hough f ewst udent s woul d choose t o l i ve
i n a si ngl e space wi t h t hr ee ot her st r anger s,
f our f r i ends mi ght choose t o be t oget her and
succeed at i t i f pr ovi ded suf f i ci ent opt i ons f or
t he di sposi t i on of t he space and f or t he appr o-
pr i at e scr eeni ng of di f f er ent act i vi t i es .
Lar ge number s of st udent s may shar e a
space, but mor e t han f our r equi r e
t hat separ at e
adj acent spaces be pr ovi ded f or conf l i ct i ng
act i vi t i es . At t hi s poi nt , one must consi der t he
sui t e pl an.
6 . Sui t es . Asui t e i s an ar r angement i n
whi ch f our or mor e st udent s shar e t he t ot al
space i n si ngl e and doubl e r ooms, wi t h or wi t h-
out a bat hr oom, and at l east one ext r a common
space. I n t hi s way, t he gr oup of st udent s
wor ki ng and l i vi ng t oget her have at l east one
space under t hei r own cont r ol whi ch may be
used f or any of t he t hr ee maj or f acet s of r oom
l i f e: sl eep, st udy, or soci al act i vi t i es . " The ma-
j or val ue of t he sui t e pl an i s t he oppor t uni t y i t
af f or ds f or cl oser st udent associ at i on and t he
f r eedom i t gi ves st udent s usi ng t he var i ous
spaces as t hey wi sh. " The
common space
wi t hi n a sui t e ( 1) r educes some of t he pr es-
sur es f el t by t wo st udent s t r yi ng t o shar e a si n-
gl e r oom; ( 2) pr ovi des f or soci al act i vi t i es as
does a r esi dent i al l i vi ng r oom, and ( 3) i ncl udes
i n soci al act i vi t i es t hose st udent s who mi ght
not have di r ect or easy associ at i on wi t h ot her
st udent s .
The shar i ng of a f ai r amount of space by a
gr oup of st udent s makes possi bl e a var i et y of
usage pat t er ns and pr ovi des consi der abl e f l exi -
bi l i t y i n r oomr ear r angement so t he space may
be or gani zed i n t he best possi bl e way.
Typi cal pat t er ns ar e a common r oomal so
used as a st udy r oom; one r oomused onl y f or
sl eepi ng, wi t h separ at e r ooms f or st udy and
soci al pur poses ; and f our si ngl e r ooms or t wo
doubl e r ooms
wi t h a common l i vi ng r oom.
Sui t es composedof si ngl e r ooms r at her t han
doubl e r ooms
i ncr ease t he pot ent i al f or pr i -
vacy . However , i f one desi r es a separ at e r oom
f or each st udent , addi t i onal squar e f oot age
above t hat nor mal l y r equi r ed f or f our st udent s
wi l l
be necessar y. Thi s space can be r egai ned
t hr ough a r educt i on i n t he l ar ge l ounge spaces
on t he gr ound f l oor .
Anot her
way t o obt ai n suf f i ci ent ar ea f or a
sui t e
i s t o i ncor por at e some cor r i dor
space i n
t he commonr oom. Cor r i dor s
may not be neces-
sar y f or a f our - st udent
sui t e; t her ef or e, t hi s ap-
pr oach wor ks
best when per haps ei ght or t en
st udent s shar e a sui t e. Amaj or
pr obl emi n op-
t i mumuse of t he common r oom
of a sui t e con-
cer ns door s
t hat
do not
pr ovi de suf f i ci ent
acoust i cal separ at i on bet ween t he common
r oomand t he i ndi vi dual ' s r oom. I n
such a case,
spaces f or st udyout si de t he sui t e become
nec-
essar y .
Bat hr oomf aci l i t i es pose one of t he maj or
quest i ons i n t he desi gn of sui t es : shoul d t hese
f aci l i t i es be avai l abl e j ust f or t he sui t e or f or a
l ar ger gr oup of st udent s? Al t hough i ni t i al l y i t i s
l ess expensi ve t o bui l d gang f aci l i t i es f or l ar ger
gr oups, l ong- t er meconomy can be obt ai ned by
pr ovi di ng r esi dent i al - scal e bat hr ooms f or
sui t es wher ei n st udent s, i nst ead of mai ds,
cl ean t he f aci l i t y. The r educt i on i n mai nt enance
r equi r ement s wi l l mor e t han amor t i ze t he i n-
cr eased f i r st cost of smal l er bat h f aci l i t i es,
whi l e al so consi der abl y i mpr ovi ng t he human
qual i t y
of
t he housi ng envi r onment f or t he st u-
dent .
Sui t es must al so be consi der ed f or t he soci al
i mpact r esul t i ng f r om
t hem. St udent s devel -
opi ng
a
st r ong
soci al l i f e ar ound t he act i vi t i es
of t hei r sui t e may have l ess i ncent i ve t o make
f r i ends out si de t hei r
ci r cl e. Obj ect i ons mi ght be
Dor mi t or i es
Educat i onal
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
Dor mi t or i es
week' s suppl y of gr ocer i es
. The apar t ment ' s
di ni ng ar ea
must be of a si ze t o per mi t t he oc-
cupant s t o have
di nner guest s .
Exper i ence
i ndi cat es t hat most st udent s
l i vi ng i n
apar t ment s t i r e of t he r esponsi bi l i t y of
cooki ng and
cl eani ng. I t woul d seemappr opr i -
at e t o devel op
cent r al f ood ser vi ce t o r el i eve
apar t ment gr oups
of t he cooki ng chor es whi l e
st i l l r et ai ni ng t he benef i t s
of apar t ment - t ype
l i vi ng .
For exampl e,
I ndi ana Uni ver si t y has t wo
l i vi ng gr oups
of
60
st udent s havi ng common
ki t chen f aci l i t i es
wi t h anot her r esi dence hal l
whi ch pr ovi des t he
f ood ser vi ce of t he smal l
l i vi ng uni t . Tr ol l eys
cont ai ni ng f ood f or 60 st u-
dent s ar e wheel ed
f r omt he cent r al ki t chen t o
t he ser vi ng ki t chen
wi t hi n t he l i vi ng uni t s . Al l
ser vi ces and cl eanup ar e t hen
handl ed by t he
l i vi ng uni t s
at a ver y consi der abl e savi ngs i n
cost . These
t wo f aci l i t i es ar e t he most popul ar
ones on t he ent i r e
campus .
Much of t he at t r act i on
of t he apar t ment i s i t s
compar at i ve f r eedom
f r ombehavi or al cont r ol ,
par t i cul ar l y i n r egar d t o
coeducat i onal act i v-
i t i es . Thi s does not
mean compl et e r el i nqui sh-
ment of r esponsi bi l i t y
on t he par t of t he uni ver -
si t y but r at her t he mor e posi t i ve
r ecogni t i on of
t he st udent ' s adul t
qual i t i es .
St udent s l i vi ng
i n apar t ment s t end t o devel op
a ver y cl ose r el at i onshi p wi t h t hose shar i ng t he
space. I t i s a pat t er n per haps mor e appr opr i at e
f or upper di vi si on and gr aduat e st udent s
t han
i t i s f or l ower di vi si on st udent s .
These st udent s
have devel oped a
r ange of acquai nt ances on a
campus and nowar e i nt er est ed
i n cul t i vat i ng
speci f i c f r i endshi ps . Apar t ment s,
l i ke sui t es,
can be
gr ouped t o pr ovi de act i vi t i es t hr ough
combi ned
use of spaces f or r ecr eat i on, st udy,
and soci al af f ai r s so
t hat a wi de r ange of f r i end-
shi p
i s
possi bl e.
Si nce t he key di f f er ence bet ween t he sui t e
and
t he
apar t ment i s t he ki t chen, pr ovi si on
shoul d be i ncl uded i n sui t es f or a pl ug- i n ki t ch-
enet t e so t hat conver si on f r omsui t e t o apar t -
ment
may be accompl i shed qui ckl y. Thi s wi l l
enhance f l exi bi l i t y of use dur i ng t he summer
sessi ons f or conf er ences i nvol vi ng f ami l i es or
f or f or ei gn st udent s .
Space Al l ocat i on
1 . Di mensi ons of st udent
r ooms
.

Rooms of
mi ni mumsi ze cause
manycompl ai nt s f r omst u-
dent s ; t hi s was r ef l ect ed i n bot h t he URBS
and anot her
r ecent st udy. The si t uat i on has
changed a
gr eat deal i n t he past 25 year s . St er n
Hal l at Ber kel ey
was bui l t i n 1940 and al l owed
480 gr oss sq f t per
st udent wi t h 250 sq f t i n t he
st udent
r oom. Pr esent r ooms of 85- 95 sq f t per
st udent cr eat e
ser i ous pr obl ems of const r i c-
t i on .
Bui l t - i n f ur ni shi ngs
compound t hi s pr obl em
by pr event i ng an expr essi ve
cont r ol by st u-
dent s of t he l ayout of t hei r
r ooms
.
Movabl e
f ur ni t ur e, i n most i nst ances, woul dnot al l evi at e
t he pr obl embecause
t he smal l r oomsi ze di c-
t at es onl y one
possi bl e ar r angement . The need
f or expr essi on i s so i mpor t ant t o t he st udent
t hat he
somet i mes r esor t s t o an i r r at i onal l ay-
out , such as
pl aci ng t he bed acr oss t he door
openi ng, i n an ef f or t t o cont r ol hi s envi r on-
ment .
The
al l ocat i on of space wi l l be t he deci si on of
t he campus . Adequat e space al l ocat i on wi t hi n
t he
st udent r oom must have f i r st pr i or i t y so
t hat enough
space i s pr ovi ded t o al l owbot h i m-
medi at e i ndi vi dual expr essi on by t he st udent
and
f ut ur e ar r angement by t he uni ver si t y.
Sever al
st udi es have r ecommended t hat a
si ngl e
st udent r oomof r ect angul ar shape con-
t ai n 100 t o 115 act
f t . The r at i onal e f or t hi s r ec-
ommendat i on i s t hat
a r oommust cont ai n
enough space t o pr ovi de t he st udent wi t h ( 1)
Fi g . 8 Sui t e or gani zat i on 1 .
t he f ur ni t ur e he needs, ( 2) space f or t he use and
ser vi ce
of t hi s f ur ni t ur e ( make beds or open
dr awer s) ,
and ( 3) possi bi l i t y of a var i et y of f ur -
ni t ur e
l ayout s .
Envi r onment
1 . Ther mal . St udent r ooms r equi r e an ap-
pr opr i at e t her mal envi r onment f or t he f unc-
t i ons car r i ed on wi t hi n t hem. The envi r onment
i s af f ect ed by t emper at ur e, vent i l at i on,
humi d-
i t y. r adi at i on, and t he qual i t y of ai r pr oduced by
f i l t r at i on.
The t her mal syst em i n st udent housi ng
al -
l ows f or i ndi vi dual r equi r ement s and t he wi de
r ange
of condi t i ons whi ch per sonal pr ef er ence
may demand
. I n a mi xed communi t yof smoker s
and nonsmoker s, i t i s i mpor t ant t hat t he ai r be
kept
movi ng and cl ean, par t i cul ar l y i n st udent
r ooms,
i nt er i or spaces, l ounges, and st udy ar -
eas . Because of var i at i ons i n st udent hygi ene,
TABLE 1

Recommended
Space St andar ds per St udent f r oma Gr oup of
Recent St udi es
Assi gnabl e squar e
f eet per st udent .
1,
Out si de gr oss squar e f eet
per st udent .
I Uni ver si t y of Cal i f or ni a . UC
St andi ng Commi t t ee on Resi dence Hal l s, Meet i ng of August 29 and
30, 1966, Hi l t on I nn,
San Fr anci sco I nt er nat i onal Ai r por t
.
d
Devel opment Gui de f or Campus Housi ng, Cal i f or ni a St at e Col l eges, J ul y 1968, Tabl e 1,
Summar y of Pr oj ect Nor ms, o . 13.
Uni ver si t y of Guel ph St udent Housi ng
St udy, Evan H. Wal ker , St udent Housi ng Consul t ant , November 1965,
pp
56- 66 .
t
Uni ver si t y of Pennsyl vani a .
St udy of Under gr aduat e Men' s Housi ng Syst em,
Geddes, Br acher , Dual l s and Cunni ngham,
Ar chi t ect ur al Consul t ant s
.
KMassachuset t s I nst i t ut e of
Technol ogy. A Pr ogr am f or Under gr aduat e Men' s Housi ng,
MI T Pl anni ng Of f i ce,
August
1965 .
h Eugene E . Hi ggi ns, M. Loui se St ewar d,
and Li nda Wr i ght , Resi dence
Hal l Pl anni ng Ai ds, Repor t OE- 51004- 9A,
Col l ege
and Uni ver si t y Physi cal Faci l i t y Ser i es,
Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on and
Wel f ar e, U. S. Of f i ce of Educat i on, Washi ngt on,
D
. C.
Uni ver si t y
ASP
Si ngl e Doubl e No di ni ng
OGSFb
Wi t h di ni ng
Uni ver si t y of Cal i f or ni a' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
100 239 265
Cal i f or ni a St at e Col l eg8S d. . . . . . . . . . . .
94- 110. 5 84- 91 215. 5 230. 5
Uni ver si t y of Guel ph' . . . . . . . . . . . 115
NR 230
Uni ver si t y of Pennsyl vani a I . . . . . . . . . . . .
108 NR 271. 5 290
M. I . T. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
470
486
Aggr egat e Uni t ed St at es h
Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96 . 7 211. 1
234. 7
Wo men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103. 5 237. 4
261 . 4
Educat i onal
Dor mi t or i es
uni ver si t y' s need f or ease of mai nt enance need
not
conf l i ct . Wal l s can be cover ed wi t h saf e,
r emovabl e wal l - cover i ng panel s t hat pr ovi de
t he st udent wi t h unr est r i ct ed f r eedomof col or
and decor at i on. At t he same t i me, t hese wal l
cover i ngs
can
st i l l
pr ot ect
t he under l yi ng
mat e-
r i al s t o t he uni ver si t y' s sat i sf act i on
.
I t shoul d
be possi bl e f or
t he st udent
t o r ol l up hi s wal l
cover i ngs at t he concl usi on of use and use
t hemagai n el sewher e i f desi r ed
.
Such panel s woul d al l owwomenst udent s t o
compensat e f or t he uni ver sal i nst i t ut i onal as-
pect of st udent housi ng by sof t eni ng t he en-
vi r onment t hr ough t he use of
f emi ni ne
col or s,
t ext ur es, and mat er i al s.
I t was obser ved t hat i n r ooms wi t h har d
wal l s, pi nup mat er i al s ar e of t en f ast ened t o t he
sof t er acoust i cal t i l e cei l i ngs . Resawn wood
wal l panel s, however , woul d per mi t unr e-
st r i ct ed t acki ng up of decor at i ons.
I t was not edt hat car pet ed r esi dencehal l s ar e
f ar mor e qui et and t hat t he behavi or of t he st u-
dent was mor e adul t . Si nce many st udy and
soci al act i vi t i es ar e per f or med on t hef l oor , t he
comf or t and qui et pr ovi ded by car pet i ng
ar e
qui t e desi r abl e.
5. Appl i ances . Ar evol ut i on i n t he desi gn,
pr oduct i on, and mar ket i ng of economi cal per -
sonal appl i ances has been occur r i ng i n r ecent
year s. As a r esul t , t he number of el ect r i cal ap-
pl i ances br ought by t he st udent t o col l ege i n-
var i abl y exceeds t he number ant i ci pat ed by t he
desi gner s of pr esent - day r esi dence hal l s.
Con-
sequent l y, t hi s has pr eci pi t at ed pr obl ems of
gener al saf et y, f i r e hazar ds, i nt ol er abl e
odor ,
noi se l evel s, and f r equent i nt er r upt i on of el ec-
t r i cal ser vi ces .
Anot her si gni f i cant newt r end i s i n t he per -
sonal i zat i on of ent er t ai nment and cul t ur al me-
di a; t ape r ecor der s, r adi os, phonogr aphs, and
mi ni at ur e TV set s ar e wi t hi n t he economi c
r each of most st udent s . The t r ansi st or r adi o
per mi t s t he st udent t o l i st en t o t he wor l d be-
yond
t he campus even as he wal ks
f r omone
cl ass t o anot her . Si mi l ar l y, t he per sonal , t r an-
si st or i zed TVi s maki ng t he TV r oomout of
dat e, j ust when most r esi dence hal l s ar e speci f -
i cal l y pr ovi di ng such space.
Hot pl at es, cof f ee pot s, and popcor n popper s
ar e sour ces of pot ent i al f i r e hazar ds andodor s.
At t he
mi ni mal
l evel of f ood ser vi ce, t her e i s
need f or f aci l i t i es enabl i ng st udent s t o make
t hei r own
cof f ee. Thi s r equi r es but an appr o-
pr i at e sur f ace and an out l et , wi t h t he st udent
pr ovi di ng t he appl i ance. At t he next l evel i s a
desi r e f or
col d dr i nk st or agef aci l i t i es . St udent s
wi l l
somet i mes buy ol d r ef r i ger at or s- of t en
hazar dous and awkwar d i n si ze and ar r ange-
ment . The i dea of par t i t i oned r ef r i ger at or s, as
i n Engl i sh r esi dence hal l s wher e st udent s may
keep t r ack of t hei r own bel ongi ngs, woul d
seemt o be a good sol ut i on . The mi ni mal
cooki ng done on a hot pl at e i nt r oduces t he
need f or cl eanup f aci l i t i es . The si nk becomes
necessar y; t he pr obl embecomes one of t he
mi ni mal ki t chen f aci l i t y- a pr oj ect expensi ve
enough t o r equi r e car ef ul consi der at i on of how
many st udent s i t i s goi ng t o ser ve. Wher e such
ki t chens ar e pr ovi ded i n addi t i on t o f ul l f ood
ser vi ce f aci l i t i es, t hey must i nevi t abl y be f ew
and f ar bet ween. Women ar e f ar mor e i nt er -
est ed t han men i n such a f aci l i t y.
Tel evi si on, r adi os, t ape r ecor der s, st er eos,
movi e pr oj ect or s, and phonogr aphs cr eat e di s-
t ur bi ng noi ses f or ot her s . These r equi r e, i n
most bui l di ngs, ext ensi ve and expensi ve noi se
abat ement pol i ci ng. The bet t er sol ut i on t o t he
pr obl emof appl i ance noi se, pr evi ousl y men-
t i oned, i s good pl anni ng f or adequat e i sol at i on
bet ween r ooms.
Most of al l , newbui l di ngs must r ecogni ze
t he evol ut i on of el ect r i cal use by pr ovi di ng i ni -
cl udi ng a r eadi ng l i ght f or a bunk bed, i s nec-
essar y. Because of t he hi ghl y i ndi vi dual i zed
nat ur e of act i vi t i es per f or med i n st udent
r ooms, l i ght f r oma number of wel l - pl aced but
r el ocat abl e poi nt sour ces i s f ar mor e usef ul
t han l i ght f r omone cent r al sour ce.
3 . Acoust i cs. Qui et i s t he most desi r ed
char act er i st i c of any l i vi ng ar r angement i n t he
opi ni on of st udent s, so acoust i cal consi der a-
t i ons ar e of gr eat i mpor t ance. Fundament al t o
pr ovi di ng qui et envi r onment s ar e wal l s, f l oor s,
wi ndows, and door s pr ovi di ng adequat e r educ-
t i on of soundf r omadj acent act i vi t i es . Door s do
not f aci l i t at e noi se r educt i on. Si nce st andar d
door s ar e poor i n acoust i c per f or mance and
hi gh- per f or mance door s ar e t oo expensi ve f or
st udent housi ng use, a sol ut i on i sol at i ng noi se
at l owcost wi l l have t o be devel oped. The best
i nhi bi t or of noi se i s good pl anni ng of t he r el a-
t i onshi ps bet ween r ooms. Wher ever possi bl e,
soci al ar eas shoul d be i sol at ed f r om st udent
r ooms by at l east t wo door s.
4. Col or , t ext ur e, mat er i al s.

Mat er i al s pr es-
ent l y used ar e har d, unyi el di ng, and chosen f or
t hei r dur abi l i t y and ease of mai nt enance. How-
ever , t hose used i nvar i abl y l ead t o a depr ess-
i ng, st er i l e, i nst i t ut i onal appear ance.
The st udent ' s need f or expr essi on and t he
separ at e vent i l at i on of i ndi vi dual spaces i s r e-
qui r ed, especi al l y i n t he mor e at hl et i c men' s
hal l s. Theodor s i n many r esi dence hal l s wer e
f ound by vi si t or s t o be " over power i ng. "
Al t hough convent i onal ai r condi t i oni ng i s
mor e economi cal wi t hi n a seal ed space, i t i s
i mpor t ant t hat st udent s be abl e t o open t hei r
wi ndows
t o
enj oy
t he sof t ,
f r esh mor ni ng and
eveni ng ai r , and i n
t he
l ower - hei ght bui l di ngs t o
enj oycommuni cat i on ( but
not
access)
t hr ough
an
open wi ndow.
2. Li ght i ng. The qual i t y of l i ght i ng i n st u-
dent r ooms i s det er mi ned by t he quant i t y and
br i ght ness of bot h t he l i ght sour ces and t hei r
gener al sur r oundi ngs . Hi gh i l l umi nat i on l evel s
ar eappr opr i at e t o st udy; l ower l evel s t o soci al
f unct i ons.
I n
t he dayt i me,
nat ur al dayl i ght may
pr ovi de much
of
t he necessar y
i l l umi nat i on i f
wi ndows ar e wel l pl aced and t he gl ar e
el i mi -
nat ed. However , hi gh
i l l umi nat i on
l evel s
ar e
necessar y i n ar eas wher e concent r at ed st udyi s
t o be done, but t he br i ght ness cont r ast bet ween
t he wor k and i t s sur r oundi ngs must be at a
mi ni mum.
Li ght i ng sour ces
i n
st udent
r ooms shoul d
be
i nt egr at ed wi t h t he movabl e f ur ni shi ngs. Thi s
t ends t o
mi ni mi ze mai nt enance and f i x t he
l i ght ' s pr oper l evel . Li ght f or
r eadi ng i n bed, i n-
Fi g. 9 Sui t e or gani zat i on 2.
Fi g . 1 0
spaces
and
f aci l i t i es
ar e i mpor t ant i n pr ovi di ng
envi r onment al
suppor t
t o
t he per sonal i nt er ac-
t i on of st udent s, bot h
newand ol d, si nce aca-
demi c assi mi l at i on and
i nvol vement ar e not r e-
st r i ct ed t o t he
cl assr oom or st udent r oom.
However , car e must be t aken
i n t hear eas pr o-
gr ammed f or r ecr eat i on so t hat t hey
t r ul y ac-
commodat e t he
i nt ended act i vi t i es . Ot her wi se,
t he spaces
wi l l
f ai l t o
accompl i sh t he i nt ended
pur poses . Eval uat i on of t he success
of soci al
spaces
i n meet i ng t hei r i nt ended needs i ndi -
cat es t hat a var i et y
of smal l er spaces ar e l i kel y
t o be t he most popul ar and usef ul
.
St udent compl ai nt s ar e uni ver sal
concer ni ng
t he t ypi cal r esi dence hal l ' s mai n l ounge. I t has
been r el at i vel y unpopul ar wi t h st udent s be-
causeof i t s l ar ge si ze
and
l ack
of i ndi vi dual i zed
space. Thet endency i s f or t hi s space
t o become
monopol i zed by one smal l gr oup,
or even one
coupl e, maki ng ot her
i ndi vi dual s or gr oups
hesi t ant t o i nt r ude. Ar ecent st udy
shows t hat
32 per cent of st udent r esi dent s use t he l ounges
l ess t han once a week and t hat 36 per cent
of
t hemuse t he l ounge onl y one t o t hr ee
t i mes a
week. Thel ounge f ai l s because i t cannot si mul -
t aneousl y accommodat e
i ncompat i bl e act i vi -
t i es . Thepi ano, TVset , and sof a ar e
not appr o-
pr i at e compani ons . The mai n l ounge,
f ur ni shed
wi t h expensi ve, hot el - l i ke
f ur ni shi ngs, i s usu-
al l y desi gned, and i s mai nl y sui t ed,
f or l ar ge,
qui et gr oups . I t i s sel domused by t he
st udent s
f or ent er t ai ni ng f r i ends.
Thesui t el i vi ng r oomcan accommodat e
bot h
qui et and act i ve uses, al t hough
conf l i ct occur s
when t he space
at t empt s t o ser ve soci al i zi ng
and st udy.
Smal l " dat e"
r ooms, as obser ved on some
campuses, ar e popul ar when not over l y super -
vi sed
. However , dat e r ooms seemt o be an ar t i -
f i ci al sol ut i on t o a pr obl embet t er sol ved by a
wi der
r ange of soci al r ooms .
Tel evi si on
r ooms ar e l osi ng t hei r ef f ect i ve-
ness as soci al
cent er s because t he di mi ni shi ng
cost
of t el evi si on set s makes i t possi bl e f or
st udent s
t o have i ndi vi dual set s i n f l oor
l ounges
or i n t hei r r ooms .
Spaces
al l owi ng vi gor ous act i vi t y ar e i mpor -
t ant t o
al l st udent s, especi al l y men. At pr esent ,
such act i vi t i es
( i f pr ovi ded f or ) ar e usual l y l o-
cat ed
i n dr ab, i l l - equi pped basement s. I n t hose
r esi dence hal l s
wher e sui t abl e spaces ar e ac-
cessi bl e t o
f ood sour ces and open occasi onal l y
t o
bot h sexes, t hey ar e ver y popul ar and used
cont i nuousl y .
The
compar i son of expenses f or f ur ni shi ngs
bet ween
mai n l ounges and r ecr eat i on spaces
shows t he
l et t er t o be l ess expensi ve. Si nce
mai n
l ounges ar e i nf r equent l y used, money
spent
on t hem i s l ar gel y wast ed. To pr ovi de
mor e usef ul
var i et y t han i s nowavai l abl e, t he
quest i on of ar ea
al l ocat i on t o mai n l ounge-
r ecr eat i onal spaces shoul d be car ef ul l y con-
si der ed .
One way t o pr ovi de cl ose at hand r ecr ea-
t i onal space i s
t o equi p t he r oof t ops of r esi -
dence hal l s
f or r ecr eat i onal act i vi t i es .
Pr obl ems
ar i se
i n r egar d t o const r uct i on, cost ,
cont r ol -
l i ng vent s, andf l ues ; never t hel ess, r oof t ops
ar e
a
desi r abl e l ocat i on f or many
act i vi t i es .
Anot her i mpor t ant f or m of
r ecr eat i on, but
sel dom pr ovi ded f or , i s st udent
hobbi es. The
mess and equi pment i nvol ved i n
many hobbi es
suggest t hat per haps ol der ut i l i t y
bui l di ngs on
campus coul d pr ovi de spaces f or t hese
act i vi -
t i es . I t i s mor e di f f i cul t t o f or esee
t he needs of
hobbyi st s and expensi vet o i nt r oduce
i nt o r esi -
dence hal l s t he suf f i ci ent acoust i cal l y
i sol at ed
spaces f or t hem.
4. Cul t ur al .

Resi dencehal l s can
par t i ci pat e
i n t he
over al l academi c envi r onment of t he
uni -
ver si t y
wi t h t he i ncl usi on of f aci l i t i es
f or l i -
br ar y,
musi c, and di scussi on . I t i s par t
of t he
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TYFACI LI TI ES
Dor mi t or i es
t i al hi gh capaci t y wi t h pr ovi si on f or easi l y
addi ng t o t hat capaci t y wi t h mi ni mumdi sr up-
t i on.
Faci l i t i es
1. Bat hi ng. The gang bat h i s one of t he
most per si st ent f eat ur es of r esi dence hal l s. I t
has been def ended on t hebasi s of economy
and
i t s cont r i but i on t o soci al i zat i on.
Cer t ai nl y, t he i ni t i al const r uct i on cost of one
cent r al gang bat h i s l ess t han t hat of smal l er
i nst al l at i ons i n sever al l ocat i ons. I t i s al so evi -
dent t hat when a bat hr oomser ves mor e t han a
f ewst udent s, mai nt enance becomes nobody' s
busi ness but t he uni ver si t y' s ; t he st udent does
not r eal i ze t hat he i s payi ng ext r a f or t he uni -
ver si t y' s mai nt enance of t he gang bat hr oom.
The i ni t i al ext r a expense f or smal l er bat hs wi l l
act ual l y r esul t i n l ong- t er mcost savi ngs i f t he
st udent s t hemsel ves mai nt ai n t he smal l er bat h-
r oom, because i t el i mi nat es t he need f or mai d
ser vi ce t hr oughout t he l i f e of t he bui l di ng.
Anot her economi c f act or agai nst t he gang
bat h i s
i t s i nf l exi bi l i t y. Resi dence hal l s wi t h
gang bat hs ar e f ar l ess appr opr i at e f or par t i ci -
pant s
i n convent i ons, r euni ons, and i nst i t ut es
wher e f ami l i es
or bot h sexes ar e i nvol ved t han
ar e ar eas wi t h smal l er bat hs ser vi ng a f ewper -
sons .
2. Di ni ng. Ther e i s uni ver sal agr eement
t hat t he si ngl e, l ar ge r ooms f or hundr eds of
st udent s i s not t he sat i sf act or y sol ut i on t o t he
pr obl emof st udent di ni ng f aci l i t i es . Al t hough
t he l ar geki t chen wi t h i t s ext ensi ve equi pment ,
ser vi ce l i ne ar r angement s, and bui l di ng ar ea i s
t he
most economi cal and ef f i ci ent met hod of
f ood pr epar at i on, t he onel ar ge di ni ng r oomf or
al l st udent s negat es a congeni al at mospher e
f or soci al i nt er act i on dur i ng meal t i me.
Di ni ng f aci l i t i es t hat combi ne t he best
ad-
vant ageof t hel ar ge ki t chen- ef f i ci ency, econo-
my, andf l exi bi l i t y- whi l e at t he same t i me pr o-
vi di ng a pl easant andsoci al di ni ng envi r onment
can
be bui l t . Pr oper pl anni ng per mi t s l ar ge cen-
t r al ar eas
t o be di vi ded by movabl e wal l s i nt o
smal l er or i nt i mat e di ni ng r ooms . Thewal l s can
be moved when a l ar ge scal e i s needed f or
soci al
event s such as dances, et c.
Food pr epar at i on
i n st udent r ooms pr esent s
a saf et y and sani t ar y
pr obl em, but t he need f or
bet ween- meal snacks
can be sol ved i ndepen-
dent l y of t he
cent r al di ni ng r oom. St udent s can
be accommodat ed by
aut omat i c vendi ng ma-
chi nes l ocat ed at st r at egi c
poi nt s i n t he r esi -
dence hal l
or by pr ovi si on of f aci l i t i es i n whi ch
t hey can pr epar e
snacks t hemsel ves . St udent
f ood pr epar at i on
pr obl ems cannot be sol ved by
unenf or ceabl e
pr ohi bi t i ons but onl y by con-
st r uct i on of
appr opr i at e ar eas wi t h aut omat i c
cooki ng devi ces and
cont r ol l ed f ood st or age
f aci l i t i es .
3. Recr eat i on and
soci al act i vi t y.

Assi mi l a-
t i on i nt o t he st udent soci et y
i s t he f or emost
concer n
of most newst udent s. Recr eat i onal
Economy i s t he obvi ous f eat ur e of doubl e-
l oaded cor r i dor s because cor e pl ans r equi r e
mor e ci r cul at i on ar ea. When each st udent has
a si ngl e r oom, economy of ci r cul at i on space i s
di f f i cul t si nce each r oommust have a wi ndow
on t he per i pher y of t he bui l di ng . Thi s ar r ange-
ment , i n i t s si mpl est conf i gur at i on, r equi r es ex-
t r emel y l ong f r ont ages. I r r egul ar bui l di ng con-
f i gur at i ons t o r educe cor r i dor space must be
consi der ed i n a cost cont ext al so .
El evat or s f or f r ei ght and di sabl ed st udent s
ar e usef ul i n al l bui l di ngs. I n hi gh- r i se bui l d-
i ngs, passenger el evat or s ar e essent i al , al -
t hough t hey t end t o make i nsul ar ent i t i es of
each f l oor . Thi s pr obl emcan be r educed by
ski p- st op el evat or s st oppi ng at uni t l ounges
l i nki ng t wo f l oor s . The i ni t i al expense of good
el evat or s i s not of f set by cheapones r equi r i ng
much , mai nt enance . Compet ent ser vi ci ng can
be pr ovi ded by i ncl udi ng mai nt enance con-
t r act s i n pur chase agr eement s . The bet t er ser -
vi ce an el evat or gi ves, t he l ess l i kel y i t i s t o be
l i sh a uni t .
Al l t he r ooms on one f l oor havi ng
common access andser vi ces
mayal so be con-
si der ed as a uni t .
The pr edomi nant t r adi t i onal pat t er n i s t he
f ami l i ar doubl e- l oaded cor r i dor ar r angement
wher ei nt heuni t i s
onef l oor of a r esi dence hal l .
Thi s pl an of f er s easy
cont r ol oppor t uni t i es.
Wi t h a gr oup of 48 t o 72 st udent s, i t
f aci l i t at es
t he or gani zat i on of i nt r amur al
and academi c
act i vi t i es . Anot her sour ce of gr oup si ze
der i va-
t i on i s t he opt i mumnumber
shar i ng bat hr oom
f aci l i t i es .
Ef f i ci ent space
ut i l i zat i on r equi r es t hat t he
ci r cul at i on ar ea compr i se
t he smal l est possi -
bl e per cent age
of t he t ot al ar ea . St udi es of ex-
i st i ng st udent housi ng show
t he ef f i ci ency per -
cent age var yi ng f r om
7
per cent t o
25 per cent .
Al t hough i t i s
advant ageous t o r educe ci r cul a-
t i on ar eas, bui l di ng saf et y
codes pr escr i be mi n-
i mum ar eas
and ar r angement s . Cor r i dor s
whi ch ar e mean, cr amped, and possi bl y dan-
ger ous
i n
an
emer gency ar e not accept abl e.
Educat i onal
Dor mi t or i es
j ob of housi ng t o smoot h t he
t r ansi t i on f r om
gr een f r eshmen t o sophi st i cat ed seni or s. At
Har var d Uni ver si t y, house
l i br ar i es r el i eve
some pr essur e on cent r al f aci l i t i es, cr eat i ng
a
sense of academi c communi t y as wel l as
maki ng books mor e r eadi l y avai l abl e.
I nexpen-
si ve paper back l i br ar i es ar e qui t e adequat e
f or
pr ovi di ng bot h st i mul at i ng and enj oyabl e
r eadi ng mat er i al s wi t hi n a r esi dent i al at mos-
pher e. Event ual l y t hese l i br ar i es wi l l i ncl ude
r andomaccess l i st eni ng st at i ons ; i t i s t her e-
f or e advi sabl e t o
i ni t i al l y pr ovi de adequat e di s-
t r i but i on access i nt o t he st r uct ur e.
Musi c r ooms can al so ser veas t ape
and r ec-
or d l i br ar i es, al t hough t he
cent r al l y l ocat ed
equi pment wi l l be used l ess f r equent l y as
mor e
st udent s can af f or d t hei r own equi pment .
Al l
musi c i nvol ves a noi se f act or
whi ch
must
be
consi der ed.
For mal academi c cl asses
i n
r esi dence hal l s
pr esent di f f i cul t i es i n mechani cal ser vi ces and
densi t y
beyond t hecapabi l i t y of most r esi dence
hal l
st r uct ur es, but i nf or mal cl asses and semi -
nar s can be successf ul l y hel d i n t he soci al
spaces
i n t he hal l .
5. Ser vi ce and st or age
. The uni ver si t y
must
pr ovi de f aci l i t i es f or ( 1) mai nt enance of
bui l di ngs, ( 2)
t he
mechani cal
and el ect r i cal
equi pment , and ( 3) over f l owst or age f r omst u-
dent r ooms.
I ncr easi ng af f l uence of st udent s and t he
gr owt h of di sposabl e ar t i cl es have i ncr eased
space r equi r ement s f or ef f i ci ent t r ash col l ec-
t i on and r emoval . Tr ash chut es, cent r al col l ec-
t i on f aci l i t i es, and dumpi ng t r ucks ar e r equi r ed
t o handl e pr esent vol umes of t r ash. Too of t en
t hi s i nvol ves t he ugl y exposur e of t he t r ash
whi l e awai t i ng col l ect i on, as wel l as t he con-
si der abl e f i r e hazar d.
Ef f i ci ent mai nt enance of el ect r i cal and
mechani cal syst ems r equi r es easy access wi t h-
out t he i nvasi on of st udent pr i vacy.
Equi p-
ment shoul d be so l ocat ed.
Out - of - season and sel domused st udent
pr oper t y i s usual l y st or ed i n i nexpensi vear eas
of a bui l di ng, but t hese ar e of t en t he l east ac-
cessi bl e. Thi s si t uat i on coul d be r el i eved by
mor e adequat e st or age pr ovi si ons i n t he st u-
dent r oom. St udent and ser vi ce st or age shoul d
be i n separ at e ar eas and away f r omheavy t r af -
f i c ar eas such as
l aundr y
and r ecr eat i on
r ooms
.
Bi ke shel t er s,
sur f boar ds,
ski s,
and scuba gear
pr esent spat i al st or age pr obl ems t hat r equi r e
car ef ul consi der at i on. Al l st udent st or agear eas
must be l ockabl e.
6. Ci r cul at i on and i nt er r el at i on of spaces .
Ther esi dence hal l i s a soci al
or gani st " . The
r e-
l at i onshi pof st udent r ooms
one
t o anot her
and
t o t hepubl i c and ser vi ce r ooms make up a t ot al
envi r onment most conveni ent l y st udi ed as a
hi er ar chy of spaces . The
hi er ar chy i s det er -
mi ned by t hest udent act i vi t i es
and
t he
physi cal
char act er i st i cs of t he bui l di ng. Fol l owi ng i s a
hi er ar chy
of t ypi cal uni t si zes i n uni ver si t y
housi ng:
Uni t si ze i s def i ned by bui l di ng spaces, act i v-
i t i es r el at ed t o space, and by agent s of r egu-
l at i on and cont r ol . For exampl e, a number of
r ooms ser ved by a bat hr oom const i t ut es a
sui t e, gr oup, or f l oor . Anumber of r ooms under
t hedi r ect i on of a r esi dent assi st ant wi l l est ab- Fi g. 11
HI ERARCHYDI AGRAM.
DOUBLE LOADEDCORRI DOR, HI GHRI SE BUI LDI NG.
DI NI NG
RECREATI ON
MUSI CPRACTI CE
MAI L
SEMI NAR
RECORD
ROOMS
LI BRARY
VENDI NG
LOUNGE
LI BRARY
LAUNDRY
HEAD
RESI DENT
3 KI TCHENETTES
DATE ROOMS
2 RESI DENT ADVI SORS
LOUNGE
STUDYBEDROOM
N0. OF
571- ) 06N75
BATHROOM
St udent uni t St udent s
Room. . . . . . . . . . .
1- 2
Sui t e
. . . . . . . . . . . .
4- 12
Gr oup. . . . . . . . . . . 16- 24
House or f l oor . . . . . 48- 72
Hal l , bui l di ng or
col l ege . . . . . . . . . 120- 800
Compl ex of hel l s . . . 1, 200- 4, 800
Campus
. . . . . . . . . .
12, 000- 27, 500
Fi g. 12

Basi c r oom- hal l pl an t ypes.
Educat i onal
Dor mi t or i es
Educat i onal
Dor mi t or i es
abused. El evat or swi t ches, as common t ar get s
of st udent pr anks, must be t amper - pr oof . Esca-
l at or s ar e t oo expensi ve and have f ar t oo
gr eat
a passenger capaci t y
t o be vi abl e al t er nat i ves
i n r esi dence hal l s.
Thel ocat i on and i nt ensi t y of
such f i xed
f aci l -
i t i es
as bat hs, st ai r s, andel evat or s ar e t hemai n
i nhi bi t or s of f ut ur e r ear r angement . The URBS
appr oach per mi t s choi ce based on
r equi r e-
ment s r at her t han cust omand
makes possi bl e
al t er at i on t o
new
uni t si zes t o sat i sf y r api d so-
ci al change. Hence t he i ni t i al
pl acement
of
t he
f i xed f aci l i t i es i s a cr i t i cal deci si on.
Amaj or det er mi nant of envi r onment i s t he
access t o movement f r om space t o space.
Those spaces gr ouped about a r oomor wi de
cor r i dor make up a mor e r esi dent i al envi r on-
ment t hr ough
t he use
of
at t r act i ve car pet s, col -
or s, and mat er i al s . Cor r i dor s can be mor e f ul l y
ut i l i zed ; f or exampl e, conver sat i on spaces t hat
do not i mpede ci r cul at i on can be pr ovi ded by
wi ndowseat s and r ai l ed l andi ngs . Al t hough
st ai r s must conf or mt o f i r e r egul at i ons, t hei r
conf i gur at i ons can be a pl easant cont r i but i on
t o t he envi r onment .
St r uct ur al Spans
The 40- f t
span
wi t h
a 20- f t bay l engt h
der i ved
f r omst udy of many
exi st i ng dor mi t or ypl ans as
wel l as pr oposed i deal envi r onment spaces . On
t he nat i onal scal e, ol der dor mi t or y t ypes wer e
st udi ed al ong wi t h t he newer ones bei ng bui l t .
Wher eas 10 year s ago most st r uct ur es wer e
a si mpl e, r ect angul ar shel l , a pr esent - day t r end
seems t o i nvol ve
mor e
compl ex conf i gur at i ons
r el at i ng
t o mor e compl ex
hi er ar chi es i n t he
soci al st r uct ur e.
As a f r ameof
r ef er ence, r esi dence
hal l s wer e
cl assi f i ed i n f i ve basi c pl an t ypes:
1
.
The Doubl e- l oaded Cor r i dor - a ser i es of
per i met er r ooms on bot h si des of a f i ve- f oot
1 cor r i dor , usual l y wi t h gang bat hs and
st ai r s at ei t her end
2.
The Gal l er y Pl an- a var i at i on of t he Dou-
bl e- l oaded Cor r i dor wi t h r ooms on one si de
onl y of an open or cl osed cor r i dor
3. The Ext ended Cor e Pl an- a ser i es of
per i met er r ooms ar ound f our si des of a st r uc-
t ur e. I n t hecent er i s a cor e of ser vi ce r ooms i n-
cl udi ng gang t oi l et s, j ani t or ' s cl oset s, el eva-
t or s, et c. Acor r i dor usual l ysur r ounds t he cor e
on f our si des
4. Ver t i cal House- aser i es of 4, 6, 8 r ooms,
sui t es, et c. Ast ai r ser vi ng oneor t wo such con-
f i gur at i ons of r ooms or sui t es i s pr ovi ded, cr e-
at i ng t he f eel i ng of an i ndi vi dual house
5. Poi nt Tower Pl an- usual l y but not al ways
hi gh- r i se wi t h ver t i cal ci r cul at i on such as
st ai r s and el evat or s i n a cent er cor e al ong wi t h
gang bat hs and ser vi ce r ooms. The r ooms,
sui t es, and ar r angement s ar e on t he per i met er .
Shar ed bat hs ar e of t en used wi t h sui t es of 4, 6,
8 per sons
Once t hese f i ve t ypes wer e def i ned, al l pl ans
wer e cl assi f i ed accor di ngl y, and a st udy of
t hei r st r uct ur al r equi r ement s was begun. These
pl ans wer e st udi ed not as act ual l y const r uct ed
but r at her as t hey woul d need t o be f r amed t o
per mi t maxi mumadapt abi l i t y.
Based on t hese st udi es, f r equency of occur -
r ence char t s showed t hat ver y f ewl ong spans
over 35
f t
wer e used and t hat a cor r espondi ng
maxi mumshor t span of 20 f t was adequat e.
Coupl i ng t hi s st udy wi t h spat i al needs and as-
sumi ng a f i xed t oi l et space, i t was concl uded
t hat a maxi mum35- by 20- f t bay woul d be r e-
qui r ed. Pr ovi si on by a gi ven syst emof bays
l ar ger t han 35 by 20 f t wi l l , of cour se, be accep-
t abl e pr ovi ded t he r equi r ed spans ar e t aken
car e of .
Avar i et y of bay si zes wi l l be needed i n addi -
t i on t o accommodat e bal coni es, over hangs,
st ai r ways, and el evat or s
.
The pr eci se condi -
t i ons f or
t heseaccommodat i ons
wi l l be def i ned
i n t he per f or mance speci f i cat i ons f or st r uct ur e. Fi g
.
13
I %
RATI OS OF CI RCULATI ONTOGROSS
AREA
Fi g. 2 Fi g.
4
RESI DENCE HALLS
Sl eepi ng and St udy Quar t er s ( Fi g. 1)
Space Ther e must be a mi ni mumcl ear f l oor
space i n such ar eas of 6' [ 183 cm] by 6' [ 183
cm] enabl i ng a 360 t ur n by a
wheel chai r .
Wor ki ng Ar ea Space cl ear ance under count er ,
t abl e, and desk t ops t o be used by a wheel chai r
st udent shal l be a mi ni mumof
271/ 2 " [ 69. 8
cm]
i n hei ght and 32" [ 81. 3 cm] i n wi dt h.
Beds Beds shal l have mi ni mumdi mensi ons of
3' [ 92cm] by6' [ 183 cm] and bet ween 19" [ 48. 3
cm] and 22" [ 55. 9 cm] i n mat t r ess hei ght f r om
f l oor l evel .
Mi r r or s Mi r r or s shoul d be adj ust abl y hung ( a
mi ni mumof 2' - 0" [ 61
. 0
cm] i n l engt h) so t hat
t he bot t omi s 30" [ 76. 2 cm] above f l oor l evel .
Wher e t hi s l ower hei ght i s not f easi bl e, mi r r or s
of gr eat er hei ght shal l be t i l t ed f r omt he t op t o
a degr ee t o suf f i ci ent l y accommodat e i ndi vi dual s
descr i bed i n r at i onal .
El ect r i cal Out l et s El ect r i cal out l et s shal l be
mount ed no l ower t han 20" [ 50. 8 cm] abovef l oor
l evel .
Handl es and Swi t ches Pr ot r udi ng desk and
dr esser dr awer handl es shal l be i nst al l ed.
Swi t ches
f or
el ect r i cal
f i xt ur es
and equi pment
shal l be of a t oggl e or push- but t on t ype or
equi pped wi t h pul l - chai ns of a mi ni muml engt h
of 15" [ 38 cm] .
Cl oset s

Wher e one cl oset i s pr ovi ded f or each
occupant , t he cl ot hes bar shoul d pr ovi de t wo
di f f er ent hei ght s. Thr ee- quar t er s of t he t ot al
l engt h shoul d be at 52" [ 132
cm]
and
t he
r emai ni ng quar t er at 62" [ 157. 5 cm] . To achi eve
t hi s, t he l ower bar , t hr ee- quar t er s of
t he t ot al
l engt h, can be suspended f r omt he hi gher bar .
Wal l
hooks shal l
be
i nst al l ed wi t hi n
a
hei ght r ange
of 40" [ 101. 6 cm] t o 56" [ 142. 2 cm] . Shel ves
of
var i ous hei ght i nt er val s shal l be i nst al l ed on
t hesi decl osed wal l . Thet op shel f shal l not exceed
45" [ 114. 3 cm] i n hei ght . Shel ves above t he
cl ot hes bar s shal l be pr ovi ded f or l ong- t er m
st or age. ( See Fi g. 2. )
Wi ndows, Heat i ng, and Ai r Condi t i oni ng
Wi ndows shal l cl ose and open easi l y, usi ng har d-
war e l at ches, cr anks, or sl i des whi ch ar e wi t hi n
t he accessi bi l i t y r ange l i mi t s of 20" [ 50. 8 cm]
t o 48" [ 121. 9 cm] above f l oor l evel . Heat i ng and
ai r - condi t i oni ng cont r ol s and t her most at s shal l be
mount ed wi t hi n
t he
same
hei ght r ange
.
Power
Cur t ai n
Tr aver se Rods
Power t r aver se
r ods shoul d be i nst al l ed i n r ooms occupi ed by
t he physi cal l y handi capped. Al l cont r ol s shoul d
be pl aced wi t hi n an accessi bi l i t y hei ght r ange
of 20" [ 50. 8 cm] t o 48" [ 121
. 9
cm] .
PERFORMI NGARTS
Ai sl es Wher e possi bl e al l new t heat er
const r uct i on shal l have r amped ai sl es ( no gr eat er
Ar chi t ect ur al Accessi bi l i t y f or t he Di sabl ed of Col l ege
Compuses, St ephen R. Cot l er and Al f r ed H. Degr af f ,
St at e Uni ver si t y Const r uct i on Fund, Al bany, N. Y. , 1976.
t han 1 i n 12) wi t h no st eps ( si ght l i nes shoul d
be consi der ed) . I f t hi s i s not possi bl e, accessi bl e
and l evel cr oss ai sl es bet ween seat i ng sect i ons
shal l be pr ovi ded wi t h mi ni mumwi dt h of 7' - 6"
[ 228. 6 cm] . ( See Fi g. 3. )
The pl acement of seat i ng ar eas f or t he
physi cal l y
handi capped shoul d not bl ock egr ess
r out es used i n t he case of emer gency.
Seat i ng Seat i ng space shal l be set asi de f or
t hose i n wheel chai r s who must r emai n i n t hei r
wheel chai r s and cannot t r ansf er t o t he r egul ar
seat i ng
. The
number
of l evel f l oor spaces of at
l east 36" [ 92 cm] i n wi dt h and 4' - 4" [ 132 cm]
i n l engt h t o be pr ovi ded shal l be as f ol l ows:
LECTURE HALLS
Lect ur e Seat i ng Lect ur e hal l s pr ovi di ng f i xed
seat i ng and desk f aci l i t i es shal l pr ovi de spaces
of l evel f l oor ar ea of at l east 36" [ 92 cm] i n
Fi g. 3
Fi g. 1
Educat i onal
Handi capped St udent s
Capaci t y of Mi ni mumnumber of
assembl y space seat i ng spaces
0- 75
2
75- 300 3
over 300
3 +1 f or each
add' t l . 100
Educat i onal
Handi capped St udent s
wi dt h and 4' - 4" [ 132 cm] i n l engt h. Desk space
pr ovi ded i n t hi s ar ea shal l
have a knee cl ear ance
of at l east 32" [ 81. 3 cm] i n wi dt h and a hei ght
of 27/ 2" [ 69. 8 cm]
.
( See Fi g
.
4. ) The number
of desk spaces and accompanyi ng l evel f l oor
ar eas shal l be pr ovi ded as
f ol l ows:
[ 92 cm] i n wi dt h f or passage as
measur ed f r om
t he out er edge of t he t r ay sl i de. ( See Fi g. 5. )
Sel f - Ser vi ce
Ar eas

Sal ad bar s, condi ment ar eas,
bever age di spenser s, ut ensi l r acks, and ot her
ar eas wher e sel f - ser vi ce i s r equi r ed shal l pr ovi de
access wi t hi n t he uni l at er al ver t i cal r each r ange
of 20" [ 50. 8 cm] t o 48" [ 121 . 9 cm] .
Di ni ng
Ar ea

Tabl es
shal l
be
pr ovi ded wi t hi n t he
di ni ng ar ea whi ch pr ovi de a knee
cl ear ance of
at l east 271/ 2 " [ 69. 8 cm] i n hei ght and 32" [ 81. 3
cm] i n wi dt h.
Pedest al t abl es ar e not r ecommended because
t he cent er post hi nder s wheel chai r
f oot r est s.
Ai sl e wi dt hs shal l be at l east 6' - 0" [ 183 cm]
as measur ed f r omt abl e edge
t o t abl e edge ( Fi g.
6,
pl an " A" ) , or 3' - 0" [ 92 cm] f r om t abl e cor ner
t o t abl e cor ner ( Fi g. 6,
pl an " B" ) , i n t hose ar eas
used by per sons i n wheel chai r s.
The wi dt h of mai n ai sl es, i n
ar eas of nor mal
t r af f i c pedest r i an f l ow, shal l be at l east 6' - 0"
[ 183
cm]
t o
al l owt wo wheel chai r s t o pass each
ot her ( Fi gs. 7 and 8) .
CAFETERI AS
Food Li nes

Food l i nes of caf et er i as shal l empl oy
t r ay sl i des no hi gher
t han 34" [ 86. 4 cm] i n hei ght
and, wher e a secur i t y wal l or r ai l i ng r uns t he
l engt h of
t he l i ne, t he ar ea shal l be at l east 36"
STANDARD
WHEELCHAI R
ELECTRI CWHEELCHAI R
MANUALWHEELCHAI R
WI THRI MPROJ ECTI ONS
Fi g. 7
Fi g. E
MI N. SPACE
NEEDED
UNDER
COUNTERORDESK
Fi g. 5
Fi g. 6
Lect ur e hal l capaci t y
Mi ni mumnumber of
spaces pr ovi ded
0- 50 2
50- 100 3
101- 200 4
over 200 4+1 f or each
add' t l 100
By KEYES D. METCALF
LI BRARI ES,
ACADEMI CANDRESEARCH
For mul as and Tabl es
The
f i gur es gi ven her e ar e at best onl y appr oxi -
mat i ons and may
be al t er ed by l ocal condi t i ons ;
t hey ar enot
ar r i ved
at
by exact sci ent i f i c cal cu-
l at i on.
Si x gr oups
ar e deal t wi t h; t hose r el at i ng t o :
I
.
Col umn spaci ng
11.
Cei l i ng hei ght s and f l oor si ze ar eas
I I I . Reader
accommodat i ons
I V. Book st or age
( excl udi ng pr obl ems t hat
ar eaf f ect ed by
col umn spaci ng)
V. Car d cat al ogs
VI
.
Gover nment st andar ds
Pl anni ng Academi c and Resear ch Li br ar y
Bui l di ngs, McGr aw- Hi l l Book Company, New
Yor k . 1965.
' Col umns shoul d not be
wi der t han t he dept h of r ange. 14 by 14
i n. up t o 14
by
18 i n. i s suggest ed.
TABLE 2

Squar e Modul es wi t h
Col umn Spaci ng Mul t i pl e of 3 f t '
" Col umns shoul d not be
wi der t han t he dept h of t he r ange. 18 by 32 i n.
i
s
suggest ed.
Fr g. 9
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TY FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
ai sl es at r i ght angl es t o t he r anges i s al so
of
i mpor t ance. ( See Fi g. 10. )
I f pr act i cabl e, col umns shoul d be no gr eat er
t han
14 i n. i n t he di r ect i on of a r ange, and t he
di mensi oni n t heot her di r ect i on shoul d be kept
down t o 18 i n. I f over 14 i n . i n t he di r ect i on of
t he r ange i s necessar y, t he col umn mi ght al -
most as wel l be 32 i n. i n t hat di r ect i on. I t coul d
t hen occupy t he space of a f ul l st ack sect i on
andper haps
encl osea heat i ng duct . I f acol umn
i s
wi der t han t he r ange, i t wi l l j ut i nt o t hest ack
ai sl e. I r r egul ar l engt h st ack sect i ons ar e i ncon-
veni ent ,
and
can
of t en be r epl aced t o advant age
by a l ect er n or consul t at i on t abl e.
Tabl es 1 and 2deal
wi t h st andar d l ayout s i n
commonl yused modul e si zes
.
The
f ol l owi ng comment s may be usef ul i n
connect i on wi t h Tabl es
1 and 2.
1 . Spaci ng 3 f t 9 i n. or l ess shoul d be used
f or cl osed- access st or ageonl y, wi t h r anges
not
mor e t han 30 f t l ong and not mor e t han 16
i n.
deep.
2. Spaci ng 3 f t 9i n . t o 4f t 1 i n. can be
used
t o advant age
f or l ar ge, l i t t l e used, l i mi t ed- ac-
I . Col umn Spaci ng
A. St ack Ar eas

No onesi ze i s per f ect f or col umn
si zes or col umn spaci ng.
Ot her t hi ngs bei ng equal , t he l ar ger t he bay
si ze, t he bet t er .
Col umn
spaci ng- t hat i s, t he di st ance be-
t ween col umn
cent er s- i s gener al l y mor e i m-
por t ant
i n concent r at ed st ack ar eas t han i n
combi ned st ack
and r eadi ng ar eas because i n
t he l at t er sui t abl e
adj ust ment s ar e easi er t o
make
.
Cl ear space
bet ween col umns- t hi s i s not
t he space bet ween
col umn cent er s- i n a col -
umn r ange
shoul d pr ef er abl y be a mul t i pl e of
3 f t ( pl us an
addi t i onal 4i n. t o pr ovi de f or i r -
r egul ar i t i es i n t he
col umn si zes and f or t he end
upr i ght s i n t he
r ange) .
Range spaci ng and
r ange l engt hs have a
gr eat er ef f ect on book capaci t y
t han t he di s-
t ance bet ween
col umns i n a col umn r ange. The
r educt i on of space
bet ween r ange cent er s by 1
i n. i ncr eases book capaci t y by
appr oxi mat el y 2
per cent . The r educt i on
of space used f or cr oss
!AMPS
gr af t Ar amp shal l be at l east 4' [ 122 cm]
i n
+, dxh-
Lesyf l U

The i ncl i ned
sect i on of a r amp shal l not
eueed 30' [ 9. 14 m] i n l engt h. At bot h ends of
each 30' [ 9. 14m] ( or
smal l er ) sect i on and at each
sr r r r i r g poi nt shal l be a l evel ar ea of at l east
6' [ 183 cm) i n l engt h and
t he wi dt h of t he r amp.
ad" ewM
I n modi f yi ng exi st i ng spaces: I f an
ar ea t o be r omped has a ver t i cal dr op of 3"
7
. 6
cm) or l ess andi s si t uat ed ei t her i n an open
^r ea or at adoor wi t h no cl osi ngdevi ce
pr essur e,
- -

_- gr adi ent of not gr eat er t han 1 : 4 ( 25%)
ee used.
An Modi f yi ng
Exi st i ng Spaces I f an ar ea t o
be
r omped has a ver t i cal dr op of 2" [ 5. 1 cm]
or l ess andi s si t uat ed at
a door wi t h
a
cl osi ng-
devi ce pr essur e, t hen a gr adi ent of not gr eat er
*bon 1 : 6 ( 16. 66%) shal l be used.
I n NewConst r uct i on Any ver t i cal dr op over
' - j ' [ 1. 27 cm] shal l be r amped
usi ng a gr adi ent
not gr eat er t han 1 : 12 ( 8. 33%) and pr ef er abl y
1 : 16 ( 6 . 25I ) wher e f easi bl e
.
( See
Fi g. 9. )
TABLE 1

Squar e
Modul es wi t h t he Col umn Spaci ng a Mul t i pl e of
3
f t
( Pl us 1' / ~ f t f or t he Col umn
i t sel f ) '
Sect i ons
bet ween
col umns, Ranges t o Range spaci ng
Bay si ze
st andar d 3 f t
a bay on cent er s
19 f t 6 i n . by 19 f t 6 i n.
6
5
3 f t 10%i n.
6
4
4f t 10y i n.
6
3
6f t 6i n.
22 f t 6 i n. by 22 f t 6 i n .
7
6
3 f t 9 i n.
7 5 4f t 6 i n.
7 4
5 f t 7y i n.
25 f t 6 i n. by 25 f t 6 i n .
8
7
3 f t 7/ , i n .
8 6 4f t 3 i n.
8 5 5 f t 1y, i n.
B 4 6 f t 4y, i n.
28 f t 6 i n. by 28 f t 6 i n.
9
8
3 f t 6/ , i n.
9 7 4f t Oy, i n.
9
6 4h9i n.
9 5 5
f t
8%
i n.
Bay si ze
Sect i ons
bet ween
col umns
st andar d 3 f t
Ranges t o
a bay
Range spaci ng
on
cent er s
18 i t by18f t
5 5
3f t 7y, i n.
5 4 4f t 6i n.
5 3
6 f t
21 f t by 21 f t
6 6
3 f t 6 i n.
6 5
4f t 2/ s i n .
6 4
5 f t 3 i n .
24f t by 24 f t
7 7
3 f t 5y, i n
.
7 B 4f t
7 5
4f t 9' / i n .
7 4
6 f t
27 f t by 27 f t
8 8
3 f t 4y2 i n .
8 7 3 f t 10%
i n.
8 6
4f t 6i n.
8 5
5 f t 4/ . , i n .
8
4 6 f t 9i n .
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
UNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
TABLE 3

Long Rect angul ar Modul es, 22 f f
6 I n. I n One Di r ect i on'
case st acks wi t h r anges up t o 30 f t l ong.
Cl osed- access r anges up t o 60 f t l ong have
been used successf ul l y wi t h r anges 18 i n. or
l ess deep, 4f t or 4 f t 1 i n. on cent er s .
3. Spaci ng 4 f t 2 i n. t o 4f t 6 i n. can be used
f or open- access st ack, pr ef er abl y hel d t o 18 i n.
i n dept h wi t h t he r ange l engt h based on t he
amount of use.
4. Spaci ng 4 f t 6 i n. t o 5 f t i s gener ous even
f or heavi l y used open- access under gr aduat e
st ack i f r anges ar e 15 f t l ong and4f t 6 i n. on
cent er s, and i n some ci r cumst ances up t o 30
f t i f 5 f t on cent er s .
5. Spaci ng 5 f t
t o
5 f t 10 i n. i
s
unnecessar i l y
gener ous f or any
r egul ar st ack - shel vi ng and
i s
of t en adequat e f or per i odi cal di spl ay cases and
f or heavi l y used r ef er ence col l ect i ons
.
6.
Spaci ng 6 I t
or
gr eat er i s adequat e
f or
newspaper shel vi ng and gener ous f or per i odi -
cal di spl ay cases .
Squar e bays ar e mor e
f l exi bl e t hen t hose t hat
f or m
a
l ong
r ect angl e and ar e gener al l y some-
what cheaper i f t he
cei l i ng hei ght i s l i mi t ed. But
i f t he l et t er ar e used, t he number of sui t abl e
si zes can be gr eat l y i ncr eased . Tabl e 3 shows
possi bi l i t i es wi t h
22 f t 6 i n.
i
n one di r ect i on and
di f f er ent
spaci ng i n t he ot her one.
Si mi l ar t abl es can be pr epar ed f or l ong r ec-
t angul ar bays
18
f t ,
19%,
f t ,
21 f t , 24f t ,
25%f t ,
27 f t , and 28j i f t i n one di r ect i on.
I f sect i on l engt hs ar e changed
f r om
3 f t t o
some ot her si ze, such as 3 f t 1 i n. , 3 f t 2 i n. , 3 f t
3 i n. , 3 f t 4 i n. , 3 f t 5 i n. , or 3 f t 6 i n . , or i n coun-
t r i es usi ng t he met r i c syst emt o 90, 95, 100, or
105 cm. t abl es compar abl e t o Tabl es 1, 2and
3 above shoul d be pr epar ed wi t h t hose l engt hs
as a base.
B. Seat i ng Accommodat i ons
Col umn spaci ng i s
of
l ess
i mpor t ance i n con.
nect i on
wi t h
seat i ng
accommodat i ons t han
wi t h shel vi ng. Tabl es 4and 5 showt he
maxi -
mumnumber of car r el s avai l abl e on one si de of
st andar d- si ze bays and t he number of st udi es
avai l abl e i n such bays .
I I . Cei l i ng Hei ght s and Fl oor Ar eas
Mi ni mumand maxi mumcei l i ng hei ght s
and
f l oor ar eas i nvol ve basi c f unct i onal and aes-
t het i c pr obl ems . Suggest i ons f r om t he f unc-
t i onal
poi nt of vi ewar e pr oposed as an ai d i n
r eachi ng
deci si ons .
A. Cei l i ng Hei ght s
Tabl e 6 suggest s f unct i onal mi ni mums and maxi -
mums .
B.
Fl oor Ar eas
Bot h t he number of f l oor s i n
a
l i br ar y
and
t he ar ea
of
each f l oor may be i m-
por t ant
f unct i onal l y and aest het i cal l y. Deci -
si ons i n r egar d t o t hem may pr oper l y be i n-
f l uenced by t he si t e sur r oundi ngs, t he sl ope of
t he gr ound, and t he val ue of t he pr oper t y.
Tabl e 7 makes suggest i ons, whi ch at beat
ar e onl y appr oxi mat i ons,
as t o
t he
per cent age
of t he gr oss squar e f oot age of a l i br ar y bui l d-
i ng whi ch f unct i onal l y shoul d be on t he en-
t r ance or cent r al - ser vi ces l evel i n
a t ypi cal aca-
demi c l i br ar y.
I I I
. Accommodat i ons f or Reader s
Seat i ng accommodat i ons f or r eader s
and t he
ser vi ce t o r eader s
ar e t he l ar gest space con-
sumer s i n most l i br ar i es
.
The
r equi r ed ar eas
depend on:
A. The
number of accommodat i ons pr ovi ded
B. The
t ypes
of
accommodat i ons and t he
per cent age of each
A bay of t hi s
si ze
wi l l gi ve
seven sect i ons 3 f t l ong
bet ween 14- i n. col umns i n t he di r ect i on of t he col umn
r ange. The col umn si zes suggest ed i n Tabl e 2 ar e sui t abl e
her e.
TABLE 4 Car r el s'
Acar r el , as used her e, i s an ar ea i n whi ch a r eader i s cut of f f r omany nei ghbor who i s cl oser t han 3 f t on ei t her si de or
f r ont and back and one si de. The mi ni mumdesi r abl e wi dt h of an adequat e car r el wor ki ng sur f ace i s 2 f t 9 i n . , whi ch i s as use-
f ul as 3 f t f or each per son at a t abl e wi t h t wo or mor e per sons si t t i ng si de by si de. Mi ni mumdept h suggest ed i s 20 i n .
t Di st ance apar t on cent er s shoul d be not l ess t han
4
f t 3 i n . , unl ess t he f r ont t abl e l eg i s set back
4
t o 6 i n . and ar ml ess
chai r s ar e used, i n whi ch case t he di st ance on cent er s can be r educed t o
4
f t . Any di st ance over
4
f t 6
i n . i
s unnecessar i l y
gener ous . Acl ear space of 27 i n. or mor e bet ween wor ki ng sur f ace and par t i t i on at t he r ear i s r ecommended A shel f above t he
t abl e i nt er f er es wi t h over head l i ght i ng and makes a deeper t abl e desi r abl e.
t Di st ance bet ween cent er s shoul d sel dombe l ess t han
4
f t 6 i n . ; 5 f t i s pr ef er r ed,
anyt hi ng
gr eat er i s unnecessar i l y
gen-
er ous . Wi t h t r i pl e- st agger ed
car r el s,
t he
back
of t he cent er one shoul d be hel d down t o no mor e t han 10 i n
.
above
t he
t abl et op.
The
di st ance bet ween
cent er s
shoul d be
not l ess
t han
4
i t
6 i n . ; and 5
f t i s pr ef er r ed
.
Wat ch
out f or
vent i l at i on . A
wi ndow
i s psychol ogi cal l y desi r abl e. Cl osed car r el s ar e not r ecommended f or under gr aduat es or any st udent not act ual l y engaged i n
wr i t i ng e di sser t at i on. Gl ass i n t he door or gr i l l s shoul d be pr ovi ded f or super vi si on.
T
A
r ooml ess
t han
6
f t l ong at r i ght angl es
t o
t he
desk
wi l l per mi t shel ves above t he
desk or
a bookcase behi nd t he occupant
but pr ef er abl y not bot h . One l ess t han 6 f t par al l el
t o
t he desk wi l l not per mi t a 4- f t l ong desk, and
a second chai r , and may
make i t
necessar y t o
open
t he door out war d.
TABLE S

Facul t y St udi es and Smal l
Mul t i pur pose Roams
' Ar oomof t hi s si ze can
house
a l ar ge desk, shel vi ng,
a f i l i ng case, and per mi t a
door t o open
i n .
t Thi s wi l l pr ovi de f or
conf er ence
r ooms f or f our ,
an
ade-
quat e smal l
st af f of f i ce, or a gener ous f acul t y st udy.
I t
shoul d be at l east 8
f t
i n
t he cl ear i n one di r ect i on
and have
e t ot al ar ea of
over 70 sq f t .
Any smal l
r oomwi l l seeml ess conf i ni ng i t i t has a wi ndow,
and
si nce wi ndowwal l space i s gener al l y at a pr emi um, a
r oomcan
wel l have one of i t s shor t si des on t he wi ndow
wal l
.
C. Di mensi ons of t he wor ki ng sur f aces f or
each t ype of accommodat i on
D. Aver age squar e f oot age r equi r ed f or each
t ype of
accommodat i on
E . Addi t i onal space r equi r ed f or ser vi ce t o
r eader s
A. For mul as f or Per cent age of St udent s f or Whom
Seat i ng Accommodat i ons Ar e Requi r ed The f or mul a
used shoul d depend on :
1 . The qual i t y of t he st udent body and f ac-
ul t y. The hi gher t he qual i t y, t he gr eat er t he l i -
br ar y use.
2. The l i br ar y f aci l i t i es pr ovi ded. The mor e
sat i sf act or y t he seat i ng accommodat i ons and
t he ser vi ces pr ovi ded, t he gr eat er t he use.
3. The qual i t y of t he col l ect i ons . Super i or
col l ect i ons i ncr ease use.
4. The cur r i cul um. I n gener al , st udent s i n
t he humani t i es and soci al sci ences use t he l i -
br ar y mor e t hen do t hose i n t he pur e and ap-
pl i ed sci ences .
5. The
emphasi s pl aced
on t ext book i n-
st r uct i on, whi ch
t ends t o r educe
l i br ar y use.
6. Whet her t he st udent body i s r esi dent or
commut i ng and, i f t he f or mer , whet her t he
dor mi t or i es
pr ovi de sui t abl e
st udy f aci l i t i es .
Heavi est l i br ar y use i n most r esi dent i al i nst i t u-
t i ons i s i n t he eveni ng ; i n commut i ng ones,
dur i ng t he
dayt i me hour s .
7 . Whet her t he l ocat i on i s r ur al , subur ban,
or ur ban. Lar ge popul at i on cent er s t end t o de-
cr ease
eveni ng
use because
of ot her avai l abl e
act i vi t i es and at t r act i ons .
8. Whet her t he i nst i t ut i on i s coeducat i onal
or f or one sex onl y. Coeducat i on t ends t o i n-
cr ease l i br ar y use, par t i cul ar l y i n t he eveni ng .
9. The emphasi s pl aced by t he f acul t y on
t he l i br ar y and on nont ext book r eadi ng.
10. The per cent age of gr aduat e st udent s and
t he f i el ds i n whi ch t hey wor k.
11. The i nst i t ut i on' s pol i cy i n r egar d t o use
by per sons ot her t han t hose connect ed wi t h i t .
12. The depar t ment al l i br ar y ar r angement s
whi ch may make avai l abl e ot her r eadi ng f aci l i -
t i es and r educe t he use of t he cent r al l i br ar y .
Tabl e 8 suggest s f or mul as f or per cent age of
st udent s f or whomseat i ng
i s
suggest ed
.
B. Suggest i ons f or Types of Seat i ng Accommodat i ons
and t he Per cent age of Each Type
1 . For Under gr aduat es
a.

Tabl es f or f our or mor e. Not mor e t hen
20 per cent . Shoul d be l ar gel y r est r i ct ed
Doubl e- or
t r i pl e- Smal l Lar ge
Bay si ze Opent st agger ed$ cl osed cl osedq
18 f t 4
4 4 3
19h f t
4 4 4 3
21 1t 5
4 4 4
22 ,h i t
5 5 5 4
24 f t 6 5 5
4
25y, f t
6 5 5 5
27 f t 6 6 6 5
Bay si ze
Ranges t o
a bay
Range spaci ng
on cent er s
22 f t 6 i n .
by 18 f t 4 4f t 6 i n .
22 f t 6 i n . by
20
f t
5 4 f t
22 f t 6 i n . by 20 f t
10
i n .
5 4 f t 2 i n .
22 f t 6 i n .
by
21 f t 8 i n.
5 4 f t 4 i n .
22 f t 6 i n . by 24 f t
6 4
i t
22 i t 6 i n . by 25 f t 6 4
f t 2
i n .
22 i t 6 i n . by 26
i t
6 4 i t 4
i n
.
22 i t 6 i n . by 27 f t
6 4 i t 6 i n .
Bay si ze
Smal l
f acul t y
st udy'
Smal l conf er ence
r oomor gener ous
f acul t y st udyt
18 f t 3 2
19; 1, f t
3
2
21 f t 3 2
22 h f t 3 2
24f t 4 3
25%f t
4 3
27 f t
4 3
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li hr nr i ws
TABLE 8

For mul as f or Per cent age of St udent s
f or WhomSeat i ng Accommodat i ons Ar e
suggest ed
t i t i ons i n bot h di r ect i ons . See Fi g.
3. Agr eat i mpr ovement over a t abl e
f or f our wi t hout par t i t i ons .
( 4) Pi nwheel ar r angement
f or
f our
.
See
Fi g. Bc. Sat i sf act or y, but r equi r es
mor e space t han ( 3) above
.
( 5)
Doubl e car r el s wi t h r eader s f aci ng
i n di f f er ent di r ect i ons . See Fi g. 56.
Not as sat i sf act or y as ( 6) be-
l ow.
( 6) Doubl e- st agger ed car r el s . See Fi g.
7a.
( 7) Pai r s of doubl e- st agger ed car r el s on
bot h si des of a scr een. See
Fi g.
76.
( 8) Tr i pl e- st agger ed car r el s i n pl ace of
t hr ee st ack r anges or i n a l ar ge r ead-
i ng ar ea.
( 9) Rows of si ngl e car r el s at r i ght angl es
t o a wal l i n bookst ack or r eadi ng
ar ea . See Fi g.

I a.
( 10) Si ngl e car r el s i n pl ace of l ast
st ack
sect i on of t he end of a bl i nd st ack
ai sl e. See
Fi g.

I b.
( 11) Typi ng car r el s si mi l ar t o ( 10) above,
but wi t h speci al acoust i c pr ot ec-
t i on.
( 12) Rows of doubl e car r el s i n a r eadi ng
ar ea or i n pl ace of t wo st ack r anges .
See
Fi g.
6 .
Cl osed car r el s ar e r ar el y r ecommended
f or
under gr aduat es . Shel ves i n car r el s
t end t o en-
by ai sl es or
par t i t i ons on one, t wo, or
t hr ee
si des .
The par t i t i ons shoul d be
hi gh enough- 52 i n. f or men- so t hat
heads do not bob up or down above
t hem and cause vi sual di st r act i on .
These accommodat i ons may i ncl ude:
( 1) Tabl es f or one. These can be
qui t e sat i sf act or y al ong a wal l or
scr een i f t he r eader s al l f ace i n
t he same di r ect i on.
( 2)
Tabl es f or t wo wi t h par t i t i ons
down t he cent er . Sae Fi g. Bb. For
l i mi t ed
use
onl y.
( 3) Tabl es f or f our or mor e wi t h par -
t o t hose i n r eser ve- book
and
r ef er ence
r ooms .
b. Lounge chai r s
.
Not mor e t han 15 per -
cent .
Shoul d i n gener al be r est r i ct ed
t o l ounge ar eas, smoki ng r ooms, cur -
r ent - per i odi cal
r ooms,
or used
t o
br eak
up unpl easant l y l ong r ows of
ot her
t ypes of accommodat i ons . I n many
l i -
br ar i es 8 t o 10 per cent of seat i ng
of
t hi s ki nd i s adequat e.
c . I ndi vi dual accommodat i ons . Up t o 85
per cent . These shoul d
pr ovi de i n
most
cases f or wor ki ng sur f aces cut
of f
f r omi mmedi at el y adj acent nei ghbor s,
TABLE 7 Suggest ed For mul as f or Per cent age of
Gr oss Squar e
Foot age Funct i onal l y Desi r abl e on t he
Cent r al - Ser vi ces Level '
TABLE 9

Suggest ed Wor ki ng Sur f ace Ar ea f or Each Per son
Recommended onl y f or r eser ve- book use or f or a col l ege
f or women.
t Aspace of 33 by 20 i n . goes f ar t her i n an i ndi vi dual
accommodat i on t han at a l ar ge t abl e because ot her s do not i nt r ude
on t he space.
t Shel ves ar e not r ecommended over open car r el s because t hey make i t easi er
f or
an
unaut hor i zed st udent t o monopol i ze
one.
Ashel f over a car r el t abl e r equi r es addi t i onal
dept h because i t i nt er f er es wi t h l i ght i ng . Acl osed car r el shoul d pr ef er abl y
have a wi ndow, gl ass i n t he door , and mor e space ar ound t he t abl e
t han an open one, or cl aust r ophobi a may r esul t .
" Cent r al ser vi ces as used her e i ncl ude t he mai n cont r ol
poi nt ,
ci r cul at i on end r ef er ence ser vi ces, r ef er ence and
bi bl i ogr aphi cal
col l ect i ons, t he publ i c cat al og, and acqui si -
t i on and
cat al og depar t ment s .
These comput at i ons ar e appr oxi mat i ons onl y, but smal l er
f i gur es t han
t hose i n t he l est col umn wi l l of t en necessi t at e
shi f t i ng par t
of t he cent r al ser vi ces t o ot her l evel s and
i nci dent al l y may add consi der abl y t o st af f payr ol l s .
TABLF 6

Cl ear Coi l i ng Hei ght s
Hei ght s l ower t han speci f i ed
have been used successf ul l y on occasi on, but cei l i ng l i ght s shoul d be r ecessed and good
vent i l at i on assur ed. Fi nanci al savi ngs wi l l be compar at i vel Y smal l
.
t Gr eat er hei ght s may be usef ul aest het i cal l y and pr ovi de added f l exi bi l i t y by maki ng ar eas avai l abl e f or a wi der
r ange of
pur poses .
t 7 f t 8 i n
.
i s t he l owest hei ght whi ch
per mi t s an adequat e pr ot ect i ve base and seven shel ves 12 i n . on cent er s ( st andar d
f or academi c l i br ar i es) wi t h sui t abl e cl ear ance at t he t op.
The
t op
shel f wi l l be 8 t t 4 i n . above t he f l oor , t he gr eat est hei ght
t hat can be r eached wi t hout di f f i cul t yby a per son 6 f t t el l . Space above
7 f t 6 i n . i s not usef ul f or st or age of open- access coi -
l ect i ons and wi l l be conf usi ng i t used f or ot her shel vi ng.
Thi s hei ght used wi t h f l uor escent t ubes, at r i ght angl es t o
t he
r anges,
per mi t s st ack r anges
t o
be shi f t ed cl oser t oget her
or f ar t her apar t wi t hout r ewi r i ng, and i s hi gh enough so t hat
heal f r omt he t ubes wi l l not damage t he books on t he t op shel f .
I t t he f i xt ur es ar e f l ush or near l y f l ush wi t h t he cei l i ng, t he cl ear
hei ght can be r educed a f ewi nches .
1(
Mezzani nes pr ovi de i nexpensi ve squar e f oot age i f t hey occupy at l east
80 per cent
of
t he f l oor ar ea ( bui l di ng codes may
pr ohi bi t t hem
unl ess mezzani ne i s par t i t i oned
of f and made a separ at e uni t ) , and i f t he over al l hei ght of t he t wo r esul t i ng
l evel s i s not much mor e t hen 611gr eat er t hen woul d be pr ovi ded i f t her e wer e no mezzani ne.
Type of i nst i t ut i on Per cent age
Super i or r esi dent i al coeducat i onal
l i ber al ar t s col l ege i n r ur al ar ea or
smal l t own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50- 60
Super i or r esi dent i al l i ber al ar t s col l ege
f or men or women i n r ur al ar ea or
smal l
t own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45- 50
Super i or
r esi dent i al l i ber al ar t s col l ege
i n a smal l ci t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40- 45
Super i or
r esi dent i al uni ver si t y . . . . . . 35- 40
Typi cal r esi dent i al uni ver si t y . . . . . .
25- 30
Typi cal
commut i ng uni ver si t y . . . . . . 20- 25
Ar ea
Suggest ed
mi ni mum'
Suggest ed
f unct i onal
maxi mumt
Book st acks* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 f t 8 i n . 8 f t 6
i n .
St acks wi t h l i ght s at r i ght angl e
t o r anges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8f t 4 i n . 8 f t 9 i n .
St acks wi t h l i ght s on r ange t ops
f unct i oni ng by cei l i ng
r ef l ect i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
f t
0
i n .
9 f t 6 i n.
Readi ng ar eas under 100 sq f t . . . . . . . . . .
7 f t 6
i n .
8 f t 6 i n.
I ndi vi dual seat i ng i n l ar ge
ar eas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 f t 4 i n .
9f t 6 i n.
Lar ge r eadi ng r ooms over 100
f t l one br oken by scr eens or
bookcases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9f t 6 i n . 10
f t 6 i n .
Audi t or i ums
up
t o 1, 500 sq f t . . . . . . . . . . . 9f t 6 i n . 10
f t 6 i n .
Ent r ance or mai n l evel wi t h
over 20, 000 sq f t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9f t 6 i n . 10
f t 6 i n .
Fl oor wi t h
mezzani neg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 f t 6 i n . 18 f t
6 i n .
Type of accommodat i on
Mi ni mum
si ze
Adequat e si ze
Tabl e f or mul t i pl e seat i ng . . . . . . . . . 33 i n .
by
21
i n . '
36 i n . by 24 i n .
I ndi vi dual t abl e or open
car r el f or under gr aduat e . . . . . . . 33 i n. by 20
i n . t
36 i n .
by 22 i n .
Open car r el f or gr aduat e
st udent wi t hout book shel f
over i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 i n. b y 24 i n . t
Car r el ,
open
or cl osed, f or
gr aduat e st udent wr i t i ng
di sser t at i on, wi t h a book
shel f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 i n . by 27 i n .
48 i n. by 30 i n .
Facul t y st udy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 i n . by 30 i n . 60 i n . by 30
i n . i f
t her e i s shel vi ng
over
i t
Mi ni mum
per cent ages
of gr oss
ar ea on
cent r al -
Gr oss bui l di ng Si ze of col l ect i ons ser vi ces
ar ea i n sq f t i n vol umes l evel
Under 20, 000 Under 100, 000 40- 50
20, 000- 45, 000 100, 000- 250, 000 33S- 40
40, 000- 80, 000 250, 000- 500, 000 25- 33h
75, 000- 150, 000 500, 000- 1, 000, 000 20- 30
135, 000 + 1, 000, 000 + 18%- 25
Fi g. 2 Car r el s
wi t h
shel ves . ( a) Shel f i n f r ont of r eader . The t abl e shoul d be S i n . deeper t han one
wi t hout a shel f , and adequat e spaci ng bet ween car r el s may be di f f i cul t t o ar r ange. ( b) Shel f at one
si de i nst ead of i n f r ont . ( I t can be of ei t her si de. ) Thi s r equi r es mor e wi dt h but l ess dept h. ( c) Shel f at
one si de
f aci ng t he ai sl e
.
Thi s can pr ovi de mor e
shel f capaci t y and gr eat er pr i vacy; i t al so demands
gr eat er t ot al wi dt h.
Fi g. 1 Car r el s at r i ght angl es t o a wal l . ( a) Suggest s si zes and spaci ng and shows el evat i ons. ( b)
Car r el i n pl ace of l ast st ack sect i on next t o a wal l . The wor ki ng sur f ace of t he car r el shoul d be i n l i ne
wi t h t he st ack r ange i nst ead of t he ai sl e i n or der t o make i f easi er t o get i nt o t he chai r .
cour age undesi r abl e monopol i zat i on
. Ashel f
out si de t he car r el wi t h an open or l ocked cup-
boar d pr ovi des f or books and paper s t o be r e-
ser ved andmakes possi bl e l onger hour s of car -
r el use.
2. Gr aduat e St udent Accommodat i ons
a. At t abl es f or mul t i pl e seat i ng . Not r ec-
ommended.
b. Open car r el s of any of t he t ypes pr o-
posed i n t above. Gr aduat e car r el s may
have shel ves over t he wor ki ng sur f ace,
but t hi s wi l l r equi r e deeper t abl e t ops
because of l i ght i ng pr obl ems, unl ess
t he shel ves ar e i nst al l ed at one si de.
See Fi gs . 2a, b, and c .
c . Cl osed car r el s . See Cand Dbel owf or
wor ki ng sur f ace di mensi ons and
squar e- f oot age r equi r ement s . Cl osed
car r el s r equi r e speci al car e f or sat i s-
f act or y l i ght i ng and vent i l at i on. Unl ess
l ar ger t han necessar y t o pr ovi de ade-
quat e wor ki ng sur f aces, cl aust r opho-
bi a t ends t o r esul t . Awi ndowf or each
car r el or an at t r act i ve gr i l l on at l east
one si de wi l l hel p.
3. Facul t y Accommodat i ons . I f possi bl e,
cl osed st udi es shoul d be pr ovi ded f or f acul t y
Member s engaged i n r esear ch pr oj ect s whi ch
r equi r e t he use of l i br ar y mat er i al s . Li mi t ed as-
si gnment per i ods ar e suggest ed. They shoul d
not be used as of f i ces . See Cand Dbel owf or
wor ki ng sur f ace di mensi ons and squar e- f oot -
age r equi r ement s .
C. Di mensi ons of Wor ki ng Sur f ace f or Each Type of
Seat i ng Accommodat i on Tabl e 9 gi ves suggest ed
mi ni mumand adequat e di mensi ons .
Educat i onal
Li br ar i es
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
0
.
Aver age Squar e
Foot age Requi r ed f or Di f f er ent
Types of Accommodat i on The squar e- f oot age r e-
qui r ement s suggest ed i n Tabl e 10 ar e at best
appr oxi mat i ons, but may be hel pf ul i n pr e-
l i mi nar y st ages of pl anni ng.
E . Addi t i onal Space
Requi r ed f or Ser vi ce t o Reader s
Space
f or di r ect access t o seat i ng accommo-
dat i ons i s deal t wi t h i n Tabl e
10
and
el se-
wher e
.
Addi t i onal space
r equi r ed i ncl udes :
Assi gnabl e Ar eas
The publ i c cat al og.
Space ar ound t he bi bl i ogr aphi cal and r ef er -
ence and cur r ent - per i odi cal col l ect i ons whi ch
i s r equi r ed because of heavy use.
Publ i c ar eas out si de ser vi ce desks .
Speci al accommodat i ons f or mi cr of i l mr epr o-
duct i ons, maps, manuscr i pt s, ar chi ves, and
ot her col l ect i ons not shel ved i n t he mai n st ack
ar ea . These may i ncl ude audi ovi sual ar eas of
var i ous t ypes .
St af f wor ki ng quar t er s .
Nonassi gnabl e Ar eas
Ent r ances, vest i bul es, and l obbi es
Cor r i dor s
Ar eas used
pr i mar i l y as t r af f i c ar t er i es
St ai r wel l s and el evat or shaf t s
Toi l et s
Wal l s and
col umns
I t i s
suggest ed t hat not l ess t han 25 sq f t
per r eader
i n assi gnabl e or nonassi gnabl e ar eas
wi l l be
r equi r ed f or t he ser vi ces i n t hese
gr oups, and t hat unl ess t he speci al accommo-
dat i ons ment i oned above ar e hel d t o a r eason-
abl e
mi ni mumand car ef ul pl anni ng i s pr ovi ded
t hr oughout , t he 25 may have t o be i ncr eased t o
35
sq f t .
Seat i ng Accommodat i ons As an
ai d i n pl anni ng
l ayout s, suggest i ons ar e pr esent ed
f or ar r ange-
ment s f or seat i ng accommodat i ons i n
r eadi ng
ar eas and book st acks .
Remember t hat aca-
demi c and r esear ch ( not
publ i c) l i br ar i es ar e
under consi der at i on, and t he si zes
and ar r ange-
ment s suggest ed ar e f or
academi c and r e-
sear ch use.
1 . Si ngl e open car r el s wi t h t he l ong
axi s of
t he t abl et ops at r i ght angl es t o a
wal l . These
may be i n r eadi ng ar eas, or i n book st acks
wi t h
wal l s on one si de, a subsi di ar y cr oss ai sl e on
t he ot her , wi t h t he end of st ack
r anges beyond
t he ai sl e, or t hey may t ake t he pl ace of
t he l ast
st ack sect i on i n a r ange. Si ngl e car r el s shoul d
pr ef er abl y be f ast ened t o t he wal l or
f l oor i n
some wayso as not t o get
out of posi t i on. ( See
Fi g. 1a and b. )
2. Si ngl e cl osed car r el s al ong a bookst ack
wal l and openi ng i nt o a subsi di ar y st ack ai sl e.
These ar e qui t e si mi l ar t o t he open car r el s
descr i bed above, but have par t i t i ons
and a door
and, unl ess consi der abl y l ar ger ,
t hey may be
di f f i cul t t o vent i l at e and t o l i ght
and t end t o
cause cl aust r ophobi a. Par t i t i ons
t o t he cei l i ng
ar e not r ecommended f or under gr aduat es,
but
i f t he ar ea, i ncl udi ng t he
adj acent ai sl e, i s
at l east as much as 5 f t by 6
f t 8 i n. , i t can be
used f or gr aduat e st udent s
i f t her e i s gl ass i n
t he door . Li ght f r om an out si de
wi ndowwi l l
Fi g. 3 Readi ng- r oomt abl e wi t h di vi di ng
par t i -
t i ons. Not ver y sat i sf act or y i f f abl e seat s mor e
t han
f our and r eader i s hemmed i n on bot h
si des . I f
he l eans bock, he i s t oo cl ose t o hi s nei ghbor . I f
l i ght i s hung f r omt he par t i t i on, i t f ends t o cause
an unpl easant gl ar e. I f par t i t i ons bet ween r eader s
si t t i ng si de by si de ar e ext ended on bot h si des
t o pr ovi de mor e pr i vacy, t hey become t oo conf i n-
i ng.
TABLE 10

Appr oxi mat e Squar e- f oot age Requi r ement s f or Di f f er ent
Types of Seat i ng
Accommodat i ons"
The f i gur es used her e i ncl ude : ( 11 ar ea of wor ki ng sur f ace i f any; 121
ar ea occupi ed by chai r ; ( 3) ar ea used f or di r ect access
t o t he accommodat i ons; and ( 41 r easonabl e shar e
of al l t he assi gnabl e space used f or mai n ai sl es i n t he r oomunder consi der -
at i on.
b
These
chai r s i f i n pai r s shoul d be separ at ed by a smal l t abl e t o pr event congest i on and t o hol d books not i n use.
r ' Lar ge l ounge chai r s ar e expensi ve, space- consumi ng, and an ai d t o sl umber . Rar el y r ecommended .
dl ndi vi dual t abl es ar e space- consumi ng, ar e gener al l y di sor der l y i n appear ance because t hey ar e
easi l y moved, and r esul t
i n a r est l ess at mospher e f r omt r af f i c on
al l si des . Not r ecommended except al ong a wal l or scr een.
" Tabl es f or f our ar e t he l ar gest ones r ecommended, unl ess pr essur e
f or addi t i onal capaci t y i s gr eat .
( Tabl es f or mor e t han t our ar e space saver s,
but f ewr eader s l i ke t o si t wi t h someone on each si de. They wi l l avoi d usi ng
t hem as f ar as possi bl e.
KI ndi vi dual car r el s ar e economi cal i n use
of space i t pl aced at r i ght angl es t o a wal l , adj acent t o an ai sl e t hat must be pr o-
vi ded under any ci r cumst ances . Theyr educe vi sual di st r act i on
i f par t i t i ons 52 i n . or mor e i n hei ght ar e pr ovi ded on at l east t wo
of t he f our si des . See Fi g . 5a
and d.
4 Doubl e car r el s
ar e usef ul , but t he st agger ed ones descr i bed bel owar e pr ef er r ed.
' Doubl e- st agger ed car r el s ar e as economi cal of space as t abl es f or f our and r educe
vi sual di st r act i ons . See
Fi g. 7a.
J Tr i pl e- st agger ed car r el s ar e as economi cal of space as
t abl es f or si x or mor e and r educe vi sual di st r act i on.
kDoubl e r ows of car r el s or e economi cal i n space use and
r educe vi sual di st r act i on. See Fi g . 6.
Fi g. 2 ( cont . )

Car r el s wi t h shel ves .
Type of accommodat i ons Mi ni mum
Requi r ement s, sq f t
Adequat e Gener ous
Smal l
l ounge
chai r
b. . . . . . . . .
20
25
30
Lar ge l ounge chai r . . . . . . . . . . .
25
30
35
I ndi vi dual
t abl er t
. . . . . . . . . . . .
25
30
35
Tabl es f or t our . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22y, 25
27, / ,
Tabl es f or mor e
t han
f our f
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 22, 4 25
I ndi vi dual car r el sg
. . . . . .
. . . . . 20
22~/ , 25
Doubl e
car r el s h . .
. . . . .
. . . . 22' ,
25
27' , A
Doubl ed- st agger ed
car r el s' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22' / , 25 27h
Tr i pl e- st agger ed car r el s r . . . . . . . 22,/ ~ 25 27 ; ,
Doubl e r owof car r el s
wi t h par t i t i ons
bet ween,
pl aced i n a
r eadi ng r oomor
i n
pl ace of
t wo st ack
r anges k . .
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . 22y
25 27f
Educat i onal
COLLEGE ANDUNI VERSI TY FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
hel p. Fi g. 46 shows a cl osed car r el wi t h a
door .
3 . Si ngl e car r el s i n pl ace of a st ack sect i on
of t he end of
a book r ange. ( See Fi g. 16. ) As
f ar as space use i s concer ned, t hi s i s t he most
economi cal wayt o pr ovi de a seat i ng accommoda-
t i on, and i t gi ves a gr eat deal of secl usi on, whi ch
many r eader s
want .
I t
pr esent s f our
pr obl ems,
however , as f ol l ows:
a. The space f r omf r ont t o back i s l i mi t ed t o
t he di st ance bet ween
r ange
cent er s,
whi ch i n
some cases i s mi ni mal .
b. Unl ess t he t abl e t op i s
speci al l y desi gned
t o occupy t he f ul l dept h of t he doubl e- f aced
r ange, as shown i n Fi g. 3, i t may be
di f f i cul t
t o get
i nt o
t he
chai r
because t he t abl e t op wi l l
j ut out i nt o t he ai s) e.
c. Some r eader s, par t i cul ar l y i f t her e i s no
adj acent out si de wi ndow, wi l l f eel t oo shut i n
f or comf or t .
d. Si nce t he seat i s at t he end of a bl i nd ai sl e,
t he l engt h of t he r ange shoul d not be mor e t han
hal f t hat of a r ange wi t h cr oss ai sl es at bot h
ends.
4. Si ngl e seat s f aci ng a r eadi ng r oomor
st ack wal l or a hi gh par t i t i on down t he cent er
of a r egul ar r eadi ng r oom t abl e, somet i mes
wi t h a hi gh par t i t i on at t he si des pr oj ect i ng 6
i n. beyond t he t abl e t op i nt o t he ai sl e, t o cut
one of f f r omhi s nei ghbor s .
Ther e
i s no pl ace
t o
l ook out , except di r ect l y at t he nei ghbor t o t he
r i ght or l ef t when l eani ng back i n t he chai r .
They ar e not r ecommended, except i n an open
ar ea i n gr oups of f our wher e t he r eader can
l ook out i n at l east one di r ect i on, because
f ewst udent s enj oy f aci ng a bl ank wal l , unl ess
t hey can l ook out at l east a f ewf eet on one si de
wi t hout seei ng a nei ghbor cl ose at hand. ( See
Fi g. 3. ) Si ngl e car r el s i n a sawt oot h . or what i s
known as a dog- l eg ar r angement , shown i n
Fi g. 4c, ar e pr ef er abl e t o t hose di r ect l y f aci ng
a wal l , as t he r eader can l ook out on one si de
and st i l l i s pr ot ect ed f r omhi s nei ghbor s . They
r equi r e no addi t i onal space.
5.
Doubl e car r el s
i n r ows i n a r eadi ng r oom
Fi g. 4 Ot her t ypes of si ngl e car r el s. ( a) Par t l y open t ypi ng car r el i n pl ace of l ast st ack sect i on wi t h
acoust i cal l y pr ot ect ed wal l s and cei l i ng ai ded by adj acent books. Absence of ot her seat i ng cl ose at
hand makes door s unnecessar y. ( b) Cl osed car r el wi t h door and shel f . I f t her e
i s no wi ndow, wi der
spaci ng i s desi r abl e t o pr event cl aust r ophobi a. Vent i l at i on and l i ght i ng wi l l pr esent
pr obl ems . ( c) A
dog- l eg
car r el
i s
a compr omi se f or one f aci ng a wal l , whi ch
i s
di sl i ked
by many, i f par t i t i ons ar e ext ended
enough t o pr ovi de secl usi on. The car r el
i s open on
one si de
.
Fi g. 5

Open car r el s al ong a wal l or a par t i t i on
at l east 52 i n. hi gh. ( a) Car r el s al ong a wal l
al l f aci ng t he same way. ( Recommended. )
( b) Car r el s al ong a
wal l i n pai r s . ( Possi bl e, but t hey back up t o each ot her
unpl easant l y. ) ( c) Car r el s f aci ng a wal l
. ( Not r ecommended. I f t her e ar e si de par t i t i ons,
r eader has
" bl i nder s. " I f he l eans back, hi s nei ghbor i s cl ose at hand
. ) ( d) Car r el el evat i on t o showdesi r abl e hei ght of
par t i t i ons t o pr event vi sual di st r act i on. The
l ef t -
hand car r el shows a r ounded t ype of const r uct i on and
t he r i ght - hand one a squar e t ype.
separ at ed by
par t i t i ons whi ch ar e at l east 52
i n. i n hei ght i n t he f r ont and on one si de of t he
wor ki ng ar ea. Par t i t i ons i n f r ont can be hel d
down t o no mor e t han 3 t o 10 i n . above t he
t abl e t op
because a f ul l vi ewof one' s nei ghbor
al l t he
t i me i s l ess di st r act i ng t han a head
bobbi ng
up and down occasi onal l y; but 52 i n.
above
t he f l oor i s pr ef er abl e. ( Fi g. 5d. (
6 . Doubl e
car r el s i n r ows i n pl ace of t wo
st ack r anges
.
Asi ze of
33 by 22 i n. can be used
i n pl ace
of t wo st ack r anges when r anges ar e
4f t 3 i n. on
cent er s . Asi ze of 36 by 22 i n. can
be
used comf or t abl y wi t h r anges 4 f t 6 i n. on
cent er s .
By pl aci ng one or bot h end pai r s at
r i ght
angl es t o t he ot her s, t he car r el
r ange
and t he
st ack r ange l engt h can be made t o
mat ch wi t h t abl e t ops and di st ances
bet ween
cent er s of st andar d si ze. ( See Fi g. 6. )
7.
Doubl e- st agger ed car r el s wi t h t he adj a-
cent t abl e t ops over l appi ng
by one- hal f t hei r
dept h, pl aced al ong
wal l s, wi t h 4' f t mi ni mum
on cent er s and 5 f t
pr ef er r ed.
8.
" Pi nwheel " gr oups of f our car r el s, pr ef -
er abl y
i n a r eadi ng al cove. I f t he al cove i s 12
by
12 f t i n t he cl ear , t abl e t ops 22 by 36 i n.
ar e
r ecommended, wi t h par t i t i ons at l east 52
i n. i n hei ght , whi ch ext end 6 i n. beyond t he end
of each
t abl e. Shel ves ar e or di nar i l y
not r ec-
ommended
f or t hese cases, par t i cul ar l y i f t he
t abl e t op
i s l ess t han 27 i n. deep.
Thi s
ar r angement f i t s per f ect l y i n a 27- f t
col umn spaci ng wi t h t wo al coves t o a bay.
I f
t he modul e si ze i s 25 f t 6 i n. , t he space
i n each
al cove wi l l be r educed a t ot al of 9
i n. , and one
of
t he shel f sect i ons wi l l be onl y 27 i n. I t can
be
used f or shor t er shel ves or set up as wal l space
f or a bul l et i n boar d or f or a
pi ct ur e or ot her
decor at i on.
I f vent i l at i on
i s adequat e, al coves can be
par t i al l y cl osed
i n ont he f our t h si de by a si ngl e
or
doubl e- f aced book sect i on, whi ch may
hel p
t o use
space t o advant age and make
possi bl e
t he best
ut i l i zat i on of t he avai l abl e bay
si ze.
The mai n ai sl e bet ween doubl e r ows
of al coves
canbe
as nar r owas 4' , h f t . ( See
Fi g . 86 and c . )
Pi nwheel gr oups have
been successf ul i n
l ar ge
r eadi ng ar eas, but t hey
t end t o gi ve an i mpr es-
si on of di sor der l i ness
when not i n an al cove.
9. Car r el s i n al coves
wi t h t abl es f or f our
i nst al l ed wi t h 52- i n. - hi gh
par t i t i ons i n each
di r ect i on. These al coves
may be as l i t t l e as 9
f t deep and 11 f t 3 i n. t o 12
f t wi de i n t he cl ear .
Wi t h a 25 f t 6 i n. bay and
4 f t 6 i n. mai n ai sl e,
an unusual l y l ar ge capaci t y
i s possi bl e. ( See
Fi g.
8b
and c . ) Wi t h a 27- f t
bay, t he space
ut i l i zat i on i s st i l l good, and t he mai n ai sl e
can be wi dened t o 6 f t .
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
Fi g. 6

Doubl e
r ows of car r el s i n booksf ack or r eadi ng ar ea i n pl ace
of t wo st ack r anges.
I V. Book- St ack Capaci t y
Book- st ack capaci t y i s based on:
A. The number of vol umes shel ved i n a
st andar d st ack sect i on
B.
The squar e- f oot age r equi r ement s f or a
st andar d st ack sect i on.
A. The Number of Vol umes Shel ved i n a St andar d
St ack Sect i on The number of vol umes t hat can
be shel ved i n a st andar d st ack sect i on depends
on : ( 1) Book hei ght s and t he number of shel ves
per sect i on; ( 2) book t hi ckness ; ( 3) t he deci -
si on i n r egar d t o what i s consi der ed a f ul l
sect i on.
1 . Book Hei ght s and Shel ves per Sect i on.
St ack sect i ons i n academi c l i br ar i es ar e con-
si der ed st andar d i f t hey ar e 7 f t 6 i n. hi gh and
3 f t wi de. Sect i ons of t hi s hei ght make possi bl e
seven shel ves 12 i n. on cent er s over a 4- i n.
base
.
Thi s spaci ng i s adequat e f or books whi ch
ar e 11 i n. t al l or l ess, whi ch, as shown i n Tabl e
11, i ncl ude 90 per cent of t he books i n a t ypi cal
col l ect i on.
I t i s suggest ed t hat most of t he r emai ni ng
10 per cent wi l l be concent r at ed i n a compar e-
l i vel y f ewsubj ect s, t hat 70 per cent of t hi s 10
per cent wi l l be bet ween 11 and 13 i n. t al l , and
t hat si x shel ves 14 i n . on cent er s wi l l pr ovi de
f or t hem.
2. Book Thi ckness and t he Number of Vol -
umes That Can Be Shel ved Sat i sf act or i l y on
Each Li near Foot of Shel vi ng.

No t wo l i br ar i es
Educat i onal
Li br ar i es
Fi g. 7 Doubl e- st agger ed car r el s. ( a)
Doubl e- st agger ed car t el adj acent t o a wal l . The car r el by
t he
wal l wi l l be hel ped by a wi ndow
.
Par t i t i ons shoul d
be S2 i n. hi gh or hi gher . Recommended. ( b)
Doubl e-
st agger ed car r el s on each si de of
a scr een or par t i t i on. Aspace saver , but r ecommended
onl y when
necessar y t o pr ovi de r equi r ed
seat i ng capaci t y. The backs of t he i nsi de car r el s
shoul d be no mor e t han
40 i n. hi gh.
3. The Deci si on on When
a Sect i on I s Ful l .
I n Tabl e 10 a suggest ed number of
vol umes
per si ngl e- f aced sect i on
i s pr oposed. h i s evi -
dent t hat i f books ar e
shel ved by subj ect , i t i s
unwi se t o f i l l t he shel ves
compl et el y, and any
est i mat e must be
an appr oxi mat i on. For many
l i br ar i es 125 vol umes per
st ack sect i on i s con-
si der ed
saf e
.
B. Squer a- f oot age
Requi r ement s f or a St andar d St ack
Sect i on .
The squar e- f oot age r equi r ement s
f or a st andar d st ack sect i on depend pr i mar i l y
on:
( 1) r ange spaci ng ; ( 2) r ange l engt hs ; ( 3)
t he number of cr oss ai sl es and t hei r
wi dt hs ;
( 4) cr oss ai sl e ar ea char ged
agai nst adj acent
r eader accommodat i ons
; ( 5) nonassi gnabl e
space.
1 . Range Spaci ng.
Range spaci ng shoul d
be based on col umn
spaci ng, on shel f dept hs,
whi ch ar e di scussed
i n a bel ow; and on st ack-
ai sl e wi dt hs, deal t wi t h
i n 2 bel ow.
a. Shel f dept hs .
Dept hs as used her e ar e
based on doubl e- f aced
br acket shel vi ng wi t h
2 i n. bet ween t he back of t he
shel f on one si de
of t he r ange
and t he back of t he shel f on t he
ot her si de.
Shel f dept hs speci f i ed by st ack
manuf act ur er s ar e
1 i n. gr eat er t han t he act ual
dept h, t hat i s, a
7- i n. " act ual " shel f i s cal l ed
an 8- i n. " nomi nal "
shel f , because 8 i n. i s avai l -
abl e i f hal f t he 2
i n. not ed above i s assi gned
' Thi s
t abl e i s i n common use by st ack
manuf act ur er s .
" Adapt ed f r om Ri der s Compact St or age,
p
45,
whi ch
was based
t o
a consi der abl e ext ent
on
r esear ch done by
Van
Hoesen and Ki l pat r i ck on t he hei ght of books
i n aca-
demi c l i br ar i es .
vol ume
; ( b) bi ndi ng pol i cy, par t i cul ar l y f or
pamphl et s
and ser i al s and per i odi cal s ; ( c) t he
col l ect i on under consi der at i on.
Acommonl y used f or mul a f or t hi ckness of
books
i s shown i n Tabl e 12.
TABLE 12

Vol umes per l i near Foot of Shel f
f or Books i n Di f f er ent Subj ect s"
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
ar e al i ke i n t hi s connect i on. The aver age
t hi ck-
ness wi l l depend on ( a) The def i ni t i on of a
TABLE
11

Book Hei ght s`
Vol umes per Vol umes per
f oot of

si ngl e- f aced
Subj ect

shel f sect i on
8 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . .
25 10
. . . . . . . . . .
9
i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . .
54
. . . . . . . . . .
10 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
11
i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
12 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
13
i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Over 13 i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ci r cul at i ng
( nonf i ct i on) . . . 8 168
Fi ct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 168
Economi cs . . . . . . . . . . .
8 168
Gener al l i t er at ur e
. . . . . . 7 147
Hi st or y . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 147
Ar t ( not i ncl udi ng
l ar ge f ol i os) . . . . . . . . .
7 147
Techni cal and
sci ent i f i c . . 6 126
Medi cal
. . . . . . . . . . . . 5 105
Publ i c document s
.
. . . . .
5 105
Bound
per i odi cal s
. . . . . .
5 105
Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 84
Fi g. 8

Tabl es
i n book al cove. ( a)
St andar d f abl e wi t h no par t i t i ons
. ( b) Tabl es f or t wo
t o f our per sons,
wi t h par t i t i ons
f i t t ed i n di f f er ent
col umn spaci ng and
wi t h exhi bi t space r epl aci ng
a shor t sect i on.
( c)
Nest of
t abl es i n pi nwheel f or mt o
gi ve addi t i onal pr i vacy
.
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
Li br ar i es
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
TABLE 14

Suggest ed
St ack- Al sl o Wi dt hs and St ack- Range Lengt hs' t o t he shel ves on each si de of a doubl e- f aced
shel f sect i on.
Tabl e 13 shows dept hs of books . I f t hese
f i gur es ar e cor r ect ( t he aut hor bel i eves t hey
TABLE 13

Per cent age of Books I n an
Academi c Col l ect i on Bel owDi f f er ent Dept hs
Measur ed f r omt he Back of t he Spi ne t o t he
For e Edge of t he Coven*
These ar e suggest i ons onl y and not t o be consi der ed def i ni t e
r ecommendat i ons . Ci r cumst ances al t er cases .
t St ack- ai sl e wi dt hs of 24 i n . shoul d be consi der ed an absol ut e mi ni mum and
ar e
r ar el y
j ust i f i abl e
.
Anyt hi ng under 28 i n .
i s di f f i cul t wi t h a book t r uck, even when t he use i s l i ght . The mi ni mumr ange l engt hs suggest ed.
$ St ack- r ange l engt hs ar e of t en det er mi ned by avai l abl e space, r at her t hen by t hei r sui t abi l i t y
. The maxi muml engt hs shown
i n t he t abl e shoul d gener al l y be used onl y wi t h t he maxi mumai sl e
wi dt hs suggest ed.
*Adapt ed f r om
Ri der ' s Compact
Book
St or age,
p. 45
.
t An8- i n. act ual , i . e . , a 9- i n. nomi nal dept h shel f , wi l l
house
a 10- i n
. - deep book
wi t hout di f f i cul t y, unl ess t her e i s
anot her deep book i mmedi at el y behi nd
i t . Most books
over
10
i n,
deep
wi l l
be mor e
t han 11 i n . t al l and shoul d
be
segr egat ed on
speci al shel vi ng whi ch i s
mor e
t hen 9 i n . i n
nomi nal dept h.
r epr esent t he aver age i n r esear ch and aca-
demi c l i br ar i es) , a shel f wi t h 8 i n. act ual dept h,
t oget her wi t h t he space avai l abl e bet ween
shel ves on t he t wo si des of a doubl e- f aced sec-
t i on, wi l l pr ovi de f or pr act i cal l y any book t hat
does not have t o be segr egat ed because of i t s
hei ght , and 8- i n. act ual dept h shel ves ( t hey
ar e desi gnat ed by t he manuf act ur er s as 9- i n.
shel ves) ar e r ecommended i n pl ace of
t he T-
or 9- i n. act ual - dept h shel ves whi ch ar e com-
monl y used. I n many l i br ar i es a 7- i n
.
act ual -
dept h shel f i s sui t abl e f or a l ar ge par t of
t he
col l ect i ons .
2. St ack- ai sl e Wi dt hs and St ack- r ange
Lengt hs. St ack- ai sl e wi dt hs
shoul d be based
on t he amount of use by i ndi vi dual s and
by
t r ucks and t he l engt h of t he r anges bef or e a
cr oss ai sl e i s r eached. Ot her t hi ngs
bei ng
equal , t he l onger t he r ange, t he wi der t he ai sl e
shoul d be. Tabl e 14 suggest s desi r abl e
st ack-
ai sl e wi dt hs i n conj unct i on wi t h st ock- r ange
l engt hs under di f f er ent t ypes and amount s of
use.
Do not f or get t hat st ack- ai sl e wi dt hs must
be based, i ndi r ect l y at l east , on t he col umn
spaci ng, and ar e af f ect ed as wel l by t he shel f
dept hs di scussed i n 1 s above, i f col umns ar e
not t o obst r uct t he ai sl es .
The di st ance be-
t ween col umn cent er s shoul d be an exact mul -
t i pl e of
t he di st ance bet ween t he cent er of
par al l el st ack r anges
wi t hi n t he st ack bay,
whi ch i n
t ur n
i s
det er mi ned by t he sumof t he
dept h of a
doubl e- f aced r ange and t he wi dt h
of a st ack ai sl e.
3 .
Wi dt hs f or Mai n and Subsi di ar y Cr oss-
st ack Ai sl es. Cr oss- ai sl e wi dt hs shoul d be
based on
amount of use and ar e i nevi t abl y af -
f ect ed by t he col umn spaci ng. Col umn spaci ng
of t en makes i t di f f i cul t t o pr ovi de any cr oss-
ai sl e wi dt hs except 3 f t or a mul t i pl e of 3 f t .
Tabl e 15 suggest s desi r abl e cr oss- ai sl e
wi dt hs under di f f er ent t ypes and amount s of
use.
4. Cr oss- ai sl e Ar ea Char ged agai nst Adj a-
cent Reader Accommodat i ons . The ef f ect on
squar e- f oot age r equi r ement s per st ack sect i on
and vol ume capaci t y per net squar e f oot of
st ack ar ea, r esul t i ng f r om t he pr ovi si on of
r eader accommodat i ons i n t he f or m of st ack
car r el s, i s
shown i n Fi gs
. 10
and 11 These
i ndi cat e t hat t he assi gnment of one- hal f
of t he
adj acent
cr oss- ai sl e ar eas t o r eader space
whencar r el s ar e on one si de of t he cr oss ai sl es
* Based on Fi g. 10, wi t h a 15- f t bl i nd- ai sl e r ange on each
si de of a 3- f t cent er ai sl e.
t Based on t wo
3- f t si de ai sl es and a 6- f t cent er ai sl e separ at ed by 30- h
st ack r anges .
t Based on 3- f t si de ai sl es
bet ween car r el s and 30- f t st ack r anges, t he
l at t er separ at ed by a 4 f t 6 i n . cent er
ai sl e .
One- hal f of t he si de ai sl es ar e
char ged agai nst t he car r el s, but even on
5- f t cent er s t he car r el s occupy onl y 221 so f t ,
and
squar e f oot age f or
a
sect i on i s
l ow.
TABLE
16

Squar e
Foot age Requi r ed f or One Si ngl e- f aced
St andar d Sect i on
*These ar e suggest i ons onl y and
not
t o be
consi der ed def i ni t e r ecommendat i ons . Ci r cumst ances aher cases.
t
I n det er mi ni ng mi ni mumor maxi mum
wi dt hs,
keep
i n mi nd t he l engt h and wi dt h of t he book t r ucks used, as wel l as
t he
amount of use. Mi ni mumwi dt h st ack ai sl es
shoul d not be accompani ed by mi ni mumcr oss ai sl es . Fr omt he wi dt hs shown i n
t he t abl e, up t o 4i n . may have t o be subt r act ed t o pr ovi de
f or adj acent st ack upr i ght s and i r r egul ar i t i es i n col umn si zes .
t I f open car r el s adj oi n
a
subsi di ar y ai sl e, t hey
wi l l make i t seemwi der , but t r af f i c wi l l t end t o be di st ur bi ng t o t he car r el
occupant s .
I f cl osed car r el s open f r om
a subsi di ar y ai sl e, t hey wi l l make d seemnar r ower .
TABLE
15
Suggest ed Cr oss- Ai sl e Wi dt hs*t
Typi cal use of st ack
Ai sl e
wi dt h, i n . t
Mi n.
Max .
Range
l engt hs$
Mi n. Max .
Cl osed- access st or age
st ack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 30 30
60
Li mi t edaccess, l i t t l e- used
st ack f or over 1, 000, 000
vol umes . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 31 30
42
Heavi l y used open- access
st ack
f or over 1, 000, 000
vol umes . . . . . . . . .
. . .
31 36 24 38
Ver y
heavi l y used open-
access st ack wi t h l ess t han
1, 000, 000
vol umes . . . . . 33 40 15 30
Newspaper st ack wi t h 18 i n .
deep shel ves . .
.
.
. . . . . 36 45 15 30
Ref er ence
and cur r ent -
per i odi cal r oom st acks
. . . 36 60 12 21
Cur r ent - per i odi cal di spl ay
st acks . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42 60 12 21
5 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25%
6 i n. or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
10 i n . or l ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97t
Over 10 i n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Typi cal use of st ack
Mi n.
Mai n ai sl e
Max . Mi n.
Subsi di ar y
cr oss ai sl e*
Max .
Cl osed- access st or age . . . 3 i t 4 f t 6 i n . 2 f t 6 i n . 3 f t 6 i n.
Li mi t edaccess st ack . . . . 3 f t 4 f t 6 i n . 3 f t 3 f t 6 i n.
Heavi l y
used open- access
st ack. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 f t 5 f t 3 f t 4 f t
Heavi l y used open- access
st ack f ar l ar ge col l ect i on
and r anges 30 f t or mor e
l ong . . . . . . . . . . 4 f t 6 i n . 6 f t
3 f t 3 i n . 4 f t 6 i n .
Squar e f eet wi t h
Squar e f eet
Squar e f eet adequat e cr oss
Range wi t h mi ni mum
wi t h
gener ous
ai sl es
combi ned
spaci ng
cr oss ai sl es*
cr oss ai sl est wi t h car r el s$
5
f t
0
i n . 8. 25
9. 00 8. 4375
4 f t 6 i n .
7 425
8. 10 7. 60
4
f t
3
i n . 7 . 0125
7 . 65 7. 225
4 1t 0 i n .
6 60
7 . 20 6 . 75
Educat i onal
Li br ar i es
TABLE 17

Vol ume Capaci t y per 1, 000 sq f t of St ack Ar ea wi t h Di f f er ent Number of Squar e Feet and
Di f f er ent Number of Vol umes per Sect i on
and bookst ack r anges ar e on t he ot her , may
i ncr ease r at her t han decr ease book capaci t y
per squar e f oot of net st ack ar ea, and i n addi -
t i on pr ovi de desi r abl e and economi cal seat i ng
accommodat i ons adj acent t o t he books . See
Tabl e 16.
I t i s evi dent t hat a l ar ge number of var i abl es
ar e i nvol ved i n bookst ack capaci t y. Tabl e 16
i s based on t he squar e f oot age r equi r ed f or a
si ngl e- f aced st andar d sect i on i n st ack l ayout s,
wi t h di f f er ent r ange spaci ng, r ange l engt hs,
and cr oss- ai sl e wi dt hs, as wel l as st ack car r el s .
Tabl e 17 shows st ack capaci t y per squar e
f oot of ar ea i f 100, 125, 150, or 160 vol umes
per st andar d st ack sect i on i s used i n connec-
t i on wi t h 7,
8' /
9, or 10 sq f t occupi ed by each
sect i on.
5. Nonassi gnabl e

Space. Nonassi gnabl e
space i ncl udes, as f ar as i t s ef f ect on book
capaci t y i s concer ned, t he f l oor space
occupi ed
by col umns, mechani cal ser vi ces, and ver t i cal
t r anspor t at i on of al l ki nds. We ment i on i t her e
si mpl y t o cal l at t ent i on t o i t . I n a
car ef ul l y de-
si gned st ack f or 25, 000 vol umes or mor e on
one l evel , nonassi gnabl e space shoul d not
amount t o mor e t han 10 per cent of t he gr oss
st ack ar ea, and wi t h a l ar ger i nst al l at i on
consi der abl y l ess t han t hat .
V. Car d Cat al og Capaci t y
I n pl anni ng a car d- cat al og r oom, est i mat es
qui t e si mi l ar t o t hose used f or bookst ack
capaci t y must be made. They shoul d i ncl ude:
A. The capaci t y f or each car d cat al og uni t
used
B . The squar e f oot age of f l oor space r e-
qui r ed t o f i l e 1, 000 car ds comf or t abl y
A. The Capaci t y of Each Car d Cat al og Uni t The
capaci t y
of each car d cat al og uni t
depends
on:
1 . The number of t r ays i t cont ai ns
2. The dept h of each t r ay and t he number of
i nches of car ds t hat can be f i l ed i n i t wi t hout
undesi r abl e and uneconomi cal congest i on
3. The t hi ckness of t he car d st ock, t hat i s,
t he number of car ds t hat wi l l occupy 1 i n. of
f i l i ng space
1 . The Number of Tr ays i n a Car d Cabi net .
Thi s depends on t he number of t r ays i n each
di r ect i on, t hat i s, ver t i cal l y and hor i zont al l y.
Cabi net s ar e made i n a gr eat many di f f er ent
si zes, but f or l ar ge i nst al l at i ons 6 t r ays wi de
and 10 t o 12 hi gh ar e consi der ed st andar d,
gi vi ng 60 or 72 t o a uni t .
Acabi net wi t h t r ays 14 or even 16 hi gh i s
possi bl e, wi t h f ai r l y l owbases so t hat t he t op
one wi l l be wi t hi n r each. Thi s wi l l gi ve 84 or
96 t r ays t o a uni t .
Cabi net s 5 t r ays wi de of di f f er ent hei ght s
ar e al so avai l abl e, but may be mor e expensi ve
per t r ay unl ess pur chased i n l ar ge quant i t i es .
They have t he advant age of f i t t i ng i nt o st an-
dar d 3- f t - wi de st ack uni t s .
2. The Dept h of t he Tr ays . Tr ays can be
pur chased i n al most any dept h, but j ust over
15, 17, and 19 i n. mi ght be consi der ed st an-
dar d. At r ay under 15 i n . i s uneconomi cal i n
f l oor space used i f t he cat al og i s l ar ge. Those
over 19 i n . ar e so heavy when f ul l as t o make
t hei r use a doubt f ul bl essi ng.
3. The Thi ckness of Car ds and t he Number
That Wi l l Occupy 1 i n . of Fi l i ng Space. Ex-
per i ence i ndi cat es t hat 100 aver age car ds t o
1 i n. of f i l i ng space i s a saf e f i gur e t o use t oday.
Car ds t end t o
t hi cken
somewhat as t hey get
ol der
.
Tabl e 18 shows t he capaci t y f or cabi net s 6
t r ays wi de wi t h di f f er ent hei ght s and di f f er ent
t r ay dept hs, based on 100 car ds t o 1 i n . , wi t h
t he net avai l abl e f i l i ng space f i l l ed t o a com-
f or t abl e wor ki ng capaci t y. The t er m " t r ay
Cabi net s
si x t r ays wi de occupy appr oxi mat el y
40 i n .
i n
wi dt h. Fi ve- t r ay- wi de cabi net s occupy
appr oxi mat el y
33y,
i n
.
i n wi dt h and can be pl aced i n a st andar d
3- f t - wi de
st ack
sect i on. They wi l l pr obabl y cost mor e per t r ay,
but
t hey may f i t i nt o t he
avai l abl e space t o advant age, some-
t i mes combi ned
wi t h t he wi der uni t s .
t o 15- i n. t r ay i s est i mat ed t o pr ovi de 12 i n . of net f i l i ng
space, whi ch, i t f i l l ed t o 7. 1 per cent capaci t y, wi l l house
comf or t abl y appr oxi mat el y 850 car ds whi ch aver age 11100
i n . i
n
t hi ckness,
t o 17- i n. t r ay i s
est i mat ed t o pr ovi de 14 i n . of net t i l i ng
space, whi ch, i f f i l l ed
t o
72
per cent of capaci t y, wi l l house
comf or t abl y
appr oxi mat el y 1, 000 car ds whi ch aver age
1 / 100 i n . i n t hi ckness
.
A 19- i n. t r ay i s
est i mat ed t o pr ovi de 16 i n . of net f i l i ng
space, whi ch,
i f f i l l ed t o 73 per cent of capaci t y, wi l l house
comf or t abl y appr oxi mat el y 1, 150 car ds whi ch aver age
1/ 100 i n . i n t hi ckness . These t r ays may be uncomf or t -
abl y
heavy when t i l l ed t o capaci t y.
Fi g. 9

St ack capaci t y wi t h di f f er ent r ange spaci ng.
No al l owance i s i ncl uded her e f or cr oss ai sl es. See
Fi gs. 10 and 11 f or t hei r ef f ect . St ack capaci t i es
used her e ar e
on t he basi s of 125 vol umes t o each
si ngl e- f aced sect i on.
TABLE 18

Car d Capaci t y f or St andar d Car d
Cabi net s Si x Tr ays Wi de*
dept h" r ef er s t o t he over al l dept h of t he cabi net
i n whi ch
t he t r ays ar e housed. Fr om i t 3 i n.
shoul d be subt r act ed t o obt ai n t he gr oss
f i l i ng space avai l abl e, andcomf or t abl e wor ki ng
capaci t y can be est i mat ed at bet ween 70 and
75 per cent of t he gr oss f i l i ng space, wi t h
a
somewhat l ar ger per cent age usabl e wi t h t he
l onger t r ays .
The capaci t i es not ed above can be i ncr eased
by at l east 10 per cent bef or e t hey become
compl et el y unmanageabl e, but i t i s st r ongl y
r ecommended t hat t he l ower f i gur e be
used i n
est i mat i ng comf or t abl e wor ki ng capaci t y.
B. Squar e Foot age of Fl oor Space Requi r ed
t o Fi l e
1, 000 Car ds Comf or t abl y The space r equi r ement s
depend on :
1 . The dept h of t he t r ays i s
a somewhat
var i abl e f act or , as al r eady not ed.
2. The hei ght of t he
cabi net s .
" Exami nat i on of Tabl e 16 and Fi gs . 9t o 11 shoul d hel p i n det er mi ni ng ar ea t o al l owf or a si ngl e- f aced sect i on.
Thi s mat t er has been cover ed i n I V9.
Vol umes per sect i on has been cover ed i n det ai l i n I VA.
r l f a per i od i s used i nst ead of a comma i n t he vol ume count i n t he l ast f our col umns shown above, i t wi l l gi ve
t he number of vol umes per squar e f oot avai l abl e under di f f er ent condi t i ons .
u
10 sq f t per sect i on i s t he cubook f or mul a pr oposed by R. W. Hender son.
" See Tabl e 16 f or an exampl e.
J The aut hor suggest s t hat t hi s i s a sat i sf act or y and saf e f i gur e t o use f or a l ar ge col l ect i on accessi bl e t o
gr aduat e st udent s and a l i mi t ed number of under gr aduat es .
KAdequat e
f or a ver y l ar ge col l ect i on wi t h l i mi t ed access .
. 100 vol umes per sect i on i s t he cubook f or mul a.
. The
aut hor
suggest s t hat
t hi s
i s
a sat e f i gur e f or comf or t abl e wor ki ng capaci t y i n an
aver age l i br ar y.
See I VA.
I The
number
of 150 vol umes
per sect i on i s t oo of t en
pr oposed
by ar chi t ect s and l i br ar i ans
. Whi l e
i t i s
a
possi bl e f i gur e,
i t shoul d be r eal i zed t hat i t
appr oaches f ul l capaci t y and shoul d
be
used onl y i n
cases
wher e addi t i onal space i s i mmedi at el y
avai l abl e when capaci t y i s r eached. The t i me t o
consi der what comes next wi l l have passed.
~ The number of 160 vol umes per sect i on shoul d not
be
consi der ed f or
most academi c l i br ar i es, unl ess t he col l ect i on has
an unusual l y hi gh per cent age of abnor mal l y t hi n vol umes and i ndi vi dual l y bound pamphl et s .
3 . The space bet ween cabi net s set asi de f or
consul t at i on t abl es and f or t hose who use t he
cat al og. Thi s shoul d depend on t he i nt ensi t y
of use at t he t i me of peak l oads . Asmal l cat a-
l og wi t h heavy use r equi r es much mor e squar e
f oot age f or 1, 000 car ds t han does a l ar ge one
wi t h l i ght use.
4. The space assi gned t o mai n and second-
ar y ai sl es used t o appr oach t he car ds .
Tr ay l engt h
Tr ays hi gh
15 i n . t 17 i n . $
19 i n .
10 51, 000 60, 000
69, 000
12 61, 200 72, 000
82, 800
14
71, 400 84, 000
96, 600
16 81, 600 96, 000
110, 400
Vol umes per 1, 000 sq f t wi t h
di f f er ent no, of vol s .
per sect i onf . `
Sq f t per
sect i on"
No . of sect i ons
i n 1, 000 f t 100 h 125' 1501
160
sq
10`f 100 10, 000 12, 500 15, 000
16, 000
9" 111 11, 100 13, 875 16, 650
17, 780
By, i 120 12, 000 15, 000 18, 000 19, 200
7
9
143 14, 300 17, 875 21, 450 22, 880
Fi g. 10

St ack capaci t y wi t h
di f f er ent r ange spaci ng and mi ni mumcr oss ai sl e. Cr oss ai sl e =' ; , ar ea.
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
Fi g. 11

St ack combi ned wi t h st ack al coves.
Nonst andar d bay si zes can somet i mes be used t o
advant age
wi t hout ser i ousl y af f ect i ng capaci t y per squar e
f oot .
Fi g. 12

Wi dt h of cat al og cases. ( a) Cases whi ch ar e f i ve t r ays wi de can be f i t t ed i nt o a st andar d 3- f t
wi de book sect i on, an ar r angement whi ch i s somet i mes usef ul . ( b) The r i ght - hand case i s a st andar d
si x- f r ay wi dt h; bot h cases ar e i n t wo par t s, each seven f r ays hi gh f or addi t i onal capaci t y. Addi t i onal
hor i zont al suppor t pr ovi ded by t hi cker cr oss pi eces ( not shown) wi l l be r equi r ed i n each par t .
Fi gs .
17
and
18 showdi f f er ent ar r angement s
based
pr i mar i l y
on
t he
i nt ensi t y of use and
secondar i l y on t he si ze of t he cat al og whi ch
r esul t i n al l t he way f r om
1, 000 t o 4, 000 car ds
per sq f t of f l oor space f or t he whol e ar ea .
Ever y l i br ar y bui l di ng pr ogr am shoul d i ndi -
cat e t he
number of car ds t hat shoul d be housed
and any avai l abl e i nf or mat i on about t he amount
of use at t he t i me of peak l oads .
Car d cat al ogs
ar e gener al l y pl aced i n doubl e-
f aced r ows
par al l el t o each ot her , at sui t abl e
di st ances apar t , so spaced t hat i t i s possi bl e t o
go ar ound ei t her
end of each r owt o r each t he
next one. As
cat al ogs become l ar ger , i t may be
desi r abl e and
per haps necessar y t o f i l l i n one
of t he ends, maki ng an al cove cl osed
on
t hr ee
si des . Thi s mayadd t o t he capaci t y of t he ar ea
by as much as 50 per cent , but i t must be r e-
member ed t hat , i f cor ner s ar e
f l i ght t oget her ,
t her e i s danger of br ui sed knuckl es
when a
t r ay
f r om
t he
r ownext t o t he cor ner i s pul l ed
out . A4- t o 6- i n. br eak, pr ef er abl y cover ed wi t h
a f i l l er , i s desi r abl e on each si de of t he cor ner .
Adoubl e r owof al coves wi t h a cor r i dor i n be-
t ween, per haps 6 f t wi de, may gi ve t he l ar gest
possi bl e capaci t y i n a gi ven ar ea.
Suggest ed l ayout s f or
t hr ee l i br ar i es, each
r epr esent i ng a di f f er ent si t uat i on
as f ar as
si ze and use ar e concer ned, ar e shown i n
Fi gs .
16, 17, and 18.
YI .
Gover nment St andar ds
i t i s possi bl e and i n some
cases necessar y t o
base space- assi gnment
f i gur es on st andar ds
pr omul gat ed by
gover nment al aut hor i t i es
super vi si ng t he
i nst i t ut i ons concer ned.
These
st andar ds can
be hel pf ul but , l i ke al l f or mul as
and t abl es, t hey
shoul d be used wi t h
caut i on
because, as has
been emphasi zed t hr oughout
t hi s sect i on,
si t uat i ons di f f er and ci r cum-
st ances al t er cases
. Wi t h t hi s wor d of
war ni ng,
st andar ds f or t hr ee
di f f er ent gr oups ar e
not ed :
A. Cal i f or ni a St at e Col l eges Li br ar y St andar ds
Based
upon l i br ar y vol umes t o be housed, t he
f ol -
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
Li br ar i es
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
Fi g. 13

Consul t at i on t abl e adj acent t o
cat al og cases . ( a) I f t he t abl e i s pl aced bet ween par al l el r ows
of cases wi t h ai sl es of sui t abl e
wi dt h, i t wi l l pr event obst r uct i on and not r equi r e t he t r ays t o be car r i ed
uncomf or t abl y l ong di st ances . ( b) Thi s shows an end and f r ont
el evat i on
of
a consul t at i on t abl e i ndi cat i ng
possi bl e wi dt hs, hei ght s, and accessor i es .
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
Li br ar i es
Fi g. 14

Consul t at i on t abl e al ong a wal l at r i ght angl es t o cat al og cases. Wi t h t hi s ar r angement , cases
can be pl aced cl oser t oget her but t r ays must be car r i ed consi der abl y f ar t her , and t her e
wi l l
be
a t endency
t o t r y t o consul t car ds wi t hout r emovi ng t r ays. Congest i on and damage t o car ds
may
r esul t
.
Fi g. 15
Consul t at i on t abl es i n l i ne wi t h and bet ween cat al og cases .
Consul t at i on t abl es ar r anged
i n
t hi s way save
st eps but par t i al l y obst r uct use of adj acent t r ays.
Fi g. 16 Cat al og
f or a smal l l i br ar y. Wi t h 3- f t - wi de ai sl es at end of each r owof st andar d cases si x
f r ays wi de and t en
hi gh, 720, 000 car ds can be housed i n 480 sq f t , gi vi ng 1, 500 t o a
squar e f oot . Thi s
i s adequat e
spaci ng f or a l i br ar y wi t h 300 seat s.
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Li br ar i es
Fi g. 17

Cat al og r oomf or a smal l uni ver si t y l i br ar y wi t h 1, 000 seat s . Al ar ger
pr opor t i on of t he ar ea
i s r equi r ed f or consul t at i on t abl es and onl y 1, 000 car ds per squar e f oot of f l oor
space i s pr ovi ded.
Fi g. 18

Cat al og r oomf or t ypi cal
l ar ge uni ver si t y l i br ar y. Pr ovi si on i s made f or 1, 500 car ds per squar e
f oot of ar ea wi t h adequat e space
at t abl es f or r eader s consul t i ng t hem.
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
Li br ar i es ; I ndi vi dual St udy Car r el s
l owi ng space
st andar ds ar e t o ser ve as gui de-
l i nes f or t he desi gn
of newbui l di ngs or addi -
t i ons t o exi st i ng
bui l di ngs :
1 . Book- st ack ar eas at
t he r at e of 0. 10 act f t
per vol ume .
2. Reader s'
st at i ons at t he r at e of 25 sq f t
per st at i on, wi t h
st at i ons t o be pr ovi ded f or 25
per cent of pr edi ct ed
FTE ( f ul l - t i me equi val ent
st udent s) .
3 . Speci al mat er i al s .
An addi t i onal ar ea
equal t o 25 per cent of t he
bound- vol ume ar ea
shoul d be t he budget st andar d
f or speci al mat e-
r i al s : unbound per i odi cal s,
maps, cour ses of
st udy, and sampl e t ext books .
4. Speci al f unct i ons :
( These dat a
r el at e t o each per son empl oyed
i n any of t hese cat egor i es)
Squar e f eet
I NDI VI DUALSTUDYCARRELS
Fr oman Educat i onal Faci l i t i es
Labor at or i es Repor t *
Squar e f eet
I
Not e: The
t ot al f l oor ar ea al l owed by 1 and 2 above wi l l ,
i t i s est i mat ed, pr ovi de f or t he
necessar y car r el s, mi cr of i l m
and audi o- vi sual f aci l i t i es,
et c . )
3. Si ze of col l ect i on :
St at e col l ege: 30 vol umes per f ul l - t i me st u-
dent f or t he f i r st 5, 000 st udent s, pl us 20 vol -
umes per f ul l - t i me st udent beyond 5, 000
st udent s .
Uni ver si t y: 100 vol umes per f ul l - t i me st u-
dent f or t he f i r st 10, 000 st udent s, pl us 75
vol umes per st udent f or t he second 10, 000
st udent s, pl us 50 vol umes per st udent beyond
20, 000 st udent s .
C. The Uni t ed St at es Vet er ans Admi ni st r a-
t i on has pr epar ed t abl es t o i ndi cat e l i br ar y
space assi gnment s whi ch ar e based on t he
number of beds i n di f f er ent t ypes of hospi t al s .
They ar e hopi ng by t he use of t hese t abl es t o
det er mi ne t hr ough a comput er t he squar e f oot -
age t o be assi gned i n a l i br ar y f or each gr oup
of space user s, l i br ar y st af f , hospi t al st af f ,
pat i ent s, shel vi ng equi pment , and so f or t h .
B . The Cal i f or ni a St at e Depar t ment of Edu-
cat i on i n 1955 i ncl uded t hi s st at ement
i n A
Rest udy
of t he Needs of Cal i f or ni a i n Hi gher
Educat i on
.
Li br ar i es . - Tot al l i br ar y space r equi r ement s,
i ncl udi ng st udy hal l s and al l l i br ar y- st af f
wor k ar eas, wer e comput ed on t he basi s of t he
f ol l owi ng est i mat es :
1 . Readi ng r ooms and st udy hal l s, i ncl udi ng
ci r cul at i on desks and st af f of f i ces : 30 net
squar e
f eet per st at i on and one st at i on f or
ever y f our f ul l - t i me st udent s, or 7. 5 net squar e
f eet per f ul l - t i me st udent .
2. Col l ect i ons housi ng
t he vol umes l i st ed
bel ow, i ncl udi ng wor k
ar eas, assumi ng pr o-
gr essi vel y gr eat er use of
cl osed st acks as
col l ect i ons i ncr ease i n si ze, and t he
use of
cent r al st or age f aci l i t i es
f or
t he
l ar ger col -
l ect i ons :
* " The School Li br ar y, Faci l i t i es f or I ndependent St udy
i n t he Secondar y School , " by Ral ph E . El l swor t h, Ph. D. ,
and Hobar t D. Wager er ,
A. I . A. , edi t ed by Rut h Wei n-
st ock,
Educat i onal Faci l i t i es Labor at or i es, NewYor k,
1963.
Fi g. 1

Avar i et y of possi bl e shapes and ar r angement s f or smal l - gr oup r ooms.
Fi r st
150, 000
vol umes
. . . . . . 0. 10
net
act
f t
per
vol ume
Second 150, 000 vol umes . . . . 0. 09
Next 300, 000 vol umes . . . . . . 0. 08
Next 400, 000 vol umes . . . . . . 0. 07
Second 1, 000, 000 vol umes . . 0. 05
Publ i c ser vi ces
Di vi si on head . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
150
Depar t ment head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Ref er ence l i br ar i an. . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Speci al ser vi ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Ci r cul at i on l i br ar i an . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Cl er i cal - per posi t i on . . . . . . . . . . 80
Publ i c ser vi ces poi nt s
Per l i br ar i an' s st at i on . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Per cl er i cal st at i on
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
Admi ni st r at i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Admi ni st r at i ve conf er ence
r oom
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Secr et ar y- r ecept i o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
Techni cal ser vi ces
Di vi si on
head
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150
Depar t ment head . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Asst . cat al og l i br ar i an . . . . . . . . . . 110
Asst . or der l i br ar i an. . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Ser i al s l i br ar i an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Document s l i br ar i an. . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Cl er i cal - per
posi t i on . . . . . . . . . .
80
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
I ndi vi dual St udy
Car r el s
Fi g. 2

Avar i et y of
possi bl e car r el ar r angement s .
Fi g.
4
Convent i onal
l i br ar y t abl e subdi vi ded by panel s.
Fi g. 3

Car r el s wi t h panel di vi der s .
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
I ndi vi dual St udy Car r el s
Educat i onal
I ndi vi dual Sf udy Car r el s
Fi g. S Car r el s wi t h st or age di vi der s.
Fi g. 6

Li br ar y t abl e wi t h st or age uni t s as di vi der s.
Fi g. 7

Ar r angement of car r el s f or t hr eest udent pl aces. Base i s a hexagonal t abl e.
Educat i onal
I ndi vi dual St udyCar r el s
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
Car r el s
Fi g. 8

Car r el s f or f our st udent pl aces usi ng oct agonal
t abl e.
Fi g. 10 Car r el s wi t h t ypi ng uni t .
Fi g. 9 Hexagon- based car r el wi t h mechani cal cor e.
Educat i onal
Car r el s
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Car r el s
Fi g. 11

Cl osed car r el s f or sound and vi sual
equi pment .
Fi g. 12 Car r el s
wi t h mechani cal equi pment
bui l t i n, based on a st eel or
al umi num
" X" f r ame. Fr ame
f ol ds up l i ke a car d t abl e,
can be used f or ot her pur poses
as wel l .
Educat i onal
Fi g.
13 Car r el ar r angement s usi ng st andar d bookcases and t abl es .
Educat i onal
I ndi vi dual
St udy Car r el s
Fi g. 14

Car r el s
wi t h st or age l ocker s f or books.
Fi g. 16

( a)
Var i ous panel di vi der mat er i al s : ( 1) per f or at ed met al or pegboar d
wi t h
acoust i cal l i ne,
( 2)
cor k wi t h har dwood
or met al f r ame, ( 3) t r ansl ucent pl ast i c set i n wood or met al f r ame, and ( 4) f abr i c
cover ed f i ber boar d
set i n met al f r ame. ( b) Di vi der panel and cent er di vi der : si de panel s or st or age
uni t s can
be sl i d al ong t r acks of cent er di vi der t o change car r el si ze.
Fi g.
15

Var i ous st or age uni t s: ( 1)
pl an, ( 2) el evat i on, ( 3) t ambour door , and ( 4) sl i di ng door s openi ng t o
opposi t e si des .
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
Educat i onal
COLLEGE ANDUNI VERSI TY FACI LI TI ES
St udent Uni ons
By CHESTERARTHURBERRY, Ed. D.
STUDENT UNI ONS
Or gani zat i on
Si nce by def i ni t i on t he t er mcol l ege uni on has
t wo meani ngs- or gani zat i on and bui l di ng- i t
i s necessar y t o i nvest i gat e t he nat ur e of each.
The or gani zat i on of st udent s, f acul t y, and
al umni whi ch composes t he uni on usual l y oper -
at es wi t h a gover ni ng boar d at i t s head . Thi s
boar d, whi ch may or may not
i ncl ude r epr e-
sent at i ves of t he t hr ee gr oups, i s r esponsi bl e
f or t he oper at i on of t he uni on, al t hough
much
of t he det ai l i s handl ed by t r ai ned st af f mem-
ber s and much of t he gui di ng phi l osophy
i s
or i gi nal l y t hat of
t he
pr of essi onal
st af f . The
boar d i t sel f i s concer ned l ar gel y wi t h quest i ons
of pol i cy
and i mpl ement s i t s pol i ci es t hr ough
t he wor k of var i ous vol unt eer commi t t ees and
t he pai d st af f of t he uni on.
The commi t t ees consi st al most ent i r el y of
st udent s and may or may not i ncl ude member s
of t he gover ni ng boar d . At Mi chi gan St at e Uni -
ver si t y t he f ol l owi ng st andi ng commi t t ees
oper at e: educat i on, l i br ar y, mer i t , out i ngs,
publ i cat i ons, publ i ci t y, soci al , and t our nament .
At t he Uni ver si t y of Nebr aska st andi ng commi t -
t ees f or 1950- 51 i ncl uded: gener al ent er t ai n-
ment ; speci al act i vi t i es ; convocat i ons and hos-
pi t al i t y ; musi c act i vi t i es ; house and of f i ce;
publ i c r el at i ons ; r ecr eat i on ; dance ; and bud-
get s, or i ent at i on, end eval uat i on . Regar dl ess
of t he t i t l es and var yi ng f unct i ons, most of t he
commi t t ees ser ve as t he l i nks whi ch connect
t he boar ds wi t h t he gener al campus popul at i on.
The commi t t ees pl an and execut e pr ogr ams,
at t endi ng t o such det ai l s as schedul i ng, pub-
l i ci zi ng, decor at i ng, and budget i ng. They may
choose r ecor ds f or t he musi c l i br ar y, pr i nt s f or
t he ar t col l ect i on . They may hel p i n t he or i ent a-
t i on of f r eshmen or st udya pr oposed change i n
f ur ni t ur e ar r angement .
They
may r un t he bi l -
l i ar ds t our nament or a book r evi ewhour . The
commi t t ees, sensi t i ve t o campus needs and
i nt er est s, keep
t he uni on dynami c, f l exi bl e, and
busy.
Bui l di ng
The nat ur e of a col l ege uni on bui l di ng var i es
wi t h each st r uct ur e, whet her appr oached f r om
ei t her t he f unct i onal or t he physi cal st and-
poi nt . Funct i onal l y i t i s a communi t y cent er of
t he f i r st or der . I t may be a l i br ar y, ar t gal l er y,
ar t wor kshop, t heat er , bi l l i ar d and bowl i ng
r oom, dance cent er , scene of concer t s and f o-
r ums, i nf or mal out i ng and spor t s headquar t er s,
of f i ce bui l di ng, hot el , publ i c r el at i ons agency,
t i cket bur eau, gener al campus i nf or mat i on bu-
r eau, convent i on headquar t er s, and post of f i ce.
The uni queness of col l ege uni ons demands
cust ompl anni ng, wi t h t he r esul t t hat , physi -
cal l y, uni on bui l di ngs di f f er as l ocal si t uat i ons
di f f er .
Whi l e t he over al l pur poses of uni ons r e-
mai n
r el at i vel y
al i ke,
t hei r f unct i onal and
st r uct ur al nat ur es ver y.
The f unct i ons housed by t he uni on bui l di ng
i deal l y ar e t hose needed t o make i t t he f ocus
Pl anni ng a
Col l ege Uni on Bui l di ng, Teacher s Col l ege
Pr ess, NewYor k, 1960.
of t he r ecr eat i onal , cul t ur al , soci al , and ci vi c
l i f e on t he campus . Needl ess t o say, many ex-
i st i ng campus f aci l i t i es such
as
t he l i br ar y,
ar t museum, gymnasi um, or t heat er cannot and
shoul d not be dupl i cat ed i n a new uni on
bui l di ng, but t he i ncl usi on of
as
many such
f aci l i t i es as ar e f easi bl e i s desi r abl e t o assur e
t hat t he wi dest possi bl e r ange of educat i onal
exper i ences ar e
made
avai l abl e
by t he
uni on.
St r uct ur al l y, of
cour se,
t he uni on bui l di ng
must house ef f i ci ent l y t he f aci l i t i es r equi r ed by
t he uni on f unct i ons whi l e suggest i ng i t s pur -
poses by i t s appear ance and desi gn. I t s at mo-
spher e shoul d meet t he l ocal r equi r ement s . I f
t he uni on i s consi der ed " t he l i vi ng r oomof t he
campus, " i t i s l ogi cal t hat i t r ef l ect t he f r i endl i -
ness and war mt h of a l i vi ng r oom. I f i t exi st s
l ar gel y t o ser ve as a convent i on cent er and ho-
t el , i t mi ght wel l of f er a mor e f or mal envi r on.
ment but , i t shoul d be poi nt ed out , such an
appr oach mayr esul t i n a bui l di ng and an oper a-
t i on whi ch do not meet t he t er ms of def i ni t i on
of a col l ege uni on. What ever t he l ocal r equi r e-
ment s may be, i t seems wel l t o r emember t hat
much of t he act i vi t y of a uni on i s i nf or mal i n
nat ur e end t hat most of t he par t i ci pat i on i n i t s
act i vi t i es i s car r i ed on by i nf or mal col l ege st u-
dent s . The nat ur e of a col l ege uni on bui l di ng,
t hen, mi ght wel l be l ar gel y i nf or mal t o r ef l ect
t he char act er of t he act i vi t i es whi ch i t houses
.
The wel l - pl anned uni on bui l di ng separ at es i t s
ar eas by f unct i ons t o per mi t ef f i ci ent communi -
cat i on, super vi si on, and oper at i on
.
I t does not
pl ace bowl i ng ar eas next t o conf er ence r ooms
or i nf or mat i on desks on upper l evel s . By sepa-
r at i ng yet coor di nat i ng i t s component s, i t con-
t i nual l y of f er s t he oppor t uni t y f or newexper i -
ences, so t hat t he wal k f r omt he cof f ee shop t o
t he games ar ea, f or exampl e, may l ead st udent s
past a musi c r oomor by an ar t exhi bi t . I t l i t er -
al l y sur r ounds t hose who use i t wi t h oppor t u-
ni t i es, and t hi s per vasi veness i s a par t of t he
nat ur e of a uni on .
Faci l i t i es and Act i vi t i es
The di ver si t y of f aci l i t i es and act i vi t i es
of a
uni on bui l di ng makes t hei r cl assi f i cat i on i nt o
a
f ewmaj or cat egor i es di f f i cul t .
Never t hel ess,
t her e ar e some aspect s of si mi l ar i t y of use,
such as noi se, ser vi ce, or super vi si on,
whi ch
appear t o r ecommend i t . The
ei ght cl assi f i ca-
t i ons i ncl ude:
1 . Admi ni st r at i ve, ser vi ce, and mai nt enance
2. Food
3. Qui et
4. Theat er
5. Hobby
6 . Games
7. Out door
8. Mi scel l aneous
I nsi st ence on r i gi d
separ at i on of act i vi t i es
i nt o ar eas i s, of cour se, f r ui t l ess . Thus, l i s-
t eni ng t o r ecor ds or wor ki ng on t he col l ege
newspaper ar e hobbi es whi ch mi ght wel l
t ake
pl ace i n t he qui et ar ea, anda br i dge t our nament
hel d i n t he mai n l ounge woul d def y cat al ogi ng,
i nvol vi ng as i t
does a qui et hobby whi ch i s a
game.
Far f r om def i ni t i ve, t he t abl e mer el y i ndi -
cat es t he t ype
of pr ogr amwhi ch can f i t i nt o
each ar ea . Much of t he dupl i cat i on of f unct i on
whi ch occur s among ar eas i s caused because
al l f aci l i t i es ar e not l i kel y t o be f ound i n any
uni on bui l di ng, wi t h t he r esul t , f or exempl a,
t hat t he bal l r oom or meet i ng r ooms of a t he-
st ar l ess bui l di ng may assume many of t he
f unct i ons whi ch ar e best per f or med i n t he t he-
at er
. Conf l i ct i ng
event s al so demand al t er nat e
expedi ent s, such as showi ng mot i on pi ct ur es
i n a l ar ge meet i ng r oom on dr ess- r ehear sal
ni ght or hol di ng a cl ub meet i ng i n a r ehear sal
r oomonaneveni ng when meet i ng r ooms ar e at
a pr emi um. The t abl e does not exhaust
t he f l exi -
bi l i t y of use by any means. Obvi ousl y t he smal l
bui l di ng wi t hout car dr oom, chess r oom and
bal l r oomcan use i t s l ounges f or many of t he
event s l i st ed f or t hose ar eas . The success and
at t endance ( not necessar i l y synonymous) of
var i ous pr ogr ams al so det er mi ne t hei r l oca-
t i ons, so t hat an except i onal musi c r eci t al
mi ght wel l be hel d i n t he t heat er whi l e a br i dge
t our nament mi ght never r equi r e t he use of t he
bal l r oom.
Not al l of t he f aci l i t i es ment i oned ar e di s-
cussed her e. Some, such an cooper at i ve gr o-
cer i es or i ce skat i ng r i nks, occur so sel domi n
connect i on wi t h uni ons t hat t hey can scar cel y
be consi der ed as uni on f aci l i t i es . Ot her s-
bookst or e, f acul t y space, hot el uni t , swi mmi ng
pool , uni ver si t y admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces, beaut y
end bar ber shops, or chapel - ar e f aci l i t i es
about whi ch t her e i s wi del y var yi ng opi ni on and
ar e usual l y j ust i f i ed onl y by l ocal ci r cum-
st ances .
Admi ni st r at i ve,
Ser vi ce and Mai nt enance Ar eas
Agl ance at t he Cl assi f i ed
Faci l i t i es Tabl e r e-
veal s t hat uni on pr ogr amact i vi t i es
as such ar e
i nf r equent l y hel d i n most of t hese
f aci l i t i es
.
The
pr ogr ampot ent i al
of t he bar ber shop and check
r ooms, f or exampl e, i s
not ver y hi gh. Cl oser
exami nat i on of t he t abl e shows t hat
near l y al l
of t he act i vi t i es ar e i n t he nat ur e of
ser vi ces and
most of t hem, i n al l pr obabi l i t y, ar e
per f or med
by pai d st af f member s. I f t he uni on boar d
has
i t s of f i ces l ocat ed away f r om t he
admi ni st r a-
t i ve of f i ces, t he f unct i on of st af f member s
i s
even mor e pr onounced, si nce many of t he ser -
vi ces r ender ed, such as i nt er vi ewi ng
and
t r ai ni ng uni on commi t t ee appl i cant s or oper -
at i ng a t al ent agency or a dat e bur eau, ar e car -
r i ed on i n t he st udent of f i ces .
Food Ar eas
Exami nat i on of t he Cl assi f i ed Faci l i t i es Tabl e
shows t hat t he var i et y of f ood ser vi ces of f er ed
by uni on bui l di ngs equal s t hat of l ar ge,
moder n
hot el s . They i ncl ude soda f ount ai ns and
gr i l l ,
caf et er i as, pr i vat e di ni ng r ooms, ser vi ce
di ni ng
r ooms, cof f ee shops, f acul t y di ni ng
r ooms,
commut er s' l unchr ooms, women' s
di ni ng
r ooms, and banquet r ooms .
Si ncet he di ni ng ser vi ce i s t he mai n sour ce
of
uni on r evenue and cat er s r egul ar l y t o a l ar ge
segment of t he campus, i t i s ext r emel y i mpor -
t ant t hat i t be pl anned, const r uct ed, and oper -
at ed pr oper l y.
Funct i onal i t y As i n ot her uni on
bui l di ng f aci l i -
t i es, t he f unct i ons of t he f ood ser vi ce ar eas
var y wi t h t he i nst i t ut i ons . The exi st ence of
Educat i onal
St udent
Uni ons
ot her eat i ng f aci l i t i es on
and of f t he campus,
t he pol i ci es of such f aci l i t i es ( a l a car t e,
f i ve-
or seven- day
boar d bi l l s, semest er cont r act s) ,
t he l ocat i on of exi st i ng pl aces
as wel l as t hat of
t he uni on bui l di ng, t he pr eval ence
and si ze of
conf er ences and convent i ons,
and t he i nst i t u-
t i on' s f ut ur e pl ans
ar e some of t he i t ems
whi ch shoul d be
consi der ed.
Feed Ar ea Component s
An al l - i ncl usi ve uni on
f ood
oper at i on, embr aci ng soda f ount ai n and
gr i l l s ;
caf et er i a ; pr i vat e, women' s, f acul t y,
banquet , and ser vi ce
di ni ng r ooms ; cof f ee
shops ; and
commut er s' l unchr oom i ncl udes
many component s
i n common wi t h ot her f ood
oper at i ons el sewher e, si nce t he f l owpr ocess i s
basi cal l y t he same. Such component s
i ncl ude
r ecei vi ng, st or age, meat cut t i ng,
veget abl e
pr epar at i on, cooki ng, baker y, i ce cr eam,
sal ad,
ser vi ce ( caf et er i a count er or wai t r ess
pant r y) ,
di ni ng, pot - washi ng, di shwashi ng, gar bage and
t r ash st or age, mai nt enance, empl oyees' f aci l i -
t i es, r est r ooms, coat r ooms, and of f i ces . Al l
uni ons nei t her need nor ar e abl e t o af f or d such
a compr ehensi ve pl ant , and onl y t he l ar gest can
use al l component s . Cer t ai nl y f ewsmal l uni ons
can af f or d t o hi r e a but cher f or a meat - cut t i ng
r oom, and many pr ovi de onl y r ef r eshment ser -
vi ces t hr ough a soda f ount ai n or gr i l l r oom.
Recei vi ng The r ecei vi ng f aci l i t i es of t he f ood
ar ea need not be separ at e f r om t hose f or t he
r est of t he uni on bui l di ng. I f combi ned t o ser ve
al l t he ot her ar ses, t hey may per mi t t he empl oy-
ment of a r ecei vi ng cl er k. Acent r al st or er oom
f or nonper i shabl e i t ems i s qui t e f easi bl e as
wel l , and such
ar r angement may make i t pos-
si bl e f or even t he smal l er uni ons t o use a r e-
cei vi ng cl er k- st or ekeeper . Obvi ousl y, bot h
ver t i cal and hor i zont al t r anspor t at i on i s needed
i n such an oper at i on and, si nce t he f r equency
and per i shabi l i t y of f ood del i ver i es ar e hi gh,
t he r ecei vi ng r oomshoul d be near t he f ood
ser vi ce depar t ment .
St or age St or age i n t he f ood ar ea i ncl udes dr y
st or es or nonper i shabl ea, day st or es, r e-
f r i ger at ed st or es, f r ozen st or es, gar bage and
t r ash st or age. Some may i ncl ude sever al sub-
di vi si ons such as f r eezer s f or meat , f r ui t , vege-
t abl es, and i ce cr eamor dai r y and meat , f r ui t ,
and veget abl e
r ef r i ger at or s
.
Ser vi ce Ar eas The ser vi ce ar eas ar e di r ect l y
bet ween t he var i ous pr epar at i on ar eas
and t he
di ni ng ar eas
i n
t he
f l owchar t . They ar e usual l y
t he pl aces wher e t he f ood i s
pl aced on t he i ndi -
vi dual pl at es and di st r i but ed and may t ake
t he
f or mof a caf et er i a count er , a
ser vi ng ki t chen or
pant r y, a wai t r ess st at i on, a ser vi ng count er
i n
t he ki t chen, or a st at i on i n a shor t - or der
ki t ch-
en . I n t hi s ar ea f ood must be kept
hot or col d
and di shes st or ed. Di spensi ng of f ood occur s
her e f or consumpt i on i n t he di ni ng ar ea .
Re-
f i nement s and var i at i ons of
t hi s
basi c
oper at i on
di f f er accor di ng t o t he t ype of f ood ser vi ce
bei ng of f er ed.
The pr epar ed
f ood i n l ar ger uni on bui l di ngs
may go i n sever al
di r ect i ons f r omt he cent r al
ki t chen. Caf et er i as, count er s,
banquet ser vi ce
ki t chens, soda f ount ai ns, cof f ee
shops, empl oy-
ees' caf et er i a count er s, pr i vat e
and publ i c
di ni ng r oom ki t chens, and commut er l unch-
r ooms may al l be ser ved
f r omt hi s si ngl e ar ea,
wi t h auxi l i ar y f ood pr epar at i on
compl et ed at
t he ser vi ng scene.
Suppl yi ng f ood t o t hese ser vi ce ar eas
cal l s
f or var i ous ki nds of t r anspor t at i on. Caf et er i as
demanda r at her st eady st r eamof f ood f or t wo
or mor e hour s at a t i me, whi l e banquet s
and
pr i vat e di nner s demand t hat al l per sons be
Cl assi f i ed F aci l i t i es Tabl e
Admi ni st r at i ve, Ser vi ce, and Mai nt enance:
Of f i ces Dupl i cat i ng ar ea
Check and coat r ooms Rest r ooms
I nf or mat i on cent er J ani t or i al spaces
Bookst or e
Bul l et i n boar ds
Non- uni on
of f i ces Bank
Ti cket of f i ce
Del i ver y ar ea
Bar ber shop
Tr ash r ooms
Beaut y shop
El evat or
Post of f i ce
Mechani cal r ooms
Mai nt enance shop
St or age
Lobby
Empl oyees' l ocker s and r est r ooms
West er n Uni on
of f i ce Pay t el ephones
Shops
Cor r i dor s
Lost and f ound
P- Asyst em
Food:
Soda f ount ai n and
gr i l l Banquet r oom
Caf et er i a
Of f i ces
Pr i vat e di ni ng r ooms
Ki t chen
Ser vi ce di ni ng r ooms
Di shwashi ng
r oom
Cof f ee shop
Gar bage
r oom
Facul t y di ni ng r oom
Ref r i ger at i on
r oom
Commut er s' l unchr oom
Tr ash
r oom
Women' s di ni ng r oom
Qui et :
Meet i ng r ooms Commut er s' l ocker s
Lounges Box l unch l ocker s
Musi c l i st eni ng r oom Commut er s' sl eepi ng r ooms
Li br ar y I nt er nat i onal cent er
Guest r ooms St udent act i vi t i es ar ea
Dor mi t or y St udent or gani zat i on of f i ces
Chapel Ar t r oom
Ot her f acul t y space
Games :
Tabl e t enni s r oom Bowl i ng al l eys
Car dr oom
Chess r oom
Bi l l i ar d r oom
Hobby:
Phot ogr aphi c st udi o Out i ng cl ub headquar t er s
Ar t shop Amat eur r adi o t r ansmi t t er
Cr af t shop Lendi ng ar t l i br ar y
Theat er :
Audi t or i um St age house
St age Cost ume shop
Dr essi ng r ooms Cost ume st or age
Shops Rehear sal r oom
Lobbi es Ti cket of f i ce
Pr oj ect i on boot h Of f i ces
Out door :
Cement sl ab
Games
Sun decks
Par ki ng
Pi cni c ar eas
Mi scel l aneous :
Bal l r oom
Swi mmi ng pool
Musi c r eci t al r oom
I ce
skat i ng r i nk
Musi c pr act i ce
r oom Cooper at i ve gr ocer y
Tel evi si on r oom
Ski sl i de
Convent i on hal l
Non- Uni on:
Campus newspaper
St udent amat eur r adi o cl ub
Col l ege year book Rel i gi ous advi si ng
St udent gover nment
Out i ng cl ub
St udent r adi o st at i on Ot her s
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
St udent Uni ons
l ounge; a women' s col l ege pr obabl y
f i nds
a
men' s l ounge super f l uous, al t hough i t may
wi sh t o have a r oom avai l abl e
whi ch can be
conver t ed t o ser ve such a pur pose
on speci al
occasi ons. The exi st ence and l ocat i on of a f ac-
ul t y cl ub may det er mi ne t he desi r abi l i t y
of
a
f acul t y l ounge, end t he f aci l i t i es and ent er -
t ai ni ng r egul at i ons i n l i vi ng uni t s bear on t he
si ze and number of mi xed l ounges. The pr es-
ence and avai l abi l i t y of ot her l ounges on cam-
pus shoul d be consi der ed i n pl anni ng t heuni on
bui l di ng l ounges .
Readi ng
Rooms
whi l e al l
col l eges have l i -
br ar i es, t hey seemt o
be consi der ed
pr i mar i l y
pl aces f or wor k, so t hat much
canbe done by
a
uni on br owsi ng or r eadi ng
r oomt o st i mul at e
good r ecr eat i onal r eadi ng habi t s on t he cam-
pus. Avoi dance of t he " l i br ar y st i gma" may be
achi eved by usi ng comf or t abl e sur r oundi ngs
wi t h ai r condi t i oni ng, f i r epl aces, decor at i ve
pl ant s, pr oper l i ght i ng, by not number i ng
t he
bi ndi ng of books and by meet i ng t he
r eadi ng
needs t hr ough a sel ect i on commi t t ee.
Cer t ai nl y
at mospher e i s i mpor t ant i f t he br owsi ng r oom
i s t o be t he sor t of pl ace wher e st udent s
and
ot her s go f or i nt el l ect ual st i mul at i on or sat i s-
f act i on, or t o whi l e away some t i me.
The nor mal f unct i ons most l i kel y t o be car -
r i ed out i n t hebr owsi ng r oomar e book, per i od-
i cal and newspaper st or age, r eadi ng and book
sel ect i on. Books ar e usual l y shel ved ar ound
t he per i pher yof t he r oom, end t hi s ar ea shoul d
be separ at ed f r omf ur ni shi ngs and equi pment
by an ai sl e wi de enough t o per mi t per sons t o
sel ect t hei r books easi l y. Per i odi cal s and news-
paper s r equi r e l ess br owsi ng r oomand may be
i ncor por at ed i n a l ounge ar r angement of f ur ni -
t ur e by use of st andar d r acks, or by st or age on
cof f ee or ot her t abl es .
Wi l k ROOMS

Mar ked changes
have
occur r ed i n
t he f i el d of musi c l i st eni ng . Recor d changer s,
t he l ong pl ayi ng r ecor d, t ape
r ecor der s,
and
hi gh f i del i t y have
i ncr eased t r emendousl y t he
i nt er est i n
r epr oduced musi c and have of f er ed
uni ons, among ot her s, a r eal oppor t uni t y f or
i mpr ovi ng t he l evel of musi cal under st andi ng
andi nt er est of t hei r
st udent s . At t hesame t i me,
pr obl ems of cont r ol and usage have been
r ai sed si nce r ecor d and t ape pl ayi ng equi pment
i s cost l y and compl ex, r ecor ds easi l y damaged
and t he noi se pot ent i al gr eat enough t o t r ans-
f or m t he so- cal l ed qui et ar eas of t he uni on
bui l di ng i nt o pandemoni um. The whol e musi c
l i st eni ng pr ogr ammust be t hought out wel l i n
advance because t hi s aspect of t he uni on
bui l di ng i s dependent t o a ver y gr eat ext ent
upon t he manner i n whi ch t he pr ogr amf unc-
t i ons. I ndi vi dual s l i st eni ng t o musi c maydo so
i n boot hs, smal l r ooms or
l ounges of var yi ng
si zes. They may
be
usi ng
ear phones whi ch can
di st ur b no one, commer ci al combi nat i on pho-
nogr aph- r adi os, or cust ombui l t hi gh f i del i t y
set s. They may be pl ayi ng t he r ecor ds t hem-
sel ves or mayhave r equest ed sel ect i ons whi ch
an at t endant i s pl ayi ng f r omt he cont r ol poi nt .
Recor ds and t apes maybe kept wi t h t he pl ayer
and used by anyone, t hey maybe i ssued by an
at t endant or t hey maybe pr i vat e pr oper t y. Per -
sons usi ng r ecor d pl ayer s maybe r equi r ed t o
pass a t est i n t he oper at i on of t he equi pment .
Pl anned gr oup l i st eni ng such as r ecor d cof f ee
hour s may be hel d i n a mul t i pur pose l ounge
equi pped wi t h a pl ayer or a speaker f r om a
mast er syst em, or t hey may t ake pl ace i n e
musi c l ounge speci f i cal l y desi gned f or musi c
l i st eni ng, r ecor ded and l i ve
.
Economy mayde-
mand t hat
l i st eni ng
boot hs be
connect ed wi t h
t he r eadi ng r oomwher e gr oup
concer t s ar e
hel d. Obvi ousl y, many of t hese i t ems must be
used by al l st udent s, shoul d adj oi n each ot her ,
i ncl udi ng t hei r l unchr oomand l ounge. Thel oca-
t i on
of meet i ng r ooms near each ot her per mi t s
f l exi bi l i t y of use,
easy t r ansf er of f ur ni t ur e and
equi pment ,
pr oper super vi si on and mai nt e-
nance r esul t i ng f r om
concent r at i on of peopl e,
and economy of t i me bet ween
meet i ngs .
Lounges
may be spr ead t hr oughout t he
bui l di ng t o ser vevar i ous sect i ons
and mayvar y
i n ki nd wi t h t he sect i ons t hey ser ve.
Some of t he qui et ar eas may
wel l
be
ser ved
by separ at e ent r ances, i ncl uded
among whi ch
coul d be t he chapel , guest quar t er s, f acul t y
l ounge, i nt er nat i onal cent er , and st udent
act i v-
i t i es and of f i ce spaces . Pr obl ems of
cont r ol
ar i se when t hi s si t uat i on occur s and i t may
have some di vi si ve ef f ect on t he
uni on, but l at e
oper at i ng hour s i n t he newspaper of f i ce or
guest wi ng maydi ct at e separ at i on of such ar -
eas f r omt he whol e bui l di ng, as mayt he par t i al
oper at i on of t he bui l di ng dur i ng vacat i on per i -
ods .
Musi c l i st eni ng ( pr oper l y soundpr oof ed) ,
l i br ar y or br owsi ng, and ar t di spl ay r ooms can
be l ocat ed t oget her i n a sor t of cul t ur al cent er .
I f t hi s i s done, t he i ssui ng of r ecor ds, books,
and
per i odi cal s and pr i nt s f r oma cent r al l oca-
t i on and super vi si on of t hat
ar ea pr oves eco-
nomi cal . These ar eas ar e l i kel y t o
of f er
l ess
at t r act i on t han t he game ar eas, f or exampl e,
whi l e suppl yi ng exper i ences of val ue i n br oad-
eni ng t hehor i zons of
under gr aduat es . Thei r l o-
cat i on, however , i n a f ai r l y pr omi nent spot
may
encour age mor e pat r onage, but si nce heavy
t r af f i c and accompanyi ng noi si ness mayr esul t ,
a choi ce may be necessar y bet ween
pr omi -
nence and peacef ul ness of posi t i on
.
Meet i ng Rooms Expansi bi l i t y.

Agl ance et t he
Cl assi f i ed Faci l i t i es Tabl eshows e wi de var i et y
of uses t o whi ch meet i ng r ooms and l ounges
may be put and t he degr ee of i nt er changeabi l i t y
whi ch exi st s bet ween t he f unct i ons of t he t wo
ar eas. I f l ounges ar e not t o be used f or f or mal
pr ogr ams but sol el y f or spont aneous, i nf or mal
use, t he number of meet i ng r ooms r equi r ed i s
l ar ger t han t hat demanded when t he use of
l ounges per mi t s mor e f l exi bi l i t y. I t seems qui t e
cer t ai n, at any r at e, t hat t he meet i ng r oomf aci l -
i t y
wi l l r equi r e expansi on ear l y.
Theneed
f or many smal l meet i ng r ooms does
not el i mi nat e t he
demand f or l ar ger ones .
Enough of each i s expensi ve and t he
compr o-
mi se of di vi di ng l ar ge r ooms i nt o smal l er ones
by means of f ol di ng or
sl i di ng wal l s
i s
awi del y
accept ed one, even t hough i t i s a
compr omi se
wi t h f aul t s cent er i ng l ar gel y ar ound t heacous-
t i c pr obl em.
Some smal l meet i ng r ooms, equi pped wi t h
t abl es and seat i ng, may
doubl e as conf er ence
r ooms, and t he t abl es t hemsel ves mayser veas
r ost r ums f or meet i ngs as wel l as conf er ence
t abl es
.
The addi t i on of a smal l 16 mm
pr oj ect i on
boot h at t he end of a meet i ng r oomsi mpl i f i es
t he showi ng of mot i on pi ct ur es t o smal l gr oups
and el i mi nat es much of t he need
f or t r ans-
por t i ng and set t i ng up equi pment
i n
a
r oom
wher e i t s noi se, l i ght and ext ensi on
cor ds de-
t r act f r om t he f i l m showi ng
.
Such
a boot h,
separ at ed f r omt he meet i ng r oomby a
wal l and
gl ass por t , can ser ve many gr oups and r el i eve
much of t he l oad nor mal l y pl aced
on a t heat r e,
par t i cul ar l y i f t hi s boot h l ooks
i nt o
a
l ar ger
r oomwhi ch may be subdi vi ded.
LOl l ages Avar i et y of l ounges- men' s,
wom-
en' s, f acul t y, commut er s' , mi xed- - may be i n-
cl uded i n a uni on bui l di ng . To a cer t ai n ext ent ,
t he ki nd of i nst i t ut i on i nvol ved det er mi nes t he
ki nds of l ounges whi ch ar e desi r abl e. Ar esi -
dent i al col l ege does not need a commut er s'
ser ved near l y si mul t aneousl y. Publ i c di ni ng
r ooms, cof f ee shops, and soda f ount ai ns r e-
qui r e mor e i ndi vi dual ser vi ce.
Many uni ons do a br i sk t ake- out busi ness
wi t h cof f ee, sandwi ches, and si mi l ar r ef r esh-
ment bei ng pur chased f or consumpt i on out si de
t he bui l di ng. Much of t hi s busi ness occur s l at e
i n t heeveni ng whenf ood i s t aken back t o l i vi ng
uni t s f or consumpt i on dur i ng st udy hour s. The
soda- f ount ai n- shor t - or der f aci l i t i es wi t h t hei r
l ong oper at i ng hour s end par t i cul ar menu ar e
best equi pped t o
handl e t hi s oper at i on.
Di ni ng Rooms Basi cal l y, t he f unct i on of t he
di ni ng r oomi s t he housi ng of eat er s . I f t hi s
wer e i t s onl y f unct i on, t he most economi cal
andef f i ci ent wayt o
f ul f i l l i t woul d be achi eved
by usi ng l ong t abl es
wi t h st ool s st or ed under
t hem and wi t h
one l ar ge r oomused f or al l
eat i ng. Si nce some of t he
uni on' s educat i on and
ser vi ce pr ogr ams ar e car r i ed out
i n
t he
di ni ng
ar eas, t hey must do much mor e t han
j ust house
eat er s . I n addi t i on t o eat i ng, such act i vi t i es as
car d and chess pl ayi ng, dances, car ni val s,
en-
t er t ai nment , concer t s or r eci t al s,
r adi o f or ums,
or speeches may occur i n t hem. They
may
house di spl ays or ser ve as pol l i ng pl aces
.
Meet i ngs andpr i vat e par t i es mayt ake pl ace
i n
some of t hem, cl asses i n et i quet t e or home-
maki ng i n ot her s . I n some, conf er ences or con-
vent i ons f or hundr eds maybe occur r i ng si mul -
t aneousl y wi t h i nt i mat e t ot e- a- t ot es i n ot her s.
Ther ef or e, mor e t han mor e f eedi ng st at i ons,
t hedi ni ng r ooms ar er eal l y gat her i ng pl aces
f or
peopl e. They ar e i mpor t ant i n br i ngi ng st u-
dent s, f acul t y, al umni , st af f , and t he publ i c t o-
get her , and t hey f ur t her t he uni f yi ng
concept s
of t he t er muni on.
The var i et y of di ni ng f aci l i t i es f ound i n t he
l ar ger uni on bui l di ngs at t est s t o t he var i et y of
di ni ng f unct i ons demandi ng ser vi ce. Ther e ar e
t hesoda f ount ai ns or snack bar e wher ea qui ck
bi t e or cupof cof f ee maybe obt ai ned
or wher e
acquai nt anceshi ps ar e made and f r i endshi ps
cement ed. Thi s, mor e t han any ot her si ngl e
spot
on campus, i s apt t o be t he gat her i ng
pl ace.
Smoke, j uke box musi c, l aught er , con-
ver sat i on and cr owds t ypi f y i t , and i nf or mal i t y
i s i t s
keynot e. The cof f ee shops of f er i nf or mal
di ni ng,
wi t h or wi t hout t abl e ser vi ce, f or a r e-
l axed
meal or casual ent er t ai ni ng ; t he caf et er i a
pr ovi des t he
l owpr i ced t hr ee meal s a day; and
t hedi ni ng r oom, wi t h i t s
l i nen, ser vi ce, cr yst al ,
and ot her f i ne appoi nt ment s, i s
t he pl ace f or a
f ul l - cour se meal , speci al dat e,
or f ol ks f r om
home. The banquet hal l pr ovi des
f or
t he
nu-
mer ous st udent ,
f acul t y, and ot her or gani za-
t i onal di nner s t hat occur
t hr oughout t he year
but whi ch abound each spr i ng, and t he pr i vat e
di ni ng r ooms cat er t o l uncheon or di nner
meet i ngs f or gr oups, cl asses, guest s, or ot her s .
Qui et Ar eas
Al l t he qui et ar eas of t he
uni on bui l di ng need
not be connect ed,
but t hey shoul d be i sol at ed
f r om t he noi si er sect i ons
such as ki t chens,
wor kshops, or game
ar eas. Act ual l y, qui et
ar eas
subdi vi dequi t e easi l y by f unct i on t o per -
mi t separ at i on
. Thus, t he l i vi ng quar t er s such
as guest r ooms, guest
dor mi t or i es, or com-
mut er s' sl eepi ng
r ooms shoul d be separ at ed
f r omt he busi er l ounges
and meet i ng r ooms,
and t hei r combi nat i on
per mi t s mor e ef f i ci ent
oper at i on, super vi si on,
and housekeepi ng. St u-
dent act i vi t y ar eas ( r ooms
wi t h desks and
f i l es not per manent l y assi gned)
and st udent
of f i ces ( per manent l y
assi gned spaces) shoul d
be t oget her f or ease
of communi cat i on and
super vi si on. The f aci l i t i es
f or
day
st udent s, i f
t hey ar e di st i ngui shed
f r om t hose nor mal l y
consi der ed bef or e t he bui l di ng i s pl anned,
because such i t ems as condui t s, st or ager acks,
acoust i cs, equi pment , f ur ni t ur e, el ect r i cal out -
l et s, gl azed door s f or super vi si on, and cat a-
l ogi ng met hods det er mi ne much of t he ut i l i t y
of t he musi c r oom.
Commut er s' Ar eas Nonr esi dent st udent s
at
col -
l eges near or i n met r opol i t an cent er s af f or d
many pr obl ems t o uni ons, a number of whi ch
cent er ar ound
t hei r
nonpar t i ci pat i on i n most
of t he uni on' s pr ogr ams . Thei r demands on t he
col l ege nat ur al l y di f f er f r omt hose of t he r esi -
dent s. Theyneed par ki ng spaceon t hecampus,
a pl ace t o eat a bag or l i ght l unch, st or age pl ace
f or books, l unches, and si mi l ar equi pment , e
spot f or r est i ng or , per haps, an occasi onal
over ni ght st ay. Whi l e t he uni on i s not neces-
sar i l y t he onl y l ocat i on on t he campus wher e
such ser vi ces maybe r ender ed, i t seems t o be
t he l ogi cal pl ace f or many of
t hem
.
Fur t her -
mor e, many of t he day st udent s ar e
qui t e
l i kel y t o eat i n t he uni on and
t o use i t as t hei r
headquar t er s, and so
i t seems l ogi cal t o pl an
t o meet as many of t hei r demands
As
possi bl e
i n advance
.
I f t he uni on bui l di ng
i s t o be a
uni -
f yi ng f act or on
t he
campus,
i t must be pr epar ed
t o ser ve t he of f t i mes l ar ge[ nonr esi dent ] seg-
ment of t hest udent body.
Guest Rooms
Many
uni on bui l di ngs cont ai n
over ni ght
guest f aci l i t i es, t he ext ent of whi ch
r anges f r oma si ngl e r oom or sui t e t hr ough
l ar ge, bar r acks- l i ke hal l s
t o el abor at e hot el s
wi t h f ul l commer ci al ser vi ce. The f aci l i t i es may
be i nt ended pr i mar i l y f or uni ver si t y guest s,
such as convocat i on speaker s,
f or vi si t i ng
gr oups such
as
at hl et i c
t eems, f or par ent s or
r et ur ni ng al umni ,
f or t he guest s of st udent s or
f or convent i ons.
They
add
t o t he ser vi ce as-
pect s
of
t he
uni on
bui l di ng and of f er l i t t l e t o i t s
educat i onal
pr ogr amasi de f r om t he t r ai ni ng
t he l ar ger uni t s af f or d t o st udent empl oyees
and t o st udent s who ar e maj or i ng i n hot el
admi ni st r at i on. The
i ncl usi on of guest r ooms
i n t he uni on bui l di ng
depends upon
many di -
ver se el ement s, such
as pr esent and f ut ur e
needs, f aci l i t i es exi st i ng
el sewher e, near by
hot el s, cur r i cul ar devel opment ,
oper at i ng
hour s, oper at i ng
cost s and ot her uni on f aci l i -
t i es, and car ef ul st udy i s i ndi cat ed. The f act
t hat t he Associ at i on of Col l ege
Uni ons l i st s
hot el uni t s among
t he doubt f ul f aci l i t i es t o be
i ncl uded
i n uni on
bui l di ngs shoul d ser ve t o r e-
i nf or ce t he need f or
car ef ul st udy.
St udent Act i vi t i es Ar ea Ast udent act i vi t i es ar ea
i s a spacehousi nga number of desks and f i l i ng
cabi net s whi ch can be used by var yi ng st udent
or gani zat i ons f or a por t i on of t he academi c
year . Thus gr oups whi ch do not need an of f i ce
or r oom of t hei r own can be accommodat ed
wi t h a mi ni mumof space al l ocat i on. The num-
ber of gr oups end act i vi t i es on each campus
t hat mi ght use such an ar ea det er mi ne i t s si ze,
and i t appear s wi se t o consi der t hat t he exi s-
t ence of such an ar ea mi ght wel l i ncr ease
r e-
quest s f or i t s use, t hus maki ng a somewhat
over si zed or i gi nal pl an advi sabl e.
Theat er
Need Li ke so many ot her par t s of t he uni on
bui l di ng, t he t heat er must be cust ombui l t t o
sui t i t s campus . I t i s qui t e l i kel y t hat a uni on
bui l di ng l ocat ed near a moder n, wel l - equi pped
t heat er can ut i l i ze t hese f aci l i t i es f or i t s pr o-
gr amand not need a t heat er of i t s own. On t he
ot her hand, t he demands on such a t heat er by
dr amat i c and ot her gr oups mayr ender t he t he-
at er unavai l abl e f or t he var i et y of act i vi t i es
Educat i onal
St udent Uni ons
whi ch t he Cl assi f i ed Faci l i t i es Tabl e i ndi cat es
maybe hel d t her ei n, t hus maki ng desi r abl e t he
i ncl usi on of a t heat er i n t he uni on bui l di ng .
Wi t h a wel l - housed dr ama pr ogr amal r eady i n
oper at i on, t he t heat er r equi r ement s may be
par eddown so t hat not hi ng mor e t han an audi -
t or i umand pl at f or m sui t s t he uni on' s needs.
Such a sol ut i on appear s most quest i onabl e,
however , si nce i t pr ovi des l i t t l e mor e t han a
f or umf or speaker s, a l ocat i on f or mot i on pi c-
t ur es and st age
f or f or mal musi c concer t s
.
Such act i vi t i es as var i et y or vaudevi l l e shows,
f ashi on shows, or chest r al andchor al concer t s,
si ng cont est s and dance r eci t al s become di f f i -
cul t t o pr esent wi t hout pr oper st age, scener y,
dr essi ng, shops, wi ng and l i ght i ng f aci l i t i es .
The use of r oad shows- bal l et , dr ama, oper a,
and t he l i ke- by t he uni on i s obvi at ed . I t may
be t hat such act i vi t i es can be housed el se-
wher e, but t he demands
on
t heat er s of dr amat i c
gr oups f or pr act i ce and f or r ehear sal and
st agi ng t i me, of musi c gr oups f or pr act i ce and
concer t t i me, of assembl i es, meet i ngs and con-
f er ences f or audi t or i umt i me, of depar t ment s
and or gani zat i ons f or
space
f or
mot i on pi c-
t ur es,
l ect ur es and demonst r at i ons, i ndi cat e
t hat
a
cl ose st udy of al l pr esent demands upon
t heat er
f aci l i t i es be st udi ed and t hat f ut ur e pos-
si bi l i t i es, par t i cul ar l y as suggest ed by ot her
campuses wi t h adequat e uni on t heat er s, be
consi der ed bef or e pl ans ar e dr awn up. The
pl ace of ot her exi st i ng t heat er s and assembl y
hal l s i n t hecampus scheme of t hi ngs, i ncl udi ng
pol i ci es
gover ni ng t hei r use, shoul d be gi ven
gr ave consi der at i on.
Auni on t heat er woul d seemt o sui t most of
i t s pur poses i f i t houses t he r equi r ement s of a
f ai r l y or t hodox col l egi at e dr ama pr ogr amand
adds such i t ems as an el evat i ng f or est age-
or chest r a pi t ; audi ence access t o st age f or
var i et y shows, si ng cont est s end t he l i ke ;
f l uct uat i ng seat i ng capaci t y by means of sl i di ng
panel s or
dr aper i es; r ecept i on or l obby l ounge ;
br oadcast i ng f aci l i t i es ; possi bl e combi nat i on
cr af t - scener y shops, and st i l l and mot i on-
pi ct ur e equi pment t o achi eve t he f l exi bi l i t y
whi ch i s an ear mar k of t he uni on bui l di ng.
To f unct i on compl et el y, t he uni on t heat er
woul d be composed of :
Audi t or i um

Pr oj ect i on
boot h
St age

Sound syst em
For est age Scr een
Or chest r a pi t

St age house
Pr osceni um
ar ch

Lobby
Dr essi ng r ooms

Ti cket of f i ce
Scene shop

Scener y st or er oom
Cost ume
shop

Cont r ol
boar d
Li ght boot h

Rest r ooms
Makeup r oom

Coat r oom
Rehear sal r oom

Lounge or gr een r oom
Some of t hese
f aci l i t i es, such as l ounge,
coat r oom, r est r oomor r ehear sal r oom, may
be a par t of t he
uni on bui l di ng and ser ve a
doubl e pur pose, so t hat a near by
l ounge maybe
used f or r ecept i ons or a pr oper l y shaped
meet i ng r oom doubl e f or use dur i ng l i ve r e-
hear sal s .
Ar t s and Cr af t s Shops
The var i et y of of f er i ngs whi ch t he uni on' s
shops can pr ovi de i s l ar ge. Some of t hese
of f er i ngs, such
as
phot ogr aphy, demand spe-
ci al i zed f aci l i t i es and equi pment
;
ot her s,
such
an
l eat her wor k or j ewel r ymaki ng, r equi r e l i t t l e
and can be accommodat ed i n a gener al shop
ar ea. The t ool s of
some cr af t s
may
be used
i n
common by par t i ci pant s i n ot her uni on act i vi -
t i es, so t hat t he scene, mai nt enance, and wood-
wor ki ng shops mayuse t he same power t ool s
and cent r al mat er i al s sour ces and t he camer a
cl ub and campus publ i cat i ons t he same st u-
di os . The si ze of t he uni on and t he uni ver si t y,
t he or gani zat i onal scheme and expect ed use of
t he var i ous shops woul d det er mi ne t he pos-
si bi l i t y of such a combi nat i on. Among t he ar t s
and cr af t s act i vi t i es whi ch a uni on mi ght
embr ace ar e:
Pai nt i ng

Gener al woodwor ki ng
Sket chi ng

Pi ct ur e f r ami ng
Bl ock pr i nt i ng

Cabi net maki ng
Post er maki ng

Met al andj ewel r y wor k
Si l k scr eeni ng

Cer ami cs
Cl ay model i ng

Dr af t i ng
Weavi ng Phot ogr aphy
Rug maki ng

Leat her wor k
Dr awi ng

Gr aphi c ar t s
Fl y t yi ng

Sewi ng
Pl ast i c wor k

Kni t t i ng
Whi l e adher ent s of near l y each ar t or cr af t
coul d devel op a l i st of r easons whyt hei r f avor.
i t s act i vi t y shoul d be al l ocat ed separ at e space
andequi pment , much of i t wi t h speci al r equi r e-
ment s such as nor t h l i ght f or sket chi ng or hu-
mi di t y cont r ol f or cl ay
model i ng, enough com-
pr omi ses and combi nat i ons can be ef f ect ed
t o
pr ovi dea var i et y of act i vi t i es wi t hi n a
r eason-
abl e ar ea.
Out door Games
The ext ent t o whi ch t he games ar ea shoul d be
devel oped i s dependent
i n l ar ge degr ee on what
i s avai l abl e el sewher eont hecampus. The num-
ber of games wi t hi n t he uni on' s pr ovi nce whi ch
can
be
pl ayed out si de mi ght i ncl ude badmi nt on,
bowl i ng on t he gr een, bocci e, cr oquet , cur l i ng,
cl ock gol f , hor seshoes, shuf f l eboar d, t abl e
t enni s, gi ant checker s,
deck
t enni s, r oque,
quoi t s, and a var i et y of t abl e games such as
chess, checker s . or car ds
.
I nt egr at i on of Ar eas
Some uni on f aci l i t i es must be
l ocat ed on t he
st r eet l evel ;
ot her s
oper at e most ef f i ci ent l y on
ot her l evel s . Ther e ar e
st r ong r easons f or
pl aci ng f ood ser vi ces,
i nf or mat i on cent er ,
bookst or e, t i cket of f i ces,
bal l r oom, and admi n-
i st r at i ve of f i ces on t he gr ound
f l oor , whi l e
ot her ar eas such as publ i cat i on of f i ces
or st u-
dent act i vi t y of f i ces may be
i n l ess accessi bl e
l ocat i ons. Guest r ooms, whi ch
r ecei ve r el a-
t i vel y l i t t l e t r af f i c and f unct i on bet t er
i n qui -
et , f i t ni cel y i nt o hi gher f l oor s
and mor e r emot e
wi ngs. Thet ask of put t i ng t he
var i ous el ement s
of a uni on bui l di ng t oget her so t hat each
f ul f i l l s
i t s own f unct i on whi l e compl ement i ng
t hat of
t he ot her s i s near l y cer t ai n t o demand
com-
pr omi ses . Real i smmaydi ct at e t hat such r eve-
nue- pr oduci ng f aci l i t i es as a bookst or e
or soda
f ount ai n t ake pr ecedence i n l ocat i on
over a
musi c r oomor br owsi ng l i br ar y, even t hough
i t maybe educat i onal l y desi r abl e t o expose,
at
l east by pr opi nqui t y, t hose ent er i ng
t he
bui l di ng t o t he l at t er r at her t han t he f or mer .
Tr af f i c t o t he most popul ar ar eas of t he
uni on
bui l di ng shoul d not be so di r ect ed t hat
i t
causes gr eat cr owds of peopl e t o t hr ong i t s
passages and st ai r ways t o t he
di st ur bance of
ot her sect i ons and t o t he det r i ment
of bui l di ng
mai nt enance. Some sel domused f aci l i t i es,
such as a bal l r oomor hobby shop, may
f i nal l y
be pl aced on t he t op f l oor because t her e i s no
r oomel sewher e f or t hem.
Segr egat i on
by
Funct i on Whenever pr act i cal , ar -
eas shoul d be separ at ed by f unct i on, as pr evi -
ousl y descr i bed i n t he sect i on on game r ooms,
wher e super vi si on, i nst r uct i on, and equi pment
cont r ol f or al l wer e made possi bl e. Such ar eas
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
UNI VERSI TY FACI LI TI ES
St udent Uni ons
j oi n t he f oot - meet i ng- r oom sect i on . A r evi ew
of t hi s por t i on of t he bui l di ng so
f ar r eveal s i t
t o be a busy pl ace wi t h many
per sons usi ng i t
f or eat i ng, meet i ng, and t heat er
wor k. Ser vi ce
f aci l i t i es such as coat r ooms, t oi l et s,
and publ i c
t el ephones ar e needed, and
mul t i pur pose
l ounges pr ove val uabl e.
I f t he cost ume and
st age shops ar e t o
have any connect i ons wi t h
t he hobby shops, t he l at t er must
be i ncl uded i n
t hi s sect i on of t he
bui l di ng . By t he same t oken,
i f t he dar kr oomf aci l i t i es ar e t o
be used by t he
campus publ i cat i ons, t hese of f i ces
mi ght wel l
be l ocat ed her e.
Recept i on Cent er

The mai n ent r ance,
l obby, and
i nf or mat i on desk go t oget her
. I n some uni on
bui l di ngs t he i nf or mat i on cent er
i ncl udes t i ck-
et , ci gar et t e, and ot her sal es,
a l ost and f ound
ser vi ce, and, possi bl y,
some of f i ce f unct i ons .
Fi gur es 1- 21 ar e r epr i nt ed f r om Pl anni ng Col l ege
Uni on Faci l i t i es f or Mul t i pl e- use, Associ at i on of Col l ege
Uni ons- I nt er nat i onal , Madi son, Wi sconsi n, 1966.
r ooms can be
wor ked i nt o a uni t whi ch i s ser -
vi ced and super vi sed by
one cent r al cont r ol or
whi ch,
at l east dur i ng r est per i ods or emer -
genci es,
can be sat i sf act or i l y admi ni st er ed by
one per son.
The
ki t chen shoul d connect wi t h t he bal l -
r oom and wi t h
cer t ai n of t he l ounges and
meet i ng r ooms,
even i f onl y by conveyor s or
el evat or s,
t o pr ovi de adequat e ser vi ce f or r e-
cept i ons,
cof f ee hour s, i nt er mi ssi on r ef r esh-
ment s, and,
possi bl y, banquet s . Thus, t hose
ar eas ser ved by t he
ki t chen but not on t he same
l evel must be ver t i cal l y
al i gned wi t h i t i f t hey
ar e t o be ser vi ced by a
dumbwai t er .
Publ i c Spaces So f ar , t hen,
t he f ood ar eas ar e
best l ocat ed l ar gel y on t he
gr ound l evel wi t h
t he games r ooms not
t oo r emot e f r omt he r e-
f r eshment ar ea and wi t h some
meet i ng r ooms
and l ounges di r ect l y above t he
ki t chen. The
t heat er cr owds at
i nt er mi ssi on may use t he r e-
f r eshment ser vi ce i f i t i s
not t oo f ar di st ant ,
hence t hi s wi ng, whi ch
of f er s some meet i ng
space whi l e somet i mes
needi ng addi t i onal
r ecept i on and r ehear sal
r oom, mi ght wel l ad-
may
assi st ot her s i n t hei r f unct i ons when
pr oper l y
l ocat ed and so, whi l e compl et e i n
t hemsel ves, t hey can never t hel ess hel p and be
hel ped
by ot her s. Thus, a sel f - cont ai ned game
ar ea r ecei ves
pl ayer s f r om a near by cof f ee
shop,
and t he pr esence of such a shop i nduces
gamest er s t o
st op f or r ef r eshment s when
l eavi ng
.
I t i s
t o
be
hoped t hat per sons wal ki ng
by a
cor r i dor case cont ai ni ng a cr af t di spl ay
mi ght be
i nt er est ed i n ut i l i zi ng t he out - of - t he-
way hobby
shop.
Some
pr i nci pl es i n combi ni ng t he el ement s
of t he uni on
bui l di ng i nt o an ent i t y ar e el emen-
t ar y. The games ar ea
i s noi sy and shoul d not be
next t o sl eepi ng
r ooms or pr i vat e di ni ng or
meet i ng r ooms.
Ki t chens demand consi der abl e
del i ver y, r emoval ,
and st or age, hence t hey
shoul d be near dr i veways,
st or er ooms, and
r ecei vi ng
spaces . The i nf or mat i on cent er
shoul d be near t he mai n
ent r ance. The t heat er
shoul d have i t s
own exi t s and ent r ance and i s
pr obabl y best si t uat ed
i n i t s own wi ng. Si mi l ar
or r el at ed act i vi t i es
may suggest combi nat i ons
such as t he
bal l r oom- banquet r oomor t heat r e-
r adi o st at i on
. The br owsi ng, musi c, and ar t
Fi g. 1

The cor e of uni on f aci l i t i es at t he Uni ver si t y of Del awar e- sol i d
l i nes. And t he pl anned f ut ur e ext ensi ons, showi ng ci r cul at i on and i nt egr at i on of
al l
uni t s ( i ncl udi ng howf ood woul d be del i ver ed t o t he f ut ur e
bal l r oomand pr i vat e di ni ng r ooms) - dashed l i nes .
Fi g. 4 Separ at e TV l ounge- At mi ni mum si ze
needed f or speci al event br oadcast s.

Fi g. 8

Combi ned
f aci l i t i es .
Fi g. 6

I nf or mat i on desk- Requi r es f ul l - t i me at -

Fi g. 7

Pr i vat e di ni ng
or
meet i ng r ooms.
t endant .
Fi g. 3 Uni on
audi t or i um- Needed f or uni on cul -
t ur al pr ogr am, movi es,
conf er ences .
Fi g. 2

Auni on embr aci ng t ypi cal f aci l i t i es usual l y
r equi r ed at a uni ver si t y f or about 6, 000 st udent s :
" Food Ser vi ce
" Soci al Faci l i t i es
. Recr eat i on Rooms
" Smal l Audi t or i um
" Meet i ng &Conf er ence Rooms
. Of f i ces
" Ser vi ce Auxi l i ar i es
Fi g. S

Mai n l ounge- Used t o expand TVvi ewi ng ar ea dur i ng speci al
event br oadcast s, wi t h f ol di ng par t i t i on open.
Educat i onal
St udent Uni ons
Smal l er uni ons combi ne
t hi s cent er wi t h an
admi ni st r at i ve of f i ce and even make i t t he i s-
sui ng and super vi si ng
cent er
f or
t he musi c and
br owsi ng r ooms
.
Many
uni ons may wi sh t o
pl ace a l ar ge
l ounge f or r ecept i ons next t o t he
mai n ent r ance
.
Coat r ooms
shoul d adj oi n t hi s
ar ea, and
t oi l et s shoul d be near by.
Admi ni st r at i ve Spaces I f t he advant ages of ad-
j oi ni ng
of f i ces out wei gh t hose of decent r al i zed
of f i ces, an admi ni st r at i ve sui t e can be pl anned
wher ei n equi pment and per sonnel
can be used
wi t h f l exi bi l i t y.
Some of f i ce space i s needed i n
t he var i ous depar t ment s but can be r educed i f
cent r al i zat i on i s adopt ed . Shoul d decent r al i zed
of f i ces be used, t he soci al di r ect or mi ght wel l
be housed i n t he st udent act i vi t i es sect i on
wher e t he var i ous st udent
gover nment or gani -
zat i ons, uni on commi t t ees, and publ i cat i ons
hol d f or t h
. I n t hi s way communi cat i on among
t he var i ous gr oups and
wi t h t he soci al di r ect or
i s i mpr oved and a
r el at i vel y qui et gr oup of
act i vi t i es
kept t oget her . I f decent r al i zat i on of
of f i ces i s adopt ed, ot her
of f i ces besi des t he
soci al
di r ect or ' s can ser ve doubl e dut y . The
busi ness of f i ce near t he f ood or bookst or e ar ea
can of f er cl oser
super vi si on and emer gencyas-
si st ance. A mai nt enance super i nt endent ' s of -
f i ce near t he mai nt enance shop or a r eser vat i on
of f i ce
near t he i nf or mat i on cent er can pr ovi de
bonuses i n t he f or mof added ser vi ce.
Qui et Ar eas

The qui et ar eas, l ogi cal l y enough,
occur away f r omt he noi si er , hi ghl y t r af f i cked
ones . Of f i ces ; conf er ence and meet i ng r ooms;
ar t , musi c, and br owsi ng r ooms ; and l ounges
go wel l t oget her , but t hey cannot ent i r el y be
separ at ed f r omt he noi si er sect i ons . Meet i ng
r ooms wi t h t hei r per i odi c t r af f i c i nt r oduce
some noi se t o an ot her wi se qui et f aci l i t y, par -
t i cul ar l y when l ar ger r ooms ar e i n use, and i t
may be t hat l ar ger meet i ng r ooms and l ounges
f i t i nt o t he noi si er sect i on, whi ch i ncl udes t he
f ood ser vi ces, whi l e smal l er meet i ng r ooms
and l ounges and conf er ence r ooms ar e com-
bi ned i n a qui et sect i on whi ch embr aces of -
f i ces and ot her l ess noi sy f aci l i t i es . Whi l e
out si de noi se can i nt er f er e wi t h t he musi c
r oom, t he consi der abl e amount of sound whi ch
or i gi nat es t her ei n makes t he musi c r oom a
most unl i kel y component of a qui et ar ea unl ess
i t i s wel l soundpr oof ed.
By and l ar ge, t he qui et ar eas of t he bui l di ng
pr esent most of t he demands f or l at e or vaca-
t i on- t i me oper at i on . Guest r ooms and admi ni s-
t r at i ve and publ i cat i ons of f i ces ar e qui t e l i kel y
t o f unct i on l at e at ni ght or dur i ng t he Chr i st mas
or summer vacat i ons, and l ocat i ng t hese t o-
get her wi t h separ at e access per mi t s t hei r use
af t er t he uni on' s nor mal oper at i ng hour s
.
Wi t h
t hi s i n mi nd i t may seemadvi sabl e t o pl ace t he
campus r adi o st at i on
al ongsi de t he
var i ous
st u-
dent of f i ces .
Separ at e use of ot her ar eas of t he
bui l di ng shoul d al so be consi der ed i n l ayi ng out
t he f l oor pl ans .
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
St udent Uni ons
Fi g. 9

Nor mal mai n- f l oor
f aci l i t i es: ( a) conf er ence r oom; ( b) coat checkr oom.
Fi g. 10

Uni on f ood ser vi ces.
Fi g. 11

Space f or var i ous f unct i ons.
Fi g. 12 Faci l i t i es f or soci al f unct i ons
.
Educat i onal
St udent Uni ons
Fi g. 17
Fi g. 18
Fi g. 16

Game f aci l i t i es.
Fi g. 15

Separ at e br i dge- chess r oom
( game- pl ayi ng onl y) .
Fi g. 14 Meet i ng r oom( pl us st or age) .
Fi g. 13

Mul t i - use spect at or ar ea.
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
St udent Uni ons; Comput at i on Cent er s
Fi g. 19 Speci al di ni ng f aci l i t i es .
Fi g. 20 Gymnasi um.
Fi g. 21

Uni on bal l r oom.
COMPUTATI ONCENTERS
Most exper t s
i n
t he
f i el d agr ee t hat a comput a-
t i on cent er f or a col l ege
or uni ver si t y shoul d be
an al l - campus
f aci l i t y, admi ni st r at i vel y under
t he cont r ol ei t her of t he
Gr aduat e School or of
an al l - campus commi t t ee, r at her t han an
ad-
j unct of an
academi c depar t ment such as mat h-
emat i cs, st at i st i cs,
or el ect r i cal engi neer i ng. A
cur r ent l y emer gi ng pat t er n i s t he
f or mat i on of a
separ at e
depar t ment of comput er sci ence wi t h
some t eachi ng dut i es ; i t
usual l y has some af -
f i l i at i on wi t h t he depar t ment
of mat hemat i cs
and i s possi bl y
not f ul l y r esponsi bl e f or t he
ser vi ce act i vi t i es of t he comput at i on cent er
.
Locat i on of a Comput at i on Cent er ,
Publ i c Access, and Par ki ng
I n choosi ng
a cent r al or per i pher al l ocat i on f or
a comput er , t he r api d devel opment
of comput er
use by medi cal school s, busi ness
school s, and
behavi or i al sci ence gr oups, as wel l as by physi -
cal
sci ent i st s and engi neer s, shoul d be con-
si der ed. Pr oxi mi t y t o user s must be wei ghed
agai nst t he al most cer t ai n needs f or expansi on
i n t he near f ut ur e. Newmeans ar e bei ng de-
vel oped wher eby a f ast cent r al comput er can
ser vi ce si mul t aneousl y a number of di f f er ent
i nput - out put st at i ons t hat maybe pl aced st r at e-
gi cal l y at
sever al poi nt s on a campus .
Acomput at i on cent er i s vi si t ed dai l y by
l ar ge number s of peopl e who come ei t her as
cl i ent s t o have
pr obl ems done on t he com-
Bui l di ngs and Faci l i t i es f or t he Mat hemat i cal
Sci ences, Conf er ence Boar d of t he Mat he-
mat i cal Sci ences, Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1963.
put er or as vi si t or s t o see t he f aci l i t i es . Hence
i t i s i mpor t ant t hat adequat e par ki ng be pr o-
vi ded near t he comput at i on
cent er t o accommo-
dat e bot h i t s own st af f and t hese
vi si t or s .
Access t o t he comput er f aci l i t i es
must al so
be pr ovi ded f or t he comput i ng
machi ner y and
f or t he suppl i es t hat wi l l be needed
i n i t s oper a-
t i on .
The f unct i ons of a comput at i on cent er
may
be di f f er ent at di f f er ent i nst i t ut i ons, and must
be consi der ed i n pl anni ng i t s l ocat i on and
space r equi r ement s .
Asmal l cent er wi t h mor e l i mi t ed
obj ect i ves
mayr equi r e a r el at i vel y smal l amount of
space
at f i r st . However , exper i ence has of t en i ndi -
cat ed t hat af t er a smal l comput er has i nt r o-
duced r esear ch wor ker s i n many ar eas on t he
campus t o t he pot ent i al i t i es of comput er use,
a l ar ger cent er i s not onl y desi r ed but j ust i f i ed.
Wi se pl anni ng must t ake t hi s i nt o account .
Fur t her mor e, exper i ence bot h on uni ver si t y
campuses and i n i ndust r i al or gani zat i ons sug-
gest s t hat a si ngl e comput er of gr eat
capabi l i t y
i s pr ef er abl e t o a col l ect i on
of sever al much
sl ower machi nes, si nce bot h
t he machi ne cost
and pr ogr ami ng cost per uni t of
comput i ng
ar e cheaper on t he si ngl e
l ar ge machi ne t han
on sever al mi nor machi nes . I t i s
assumed t hat
t he l ar ge machi ne i s sat i sf act or y t o al l
par t i es
concer ned, i s capabl e
of handl i ng t he com-
bi ned wor kl oad, and i s not
i dl e much of t he
t i me. The t enf ol d i ncr ease
i n cost r equi r ed f or
a f ast machi ne
maypossi bl y pr ovi de a hundr ed-
f ol d i ncr ease i n capabi l i t y, t her eby
r educi ng
t he cost per uni t of comput i ng by
a f act or of
t en. Thi s i s a r eal
savi ng i f t he f ast machi ne
i s used t o capaci t y, but
not i f i t i s used onl y
10 per cent of t he t i me
.
Per haps even mor e ser i ous t han t he di r ect
dol l ar cost i s t he f r agment at i on of knowl edge
t hat t akes pl ace when each smal l
comput er
has i t s own st af f , communi cat i ng poor l y,
i f
at al l , wi t h si mi l ar gr oups on t he same campus .
Despi t e t hi s, gr oups f r ust r at ed by i nconveni ent
or
i nadequat e access pr ess st r ongl y and some-
t i mes
successf ul l y f or t hei r own i nst al l at i on.
Asepar at e pr obl emher e i s t he need f or ana-
l ogue
or di gi t al equi pment t i ed di r ect l y ( i . e .
" on l i ne" ) t o
a
r eal t i me
exper i ment , such as
a r eact or , j et engi ne t est st and, or a human
bei ng
under
some
f or m of medi cal obser -
vat i on or t r eat ment
. Techni ques f or i nt er -
r upt i ng l ar ge- scal e pr obl ems f or br i ef uses of
t he comput er ar e under ver y act i ve devel op-
ment ,
but i t i s di f f i cul t at t hi s t i me t o pr edi ct
whet her addi t i onal machi nes of about t he
pr esent si ze wi l l be i nst al l ed or whet her even
l ar ger machi nes wi l l be shar ed by many user s,
per haps wi t h t he ai d of of f - si t e i nput and out -
put devi ces .
Publ i c Vi ewi ng and Br i ef i ng
The mai n comput er r oomi t sel f i s
an i mpor t ant
showpl ace. Good publ i c
r el at i ons r equi r e t hat
i t be l ocat ed wher e vi si t or s can
easi l y see i t
f r om a cor r i dor or vi ewi ng r oom
t hr ough a
gl ass wal l . Ot her wi se, t her e wi l l be
cr owdi ng
t hat i nt er f er es wi t h t he wor k. A
cl assr oom,
br i ef i ng r oom, or audi t or i um,
equi pped wi t h
adequat e chal kboar d
i n f r ont , shoul d be pl aced
near t he vi ewi ng ar ea.
Thi s r oomcan be used
bot h f or br i ef i ng gr oups who may
come t o see
t he comput er and
f or r egul ar i nst r uct i on i n
comput er sci ence, ei t her
i n shor t cour ses,
i nst i t ut es, or r egul ar
uni ver si t y cour ses .
Fi g. 1

Pl an of comput at i on cent er , Uni ver si t y of Texas.
Educat i onal
Comput at i on Cent er s
Comput er Space
The mai n comput er r oom
i s t he hear t of a com-
put i ng cent er . I t must be accessi bl e t o t he com-
put er st af f who oper at e t he machi nes and t o
t he mai nt enance
engi neer s
who r epai r t he
machi nes and keep t hemi n r unni ng or der , as
wel l as bei ng st r at egi cal l y l ocat ed f or publ i c
vi ewi ng ( Fi gs. 1 and 2) . I t must al so be ac-
cessi bl e t o appr opr i at e st or age spaces and t o
t he power suppl y. Ef f i ci ent oper at i on r equi r es
t hat t he i ndi vi dual machi ne uni t s i n t he mai n
comput i ng r oom be so pl aced t hat t hey ar e
easi l y accessi bl e f or qui ck r epai r i n emer gency,
as wel l as bei ng conveni ent l y l ocat ed f or t he
oper at or s and t he publ i c . I f t he di st ance f r om
t he back of t he comput er uni t s t o t he wal l s
wer e made 18 i n. gr eat er t han t he di st ance
needed t o open t he cabi net door s and car r y
out r epai r s, t hi s wal l space coul d be used f or
st or age t hat woul d be accessi bl e except dur i ng
mai nt enance. ( However , f i r e r egul at i ons de-
mand t hat onl y t he absol ut e mi ni mumof r ec-
or ds r equi r ed f or ef f i ci ent oper at i on shal l be
kept i n t he comput er r oom i t sel f . ) An upper
l i mi t t o t he di st ances bet ween comput er uni t s
may be set i n some i nst al l at i ons by t he avai l -
abl e l engt hs of i nf or mat i on cabl e.
The machi nes i n t he mai n comput er r oom
need pr oper suppor t , cabl e connect i ons, and
ai r condi t i oni ng. I n t he mai n machi ne r ooms
f or most of t he l ar ger comput er s, t he under -
l yi ng f i xed f l oor i s bui l t about 18 i n. l ower
t han t he f l oor s i n adj acent pr epar at i on r ooms
or cor r i dor s, and i t i s cover ed by a st r ong
el evat ed f l oor beneat h whi ch cabl e connect i ons
can be i nst al l ed wi t hout obst r uct i ng t he pas-
sageways ( Fi g . 3) .
The
panel s maybe cover ed
wi t h car pet i ng or ot her t ypes of f l oor i ng
mat er i al s, but i t i s i mpor t ant t hat t he f l oor be
kept f r ee f r omdust , l i nt , and st at i c el ect r i ci t y .
I n bui l di ngs wi t hout a r ecessed subf l oor ,
such as t hose r emodel ed f or comput er use,
r amps shoul d be used t o connect t he el evat ed
f l oor wi t h f l oor ar eas at a di f f er ent l evel i n
or der t o per mi t car t s wi t h t ape or punch car ds,
or ot her equi pment , t o be r ol l ed i n.
Auxi l i ar ycar d- punch machi nes, t ape pr epar a-
t i on uni t s, and pr i nt er s maybe i ncl uded wi t hi n
t he vapor seal encl osi ng t he mai n comput er
uni t s, but t hey shoul d pr obabl y be separ at ed
f r omt he mai n r oomby gl ass panel s t o r educe
t he noi se l evel and di r t . Acoust i c t r eat ment
of t he cei l i ngs i s i mpor t ant f or noi se r educt i on.
Adequat e and wel l - di f f used l i ght i ng shoul d
al so be i nst al l ed i n t he cei l i ngs of t he com-
put er ar eas.
Some i nf or mat i on st or age medi a, such as
punched Hol l er i t h car ds, punched t ape, or
magnet i c t ape, ar e needed f or cur r ent use and
shoul d be r eadi l y accessi bl e; a f i r epr oof st or -
age cl oset f or such i t ems shoul d be adj acent
t o t hecomput er r oom. Magnet i c t apes ar e com-
monl y st or ed i n f l at , cyl i ndr i cal cans, pl aced
on r acks so t hat t hei r ci r cul ar bases ar e i n a
ver t i cal pl ane. Met al f i l e cabi net s wi t h dr awer s
desi gned f or st andar d punched car ds ar e al so
commer ci al l y avai l abl e.
Mai nt enance
and Mechani cal Ar eas,
Power , and Ai r Condi t i oni ng
Adequat e space shoul d be pr ovi ded near t he
mai n equi pment
r oomf or t he use of mai nt e-
nanceengi neer s, whet her t hey be l ocal per son-
nel or
r epr esent at i ves of t he equi pment manu-
f act ur er on
cont r act t o r epai r t he machi nes .
Undueeconomyi n t he space avai l abl e t o mai n-
t enance engi neer s maybe no economy at al l i n
t he l ong r un, si nce t i me wast ed i n r epai r i ng a
f ast comput er maybe wor t h sever al dol l ar s a
mi nut e.
Spaces f or auxi l i ar y mechani cal equi pment
f or t he comput er , i ncl udi ng t he power suppl y
and ai r condi t i oni ng, must be pr ovi ded cl ose
t o t he mai n comput er r oom. Ther e ar e some ad-
vant ages i n havi ng t hi s ar ea adj acent t o t he
wor ki ng ar eas f or mai nt enance per sonnel .
Pr epar at i on Ar eas
For pr ogr ammi ng t her e shoul d be a pr epar at i on
r oom, or " r eady r oom, " near t he auxi l i ar y ma-
chi ne r oom, wher e pr ogr ammer s may put t hei r
pr ogr ams on t ape or car ds t hat t he comput er
can r ead, and wher e t hey maycheck t hei r pr o-
gr ams f or er r or s . Ar eady r oot " shoul d be
equi pped wi t h wor k t abl es anddesk cal cul at or s
i n addi t i on
t o t he
auxi l i ar y punch uni t s t hat
maybe needed f or pr epar i ng
pr ogr ams t o be
r ead by t he comput er .
For ef f i ci ent oper at i on,
many peopl e who do
not have per manent of f i ces i n t he
comput er
ar ea need t empor ar y wor k space
t her e.
Ar ecept i on desk or count er may be
pr ovi ded
i n or near t he r eady r oomt o accept and check
i n pr ogr ams t o be r un on t he
machi ne, r ecor d
compl et ed wor k, and r et ur n i t t o
an
appr o-
pr i at e cubbyhol e i n a l ar ge r ack, wher e i t may
be pi cked up by t he per son who submi t t ed
i t .
Of f i ces, Conf er ence Rooms, Li br ar y,
and Lounge
Spaces r equi r ed by t he comput er per sonnel ,
i n addi t i on t o t he pr epar at i on ar eas j ust
descr i bed, i ncl ude of f i ces, conf er ence r ooms,
l i br ar y, and l ounge or r ef r eshment cor ner
.
Conf er ence r ooms ar e needed
i n whi ch sever al
per sons, i ncl udi ng t he pr oposer of t he pr ob-
l em, may get t oget her t o di scuss possi bl e
met hods of at t ack f or i t s sol ut i on
. Pr i vat e
of f i ces ar e needed wher e peopl e wor ki ng
on
pr obl ems can concent r at e wi t hout i nt er r up-
t i on on t he compl i cat ed ser i es
of st eps neces-
sar y t o pr ogr ama
pr obl em.
Ar ef er ence l i br ar y shoul d be
r eadi l y avai l -
abl e t o comput er per sonnel .
Thi s l i br ar y shoul d
i ncl ude not onl y a col l ect i on
or " l i br ar y" of sub-
r out i nes andot her pr ogr ams t hat maybe
st or ed
on
t ape
or punched
car ds
but al so at l east a
mi ni mal col l ect i on of t echni cal books and
j our nal s r el at i ng t o comput i ng
and numer i cal
Fi g. 2

Pl an of comput at i on
cent er , St anf or d Uni ver si t y.
anal ysi s .
Al ar ger depar t ment al col l ect i on i n
a separ at e
r oom, i ncl udi ng dupl i cat es of some
per t i nent mat hemat i cs books, may be
j ust i f i ed
i f t he
comput i ng cent er cannot shar e a
l i br ar y
wi t h
mat hemat i cs or st at i st i cs and i s not
near
t he
mai n l i br ar y.
Of f i ces f or comput er per sonnel
shoul d i n-
cl ude
t he same essent i al s as f or
mat hemat i cs
pr of essor s, namel y, a desk,
chai r s, book-
shel vi ng, t el ephone, and adequat e
chal kboar d
on at l east one wal l . However , t he
comput er
speci al i st may have mor e
need t han t he pur e
mat hemat i ci an f or el ect r i cal
equi pment such
as desk cal cul at or or a t ape
punch. These r e-
qui r e el ect r i cal out l et s
and ei t her a t abl e or
wr i t i ng shel f on whi ch t o
wor k .
Regul ar st af f member s of a
comput er cent er
shoul d not onl y have i ndi vi dual
of f i ces wher e
t hey can wor k wi t hout
di st r act i on but al so a
st af f l ounge wher e t hey can get
t oget her t o
exchange i deas
and char ge t hei r ment al bat -
t er i es . At t he
Uni ver si t y of Texas Comput at i on
Cent er ( Fi g.
1) , t en of f i ces of 180 squar e
f t each and
si x cubi cl es of 100 sq f t each ar e
pr ovi ded f or t he
use of st af f and
gr aduat e
st udent s, and
t her e i s a smal l l ounge
i n whi ch
cof f ee can be ser ved. Si nce
a comput er may be
i n oper at i on 24 hour s a day
and pr ogr ammi ng
act i vi t i es r equi r e l ong per i ods
of met i cul ous
wor k, a ki t chenet t e or at
l east a hot pl at e may
be needed t o r est or e t he
ener gy and ef f i ci ency
of t he st af f .
Recept i on, Admi ni st r at i on,
Dupl i cat i ng, and St or age
The admi ni st r at i ve space
f or t he comput i ng
cent er may cl osel y r esembl e
t he admi ni st r at i ve
space f or a mat hemat i cs
depar t ment . Not t o be
f or got t en ar e of f i ces f or
t he di r ect or and hi s
assi st ant , of f i ce
space f or r ecept i on and f or
secr et ar i es and
t ypi st s, and a wor kr oom
equi pped wi t h
dupl i cat i ng machi nes and pl ent y
of shel vi ng space
f or al l t he r epor t s and not es
t hat must be r epr oduced
. Of cour se, adequat e
space wi t h cont r ol l ed
t emper at ur e and
humi d-
i t y must be
pr ovi ded f or t he st or age of
punched
car ds . Cl ear l y, such
gener al f aci l i t i es as t oi l et s
must not be over l ooked
.
Acomput er
i nst al l at i on uses l ar ge quant i t i es
of mat er i al s,
such as punch car ds, paper t apes,
di t t o
paper , and paper f or a hi gh- speed
pr i nt er .
Sui t abl e
pr ovi si on must be made f or
r ecei vi ng
andst or i ng
t hese suppl i es . Pr i nt i ng by
machi ne
at sl ower
speeds di r ect l y on mul t i l i t h mast er s
per mi t s
t he r epr oduct i on of
comput er - pr o-
duced
i nf or mat i on wi t hout t he er r or s
ar i si ng
f r om
human i nt er vent i on. Suppl i es
f or such
wor k
wi l l r equi r e st or age.
Fi r e
Pr ot ect i on and Emer genci es
To pr event damage t o t he comput er
by f i r e or
wat er hazar ds ar i si ng out si de t he
comput er
r oom i t sel f , t he equi pment
shoul d be housed
i n a f i r e- r esi st i ve bui l di ng and
shoul d be pr o-
t ect ed by f i r e door s f r om t he
r est of t he
bui l di ng ; t he f l oor i ng shoul d
be of noncom-
bust i bl e const r uct i on, and t he
r oof or f l oor
above
t he comput er r oomshoul d be
a wat er -
t i ght sl ab t o whi ch t he wal l s
ar e seal ed .
Wat er pr oof ed wal l s and pr oper
dr ai nage may
be needed t o pr event wat er damage
i n a base-
ment i nst al l at i on. Local f i r e
pr ot ect i on f or cer -
t ai n key comput er uni t s may be
pr ovi ded by
appr oved aut omat i c car bon
di oxi de f i r e
ext i ngui sher s r at her t han by
wat er spr i nkl er s .
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Comput at i on Cent er s
Educat i onal
Comput at i on Cent er s ; Communi cat i ons Cent er s
Fi g. 3

El evat ed f l oor f or a comput at i on cent er .
Car ds, di sks, and dr ums shoul d be kept i n
wat er pr oof , noncombust i bl e met al cabi net s
wi t h cont r ol l ed t emper at ur e and humi di t y i f
r equi r ed . Those not i n cur r ent use shoul d be
st or ed i n a separ at e r oomcl ose t o t he com-
put er r oom. Magnet i c t ape i t sel f i s hi ghl y f l am-
mabl e. Dupl i cat e copi es of pr ogr ams and r ec-
or ds mi ght be st or ed i n a r emot e pl ace as
i nsur ance agai nst t hei r t ot al l oss by a f i r e i n
t he comput er cent er . Adequat e cont r ol s
shoul d
pr event t he duct s of t he comput er ai r - condi -
t i oni ng syst emf r omci r cul at i ng smoke and f i r e
i n case of emer gency; i t i s best t o
have t he
comput er ai r duct s i ndependent of t heot her ai r
duct s i n t hebui l di ng. Al l of f i ce f ur ni t ur e i n t he
comput er r oomshoul d be met al .
Hazar ds ot her t han f i r e and wat er
t hat may
need t o be consi der ed i n pl anni ng
and mai n-
t ai ni ng a comput er
i nst al l at i on ar e t hose f r om
r adi at i on, magnet i c f i el ds, st at i c el ect r i ci t y,
dust , i nsect s, or r odent s. To pr ot ect st or ed
r ol l s of magnet i c t ape f r oml oss of i nf or mat i on
due t o l ocal magnet i c di st ur bances, i t i s best
t o pl ace t hei r cont ai ner s on edge i n a mag-
net i cal l y pr ot ect ed st or age pl ace. To mi ni mi ze
t he ef f ect s of dust and st at i c el ect r i ci t y, car -
pet s and dr apes shoul d be made of mat er i al s
f r ee f r oml i nt and st at i c ; t he use of dust cl ot hs
or dr ymops f or cl eani ng shoul d be avoi ded.
I f t he i ncomi ng power suppl y f or t he com-
put er i s subj ect t o occasi onal i nt er r upt i ons,
a secondar y sour ce of power may be needed
t o pr ovi de cont i nui t y of oper at i ons . Fai l ur e
of t he ai r - condi t i oni ng syst emmay, al so cause
t he
comput er t o shut down wi t hi n a shor t t i me,
so t her e shoul d be a war ni ng al ar mt hat wi l l
i mmedi at el y cal l at t ent i on t o such a f ai l ur e.
COMMUNI CATI ONS CENTERS
Anew bui l di ng
t ype r esul t i ng f r om new
t hi nki ng and
pr act i ce i s t he communi cat i ons
cent er . The emphasi s of
t hi s t ype
of
f aci l i t y i s
on l ar ge- gr oup i nst r uct i on and on
t he medi a t o
suppor t i t . For
t hi s r eason, i t i s becomi ng a
col l ege bui l di ng, cent r al l y
l ocat ed on t he
campus
t o accommodat e many hundr eds of
st udent s i n
l ar ge gr oups t hr oughout t he day.
I t may al so be par t of an educat i onal par k
wi t h
i t s f aci l i t i es avai l abl e t o al l school
gr oups i n
t he ar ea. ( See Fi g
.
1
. )
The phi l osophy behi nd t he
communi cat i ons
cent er i s a si mpl e one
. I f t he i nst i t ut i on f eel s
t hat l ar ge- gr oup i nst r uct i on
f i t s i t s needs f or
economi cal but ef f ect i ve i nst r uct i on
( as many
col l eges do bel i eve) , i t makes
sense t o put
t hese expensi ve " suppor t i ng" f unct i ons t o-
get her . The communi cat i ons cent er
can
economi cal l y pr ovi de:
" Shar ed pr oj ect i on ar eas, al l owi ng
expen-
si ve equi pment t o be kept t oget her i n one r oom.
Thi s not onl y
ensur es bet t er car e of t he equi p-
ment , but t hr ough
consol i dat i on, ut i l i zat i on
r at es cango up.
" Speci al and expensi ve l i ght i ng and me-
chani cal syst ems
.
I t i s cheaper and l ess cum-
ber some, f or
i nst ance, t o ai r - condi t i on one
whol ebui l di ng
r at her t hen l i t t l e pi eces of many
bui l di ngs .
Educat i onal Faci l i t i es wi t h NewMedi a, De-
par t ment of Audi ovi sual I nst r uct i on. Nat i onal
Educat i on Associ at i on i n col l abor at i on wi t h
t he Cent er f or Ar chi t ect ur al Resear ch, Rens-
sel aer Pol yt echni c I nst i t ut e.
" Speci al and expensi ve el ect r i cal i nst al l a-
t i ons.
"
Accommodat i on f or wei r d r oom shapes ;
pl aci ng one pi e- shaped l ect ur e r oom i n many
separ at e bui l di ngs cr eat es wast e space and
odd conf i gur at i ons . Put t i ng many such r ooms
t oget her i n one bui l di ng al l ows t he good de-
si gner t o cut down i f not el i mi nat e t hese
wast ed spaces . ( See Fi g. 2. )
" Cent r al i zat i on of pr oduct i on f aci l i t i es .
Si nce
many
of t he i t ems pr oduced wi l l be used
i n t he l ar ge- gr oup l ect ur es, i t makes sense t o
consol i dat e al l pr oduct i on and " suppor t "
act i vi t i es i n t he bui l di ng ( Fi g. 2) .
" Acent r al " f ocal " poi nt f or f acul t y t r ai ni ng
i n ef f ect i vel y usi ng pr esent at i on and ot her
i nst r uct i onal medi a.
The
communi cat i ons cent er does not be-
come t he pr oper t y of any one di sci pl i ne or
depar t ment on
campus ; i t s use wi l l be en-
cour aged f or al l
depar t ment s needi ng i t . I t wi l l
occupy a f ocal
poi nt on t he campus, pr obabl y
at t he cr ossr oads
of
maj or ci r cul at i onpat hs.
The t ypes of f aci l i t i es t he communi cat i ons
cent er mayi ncl udecover t hosei n manyar eas.
( See Fi g.
3. )
" Lobby and Ci r cul at i on
I ncl ude di spl ay, exhi bi t i on, r ecept i on,
ki t chen ar eas
Gener ous t o accommodat e many l ar ge
gr oups i n t he bui l di ng
" I nst r uct i onal Spaces
Lect ur e hal l s ( capaci t y det er mi ned by
l ocal pr ogr ammi ng)
St or age and pr epar at i on ar eas
Semi nar and smal l - gr oup r ooms
Fi g. 2

Communi cat i ons
l ect ur e hal l cent er ,
St at e Uni ver si t y of New
Yor k, Oswego, N. Y. Ski dmor e
Owi ngs
8 Mer r i l l , Ar chi t ect s
.
" Fi l mand TVPr oduct i on
TVand f i l m st udi os
Cent r al engi neer i ng and
cont r ol
Dr essi ng and ant e ar eas
Equi pment st or age and wor k
r ooms
Pr op st or age and wor k
r ooms
St af f and f acul t y of f i ces
Fi l mpr ocessi ng and edi t i ng
Pr evi ewend conf er ence r ooms
" Gr aphi cs and Ai ds Pr oduct i on
Ar t and f i ni shi ng st udi os
Phot o and f i ni shi ng st udi os
St af f and pr evi ewar eas
" I nst r uct i onal Mat er i al s Di st r i but i on
St or age of mat er i al s and
equi pment
Check- out ar ea
Of f i ce,
r ecor ds, and wor k ar ea
" Admi ni st r at i on and Resear ch
Of f i ce and conf er ence
Li br ar y
Recor ds st or age
" Gener al Ser vi ces
Wor kshop ar eas
Shi ppi ng and
r ecei vi ng
Bui l di ng mai nt enance
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Communi cat i ons
Cent er s
Fi g. 1
Educat i onal
Communi cat i ons Cent er s ;
Regi onal Educat i on Cent er
Necessar y
wor k ar eas
Shi ppi ng
and r ecei vi ng
"
Pr oduct i on Ser vi ces
Regi onal of f i ce and conf er ence
Resear ch, t est i ng, and eval uat i on
Equi pment mock- up and r epai r
Radi o or i gi nat i on st udi os and suppor t
TV
or i gi nat i on and suppor t
Fi l mor i gi nat i on
and suppor t
Phot ogr aphi c and f i l m pr ocessi ng
Gr aphi cs cent er
Wr i t i ng
and edi t i ng publ i cat i ons ar eas
Publ i cat i ons
mock- up ar eas
Cent r al
r epr oduct i on f aci l i t y
Shi ppi ng and r ecei vi ng
" Cur r i cul um
Ser vi ces
Regi onal
of f i ce and conf er ence
Cur r i cul um
devel opment and pr oj ect
cent er
Resour ce r ooms f or t he var i ous di sci pl i nes
Spaces f or adj unct and consul t i ng st af f s
St udent t est i ng ar ea
Pupi l per sonnel ser vi ces st af f ar ea
I n- ser vi ce t r ai ni ng ar eas
Demonst r at i on cl assr ooms
Exhi bi t ar eas
" Admi ni st r at i ve
Ser vi ces
Legal advi sor y
of f i ce
Fi nanci al
pl anni ng,
audi t ,
and cont r ol
of f i ce
Tr anspor t at i on, mai nt enance, et c .
of f i ces
Cent r al per sonnel i nt er vi ewi ng
andr ecor ds
cent er
" Suppor t i ng Ser vi ces
Lobby and cent r al exhi bi t i on spaces
Lar ge- gr oup ar ea
Conf er ence
and assembl y ar eas
Caf et er i a and ki t chen
Cent r al r ecei vi ng and st or age
Cent r al wor kshop
Mai nt enance, t oi l et , ser vi ces, et c .
Many of t hese f aci l i t y t ypes have al r eady
been di scussed el sewher e . The desi gn of t he
r egi onal cent er wi l l necessar i l y become a pr o-
cess of " put t i ng t hemt oget her " wi t h t he neces-
sar y of f i ces, conf er ence ar eas, ci r cul at i on, and
ot her " suppor t " ar eas .
Fi gur es 1 and 2 showt he ki nds
of
space
r el at i onshi ps
t hat mi ght exi st i n a r egi onal
cent er under t aki ng a br oad r ange of pr ogr ams
and ser vi ces
.
Regi onal Educat i on Labor at or i es
Whi l e t he r egi onal suppl ement ar y cent er can
per f or m ser vi ces
and conduct
l ocal i zed r e-
sear ch f or i t s member s, t her e
i s st i l l
a need
f or
educat i onal
r esear ch on t he
l ar ger scal e. Thi s
l ar ger - scal e r esear ch has been gr owi ng st eadi l y
i n t hi s post - Sput ni k er a, but much r emai ns t o
be done
.
Mor eover ,
over al l
coor di nat i on of
pr oj ect s
and wi despr ead r epor t i ng of
f i ndi ngs
ar e needed i f t he r esear ch i s t o become an ef -
f ect i ve par t of cont empor ar y educat i on.
These concer ns st and behi nd t he cr eat i on
of
t he r egi onal educat i on l abor at or y
.
The l abor a-
t or y st eps i n t o under t ake t he r esear ch and
f i l l t he gaps al ways pr esent bet ween pr oj ect s
and di ssemi nat i on of r esul t s .
So f ar , at t empt s at t hese r egi onal r esear ch
and devel opment cent er s have been spor adi c ;
some hi ghl y successf ul ones have been set up
i n l ar ge uni ver si t i es t o at t ack speci f i c educa-
t i onal pr obl ems, but t he educat i onal l abor at or y
concept has yet
t o be adopt ed
on any scal e.
Ti t l e I V of t he El ement ar y and Secondar y Edu-
cat i on Act of 1965 cal l s f or ai d t o suppor t and
mai nt ai n t hese ki nds
of
cent er s, t hough, and
gr owt h i n t hi s di r ect i on i s bound t o r esul t .
Whi l e t hese l abor at or i es wi l l t ake on di f f er -
ent t asks, t hey wi l l have some si mi l ar goal s i n
mi nd, such as t he f ol l owi ng :
Fi g. 3
Communi cat i ons l ect ur e hal l cent er , St at e Uni ver si t y of NowYor k, Oneont a, N. Y. Tool e &
Anger ame,
Ar chi t ect s.
REGI ONAL EDUCATI ONCENTER( SUPPLEMEN-
TARY)
Thi s concept i s not new. Ther e
ar e al r eady
many at t empt s t o pr ovi de r egi onal pr ogr ams,
r esour ces,
and ser vi ces ; some ar e l i t t l e mor e
t han count r y f i l m l i br ar i es whi l e ot her s ( l i ke
Tor ont o' s
Educat i on Cent r e) pr ovi de a whol e
var i et y
of ser vi ces, cl asses, mat er i al s, and
publ i cat i ons . Ti t l e I I I
money wi l l begi n t o f i l l i n
t he gaps i n our f r agment ed ef f or t s so f ar ,
and
t he f ut ur e poi nt s t owar d
mor e " compr ehen-
si ve" suppl ement ar y cent er s .
Despi t e t he const ant use of t he t er m" cent er , "
t hese r egi onal act i vi t i es may not be accom-
pl i shed i n a cent r al f aci l i t y at al l . The best pos-
si bi l i t i es f or coor di nat i on and cr oss- f er t i l i za-
t i on exi st i n t he cent r al f aci l i t y, but economi cs
may pr ecl ude t hi s . Many of t he pr ogr ams and
wi t h New Medi a,
Depar t ment of Audi ovi sual I nst r uct i on,
Na-
t i onal Educat i on
Associ at i on mcol l abor at i on
wi t h t he Cent er f or
Ar chi t ect ur al Resear ch,
Renssel aer Pol yt echni c I nst i t ut e.
ser vi ces can be accompl i shed i n out l yi ng or
adj acent bui l di ngs ; most " cent er s" wi l l pr oba-
bl y be a combi nat i on of a cent r al bui l di ng wi t h
many of t hese scat t er ed adj unct bui l di ngs
housi ng var i ous par t s of t he ef f or t .
The t ypes of spaces t hat mi ght be i ncl uded i n
t he suppl ement ar y cent er ar e many, i n-
cl udi ng
" Regi onal Admi ni st r at i on
Admi ni st r at i ve of f i ce andconf er ence ar eas
Cl er i cal st af f ar eas
Regi onal r esear ch and conf er ence ar eas
Cent r al r ecor ds and st or age ar eas
Dat a pr ocessi ng cent er
" Pr ogr amCoor di nat i on
Admi ni st r at i ve and st af f ar eas
Faci l i t i es f or t he pr ogr ams t hemsel ves
" Resour ce Ser vi ces
Regi onal of f i ce and conf er ence
Pr of essi onal r esour ce l i br ar y
Sear ch and bi bl i ogr aphi c wor k ar ea
Cent r al exami nat i on ar ea f or books, r e-
sour ces, and equi pment
Cent r al or der i ng and pr ocessi ng
Cent r al col l ect i on of mat er i al s f or ar ea
bor r owi ng
Fi g. 2
" To
car r y on a concent r at ed and
coor di nat -
ed pr ogr am
of educat i onal r esear ch
act i vi t i es .
These act i vi t i es
wi l l most l i kel y be accom-
pl i shed by emi nent l y
qual i f i ed per sons and
wi l l have wi despr ead r at her t han
l i mi t ed appl i -
cat i on and
use.
" To devel op
newcur r i cul um uni t s, wi t h
speci al at t ent i on t o
ways of suppor t i ng t hem.
Thi s wi l l
make medi a r esear ch, t est i ng, and
eval uat i on
an i mpor t ant par t of t he l abor at or y' s
pr ogr am
.
" To t est , eval uat e, and di ssemi nat e
i nnova-
t i ons
on a br oad scal e.
"
To
pr ovi de di r ect i on and t o encour age
i n-
novat i on i n ot her quar t er s .
"
To
suppl ement and coor di nat e
r esear ch
t hr oughout
t he r egi on.
" To pr ovi de a
t r ai ni ng gr ound f or - educa-
t i onal r esear ch per sonnel .
I n or der t o achi eve t hese goal s,
t he var i ous
r egi onal educat i on l abor at or i es
wi l l have a
number of common char act er i st i cs,
" Pr oj ect s maybe under t aken " i n- house"
or
i n col l abor at i on wi t h ot her
educat i onal and
communi t y gr oups .
" St af f i ng wi l l i ncl ude at l east a
cor ps of
admi ni st r at or s t o coor di nat e
act i vi t i es, a pr o-
f essi onal eval uat i on st af f , and a
pr of essi onal
di ssemi nat i on uni t . Act ual pr oj ect
r esear ch
maybe car r i ed on by ot her st af f
member s, i n-
t er i m st af f , consul t ant s, or a combi nat i on
of
t hese.
" The l abor at or y wi l l r emai n f l exi bl e. I t
wi l l
adapt t o t he si t uat i on as necessar y, changi ng
i t s own char act er as i t under t akes di f f er ent
ki nds of pr oj ect s i n di f f er ent
f i el ds .
The r egi ons cover ed by t hese
l abor at or i es
wi l l be necessar i l y l ar ge; some nowenvi si on
per haps a dozenl ar ge cent er s ar ound
t he coun-
t r y. Smal l er , mor e speci al i zed
uni t s i n col l eges
and uni ver si t i es
may suppl ement t he l abor a-
t or i es or
ext end t hei r wor k i nt o speci f i c ar eas.
I mpl i cat i ons f or
f aci l i t i es, t hen, ar e not con-
cr et e. Most
l abor at or i es wi l l r equi r e a var i et y
of spaces, some of
whi ch maybe " ekedout " of
l ocal col l ege bui l di ngs
or t hose of ot her co-
oper at i ng gr oups .
Whi l e many of t he l abor a-
t or y' s act i vi t i es may be
scat t er ed ar ound t he
r egi on i t ser ves, i t i s r easonabl e
t o bel i eve t hat
t her e wi l l be at
l east a cent r al admi ni st r at i ve
f aci l i t y and st af f
. Ki nds of f aci l i t i es may i n-
cl ude
" Admi ni st r at i ve and Pr oj ect
Cent r al admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces
Conf er ence ar eas
Fi g. 1
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Regi onal
Educat i on Cent er
Smal l pr oj ect of f i ces cl osel y t i ed t o cen-
t r al medi a and i nf or mat i on compl exes
" Cent r al I nf or mat i on Compl ex
War ehouse of r esour ces, r epor t s, dat a
f i l es, et c.
May
i ncl ude i nf or mat i on r et r i eval and
st or age
Ent i r e compl ex
r eadi l y accessi bl e t o al l
i n t he cent er and wi r ed t o adj unct uni t s
of t he
l abor at or y
" Cent r al Medi a
Compl ex
Pr oduct i on and or i gi nat i on f aci l i t i es as
r equi r ed
Wor k ar eas f or
t est i ng and mocki ngup
medi a uni t s
Accessi bl e t o al l
f unct i ons i n t he l abor a-
t or y
Can be used f or
medi a r esear ch and sup-
por t f or ot her
r esear ch
" Eval uat i on and Pr ocessi ng
Of f i ce and conf er ence ar ea
f or t he eval ua-
t i on t eam
Educat i onal
Regi onal
Educat i on Cent er ; Resour ce
Faci l i t i es
Dat a pr ocessi ng cent er ser vi ng al l uni t s
of t he
l abor at or y
" Demonst r at i on and Mock- up
Ar ea
f or mocki ngup di f f er ent f aci l i t y
t ypes
Lar ge open
space t hat can be ar r anged i n
many ways
Cent r al l ocat i on
f or access by st af f , st u-
dent s, vi si t or s
Pr ovi si on
f or vi si t or s and vi ewi ng
" Di ssemi nat i on
Ar ea
Of f i ce ar ea
f or pr of essi onal di ssemi nat i on
st af f
Publ i cat i ons edi t i ng and
mock- up ar eas
Pr i nt i ng and f i ni shi ng
ar eas
Shi ppi ng and r ecei vi ng
" Ser vi ce and Wor kshop
Lar ge
wor kshop t o ser ve f or al l " car pen-
t r y" act i vi t i es i n
t he l abor at or y
Convent i onal bui l di ng ser vi ce
spaces
RESOURCE
FACI LI TI ES ( LI BRARY)
No ot her educat i onal f aci l i t y i s r ecei vi ng mor e
at t ent i on t oday t han t he l i br ar y and i t s des-
cendant , t he r esour ces cent er . Ther e ar e many
concept s and phi l osophi es f or t he newf or mof
t he l i br ar y,
and as i s appr opr i at e i n a t i me of
change and
i nnovat i on, t he f or mof t he l i br ar y
i s
cer t ai nl y not set. One f act i s cer t ai n ; t he l i -
br ar y ( i t
wi l l be cal l ed t he r esour ces cent er
f r om her e
on) i s mor e t han a r eposi t or y
f or
books and pr i nt ed
mat er i al s avai l abl e f or
checkout or f or use by st udent s
at l ong, dr ab
t abl es wi t h st i f f chai r s
.
The
f unct i onal char ac-
t er i st i cs of t he
l i br ar y ar e st i l l pr esent - t he
acqui r i ng, cat al ogi ng,
i ndexi ng, st or i ng, r e-
t r i evi ng, use, and r est or i ng of
i nf or mat i on, but
t he i nf or mat i on has t aken
on many newf or ms.
I t i s i n t he f or m of books,
per i odi cal s, and
st andar d r ef er ences, but al so f i l ms
and sl i des,
audi o t apes and pr ogr ams,
vi deot apes and ki n-
escopes, f i l m st r i ps and
mi ni at ur i zed equi p-
ment . The pr obl em i s howt o
handl e t hese
var i ous t ypes of
r esour ces l ogi st i cal l y and st i l l
have t hemr eadi l y avai l abl e
f or st udent use as
r equi r ed
by t heeducat i onal phi l osophy of t he
i nst i t ut i on. ( See Fi gs . 1 and 2. )
I t i s
cer t ai nl yt he educat i onal phi l osophy and
t he way i t i s t r ansl at ed by f acul t y and st af f
t hat
di ct at e howa r esour ces cent er i s used
. I t
may
be si mpl y a mor e compl ex l i br ar y- a pl ace
wher e st udent s come and check out mat er i al s
as
r equi r ed t o compl et e assi gnment s. I t may
al so be
t he whol e f ocus of t he educat i onal pr o-
gr amf or t he
i nst i t ut i on- a pl ace wher e a st u-
dent comes and
l ear ns i ndependent l y, and a
pl ace f r omwhi ch
i nf or mat i on i s del i ver ed t o
st udent s t hr oughout t he ent i r e school pl ant
wor ki ng i n anumber of di f f er ent l ear ni ng si t ua-
t i ons. Mor e and mor e, t he
r esour ces cent er i s
becomi ng t he f ocal
poi nt , phi l osophi cal l y and
physi cal l y, f or many
newschool pl ant s . What -
ever t he phi l osophy,
i t must be spel l ed out i n
t er msof
educat i onal obj ect i ves bef or e anyar chi -
t ect ur al
pl anni ng can begi n.
Ar esour ces cent er may
f unct i on as par t of
t he
syst emof educat i onwi t hi n aschool pl ant i n
a number of di f f er ent ways . Fi gur e 3 i ndi cat es
a " l i t t l e school " or
" school - wi t hi n- a- school "
concept
i n whi ch each subdi vi si on cont ai ns a
wi t h NewMedi a, De-
par t ment of Audi ovi sual
I nst r uct i on, Nat i onal
Educat i onAssoci at i on
i n col l abor at i on wi t h t he
Cent er f or Ar chi t ect ur al
Resear ch, Renssel aer
Pol yt echni c I nst i t ut e .
Fi g. 2
r esour ces cent er , ei t her di sci pl i ne- or i ent ed
or
gener al i n cont ent . I n such an i nst i t ut i on, t he
r esour ces
cent er wi l l cont ai n i ndependent
st udy f aci l i t i es and semi nar and pr oj ect
r ooms,
as
wel l as t he r esour ces t hemsel ves . These
r esour ces cent er s may be i nt er connect ed
f or
cal l - up of mat er i al f r omany one of
t hem,
and
i n
t ur n, al l t he r esour ces cent er s may be con-
nect ed
wi t h
a
l ar ge, r egi onal el ect r oni c st or age
and r et r i eval f aci l i t y.
Fi gur e 4a i ndi cat es a si ngl e
r esour ces cen-
t er as t he f ocus of t he school
and ser vi ng t he
ent i r eschool .
Not onl y woul dst udent s come t o
Fi g. 3
Fi g. 5

Resour ces cent er .
Fi g. 4
t he r esour ces cent er t o use t he r esour ces,
but
audi o and vi deo mat er i al s woul d be
di st r i but ed
f r om t he cent er t o car r el s and i ndependent
st udy f aci l i t i es, cl assr ooms, semi nar r ooms,
and ot her ki nds of spaces t hr oughout
t he
school pl ant . I n t hi s case, a st udent does not
have t o come physi cal l y t o t he r esour ces cent er
t o par t ake of i t s r esour ces .
Fi gur e 4b mi ght i l l ust r at e a
l ar ge
educa-
t i onal
compl ex- a col l ege or uni ver si t y, an edu-
cat i onal par k, or a l ar ge, cent r al i zed school
pl ant
. Al ar ge cent r al r esour ces cent er ser ves
t he ent i r e compl ex
and, i n t ur n, a number of
subcent er s l ocat ed wi t hi n speci al i zed academi c
uni t s .
Her e r esour ces wi l l be di st r i but ed i n a
number of ways and
t he st udent wi l l have t he
choi ce of
ei t her usi ng hi s l ocal subcent er or
goi ng t o t he l ar ger
cent r al i zed f aci l i t y. I n t ur n,
t he cent r al uni t coul d dr aw
f r oml ar ge r egi onal
or nat i onal
i nf or mat i on cent er s .
I n Fi g. 4c a cent r al , el ect r oni cal l y based
st or age
and r et r i eval f aci l i t y ser ves a number
of school s wi t hi n a di st r i ct , and each school
cont ai ns a smal l r esour ce subcent er . I t shoul d
be
not ed t hat i n t hi s t ype of syst emal l mat er i al s
must be di st r i but ed el ect r oni cal l y or physi cal l y
f r om
t he cent r al f aci l i t y t o t he school s f or st u-
dent use.
I n pr ogr ammi ng and pl anni ng r esour ce f aci l i -
t i es, t he f ol l owi ng poi nt s may pr ove of assi s-
t ance:
1 . The r esour ces cent er i n school bui l di ngs
shoul d be consi der ed as a l ear ni ng f aci l i t y as
wel l as a pl ace t o
st or e and use mat er i al s . Thi s
means t hat t he spaces must be r eadi l y acces-
si bl e, i nvi t i ng i n char act er and envi r onment ,
wel l equi pped, humanel y admi ni st er ed, and an
i nt egr al par t of t he school pl ant .
2. I ndependent st udy and l ear ni ng f aci l i t i es
wi t hi n or associ at ed wi t h r esour ces cent er s ar e
mor e t han " el ect r oni c car r el s . " Acomf or t abl e
l ounge chai r , some car pet ed f l oor i ng, a seat at
a t abl e, t abl es wi t h l owdi vi der s, smal l separ at e
r ooms,
andwr i t i ng cubi cl es ar e al l i ndependent
st udy f aci l i t i es
and shoul d be r epr esent ed
al ong wi t h t he el ect r oni c
car r el . Ther e shoul d
not be a choi ce
of onl y " wet " or " dr y" car r el s,
but a mi xt ur e of
t hese and ot her accommoda-
t i ons f or i ndi vi dual st udent s
l ear ni ng wi t h r e-
sour ces .
3. Aconcer n
wi t h space ut i l i zat i on has l ed t o
some sol ut i ons f or i ndependent
st udy f aci l i t i es
i n r esour ces
cent er s t hat consi st of monot o-
nous
r owupon monot onous r owof car r el s
.
Such
pl anni ng seems t o compl et el y deny a ba-
si c phi l osophy of t he r esour ces
cent er - i ndi -
vi dual i zat i on.
4
.
I n
br i ngi ng a r esour ces cent er t o physi cal
r eal i t y, i t may f ol l owa var i et y of sol ut i ons-
cent r al i zed i n a si ngl e l ar ge space, decent r al -
i zed i n
smal l uni t s whi ch ar e di sper sed about ,
or a
combi nat i on of bot h. What ever t he pl an-
ni ng
scheme, t he r esour ces cent er wi l l
i ncl ude
a number
of common component s .
These
woul d
i ncl ude admi ni st r at i ve and wor k ar eas,
medi a st or age,
book and per i odi cal st or age,
sof t r eadi ng ar ea,
i ndependent st udy ar ea,
si mpl e pr oduct i on and r epr oduct i on
f aci l i t i es,
and
conf er ence, pr oj ect , and semi nar f aci l i t i es
.
5
. I n pl anni ng a r esour ces cent er , consi der s-
t i on shoul d be gi ven t o t he r api d
advances t hat
have
been made i n comput er - based l i br ar y
op-
er at i ons- pr ocessi ng acqui si t i ons, pr i nt i ng
out
bi bl i ogr aphi es and speci al l i st s,
handl i ng
checkout s and due and r eser ve not i ces, and
r equi si t i oni ng
mat er i al s . Cer t ai nl y t hi s t ype of
syst emshoul d be st udi ed wi t h t he i dea of
i ni -
t i al l y i ncor por at i ng compat i bl e component s
al l owi ng
expansi on of t he basi c syst emser vi ng
sever al cent er s and subcent er s .
6 .
El ect r oni cal l y based i nf or mat i on
st or age
and
r et r i eval syst ems wi l l cer t ai nl y be
a
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Resour ce Faci l i t i es
Fi g. 6
Educat i onal
Resour ce Faci l i t i es
pl anni ng f act or i n desi gni ng r esour ces cent er s.
Somecar r el s wi l l be " wi r ed i nt o" such syst ems
f or i nst ant access t o i nf or mat i on, and i n some
cases, t he r esour ces cent er s maybe par t of t he
" i nput " i nt o a r et r i eval syst em. The har dwar e
and economi es of such syst ems have not been
cl ear l y def i ned, and t hey ar e not uni ver sal l y
avai l abl e. However , pl anni ng must ant i ci pat e
t hei r event ual r ol e.
Resour ce Faci l i t y St udy- 1
Thi s r esour ces cent er combi nes many di f f er ent
t ypes of f aci l i t i es i nt o a si ngl e cent er . As such,
i t woul d f or mt he r esour ces f ocus f or a hi gh
school , mi ddl e school , and, wi t h modi f i cat i ons,
an el ement ar y school . I n addi t i on, i t has many
of t he char act er i st i cs appr opr i at e f or a r e-
sour ce subcent er f ound at many poi nt s i n a
l ar ge educat i onal compl ex.
Thecent r al ar ea consi st s of st or agef aci l i t i es
f or books, medi a,
i ndependent audi ovi sual
equi pment , and a var i et y
of f aci l i t i es f or i nde-
pendent st udy and l ear ni ngsof t r eadi ng ar -
eas, el ect r oni c
car r el s, r eadi ng and wr i t i ng
car r el s, r eadi ng t abl es and chai r s, et c. Sur -
r oundi ng t hi s cent er ar e anumber of si gni f i cant
suppl ement ar y f aci l i t i es . Smal l vi ewi ng r ooms
pr ovi de f or
i ndependent
and t eamwor k
usi ng
pr oj ect ed medi a. Typi ng or audi o r ooms
pr o-
vi de soundpr oof
cubi cl es
f or
i ndi vi dual use.
Semi nar r ooms,
pr oj ect ar eas, and conf er ence
f aci l i t i es al l pr ovi def or
t he use of var i ous
ki nds
of r esour ces
by smal l gr oups wor ki ngt oget her .
Nat ur al l y, st or age, wor kr ooms, and of f i ce
f aci l i t i es must be pr ovi ded, as wel l as r ef er ence
f i l es, i ndexes and a cont r ol cent er . Fi nal l y,
t he
t eacher s' pl anni ng, pr evi ew,
and si mpl e pr o-
duct i on f aci l i t y i s pr ovi ded as par t
of
t hi s par -
t i cul ar r esour ces cent er . ( See Fi g. 5. )
Thi s cent er woul dbe l ocat ed at t hehear t of a
school pl ant wi t h ot her
educat i onal f aci l i t i es
sur r oundi ng i t ,
al l easi l y accessi bl e.
Thi s r esour ces cent er woul d be appr opr i at e
as a subcent er i n " school s- wi t hi n- school s . "
I t can be ei t her a gener al r esour ces subcent er
or di sci pl i ne- or i ent ed, and pr ovi des f or l ong-
t er m, i ndependent st udent ut i l i zat i on.
Car r el s
f or audi o and vi deo
use, and r eadi ng and
wr i t i ng, ar e pr ovi ded,
as ar e
a
sof t r eadi ng
ar ea, t abl es and chai r s,
and encl osed and semi -
encl osed r ooms used f or t ypi ng and
r ecor di ng.
The adj unct f aci l i t i es i ncl ude smal l gr oup
vi ewi ng r ooms, pr oj ect r ooms, conf er ence
r ooms, a smal l t eacher pr oduct i on f aci l i t y,
and of f i ce wor k and st or age space f or t he
admi ni st r at or s of t hecent er . ( See Fi g. 6 . )
As a r esour ces subcent er , t hi s f aci l i t y woul d
be sur r ounded by ot her t ypes of l ear ni ng
spaces, and t he l i ne of demar cat i on bet ween
t he r esour ces and ot her educat i onal f aci l i t i es
woul d be i ndi st i ngui shabl e. I n f act , i f pr oper l y
dei gned, st udent s woul d move bet ween t hese
spaces f r eel y wi t hout f eel i ng t hat t hey wer e
movi ng
f r omone educat i onal wor l d t o anot her .
Thi s r esour ces cent er
i nt r oduces t he basi c
phi l osophi c concept t hat t eacher s
t hemsel ves
ar e si gni f i cant r esour ces and
coor di nat or s i n
t he use of r esour ces. Ther ef or e,
t hey shoul d
be par t of t he r esour ces cent er , and t hi s st udy
i ncl udes a t eacher pl anni ng and conf er ence
sui t e composed of t eacher s' wor k
cubi cl es Fi g. 7
sur r oundi ng a common conf er ence and
wor k ar ea.
Mer e st udent s may come
on appoi nt ment , or on
a
" dr op- i n" basi s, and consul t wi t h
t hei r i nst r uc-
t or s as r eadi l y as t hey coul d
consul t wi t h t he
ot her r esour ces cont ai ned i n t he cent er
. Thi s t ype
of f aci l i t y woul d be most
appr opr i at e f or a non-
gr aded or cont i nuous- pr ogr ess t ype of
educa-
t i onal phi l osophy. I t mi ght
ser ve ei t her as a r e-
sour ce
subcent er i n a " school - wi t hi n- a- school "
concept or as t he basi c
r esour ces cent er i n a
school
whi ch i s movi ng t owar d cont i nuous
pr og-
r ess, but whi ch i s
i ni t i al l y desi gned f or a si gni f i -
cant
pr ogr ami n t eampl anni ng and t eachi ng
. ( See
Fi g. 7. )
The r emai nder of t he r esour ces
cent er i n-
cl udes accessi bi l i t y t o a
var i et y of r esour ces
whi ch may be used i ndi vi dual l y and
i n smal l
gr oups .
LARGE- GROUP FACI LI TI ES
I t seems t hat t he ef f ect i veness of medi a
i n
educat i on has been t est ed most
ext ensi vel y
i n l ar ge- gr oup l ear ni ng si t uat i ons . Cer t ai nl y
i n t he l ast t en year s many publ i c school s and a
l ar ge number of col l eges and uni ver si t i es
have
adopt ed l ar ge- gr oup i nst r uct i on usi ng medi a
f or an i ncr easi ngl y l ar ge pr opor t i on of t he
i nst r uct i onal l oad. I n f act , i t i s
t hr ough t he
ut i l i zat i on of l ear ni ng medi a t hat
l ar ge- gr oup
i nst r uct i on may become t r ul y ef f ect i ve- by
br i ngi ng t o t hi s t ype of l ear ni ng syst em
means
f or magni f yi ng and di spl ayi ng
i nf or mat i on,
pr esent i ng i nf or mat i on f r oma r emot e
l ocat i on,
i nt r oduci ng i nf or mat i on t hat
ot her wi se woul d
be i mpossi bl e t o pr esent , and
i nt r oduci ng
i nf or mat i on i n a mor e demonst r at i vel y ef f ec-
t i ve way.
Ther e i s a cur r ent r eexami nat i on of l ar ge-
gr oup i nst r uct i on f ol l owi ng on t he heel s of
a
gener al concer n f or mor e i ndependent
and
i ndi vi dual i zed l ear ni ng exper i ences .
Even
t hough t her e ar e pr oponent s of each t o t he
excl usi on of t he ot her , t he l ogi cal
sol ut i on
f or most i nst i t ut i ons wi l l be t he i ncor por at i on
of bot h t ypes of l ear ni ng exper i ence- and
i ndeed a var i et y of
l ear ni ng exper i ences i n
bet ween- and i n t ur n t he
necessar y f aci l i t i es
f or t hei r ef f ect i ve
use. Thi s " mi x" of l ear ni ng
exper i ences i s t he
basi s f or many or gani za-
t i onal pat t er ns, and i s at
t he hear t of t he sys-
t ems appr oach t o
desi gni ng l ear ni ng.
For t hese r easons an
exami nat i on of t he pl an-
ni ng of l ar ge- gr oup
f aci l i t i es wi t h medi a i s
essent i al , par t i cul ar l y
because t he desi gn
cr i t er i a and pl anni ng
consi der at i ons i n l ar ge-
gr oup f aci l i t i es wi t h medi a
ar e pr obabl y t he
most cr i t i cal
of any t ype of space t hat mi ght
be pr ovi ded.
The f ol l owi ng poi nt s summar i ze
t hese desi gn and
pl anni ng cr i t er i a:
1 . An
opt i mumvi ewi ng ar ea, as def i ned by
t he var i ous
di spl ay sur f aces whi ch ar e con-
si der ed cr i t i cal f or st udent
vi ewi ng, wi l l det er -
NewSpaces f or Lear ni ng:
Desi gni ng col l ege
f aci l i t i es t o ut i l i ze i nst r uct i onal ai ds
and medi a.
Repor t of Resear ch Pr oj ect
DASFEE: ( Desi gn
of Audi t or i um- St udi o
Faci l i t i es f or Engi neer i ng
Educat i on) suppor t ed by
gr ant f r om Educa-
t i onal Faci l i t i es
Labor at or i es, I nc . , r evi sed ad. ,
J une 1966 .
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Resour ce Faci l i t i es ;
Lar ge- Gr oup Faci l i t i es
mi ne t he most ef f ect i ve
r oom shape. Thi s
opt i mumar ea i s not a f i xed
f unct i on of t he
combi nat i on of scr eens and/ or
moni t or s but
wi l l var y wi t h t he t ype
of mat er i al pr esent ed,
t he dur at i on of t he pr esent at i on,
t he qual i t y
of t he equi pment , t he t ype of scr een,
and ot her
f act or s of envi r onment . ( See
det ai l s of pr oj ec-
t i on syst ems and vi ewi ng
ar eas . )
2. St epped or
sl oped f l oor s wi l l al ways be
r equi r ed i n or der t o
pr ovi de opt i mumvi ewi ng
condi t i ons . Bot h hor i zont al
end ver t i cal si ght
l i nes i n t hese
r ooms ar e maj or desi gn f act or s .
Al so, r ai sed seat i ng
i nt r oduces mor e i nt i macy
i n t hese r ooms and may
al l owt he i nt er act i on
desi r ed f or case
pr esent at i ons and di scussi ons .
3. Once t he vi ewi ng
ar ea has been est ab-
l i shed, t he act ual capaci t y of
t he l ar ge- gr oup
space becomes a f unct i on
of t he seat i ng t ype
and ar r angement . Seat i ng t ypes
r un t he gamut
f r om l oose seat s t o f i xed seat s
and bui l t - i n
count er s . Whenever possi bl e,
ai sl es and ci r cu-
l at i on spaces shoul d be kept
out of t he vi ewi ng
ar ea t o assur e t he maxi mum
number of seat s
l ocat ed wi t hi n opt i mum
vi ewi ng condi t i ons.
4. As l ong as t he di spl ay
of i nf or mat i on
andt he use of medi a ar e a
si gni f i cant f unct i on
i n t he l ar ge- gr oup r oom,
wi ndows and nat ur al
l i ght ar e a l i abi l i t y r at her t han
an asset . Al -
t hough means may be f ound f or
cont r ol l i ng
nat ur al l i ght , t he si ze of
r equi r ed i mages i n t he
r oom mi t i gat es agai nst nat ur al
l i ght wi t h i t s
i nher ent pr obl ems of cont r ol and
" washed out
i mages" caused by ambi ent
l i ght .
5.
Compl et e cl i mat i c
condi t i oni ng i s neces-
sar y
f or t hi s t ype of space by
vi r t ue of t he
number of st udent s i nvol ved,
t he l ack of nat ur al
wi ndows and vent i l at i on,
and t he concent r at i on
r equi r ed by t hi s t ype of l ear ni ng
exper i ence.
Such condi t i oni ng
wi l l i ncl ude cool i ng, ai r
change, f i l t r at i on, and
humi di t y cont r ol .
6 . Pr oper acoust i cal
desi gn, f r omt he out -
set , i n necessar y f or t he
successf ul f unct i oni ng
of t hi s t ype of r oom.
Not onl y shoul d sound
or i gi nat i ng wi t hi n t he
r oombe easi l y hear d
by al l st udent s but t he space
shoul d be t hor -
oughl y acoust i cal l y i sol at ed
f r om i nt er f er i ng
sounds
f r omt he out si de.
7. Li kewi se, t he pl anni ng
of l i ght i ng i s an
i mpor t ant consi der at i on.
Gener al l y, t hr ee l evel s
of
i l l umi nat i on wi l l be necessar y
f or t he di spl ay
met hods
used i n t hese spaces
; cont r ol of
ambi ent
l i ght on pr oj ect i on scr eens
i s l i kewi se
essent i al .
8. Because l i ght i ng, acoust i cs,
andcl i mat i c
condi t i oni ng ar e such cr i t i cal desi gn
f eat ur es
i n t he
l ar ge- gr oup r oom, t hei r
i nt egr at i on and
desi gn
must be consi der ed
f r omt he out set .
Too
of t en t hi s ki nd of space
suf f er s badl y
because
t hese desi gn f eat ur es ar e
negl ect ed
unt i l t oo
l at e i n t he pl anni ng pr ocess
.
9.
Educat i onal l y, t he key t o t he
pr oper
f unct i oni ng
of t hi s t ype of space i s t he
i nt egr a-
t i on
of t he syst ems f or di spl ayi ng
i nf or mat i on
end
ot her medi a uses . The st udi es
whi ch f ol -
l ow
i l l ust r at e t he f act t hat t he di spl ay
sur f aces
ar e an
i nt egr al par t of t he r oom,
and t hat equi p-
ment shoul d be
l ocat ed f or pr oper f unct i oni ng
andnot t o i nt er f er e i n
anyway wi t h t he pr ocess
of l ear ni ng.
Thi s consi der at i on i ncl udes
t he
l ocat i on and
pl anni ng of t he t eacher ' s l ect er n
or cont r ol cent er
and suggest s t hat l i ght i ng
and equi pment be
t i ed i n and cont r ol l ed f r om
t hi s l ect er n.
10. Fi nal l y, t he success of
t hese r ooms wi l l
depend on t he i ncl usi on
and r el at i onshi p of
adj unct st or age, pr oj ect i on,
and pr epar at i on
ar eas . Thi s i s par t i cul ar l y
t r ue when r ooms
ar e t o be used f or sci ence
cour ses r equi r i ng
equi pment and demonst r at i ons
. I n addi t i on,
t hese
adj unct spaces may i ncl ude
pr oj ect
ar eas,
conf er ence r ooms, end ot her
smal l er -
gr oup
act i vi t i es used t o compl ement
l ar ge,
gr oup
pr esent at i on.
Lar ge- gr oupi nst r uct i on can i ncl ude
l ear ni ng
f unct i ons
ot her t han t he si mpl e pr esent at i on
of
i nf or mat i on
. Mani pul at i ve and l abor at or y t ypes
of exper i ences
have been empl oyed
f or many
year s, andt hi s st udy
suggest s a combi nat i on
of
l abor at or y
and l ect ur e- demonst r at i on f unct i ons
wi t hi n t he same
f aci l i t y. The r esul t i ng " l ect ur e
l abor at or y"
per mi t s t he exper i ment al and i nf or -
mat i on
pr esent at i on f unct i ons t o be car r i ed on
si mul t aneousl y
and wi t hout changi ng r ooms .
The advant ages of
bei ng abl e t o demonst r at e
and pr esent i nf or mat i on
t o a gr oup of st udent s
seat ed at l abor at or y
st at i ons i s one t hat may
hel p over come t he pr obl ems of
amal gamat i ng
medi a and i nst r uct i on i n
sci ence ar eas .
The l ect ur e l abor at or y i s a
sui t e of f aci l i t i es
i ncl udi ng a l ar ge ar ea cont ai ni ng
over a hun-
dr ed st udent l abor at or y- desk
st at i ons, t wo
smal l er demonst r at i on and speci al
equi pment
ar eas, a r ear pr oj ect i on ar ea, a speci al
pr oj ect s
r oom, and st or age and
pr epar at i on space
ser vi ng al l par t s of t he f aci l i t y.
The st udent
ar ea i s ar r anged on t hr ee pl at f or ms wi t h
a r amp
at one si de f or wheel i ng i n speci al
equi pment ,
r eagent s, and ot her mat er i al s f or
st udent use.
Each l abor at or y st at i on consi st s of
a st andup,
si t - down wor k ar ea wi t h
compl et e ut i l i t i es
ser vi ng ever y t wo st udent s .
The smal l er
demonst r at i on ar eas i n t he f r ont of
t he r oom
per mi t smal l gr oups of st udent s t o
wor k mor e
i nt i mat el y as a t eam or wi t h an
i nst r uct or ,
and al so pr ovi des space f or speci al
equi pment
used by st udent s dur i ng
t he l abor at or y exer -
ci ses ; t hese can be shi el ded
f r om t he l ar ger
ar ea by movabl e par t i t i ons
. ( See Fi g. 1 . )
The pr oj ect i on ar ea al l ows
t wo 10- f t i mages
t o be pr oj ect ed si mul t aneousl y,
and f ur t her i n-
f or mat i on di spl ay can be pr ovi ded
t hr ough t wo
over head pr oj ect or s . The f r ont
of t he r oomal so
pr ovi des ar ea f or demonst r at i ons
whi ch ar e
pr epar ed and suppl i ed f r omt he
adj acent wor k
and st or age r oom. These t ypes
of demonst r a-
t i ons wi l l pr obabl y be
magni f i ed by cl osed-
ci r cui t TVand pr oj ect ed on t he
r ear pr oj ect i on
scr een.
Pr oduct i on- Suppor t Faci l i t i es
To r ei t er at e a basi c
poi nt , t he ef f ect i ve and
ef f i ci ent ut i l i zat i on of
l ear ni ng medi a i n educa-
t i on r equi r es t hr ee br oad
t ypes of space-
l ear ni ng spaces, r esour ce
f aci l i t i es, and pr o-
duct i on- i nst r uct i onal
suppor t f aci l i t i es . I n
addi t i on t o cl assr ooms,
l ect ur e r ooms, l abor a-
t or i es,
and semi nar r ooms desi gned and
equi pped wi t h
appr opr i at e medi a, i t i e necessar y
t hat f i l m, sl i de,
and t ape mat er i al s
and ot her
medi a r esour ces
be made accessi bl e
t o st u-
dent s end
st af f f or i ndi vi dual use.
Al so, f aci l i -
t i es must be
pr ovi ded i n whi ch
l ear ni ng medi a
may be pr oduced
and whi ch house
t he st af f
and
f unct i ons t hat suppor t t he t eachi ng
f acul t y
i n t hei r
wor k.
The
f ol l owi ng poi nt s ar e of f er ed as
gui dance
i n t he
desi gn and pl anni ng of
pr oduct i onal -
i nst r uct i onal suppor t f aci l i t i es :
1 .
Pr oduct i on and suppor t f unct i ons
and i n
t ur n
t hei r f aci l i t i es var y i n compl exi t y
and si ze
wi t h t hei r
l ocat i on and l evel wi t hi n t he
educa-
t i onal syst em.
Wi t hi n an academi c
depar t ment
or
" l i t t l e school , " si mpl e f aci l i t i es shoul d
be
avai l abl e
f or t eacher s and st udent s t o
pr oduce
t r anspar enci es,
phot ocopi es, sl i des,
mul t i pl e
copi es,
gr aphs, and char t s . Usual l y, t hi s
l ocal ,
si mpl e
pr oduct i on ar ea wi l l be l ocat ed
wi t hi n
Educat i onal
t he compl exi t y
and needs of t he par t i cul ar
l ear ni ng si t uat i on.
2. Pr oduct i on suppor t cent er s may be com-
posed of
a var i et y of component s, each of
whi ch
i s r el at ed accor di ng t o t he echel on of
pr oduct i on and t he t ypes of ser vi ces t o be
of f er ed.
Some of t hese component s ar e :
Gr aphi c
ar t s pr oduct i on
Phot ogr aphi c pr oduct i on
Mot i on pi ct ur e
pr oduct i on
Audi o r ecor di ng
Ani mat i on
Tel evi si on
or i gi nat i on
Tel evi si on
cont r ol , di st r i but i on, and r e-
cor di ng
Fi l medi t i ng and
pr ocessi ng
Gr aphi c
mat er i al s pr oduct i on and assembl y
Scene, set , and model pr oduct i on
Equi pment st or age and r epai r
Gener al st or age
Admi ni st r at i on and of f i ces f or
pr oduct i on
st af f and vi si t i ng
f acul t y and t eacher s
Conf er ence and
pr evi ewf aci l i t i es
Fi l mand t ape mat er i al s
and
equi pment
st or -
age and di st r i but i on .
I n
pr ogr ammi ng an i nst r uct i onal suppor t
cent er , i t i s t he manner i n whi ch t hese com-
ponent s ar e ar r anged and pl aced t oget her t hat
cr eat es t he appr opr i at e cent er f or a par t i cul ar
i nst i t ut i on
.
3. The i nst r uct i onal suppor t cent er can per -
f or m
sever al maj or ser vi ces i n addi t i on t o
pr oduci ng f i l ms, sl i des, t apes, and ot her
i nst r uct i onal mat er i al s :
" I t can desi gn and pr oduce
mat er i al s t hat
ar e not commer ci al l y avai l abl e but whi ch ar e
needed f or speci f i c
i nst r uct i onal
pur poses .
- I t can pr ovi de t echni cal assi st ance t o
t eacher s and pr of essor s i n usi ng i nst r uct i onal
t echnol ogy ef f ect i vel y. I t
i s
t hi s t ype of assi s-
t ance whi ch hel ps t eacher s over come a f ear of
mechani cal devi ces about whi ch t hey have
l i t t l e knowl edge and gr eat anxi et y.
" I t can be t he cat al yst whi ch causes
t eacher s t o begi n pl anni ng i nst r uct i on and
l ear ni ng t oget her . Pr oduci ng t el evi sed i nst r uc-
t i on may br i ng cooper at i on among t eacher s
who ot her wi se woul d al ways f unct i on as
i ndependent ent i t i es .
" An i nst r uct i onal suppor t cent er can pr o-
vi de pedagogi cal assi st ance t o
t eacher s
i n
desi gni ng l ear ni ng.
The l ear ni ng syst ems
desi gner s- t he pedagogi cal consul t ant s-
woul d l ogi cal l y be housed wi t hi n t hi s cent er .
These f aci l i t i es can pr ovi de t he pr of es-
si onal f ocus f or t eacher s and f acul t y member s
by maki ng avai l abl e pr of essi onal r ef er ences,
mat er i al , j our nal s, and
consul t ant s.
4. I nst r uct i onal suppor t
f aci l i t i es may be an
i nt egr al par t of an educat i onal pl ant or a
separ at e, f r eest andi ng bui l di ng or uni t . I n
ei t her case, consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o
desi gni ng t he ar ea t o per mi t changes i n ar eas
and r el ocat i on of wal l s, ser vi ces, and cabl es .
Fl exi bi l i t y of t hi s t ype i s ver y i mpor t ant , as t he
f unct i ons, st af f , and f acul t y devel op. A " l of t
space, " f r ee of i nt er i or par t i t i ons and per mi t t i ng
economi cal changes, may be t he best t ype of
space.
5. One of t he changes ant i ci pat ed above
i nvol ves t he pl anni ng of TV st udi os . Of t en
when st udi os ar e i ni t i al l y pl anned, t he f acul t y
wi l l wi sh t o pr ovi de f or a cl ass of st udent s t o
be pr esent i n t he st udi o dur i ng pr oduct i on .
However ,
as t he f acul t y becomes mor e com-
f or t abl e wi t h
t el evi si on, t he need f or st udent s
i n t he
st udi o i s l ess si gni f i cant . The bui l di ng
shoul d be
desi gned t o per mi t t hi s evol ut i onar y
change.
6 . Obvi ousl y
t her e i s not si ngl e i nst r uct i onal
al l
t he i nst i t ut i ons l ocat ed i n an educat i onal
par k.
The i mpor t ant obj ect i ve i s t o pr ovi de
sever al
echel ons of pr oduct i on and suppor t
r angi ng
f r omt he ver y l ar ge and compl ex
cover i ng a
r egi on t o t he ver y si mpl e and l ocal ser vi ng a
f ewt eacher s . Al so, t o adequat el y suppor t t he
uses of medi a, al l of t hese echel ons of pr o-
duct i on
and suppor t shoul d event ual l y be
r epr esent ed so t hat t he i nst r uct i onal st af f
has many l evel s t o dr awupon, dependi ng on
t he r esour ces cent er or i nst r uct i onal
mat er i al s
cent er .
At t he ot her end of t he spect r um
may be a
ver y l ar ge and compl ex pr oduct i on
f aci l i t y as
par t of a l ar ge r egi onal ser vi ce and
pr oduct i on
cent er . Such f aci l i t i es may f or ma par t of t he
r egi onal ser vi ce cent er or educat i onal l abor a-
t or y. I n
bet ween t hese t wo ext r emes ar e pr o-
duct i on cent er s whi ch wi l l ser ve a uni ver si t y,
a col l ege, a l ar ge hi gh school , sever al school s
wi t hi n a di st r i ct , an ent i r e school di st r i ct , or
Fi g. 1
Fi g. 3
suppor t
f aci l i t y whi ch sol ves al l needs at al l l evel s .
Ther e ar e many, many di f f er ent syst ems of pr o-
duct i on and suppor t whi ch
can be di agr ammed.
Fi gur e 2a i ndi cat es a r egi onal cent er
whi ch sup-
por t s a number of
subcent er s wi t hi n school s
t hr oughout t he syst em. Fr omt he subcent er ,
f ur t her
pr oduct i on and suppor t act i vi t i es
ar e pr ovi ded
t o
i ndi vi dual cl assr ooms, r esour ces cent er ,
i nde-
pendent st udy f aci l i t i es, and
speci al r ooms. I t
shoul d be
not ed t hat wi t hi n t he r esour ces cent er
t her e i s t he smal l ,
si mpl i f i ed pr oduct i on ar ea f or
t eacher
use. The same di agr ammi ght i l l ust r at e
t he act i vi t i es wi t hi n acol l ege or
uni ver si t y campus
wher e,
f r oma cent r al l ocat i on, maj or pr oduct i on
and suppor t f eeds out i nt o
school s and depar t -
ment s
andt hen i nt o i ndi vi dual f aci l i t i es and ar eas
.
Fi gur e 2b i l l ust r at es a
cent er wi t hi n a l ar ge
cent r al school whi ch not onl y suppor t s
t hat school
but f eeds i nt o ot her ,
smal l er school s t hr oughout
a school di st r i ct . Thi s mi ght be t he
appr opr i at e
di agr am
t o i l l ust r at e pr oduct i on- suppor t f aci l i t i es
wi t hi n an " educat i onal par k. "
Pr oduct i on- Suppor t - 1 Thi s
pr oduct i on- suppor t
cent er mi ght ser ve a hi gh school , a coupl e of
mi ddl e school s, sever al
el ement ar y schoos r or a
combi nat i on of al l . Fi gur e 3 shows t he basi c
f aci l i t i es t o suppor t
uses of t el evi si on, gr aphi c
ar t s,
and pr oj ect ed medi a whi l e pr ovi di ng t he
admi ni st r at i ve and
i nst r uct i onal suppor t act i vi t i es
necessar yf or such a si t uat i on. Themul t i - use st udi o
can be used f or l i ve
and r ecor ded t el evi si on pr o-
duct i on, f i l m pr oduct i on, st i l l phot ogr aphy,
and,
possi bl y, audi o r ecor di ng.
Cont r ol of al l of t hese
pr oduct i on act i vi t i es woul d come
f r omt he cent r al
cont r ol and
di st r i but i on r oom.
The gr aphi cs r oom i ncl udes dr af t i ng
space,
copyi ng
machi nes, f i l m edi t i ng and copyi ng
equi pment , assembl y and wor k t abl es,
and ot her
equi pment
associ at ed wi t h t hese t ypes of pr o-
duct i on. The pr epar at i on and st or age
ar ea adj a-
cent
t o t he st udi o i s used f or bui l di ng and st or i ng
set s and model s; next t o
i t i s mai nt enance and
r epai r ar ea f or AV equi pment used bot h wi t hi n
t hi s pr oduct i on
f aci l i t y and t hr oughout t he school s
i t ser ves . Theadmi ni st r at i ve f aci l i t i es
i ncl ude wai t -
i ng and
exhi bi t ar eas, pr evi ewand conf er ence
r ooms, and of f i ces.
Pr oduct i on- Suppor t - 2
Fi gur e 4 i l l ust r at es a
cent er
pr oduci ng basi c i nst i t ut i onal ai ds and me-
di a, wi t h an emphasi s
on f i l m pr oduct i on. The
pr oduct i on pr ocess i s i ni t i at ed by a conf er ence
bet ween f acul t y and
pr oduct i on st af f , at whi ch
t i me t he nat ur e and i nst r uct i onal r equi r ement s of
t he mat er i al s ar edef i ned and
a pr oduct i on sched-
ul e
i s set up. Af t er pr oduct i on, t hef i ni shed mat er i -
al s ar edi st r i but ed t o t he f acul t y
concer ned. Even-
t ual l y t he mat er i al may be deposi t ed i n t he l i br ar y
of r esour ces
cent er wher e i t i s avai l abl e t o t he
st udent f or r evi ew; i t may al so be di st r i but ed
t o cooper at i ng
i nst i t ut i ons .
Pr oduct i on- Suppor t er Fi gur e 5 i l l ust r at es a
cent er desi gned f or or i gi nat i ng t el evi sed
i n-
st r uct i on f or di st r i but i on t o a number of r e-
cei vi ng poi nt s on
t he campus or t o cooper at -
i ng
i nst i t ut i ons. Thi s cent er may f ul f i l l a number
of r el at ed
f unct i ons such as r ecept i on and di s-
t r i but i on of " of f t he ai r "
pr ogr ams, r ecor di ng
of t el evi sed
i nst r uct i on ( vi deot ape or ki nescope) ,
di st r i but i on of f i l m
mat er i al s, and coor di nat i ng
of
r emot e or i gi nat i on f r om l abs, r esear ch cen-
t er s, and
ot her pot ent i al " st udi os . " These r e-
l at ed
f unct i ons af f ect space
consi der at i ons
onl y as
f ar as r equi r ement s of engi neer i ng
Fi g. 2
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
Lar ge- Gr oup
Faci l i t i es
Educat i onal
and cont r ol , and st or age of mat er i al s and
equi pment . Di st r i but i on of t he t el evi si on i mage
may be by open or cl osed ci r cui t or bot h; t he
met hod of t r ansmi ssi on does not basi cal l y af -
f ect t he desi gn of t he f aci l i t y.
Such a uni t woul d pr obabl y ser ve an ent i r e
campus, or , possi bl y, i n t he case of t he l ar ge
uni ver si t y, one or mor e col l eges on t he cam-
pus .
Pr oduct i on- Suppor t - 4 An i nst i t ut i on vent ur i ng
i nt o a br oad pr ogr am ut i l i zi ng t he ai ds and
medi a may wel l consi der pr ovi di ng a si ngl e
f aci l i t y t hat combi nes al l t he pr oduct i on f unc-
t i ons . I n t he l ong r un such an appr oach can
pr obabl y be j ust i f i ed f r om t he st andpoi nt of
economy of space, equi pment , and per sonnel ,
as of t en a si ngl e act i vi t y wi l l suppor t sever al
pr oduct i on pr ocesses . Agr aphi c ar t s st udi o,
f or exampl e, can pr oduce not onl y vi sual s and
gr aphi c mat er i al s f or di r ect cl assr oomuse but
al so t he mat er i al s used i n f i l m pr oduct i on and
t el evi si on pr oduct i on . Thi s t ot al , mor e compl ex
cent er i s r epr esent ed i n Fi g. 6.
Pr oj ect i on Syst ems
Too f r equent l y t he har dwar e used i n audi ovi su-
al pr esent at i ons i s r egar ded as a col l ect i on of
i ndi vi dual i t ems- a pr oj ect or , a scr een, and a
speaker - each per f or mi ng i t s f unct i on mor e or
l ess i ndependent l y. Amuch br oader concept i s
essent i al i f medi a ar e t o be used wi t h maxi mum
ef f ect i veness . Not onl y t hese har dwar e i t ems
but al so t he seat i ng ar ea and t he envi r onment
i t sel f must be consi der ed as i nt egr at ed com-
ponent s of a syst em, each i nf l uenced by and
dependi ng on al l of t he ot her s i n pr oduci ng t he
t ot al ef f ect . None of t hese component s, even
t he har dwar e, can be sel ect ed on i t s mer i t s
al one.
Regar dl ess of t he pr oj ect ed mat er i al or met h-
od, t he ef f ect i veness of t he pr esent at i on de-
pends upon t he
ease
wi t h whi ch t he vi ewer s
r ecei ve t he message
. Wi t h
any nor mal audi -
ence, t he qual i t y of vi ewi ng condi t i ons i s
chi ef l y
det er mi ned by f our f act or s :
1 . The appr opr i at eness and ef f i ci ency of t he
pr oj ect i on equi pment
and
scr eens
2. The qual i t y of t he pr oj ect ed mat er i al
3.
The
l ocat i on of t he vi ewer
i n r el at i on t o
t he scr een
4. The vi sual and audi t or y envi r onment
Fr ont and f l 88r Pr oj ect i on

Bef or e consi der i ng any
of t he above mat t er s, i t i s i mpor t ant t o r ecog-
ni ze t hat t wo di f f er ent
met hods
may
be
used
Fi g. 4
par t i cul ar l y i n l ar ger
r ooms . I n r ooms wher e
smal l i mage si zes ar e
appr opr i at e, ambi ent
l i ght ef f ect s may not be
cr i t i cal pr ovi di ng
pr oper
equi pment i s used. Cur r ent devel op-
ment s i n t he
i mpr ovement of equi pment i ndi -
cat e t hat t he si ze of
accept abl e i mages possi bl e
wi t h
f r ont pr oj ect i on under usef ul l evel s of
ambi ent
l i ght wi l l be i ncr eased.
An undeni abl e di sadvant age of r ear pr oj ec-
t i on
i s t hat addi t i onal space behi nd t he scr een
must be pr ovi ded t o accommodat e t he pr o-
j ect or s
andt hei r t hr owdi st ances . To conser ve
space,
pr oj ect or s wi t h shor t f ocal
l engt h
l enses ar e desi r abl e and mi r r or s may be
used t o " bend" t he pr oj ect i on r ays .
Al so sel f -
Bot h
f r ont and r ear pr oj ect i on have t hei r
i nher ent
advant ages and di sadvant ages, whi ch
become cl ear by compar i ng t hemi n r espect t o
t he most i mpor t ant ar eas of di f f er ence. These
ar e :
" The ef f ect of ambi ent l i ght
" Space
r equi r ement s, and
" I nt er f er ence
wi t h t he pr oj ect ed i mage
The
ambi ent l i ght l evel i n t he r oomi s much
mor e cr i t i cal
wi t h f r ont pr oj ect i on t han wi t h
. Thi s means t hat wi t h pr esent
equi pment a much hi gher l evel of r ooml i ght i ng
can be t ol er at ed i n t he vi ewi ng ar ea when r ear
pr oj ect i on i s empl oyed. Thi s i s consi der ed t o
be t he chi ef advant age of r ear pr oj ect i on,
f or pr oj ect i ng
i mages ont o a scr een, and t hat
t he choi ce
of met hod wi l l i nf l uence t he desi gn
of a
pr oj ect i on syst em. These t wo
met hods
ar e:
"
Fr ont
pr oj ect i on, i n whi ch bot h t he
pr o-
j ect or
and t he vi ewer s ar e on t he same
si de of
an opaque
scr een whi ch r ef l ect s t he i mage,
and,
" Rear pr oj ect i on, i n whi ch t he pr oj ect or and
t he vi ewer s
ar e on opposi t e si des of a t r ansl u-
cent scr een
upon whi ch t he i mage i s di spl ayed.
Ei t her
one may be used f or any t ype of
pr o-
j ect or ,
i ncl udi ng t he TV pr oj ect or , but cus-
t omar i l y t he
over head and opaque pr oj ect or s
ar e used i n f r ont pr oj ect i on
.
( See
Fi g. 7. )
Fi g
. 5
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Lar ge- Gr oup
Faci l i t i es
Fi g.
6
cont ai ned scr een- pr oj ect or
uni t s or medi a
modul es may be used. I t must be r ecogni zed,
however , t hat
shor t eni ng t he f ocal l engt h of
t he pr oj ect or decr eases t he
wi dt h of opt i mum
vi ewi ng ar eas, and t he use of
mi r r or s
gener al l y
di mi ni shes t he
ef f ect i ve br i ght ness of t he pr o-
j ect ed i mage.
One of t he i mpor t ant advant ages of r ear pr o-
j ect i on i s t hat t he pr oj ect i on r ays ar e pr ot ect ed
f r om i nt er f er ence by ei t her t he i nst r uct or or
t he vi ewer s . The i nst r uct or can st and i n f r ont
of t he i mage t o poi nt out det ai l s wi t hout cast i ng
shadows . Wi t h f r ont pr oj ect i on t hi s i s i mpos-
si bl e ; di st r act i ng shadows ar e cast by any
obj ect or per son i n t he pat h of t he pr oj ect i on
beam, and t he f r eedom of t he i nst r uct or i s
l i mi t ed accor di ngl y.
I t has been assumed t hat i n bot h met hods t he
pr oj ect or s ar e l ocat ed i n r easonabl y sound-
pr oof encl osur es and t hat r emot e cont r ol i s
pr ovi ded f or t he i nst r uct or who r emai ns at t he
f r ont of t he cl ass . Such assumpt i ons ar e f r e-
quent l y not val i d f or f r ont pr oj ect i on, however .
Wi t h r el at i vel y smal l gr oups of vi ewer s, por t a-
bl e
f r ont
pr oj ect i on equi pment i s of t en used,
and
t he i nst r uct or hi msel f may oper at e t he
pr oj ect or .
Used i n t hi s way, f r ont pr oj ect i on
has
sever al addi t i onal di sadvant ages whi ch
shoul d be r ecogni zed. Unl ess pr ecaut i ons ar e
t aken t o
mi ni mi ze i t , t he noi se of t he pr oj ect or
i s di st r act i ne t o
vi ewer s, and i f t he i nst r uct or
must doubl e as an
oper at or , hi s ef f ect i veness
as a t eacher i s
necessar i l y di mi ni shed.
Scr eens The
desi gn of any pr oj ect i on syst em
must necessar i l y r ecogni ze " t he human f act or "
- t he needs and l i mi t at i ons of t he obser ver .
The i mpact and
ef f ect i veness of t he i mage
di spl ayed
l ar gel y depend on such mat t er s as
i t s br i ght ness,
i t s l egi bi l i t y and i t s cont r ast
val ues .
The human
eye can t ol er at e and adj ust t o a
r emar kabl y wi de r ange
of condi t i ons, but i f
eyest r ai n i s t o be avoi ded, t hese cr i t i cal var i -
abl es must be cont r ol l ed wi t hi n est abl i shed
Fi g.
7

( a)
Fr ont pr oj ect i on; ( b) r ear pr oj ect i on.
l i mi t s of accept abi l i t y.
The pr oj ect i on scr een i s
a
maj or component i n det er mi ni ng vi sual com-
f or t .
Avar i et y of
scr een t ypes ar e avai l abl e f or
bot h f r ont and r ear pr oj ect i on. They di f f er
si gni f i cant l y i n t hei r char act er i st i cs, af f ect i ng
bot h t he
appr opr i at e si ze of vi ewi ng ar ea and
t he
t ol er abl e l evel of ambi ent l i ght i ng.
Pr oj ect or s

The r eader i s
caut i oned t hat any di s-
cussi on
of pr oj ect i on devi ces can onl y r epor t
on t he exi st i ng r anges
and char act er i st i cs of
commer ci al l y avai l abl e equi pment .
Technol og-
i cal devel opment s can
r ender much of t oday' s
equi pment obsol et e; at t he t i me
equi pment i s
sel ect ed, t he newest model s shoul d be i nves-
t i gat ed f or i mpr ovement s
i n opt i cal syst ems,
l umen out put , r emot e
capabi l i t y, ease of oper a-
t i on, and cost .
Over head Pr oj ect or . The over head pr o-
j ect or
cur r ent l y i s one of t he most popul ar pr o-
j ect i on devi ces i n cl assr ooms . Ease and speed
of t r anspar ency- maki ng, hi gh l umen out put ,
el i mi nat i on of t he need f or r oomdar keni ng, and
ease of oper at i on ar e among i t s good char act er -
i st i cs . The onl y speci al r equi r ement f or t hi s
pr oj ect or i s a t i l t ed scr een i n or der t o pr event
keyst oni ng of t he i mage. Pr oj ect or s r ange f r om
f anl ess deskt op model s t o t hose whi ch i ncl ude
t he pr oj ect i on of sl i des and f i l mst r i p t hr ough
t he
pr oj ect or ' s opt i cal syst em.
35
mmSl i de Pr oj ect or .

The cl assr oomuse
of
35
mmcol or sl i des has subst ant i al l y i n-
cr eased wi t h t he pr oduct i on of
i nexpensi ve,
f ool pr oof 35 mmcamer as and r emot el y con-
t r ol l ed pr oj ect or s . Wi t h t he l owcost of sl i de pr o-
duct i on and t he space savi ngs i n st or age, t he
35mmsl i de i s bei ng used mor e andmor e ext en-
si vel y t han t he 3y- by 4- i n. sl i de. For ef f i ci ent
use i n cl assr ooms, t he pr oj ect or s shoul d be
capabl e of r emot e onof f , f or war d- r ever se, and
f ocus . I deal l y, t he f an shoul d have a t her mal
devi ce t o al l owcool i ng of t he pr oj ect or af t er
t he l amp i s t ur ned of f . Hi ghl y desi r abl e char ac-
t er i st i cs f or a pr oj ect or wi l l be ease of l oadi ng,
l owcost of sl i de t r ays t hat accept al l sor t s of
mount i ngs, and f r eedomf r omj ammi ng. Lenses
ar e avai l abl e t hat wi l l al l owpr oj ect i on f r omas
shor t a di st ance as
1 W( 1 wi dt h of t he scr een)
f or r ear pr oj ect i on t o 6 Wf or f r ont pr oj ect i on
i n
l ar ger audi t or i ums . Wi t h i mpr ovement s i n
l umen out put , mi r r or s can be used t o r educe
t he space r equi r ed f or r ear scr een pr oj ect i on.
Pr oj ect or s ar e avai l abl e wi t h xenon l i ght
sour ces, r andomaccess, di gi t al r eadout , and
audi o pr oj ect or pr ogr ammi ng.
3 Y, - by 4- i n. Sl i de Pr oj ect or .

Most 3y, - by
4- i n. sl i de pr oj ect or s manuf act ur ed t odayar e of
t he manual l y oper at ed t ype . For t he pur pose of
t hi s r epor t and wher e r emot e cont r ol of t he
pr oj ect i on devi ce i s necessar y, t he f ew r e-
mot el y oper at ed pr oj ect or s cur r ent l y avai l abl e
ar e di scussed. Some of t he most desi r abl e
char act er i st i cs of t hese pr oj ect or s ar e hi gh
l umenout put , t he capabi l i t y wi t h an adapt er of
pr oj ect i ng
35 mmsl i des, t he abi l i t y t o handl e
Pol ar oi d
sl i des, and shor t - t hr ow l enses f or
r ear scr een
pr oj ect i on.
Mot i on Pi ct ur e Pr oj ect or s . Cur r ent l y t he
16 mmpr oj ect or has a monopol y on mot i on
pi ct ur e pr oj ect i on i n t he cl assr oom. However ,
wi t h t he i nt r oduct i on
of
t he new, l ar ge- f r ame
8 mmf i l m
and sound camer as,
t her e may be a
mar ked changeover t o
8 mmf or smal l - gr oup
use, and i t wi l l be i nt r oduced f or
i ndependent
st udy
.
Fi l mpr oj ect i on usi ng 35 mm
f i l m has
never f ound ext ensi ve educat i onal
appl i cat i on.
Fi l mSt r i p Pr oj ect or s and Pr evi ewer s
.
The
l owcost and avai l abi l i t y of f i l m
st r i ps on al -
most ever y subj ect make t hi s
f or mof vi sual
ai d at t r act i ve t o many t eacher s . Pr oj ect or s
wi t h
r emot e cont r ol ar e r equi r ed f or r ear - scr een
pr oj ect i on. Si mpl e f i l m st r i p pr evi ewer s
may
adequat el y ser ve t he st udent st udyi ng i nde-
pendent l y. I n bet ween ar e pr oj ect or s appr o-
pr i at e f or f r ont pr oj ect i on wi t h smal l
gr oups .
Tel evi si on Pr oj ect or s . Tel evi si on pr oj ec-
t i on has i t s gr eat est i mpl i cat i ons f or l ar ge-
gr oup i nst r uct i on. I t s use as a met hod of di s-
pl ayi ng and magni f yi ng gr oss i mages i s
excel l ent . I t s pr omi se as a f i r st - r at e t eachi ng
t ool i s dependent not onl y on i t s abi l i t y t o have
good cont r ast , br i ght ness, and def i ni t i on but
al so si mpl e mai nt enance. Pr oj ect or s ar e avai l -
abl e f or cl osed ci r cui t or br oadcast i n ei t her
bl ack and whi t e or col or and bl ack and whi t e.
I n gener al , t he mor e expensi ve t he pr oj ect or ,
t he mor e accept abl e t he i mage and t he hi gher
t he l umen out put . Pr oj ect ed t el evi si on r equi r es
sl i ght l y mor e t han a 2 Wt hr owdi st ance. Pr i ces
var y t r emendousl y f r om$2, 800 t o $50, 000 or
so .
Mor e I nf or mat i on. For mor e compr ehen-
si ve i nf or mat i on on pr oj ect i on
equi pment t he
r eader i s di r ect ed t o t he Audi o- vi sual
Equi p-
ment Di r ect or y, Nat i onal Audi o- Vi sual
Associ a-
t i on, I nc . , 1201 Spr i ng St r eet , Fai r f ax,
Vi r gi ni a.
Space f or Rear Pr oj ect i on. I n desi gni ng f or
r ear pr oj ect i on, one of t he pr obl ems t he ar chi -
t ect f aces i s t he al l owance of t he cor r ect
amount of space f or t he l ocat i on of t he pr oj ec-
t i on equi pment . Fi gur e Sa shows a pr oj ect or
l ocat ed at a 1 Wt hr owdi st ance and i ndi cat es
t he maxi mum
bend
angl e f or seat Aas over
75. Thi s i s unsat i sf act or y f or t hi s seat ; t he
al l owabl e bend angl e i s est abl i shed by t he
scr een char act er i st i cs, and at pr esent , t he
maxi mumbend angl e i s 60. Fi gur e 8b shows
a 2 Wt hr owdi st ance and a maxi mumbend
angl e at seat Aof about 60, whi ch i s sat i s-
f act or y. Fi gur e 8c shows a t ot al dept h of
r ear pr oj ect i on ar ea as 1 W, but by usi ng a
mi r r or , i t st i l l per mi t s a 2 Wt hr owdi st ance
anda 60 bend angl e.
Mi r r or s Reduce Li ght . The use of
mi r r or s,
however , has i t s dr awback i n t hat about a
10 per cent l oss of i mage br i ght ness occur s .
One must al so be car ef ul of r ef l ect i ons of ambi -
ent l i ght of ot her pr oj ect or s or cl assr ooml i ght
passi ng t hr ough ot her scr eens and af f ect i ng
ei t her t he mi r r or or t he scr een. Thi s can be
combat t ed by l ocat i ng bl ack dr apes t o mask
t he pr oj ect or s f r omt hi s st r ay l i ght .
Some Gener al Rul es. Af ew
gener al r ul es
ar e hel pf ul i n l ocat i ng pr oj ect or s and est abl i sh-
i ng space f or r ear pr oj ect i on equi pment :
- The l ar ger t he scr een, t he l onger
t he t hr ow
di st ance.
"
Conver sel y, t he smal l er t he
scr een, t he
shor t er t he t hr owdi st ance.
" Mi r r or s may be used t o f ol d t he pr oj ect i on
beamf or space savi ng wi t h smal l er scr eens or
wi t h pr oj ect or s wi t h hi gh l umen out put on
l ar ger scr eens .
" For i ni t i al schemat i c desi gn a 2
Wdept h
behi nd al l t he scr eens shoul d be al l ocat ed
f or
t he r ear pr oj ect i on ar ea.
- The use of ext r a cl oseup l enses decr eases
t he vi ewi ng ar ea, and may r esul t i n some di s-
t or t i on ar ound t he edge of pr oj ect ed i mages .
Educat i onal
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
scr een si ze f or any gi ven space
wi l l be det er -
mi ned by t he number of
vi ewer s i nt ended.
Conver sel y,
a
gi ven t ype and si ze of scr een
aut omat i cal l y est abl i shes
t he si ze of t he
vi ewi ng ar ea, and
consequent l y t he si ze of
audi ence t hat can be pr oper l y
accommodat ed.
The vi ewi ng ar ea i s t he pat t er n
whi ch det er -
mi nes t he seat i ng ar r angement i n
any l ear ni ng
space wher e pr oj ect ed i mages ar e t o be used,
and i n t he l ar ger spaces, at l east , i t al so i n-
f l uencest he shape
of t he r oom. ( Fi g. 11. )
Pl anni ng t he Pr oj ect i on Syst em St eps i n Desi gn
.
Whet her f r ont or r ear pr oj ect i on i s t o be used,
t he desi gn of t he pr oj ect i on
syst em i t sel f i n-
vol ves det er mi ni ng:
1. The si ze of vi ewi ng ar ea
r equi r ed
2. The appr opr i at e scr een
si ze
3. The pr oper t ype of scr een
4. The appr opr i at e pr oj ect or ( s) - t he
r e-
qui r ed l umen out put , f ocal
l engt h and l ocat i on
5. The maxi mumper mi ssi bl e
l evel of ambi -
ent l i ght i ng on t he scr een .
Tr i al and Er r or at Fi r st.

The desi r ed audi -
ence si ze i s usual l y pr edet er mi ned. I n some
cases, t he si ze of t he vi ewi ng ar ea, t oo, may
be est abl i shed by exi st i ng condi t i ons . Ot her -
wi se, i t s si ze and shape shoul d be t ent at i vel y
di st ance
f r omt hef ur t her most par t of t he i mage
t o t hemost di st ant
vi ewer
. The maxi mumvi ewi ng angl e ( 3) , whi ch i s
t he angl e bet ween t he pr oj ect i on axi s and t he
l i ne of si ght of a per son l ocat ed as f ar f r om
t hi s axi s as he can be and st i l l see al l i mage
det ai l i n pr oper br i l l i ance
Two Ways of Est abl i shi ng t he Vi ewi ng
Angl e. Whet her t he apex
of t he maxi mum
vi ewi ng angl e shoul d be l ocat ed
at t he scr een
or at some ot her poi nt
on t he pr oj ect i on axi s
i s a
moot poi nt . Ther e i s some di sagr eement
among
aut hor i t i es, t oo, as t o howi t shoul d
gover n t he si de
l i mi t s of t he vi ewi ng ar ea.
Some pr ef er t he use
of t he " edge angl e, " whi l e
ot her s use t he angl eat t hecent er
of t he scr een.
By ei t her appr oach, t he l i mi t s def i ned ar e es-
sent i al l y si mi l ar .
I n t hi s st udy, an edge angl e
of 40" has been used
i n l ayi ng out vi ewi ng
ar eas f or r ear pr oj ect i on,
si nce i t i s f el t t hi s
best r epr esent s
aver age scr een char act er -
i st i cs . Wi t h
f r ont pr oj ect i on, t he use of t he
" cent er angl e" i s
pr obabl y mor e common
pr act i ce, and i t s val ues r ange f r om 20 t o
possi bl y as hi gh as 50" . The maxi mumval ue
of t he
angl e
used
i n det er mi ni ng t he vi ewi ng
ar ea
f or
r ecei ver
TV
i s
45 .
Mi ni mumand Maxi mumTVVi ewi ng Di st ances
Fi g. 8
The Vi ewi ng Ar ea Vi ewi ng Ar ea Not Cr i t i cal
i n Most Cl assr ooms. Bef or e pr oj ect ed ma-
t er i al s wer e i nt r oduced, t he obj ect s t o be
vi ewed i n t he usual school r oomwer e t he i n-
st r uct or . t he chal kboar ds, and somet i mes
maps and char t s . The i nst r uct or was f r ee t o
move about t he r oom, and t he ot her obj ect s
of vi sual at t ent i on wer e usual l y di st r i but ed
over sever al wal l ar eas. Al l of t hem
r ecei ved
t hei r i l l umi nat i on by t he gener al l i ght i ng of
t he r oomi t sel f . Wi t h no f i xedar ea of at t ent i on,
si ght l i nes and vi ewi ng wer e not cr i t i cal as
l ong
as t he gener al l i ght i ng was adequat e.
Pr oj ect ed I mages Rest r i ct Vi ewi ng Ar ea.
For t he ef f ect i ve use of vi sual ai ds, however ,
t he r equi r ement s f or good vi ewi ng ar e much
mor e demandi ng. The pr oj ect ed i mage neces-
sar i l y occupi es a f i xed posi t i on, and, except
on t he TVr ecei ver , i s i n a f l at pl ane. Wher eas
a t hr eedi mensi onal obj ect maywel l be vi ewed
f r omt he si de, a f l at pi ct ur e can be seen i nt el -
l i gi bl y onl y wi t hi n t he l i mi t s of a " cone
of
vi ew. " To see t he i mage pr oper l y, t he vi ewer
must be wi t hi n t he l i mi t s of t hi s
cone, and
nei t her t oo near t he i mage nor t oo
f ar f r om i t .
The ar ea def i ned by t hese l i mi t s i s r ef er r ed t o
as t he
vi ewi ng ar ea. I t s i mpor t ance i n t he pl an-
ni ng
of spaces
f or i mage vi ewi ng i s f unda-
ment al , whet her t he space be a
smal l i nf or mal
conf er ence ar ea or a l ar ge f or mal l ect ur e hal l .
Shape of t he
Vi ewi ng Ar ea.

The shape of
t he vi ewi ng ar ea,
t hen,
i s
appr oxi mat el y as
shown
.
I t s si ze
i s al ways based on t he si ze of
t he i mage t o be vi ewed.
The human
eye
com-
pr ehends det ai l onl y wi t hi n a l i mi t ed cone
angl e ( about 2' / mi n of ar c) ,
and
t he
l engt h of
chor d subt endi ng t hi s ar c, e. g. t he i mage
wi dt h,
var i es wi t h i t s di st ance f r omt he obser ver
.
Thus
an obj ect 20 f t away and 6 f t l ong appear s
t he
same as a si mi l ar obj ect 10 f t away and 3 f t
l ong. Thesi ze of t he vi ewi ng ar ea i s det er mi ned
by t hr ee
di mensi ons,
as shown i n Fi g. 9.
- The mi ni mumdi st ance ( 1) , whi ch i s t he
di st ance f r om t he near est par t of t he i mage
t o t he eye of t he cl osest vi ewer
- The maxi mumdi st ance ( 2) ,
whi ch
i s
t he
Def i ni ng Mi ni mumand Maxi mumVi ewi ng
Di st ances.
Pr act i cal mi ni mumand maxi mum
di st ances ar e
bot h expr essed as mul t i pl es
of t he i mage wi dt h ( W) . They var y bot h wi t h
t he medi umbei ng used and wi t h t he t ype and
qual i t y of mat er i al bei ng pr oj ect ed, and may
be af f ect ed al so, i n some degr ee, by per sonal
pr ef er ences. They have not yet been pr eci sel y
det er mi ned by sci ent i f i c met hods, and i t i s
doubt f ul t hat such dat a woul d have much
pr act i cal val ue anyway. The gener al l y accept ed
val ues, r esul t i ng f r omnumer ous st udi es, ar e
t hese: ( See Fi g . 10 . )
Rel at i on
of
Scr een Si ze and Vi ewi ng Ar ea.
Si nce t he si ze of t he vi ewi ng ar ea i s a f unct i on
of t he i mage wi dt h, i t f ol l ows t hat t he pr oper
Fi g. 10
appr oxi mat ed i n accor d wi t h t he pr i nci pl es
al r eady
di scussed
.
Because of t he r el at i onshi p
bet weeni t s di mensi ons andt hewi dt h of scr een
t o be used, t he i nexper i enced desi gner neces-
sar i l y pr oceeds by t r i al and er r or unt i l he
ar r i ves at a sat i sf act or y ar r angement accom-
modat i ng t he speci f i ed audi ence i n pr oper
r el at i onshi p wi t h t he scr een. Somet i mes, t he
pr obl emmay be r ever sed, r equi r i ng a det er -
mi nat i on of t he opt i mumaudi ence and seat i ng
ar r angement
f or pr oj ect i on equi pment al r eady
at hand.
St andar ds Pr of essi onal
st andar ds accept ed by
t he Soci et y of Mot i on
Pi ct ur e and Tel evi si on
Engi neer s have been
devel oped f or vi ewi ng
f r ont and r ear pr oj ect ed
i mages . These st an-
dar ds pr ovi de excel l ent i mages . However ,
f or t he pur pose of economy i n cl assr oomuse
of
pr oj ect ed medi a, i t i s f el t t hat some st an-
dar ds based on t he poor est seat i n t he r oom
can be
l ower ed, par t i cul ar l y f or gr oss i mages .
The f ol l owi ng r esume of st andar ds i ndi cat es
by ast er i sk ( `) t hose t hat ar e l ess t han t he
pr of essi onal st andar ds.
Scr een Br i ght ness
Mot i on pi ct ur es :
5 f t L- Mi ni mum'
( gr oss i mages)
10 I t L- Sat i sf act or y
15 f t L- Excel l ent
20 f t L- Maxi mum( f l i cker t hr eshol d f or some
obser ver s)
Sl i des :
2. 5 f t L- Mi ni mum* ( gr oss
i mages)
5 f t L- Mi ni mumf or sl i des wi t h
det ai l
10 f t L- Sat i sf act or y
20 f t L- Excel l ent
Fi g. 9
Si ze of Mi n vi ewi ng
Max vi ewi ng
TV
t ube
di st ance, 4W di st ance, 12 W
17 i n -4f t - 11 i n. - 14 f t - 9 i n
19
i n 5 f t - 1 i n. 15 f t - 2 i n.
21
i n
6 t t - 4
i n. 19 f t - 0 i n .
23 i n, 6 f t - 6 i n.
19 f t - 4 i n .
24 i n. 7 f t - 5 i n .
21 f t - 5 i n.
27 i n 9f t - 8 i n .
24 f t - 5 i n.
Fi l m, sl i des and
TV
pr oj ect ed TV r ecei ver s
Mi ni mumdi st ance 2 W 4W
Maxi mumdi st ance . . 6 t o 10 W
12 W
Pr oj ect ed
TV:
2f t L- Mi ni mum* ( gr oss i mages)
20 f t
L- Maxi mum( f l i cker t hr eshol d f or some
obser ver s)
TVmoni t or s :
100 l umens per squar e f oot
Br i ght ness Rat i o
2: 1 - Excel l ent
3
: 1- Ver y good
10: 1 - Accept abl e* under some condi t i ons
Cont r ast Rat i o
100: 1- Pi ct or i al
scenes
25: 1
- Good l egi bi l i t y of pr i nt ed char act er s
5: 1- Whi t e
l et t er s on bl ack backgr ound
30 : 1 - Mi ni mum*
cont r ast r at i o f or poor est
seat
di ct at ed by hi gher l evel s of cl ass-
r oom l i ght and many t ypes of pr o-
j ect ed
mat er i al s
Cont r ast r at i o i s det er mi ned i n par t by non-
i mage br i ght ness whi ch, i n t ur n, i s r el at ed t o
scr een r ef l ect ance and r oomambi ent l i ght .
Ther ef or e, cont r ol l i ng t he amount of ambi ent
l i ght r eachi ng t hescr een i s i mpor t ant . For l ar ge
scr een i nst al l at i ons, i f t he amount
of ambi ent
l i ght occur r i ng at t he scr een
i s hel d t o 1- 2 f t
C, t hecont r ast r at i o wi l l nor mal l y be adequat e
.
Wr i t i ng Sur f ace Li ght i ng Level s

I deal l y, an
aver age r at i o of 1: 1 bet ween wr i t i ng
sur f ace
br i ght ness and scr een br i ght ness
shoul d be
mai nt ai ned, whi l e not
spi l l i ng excessi ve
ambi ent l i ght on t he scr eens
. Si nce scr een
br i ght ness var i es f or each seat
i n t he vi ewi ng
ar ea, t he aver age
condi t i on of br i ght ness f or
each br oad cl ass of pr oj ect ed
mat er i al shoul d
be appr oxi mat el y sat i sf i ed
. For a medi umt o
l ar ge si ze r oom, t hr ee
l i ght i ng l evel s woul d be
i n t he r ange of :
5- 10 f t C- Pr oj ect ed TVand f i l ms
10- 20 f t C- Sl i des
30 +f t C- Ot her cl ass act i vi t i es
Medi a
Modul e

Thi s st udy l ed t o t he desi gn
and
devel opment of a sel f - cont ai ned medi a cabi net
whi ch mi ght be used i n many t ypes of
smal l
Fi g. 12
and medi umgr oup si t uat i ons . These
" medi a
modul es" can be of sever al t ypes:
- Af i xed cabi net wi t h sel f - cont ai ned equi p-
ment , r ear pr oj ect i on scr een, and
sever al addi -
t i onal " swi ngout " di spl ay sur f aces .
" Same as above, onl y t he ent i r e
medi a
modul e woul d be mobi l e.
" Abasi c f i xed cabi net wi t h
scr een and " swi ngout " di spl ay
sur f aces . Pr o-
j ect i on equi pment woul d be
mount ed on mobi l e
car t s whi ch woul d r ol l i nt o t he
cabi net and
whi ch woul d per mi t t he i nt er changi ng
of pr o-
j ect or s .
- Same as above wi t h
bot h t he basi c cabi -
net and t he equi pment
car t s mobi l e.
- Any of t he above,
but wi t h a cabi net and
r ear pr oj ect i on scr een si zed
t o accommodat e
t wo r ear pr oj ect ed i mages
si de- by- si de.
Medi a modul es have
sever al at t r act i ve
f eat ur es . They can be f abr i cat ed
i n a shop and
i nst al l ed i n exi st i ng cl assr ooms
wi t h l i t t l e
di sr upt i on of nor mal cl ass
meet i ngs ; i n t hi s
way, medi a modul es can qui ckl y and
i nexpen-
si vel y conver t exi st i ng f aci l i t i es
f or uses of
medi a. Bot h i n bui l di ng new
f aci l i t i es and
r emodel l i ng ol d, t he medi a modul e i s
a r el a-
Fi g. 11

Vi ewi ng ar eas f or t wo- and
t hr ee- scr een pr oj ect i on.
t i vel y i nexpensi ve answer
i ni t i al l y, whi ch al so
r eadi l y adapt s t o newand i mpr oved
equi pment .
Mobi l e uni t s can be desi gned
f or f l exi bl e
spaces wher e t he r egr oupi ng of
st udent s f r e-
quent l y i s an i mpor t ant f unct i onal
r equi r e-
ment ; f i xed i nst al l at i ons of medi a
mi ght not
be f easi bl e i n such
ci r cumst ances. As i l l us-
t r at ed i n t hi s st udy,
medi amodul es can be used
t o i ncr ease t he ut i l i zat i on of
f aci l i t i es such
as di ni ng r ooms and
gymnasi ums by al so al -
l owi ng t hemt o be used f or
i nst r uct i on .
Theaccompanyi ng f i gur e ( Fi g.
12) shows one
t ype of medi a modul e whi ch
was desi gned
and bui l t. The basi c cabi net wi t h scr een
and
di spl ay sur f aces coul d be ei t her f i xed
or
mobi l e. Var i ous t ypes of
pr oj ect or s can be
mount ed i n t he car t , whi ch
i s r ol l ed i nt o
posi t i on f or pr oj ect i on on t he r ear
pr oj ect i on
scr een. Remot e cont r ol s oper at e
t he equi pment
and t he r ear scr een i s of t he
f l exi bl e t ype.
Thi s medi a modul e has a scr een
sur f ace 32
i n. squar e and t he ent i r e uni t st ands
6 f t - 8 i n .
hi gh. Nat ur al l y, t hese di mensi ons
wi l l var y
f r ommodul e t o modul e.
Fur ni t uf e Pl anni ng Fur ni t ur e
an I nt egr al Par t
of t he Desi gn Pr ocess. For
ef f ect i ve uses of
medi a i n educat i on, t hemanner
i n whi ch cl ass-
r ooms, semi nar r ooms,
i ndependent st udy
f aci l i t i es, and ot her l ear ni ng
spaces ar e
f ur ni shed i s an
i mpor t ant desi gn deci si on.
Unf or t unat el y, t oo of t en
t he sel ect i on and
pur chase of f ur ni t ur e ar e
l ef t unt i l t oo l at e i n
t he pl anni ng pr ocess
when ener gi es, f unds,
and pr of essi onal ser vi ces
have been expended.
Fur ni t ur e, as par t of t he
l ear ni ng envi r onment ,
shoul d be consi der ed
an i nt egr al par t of any
space i n whi ch medi a
ar e t o be empl oyed ;
i t s sel ect i on shoul d be based
on car ef ul st udy
and pr of essi onal advi ce
ear l y i n pl anni ng. Most
i mpor t ant l y, f unct i onal ,
aest het i c, and eco-
nomi c cr i t er i a shoul d be
est abl i shed dur i ng
t he
pr ogr ammi ng st ages when t he f unct i onal
r equi r ement s of
t he spaces ar e spel l ed out .
Fi xed Seat i ng- Cont i nuous
Count er s wi t h
Fi xed Seat s.
Many
t ypes
of seat i ng f or
l ear ni ng spaces ar e
avai l abl e, but t hei r
i ndi -
vi dual appr opr i at eness
var i es f r om space t o
space. Of t he
t hr ee basi c t ypes of
seat i ng
( f i xed, movabl e,
and combi ned) f i xed has
had
t he advant age of
guar ant eei ng t hat , once
pr oper l y
posi t i oned, ever y st udent wi l l
al ways
be i n t he pr oper
r el at i onshi p t o scr eens
and
ot her di spl ay
sur f aces . Of t he var i ous t ypes
of f i xed seat i ng,
t he cont i nuous count er
wi t h
i ndi vi dual f i xed
chai r s pr ovi des a desi r abl e
sur f ace f or wr i t i ng and
f or hol di ng r ef er ences .
Thi s i s par t i cul ar l y
i mpor t ant i n secondar y and
hi gher educat i on wher e
t he l ear ni ng pr ocess
may r equi r e ext ensi ve use of
var i ous t ypes of
mat er i al s and
r esour ces dur i ng a cl ass. Al so,
Educat i onal
COLLEGE
ANDUNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Lar ge- Gr oup
Faci l i t i es
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
Lar ge- Gr oup
Faci l i t i es
a cont i nuous count er wor ks wel l when
por t -
abl e, audi ovi sual equi pment , smal l
demonst r a-
t i ons, or var i ous f or ms of t eachi ng
machi nes
ar e t o be used by st udent s at t hei r
seat s, or
when st udent r esponse syst ems,
r equi r i ng t he
use of a r esponse panel
at each st at i on, ar e t o
be i nst al l ed i ni t i al l y or
pl anned f or l at er i nst al -
l at i on. Thi s t ype of
seat i ng does r equi r e mor e
f l oor ar ea per
uni t t hen most ot her t ypes of
f i xed seat i ng, but t hi s
maybe compensat ed f or
by t he pr ovi si on
of cr oss ai sl es bet ween each
r owof seat i ng,
al l owi ng st udent s t o move
f r eel y t o and f r om
t hei r seat s.
Fi xed
Seat i ng- Theat er Types. Ther e ar e
many so- cal l ed " t heat er - t ype"
of f i xed seat i ng
empl oyi ng a seat wi t h a f ol di ng or l i f t i ng
i ndi vi dual wr i t i ng sur f ace. Unf or t unat el y, many
of t he t abl et ar ms pr ovi ded wi t h t hi s t ype
of
seat i ng
have t he di sadvant age of bei ng t oo
smal l
t o accommodat e wr i t i ng and
r ef er ence
mat er i al s. Lat el y, some i mpr ovement s
i n
seat i ng have r esul t ed i n f ol di ng t abl et
ar ms t hat
ar eadequat e i n si ze. Gener al l y, f i xed
seat i ng of
t hi s ki nd r equi r es l ess f l oor ar ea
t han t he con-
t i nuous count er s, but st udent access
t o hi s
i ndi vi dual seat i s mor e l i mi t ed.
Al so, t heneces-
sar y movi ng par t s t o r ai seand l ower
t he t abl et
ar ms can cr eat e mai nt enance and
upkeep pr ob-
l ems . I nst al l at i on of r esponse
devi ces and out -
l et s f or equi pment can be
handl ed i n seat i ng
wi t h movabl e t abl et ar ms, but t hi s
agai n i nt r o-
duces mai nt enance pr obl ems .
Movabl e Seat i ng. Movabl e
seat i ng al so
i nt r oduces a var i et y of al t er nat i ves, and agai n
t he pr ovi si on of an adequat e wr i t i ng sur f ace
i s ext r emel y i mpor t ant . I n r ooms wher e
r e-
gr oupi ng of
st udent s i s i mpor t ant , separ at e
t abl euni t s or seat - t abl e uni t s t hat ar e
modul ar
t o al l owconf er ence and
di scussi on gr oupi ngs
ar e desi r abl e
.
Movabl e
seat i ng mi t i gat es
agai nst t he use of any
i ndi vi dual st udent i n-
st r uct i onal devi ce
r equi r i ng wi r i ng, such as
r esponse
syst ems, por t abl e r ecor der s or pr o-
j ect or s, and
power - oper at ed t eachi ng ma-
chi nes . Par t i cul ar l y
wi t h movabl e seat i ng,
seat i ng
shoul d be scal ed and desi gned wi t h
t heage and
char act er of t he st udent s i n mi nd.
Combi ned Seat i ng. Combi ned seat i ng
i s
basi cal l y of one t ype- cont i nuous count er
wi t h l oose seat s. Thi s t ype has t he advant ages
of f l exi bi l i t y, accommodat i on t o many
body
post ur es, and r educedcost over t he cont i nuous
count er wi t h f i xed seat s. However , t he i nt er -
pr et at i on of bui l di ng codes may
pr ohi bi t
cont i nent al seat i ng i n l ar ge r ooms. The ac-
companyi ng di agr am( Fi g. 13) shows sever al
of
t he f i xed and combi ned t ypes of seat i ng t hat
ar eavai l abl e, t oget her wi t h t he aver agesi ze
of
wr i t i ng sur f aces andt hef l oor ar ea r equi r ed.
AMi x of Seat i ng I s Of t en t he
Answer .

I n
many i nst ances, sever al t ypes of seat i ng
i n
one space may best meet f unct i onal
needs.
For i nst ance, l oose t ool es
and chai r s on a f l at
f l oor ar ea at t he f r ont of a l ar ge
t eachi ng r oom
can be used f or case st udi es,
moot cour t s, and
ot her i nst r uct i onal
met hods, whi l e t he r e-
mai nder of t he seat i ng i s f i xed on a
sl oped or
st epped f l oor. Al so, i n r ooms r equi r i ng
r ai sed
seat i ng, r ows of seat i ng mayal t er nat e
bet ween
r i ser - mount edandf l oor - mount ed t ypes
. Par t i c .
ul ar l y i n medi umgr oupspaces, var i ous
t ypes
of l oose seat i ng may meet t hevar yi ng
r equi r e-
ment s di ct at ed by mul t i - age, mul t i - cl ass,
and
nongr oded appr oaches t o l ear ni ng.
I mpor t ance of Good Si ght Li nes f r om Al l
Seat s. Cer t ai nl y i n r ooms wher e
pr oj ect ed
medi a ar e t o be used ext ensi vel y, good si ght
l i nes f r omal l seat s t o al l scr eens ar e i mpor t ant.
Wher e 40 or mor e st udent s ar e I nvol ved, t hi s
wi l l gener al l yr equi r e st epped or sl oped f l oor s .
However , st eep sl opes such as seen f or year s
I n col l ege l ect ur e hal l s or amphi t heat er s ar e
not al ways
necessar y. These sl opes have
usual l y
been di ct at ed by a f unct i onal r equi r e-
ment t hat ever y st udent be abl e t o see t he t op
of a demonst r at i on t eol e at t he f r ont of t he
r oom. Rat her t han t hus i ncr easi ng t he vol ume
of t he r oom, and t he cost of t he r oom, el ec-
t r oni c means of magni f i cat i on shoul d be em-
pl oyed whi ch shi f t s t he f unct i onal r equi r ement
f r omvi ewi nga demonst r at i ont abl et o t he mor e
easi l y accommodat ed vi ewi ng of scr eens. 8y
of f set t i ng t he r ows of seat i ng, and by usi ng
pl at f or ms cont ai ni ng t wo r ows of seat i ng each,
t he vol ume of t he r oomcan be r educedwi t hout
I mpai r i ng t he vi ewi ng of scr eens and i nf or ms-
t i on di spl ay sur f aces .
I nvest i gat e t he Advant ages of Cont i nent al
Seat i ng. I n l ayi ng out seat i ng i n t he l ar ger
r ooms, cont i nent al seat i ng, whi ch
al l ows cr oss
ai sl es bet ween t he r ows of seat s, shoul d be
expl or ed. Thi s ar r angement can move ai sl es
out si de t he vi ewi ng ar ea, can al l ow l onger
r ows of seat s, and can per mi t st udent s t o move
t o and f r om t hei r
seat s wi t hout di st ur bi ng
ot her st udent s . The squar e f oot age per seat i ng
uni t based on t he t ot al r oomar ea may not be
mush gr eat er t han t hat f or mor e conven-
t i onal ar r angement s . Each such sol ut i on must
be j udged i n accor dance wi t h t he appl i cabl e
bui l di ng code.
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Lar ge- Gr oup
Faci l i t i es
Fi g. 13

Seat i ng t ypes.
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
Audi ovi sual
Fi g.
1

Rear - scr eon pr oj ect i on ar ea.
Fi gur es 1- 17 r epr i nt ed f r om " NewSpaces f or Lear n-
i ng: Desi gni ng col l ege f aci l i t i es t o ut i l i ze i nst r uct i onal
ai ds and medi a. " Repor t of Resear ch Pr oj ect DASFEE:
( Desi gn of Audi t or i um- St udi o Faci l i t i es f or Engi neer i ng
Educat i on) suppor t ed by gr ant f r omEducat i onal Faci l i t i es
Labor at or i es,
I nc . , r evi sed ed. , J une 1966.
Fi g. 3 Tape r ecor der s .
Fi g. 2

Phonogr aphs.
Fi g. 6

Fr ont pr oj ect i on
scr eens.
Fi g. 5

Rear - scr een pr oj ect i on cabi net .
Fi g. 4 Cl assr oommoni t or s .
Educat i onal
Audi ovi sual
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
UNI VERSI TY
FACI LI TI ES
Audi ovi sual
Fi g.
7

Sl i des and f i l mst r i ps; pr oj ect or s .
Fi g. 8
Repet i t i ve f i l mpr oj ect or s.
Fi g.
9

Mul t i pr oj ect or
consol e.
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Audi ovi sual
Fi g. 10 Mi cr opr oj ect or s.
Fi g. 11

Opaque pr oj ect or .
Fi g. 12 Over head pr oj ect or .
Fi g. 15 Fi l mwor kshop.
Fi g. 14

Mul t i pr oj ect or modul e.
Fi g. 13 8- mm
and 16- mmmot i on- pi ct ur e pr oj ect or s .
Educat i onal
Audi ovi sual
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Audi ovi sual
; Language Labor at or y
Fi g. 16
Fi g. 17 Language l abor at or y
Educat i onal
Theat er - Ar t s- Labor at or y Teachi ng St at i on
occupy space equi val ent i n si ze and shape t o
t wo st andar d cl assr ooms.
The r ecommended pl an
i ncl udes space f or nor mal cl assr oom f unct i on,
space f or ar ena- t ype pr esent at i on, space
f or pr o-
sceni umand t hr ust st age pr esent at i ons, and al -
l ows
al l of
t hi s space t o be
conver t ed t o ot her
mul t i pl e- t heat er pur poses .
The ar ea desi gnat ed as t he t eachi ng st at i on
di vi des r oughl y i nt o t hr ee par t s ( see Fi g. 2) . Par t
one: some f i xed seat i ng on an i ncl i ned f l oor ac-
commodat i ng about 30 st udent s, wi t h chai r s
equi pped wi t h movabl e t abl et ar ms . Wi t hi n some
i ndi vi dual t eachi ng pr act i ces t he ar ea
mi ght be
pr ef er r ed wi t h
a
f l at f l oor wi t h movabl e chai r s .
Par t t wo: an el evat ed st age, pr esumabl y at
t he
opposi t e end f r om t he f i xed seat i ng j ust de-
scr i bed, and wi t h t he usual physi cal and el ect r i cal
same dr essi ng r ooms, t he same l obby space, t he
same t i cket of f i ces, t he same r est r ooms, t he same
shop ar ea, and some of t he same st or age ar ea
( see Fi g. 1)
.
Al t hough i t i s t r ue t hat on occasi on
bot h of t hese pr oduci ng uni t s mi ght be i n per f or -
mance si mul t aneousl y, i t
i s
not
pr obabl e
t hat
t hi s
woul d occur f r equent l y enough t o war r ant com-
pl et e dupl i cat i on of al l t hese ser vi ce ar eas. How-
ever , such suppor t space i s absol ut el y essent i al ,
and, i f i t i s not pr ovi ded i n connect i on wi t h some
ot her f unct i on of t he bui l di ng, i t wi l l be necessar y
t o pl an i t i n connect i on wi t h t he t eachi ng st at i on.
I n t he descr i pt i on whi ch f ol l ows, i t wi l l be appar -
ent t hat t her e ar e a number of advant ages t o
havi ng t he t eachi ng st at i on accessi bl e f r omf our
si des. The di mensi onal dat a suggest t he possi bi l -
i t y, but
do
not demand t hat t he t eachi ng st at i on
THEATER- ARTS- LABORATORY
TEACHI NGSTATI ON
Ther ear e manyt ypes of space f aci l i t y whi ch may
be empl oyed i n t he Theat er - Ar t s pr ogr am. The
Theat er - Ar t s- Labor at or y Teachi ng St at i on i s pr i -
mar i l y a cl assr oomwhi ch i s desi gned f or , and
speci f i cal l y al l ocat ed t o, t he t eachi ng of t heat er -
ar t s subj ect s . I t i s pr esumed t hat t hi s r oomwi l l
pr obabl y be assi gned
t o a si ngl e t eacher , or t o
a smal l gr oup of t eacher s, empl oyed i n a t eam-
t eachi ng concept .
Wi t h onl y sl i ght expansi on,
however , i t mi ght ser ve i n some i nst ances as a
ver y comf or t abl e
and pl easant pl ace f or publ i c
per f or mances . I t i s not desi gned pr i mar i l y as a
r epl acement f or aconvent i onal school audi t or i um.
I t s exi st ence, however , wi l l emphasi ze t he f act
t hat t he wel l - appoi nt ed audi t or i umi s not essent i al
f or t hesuccessf ul pur suanceof a t heat er - ar t s pr o-
gr am. Under i deal ci r cumst ances, such a f aci l i t y
i s empl oyed on aday- t o- day basi s by t het eacher
i n t he nor mal pr ogr ess of i nst r uct i on,
and t her e-
f or e maybe consi der ed a suppl ement t o t he audi -
t or i um empl oyed f or t he l ar ger publ i c per f or -
mances . I n addi t i on t o t he nor mal dai l y cl ass
f unct i ons, i t i s ent i r el y appr opr i at e t o empl oy t he
t eachi ng st at i on, on occasi on, f or publ i c pr esent a-
t i on of mat er i al adapt ed t o t hi s space, i f t he
seat i ng wi l l accommodat e a smal l i nvi t ed, or even
payi ng audi ence.
Al t hough some di mensi onal dat a ar e pr ovi ded,
i t shoul d be r emember ed t hat
t hey r epr esent onl y
a suggest ed t r eat ment and t hat , i n speci f i c i n-
st ances, a r oom
mi ght change i t s shape per cept i -
bl y and be i ncr eased or decr eased i n si ze. The
basi c concept of t hi s r oomi mpl i es t hat i t s pr i mar y
f unct i on i s t hat of a cl assr oom, and a cont i nual
enl ar gement
of
t hi s
f aci l i t y appr oachi ng a smal l
audi t or i um woul d be undesi r abl e. The t er m
" t eachi ng st at i on" i s empl oyed r at her t han " l i t -
t l e" or " st udi o t heat er " i n an at t empt t o empha-
si ze i t s cl assr oomf unct i on.
Separ at e Ser vi ce Faci l i t i es
I f t he school has separ at e audi t or i um
f aci l i t i es,
i t i s r ecommended t hat t he t eachi ng st at i on be
near by
i n
or der
t hat some of t he ser vi ce ar eas
mi ght be empl oyed by bot h of t hese t heat er uni t s.
As
an exampl e- i t
woul d
be
possi bl e
f or t he
t eachi ng st at i on and t he audi t or i umt o use t he
Ar chi t ect ur e f or t he Educat i onal Theat r e, H. W. Robi n-
son, 1970. Repr i nt ed by per mi ssi on. Copyr i ght 1970
by Uni ver si t y of Or egon.
Fi g. 1

Funct i onal and spacer el at i onshi ps of audi -
t or t ur r r
t o t eachi ng st at i on. I t i s hi ghl y desi r abl e,
as t he t ext i ndi cat es,
t o have bot h a st age- audi t o-
r i umand
a t eachi ng st at i on i n anef f i ci ent academi c
t heat er pl ant . I f bot h ar e
pr ovi ded, i t i s not neces-
sar y t o dupl i cat e al l of t he suppor t f unct i ons;
avoi d-
i ng unnecessar y dupl i cat i on wi l l save space and
const r uct i on cost s. Thi s di agr ami l l ust r at es
t he de-
si r abl e f unct i onal and posi t i onal
r el at i onshi ps be-
t ween t he t wo compl ement ar yt heat er f or ms
.
Educat i onal
Theat er - Ar t s- Labor at or y Teachi ng
St at i on
l ar ged,
t he space beneat h t hese wal kways may
be empl oyed f or st or age f or seat i ng or
ot her t he-
at r i cal
equi pment .
No at t empt wi l l be made her e
t o speci f y a
mi ni mum
of equi pment f or t hi s t eachi ng st at i on,
but i t i s obvi ous t hat i t must have
t he usual com-
pl ement
of f r ont t r avel er , cycl or ama, swi t chboar d,
and l i ght i ng equi pment.
Al t hough i t i s not pl anned t hat
al l t hr ee of
t hese ar eas wi l l be used si mul t aneousl y i n acl ass-
r oomt eachi ng st at i on, i t i s possi bl e
t o have on
st age t he
f i xed
st age
sceni c, l i ght i ng, and pr op-
er t y el ement s t o be used f or a publ i c
pr esent at i on
or f or t he use of
anot her cl ass whi l e t he t eacher
l ect ur es or conduct s a demonst r at i on
i n t he cent r al
ar ea
wi t hout havi ng t o cl ear t hi s mat er i al . I n t he
same wayaset - upcanr emai n i n
t he ar enasect i on
and
t he t eacher wi l l st i l l have a l ect ur e
ar ea and
a dr i l l or r ehear sal ar ea unencumber ed
.
The essent i al f eat ur es of t hi s cl assr oom
t each-
i ng st at i on ar e desi gned speci f i cal l y
t o ser ve t he
pur poses of t heat er i nst r uct i on, but i f , i n schedul -
i ng, i t appear s t hat t he r oomwi l l
not be i n cont i n-
t o ser ve
as a sound r oomand a l i st eni ng r oom,
as wel l as t o accommodat e
pr oj ect i on equi pment .
The cei l i ng of t hi s r oom shoul d be appr oxi -
mat el y 14 f t above t he st age
l evel , and shoul d
pr ovi de, i n addi t i on t o st andar d r oom
l i ght i ng,
ot her ar r angement s
f or t he hangi ng of speci al
st age l i ght i ng i nst r ument s and ot her
hangi ng
uni t s. These
suppor t i ng member s can be exposed
or conceal ed above a f al se cei l i ng.
Li ght i ng con-
t r ol may
be l ocat ed ei t her i n t he of f st age ar ea
on t he f i xed st age f l oor or i n t he pr oj ect i on r oom
descr i bed above.
Awal kway at l east 42 i n wi de
shoul d be pr o-
vi ded on
t he t wo l ong si des of t he r oomwhi ch
connect t he st age l evel at one
end wi t h t he en-
t r ance l evel at t he opposi t e end. For cl assr oom
use, t hese l evel s wi l l be
empl oyed as di spl ay and
wor k ar eas at l owt abl e hei ght . When t he r oom
i s empl oyed f or
ar ena st agi ng, t hey ser veas el e-
vat ed r ows of seat i ng on t he t wo si des. For
end
st agi ng, t hey ser ve as addi t i onal
si de st ages or
f or wal kways appr oachi ng t he st agef or
ent r ance,
t abl eau, or pr ocessi onal pur poses
. I f sl i ght l y en-
equi pment . When
empl oyed as a pr osceni um
st age, t her ewoul d be space f or seat i ng
appr oxi -
mot el y 80 i n t he
f i xed seat i ng descr i bed com-
bi ned wi t h t he t empor ar y seat i ng i n t he
space
next descr i bed. Par t
t hr ee: a f l at f l oor ar ea be-
t ween par t one and par t t wo f or r ehear sal , dem-
onst r at i on and ar ena st agi ng, a pl ayi ng ar ea of
at l east 14 by 18 f t , and
wi t h t he usual l i ght i ng
and mechani cal equi pment . When t hi s ar ea i s
empl oyed f or
ar ena st agi ng, and al l ot her ar eas
adapt ed t o seat i ng, i t canaccommodat eappr oxi -
mat el y
140
.
The mi ni mumwi dt h of t hi s r oomi s
24f t ; wi dt hs up t o 36 f t woul d pr ove addi t i onal l y
desi r abl e
. The t ot al l engt h of t he r oom, i f t he
ar eas descr i bed ar e l ai d end- t o- end,
i s about 70
f t
.
I f t he f i xed
seat i ng pl an i s empl oyed f or some
30 t o 50 seat s, and i f t hey ar e on a
r aked ( i n-
cl i ned( or
t er r aced f l oor , i t i s r ecommended t hat
t her e be at l east a 5- i n di f f er ent i al i n t he
hei ght
of t he r ows
. Back- t o- back spaci ng of 36 i n i s
r ecommended f or r ows, and 20- 22
i n f or i ndi vi d-
ual seat wi dt hs . Ot her
seat i ng t o be pr ovi ded
shoul d be of padded met al f ol di ng chai r s
wi t h
ar mr est s. Li nkabl e chai r s
have some advant ages
i n t er ms of ease of movement , f or r egr oupi ng,
and f or cl eani ng.
The cent er ar ea of t he r oomi s r ecommended
f or gener al
demonst r at i on, cl assr oomspace, and
as an ar ena pl ayi ng ar ea f or pr oduct i ons t o be
vi ewed
f r om f our si des. I t i s suggest ed t hat t he
r ecessed space mi ght be t went y- one t o
t went y-
f our i nches
bel ow
t hat of
t he sur r oundi ng ar eas,
i ncl udi ng t he ser vi ce hal l s .
Thi s pr ovi des a de-
pr essed
ar ea f or t he ar ena st age wi t h some seat -
i ng at t hat
l evel , wi t h ot her r ai sed seat i ng on
al l si des, and i t al so al l ows f or t he el evat ed pr o-
sceni um
and t hr ust st age t o be above t he cent r al
f l oor ar ea. Al t hough t he r ai sed
st age at t he end
of t he
r oommaybe empl oyed as a pr osceni um
st age, i t shoul d not be
t hought of as t hat excl u-
si vel y. I t s desi gn l ends i t sel f t o ot her , f l exi bl e
t r eat ment. Ther e i s no
f i xed pr osceni um- t he
boundi ng edges of t he openi ng ar e est abl i shed
by movabl e sect i ons of wal l or by
a si mpl e cur t ai n
f r ami ng. Thi s st agespace shoul d be t he f ul l
wi dt h
of t he r oomat t hat end, and
shoul d be at l east
14 f t deep. Al t hough mor e- t han- usual
cl assr oom
hei ght i s desi r abl e over
t he st age ar ea, i t i s not
necessar y t o pr ovi de t he usual st age house or
f l y space. I t i s
suggest ed t hat t wo l evel s ( each
3 f t deep( r unni ng t he f ul l wi dt h of t he st age
be pr ovi ded
i n f r ont of t he f i xed pl at f or m ar ea
wi t h one- t hi r d st age hei ght di f f er ent i al
f or each,
namel y 7
or
8
i n. These l evel s can be cr eat ed
by separ at e, col l apsi bl e, or
nest i ng boxes and
r eempl oyed as t er r aced
seat i ng spaces f or t he
ar ena concept , or as
var i abl e f or est age space
as suggest ed
by t he accompanyi ng di agr ams ( see
Fi g. 4) .
Apr oj ect i on
r oommay be pr ovi ded at t he end
of t he r oomopposi t e t hat of
t he f i xed st age,
Fi g. 2 The t eachi ng st at i on. The t eachi ng st at i on
pr ovi des
space f or al l t heat er f unct i ons such as
wor k ar eas,
r ehear sal ar eas, cl assr oom, and publ i c
seat i ng
f or al l t hr ee basi c t heat er f or ms: t hr ust ,
ar ena, andpr osceni um. I t i s mul t i f unct i onal i n t er ms
of space, but can sel domaccommodat e mor e
t han
one f unct i on of one t i me. The basi c concept
cal l s
f or t hr ee maj or t andemspaces, A, 6, C, and
t wo
f l anki ng spaces, D; al l ar e mul t i f unct i onal .
The di -
mensi ons of t hese spaces ar e opt i onal ( see
t ext ) .
Thi s di agr amshows t he i nt er r el at i onshi p of t he
spaces and t hei r f unct i on, and i nt r oduces t he
pl an
pr esent ed i n Fi g. 3.
Fi g.
4 Teachi ng st at i on: pl at f or mand seat i ng al t er nat i ves. The st andar d t eachi ng st at i on i s r eadi l y
conver t i bl e t o
many st agi ng f or ms
.
Af ew
of
t he al t er nat es ar e suggest ed i n t hi s di agr am. Por t abl e
pl at f or ms
of st andar d modul ar di mensi on such as 3 by 6 f t may be used as a base f or audi ence seat i ng
on
var yi ng l evel s, or st acked t o change t he hei ght of pl ayi ng l evel s. These uni t s ar e st or ed, when not
i n use, under t he f or est age and under t he el evat ed wal kways at each si de of t he r oom. St ai r uni t s of
compat i bl e hei ght i ncr ease t he f l exi bi l i t y of t he syst em. I nf i ni t e var i et y i s avai l abl e wi t h t he exer ci se
of i magi nat i on ( not e t hat t he f i xed seat i ng r emai ns t he same f or each al t er nat e) .
Fi g. 3

Teachi ng st at i on: sect i on and pl an. A. Fi xed
seat i ng; B. pot ent i al ar ena st agi ng; C. el evat ed
st ags, no f i xed pr osceni um; D. el evat ed wal kways
on each si de of t he r oomser ve as wor k t abl es
and ar ena seat i ng and pr ovi de chai r and pl at f or m
st or age under neat h; E. pr oj ect i on r oom.
Educat i onal
Theat er - Ar t s- Labor at or y
Teachi ng St at i on
ual use, i t may be empl oyed qui t e ef f ect i vel y i n
t he t r ue mul t i pl e- f unct i on sense. Al t hough speci f i -
cal l y desi gned f or t heat er pur poses, i t has not
l ost i t s usef ul ness as a gener al cl assr oomr egar d-
l ess of subj ect mat t er . I t has a r ai sed st age f or
any t ype of cl assr oomper f or mance, a l ar ge f l at
f l oor space f or act i vi t i es such as dance, and may
even be used as a smal l l ect ur e hal l .
PROGRAMS ANDPROGRAMMI NG
Unt i l r ecent year s l ar ge bui l di ng pr oj ect s wer e
l aunched by not hi ng mor e t hen a conver sat i on
bet ween an i ndi vi dual cl i ent and t he ar chi t ect
of hi s per sonal choi ce wi t h, per haps, some
r ef er ence t o a hi st or i cal pr ecedent wi t h whi ch
bot h wer e f ami l i ar . The r esul t i ng i nconveni ent
pl anni ng and l ack of f aci l i t i es and equi pment
i n bui l di ngs of al l t ypes appear ed t o be of l i t t l e
consequence. Labor
was cheap and pl ent i f ul ;
space was at a di scount ;
cl i ent and ar chi t ect
coul d af f or d t o wast e space.
Recent l y sever al changes i n
soci et y have
af f ect ed t he way i n whi ch new
bui l di ng i s
br ought
i nt o bei ng : t he aut ocr at i c st at esman,
i ndust r i al i st , and educat or has been suppl ant ed
by
t he bui l di ng commi t t ee; t he per sonal f or t une
has
been r epl aced by t he f i nance commi t t ee
and pr ogr ambudget i ng; and bui l di ng r equi r e-
ment s
have become vast l y mor e exact i ng
i n
r esponse
t o t he t echnol ogi cal r evol ut i on i n
gover nment , i ndust r y, and educat i on. Al t he
same
t i me, t he pr i vat e conver sat i on and occa-
si onal
l et t er bet ween cl i ent and ar chi t ect has
gi ven way t o a wor dy document by whi ch a
many- heeded cl i ent i nst r uct s an ar chi t ect ur al
or gani zat i on and many speci al i st s I n
bui l di ng
desi gn and const r uct i on.
Thi s document i s
somet i mes cal l ed " user
r equi r ement s" or
" bui l di ng speci f i cat i ons" ; mor e
f r equent l y i t
I s known as t he " pr ogr am. " Gener al l y,
pr o-
gr ams ar e of t wo t ypes, ser vi ng di f f er ent pur -
poses
.
Mast er Pl an Pr ogr am
The pr ogr amf or t he mast er pl an i s concer ned
wi t h l ar ge- scal e devel opment t o be accom-
pl i shed i n sever al phases over many year s . I t
deal s i n bui l di ng space t o t he near est t housand
squar e
f oot andr equi r ed si t e ar ea i n sor es . The
mast er pl an
pr ogr ammay be used t o det er mi ne
t he ar ea of l and t o be acqui r ed f or t he new
devel opment , t o assess t he adequacy of an
exi st i ng
si t e and ut i l i t i es t o accommodat e
f ut ur e r equi r ement s, t o est i mat e devel opment
cost s, and t o
r ai se f unds.
Bui l di ng Pr ogr am
The bui l di ng pr ogr am i s concer ned
wi t h
de-
t ai l ed space descr i pt i ons
f or i mmedi at e new
const r uct i on anddeal s
i n bui l di ng
space
t o t he
near est hundr ed squar e f oot .
The det ai l ed
bui l di ng pr ogr ammay be
used
so
t he basi s f or
t he ar chi t ect ' s desi gn
.
I t al so
may be used t o
conduct an ar chi t ect ur al compet i t i on f or t he
sel ect i on of an ar chi t ect , t o
est i mat e connt r uc-
t l on cost s, t o est i mat e f ur ni t ur e andequi pment
r equi r ement s, and t o r ai se f unds .
Apr ogr ammaybe concer ned wi t h t he
expan-
si on of exi st i ng physi cal f aci l i t i es t o accommo-
dat e a gr owi ng or gani zat i on, or wi t h t he de-
vel opment of newf aci l i t i es on a si t e not yet
sel ect ed
f or an or gani zat i on i n pr ocess of
f or mat i on
.
I n ei t her case, t he pr ogr ami s a net
of i nst r uct i ons and cr i t er i a der i ved f r omcon"
ai der at i on of many
f act or s, i ncl udi ng at l east
t he f ol l owi ng:
1 . Pol i cy. The or gani zat i on' s
goal s and ob-
j ect i ves f or f ut ur e gr owt h and change
. I n an
educat i onal i nst i t ut i on t hi s woul dbe
known as
t he academi c pl an.
ByJ AMES A.
PADDOCK, Dobor , Paddock,
Upt on and Associ at es,
I nc
.
Educat i onal
COLLEGE AND
2. Pr oj ect i on. Ant i ci pat i on of
number s and
char act er i st i cs of peopl e t o be
accommodat ed
at some poi nt i n t he f ut ur e or at
some sel ect ed
l evel of act i vi t y, popul at i on, or
enr ol l ment .
a. Cr i t er i a. Space pl annI ng
st andar ds f or
peopl e and
equi pment andot her f act ual r equi r e-
ment s whi ch must
be met .
4. Spat i al r el at i onshi p
. The desi r ed r el at i on-
shi pamong
i ndi vi dual s, gr oups, and t he equi p-
ment t hey use; t hei r
r el at i onshi p t o vi si t or s,
TABLE 1

Sampl e of Typi cal Pr ogr amSheet
TABLE 2

Space Pr ogr am
Number of
exi st i ng
St at i ons
p
r oj ect ed
Net sq
f t
per st at i on
Tot al net
sq f t
Audi o vi sual
cent er :
Coor di nat or
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 140
140
Facul t y of f i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1 100
100
Super vi sor , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 100
100
Secr et ar y
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3 80
180
Pr oj ect i oni st ' s st udy r oom
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
Recept i on . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 80
St udent vi ewi ng cubi cl es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- - -
15 30 450
St udent l f ecul t y l abor at or y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 40
240
Pr evi ewi ng st udi os:
Gr oup 1151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 225 225
I ndi vi dual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 40 180
Audi o vi sual cl ass/ l abor at or y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
20 80 1200
Repai r shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 400 400
Subt ot al . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3, 375
Tel evi si on:
Coor di nat or of educat i onal
act i vi t i es of TV
. . . . . . . . . .
1 1 140 140
Facul t y of f i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1 100
100
Techni cal coor di nat or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1 100 100
Hi gher educat i on of f i cer s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2 80 180
Secr et ar y
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1 50 00
St udent
wor k st at i ons
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . .
. .
3
80 180
Cont r ol r oom . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
1
400 400
Shop
. .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1 400
_400
Subt ot al
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 540
Audi o vi sual and TV
Exi st i ng
oper at i ons . . . . . .
. . . Funct i on:
The Audi o Vi sual end Tel evi si on Cent er s, al t hough headquar t er ed
t oget her , ar e
i ndependent oper at i ons . The Audi o Vi sual Cent er i s f i nanced by t he Col l ege;
t he Tel evi si on
Cent er i s f i nanced by t he Educat i on Depar t ment .
The Audi o Vi sual Cent er conduct s
cour ses r equi r ed of al l Educat i on maj or s and
pr epar es and t hst f but es
al l f i l ms and ot her audi o vi sual ai ds, di st r i but es al l
t el evi si on t apes pr epar ed by
t he Tel evi si on Cent er , and
pr ovi des
pr oj ect i on end
ot her t echni cal per sonnel
t o al l depar t ment s .
The Tel evi si on Cent er pr epar es
t el evi si on t apes f or t eachi ng pur poses .
Faci l i t i es :
Exi st i ng space i s cr amped and i nappr opr i at e t o t he f unct i on housed. I The t el e-
vi si on r epai r cent er i s i n a mechani cal
equi pment r oomcont ai ni ng st eam- oper at ed
hot - wat er boi l er and r eaches 100 dur i ng t he
summer
. )
Ant i ci pat ed changes . . . . . . . . Funct i on:
The t r end t owar d i nt er di sci pl i nar y
oper at i ons wi l l br i ng t he t wo cent er s cl oser
t oget her .
Faci l i t i es :
Al t hough t he Audi o Vi sual and Tel evi si on Cent er s
wi l l each r equi r e t hei r own of f i ce
and st udi o f aci l i t i es, t echni cal and suppor t spaces may be shar ed.
Locat i on cr i t er i a . . . . . . . . . .
Locat ed adj acent t o a space easi l y vacat ed t o accommodat e
unf or eseen f ut ur e
expansi on.
Pl anni ng assumpt i ons . . . . . . .
Separ at e gr aphi c ar t s and phot ogr aphy f aci l i t i es wi l l be pr ovi ded
f or t he Audi o
Vi sual Cent er and Col l ege Rel at i ons and Publ i cat i ons .
t he publ i c, and ot her s out si de t he i mmedi at e
or gani zat i on ; and t he f l ow of i nf or mat i on,
suppl i es, and
mat er i al .
5.
Const r ai nt s . Li mi t at i ons of budget , t i me,
ar ea of si t e, zoni ng r est r i ct i ons and avai l abi l i t y
of speci al equi pment
.
Pr ogr ammi ng
The pr ocess
by whi ch t he pr ogr ami s pr oduced
i s cal l ed pr ogr ammi ng. Thi s may be done by
Fi g. t

Pr ogr ampr ocess out l i ne.
t he cl i ent ( t he peopl e who ar e goi ng t o
use t he
bui l di ng) , t he ar chi t ect , or a consul t ant . I n
any
case, t he pr ocess i s essent i al l y t he same and
consi st s of t he f ol l owi ng st eps .
1 . Exi st i ng dat a. Assembl y and r evi ewof al l
exi st i ng document s concer ni ng pol i cy deci -
si ons, enr ol l ment pr oj ect i ons, cor por at e
pl ans,
andot her paper s t hat descr i be t he
pr esent and
f ut ur e st r uct ur e of t he or gani zat i on .
2. Pl anni ng commi t t ee.
Appoi nt ment of a
pl anni ng commi t t ee
t o r evi ewt he pr ogr ammi ng
wor k as i t pr oceeds,
t o r esol ve possi bl e
con-
f l i ct s over
such mat t er s as t he al l ocat i on of
space
or
ot her r esour ces among compet i ng
di vi si ons,
and t o appr ove t he compl et ed pr o-
gr amdocument . The commi t t ee shoul d i ncl ude
a r epr esent at i ve of each f unct i onal ar ea wi t hi n
t he
or gani zat i on . Most of t hese f unct i onal
ar eas can be i dent i f i ed pr i or t o t he begi nni ng
of t he pr ogr ammi ng pr ocess by r ef er ence t o
or gani zat i on char t s and t el ephone di r ect or i es
and t hr ough consul t at i on wi t h admi ni st r at or s .
The si ze and, consequent l y, t he number of
f unct i onal ar eas speci f i ed depend l ar gel y on
t he l evel of det ai l t o whi ch t he pr ogr ammi ng
i s expect ed t o go . For exampl e, al l admi ni st r a-
t i ve f unct i ons mi ght be subsumed under an Of -
f i ce of t he Vi ce Pr esi dent f or Admi ni st r at i on.
I f mor e det ai l
i s r equi r ed, subdi vi si ons mi ght
be made t o
est abl i sh separ at e of f i ces f or f i scal
pl anni ng, per sonnel ,
bui l di ngs and gr ounds,
et c .
3. I nt er vi ews
. I nt er vi ewi ng i ndi vi dual s and
gr oups r epr esent i ng
each f unct i onal ar ea wi t h-
i n t he
or gani zat i on. The pur pose of t hese i nt er -
vi ews i s t o ask t he
i ndi vi dual , Who ar e you,
what do you
do, howdo you do i t , wi t h whom,
and i n
what ki nd of space? I deal l y, t hese di s-
cussi ons
shoul d al most never t ouch on t he
quest i on of howmuch space i s needed. The
pr ogr ammer shoul d knowf r omt he space i n-
vent or y
howmuch space exi st s, i f any; and he
wi l l
be abl e t o obser ve over cr owdi ng or gr oss
under - ut i l i zat i on. The per son usi ng t he space
i s t he exper t
r egar di ng howi t i s used. The
pr ogr ammer
i s an exper t i n t r ansl at i ng need
i nt o squar e f eet . The success of t he di scus-
si ons depends upon each par t y' s abi l i t y t o st ay
wi t hi n hi s own ar ea of exper t i se.
4. Dr af t pr ogr am. Fol l owi ng t he i nt er vi ews,
t he pr ogr ammer wr i t es a det ai l ed sheet f or
each f unct i onal
ar ea ( see Tabl es 1 t o 3) . The
dr af t pr ogr am
sheet wi l l i ncl ude t he pr ogr am-
mer ' s anal ysi s of
t he spaces r equi r ed and t hei r
si zes
.
The
sheet i s t hen sent t o t he per son
i nt er vi ewed. Revi ewand f ur t her di scussi on
t ake pl ace as r equi r ed unt i l he i s sat i sf i ed t hat
t he pr ogr am sheet r epr esent s hi s expl i ci t un-
der st andi ng of need.
Educat i onal
FACI LI TI ES
Pr ogr ams and
Pr ogr ammi ng
TABLE 3

Sampl e of Det ai l ed Bui l di ng Pr ogr amSpace Descr i pt i on
Ar ea Number : MM- 11
Name of Space: Bi ol ogy/ chemi st r y pr epar at i on r oom
Number : One
Fl oor Ar ea: 180 sq f t
User : Facul t y, l ab t echni ci an
Pur pose: Pr epar at i on and set t i ng up of movabl e demonst r at i on bench, st or age of
chemi cal s and appar at us, st or age of bench
Cei l i ng Hei ght : No speci al r equi r ement s
Li ght i ng Requi r ement s: No speci al r equi r ement s
Heat i ng, Vent i l at i ng, Ai r
Condi t i oni ng, Exhaust :
Fume hood
Suggest ed Mat er i al s
f or Fl oor s Wal l s : Aci d
r esi st ant f l oor and base
Cei l i ng :
Door s: I t di r ect access i s pr ovi ded t o hal l , t hen
door t o hal l t o be sol i d cor e or
equi val ent , gasket t ed; wi ndowwi t h
sl i di ng panel , door wi dt h t o al l ow
passage of movabl e bench
Equi pment and Fur ni t ur e: 1 . Chemi cal bench 12 f t l ong wi t h
si nk, hot and col d wat er , gas, vacuum,
and ai r , chemi cal r esi st ant st op, cupboar ds
and dr awer under ; r eagent
shel f , aci d dr ai n
2. St or age cabi net s and shel vi ng
3. Fume hood
4. El ect r i c wal l cl ock
5
.
St eel chal kboar d, 4 X3 f t
6. Pegboar d, 4 X3 f t f or dr yi ng gl asswar e
7. St ool
Speci al Ut i l i t y Requi r ement s :
Pl ugmol d on wal l above bench
Spat i al Rel at i onshi ps:
Adj acent t o hal l at st age l evel and t o ser vi ce access
Educat i onal
r esol ve t he conf l i ct , or t he pr esi dent of t he
or gani zat i on and some r epr esent at i ve gr oup of
advi ser s may make t he f i nal deci si ons con-
cer ni ng al l ocat i ons of
space
or devel opment
f unds
.
The pr ocess out l i ned above r educe* a vast
amount of dat a t o a r easonabl e set of st at e-
ment s concer ni ng any one of whi ch t her e
shoul d be l i t t l e or no ar gument , and so t he
deci si on- maki ng pr ocess shoul d be compar a-
t i vel y easy. When t he deci si ons have been
made, t he or gani zat i on wi l l have cl ar i f i ed i t s
goal s and est abl i shed a r easonabl y f i r mbasi s
f or physi cal pl anni ng and ar chi t ect ur al desi gn.
Fi gur e 1 i l l ust r at es t he pr ogr ammi ng pr ocess
as i t mi ght appl y t o an educat i onal i nst i t ut i on.
5. Commi t t ee r evi ew. The pl anni ng commi t -
t ee meet s t o r evi ewt he dr af t pr ogr amsheet s .
The commi t t ee must j udge i ndi vi dual space
r equest s i n t he cont ext of t he whol e or gani za-
t i on. I t must ensur e t hat r equest s ar e not r e-
dundant but compl ement ar y and t hat no i nt er -
est s have been i gnor ed.
6 .
Est i mat e
of
bui l di ng
si ze and cost . The
pr ogr am
consul t ant t ot al s t he net squar e f oot
space, r equest s,
and
est i mat es t he bui l di ng
ar ea needed i n gr oss squar e f eet . Thi s i s done
by appl yi ng a " not - t o- gr oss" mul t i pl i er
t o al l ow
f or ci r cul at i on space, washr ooms, mechani cal
equi pment ar eas, andwal l t hi cknesses. Typi cal
mul t i pl i er s ar e 1 . 66 f or of f i ces, 1 . 35 f or under -
gr aduat e l i br ar i es, and 1 . 25 f or sudi t or i a. The
t ot al gr oss squar e f oot age i s nowused t o make
an appr oxi mat e est i mat e of const r uct i on cost .
Ot her cost s such as f ur ni t ur e, equi pment , si t e
wor ks and pr of essi onal f ees may be est i mat ed
i n or der t o ar r i ve at a t ot al devel opment cost .
7. Fi nal deci si on andr evi ew. The commi t t ee
nowhas
a l i st of car ef ul l y consi der ed st at e-
ment s concer ni ng t he amount and t ype of space
r equi r ed by each f unct i onal ar ea based on
speci f i ed assumpt i ons concer ni ng i t s r esponsi -
bi l i t i es, and an appr oxi mat e est i mat e of t he
cost of devel opi ng a bui l di ng or bui l di ngs t o
accommodat e t he pr ogr ammed spaces . I t i s
hi ghl y l i kel y t hat t he t ot al demands exceed t he
or gani zat i on' s r esour ces . The t ask nowi s t o
deci de howmuch space shoul d be al l ot t ed f or
each pur pose. The pl anni ng commi t t ee may
Cul t ur al
329
336
339
341
343
344
347
348
350
350
351
352
362
365
371
377
380
MUSEUMS
SMALLMUSEUMS
Gal l er y Desi gn
LI BRARI ES
Space
Requi r ement s
Ser vi ce and Space
Rel at i onshi ps
l i br ar y l ocat i on
Br anch Bui l di ngs
Bookmobi l es
Bookst ack
Dat a
THEATERS
Si ght
Li nes
St age
Space
COMMUNI TYTHEATERS
AMPHI THEATERS
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
Cul t ur al
MUSEUMS
By
BRUNOMOLAJ OLI
GENERAL
OBSERVATI ONS
Whenever i t i s pr oposed t o
bui l d a museum-
whet her l ar ge or smal l - t her e
i s usual l y one
pr el i mi nar y mat t er t o be set t l ed : t he
choi ce of a
si t e.
Wher e sever al
possi bi l i t i es ar e avai l abl e,
t he
dr awbacks andadvant ages of
each must be
car ef ul l y wei ghed.
Shoul d t he si t e be
cent r al , or on t he out -
ski r t s of
t het own?Thi s appear s
t o be t he most
usual
di l emma. Unt i l 20 or 30 year s
ago t her e
was a
pr ef er ence f or t hecent er of
a t own, wi t h
i t s
bet t er t r anspor t f aci l i t i es . But as
t he use and
speed
of publ i c and pr i vat e t r anspor t
have gr ad-
ual l y
i ncr eased and i t has become
easi er t o get
f r omone
poi nt t o anot her , i t has been
r eal i zed
t hat t he
conveni ence of a cent r al si t uat i on
f or a
museumi s
out wei ghed by t he many
and sub-
st ant i al advant ages
of a l ess cent r al posi t i on
.
These
i ncl ude a gr eat er choi ce and easi er
ac-
qui si t i on of
l and ( at l ower cost ) , l ess f at i gue
f r om t he noi se of
t r af f i c- a gr owi ng and
al -
r eady ver y r eal
pr obl em- and an at mospher e
l ess l aden wi t h
dust and wi t h gases
whi ch
when not poi sonous
ar e, t o say t he l east ,
un-
pl easant .
Amuseum
shoul d al ways be r eadi l y acces-
si bl e f r omal l par t s of
t he t own by publ i c t r ans-
por t and,
i f possi bl e, be wi t hi n wal ki ng di s-
t ance as wel l ,
and must be wi t hi n easy r each
of
school s, col l eges,
uni ver si t y, and l i br ar i es .
As
a mat t er of f act ,
al l t hese i nst i t ut i ons have si mi -
l ar pr obl ems and
st and equal l y i n need of t opo-
gr aphi cal coor di nat i on
;
i t
woul dbe advi sabl e t o
t ake t hi s i nt o account
at t he t own- pl anni ng
st age, r at her t han
deal wi t h each case sepa-
r at el y, as i t ar i ses, a met hod
whi ch mayi nvol ve
t he sacr i f i ce or negl ect of
many desi der at a.
Museums t end nowadays
t o be r egar ded
mor e
and mor e as " cul t ur al
cent er s. " I t must
t her ef or e be r emember ed t hat as
such t hey ar e
vi si t ed
not onl y by st udent s but
by peopl e wi t h
di f f er ent
backgr ounds who, i f a museum
i s near
enough
and easy t o r each, may come t o
i t , even
wi t h
l i t t l e t i me t o spar e, i n sear ch of
i nst r uct i ve
r ecr eat i on
.
Though t her e i s st i l l a pr ej udi ce
agai nst t he
bui l di ng
of museums i n par ks
or gar dens- on
t he pl ea
t hat t hi s makes t hemmor e
di f f i cul t t o
r each and di st ur bs
t he t r anqui l l i t y of such
pl aces- t hese
ar e becomi ng
ver y popul ar as
t hesi t es
of newmuseums. They
of f er consi der -
abl e
advant ages- a wi der choi ce of
det ached
posi t i ons,
t hus r educi ng t he r i sk of
f i r e
;
a r el a-
t i ve degr ee
of pr ot ect i on f r omdust , noi se,
vi -
br at i ons,
exhaust gases f r ommot or
engi nes or
f act or i es,
smoke f r om t he chi mneys
of
houses and f r om
muni ci pal heat i ng pl ant s,
t he
sul phur
cont ent of whi ch i s al ways
har mf ul t o
wor ks of
ar t .
Abel t of
t r ees sur r oundi ng t he
museum
bui l di ng
ser ves as an ef f ect i ve nat ur al
f i l t er f or
dust and
f or t he chemi cal di schar ges
t hat pol -
l ut e t he ai r of a moder n i ndust r i al
t own; i t al so
hel ps t o st abi l i ze t he humi di t y of
t he at mo-
spher e, t o whi ch pai nt i ngs and per i od
f ur ni t ur e
ar e
of t en sensi t i ve. I t i s sai d t hat
l ar ge t r ees, i f
undul y cl ose t o t he bui l di ng, cut
of f or def l ect
t he l i ght
and t hus di mi ni sh or
al t er i t s ef f ect
Museums, The Or gani zat i on
of Museums, UNESCO,
Pl ace de Font enoy, Par i s, 1967,
on
col or ; but t hi s di sadvant age woul d
appear t o
be uni mpor t ant , or i n any case easy
t o over -
come.
The sur r oundi ng l and mayof f er space
f or an
annex, bui l t at a sui t abl e di st ance f r om
t he
museumi t sel f , t o house var i ous
t ypes of equi p-
ment
and ser vi ces ( heat i ng and
el ect r i ci t y,
r epai r shop, gar age, et c. ) , or t he
st or es r e-
qui r ed
f or t hem( wood, t ext i l e
mat er i al s, f uel
oi l s, et c . ) ,
whi ch i t woul d be unsaf e
or , f or
some
r eason, i nconveni ent t o st ock i n t he
mai n
bui l di ng.
Mor eover , space wi l l al ways be
avai l abl e
- at l east i n t heor y- f or f ut ur e expansi on,
ei t her
by enl ar gement of t he
or i gi nal bui l di ng
or by t he
const r uct i on of connect ed annexes
;
t hi s i s par t i cul ar l y
i mpor t ant i f t he f i r st pr oj ect
has t o be r est r i ct ed i n
scal ef or r easons whi ch,
t hough unavoi dabl e, ar e
l i kel y t o be t r ansi t or y.
The beaut y of a
museumi s consi der abl y en-
hanced i f i t i s sur r ounded
by agar den whi ch, i f
t he l ocal cl i mat e i s
pr opi t i ous, can be used t o
advant age f or t he
di spl ay of cer t ai n t ypes of
exhi bi t , such as anci ent or
moder n scul pt ur e,
ar chaeol ogi cal or ar chi t ect ur al
f r agment s, et c.
Par t of t he sur r oundi ng
gr ounds may al so
pr ovi de space f or a car
par k.
The pl anni ng of a museum
i s an out st andi ng
exampl e of t he need
not onl y f or pr el i mi nar y
and speci f i c agr eement s
but f or cl ose and un-
i nt er r upt ed col l abor at i on
bet ween t hear chi t ect
and hi s empl oyer .
Ther e i s no such t hi ng as
a museumpl anned
i n t he abst r act , sui t abl e f or
al l cases and ci r -
cumst ances . On t he cont r ar y,
ever y case has
i t s
own condi t i ons, r equi r ement s,
char act er i s-
t i cs,
pur poses, and pr obl ems, t he assessment
of whi ch
i s pr i mar i l y t he t ask of
t he museum
di r ect or
. I t i s f or hi mt o pr ovi de t he
ar chi t ect
wi t h an
exact descr i pt i on of t he r esul t t o
be
ai med at
and of t he pr el i mi nar y st eps
t o be
t aken, and he
must be pr epar ed t o shar e
i n
ever y successi ve
phase of t he wor k- f ai l i ng
whi ch t he
f i ni shed bui l di ng may f al l shor t i n
some
r espect s of t he
many and compl ex t echni -
cal and f unct i onal
demands whi ch e moder n
museummust sat i sf y
.
Anot her poi nt t o be
consi der ed i s whet her
t he newbui l di ng i s t o
house an ent i r el y new
museum( whose cont ent s
have yet t o be as-
sembl ed) or t o af f or d a
per manent home f or an
exi st i ng col l ect i on. I n t he
f i r st case wehave t he
advant age of a f r ee appr oach
t o t he pr obl em
and
candeci de on an i deal
f or mf or t he muse-
um
; but wi t h t he at t endant
dr awback of be-
gi nni ng
our wor k i n t he
abst r act , ont he basi s
of ent i r el y
vague and t heor et i cal
assumpt i ons
whi ch f ut ur e devel opment s wi l l
pr obabl y not
conf i r m. I n t hesecond case we
must t ake car e
not t o go
t o t heopposi t e
ext r emeby desi gni ng
a
bui l di ng t oo pr eci sel y adapt ed t o
t he qual i t y
and
quant i t y of t he
wor ks
or
col l ect i ons whi ch
f or m
t he nucl eus of t he
museum; f ut ur e needs
andpossi bi l i t i es of devel opment
shoul d al ways
be
f or eseen and pr ovi si on
made f or t hem.
Al l t hi s i s par t of
t he di r ect or ' s
r esponsi -
bi l i t y.
Due r egar d shoul d al so
be gi ven t o t he spe-
ci al
char act er of t he new
museum- t he qual i t y
i t
al r eadypossesses andby
whi ch i t i s i n f ut ur e
t o be
di st i ngui shed- i n
r el at i on t o i t s
col l ec-
t i ons.
Thi s may, of cour se,
be of sever al ki nds
( ar t i st i c,
ar chaeol ogi cal ,
t echni cal , sci ent i f i c,
et c. ) and r espond
t o var i ous needs ( cul t ur al ,
gener al or l ocal
per manence or i nt er change-
abi l i t y, uni f or mi t y
of t he exhi bi t s or gr oup
di spl ay, et c. ) .
Nat ur al l y, ever y t ype
of col l ect i on, ever y
ki nd of mat er i al , ever y
si t uat i on has i t s own
gener al and i ndi vi dual
r equi r ement s
whi ch
wi l l consi der abl y
i nf l uence t he st r uct ur e of t he
bui l di ng and
t he f or mand si ze of t he exhi bi -
t i on r ooms and
r el at ed ser vi ces . I t i s no use
at t empt i ng t o pr esent a
ser i es of ar chaeol ogi cal
or et hnogr aphi cal
exhi bi t s, whose i nt er est i s
chi ef l y document ar y,
i n t he space and sur -
r oundi ngs t hat woul d be
appr opr i at e t o a col -
l ect i on of wor ks of
ar t , pai nt i ngs, or scul pt ur e
of gr eat aest het i c i mpor t ance,
or t o appl y t he
same st andar ds t o a museum
ar r anged chr ono-
l ogi cal l y and one whose
exhi bi t s ar e cl assi f i ed
i n ar t i st i c or sci ent i f i c cat egor i es ;
nor i n i t pos-
si bl e t o
di spl ay a col l ect i on of smal l
wor ks of
ar t , such as j ewel r y, smal l
br onzes, medal l i ons,
mi ni at ur es, et c. , i n r ooms of t he
si ze needed f or
l ar ge obj ect s of l ess met i cul ous
wor kmanshi p,
whi chr equi r e t o be seen as a
whol e and f r oma
cer t ai n di st ance.
Even a pi ct ur e gal l er ycannot be
desi gned i n
such awayas t o ser veequal l y
wel l f or t he exhi -
bi t i on of ol d pi ct ur es and
moder n ones : f or ,
apar t f r om t he f act t hat aest het i c
consi der a-
t i ons r ecommenddi f f er ent
set t i ngs f or t he t wo
gr oups, i t i s obvi ous t hat a
gal l er y of ol d
pai nt i ngs i s compar at i vel y
" st abi l i zed, " wher e-
as t he appear ance of a moder n
gal l er y i s t o
some ext ent " t r ansi t or y, " owi ng t o
t he gr eat er
ease
and f r equency wi t h whi ch
addi t i ons,
changes,
and r ear r angement s can be
mode, I n
t he l et t er
case, t her ef or e, not onl y t he
ar chi t ec-
t ur al f eat ur es of
t he bui l di ng but al so i t s act ual
const r uct i on
must be pl anned wi t h a vi ewt o
f aci l i t at i ng t he r api d
di spl acement and
change-
over of exhi bi t s
. The t r anspor t of heavyst at ues,
t he adapt at i on
of space and t he use of t he
sour ces of l i ght
i n t he way and on t he scal e
most appr opr i at e f or
par t i cul ar wor ks of ar t ,
shoul d be t akeni nt o
account as wel l as t hepos-
si bi l i t y ei t her of gr oupi ng
or of di spl ayi ng t hem
si ngl y, accor di ng t o t he
i mpor t ance and empha-
si s t o be at t r i but ed
t o t hem.
Amuseum
must be pl anned not
onl y i n r el a-
t i on t o i t s
pur pose end t o t he qual i t y
and t ype
of i t s
exhi bi t s, but al so wi t h r egar d t o
cer t ai n
economi c
and soci al consi der at i ons .
For i n-
st ance, i f i t i s t o
be t he onl y i nst i t ut i on i n
t he
t own whi ch
i s sui t abl e f or anumber of
cul t ur al
pur poses
( t heat r i cal per f or mances,
l ect ur es,
concer t s, exhi bi t i ons,
meet i ngs, cour ses
of
i nst r uct i on, et c. ) i t
maybe desi r abl e t o t ake
ac-
count i n t he i ni t i al
cal cul at i ons of t he
f i nanci al
r esour ces on whi ch i t
wi l l be abl e t o r el y,
t he
nat ur e of t he
l ocal popul at i on, t he t r end of
de-
vel opment of
t hat popul at i on as r eveal ed
by
st at i st i cs, and
t he pr opor t i on of t he popul at i on
whi chi s
i nt er est ed i n each of t he
museum' s ac-
t i vi t i es .
I n f act ,
t he wor d " museum" cover s
a wi de
r ange of
possi bi l i t i es, and t he
ar chi t ect com-
mi ssi oned
t o desi gn one must make
cl ear - t o
hi msel f f i r st of
al l - not onl y t he speci f i c
char -
act er of t he
museumhe i s t o bui l d but
t he po-
t ent i al subsi di ar y
devel opment s and
r el at ed
pur poses whi ch can
be sensed and f or eseen
i n
addi t i on t o t he
domi nant t heme.
The f ut ur e may see
subst ant i al changes
i n
Cul t ur al
MUSEUMS
our pr esent concept i on of museums. I f t he
ar chi t ect who desi gns one al l ows i n hi s pl an
f or easy adapt at i on t o nowf ashi ons, newde-
vel opment s, newpr act i cal and aest het i c possi .
bi l i t i es, hi s wor k wi l l be al l t he sounder and
mor e endur i ng. Amuseumi s not l i ke an exhi bi -
t i on, t o be br oken up af t er a shor t t i me and
br ought t oget her l at er i n an ent i r el y di f f er ent
f or m
.
Ther e shoul d be not hi ng " ephemer al " i n
i t s char act er or appear ance, even wher e t he
possi bi l i t y of changes or t empor ar y ar r ange-
ment s i s t o be cont empl at ed.
These consi der at i ons shoul d be bor ne i n
mi nd when t he ar chi t ect ur al pl ans f or t he
bui l di ng ar e dr awn up.
Accor di ng t o a pr ej udi ce whi ch, t hough
gr adual l y dyi ng, i s st i l l f ai r l y common,
a
muse-
umbui l di ng shoul d be i mposi ng i n appear ance,
sol emn, and monument al . The wor st
of
i t i s
t hat t hi s ef f ect i s of t en
sought t hr ough t he
adopt i on of an ar chai c st yl e of ar chi t ect ur e. We
ar eal l acquai nt ed wi t h depl or abl e i nst ances of
newbui l di ngs const r uct ed i n i mi t at i on of t he
ant i que; t hey pr oduce a mar kedl yant i hi st or i csl
i mpr essi on, j ust because t hey wer e i nspi r ed by
a f al se vi ew
of
hi st or y. Anot her out moded
pr ej -
udi ce i s t hat whi ch demands s " cl assi cal "
set t i ng f or anci ent wor ks of ar t ,
as t hough
t hei r
vener abl e di gni t y woul d suf f er and
t hei r aes-
t het i c val ue be di mi ni shed i f t hey wer e pl aced
i n moder n sur r oundi ngs.
But t hough t he st yl e
of t he bui l di ng shoul d
be
f r ankl y cont empor ar y and gover ned by t he
cr eat i ve i magi nat i on of
i t s desi gner , ar chi t ec-
t ur al i nt er est must not be an and i n i t sel f but
shoul d be subor di nat ed t o
t he pur pose i n vi ew.
I n ot her wor ds we must
not
devot e our
ent i r e
ef f or t t o desi gni ng r ooms whi ch wi l l be ar chi -
t ect ur al l y pl easi ng; i t i s at l east equal l y i mpor -
t ant t hat at t ent i on be concent r at ed on t he
wor ks exhi bi t ed, t hat t hei r mi ss
an
val our be
ensur ed and t hei r pr edomi nance est abl i shed. A
museumi n whi ch t he wor ks of ar t wer e r el e-
gat ed t o t he backgr ound and used t o " com-
pl et e" a pr et ent i ous ar chi t ect ur al scheme,
coul d not
be r egar ded
as successf ul ; but
nei t her coul d
a
museumwhi ch went
t o
t he
ot her ext r eme, wher e t he const r uct i on was
subor di nat ed t o col d, mechani cal l y f unct i onal
consi der at i ons
so
t hat
no spat i al r el at i onshi p
coul d be cr eat ed bet ween t he
wor ks
of
ar t
and
ot her exhi bi t s- a museumwi t h a compl et el y
i mper sonal at mospher e.
The i deal woul d seem t o l i e somewher e
bet ween t hese t wo ext r emes- t he ai mbei ng t o
al l owf or t hat senseof pr opor t i on whi chshoul d
al ways be i n evi dence when a museum i s
pl anned, t o ensur e t hat t he vi si t or wi l l f i nd
t her e t he f r i endl y, wel comi ng at mospher e, t he
at t r act i ve and conveni ent f eat ur es t hat ha en-
j oys i n hi s own house.
I t i s t he di f f i cul t but essent i al t ask of t he
ar chi t ect , no l ess t hen of t hedi r ect or of a muse-
um, t o br i ng t hepl ace i nt o conf or mi t y wi t h t he
ment al i t yand cust oms of ever y ci t i zen of what -
ever r ank and st andar d of educat i on. Much
wi l l depend ont hel evel of t ast e of bot h men, on
t hei r humanqual i t i es of sympat hy and sensi bi l -
i t y, whi ch must go hand i n hand wi t h t hei r
pr of essi onal abi l i t i es and whi ch cannot be
pr ompt ed or t aught .
PLANS FORSMALLMUSEUMS
The f or egoi ng r emar ks appl y t o ever y newmu-
seum, what ever i t s si ze. We shal l nowconsi der
mor e par t i cul ar l y t he pr i nci pl es and char act er -
i st i cs on
whi ch t he pl anni ng
of smal l museums shoul d be based.
By " smel l museum"
we
under st and any i n-
st i t ut i on whose pr ogr amand f i nances ar e r e-
st r i ct ed so t hat , at l east at i t s i ncept i on, t he
pr emi ses bui l t f or i t wi l l be of l i mi t ed si ze, i n
most cases onl y one st or y hi gh .
I t i s not so easy t o det er mi nepr eci sel y wi t hi n
what l i mi t s t he i dea of t he " l i t t l e museum' ' i s
t o be conf i ned; f or whi l e i t may, at i t s smal l est ,
consi st of one r oom, i t mayon t he ot her
hand
be of an appr eci abl e ext ent , t hough st i l l t oo
smal l t o be pr oper l y descr i bed as a medi um-
si zed or l ar ge museum.
For t he pr esent pur pose i t may be assumed
t hat t he " smal l museum" wi l l not consi st
of
mor e t han 10 t o 12
medi umsi zed exhi bi t i on
r ooms ( 16 X24 sq f t )
i n addi t i on t o i t s ot her
ser vi ces .
A
newmuseum, even an t hi s smal l st al e,
cannot f unct i on ef f i ci ent l y unl ess i t r espect s
t he gener al pr i nci pl es of museogr ephy and t he
speci al possi bi l i t i es f or appl yi ng t hemwhi ch
ar e pr ovi ded by t he par t i cul ar ci r cumst ances
gover ni ng i t s const r uct i on.
Ther e ar ecer t ai n mussogr aphi cal consi der a-
t i ons
whi ch must have a deci si ve i nf l uence on
t he st r uct ur e of t he bui l di ng, f or i nst ance, on
t he ar r angement of t he r ooms or t he t ype of
r oof chosen, and whi ch ar e t her ef or e of t echni -
cal i mpor t ance i n t he const r uct i on.
Consequent l y, t he successf ul pl anni ng of a
museum
ent ai l s t he wel l - consi der ed choi ce
and
uner r i ng appl i cat i on of t hese deci di ng
pr i nci pl es, whose chi ef t heor et i cal and pi
act i - cal aspect sIshal l nowbr i ef l ydescr i be .
Nat ur al Li ght i ng

Thi s i s oneof t he
subj ect s most
keenl y di scussed
by
museumaut hor i t i es,
and
i s, i ndeed, of out st andi ng I mpor t ance
. I t
was
bel i eved at one t i me t hat el ect r i c l i ght , bei ng
easy
t o
swi t ch on, adapt abl e and unvar yi ng i n
i t s ef f ect s and abl e t o gi ve f ul l val uet o ar chi t ec-
t ur al f eat ur es, mi ght pr ovi de not mer el y an
al t er nat i ve t o t he use of dayl i ght i n museums,
but a subst i t ut e f or I t . But exper i ence has
f or ced us t o r ecogni ze t hat - especi al l y wher e
r unni ng expenses have t o be
consi der ed- day- l i ght i s st i l l t he bast means of l i ght i ng a muse-
um, despi t e t he var i at i ons and di f f i cul t i es
whi ch char act er i ze i t at di f f er ent seasons and
i n di f f er ent pl aces . The bui l di ng shoul d t her e-
f or e be so pl anned as t o make t he best use of
t hi s
sour ce of
l i ght , even i f cer t ai n ot her st r uc-
t ur al
f eat ur es have t o be
sacr i f i ced as a r esul t .
Dayl i ght
may coma f r omabove or f r omt he
si de. I n t he f or mer case sui t abl e skyl i ght s wi l l
be pr ovi ded i n t he cei l i ngs of t he exhi bi t i on
r ooms. I n t he
l et t er case, one or mor e wal l s
wi l l
be pi er ced by wi ndows, t he hei ght and
wi dt h
of whi ch must be deci ded accor di ng t o
i ndi vi dual
r equi r ement s ( see Fi g. 1a- j . ) .
Li ght i ng
f r om
Above

Thi s t ype of l i ght i ng,
some-
t i mes cal l ed over head l i ght i ng ( I di sl i ke t hi s
t er m, whi ch seems t oo r est r i ct i ve, i gnor i ng
t he
possi bi l i t y of di r ect i ng t he l i ght f r om
above at
any desi r abl e angl e) , has l ong been f avor ed by
t he desi gner s of museums, f or i t pr esent s cer -
t ai n obvi ous advant ages .
1 . Af r eer and st eadi er suppl y of l i ght , l ess
l i abl e t o be af f ect ed by t he di f f er ent aspect s of
t he var i ous r ooms i n t he bui l di ng and by any
l at er al obst acl es ( ot her bui l di ngs, t r ees, et c. )
whi ch
mi ght t end, by causi ng
r ef r act i on
or by
cast i ng shadows, t o al t er t hequant i t y or qual i t y
of t he l i ght i t sel f .
2. The possi bi l i t y of r egul at i ng t he amount
of l i ght cast on t he pi ct ur es
or
ot her
exhi bi t s
and of secur i ng f ul l anduni f or ml i ght i ng, gi vi ng
good vi si bi l i t y wi t h a mi ni mumof r ef l ect i on or
di st or t i on.
3. The savi ng of wal l space, whi ch t hus r e-
mai ns avai l abl e f or exhi bi t s .
4. The maxi mum
l at i t ude
i n
pl anni ng space
i nsi de t he
bui l di ng, whi ch can be di vi ded wi t h-
out r equi r i ng cour t yar ds
or
l i ght shaf t s .
5. The f aci l i t at i on
of
secur i t y
measur es,
owi ng t o f ewer
openi ngs i n t he out si de
wal l s.
Compar ed wi t h t hese advant ages, t he dr aw-
backs seemt r i f l i ng and can i n any case be r e-
duced or over come by sui t abl e t echni cal and
st r uct ur al measur es. They ar e:
1 . The excess of r adi at i ng l i ght , or of di f -
f used l i ght i nt er sper sed wi t h i r r egul ar r ays .
2. The di sadvant ages i nsepar abl e f r om any
syst emof skyl i ght s ( i ncr eased wei ght of t he
r oof or coi l i ng suppor t s ; l i abi l i t y t o become
coat ed wi t h di r t ; r i sk of panes bei ng br oken;
danger of r ai nwat er i nf i l t r at i on ; condensat i on
of moi st ur e; admi ssi on of sun r ays ; i r r adi a-
t i on
and di sper si on of heat , et c. ) .
3. Themonot onyof t he l i ght i ng, and oppr es-
si ve cl aust r ophobi c ef f ect pr oduced on vi si t or s
cal l ed upon t o wal k t hr ough a l ong successi on
of r ooms l i t f r omabove.
4. The gr eat er compl exi t y of t he ar chi t ec-
t ur al and t echni cal pr obl ems t o be sol ved i n
pr ovi di ng a r oof whi ch, whi l e adopt ed t o t hi s
f or mof l i ght i ng, wi l l ef f ect i vel y ser ve i t s var i -
ous pur poses ( pr obl ems r el at i ng t o weat her -
pr oof qual i t i es, heat i ng, mai nt enance, cl eani ng,
secur i t y, et c. ) .
Lat er al
Li ght i ng

Thi s i s pr ovi ded ei t her by or di -
nar y
wi ndows of var i ous shapes and si zes,
pl aced at sui t abl e i nt er val s i n t he wal l s, or by
cont i nuous openi ngs ; bot h wi ndows and
openi ngs may be pl aced ei t her at a l evel at
whi ch peopl e can see out of t hem or i n t he
upper par t of t he wal l .
The sol ut i on adopt ed wi l l be det er mi ned by
t he t ype of museumand
t he
nat ur e of i t s exhi b-
i t s, an t he advant ages end di sadvant ages var y
f r om
one t o anot her.
Wi ndows
at t heusual l evel ,
whet her
separ at e
or
cont i nuous, have one ser i ous dr awback, i n
t hat t he wal l i n whi ch t hey ar e pl aced i s r en-
der ed
usel ess andt he opposi t e wal l pr act i cal l y
usel ess, because showcases, pai nt i ngs, and
any
ot her obj ect wi t h a smoot h r ef l ect i ng sur -
f ace, i f pl aced agai nst
t he
wal l f aci ng t he
sour ce of l i ght , wi l l
i nevi t abl y cause an i nt er -
pl ay of r ef l ect i ons whi ch i mpedes vi si bi l i t y.
These
wi ndows wi l l , however , shed f ul l and
agr eeabl e l i ght an exhi bi t s pl aced agai nst t he
ot her wal l s and i n t he cent er of t he r oomat a
cor r ect angl e t o t he sour ce of l i ght .
Advocat es of l at er al l i ght i ng poi nt out t hat
t hi s i s par t i cul ar l y successf ul i n br i ngi ng out
t he pl ast i c and l umi nous qual i t i es of pai nt i ngs
and scul pt ur e cr eat ed i n past cent ur i es, when
ar t i st s usual l y wor ked by such l i ght .
Al l t hi s must be consi der ed i n conj unct i on
wi t h t he pr oper use of t he f l oor space, t he
shape, ar r angement , and sequence of t he di f -
f er ent r ooms, t hei r si ze and dept h i n r el at i on t o
t he out er wal l s- t he ai m bei ng t o make t he
most of t he sour ces of l i ght and t o obt ai n t he
gr eat est possi bl e uni f or mi t y of l i ght i ng
t hr oughout each r oom.
Adef i ni t e pr act i cal advant age i s, however ,
t hat of r ender i ng possi bl e t he ut most si mpl i ci t y
and economy i n t hest yl e of bui l di ng, per mi t t i ng
t he adopt i on of t he or di nar y, nont r anspar ent
r oof i ng ( f l at or sl oped) cust omar y i n t he di s-
t r i ct , and pr ovi di ng, t hanks t o t he si de wi n-
dows, aconveni ent end si mpl e met hod of r egu-
l at i ng vent i l at i on and t emper at ur e i n museums
whi ch
cannot af f or d expensi ve ai r - condi -
t i oni ng appar at us.
Anot her advant age of wi ndows pl aced at t he
or di nar y l evel i s t hat some of t hemcan be
f i t t ed wi t h t r anspar ent gl ass, al l owi ng pl easant
vi ews of t he count r ysi de, gar dens, or ar chi t ec-
t ur al l y i nt er est i ng cour t yar ds . Thi s pr ovi des a
Fi g . 1

Di f f er ent met hods of admi t t i ng
nat ur al l i ght f r omabove. ( a)
Cr oss sect i on.
( b)
t o ( h) Cr oss sect i on
and vi ew
f r om above. ( i ) and
( i )
Cr oss sect i on
.
di ver si on, r est i ng t he vi si t or ' s
eyes and r e-
f r eshi ng hi s mi nd .
For t hi s pur pose
i t may be wi se, even
wher e
over head l i ght i ng
i s adopt ed, t o ar r ange a
f ew
l at er al openi ngs
f or t he passi ng vi si t or .
Hi gh- pl aced
wi ndows, especi al l y i f t hey
oc-
cupy mor e t han one
wal l , pr ovi de mor e l i ght ,
mor e cl osel y r esembl i ng
t hat suppl i ed by sky-
l i ght s, and l eave al l f our
wal l s f r ee f or exhi bi t s :
but as
t hey must be pl aced at
a consi der abl e
hei ght , i f vi si t or s ar e not
t o be dazzl ed, t he
r ooms
must be
compar at i vel y l ar ge and t he
cei l i ngs
l of t y. Thi s means
t hat consi der abl e
st r et ches of wal l wi l l be l ef t
bl ank, and bui l di ng
expenses
wi l l i ncr ease
owi ng t o t he l ar ger si ze
of t he
r ooms .
The t endency nowadays
i s t o abandon uni -
f or m
l i ght i ng i n f avor of
l i ght concent r at ed on
t he
wal l s and on i ndi vi dual
exhi bi t s or gr oups
of exhi bi t s, whi ch ar e
t hus r ender ed mor e con-
spi cuous andmor e l i kel y
t o at t r act t he
vi si t or ' s
at t ent i on . Consequent l y,
i nst ead of l i ght i ng t he
whol e r oom, i t i s f ound
pr ef er abl e t o l i ght t he
showcases f r om wi t hi n,
ei t her by ar t i f i ci al
l i ght i ng or by backi ng t hem
wi t h f r ost ed gl ass
whi ch admi t s dayl i ght
f r om out si de.
Thi s i s a possi bi l i t y whi ch
t he ar chi t ect of a
smal l
museumcan bear i n mi nd,
maki ng use of
i t i n
speci al cases and f or
obj ect s ( gl ass, ce-
r ami cs,
enamel s, et c . ) whose
ef f ect can be
hei ght ened
by such l i ght i ng.
But i t ent ai l s
speci al st r uct ur al f eat ur es
whi ch may compl i -
cat e
t he gener al budget .
Mor eover , i f t he l i ght i ng
syst emi s t oo r i gi d,
t oo
def i ni t el y pl anned t o sui t a
par t i cul ar
set t i ng and t o est abl i sh cer t ai n
r el at i onshi ps
bet ween t hat set t i ng and t he
exhi bi t s, i t wi l l
f or man i mpedi ment by i mposi ng
a cer t ai n st a-
bi l i t y, t endi ng t o r educe t he
museumt o t he
st at i c condi t i on f r om whi ch
moder n i nst i t u-
t i ons ar e st r i vi ng t o
emer ge- t he pr esent - day
bei ng t hat a museumshoul d
make a l i vel y, dy-
nami c i mpr essi on.
I t t her ef or e seems pr ef er abl e,
especi al l y i n
smal l
museums, t o choose an
i nt er medi at e sys-
t em
whi ch can be adapt ed t o var yi ng
needs and
necessar y changes, even i f i t
t hus becomes
mor e di f f i cul t t o achi eve i deal
r esul t s .
Ut i l i zat i on and Di vi si on of Space

I n desi gni ng a mu-
seumt he ar chi t ect wi l l al so
be deci si vel y i n-
Cul t ur al
MUSEUMS
Cul t ur al
MUSEUMS
Fi g . 2

( a)
t o ( d)
Fl oor pl ans f or t he l ocat i on of door s i n r el at i on t o t he use of space. ( e)
1
- Tr adi t i onal l ocat i on
of door s . 2 t o 8 - Secondar y door s . 9 t o 15- Pol ygonal encl osur es .
f l uenced by t he way i n whi ch i t i s i nt ended t o
ut i l i ze and di vi de t he space t o be devot ed t o t he
di spl ays . Thi s, t oo, i s of cour se cl osel y con-
nect ed
wi t h t he
quest i on of l i ght i ng, whi ch we
have al r eady di scussed.
The moder n t endency i s t o
cr eat e l ar ge un-
br oken
spaces, whi ch can t hen be di vi ded up by
movabl e par t i t i ons or l i ght wei ght st r uct ur es,
t o
be
gr ouped
or di spl aced as r equi r ed.
The
t r adi t i onal syst emi s t he cont r ar y one of
di vi di ng t he space, by means of per manent
wal l s, i nt o r ooms of var i ous si zes, whi ch may
be ei t her communi cat i ng or i ndependent
( con-
nect ed, i n t he l et t er
case, by passages or si de
gal l er i es) ( see Fi g . 2a- e) .
Asmal l
museummay do wel l t o adopt an
i nt er medi at e syst emwi t h a successi on of
av-
er agesi zed
r ooms ( f or t he
di spl ay of per ma-
nent col l ect i ons whose cont ent s wi l l not
change, such as t hose r ecei ved t hr ough be-
quest s, donat i ons, et c . ) and one or mor e l ar ge
r ooms whi ch can be var i ousl y di vi ded up when
r equi r ed by movabl e par t i t i ons or l i ght st r uc-
t ur es .
The st r uct ur e of t he bui l di ng and, wi t h i t ,
t he i nt er i or and ext er i or t echni cal f eat ur es,
wi l l var y accor di ng t o t he pur pose f or whi ch i t
i s i nt ended. Requi r ement s and cost s wi l l be
di f f er ent i n each separ at e case, f or i t i s evi dent
t hat t he l ar ger t he sur f ace t o be r oof ed i n one
span wi t hout i nt er medi at e suppor t s, t he
gr eat er t he t echni cal pr obl emand
t he cost
of
t he r oof . Fur t her mor e, t he ar chi t ect ' s cal cul a-
t i ons f or t he var i ous f eat ur es of a coor di nat ed
pr oj ect ( pl an, ci r cul at i on, l i ght i ng, et c . ) wi l l
not be t he same i f t he pr oj ect r el at es t o r i gi d
const r uct i on subdi vi ded by per manent wel l s,
or t o f l exi bl e const r uct i on, adj ust ed t o t he
changes per i odi cal l y ef f ect ed i n t he museum.
MuseumSer vi ces
Bef or e consi der i ng t he pl an-
ni ng of
t he
museum
i t
i s
essent i al t o det er mi ne
t he si ze and l ocat i on of t he
var i ous ser vi ces .
I n ot her wor ds, we must deci de howmuch
space can end shoul d be al l ocat ed f or sub-
si di ar y act i vi t i es, or f or t hose necessar y t o t he
f unct i oni ng of t he museumi n i t s r el at i onshi p
wi t h t he publ i c ( of f i ces, r ooms f or meet i ngs
and l ect ur es, l i br ar y, document at i on ser vi ce)
on t he same f l oor as t he exhi bi t i on r ooms,
end whi ch ser vi ces and t echni cal pl ant ( heat i ng
and el ect r i cal appar at us, st or er ooms, wor k-
shops, gar age, et c . ) can be housed i n t he base-
ment or , i f possi bl e, i n speci al out l yi ng bui l d-
i ngs t o be bui l t as annexes, at a conveni ent
di st ance f r omt he mai n bui l di ng.
I t shoul d be r emember ed t hat t he usual
cust om
i s t o set asi de f or t hese pur poses en
ar ea whi ch may be as much as 50 per cent of
t he t ot al space avai l abl e. I n smal l museums
t hi s pr opor t i on may be r educed. But t he f act
r emai ns t hat t wo conf l i ct i ng needs have t o
be
r econci l ed: on t he one hand t her e must be
easy communi cat i on
bet ween t he publ i c
r ooms
and t he museumser vi ces, si nce t hi s makes
f or
smoot h r el at i ons bet ween vi si t or s
and
st af f ; on t he ot her hand i t must be possi bl e t o
separ at e t hese t wo sect i ons, so t hat t hey can
f unct i on i ndependent l y
at
any t i me. Thi s i s
necessar y chi ef l y t o saf eguar d t he col l ect i ons
et t i mes when t he bui l di ng i s cl osed t o t he
publ i c whi l e t he cur at or s or of f i ce st af f ar e
st i l l at wor k end t he l i br ar y and l ect ur e hal l
i n use.
Pl anni ng
I t
i s har dl y necessar y t o expl ai n, bef or e em-
Cul t ur al
MUSEUMS
bar ki ng upon a di scussi on of t he di f f er ent
quest i ons t hat may ar i se when a smal l mu-
seumi s bei ng pl anned and bui l t , t hat my ai m
i s mer el y t o put f or war d cer t ai n suggest i ons
t o ser ve an pr act i cal poi nt er s, based on exper i -
ence of t he subj ect , wi t h no i nt ent i on of t r es-
passi ng upon t he domai ns of t he var i ous
t echni cal aut hor i t i es who must i nevi t abl y be
consul t ed.
The Ext er i or Amuseumwhi ch i s t o be bui l t
i n an i sol at ed spot or r eser ved space ( par k,
gar den, et c . ) needs t o be sur r ounded by an
encl osur e,
especi al l y i f t he si t e f or ms par t
of an
ext ensi ve ar ea. For t he vi si t or , t hi s
encl osur e wi l l pr ovi de a f or et ast e of t he
museum' s ar chi t ect ur e, and t hus must not
const i t ut e a " psychol ogi cal bar r i er , " t hough
t he f undament al ai m of secur i t y, whi ch i t
has t o ser ve,
must not be sacr i f i ced.
I f ,
on
t he cont r ar y, t he museumi s t o over -
l ook a publ i c
st r eet , i t wi l l al ways be advi sabl e:
( a) t o separ at e i t f r om t he st r eam of
t r af f i c
by a bel t of t r ees or even by
f l ower beds ; ( b)
t o set back t he ent r ance i n a qui et cor ner :
( c) t o al l owspace f or a publ i c car par k.
The ar chi t ect shoul d t hi nk of t he bui l di ng
he has been asked t o desi gn as an or gani sm
capabl e of gr owi ng, and t her ef or e pr ovi de
f r om t he out set f or sui t abl e possi bi l i t i es of
expansi on, so t hat when t he t i me comes f or
t hi s i t wi l l not r equi r e f ar - r eachi ng and cost l y
al t er at i ons . Heshoul d r egar d t he por t i on t o be
bui l t as t he nucl eus of a cel l , capabl e of
mul t i pl yi ng i t sel f or at l east of j oi ni ng up,
accor di ng t o
pl an, wi t h f ut ur e enl ar gement s .
Wher e space per mi t s,
i t
i s
beat t o al l owf or
hor i zont al expansi on, as t hi s, t hough mor e
expensi ve, has t he
t wof ol d advant age of
enabl i ng al l t he di spl ay r ooms t o be kept
on one l evel and of l eavi ng t he r oof f r ee f or
over head l i ght i ng.
Renounci ng al l pr et ensi ons t o a monument al
st yl e,
t he out war d appear ance of t he bui l di ng-
especi al l y i f over head
l i ght i ng i s adopt ed, so
t hat
t her e ar e no wi ndows t o br eak t he sur -
f ace- shoul d
be di st i ngui shed by a si mpl e
bal ance of l i ne and pr opor t i on and by i t s
f unct i onal char act er .
Ar r angement
Any gener al pl an of const r uct i on
whi ch ent ai l s an
appor t i onment of pr emi ses
i s cl osel y bound up wi t h
t he pur pose of t he
museumand
t he nat ur e, qual i t y, and pr i nci pal
component s of
i t s col l ect i ons . Each t ype of
museum has di f f er ent
r equi r ement s, whi ch
may be met by
var i ous ar chi t ect ur al met hods .
I t i s di f f i cul t t o gi ve any
exact cl assi f i ca-
t i on of t he di f f er ent t ypes of col l ect i ons,
but
we can of f er a ver y br i ef one,
i f onl y t o i ndi -
cat e t he wi de r ange of demands
t he
desi gner
of
a museummay be cal l ed upon t o
meet :
1 . Museums of ar t and ar chaeol ogy. The
si ze of t he r ooms and hei ght of t he cei l i ngs
wi l l be det er mi ned by t he nat ur e and di men-
si ons of t he wor ks t o be exhi bi t ed. I t i s not
di f f i cul t t o cal cul at e a pr act i cal mi ni mumcap-
abl e ei t her of accommodat i ng ol d pai nt i ngs,
whi ch ar e usual l y l ar ge, or medi umsi zed
moder n canvases ; a sui t abl e r oom mi ght
measur e about 16 by 23 f t , wi t h wal l accom-
modat i on t o a hei ght of about 14 f t . I n t he case
of f ur ni t ur e, or of exampl es of decor at i ve ar t
( met al , gl ass, cer ami cs, t ext i l es, et c . ) t o be
di spl ayed i n showcases, t he cei l i ng need not be
as hi gh. I f pi ct ur es and scul pt ur e ar e t o be
shown separ at el y, t hei r set t i ngs must be di f -
f er ent
f r om t he poi nt of vi ew of space and
l i ght i ng. For
si l ver , j ewel r y, or pr eci ous
obj ect s, i t may be
bet t er t o use showcases set
i n t he wel l s- whi ch can t hus be
equi pped wi t h
l ocki ng devi ces and ant i bur gl ar
saf eguar ds-
l i t f r om wi t hi n, t he r ooms
bei ng l ef t i n semi -
dar kness . Rooms l i t by ar t i f i ci al
means r at her
t hen by sunl i ght ar e best f or dr awi ngs, en-
gr avi ngs, wat er col or s, and t ext i l es . Such
r ooms may be l ong and nar r owr at her t hen
squar e- r at her l i ke cor r i dor s or gal l er i es- as
t he vi si t or has no need t o st and back i n or der
t o l ook at t he exhi bi t s, whi ch wi l l be ar r anged
i n showcases agai nst t he l ongest wal l s .
2. Hi st or i cal or ar chi val museums .
These
need l ess space f or t he showcases i n whi ch
t hei r exhi bi t s ar e pl aced, and compar at i vel y
l ar ge and numer ous st or er ooms f or t he docu-
ment s kept i n r eser ve. Rel i cs and paper s ar e
best shown i n r ooms equi pped wi t h sui t abl e
pr ot ect i ve devi ces and ar t i f i ci al l y l i ght ed,
t hough some use may al so be made of i ndi r ect
nat ur al l i ght .
3. Et hnogr aphi c and f ol k museums
.
The
exhi bi t s ar e usual l y di spl ayed i n showcases .
They ar e of t en l ar ge and cumber some, r e-
qui r i ng a good deal of space. Consi der abl e
space i s al so needed f or r epr oduci ng t ypi cal
sur r oundi ngs, i f t hi s i s done wi t h genui ne
pi eces and pr oper t i es or f ul l - si zed r epl i cas .
St r ong ar t i f i ci al l i ght i ng i s gener al l y used as
bei ng mor e ef f ect i ve t han dayl i ght .
4. Museums of physi cal and nat ur al sci -
ences, t echnol ogi cal or educat i onal museums .
Owi ng
t o t he gr eat var i et y of col l ect i ons
i n-
vol ved, t hei r di vi si on i nt o sect i ons and t he
necessar y sci ent i f i c cat al ogi ng, t hese mu-
seums
di f f er i n
si ze end
i n ar chi t ect ur al and
f unct i onal char act er i st i cs .
Wher e t he
exhi bi t s
ar e ar r anged i n ser i es ( mi ner al s,
i nsect s, f os-
si l s, dr i ed pl ant s,
et c . ) ,
medi umsi zed r ooms
may suf f i ce, wher eas r econst r uct i ons and
bui l t - up di spl ays of ani mal s or pl ant s demand
consi der abl e space and speci al t echni cal f ea-
t ur es ( f or i nst ance, means of keepi ng t he
speci al mat er i al s and pr epar at i ons i n good
condi t i on, unaf f ect ed by t he at mospher e, or
equi pment f or mai nt ai ni ng
aquar i a,
per manent
f i l m
di spl ays,
et c
. ) .
Thi s t ype
of
museum
needs l abor at or i es
f or
t he pr epar at i on and
upkeep of cer t ai n exhi bi t s ( st uf f i ng, dr yi ng,
di si nf ect i ng, et c . ) .
I t t hus r est s wi t h t he ar chi t ect t o deci de,
f or each of t hese t ypes of museum, what ar -
r angement wi l l beat sat i sf y
t he
par t i cul ar
condi t i ons, pur poses, and r equi r ement s i n-
vol ved.
Ther e
can never be anyobj ect i on t o adopt i ng
t he
moder n pr i nci pl e of a bui l di ng so con-
st r uct ed t hat i t s
i nt er i or can be adapt ed,
di vi ded, and al t er ed t o meet t he var yi ng de-
mands of successi ve exhi bi t i ons . I f t hi s i s
done, t he most i mpor t ant t hi ng i s t hat t he con-
st r uct i on shal l be " f l exi bl e, " t hat i s, capabl e
of adapt at i on t o t he di f f er ent f eat ur es i t must
si mul t aneousl y or
successi vel y cont ai n, whi l e
pr eser vi ng unchanged i t s gener al f r amewor k-
ent r ances and exi t s,
l i ght i ng syst em, gener al
ser vi ces and t echni cal i nst al l at i on
.
Thi s pr i nci -
pl e
i s
par t i cul ar l y
val uabl e
i n smel l museums
end i n any ot her s whi ch must al l ow f or en-
l ar gement s not al ways f or eseeabl e at t he
out set .
The i nt er nal ar r angement of t he avai l abl e
space, t he
di st r i but i on and st yl e of t he gal -
l er i es can t hen be
ei t her t empor ar y or compar a-
t i vel y per manent . I n t he
f or mer
case,
use wi l l
be made of movabl e par t i t i ons, panel s of
l i ght wei ght mat er i el ( pl ywood or t hi n met al
f r ames cover ed wi t h cl ot h,
et c . ) f i t t ed i nt o
speci al suppor t s or i nt o hol es
or gr ooves
sui t abl y pl aced
i n t he f l oor ; t hese can ei t her
be separ at e or ar r anged
i n gr oups hel d t oget her
by bol t s or hi nges .
Thi s syst em i s ver y pr act i cal f or smal l
museums whi ch i nt end t o f ol l ow a def i ni t e
cul t ur al pr ogr am i ncl udi ng successi ve l oan
exhi bi t i ons of wor ks of ar t , and ar e t her ef or e
obl i ged t o make f r equent changes, di ct at ed
by
ci r cumst ances, i n t he si ze and appear ance
of t hei r gal l er i es . I t has, however , t he dr aw-
backs t hat al l t he i nt er i or st r uct ur e i s i nde-
pendent of t he out er wal l s of t he bui l di ng and
made of compar at i vel y f r agi l e mat er i al s whi ch
ar e expensi ve t o keep i n r epai r ; mor eover
t he pl ace never l ooks set t l ed, but r at her
mechani cal and di sj oi nt ed- en
ef f ect whi ch
i s di spl easi ng t o t he eye unl ess t he ar chi t ect
desi gns t he component par t s wi t h gr eat
t ast e.
Ot her obj ect i ons t o t hi s met hod
i ncl ude t he
di f f i cul t y
of
pr epar i ng
new
cat al ogs and gui des
t o keep pace wi t h t he changes, and of
over -
comi ng t he conser vat i smof a gr eat
pr opor t i on
of
t he publ i c ; and,
above al l ,
t he consequent
i mpossi bi l i t y of ar r angi ng ci r cul at i on
wi t hi n
t he bui l di ng, and ot her mat t er s
af f ect i ng t he
di vi si on
of space on a
per manent basi s . These
t hi ngs
have t o be l ef t t o t he
or gani zer s of each
successi ve exhi bi t i on, and t her ef or e cannot be
i ncl uded i n t he ar chi t ect ' s or i gi nal pl an .
I f , on t he ot her hand, t he
i nt er i or
apace
i s t o
be di vi ded upi n a mor e or l ess per manent man-
ner , t he quest i on of " f l exi bi l i t y" bei ng set asi de
unt i l t he compar at i vel y di st ant t i me when
t he or i gi nal pl an of t he museumcomes t o be
r adi cal l y al t er ed, t han t he di vi di ng wal l s can
be r eal l y " bui l t " t o l est , even i f l i ght wei ght
mat er i al s ar e empl oyed. For t hei r r ol e wi l l be
r educed t o pr ovi di ng a backgr ound f or wor ks
of ar t , f or showcases, or f or any exhi bi t s hung
on t hem, and t o suppor t i ng t hei r shar e of
what ever t ype of r oof or cei l i ng i s chosen.
f n t hi s case t he i nt er i or ar r angement wi l l
be ver y si mi l ar t o, i f not i dent i cal wi t h, t hat
of a museumof t he t r adi t i onal t ype, pl anned
as a compl et e bui l di ng wi t h al l i t s sect i ons
per manent l y f i xed and t he si ze and shape of
i t s r ooms set t l ed once and f or al l .
I n t hi s ki nd of st r uct ur e i t i s mor e t hen
ever necessar y t o pl an wi t h a vi ewt o enabl i ng
t he publ i c t o ci r cul at e andt o ar r angi ng t he col -
l ect i ons and ser vi ces i n t he most r at i onal and
f unct i onal manner possi bl e.
The quest i on of ci r cul at i on must be st udi ed
at t ent i vel y, so t hat t he ar r angement and t he
i t i ner ar y wi l l be cl ear not onl y t o anyone
l ooki ng at t he gr ound pl an of t he museum
but al so t o anyone wal ki ng t hr ough t he r ooms .
I t shoul d be pl anned t o f i t t he l ogi cal or der
of t he exhi bi t i on, whet her t hat or der i s gov-
er ned by chr onol ogy, by t he nat ur e of t he
mat er i al di spl ayed, or as i n a sci ent i f i c mu-
seum, ai ms at pr ovi di ng a connect ed sequence
of pr act i cal i nf or mat i on.
Though a compul sor y, oneway r out e may
not be ent i r el y desi r abl e i n a l ar ge museum,
i t i s sat i sf act or y and one mi ght say l ogi cal
i n a smel l one, as i t saves space and f aci l i t at es
super vi si on. Vi si t or s shoul d not have t o t ur n
back and
r et ur n
t hr ough
r ooms
t hey have al -
r eady seen, i n or der
t o
r each t he exi t . They
shoul d, however ,
be abl e t o
t ur n of f on t hei r
way r ound i f t hey wi sh t o cut
shor t t hei r vi si t
or
conf i ne i t
t o
cer t ai n t hi ngs t hat par t i cul ar l y
i nt er est t hem.
So, even i f
a museumi s t o
showa ser i es
of
sel ect ed wor ks of t he f i r st qual i t y, we shoul d
consi der t he possi bi l i t y of ar r angi ng t hem i n
pr oxi mi t y t o one anot her i n such a way t hat
t hey can be seen wi t hout t he necessi t y of
t r aver si ng t he ent i r e bui l di ng. For exampl e,
i n a successi on of r ooms
sur r oundi ng an i nner
cour t yar d ( see Fi g. 3) .
Car e shoul d al ways be t aken, however , t o
avoi d t he conf usi on of t oo many adj acent
door s, or of r ooms r unni ng par al l el t o one
anot her ; vi si t or s must not be made t o f eel
t hat t hey ar e i n a maze wher e t hey can easi l y
l ose t hei r way.
I f t he desi gner ' s pr ef er ence or
t he demands
of space r esul t i n a ser i es of r ooms el l set
al ong t he same axi s, i t may be
desi r abl e t o
connect t hem by a cor r i dor . But t hi s shoul d
not be t he onl y means of access t o t he r ooms,
f or i f t he vi si t or i s f or ced t o r et ur n t o i t each
Cul t ur al
MUSEUMS
Fi g. 3

Suggest ed f l oor pl an f or e smal l museum.
t i me, f at i gue and bewi l der ment wi l l be
much
i ncr eased.
Ent r ance However many out si de door s
may
be f ound necessar y
f or t he var i ous museum
ser vi ces ( but t hese
shoul d be as f ewas pos-
si bl e, t o f aci l i t at e
super vi si on and secur i t y
measur es) , t her e must be
onl y one publ i c en-
t r ance, pl aced qui t e separ at el y
f r omt he ot her s.
Thi s shoul d l ead i nt o a vest i bul e wher e
cer t ai n
essent i al ser vi ces wi l l be l ocat ed- sal e
of
t i cket s, i nf or mat i on ser vi ce, and sal e of
cat al ogs and post car ds
. I n a smal l museum
one per son
wi l l of cour se be r esponsi bl e f or
al l t hi s, and t he necessar y i nst al l at i on
must
be car ef ul l y pl anned t o ensur e t he most
pr act i cal f or m and ar r angement . The of f i ci al
i n char ge shoul d not be conf i ned t o a boot h be-
hi nd a wi ndow, but shoul d be abl e t o move
about f r eel y and l eave hi s [ her ) posi t i on when
ci r cumst ances r equi r e.
I n a l i t t l e museumi t woul d be par t i cul ar l y
unsui t abl e t o desi gn t he ent r ance hal l on a
massi ve or pompous scal e, as was cust omar y
i n t he past , maki ng i t unnecessar i l y l of t y, and
t o decor at e i t i n woul d- be monument al st yl e,
l i ke t he at r i um of a cl assi cal t empl e,
wi t h
ar ches and pi l l ar s . Moder n ar chi t ect s t end
i ncr easi ngl y t o r educe over head space and gi ve
t he gr eat est possi bl e wi dt h and dept h, pr o-
duci ng a bal anced ef f ect of gr eat er i nt i macy
and at t r act i on. I t i s i mpor t ant f or t he ent r ance
hal l t o seemat t r act i ve even t o t he casual pas-
ser by- who i s al ways a pot ent i al vi si t or t o t he
museum. I t shoul d pr ovi de an easy i nt r oduct i on
t o t he bui l di ng, a poi nt f r om whi ch
t he i ndi -
vi dual vi si t or can f i nd hi s way wi t hout
di f -
f i cul t y and wher e l ar ge par t i es can be gr eet ed
and assembl ed. I t must t her ef or e be
f ai r l y
spaci ous, and pr ovi ded wi t h t he st r i ct
mi ni -
mumof st ur di l y bui l t f ur ni t ur e ( one or t wo
t abl es f or t he sal e of t i cket s, cat al ogs, et c . ,
a
cl oakr oom, a f ewbenches or chai r s, a not i ce
boar d, a
gener al pl an of t he museumt o gui de
vi si t or s, a cl ock, and per haps a publ i c t el e-
phone boot h and a l et t er box) . I t i s not advi s-
abl e t o have onl y one door f r omher e i nt o t he
exhi bi t i on r ooms ; t her e shoul d be t wo, an
ent r ance and an exi t , f ar enough apar t t o
pr event del ay shoul d t her e be a cr owd but
pl aced i n such a way t hat bot h
can be easi l y
wat ched at
t he same t i me.
I n museums wher e
ar r i vi ng and depar t i ng
vi si t or s ar e t o be
mechani cal l y count ed, an
aut omat i c
t ur nst i l e shoul d be i nst al l ed, ser vi ng
bot h door s
but pl aced at a suf f i ci ent di st ance
f r om t he mai n ent r ance
and t he t i cket of f i ce.
Anot her possi bl e
met hod i s t hat of t he phot o-
el ect r i c cel l , but t he obj ect i on
t o t hi s i s t hat
when vi si t or s ar e cr owdi ng
t hr ough t he t ur n-
st i l e
t he r ecor d may not be accur at e. I n mu-
seums
wher e admi ssi on i s f r ee, at t endance
can be comput ed
f or st at i st i cal pur poses mor e
si mpl y by t he cust odi an wi t h a manual coun-
t er - whi ch
wi l l avoi d addi ng an unnecessar y
compl i cat i on t o t he
f i t t i ngs of t he ent r ance
hal l .
Exhi bi t i on Rooms- Shape and
Requi r ement s Amu-
seumi n whi ch al l t he r ooms ar e t he same si ze
becomes ver y monot onous . By var yi ng t hei r di -
mensi ons and t he r el at i on bet ween hei ght and
wi dt h- and
al so
by usi ng di f f er ent col or s f or
t he wal l s and
di f f er ent ki nds of f l oor i ng- we
pr ovi de
a spont aneous
and unconsci ous st i m-
ul us t o at t ent i on ( see Fi g. 4a- f ) .
Fi g. 4

Di f f er ent
ways of di vi di ng up exhi bi t i on space.
Cul t ur al
MUSEUMS
Fi g . 5

I n 1942, Mi es van der Robe devot ed a gr eat deal of at t ent i on
t o t he t heor et i cal desi gn of a museumf or a
smal l ci t y t o pr ovi de a set t i ng f or Pi casso' s pai nt i ng Guer ni ca.
The bui l di ng i s desi gned t o be as f l exi bl e as possi bl e,
consi st i ng si mpl y of a f l oor sl ab, col umns, r oof pl at e, f r eest andi ng
par t i t i ons and ext er i or wal l s of gl ass .
The r el at i ve " absence of ar chi t ect ur e"
i nt ensi f i es t he i ndi vi dual i t y of each wor k of ar t and at t he same t i me i ncor -
por at es i t i nt o t he ent i r e desi gn.
One of t he museum' s or i gi nal f eat ur es i s t he
audi t or i umwhi ch consi st s of f r eest andi ng par t i t i ons and an acoust i cal
dr opped cei l i ng .
" Two openi ngs i n t he r oof pl at e
( 3
and
7) admi t l i ght i nt o an i nner cour t ( 7) and i nt o an open passage 13) . Out er
wal l s
( 4)
and t hose
of t he i nner cour t er e of gl ass . On t he ext er i or , f r eest andi ng wal l s of st one woul d def i ne
out er
cour t s
11)
and t er r aces
( 10) . Of f i ces ( 2) and war dr obes woul d be f r eest andi ng. Ashal l owr ecessed ar ea 15) i s pr o-
vi ded, ar ound t he edge of whi ch smal l gr oups
coul d si t f or i nf or mal di scussi ons . The audi t or i um ( 8) i s def i ned by
f r eest andi ng wal l s pr ovi di ng
f aci l i t i es f or l ect ur es, concer t s and i nt i mat e f or mal di scussi ons . The f or m of t hese
wal l s and t he shel l hung
above t he st age woul d be di ct at ed
by
t he acoust i cs. The f l oor of t he audi t or i umi s r ecessed
i n st eps of seat hei ght , usi ng
each st ep as a cont i nuous bench. Number
( 6)
i s t he pr i nt depar t ment and a space f or
speci al exhi bi t s . Number
( 9) i s a pool . " ( Fr om P. C. J ohnson, " Mi es van der Rohe, " Museumof Moder n Ar t , New
Yol k, 1947. 1
t o t he wi ndows, because ot her wi se t he t wo
wal l s meet i n a dar k cor ner wher e not hi ng
can be exhi bi t ed. But i f t he dayl i ght i s admi t t ed
not t hr ough a ver t i cal or compar at i vel y nar r ow
wi ndow, but t hr ough a " r i bbon" of gl ass r un-
ni ng t he whol e l engt h of t he wal l , t he pr obl em
i s not t he same. I n t hi s case t he t wo end wal l s,
meet i ng t he out si de wal l f r om t he nor mal
di r ect i on, or at a sl i ght angl e, wi l l be wel l
l i t t hr oughout t hei r l engt h ; t he door ways can
t her ef or e be pl aced at t he f ur t hest ext r emi t i es,
t hus addi ng t o t he ef f ect i ve dept h of t he r oom.
One i mpor t ant f act shoul d be r emember ed
when t he shape of t he r ooms i s bei ng deci ded.
Asquar e r oom, when i t exceeds a cer t ai n si ze
( about 23 sq f t ) , has no advant age over an
obl ong one, ei t her f r omt he poi nt of vi ewof
cost ( r oof span) or f r omt hat of t he use of space
i n t he sat i sf act or y di spl ay of t he exhi bi t s,
expeci al l y i f
t hey ar e pai nt i ngs .
I t
i s somet i mes f ound advi sabl e t o pl ace
a wor k of ar t of out st andi ng i nt er est and
except i onal
val ue i n a r oomby i t sel f , t o at t r act
and concent r at e t he gr eat est possi bl e at t ent i on .
Such a r oomneed be onl y l ar ge enough t o
accommodat e a si ngl e wor k; but t her e must
al ways be enough space f or t he publ i c t o
ci r cul at e f r eel y. Gal l er i es i nt ended f or per ma-
nent exhi bi t i ons may, on t he cont r ar y, be of
consi der abl e si ze, t hough i t i s never advi sabl e
f or t hemt o be mor e t han about 22 f t wi de, 12
t o 18 f t hi gh, and 65 t o 80 f t l ong.
Monot ony al so r esul t s when a number of
r ooms f ol l owone anot her i n a st r ai ght l i ne.
Even wher e t hi s cannot be ent i r el y avoi ded,
t he r ooms shoul d be so const r uct ed t hat t he
door s ar e not opposi t e one anot her , pr ovi di ng
a " t el escopi c" vi ew t hr ough t he bui l di ng.
An uni nt er r upt ed pr ospect of t he l ong r out e
ahead i s usual l y f ound t o have a depr essi ng
ef f ect on vi si t or s .
Ther e ar e, however ,
undoubt ed advant ages
i n bei ng abl e t o see i nt o sever al r ooms at t he
same t i me; i t i s a hel p, f or i nst ance, i n di r ect i ng
vi si t or s, and f or secur i t y pur poses .
On t he ot her hand, by var yi ng t he posi t i ons of
t he door s we ar e al so abl e t o pl ace t he vi si t or ,
f r omt he moment of hi s ent r ance, at t he poi nt
chosen by t he or gani zer of t he di spl ay as t he
best f or conveyi ng an i mmedi at e and st r i ki ng
i mpr essi on of i t s gener al cont ent s, or f or gi vi ng
a vi ewof t he most i mpor t ant pi ece i n t hat
par t i cul ar r oom. I n pr i nci pl e, t he door shoul d
be pl aced i n such a way t hat a vi si t or comi ng
t hr ough i t wi l l see t he f ul l l engt h of t he op-
posi t e wal l . I t i s t her ef or e not advi sabl e f or i t
t o f ace a wi ndow, si nce t he vi si t or wi l l t hen
be dazzl ed j ust as he comes i n.
Wi t h r egar d t o t he shape and si ze of t he
r ooms, I have al r eady poi nt ed out t hat di men-
si ons shoul d be var i ed so as t o st i mul at e t he
at t ent i on of t he publ i c and shoul d al so be
adapt ed
t o
t he si ze of t he exhi bi t s .
1 ought per haps t o r epeat her e, f or t he sake
of cl ar i t y, t hat t he f or mand si ze of t he r ooms
wi l l al so depend t o some ext ent on t he l i ght i ng
syst em chosen. Over head l i ght i ng al l ows
gr eat er di ver si t y of shape ( r ect angul ar , pol yg-
onal , ci r cul ar ,
et c . ) because t he
l i ght i ng
can
al ways be ar r anged on a scal e t o sui t t he r oom.
Obl ong r ooms,
di vi ded by par t i t i ons t o a cer t ai n
hei ght , but wi t h
one cei l i ng and skyl i ght ,
shoul d however be avoi ded ; t hi s syst em has
pr oved unsat i sf act or y bot h f r omt he aest het i c
and f r omt he f unct i onal poi nt s of
vi ew.
The pr act i ce of r oundi ng of f t he cor ner s
of r ect angul ar r ooms i s al so goi ng out of
f ashi on, as i t has been
f ound t hat t he advan-
t age of unbr oken wal l s and t he
i mpr essi on
of
bet t er use of l i ght i n a mor e compact space
ar e of f set by t he r esul t ant monot ony,
and t hat
t he gener al ef f ect i s
not
pl easi ng
t o t he eye.
Lat er al l i ght i ng r equi r es shal l ow
r ooms,
t hei r wal l s set at an obl i que angl e t o t he sour ce
of l i ght . But t he l ar ger t he wi ndows, t he mor e
di f f i cul t i t becomes t o pr event l i ght f r om
bei ng r ef l ect ed i n t he wor ks pl aced agai nst
t he opposi t e wal l . I t i s undeni abl y di f f i cul t
t o gi ve a pl easi ng appear ance t o t hese asym-
met r i cal r ooms ; t he t ast e of a f i ne ar chi t ect
i s
needed
t o
gi ve t hemchar act er and har mony,
ei t her by car ef ul at t ent i on t o
spat i al pr opor -
t i on or by t he use of
di f f er ent col or s f or t he
wal l s end cei l i ng.
Theor et i cal l y, t he door bet ween t wo l at er al l y
l i t r ooms shoul d be pl aced near
t he
wal l
next
Cul t ur al
SMALLMUSEUMS
PLANNI NGTHE SMALL
MUSEUM
The obj ect i ve of t he
pr oposed museum shoul d
be cl ear l y def i ned, as wel l as t he
geogr aphi c r e-
gi on, t he subj ect
( hi st or y, nat ur al hi st or y, or ar t )
and ext ent of di spl ay and ot her ser vi ces
.
The f ol l owi ng i s
an exampl e of a sui t abl e basi c
st at ement
f or a smal l museum:
The basi c obj ect i ve
of t he Museumi s t o col l ect , pr e-
ser ve, st udy
and exhi bi t si gni f i cant obj ect s of t he com-
muni t y, and
pr ovi de r el at ed educat i onal ser vi ces
i n
or der t o
i ncr ease publ i c knowl edge and st i mul at e
cr e-
at i ve
act i vi t y.
Thi s
st at ement shoul d have f ur t her def i ni t i on
byi ncor por at i ng a r ef er ence t o t he t ype
of col l ec-
t i ons, whet her
human hi st or y, nat ur al hi st or y or
ar t .
Agood
museumi ncl udes t hese basi c f unct i ons :
( 1) cur at or i al , ( 2) di spl ay,
( 3) di spl ay pr epar at i on,
( 4) educat i on. I n
or der t o r eal i ze bot h obj ect i ves
and f unct i ons, cer t ai n f aci l i t i es
and spaces ar e
essent i al .
Ther e must be suf f i ci ent
di ver si f i cat i on of
spaces t o
al l oweach f unct i on t o be under t aken
separ at el y whi l e at t he
same t i me combi ni ng cer -
t ai n act i vi t i es
i n a si ngl e ar ea as r equi r ed
f or
economy i n a smal l museum.
Because of t he many
and var i ed ki nds
of t asks whi ch a museumhas
t o per f or m, i t i s absol ut el y i mpossi bl e t o
mai nt ai n
good housekeepi ng and
cur at or i al pr ocedur es
wi t hout separ at i on of f unct i ons i nt o
separ at e
r ooms . Thi s r el at i on bet ween f unct i ons
and physi -
cal f aci l i t i es i s summar i zed
i n t he f ol l owi ng.
The Techni cal
Requi r ement s of Smal l Museums,
Raymond O. Har r i son, M. R. A]
. C. Techni cal Paper No .
1, Canadi an Museums
Associ at i on, Ot t awa, Ont ar i o,
1966.
Fi g. 1

Space or gani zat i on di agr am.
Funct i ons
Space r equi r ed
l
. Cur at or i al Funct i ons
a.
Col l ect i on, pr eser vat i on, i dent i f i cat i on,
document at i on, st udy,
r est or a- a. Of f i ce- wor kr oom,
Wor kshop
t i on.
b.
St or age of col l ect i ons.
b. Reser ve Col l ect i on Room
2. Di spl ay
Funct i on
Themat i c
and changi ng di spl ays of sel ect ed
obj ect s and. document s
f r om Di spl ay Gal l er y
t he
col l ect i ons ar r anged t o t el l a st or y.
3 . Di spl ay
Pr epar at i on Funct i on
The pr epar at i on
of exhi bi t s.
Wor kshop,
Of f i ce- wor kr oom
4. Educat i onal
and Publ i c Funct i ons
Thi s t er mhas been
expanded t o i ncl ude al l publ i c
f unct i ons . .
a. Lect ur es, school
t our s, soci et y meet i ngs, f i l ms, and soci al
f unct i ons . a. Lect ur e
r oom,
Chai r
st or age cl oset ,
Ki t chenet t e
b. Recept i on, i nf or mat i on,
sal es, super vi si on of di spl ay
gal l er y. b.
Lobby
Sal es and I nf or mat i on Count er
c . Publ i c
r equi r ement s .
c. Cl oak r oom,
Washr ooms
S. Ot her Ser vi ces
a. Mechani cal .
a.
Heat i ng- vent i l at i on pl ant
b. J ani t or i al .
b. J ani t or ' s
cl oset
Cul t ur al
SMALLMUSEUMS
Fi g. 2 Basi c pl an 1 .
Fi g. 3

Basi c pl an 2.
Cul t ur al
SMALLMUSEUMS
Cul t ur al
SMALLMUSEUMS
Gal l er y Desi gn
ORGANI ZATI ONOF
SPACE
The next st ep i n t he pl anni ng of
a museumi s
t he wor ki ng
r el at i onshi p bet ween t hese var i ous
f unct i ons . The
pl anni ng of a good museum
must
r ef l ect t he most ef f i ci ent
manner i n whi ch t he var i -
ous t asks ar e
car r i ed out i ndi vi dual l y and
i n r el a-
t i onshi p t o each ot her ,
wi t hout one adver sel y af -
f ect i ng
t he ot her . Amaj or consi der at i on
i n t hi s
pl anni ng i s t he
mat t er of f ut ur e expansi on and
const r uct i on i n sever al st ages .
The di agr am( Fi g.
1) i l l ust r at es t he most
ef f i -
ci ent
wor ki ng ar r angement ,
To i l l ust r at e t he
manner i n whi ch a good smal l
museummay be pl anned on t he
basi s of t he or -
gani zat i onal
di agr am, t hr ee basi c pl ans ar e pr e-
sent ed as exampl es, r angi ng
f r omt he smal l est
possi bl e at 1960
sq f t , up t o 3823 sq f t ,
and
t her ef or e r epr esent i ng t hr ee di f f er ent
capi t al ex-
pendi t ur es
and oper at i ng cost s . Al l pl ans i ncor po-
r at e
pr ovi si ons f or f ut ur e expansi on
and const r uc-
t i on i n
sever al st ages as a basi c pr i nci pl e.
I t shoul d be f ur t her
not ed t hat t he museum
pl ans shown
ar e based upon col l ect i ons
compr i s-
i ng smal l er t ypes of
speci mens and ar t i f act s.
Lar ge equi pment ,
vehi cl es, and f ar mmachi ner y
woul d r equi r e consi der abl y
mor e space al t hough
t he basi c
f unct i ons out l i ned ear l i er woul d
st i l l ap-
pl y. The f ol l owi ng i s a summar y of
some mai n
f eat ur es .
Basi c Pl an 1
Thi s pl an ( Fi g.
2) shows t he absol ut el y mi ni mum
si zes of spaces r equi r ed f or
an ef f ect i ve mi ni mum
museum
. I t wi l l be not ed t hat t he di spl ay ar ea
i s onl y about 40 per cent
of t he ar ea of t he bui l d-
i ng.
Fut ur e
expansi on of t he exi st i ng col l ect i on st or -
age
r oomcan t ake pl ace as t he
col l ect i ons gr ow,
whi l e t he
exi st i ng di spl ay r oomal so can be
i n-
cr eased i n si ze as r equi r ed.
Fut ur e addi t i on of
a l ect ur e r oomof f
t he l obby can al so be achi eved
so
t hat t he educat i onal f unct i ons
of t he museum
can be expanded.
Not e t hat t hese addi t i ons can
be
made wi t hout compl i cat i on t o t he
r oof st r uc-
t ur e of t he or i gi nal pl an
. The number of per i met er
di spl ay
cases shown woul d be ampl e t o mai nt ai n
and ensur e changi ng di spl ays
.
Basi c Pl an 2
Thi s ( Fi g . 3) i s an expansi on
of Pl an 1, wi t h al l ow-
ance f or f ur t her expansi on
of t he di spl ay, col l ec-
t i on,
and educat i onal f unct i ons i n t he f ut ur e
. The
number of per i met er
cases shown woul d be ampl e
f or
t he
st or y t heme and changi ng
exhi bi t s whi l e
t he cent er
of t he r oom may have l ar ger
i t ems,
phot ogr aphi c panel s or
speci al f eat ur e di spl ays .
The di spl ay r oomi s 33 per cent
of gr oss.
GALLERYDESI GN*
The aver age
Amer i can museum
vi si t or ( Fi g . 4) ,
i f a man, i s
about 5 f t 91/ 4 i n t al l , and hi s eye
l evel i s 5 f t 43/ 4 i n; t he aver age
woman i s about
5 f t 31/ 4 i n
t al l , and her eye l evel i s 4 f t 11
3
/ 4
i n . Thus, t he meanadul t eye- l evel
hei ght i s about
5 f t 21/ 4
i n. Wi t h l i t t l e eye movement ,
peopl e
usual l y see and r ecogni ze wi t h
ease t hi ngs t hat
ar e wi t hi n an
appr oxi mat el y el l i pt i cal cone of
vi -
si on, wi t h t he apex of
t he cone at t he eye- l evel
hei ght
. St udi es have shown t hat , i n
gener al , t he
* Repr i nt ed wi t h per mi ssi on f r om
Techni cal Leaf l et
#52, Gal l er yand Case
f xhi 6i l Desi gn, by Ar mi nt o Neal ,
Copyr i ght 1969 by t he
Amer i can Associ at i on f or St at e
and Local Hi st or y, 1400 8t h
Avenue Sout h, Nashvi l l e,
TN
37203.
Fi g. S Di f f i cul t i es
encount er ed i n
vi ewi ng det ai l s
mor e t han 3
f t bel owor 1 f t above one' s
eye l evel .
adul t museumvi si t or obser ves an
ar ea onl y a
l i t t l e over 1 f t
above hi s own eye l evel t o 3
f t
bel owi t at an aver age vi ewi ng
di st ance of 24-
48 i n ( Fi g. 5) .
Ar r angi ng obj ect s and
l abel s
above
and bel owt hese l i mi t s pl aces
a st r ai n on
sel domused muscl es
and pr oduces achi ng backs,
t i r ed
f eet , bur ni ng eyes, and st i f f
necks . Some
qui t e l ar ge
obj ect s, such as t ot empol es or
di no-
saur s, wi l l i nevi t abl y soar above
t hese vi ewi ng
l i mi t s,
and, i n t hi s event , t he vi si t or must
be per -
mi t t ed space t o back f ar
enough away f r omt he
obj ect t o compr ehend i t wi t hout
becomi ng a case
f or an
or t hopedi c speci al i st
( Fi g. 6) .
The f l owof
vi si t or s i s l i ke t he f l ow
of wat er
i n a st r eam. I f t he cases
ar e ar r anged wi t h gent l y
cur vi ng l i nes t o
t ake advant age of
t hi s pat t er n
of
movement ( Fi g. 76) ,
vi si t or s wi l l f i nd t he r oom
mor e at t r act i ve
and can pr ogr ess easi l y
wi t h t he
l i ne
of t he case. Of t en t he
ar r angement s can be
st agger ed ( Fi g
. 7c) whi ch pr oduces
a cer t ai n
myst er y
and a desi r e on t he par t of
t he vi si t or
t o peek ar ound cor ner s t o
see what i s next . I t
i s not al ways
necessar y t o have a
wi de openi ng
i nt o a hal l . Cases t hat ar e
ar r anged t o nar r ow
t he ent r ance
a bi t ( Fi g . 7d) , so t hat
t he hal l
i nsi de
t hen opens out , pr ovi de a cer t ai n
amount
of i nt er est .
Fi g. 4

Measur ement s
of adul t and si x- year - ol d
vi si t or s i n r el at i on
t o cases .
Fi g. 6

Vi ewi ng
di st ance shoul d i ncr ease
wi t h gr eat er si ze of
obj ect .
Cul t ur al
SMALLMUSEUMS
Gal l er y
Desi gn
Fi g. 7

Possi bl e gal l er y ar r angement s .
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
DI AGRAMS
OF ESSENTI AL LI BRARY
ELEMENTS
Thr ee di agr ams have
been pr epar ed as an ai d
t o
vi sual i zi ng t he f unct i onal r el at i onshi ps of
t he
pr i nci pal ar eas i n t ypi cal
smal l l i br ar i es . These
di agr ams
ar e f or l i br ar i es f or t owns of 5, 000,
10, 000 and 25, 000 per sons
r espect i vel y.
They
ar e meant
t o
cl ar i f y r el at i onshi ps and ci r -
cul at i on pat t er ns . They
def i ni t el y ar e not bui l di ng
pl ans, nor do
t hey const i t ut e t he onl y possi bl e
r el at i onshi ps bet ween
t he pr ogr amel ement s . I t
i s i nt ended
t hat t hey assi st i n under st andi ng t he
i nt er r el at i onshi ps bet ween t he
maj or pr ogr amel e-
ment s.
They ar e i nt ended t o suggest a
st ar t i ng poi nt
f or t he
pl anni ng of t he l i br ar y and r epr esent
mi ni mumst andar ds . They ar e
der i ved f r om" I n-
t er i m
St andar ds f or Smal l Publ i c Li br ar i es: Gui de-
l i nes Towar d Achi evi ng
t he Goal s of Publ i c Li br ar y
Ser vi ce. " ALA- Publ i c Li br ar y Associ at i on,
Chi -
cago,
1962. ( See Tabl e
2 on p. 345. )
1 . The
Li br ar y f or t he Town of 5, 000
Popul at i on
The basi c pr i nci pl es when pl anni ng
f or t he l i br ar y
( Fi g.
1) ar e:
1 . Locat i on t o i nsur e maxi mum
accessi bi l i t y
2. Si mpl i ci t y
of desi gn concept
3. Ease of super vi si on by l i br ar y st af f
4. Pr ovi si on f or f ut ur e expansi on
The basi c st at i st i cs of
t he l i br ar y ar e:
St af f : One
and one- hal f per sons, i ncl udi ng a pr of essi onal
l i br ar i an
and a par t - t i me assi st ant .
These ar e appr oxi mat es onl y and wi l l , of cour se,
var y
wi t h each communi t y.
I I . The Li br ar y f or t he Townof 10, 000
Popul at i on
Thi s l i br ar y ( Fi g
.
2)
i n many r espect s i s an ex-
panded ver si on of t he f i r st one.
The
basi c
pr i nci -
pl es and
r el at i onshi ps ar e t he same. The st af f
and space r equi r ement s ar e
appr oxi mat el y t wi ce
t hose of
t he f i r st .
The l ar ger si ze per mi t s t he devel opment of spe-
ci al
ar eas t hat add t o t he usef ul ness of t he l i br ar y
and enabl e i t t o pr ovi de bet t er
ser vi ces . Some
of
t hese may be: a speci al ar ea i n t he chi l dr en' s
sect i on f or st or yt el l i ng and r el at ed
act i vi t i es, ex-
panded r ef er ence, and separ at e per i odi cal ar eas.
Asmal l meet i ng r oommay be a usef ul
addi t i on
t o t he
pr ogr am.
The basi c r equi r ement s f or t hi s
l i br ar y ar e:
St af f : Thr ee per sons : a
pr of essi onal l i br ar i an, an assi s-
t ant , and par t - t i me cl er i cal and page
hel p equi val ent
t o one f ul l - t i me per son
.
I I I . The Li br ar y f or t he Town of 25, 000
Popul at i on
Thi s l i br ar y
( Fi g.
3)
i n f unct i on i s mor e compl ex
t han t he pr evi ous l i br ar i es . To t he t hr ee
basi c
f unct i onal ar eas of t he
l i br ar y, whi ch ar e ex-
panded
andel abor at ed on, t her e usual l y i s added
a f our t h, a communi t y f unct i on, of t en i n t he
f or m
of a
meet i ng r oom or smal l audi t or i um. Ther e
may al so be ( Fi g. 4) :
Speci al
exhi bi t i on space
Speci al exhi bi t i on r ooms
St udy ar ea wi t h car r el s near t he st acks
Smal l meet i ng r ooms
Audi ovi sual r ooms or boot hs
The ci r cul at i on pat t er n i s mor e
compl ex . Asep-
ar at e
ent r ance f or chi l dr en i s hi ghl y desi r abl e.
Access t o t he communi t y f aci l i t y
by t he publ i c
af t er
nor mal l i br ar y hour s i s r equi r ed. Al i br ar y
of t hi s si ze may be a t wo- l evel
st r uct ur e. On t he
di agr am
( Fi g. 3) we have i ndi cat ed t hese ci r cul a-
t i on r equi r ement s . Not e t he
separ at e st af f and
publ i c ci r cul at i on bet ween l evel s . The basi c r e-
qui r ement s f or t he l i br ar y f or
t he t own of 25, 000
per sons ar e:
St af f : Ten- t hi s mi ght be br oken down
t o i ncl ude t wo
pr of essi onal l i br ar i ans, a col l ege gr aduat e, t hr ee
as-
si st ant s, and f our ot her per sons, di vi ded
bet ween cl er i -
cal and pages
.
A. Ant hony
Tappc, ALA. , Gui de t o Pl anni ng a Li br ar y
Bui l di ng, Huggens
and Tappe, I nc . , Bost on, 1968.
Fi g. 1
Book Col l ect i on:
15, 000 vol umes
Space f or book col l ect i on: 1, 000
sq f t
Space f or r eader s :
700 sq f t
St af f wor k space: 500 sq
f t
Est i mat ed addi t i onal span f or ut i l i t i es,
ci r cul at i on, and mi scel l aneous : 800 sq f t
Tot al
est i mat ed f l oor space: 3, 500 sq f t
Si ze of book col l ect i on:
20, 000 vol umes
Space f or
t he book col l ect i on: 2, 000 sq f t
Space f or
r eader s ( 40 seat s mi n. ) : 1, 200 sq f t
St af f wor k space: 1, 000 sq f t
Est i mat ed addi t i onal space f or ut i l i -
t i es, ci r cul at i on, and mi scel l aneous
: 2, 800
sq
f t
Tot al est i mat ed f l oor space
7, 000 sq f t
Space
f or book col l ect i on: 5, 000
sq f t
Reader space
( mi ni mumof 75 seat sl
:
2, 250 sq
f t
St af f wor k space:
1, 500 sq f t
Est i mat ed addi t i onal space r equi r ed
f or speci al uses, ut i l i t i es, and
mi scel l aneous :
6, 250 sq f t
Tot al est i mat ed f l oor
space: 15, 000 sq f t
LI BRARI ES
Cul t ur al
Fi g. 2
Fi g. 3
Fi g. t
Fi g. 2
r eadi l y
avai l abl e el sewher e i n t he communi t y
.
They shoul d be l ocat ed f or easy
super vi si on so
t hat t hey
may be used f or qui et r eadi ng and
st udy when not needed by gr oups .
No si ngl e t ype of bui l di ng i s sat i sf act or y
f or
al l publ i c l i br ar i es . Each bui l di ng
i s l i kel y t o be
di f f er ent , and i t s
di f f er ences shoul d be di r ect l y
r el at ed t o i t s ser vi ce pr ogr am.
The l i br ar y
bui l di ng shoul d be l ocat ed i n or
near t he communi t yshoppi ng cent er
andat st r eet
l evel i f
possi bl e. Adequat e par ki ng shoul d be
avai l abl e near by.
Fi g. 4

Fl oor
pl an of a l i br ar y. Sour ce: U. S. Naval
Faci l i t i es Engi neer i ng Command, Depar t ment of t he Navy,
Washi ngt on, D. C.
BRANCHLI BRARI ES
Abr anch l i br ar y can
pl ay an i mpor t ant r ol e as
a cul t ur al cent er . I n addi t i on t o pr ovi di ng
books,
i t can pr ovi de
r ecor d and t ape l endi ng, musi c-
l i st eni ng f aci l i t i es, vi sual - ai d f aci l i t i es, and
l ect ur e
ser i es as wel l as act
as a gener al i nf or mat i on
cent er
. Wi t h such an expanded r ol e, t he l i br ar y
or cul t ur al cent er
wi l l be an i mpor t ant el ement
i n t he
nei ghbor hood. Fi gs . 1 and 2 ar e
possi bl e
f l oor pl ans.
Regar dl ess
of t he si ze of t he communi t y,
i t s
l i br ar y shoul d pr ovi de access
t o enough books
t o
cover t he i nt er est s of t he whol e popul at i on
.
Manual of
Housi ng/ Pl anni ng andDesi gn Cr i t er i a, De
Chi ar o and Koppel mon,
Pr ent i ce- Hal l , I nc. , Engl ewood
Cl i f f s, N. J . , 1975.
1. Li br ar i es ser vi ng
popul at i ons f r om5, 000 t o
50, 000
r equi r e a mi ni mumof 2 books per capi t a.
2. Communi t i es up t o 5, 000
per sons need ac-
cess t o
a mi ni mumof 10, 000 vol umes, or 3 books
per capi t a, whi chever i s
gr eat er .
The l i br ar y bui l di ng shoul d pr ovi de space
f or
t he f ul l
r ange of l i br ar y ser vi ces . Al l l i br ar i es
shoul d have desi gnat ed ar eas f or
chi l dr en' s,
young adul t , and
adul t mat er i al s.
Mul t i pur pose r ooms shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or
meet i ng,
vi ewi ng, and l i st eni ng by cul t ur al , educa-
t i onal , and ci vi c gr oups unl ess such
f aci l i t i es ar e
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
SPACE REQUI REMENTS
The pr ogr amst at ement , whi ch i ncl udes obj ec-
t i ves, act i vi t i es, and r equi r ement s, wi l l spel l
out t ot al needs i n t er ms of squar e f eet of f l oor
space. Gener al l y speaki ng, t he t ot al need may
be di vi ded i nt o f i ve cat egor i es : space f or ( 1)
books, ( 2) r eader s, ( 3) st af f , ( 4) gr oup meet -
i ngs, and ( 5) mechani cal oper at i ons and al l
ot her ( st ai r ways, el evat or s, t bi l et s, et c . ) .
Act ual space al l ocat i ons wi l l t end t o var y i n
accor dance wi t h t he l i br ar y ser vi ce pr ogr am
i n r el at i onshi p t o communi t y needs . ' Tabl e
1 pr ovi des gener al gui del i nes f or pr ogr ammi ng
t he t ot al bui l di ng, end Tabl e 2 pr ovi des gui de-
l i nes f or i nt er i or space i n r el at i on t o popul a-
t i on and si ze of t he book col l ect i on.
Space f or Books
To a l ar ge ext ent
t he amount of book shel vi ng
r equi r ed wi l l depend on t he si ze of t he l i br ar y
ser vi ce ar ea and whet her t he l i br ar y i s a mem-
ber of
a
l i br ar y
syst em. Most l i br ar y pl anner s,
whenest i mat i ng t he si ze of t he book col l ect i on,
appl y a st andar d whi ch r anges f r om t hr ee
books per capi t a ( smal l est
communi t i es) t o one
and one- hal f books
per capi t a ( l ar gest ci t i es) .
I n any event
enough book shel vi ng shoul d
be pr ovi ded t o pl an f or
20 year s' ant i ci pat ed
gr owt h.
The pr ogr am
st at ement shoul d al so i ncl ude
a det ai l ed anal ysi s
of
t he
amount of shel vi ng
needed
.
I t shoul d be pr esent ed i n t er ms of
cat egor y, l ocat i on, and l i near f eet . Cat egor i es
f ound i n near l y al l
publ i c l i br ar i es i ncl ude
adul t f i ct i on and nonf i ct i on ; chi l dr en' s books ;
books
_f or young adul t s ; r ef er ence books ;
bound, unbound, and mi cr of i l med newspaper s ;
bound, unbound, and mi cr of i l med per i odi cal s ;
l ocal
hi st or y
books
; l ess used books f or t he
bookst acks ; and speci al subj ect col l ect i ons .
Al l owances shoul d
be made al so f or nonbook
mat er i al s ( i . e. , phonogr aph r ecor ds)
whi ch ar e
of t en
accommodat ed on l i br ar y shel vi ng.
Despi t e t he f act
t hat t her e i s consi der abl e
var i at i on
i n
t he si ze
of books, t her e ar e sever al
r el i abl e f or mul as whi ch may be used t o est i -
mat e
t he amount of space r equi r ed f or books .
These ar e: open
r eadi ng r ooms, 7 vol umes
per
l i neal f oot , or 50 books per f oot of st andar d
hei ght
wal l shel vi ng, or 100 books per f oot
of doubl e- f aced
shel vi ng ; bookst ack ar eas, 15
books
per squar e f oot ( i ncl udes ai sl es) , or 2
Local Publ i c Li br ar y Admi ni st r at i on, I nt er na-
t i onal Ci t y Manager s Associ at i on,
Chi cago,
I I I . , 1964. Wi t h i l l ust r at i ons f r om
Har ol d L.
Rot h, Ed. , Pl anni ng Li br ar y Bui l di ngs f ar Ser -
vi ce, Amer i can Li br ar y Associ at i on,
Chi cago,
1964.
' Much of t he di scussi on on space st andar ds
i s based on J oseph L. Wheel er , The Ef f ect i ve
Locat i on of Publ i c Li br ar y Bui l di ngs ( Ur bane
:
Uni ver si t y of I l l i noi s Li br ar y School , Occasi on-
al Paper s, No . 52, 1958) , 50pp. ; J oseph L.
Wheel er and Her ber t Gol dhor , Pr act i cal Admi n-
i st r at i on of Publ i c Li br ar i es ( New Yor k:
Har per and Row, 1962) , pp. 553- 60; Amer i can
Li br ar y Associ at i on, Subcommi t t ee on St an-
dar ds I n Smal l Li br ar i es, Publ i c Li br ar y Associ -
at i on ; I nt er i m St andar ds f or Smal l Publ i c Li -
br ar i es : Gui del i nes
Towar d
Achi evi ng t he
Goal s of Publ i c Li br ar y Ser vi ce ( Chi cago : The
Associ at i on, 1962) , 16pp. ; and Russel l J .
Schunk, Poi nt er s f or Publ i c Li br ar y Bui l di ng
Pl anner s ( Chi cago : Amer i can Li br ar y Associ a-
t i on,
1945) ,
67pp.
Fi gur es 1 t o 9 by Fr anci s J oseph McCar t hy,
FAI A.
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
Space Requi r ement s
books per
cubi c f oot . Appr oxi mat el y 50 l ong-
pl ay phonogr aph r ecor ds may be shel ved i n
one l i neal f oot of wal l shel vi ng . I t i s
i mpor t ant
t o not e t hat t hese
f or mul as ar e gi ven f or f ul l
capaci t y. Under nor mal condi t i ons,
one- t hi r d
of each shel f shoul d be l ef t
f or f ut ur e expan-
si on. ( See Fi gs. 1 t o 3. )
Space f or Reader s
Reader seat i ng r equi r ement s shoul d be det er -
mi ned f or at l east 20 year s ahead. Two pr i nci -
pal
sour ces
of
i nf or mat i on whi ch l i br ar y
bui l di ng pl anner s wi l l f i nd equal l y usef ul f or
t hi s pur pose ar e f i r st ,
a
car ef ul anal ysi s of
Fi g . 1

Opt i mumshel vi ng condi t i ons f or adul t s .
Fi g. 2 Opt i mumshel vi ng condi t i ons f or t een- agar s .
Fi g. 3 Opt i mumshel vi ng condi t i ons t ui chi l dr en
.
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
TABLE 1

Exper i ence For mul as f or Li br ar y Si ze and Cost s
pur el y l ocal needs, and second, exi st i ng, t i me-
pr oven f or mul as appl i ed as a basi c gui de.
The most i mpor t ant f act or I n det er mi ni ng
r eader space needs i s of cour se t he
r eadi ng
pot ent i al of t he peopl e who wi l l use t he l i br ar y.
Aconveni ent l y l ocat ed, at t r act i ve l i br ar y wi l l
st i mul at e dr amat i cal l y i ncr eased
l i br ar y
use.
Ser i ous er r or s can r esul t when est i mat es ar e
based onuse of t he ol d, exi st i ng l i br ar y
.
As not ed ear l i er an addi t i onal pr obl emt hat
must be car ef ul l y eval uat ed i s pr ovi di ng an
adequat e number of seat s f or use by r eader s
dur i ng peak per i ods. Thi s pr obl emhas been i n-
t ensi f i ed i n r ecant year s due t o t he i ncr ease i n
school at t endance and t he newer met hods of
i nst r uct i on whi ch i nvol ve ext ensi ve use of
r ef er ence and suppl ement ar y mat er i al s by st u-
dent s of al l ages . Si nce t hese per i ods of peak
use
occur i r r egul ar l y, i t i s not economi cal t o
pr ovi de r eadi ng
r ooms whi ch wi l l be l ar ge
enough
t o
accommodat e abnor mal l y l ar ge
cr owds .
Ther ef or e, some l i br ar i es have at -
t empt ed
t o sol ve t hi s pr obl em by l ocat i ng
mul t i pur pose r ooms adj acent t o adul t r ef er ence
SOURCE: J oseph L. Wheel er and Her ber t Gol dhor , Pr act i cal Admi ni st r at i on of Publ i c Li br ar i es
I NewYor k : Har per and Row,
19621 p. 554
.
TABLE 2

Gui de
l i nes f or Det er mi ni ng Mi ni mumSpace Requi r ement s
SOURCE: Amer i can Li br ar y Associ at i on, Subcommi t t ee on
St andar ds t ot Smal l Li br ar i es, Publ i c Li br ar y Associ at i on, I nt er i m
St andar ds f or Smal l Publ i c Li br ar i es : Gui del i nes Towar d Achi evi ng
t he Goal s of Publ i c Li br ar y Ser vi ce ( Chi cago : The Associ at i on,
1962) ,
p
15 . Thi s br i ef 16- page r epor t
i s based on st andar ds set f or t h i n ALA' s, Publ i c Li br ar y Ser vi ce; AGui de t o Eval uat i on wi t h
Mi ni mumSt andar ds . I t i s i nt ended t o pr ovi de i nt er i mst andar ds f or
l i br ar i es ser vi ng popul at i ons of l ess t han 50, 000 unt i l t hese l i br ar i es can meet t he
st andar ds of ALA' s Publ i c Li br ar y Ser vi ce.
' Li br ar i es i n syst ems need onl y t o pr ovi de shel vi ng f or basi c col l ect i on pl us
number of books on l oan f r omr esour ce cent er at any one t i me.
t o st andar d l i br ar y shel f equal s 3 l i n f t .
*Space f or ci r cul at i on desk, heat i ng and cool i ng
equi pment , mul t i pur pose r oom, st ai r ways, suppl i es, t oi l et s, et c. , as r equi r ed by communi t y needs
andt he pr ogr amof l i br ar y ser vi ces .
Popul at i on
si ze
Book
st ock-
vol umes
per capi t a
No . of
seat s
per 1, 000
popul at i on
Ci r cul at i on-
vol umes
per capi t a
Tot al
sq f t
per capi t a
Desi r abl e,
f i r st
f l oor ,
sq f t
per capi t a
Under 10, 000 3h- 5
10 10 0. 7- 0. 8
0. 5- 0. 7
10, 000- 35, 000 2r t i - 3 5 9. 5 0. 6- 0. 65
0. 4- 0. 45
35, 000- 100, 000
2, A- 2,1 3 9 0. 5- 0. 6 0
. 25- 0. 3
100, 000- 200, 000
1 ,A- 2 2 8 0. 4- 0. 5 0. 15- 0. 2
200, 000- 500, 000 1Y4- l h
l t i 7
0
. 35- 0
. 4
0. 1- 0. 125
500, 000 and up
1- i A 1 6. 5 0. 3 0
. 06- 0. 08
Popul at i on
ser ved
Si ze
of
book
col l ect i on,
vol umes
Shel vi ng
Space'
Li near
f eet of
shel vi ngt
Amount of
f l oor
space,
sq f t
Reader
space,
sq i t
St af f wor k
space,
sq f t
Est i mat ed
addi t i onal
space
needed,
sq f t $
Tot al
f l oor
space,
sq
f t
Under 2, 499 10, 000 1, 300
1, 000 Mi n. 400 300
300 2, 000
f or 13 seat s, at
30 sq f t per
r eader space
2, 500- 4, 999 10. 000,
1, 300. 1, 000. Mi n. 500
300 700 2, 500,
pl us 3 Add 1 f t Add 1
f or
16
seat s. or 0
. 7
per capi t a of shel vi ng sq f t
Add 5 seat s per sq
f t per
f or pop f or ever y 8 f or ever y 1, 000
over 3, 500 capi t a,
whi ch-
over vol s . over 10 vol s . over pop.
ser ved, at ever i s
3, 500 10, 000 10, 000 30 sq
f t per gr eat er
r eader space
5, 000- 9, 999
15, 000, 1, 875. 1, 500.
Mi n. 700 500.
1, 000 3, 500,
pl us 2 Add 1 f t
Add 1 f or 23 seat s. Add 150
or 0. 7
per capi t a of shel vi ng so
f t Add 4seat s per sq f t f or each
sq f t per
f or
pop
f or ever y 8
f or ever y 1, 000 over 5, 000 f ul l - t i me
capi t a, whi ch.
over vol s . over 10 vol e,
over
pop.
ser ved, at st af f mem-
ever i s
5, 000 15, 000 15, 000
30 sq f t per bar over 3
gr eat er
r eader
space
10, 000- 24, 999 20, 000, 2, 500. 2, 000.
Mi n. 1, 200 1, 000. 1, 800
7, 000,
pl us 2 Add 1 f t Add 1
f or 40 seat s . Add 150
or 0 . 7
per capi t a of shel vi ng sq f t
Add 4seat s per so i t f or each
sq i t
per
f or pop. f or ever y 8 f or ever y
1, 000 over 10, 000 f ul l - t i me
capi t a, whi ch-
over vol s . over 10 vol s. over
pop. ser ved, at st af f mem-
ever i s
10, 000 20, 000 20, 000
30 so f t per bar over 7
gr eat er
r eader space
25, 000- 49, 999 50, 000
6, 300 5, 000 Mi n. 2, 250
1, 500. 5, 250
15, 000,
pl us 2. Add 1
f t Add 1 f or 75 seat s.
Add 150 or 0. 6
per capi t a of
shel vi ng sq f t Add 3 seat s per sq
f t f or each sq f t per
f or pop. f or ever y 8 f or
ever y 1, 000 over 25, 000 f ul l - t i me
capi t a, whi ch-
over vol e, over 10
vol s . over pop, ser ved, at st af f mem-
ever i s
25, 000 50, 000 50, 000
30 sq f t per bar over 13
gr eat er
r eader space
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
and st udy
ar eas . Ar r angement s of t hi s t ype
have pr oved t o be most ef f ect i ve i n
smal l er l i -
br ar i es and i n br anch l i br ar y bui l di ngs .
The f ol l owi ng
f or mul as, devel oped by
J oseph L. Wheel er , ar e based
on bui l di ng
anal yses made over a
per i od of mor e t han 30
year s . I f t he est i mat ed f ut ur e
popul at i on i s l ess
t han 10, 000, al l ow
10
seat s per
t housand ; i f
mor e t han 10, 000 but l ess t han 35, 000, al l ow
5 seat s per
t housand ; bet ween 35, 000 and
100, 000, 3 seat s
per
t housand;
bet ween
100, 000 and 200, 000, 2
seat s per t housand
;
bet ween
200, 000
and
500, 000,
al l ow 1' /
seat s per t housand ; and 500, 000 and up, 1
seat
per t housand. '
As an est abl i shed r ul e of t humb,
mi ni mum
al l owances ar e made of 30 sq f t per
adul t
r eader and 20 sq f t per chi l d. These
al l ocat i ons
f or r eader seat i ng
ar e i n t er ms of net space
f or r eader s, chai r s,
t abl es, ai sl es, and ser vi ce
desk. Seat i ng
r equi r ement s shoul d be l i st ed
accor di ng
t o t he sever al ar eas of t he bui l di ng.
I n addi t i on, t he pr ogr amst at ement
shoul d est i -
mat e t he pr opor t i on
of t abl e seat i ng t o i nf or mal
seat i ng ( See Fi gs . 4
t o
6
. )
Space f or St af f
Space r equi r ement s f or t he st af f must al so be
st at ed i n t he pr ogr am. These est i mat es wi l l be
condi t i oned by ( 1) ant i ci pat ed gr owt h f or a
20- year per i od and ( 2) t he nat ur e and ext ent of
t he l i br ar y' s ser vi ce pr ogr am. The Amer i can
Li br ar y Associ at i on r ecommends t hat space
f or st af f be cal cul at ed on t he basi s of " one st af f
member
( f ul l - t i me or equi val ent ) . . . f or each
2, 500 peopl e i n
t he ser vi ce ar ea
. " '
I t i s a mi ni -
mumst andar d t hat
i ncl udes pages but not
mai nt enance per sonnel
. Al t hough sui t abl e f or
appl i cat i on
t o most si t uat i ons, i t must not be
r egar ded as i nf l exi bl e. As an
exampl e, a l i br ar y
t hat i s not af f i l i at ed wi t h a
syst emwi l l pr obabl y
r equi r e a somewhat l ar ger
st af f t han l i br ar i es
t hat have j oi ned t oget her i n
cooper at i ve ar -
r angement s,
such as cent r al i zed t echni cal
pr ocessi ng
cent er s
.
Mor eover , somet hi ng as
f undament al
as t he number of hour s per week
t he l i br ar y i s open wi l l af f ect t he si ze of t he
st af f and, consequent l y, space r equi r ement s .
Ther e
ar e
st r i ki ng
di f f er ences i n st af f r equi r e-
ment s bet ween l i br ar i es open 20, 38, or 72
hour s per week
.
St af f space r equi r ement s shoul d be cal cu-
l at ed ont he basi s of 100 sq f t per st af f member .
I t i s i mpor t ant t hat t hi s st andar d be met f or
t her e i s ampl e evi dence t hat space f or st af f
has been out gr own mor e r api dl y t han any
ot her t ype of space
i n most l i br ar y bui l di ngs
.
Onl y t oo of t en i s i t easy t o f or get t hat an ex-
pandi ng ser vi ce pr ogr amwi l l r equi r e t he sup-
por t of an enl ar ged st af f . The uni t of measur e-
ment of 100 sq f t per st af f member i ncl udes
space f or desk, chai r , books, and equi pment .
A checkl i st
of
st af f wor k
ar eas
shoul d i n-
cl ude ( 1) admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces, ( 2) wor k
r ooms, and
( 3)
st af f l unch
and l ounge
r ooms .
Admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces
shoul d i ncl ude a com-
bi nat i on l i br ar i an' s of f i ce- t r ust ee r oom; spaces
f or t he assi st ant l i br ar i an and a secr et ar y- r e-
cept i oni st ; busi ness of f i ce ; and ot her r el at ed
of f i ces . Wor k r oomar eas shoul d
be
pr ovi ded
f or t echni cal
pr ocessi ng
;
r ef er ence, ci r cul a-
t i on, ext ensi on, and ot her depar t ment s ; subj ect
speci al i st s ; and suppl y st or age. Comf or t f aci l i -
t i es f or t he st af f shoul d i ncl ude cooki ng and
l unchr oomar eas as wel l as appr opr i at e l ocker ,
l ounge, and t oi l et f aci l i t i es f or bot h men and
women. Comf or t abl e wor ki ng condi t i ons con-
t r i but e t o ef f ect i ve per sonnel admi ni st r at i on
as wel l as t o ef f i ci ent l i br ar y ser vi ce.
Wheel er , op- ci t . , p. 18, Wheel er and Gol d-
her , op. ci t .
' Publ i c Li br ar y Ser vi ce, op. ci t . , p. 43.
Fi g. 4

Mi ni mumcl ear ances f or var i ous body posi t i ons i n l i br ar y st ack ar eas.
pr ovi si ons shoul d be made f or st af f ki t chen and
l ounge f aci l i t i es .
Smal l audi t or i ums mayf eat ur e sl opi ng f l oor s
al ong wi t h el abor at e l i ght i ng, st age, and pr o-
j ect i on equi pment , or t hey may be aust er e wi t h
maj or emphasi s pl aced on f l exi bi l i t y. I t i s
r ecommended t hat no audi t or i umever be i n-
cl uded i n a l i br ar y bui l di ng pr ogr amst at ement
wi t hout f i r st consul t i ng communi t y l eader s .
Such f aci l i t i es ar e expensi ve t o mai nt ai n and,
as a r esul t , can pl ace an i nvi si bl e but danger ous
st r ai n on t he l i br ar y' s budget unl ess f ul l y
j ust i f i ed. Whenever gr oup meet i ng spaces ar e
pr ovi ded, i t i s i mpor t ant t hat t hey be l ocat ed
wher e t her e can be access f or communi t y use
wi t hout openi ng t he r est of t he bui l di ng. I t i s
cust omar y t o al l owf r om7 t o 10 sq f t per seat
f or meet i ng r oom and audi t or i umseat i ng.
Space f or Mechani cal Oper at i ons
I ncl uded wi t hi n t hi s cat egor y ar e hal l s, st ai r -
ways, t oi l et s, el evat or s
and
l i f t s, ai r duct s,
heat i ng and ai r
condi t i oni ng
equi pment , cl os-
et s, and shops .
Because i t
i s exceedi ngl y easy t o
under est i -
mat e t he amount of space r equi r ed f or me-
chani cal oper at i ons,
i t i s r ecommended t hat
t he
best
avai l abl e t echni cal advi ce be secur ed t o
assur e i ncl usi on of anaccur at e est i mat e wi t hi n
t he pr ogr amst at ement . For t unat el y, wi t h t he
devel opment of newconst r uct i on mat er i al s and
t echni ques combi ned wi t h newconcept s i n
pl anni ng, much l ess space i s needed f or t hese
Meet i ng
Rooms
Wi t h t he except i on of t he ver y smal l est l i -
br ar i es, most publ i c l i br ar i es shoul d pr ovi de
some gr oup meet i ng space, at l east one mul t i -
pur pose meet i ng r oom. At t he ot her ext r eme, a
smal l audi t or i um and a ser i es of conf er ence
r ooms may be r equi r ed. The
ser vi ces pr oposed
by t he l i br ar y t oget her wi t h
communi t y needs
f or f aci l i t i es of t hi s t ype
wi l l be t he f i nal de-
t er mi nant s .
Mul t i pur pose
r ooms meet t wo gener al
cl asses
of need
.
Fi r st , t hey can be ut i l i zed f or
chi l dr en' s st or y
hour s, di scussi on gr oups, st af f
meet i ngs,
and ot her l i br ar y- sponsor ed act i vi -
t i es . Second,
var i ous communi t y, educat i onal ,
cul t ur al , and l ocal gover nment
gr oups wi l l
makef r equent
and var i ed use of a mul t i pur pose
r oom
.
To be of maxi mumval ue, however , t he
r oom
shoul d be ar r anged f or easy and ef f ect i ve
use of audi ovi sual equi pment . I n addi t i on, t her e
shoul d be adj acent cl oset space f or st or age of
bl ackboar ds,
f ol di ng t abl es, chai r s, and r el at ed
equi pment .
Many l i br ar i es pr ovi de a smal l " pul l man"
t ype ki t chen
i n an ar ea adj oi ni ng gr oup meet -
i ng r ooms . Ser i ous consi der at i on shoul d be
gi ven t o i ncl udi ng t hi s f aci l i t y si nce t her e ar e
many occasi ons when i t i s hi ghl y appr opr i at e
t o ser ve si mpl e r ef r eshment s . A ki t chen
f eat ur i ng a compact combi nat i on st ove- si nk- r e-
f r i ger at or uni t wi l l not cause admi ni st r at i ve
or
mai nt enance pr obl ems pr ovi ded r egul at i ons
gover ni ng i t s use ar e st at ed cl ear l y. Separ at e
Fi g. 4( cone)

Mi ni mumcl ear ances f or var i ous body posi t i ons i n l i br ar y st ack ar eas.
pur poses t han was f or mer l y t he case. I t i s sug-
gest ed t hat an al l owance of 20 per cent be made
f or mechani cal oper at i ons . I n compar i son,
some pl anner s al l owed t wi ce as much space
not t oo many year s ago . I t i s of ut most i mpor -
t ance t hat t hi s
space r equi r ement
not be over -
l ooked.
Af t er
t he amount of space
needed has
been est i mat ed, i t shoul d
be
added t o t he t ot al
r equi r ed f or t he ot her
act i vi t i es
t o be pr ovi ded
i n t he
bui l di ng.
SERVI CE ANDSPACE RELATI ONSHI PS
As a l ogi cal ext ensi on of t he pr ogr am
st at e-
ment , i t i s i mpor t ant t hat t he
member s of t he
pl anni ng t eam, especi al l y t he ar chi t ect ,
acqui r e
an under st andi ng of t he i nt er r el at i onshi ps be-
t ween ar eas wi t hi n t he l i br ar y. I t i s not enough
t o si mpl y know
howmuch space i s needed; i t
i s equal l y i mpor t ant
t o det er mi ne whi ch el e-
ment i s
t o be pl aced wher e- and why. Towar d
t hi s end, ser vi ce and space r el at i onshi ps can be
most r eadi l y cl ar i f i ed by anal yzi ng al l of t he
act i vi t i es t hat t ake pl ace i n t he l i br ar y. Thi s
anal ysi s
of bot h publ i c
and st af f use can be
f aci l i t at ed t hr ough pr epar at i on of wor k f l ow
st udi es .
The cent r al obj ect i ve f or t he l i br ar y pl anner
i s t o ar r ange t he sever al el ement s i n a manner
whi ch wi l l assur e maxi mumf l exi bi l i t y. Reduced
expenses f or super vi si on,
per sonnel , and
const r uct i on
ar e
among
t he
benef i t s der i ved
f r om
an " open, " f l exi bl e bui l di ng
.
Mor e speci f i cal l y, f l exi bi l i t y i mpl i es success-
f ul , l ong- t i me use of t he bui l di ng. The same
ar ea may be used f or one or mor e pur poses at
di f f er ent t i mes . The amount of space al l ocat ed
f or a cer t ai n use may be shr unk or expanded
wi t hout st r uct ur al changes . Fur ni t ur e and
equi pment ar e not f i xed and maybe r el ocat ed .
I deal l y, al l publ i c ser vi ces shoul d be l ocat ed
on t he mai n f l oor of a l i br ar y i n t he i nt er est s of
user
conveni ence, economy, and si mpl i f i cat i on
of oper at i on. Wher e t hi s i s i mpossi bl e, as i n t he
case of l i br ar i es i n l ar ge ci t i es, ever y ef f or t
shoul d be made t o vi sual i ze t he ver t i cal move-
ment of per sons and mat er i al s . Under any ci r -
cumst ances, a car ef ul st udy of t he f l owof
t r af -
f i c and mat er i al i s basi c t o t he devel opment of
successf ul ser vi ce and space r el at i onshi ps
.
Member s of t he pl anni ng t eamwi l l f i nd i t use-
f ul t o vi sual i ze t he t r af f i c f l owof l i br ar y user s
accor di ng t o age and pur pose of t hei r vi si t t o
t he l i br ar y f r omt he poi nt of ent r ance i nt o t he
bui l di ng t o t he t i me of depar t ur e. Anot her t est
t hat wi l l hel p t o cl ar i f y space r el at i onshi ps i s t o
t r ace a book f r omt he pl acement of i t s or der t o
t he
t i me i t i s pl aced on t he publ i c shel ves and
t he car ds ar ef i l ed i n t he car d
cat al og. ( See Fi gs .
7 t o 9. )
I n addi t i on t o l ocat i ng a
maxi mumnumber of
publ i c ser vi ces on t he mai n f l oor , t he f ol -
l owi ng poi nt s shoul d be kept i n mi nd:
1 . Onl y one compl et e car d
cat al og shoul d be
mai nt ai ned. I t shoul d be l ocat ed conveni ent l y
as near as possi bl e t o
t he r eadi ng and r ef er ence
ar eas, ci r cul at i on desk, and
t he pr ocessi ng
depar t ment . Depar t ment cat al ogs,
a chi l dr en' s
cat al og, and
shel f l i st and ot her pr ocessi ng
r ecor ds shoul d be pl aced
i n t hei r r espect i ve
ar eas
as needed.
2. Except f or l ar ge l i br ar i es, t her e shoul d
not be mor e t han one ci r cul at i on desk. I t shoul d
be near t he mai n ent r ance wher e t her e wi l l be
di r ect vi sual cont r ol of t he movement of bot h
chi l dr en and adul t s .
3. Ther e shoul d be a si ngl e publ i c ent r ance
wi t hi n shor t di st ance of t he ci r cul at i on desk.
Audi t or i ums and
meet i ng r ooms need not be
di r ect l y accessi bl e f r omt he mai n ent r ance.
4. Publ i c t oi l et s, t el ephones, and di spl ay
cases shoul d be l ocat ed
wher e t hey can be
super vi sed by
ci r cul at i on desk per sonnel .
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
Ser vi ce and Space Rel at i onshi ps
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
Li br ar y Locat i on
5. Ever y publ i c ser vi ce ar ea
shoul d be sup-
por t ed by book st or age, of f i ce,
and wor k ar eas.
Readi ng r ooms shoul d be gr ouped so
t hat t hey
maybe ser ved by common book st or age,
of f i ce,
and wor k ar ea.
6. Al i br ar i an or at t endant shoul d not be
r esponsi bl e f or ar eas mor e t han 55 f t beyond
hi s desk .
7. Load bear i ng wal l s shoul d
be kept t o a
mi ni mumand maxi mumuse of
shel vi ng and
f ur ni t ur e made t o separ at e
di f f er ent ser vi ce
ar eas .
Ot her f act or s, such as ext er i or l i ght and
noi se, al so may i nf l uence t he l ocat i on of
var i -
ous ar eas wi t hi n t he bui l di ng.
Fi nal l y i t may be sai d t hat t he success or
f ai l ur e of a bui l di ng i s measur ed by
t he degr ee
t o whi ch pl anner s succeed i n appl yi ng t he f or e-
goi ng pr i nci pl es of desi r abl e i nt er r el at i on-
shi ps . Whet her i t i s a si mpl e vi l l age l i br ar y or a
compl ex l ar ge- ci t y l i br ar y, ever y ef f or t shoul d
be made t o f aci l i t at e super vi sor y cont r ol , f l exi -
bi l i t y, and conveni ence of r eader s .
Car ef ul at -
t ent i on t o super vi sor y cont r ol t oget her
wi t h a
f l exi bl e l ayout of publ i c ser vi ces
wi l l payof f i n
savi ngs i n st af f t i me and abi l i t y
t o handl e peak
l oads wi t h a mi ni mumst af f . By t he same
t oken,
f ai l ur e t o achi eve ef f ect i ve ser vi ce
and space
r el at i onshi ps can be a f i nanci al
bur den f or
many year s and t he sour ce of cont i nui ng
i ncon-
veni ence f or count l ess r eader s .
LI BRARY LOCATI ON
Cent r al Locat i on
Al i br ar y i s a ser vi ce or gani zat i on i nt ended t o
ser ve peopl e. Ther ef or e, i t shoul d be cent r al l y
l ocat ed wher e i t wi l l be accessi bl e t o t he
l ar gest number of pot ent i al r eader s and i nf or -
mat i on seeker s .
Thi s pr i nci pl e i s nei t her newnor r evol ut i on-
ar y. I t has been advocat ed by a vast maj or i t y of
exper i enced publ i c l i br ar y admi ni st r at or s f or
wel l over a hal f cent ur y. The concept of a cen-
t r al l y l ocat ed l i br ar y i s j ust as val i d nowwhen
t her e ar e mor e t han 70 mi l l i on r egi st er ed mot or
vehi cl es as i t was when t he f i r st successf ul
Amer i can aut omobi l e was i nt r oduced i n 1892.
Acent r al l ocat i on i s usual l y associ at ed wi t h
a heavy concent r at i on of r et ai l st or es, of f i ce
bui l di ngs, banks, publ i c t r anspor t at i on poi nt s,
and par ki ng
f aci l i t i es .
" Thi s means t hat i t I t he
publ i c l i br ar y] shoul d be near
t he cent er of
gener al communi t y act i vi t y, i . e. , t he shoppi ng
and busi ness di st r i ct . J ust as di me st or e oper a-
t or s st udy t he f l owof pedest r i an t r af f i c bef or e
l ocat i ng one of t hei r uni t s, so shoul d l i br ar y
pl anner s consi der car ef ul l y t he best l ocat i on t o
r each J ohn
O.
Publ i c. Abui l di ng l ocat ed j ust
ar ound t he cor ner f r omt he most advant ageous
spot can l ose a gr eat deal of i t s pot ent i al pa-
t r onage . - The
i mpor t ance of a cent r al l ocat i on was r e-
af f i r med i n t hi s st at ement : " A pr omi nent ,
easi l y accessi bl e l ocat i on i s r equi r ed t o at t r act
a l ar ge number of per sons . Ther ef or e t he l i -
br ar y shoul d be pl aced wher e peopl e nat ur al l y
conver ge- i n t he hear t of t he shoppi ng and
busi ness di st r i ct , r at her t han i n a r emot e l oca-
t i on such as a par k, ci vi c cent er or qui et si de
st r eet . " ' The Amer i can Li br ar y Associ at i on' s
st andar ds f or publ i c l i br ar y ser vi ce al so empha-
si ze t he need of " maxi mumaccessi bi l i t y. "
Unquest i onabl y, a l ocat i on whi ch af f or ds
maxi mumaccessi bi l i t y t o t he gr eat est number
of peopl e i s f undament al t o t he success of
Russel l J . Schunk, Poi nt er s f or Publ i c Li -
br ar y Bui l di ng Pl anner s ( Chi cago : Amer i can
Li br ar y Associ at i on, 1945) , p. 6.
sChar l es M. Mohr har dt and Ral ph A. UI -
vel i ng, " Publ i c Li br ar i es, " Ar chi t ect ur al Rec-
or d, December , 1952, p.
152.
Fi g. 6 Tabl e space r equi r ement s f or r eader s.
Fi g. 5

Mi ni mumcl ear ances
f or peopl e and equi pment i n r eadi ng r ooms.
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
Li br ar y Locat i on
ever y newpubl i c
l i br ar y, be i t t he cent r al l i -
br ar y or a
br anch. I t i s equal l y t r ue t hat a si t e
whi ch i s l ocat ed
i n t he hear t of a shoppi ng and
busi ness di st r i ct
wi l l usual l y cost f ar mor e t han
a si t e
whi ch i s l ocat ed i n a r emot e or secondar y
ar ea. Once
conf r ont ed wi t h t he r eal i t y of t he
hi gh cost usual l y
associ at ed wi t h t he acqui si -
t i on of a pr i me
l ocat i on, t her e i s a t endency
t owar d " i nst ant "
compr omi se. For t unat el y,
ever i ncr easi ng number s of
muni ci pal of f i ci al s,
ar chi t ect s, and ci t i zens
r ecogni ze t hat t he pub-
l i c l i br ar y cannot f ul f i l l i t s
f unct i ons i n a sec-
ond- r at e l ocat i on
and t hat oper at i ng cost s ar e
pr opor t i onat el y hi gher
f or
an
of f - cent er l i br ar y
t han f or one whi ch i s cent r al l y
l ocat ed. Maxi -
mumuse i s synonymous
wi t h l ower ser vi ce-
uni t cost s, and st r at egi cal l y
l ocat ed si t es ar e
synonymous wi t h maxi mumuse.
The Si t e
I n addi t i on t o cent r al l ocat i on, sever al
ot her
i mpor t ant cr i t er i a shoul d be
consi der ed i n l i -
br ar y si t e sel ect i on:
1 . The si t e shoul d be pr omi nent
.
A
cor ner
si t e at a busy i nt er sect i on wher e t he l i br ar y can
easi l y
be seen i s pr ef er r ed. Maxi mum use
shoul d be made of di spl ay
wi ndows and vi ews
of t he i nt er i or .
2. The si t e shoul d per mi t st r eet
l evel en-
t r ance. Al t hough a si t e t hat sl opes t o
t he r ear
has cer t ai n advant ages, a
l evel si t e shoul d be
acqui r ed i f possi bl e.
3. The si t e shoul d be l ar ge enough
f or ex-
pansi on, accessi bi l i t y f or ser vi ce
vehi cl es and
bookmobi l es, and a modest
amount of l and-
scapi ng.
4. The si t e shoul d per mi t
or i ent at i on of t he
f r ont of t he bui l di ng t o t he nor t h i n
or der t o
mi ni mi ze gl ar e f r omt he sun. When t hi s
i s not
possi bl e, or i ent at i on t o
t he east i s t he second
choi ce. However , an ot her wi se
excel l ent , cen-
t r al l y l ocat ed si t e shoul d not be
el i mi nat ed f or
l ack of appr opr i at e or i ent at i on
. Moder n year
ar ound t emper at ur e cont r ol devi ces
and ar t i f i -
ci al l i ght can be used ef f ect i vel y t o
mi ni mi ze
sun exposur e pr obl ems .
5. Rect angul ar
ser vi ce ar eas wi t hi n a
bui l di ng l end
t hemsel ves t o easy super vi si on.
As a r esul t , a
si t e whi ch i s r ect angul ar i n shape
and per mi t s
const r uct i on of a r ect angul ar
bui l di ng shoul d be
obt ai ned i f possi bl e .
6 . I deal l y, a si t e
shoul d have uni f or mf ounda-
t i on condi t i ons, ei t her
r ock or soi l . Test
bor i ngs shoul d be made,
pr ef er abl y bef or e a
si t e i s pur chased.
Cer t ai n ot her condi t i ons
shoul d be met i f t he
communi t y i s t o be adequat el y
ser ved. Fi r st ,
t he l i br ar y shoul d be
l ocat ed r easonabl y near
adequat e aut omobi l e
par ki ng. Second, par ki ng
pr ovi si ons shoul d be made
f or bookmobi l es,
ot her of f i ci al l i br ar y
vehi cl es, and l i br ar y st af f
member s . Thi r d, aut omobi l e
access t o dr i ve- i n
ser vi ce wi ndows shoul d be pr ovi ded
wher e t hi s
f eat ur e has been i ncor por at ed
i nt o t he l i br ar y
bui l di ng desi gn.
Al t hough emphasi s has been pl aced on
ac-
qui r i ng a si t e whi ch
woul d be l ar ge enough t o
per mi t easy hor i zont al
expansi on, i t i s i mpor -
t ant t o not e t hat under
cer t ai n condi t i ons pur -
chase of a st r at egi cal l y l ocat ed
smal l er si t e can
be j ust i f i ed pr ovi ded t her e i s
enough space t o
l ocat e pr i mar y adul t publ i c
ser vi ce ar eas at
st r eet l evel . Bot h Nor f ol k
and Dal l as act ed ac-
cor di ngl y when t hey acqui r ed
t hei r choi ce
downt own si t es . I n bot h i nst ances,
mul t i st or y
bui l di ngs wer e er ect ed
wi t h pr ovi si on made f or
ver t i cal expansi on.
Wher e Not t o Locat e a Li br ar y
Despi t e t he over whel mi ng evi dence t hat can
be
of f er ed i n suppor t of cent r al l ocat i ons
f or
can-
Fi g . 9

St udy
f or char ge desk- maxi mumusabl e space f r om
one posi t i on or st at i on.
Fi g . 8

St udy f or f easi bi l i t y of scanni ng t he 48- i n
.
shel f
.
Fi g. 7

Desi r abl e
hei ght s f or cat al og t r ay consul t at i on.
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
Br anch Bui l di ngs; Bookmobi l es
wher ever publ i c t r anspor t at i on i s avai l abl e.
4. Abr anch l i br ar y shoul d be ei t her wi t hi n
or on t he f r i nge of a maj or nei ghbor hood or
r egi onal shoppi ng cent er .
5. Abr anch l i br ar y shoul d be l ocat ed wher e
i t can
be
cl ear l y seen.
6 . Abr anch l i br ar y shoul d pr ovi de par ki ng
space equal t o i t s i nt er i or
ar ea i f gener al
par ki ng f aci l i t i es ar e not avai l abl e.
Ot her f act or s t o be
consi der ed by t he
pl anni ng t eamar e par ki ng space f or bi cycl es
end space f or del i ver y t r ucks . I n cer t ai n com-
muni t i es wher e bi cycl es ar e used
heavi l y, i t
wi l l be necessar y t o make appr opr i at e pr ovi -
si ons . Wher e t he t er r ai n i s r ugged, t he use of
bi cycl es may be l i mi t ed . Pl anner s must al so
make al l owances f or l i br ar y syst em del i ver y
and r epai r vehi cl es . The l at t er may be
st at i on-
wagon t ypes, f ul l - si ze t r ucks, or bot h.
I n addi t i on t o a hi ghl y accessi bl e l ocat i on, a
br anch l i br ar y bui l di ng shoul d i ncor por at e t he
some basi c bui l di ng det ai l s f ound i n a head-
quar t er s or cent r al l i br ar y bui l di ng.
1 . Abr anch l i br ar y shoul d be at st r eet l evel
ent r ance wi t h as l i t t l e set back as possi bl e.
2. When space per mi t s, i t shoul d be a one-
f l oor pl an wi t h al l publ i c ser vi ce at gr ound
l evel .
3. I t shoul d have a mi ni mumnumber of f i xed
par t i t i ons .
4. Abr anch l i br ar y shoul d be pl anned t o
per mi t easy expansi on.
5. I t shoul d have enough wi ndows on
i t s
st r eet f r ont age so t hat t he books and peopl e
wi t hi n can ser ve as a l i vi ng adver t i sement and
const ant i nvi t at i on t o use t he l i br ar y.
6 . I t shoul d not have mor e t han one
si ngl e
cont r ol desk, t her eby r educi ng oper at i ng cost s .
7. I t shoul d be ai r condi t i oned and ade-
quat el y i l l umi nat ed.
8. I t shoul d have one mul t i pur pose meet i ng
r oomavai l abl e f or bot h l i br ar y and communi t y
pur poses i f such use i s ant i ci pat ed.
Br anch l i br ar y bui l di ngs, as wel l as cent r al
l i br ar i es, shoul d be l ocat ed i n t he hear t of r e-
t ai l shoppi ng di st r i ct s i n or der t o ser ve t he
gr eat est number s at t he l owest cost , f or t he
mor e
who
ar e
ser ved t he l ess each ser vi ce per -
f or med wi l l cost . I n ot her wor ds, t her e ar e cer -
t ai n f i xed oper at i ng cost s whi ch per t ai n wher -
ever t he l i br ar y may be
l ocat ed. Wi t h t he
maxi mumexposur e gai ned
f r oma good l oca-
t i on, uni t cost s ar e r educed
accor di ngl y.
I t can be saf el y assumed t hat t he
most suc-
cessf ul br anch l i br ar y wi l l be t he one t hat i s
based ona car ef ul l y st at ed
wr i t t en pr ogr amand
i s l ocat ed i n t he t hi ck of t hi ngs
. I t i s
of
gr eat
i mpor t ance t hat t he accept ed
pr i nci pl es of
pl anni ng and si t e sel ect i on not be
over l ooked
mer el y because a " smal l br anch" i s
bei ng
pl anned. To bypass any of t hese st eps
i n
pl anni ng i s t o i nvi t e mi st akes whi ch
mi ght
pr ove t o be cost l y. Thi s hol ds t r ue f or new
br anches, r ent ed st or er ooms, l eased
br anch
bui l di ngs bui l t accor di ng t o l i br ar y speci f i ca-
t i ons, and br anch f aci l i t i es i ncor por at ed i nt o
ot her publ i c ser vi ce bui l di ngs .
BOOKMOBI LES
Because of obvi ous space r est r i ct i ons, a book-
mobi l e i s a book di st r i but i on
ser vi ce whi ch
cannot ser ve as a subst i t ut e f or a br anch
l i -
br ar y, si nce t her e ar e nei t her r ef er ence nor
st udy f aci l i t i es . Known t o many as " one- r oom
l i br ar i es on wheel s, " bookmobi l es have
be-
come a wi del y and ent husi ast i cal l y accept ed
f or mof l i br ar y ser vi ce.
Al t hough t hey ar e used pr i nci pal l y t o ser ve
spar sel y popul at ed f r i nge and pocket ar eas
wher e a f ul l - scal e l i br ar y cannot be j ust i f i ed,
t hey ar e used of t en t o ser ve densel y popul at ed
ar eas unt i l br anch l i br ar i es can be pl anned,
f i nanced, and bui l t . As a nat ur al by- pr oduct and
The cent r al l y l ocat ed Knoxvi l l e Br anch, of
cour se, l ends mor e books f or consi der abl y l ess
money t han does t he West End Br anch .
As anot her compar i son, a wel l - st ocked
book-
mobi l e wi l l l end many mor e books at a busy
subur ban shoppi ng cent er t han wi l l secl uded
near by communi t y l i br ar i es t hat of f er t he ver y
same
books pl us par ki ng, peacef ul ness, and
hi gher ser vi ce
uni t cost al
The par ki ng pr obl emcannot be over l ooked .
On t he
ot her hand, i t i s a communi t ywi de pr ob-
l em t hat must be sol ved
by t he communi t y
r at her t han by t he
l i br ar y al one. I n f act , choked
hi ghways and over t axed
par ki ng f aci l i t i es ar e
mat t er s of i ncr easi ng concer n t o
al l gover n-
ment s . Per haps newconcept s
i n mass t r ansi t
wi l l hel pt o al l evi at e
par ki ng pr obl ems t hr ough-
out t he not i on
.
I n t he
meant i me, many l i br ar i es
have
at t empt ed
t o
ease t he par ki ng pr obl em
t hr ough pr ovi si on of cur bsi de book r et ur n
boxes . Ot her s ar e exper i ment i ng wi t h dr i ve- i n
r et ur n and " wi l l cal l " wi ndows, si mi l ar t o t hose
used by banks f or dr i ve- i n ser vi ce.
BRANCH
BUI LDI NGS
Br anch l i br ar i es usual l y ar e est abl i shed as a
r esul t of popul at i on
gr owt h andcommuni t y ex-
pansi on
.
Gener al l y,
i t i s t hei r pur pose t o pr o-
vi de
books
and
ser vi ces whi ch wi l l meet t he
ever yday r eadi ng needs of
chi l dr en and adul t
gener al r eader s who l i ve
wi t hi n t he l ocal
nei ghbor hood. The per son
who r equi r es mor e
advanced i nf or mat i on and speci al
mat er i al s wi l l
use t he col l ect i on at t he headquar t er s l i br ar y
.
Al t hough t her e i s a def i ni t e t r end t owar d t he
est abl i shment of
l ar ger and f ewer br anch l i -
br ar i es, t her e ar e hundr eds of
br anch l i br ar i es
whi ch var y wi del y
i n
bot h
si ze and r esponsi bi l -
i t y. Theyr ange f r omt he
smal l subbr anch, open
but a f ewhour s each week, t o
l ar ge r egi onal
cent er s whi ch pr ovi de a
f ul l r ange of l i br ar y
ser vi ce.
Br anch l i br ar i es may be f ound i n busy ur -
ban shoppi ng cent er s and
qui et r ur al communi -
t i es . Many ar e housed i n t hei r own bui l di ngs
whi l e ot her s occupy r ent ed quar t er s . I n smal l er
communi t i es, br anch l i br ar i es somet i mes shar e
space i n publ i c bui l di ngs pl anned f or j oi nt
muni ci pal use.
Whet her smal l or l ar ge, r ur al or ur ban,
owned or r ent ed, br anch l i br ar y bui l di ngs
shoul d be pl anned wi t h gr eat car e. The obj ect
of t hi s pl anni ng i s a bui l di ng st r at egi cal l y l o-
cat ed f or t he ar ea whi ch i t i s t o ser ve. I t shoul d
be at t r act i ve, f unct i onal , f l exi bl e, and economi -
cal t o oper at e. Towar d t hi s end, i t i s essent i al
t hat a
wr i t t en pr ogr amst at ement be pr epar ed
f or t he gui dance of t he ar chi t ect . Thi s st at e-
ment shoul d i ncl ude obj ect i ves, ser vi ces and
t hei r i nt er r el at i onshi ps, physi cal r equi r ement s,
and oper at i onal pr ocedur es . Physi cal r equi r e-
ment s speci f y t he spaces whi ch wi l l be needed
f or books, r eader s,
st af f , meet i ng and com-
muni t y ser vi ce r ooms, and ot her auxi l i ar y
spaces .
Of equal
or even gr eat er i mpor t ance i s t he
need f or adher i ng t o accept ed l ocat i on and si t e
sel ect i on st andar ds . The most f unct i onal at -
t r act i ve bui l di ng
can never r eal i ze i t s f ul l pot en-
t i al unl ess i t i s
l ocat ed wher e i t wi l l be easi l y
accessi bl e t o t he
l ar gest number of peopl e. The
f ol l owi ng cr i t er i a ar e
suggest ed as a basi s
f or eval uat i ng si t es
f or a newbr anch bui l di ng :
1 .
A
br anch
l i br ar y usual l y shoul d ser ve a
mi ni mumof 25, 000 t o 30, 000
peopl e wi t hi n a
1- t o 1 Y- mi r adi us of t he br anch, subj ect t o
t opogr aphi c condi t i ons .
2. Abr anch l i br ar y shoul d
be l ocat ed wi t hi n
r easonabl e
pr oxi mi t y
of
a r esi dent i al ar ea so
t hat a si zabl e number of
chi l dr en and adul t s wi l l
be wi t hi n wal ki ng di st ance.
3. Abr anch l i br ar y shoul d be
near
an
i mpor -
t ant st r eet or hi ghway i nt er sect i on, especi al l y
t r al l i br ar i es and
br anches i n ci t i es bot h l ar ge
and smal l , l i br ar y
pl anner s cont i nue t o en-
count er seemi ngl y
pl ausi bl e ar gument s f r om
t hose who bel i eve
t hat l i br ar i es shoul d be l o-
cat ed i n ci vi c or
cul t ur al cent er s, par ks, or on
si t es wher e avoi dance of
noi se or pr ovi si on f or
par ki ng i s t he maj or
consi der at i on. Usual l y
t hese mi sconcept i ons ar e hel d by
t hose who
ar e not qual i f i ed t o choose a l i br ar y
si t e. " They
do
not under st and t he
si gni f i cance of t he l i -
br ar y i n t he dai l y l i f e of
i t s const i t uent s . Qui t e
t o t he cont r ar y, t hey associ at e t he l i br ar y wi t h a
set t i ng of monument al bui l di ngs, l ar ge
l and-
scaped gr ounds, and qui et , al oof sur r oundi ngs .
Li br ar i es ar e not mausol eums, t hey ar e dynam-
i c educat i onal cent er s whose ser vi ces and r e-
sour ces must be easi l y accessi bl e t o t he gr eat -
est number of pot ent i al r eader s .
Speci f i cal l y, t hen, r emot e l ocat i ons
shoul d
be avoi ded. By def i ni t i on, " r emot e"
means
( ei t her l i t er al l y or psychol ogi cal l y) t o be si t u-
at ed at a di st ance, out of t he way, secl uded,
separ at e, not pr i mar y. Hence t he al oof and
i nac-
cessi bl e ci vi c and cul t ur al cent er f i l e t hi s
def i -
ni t i on because i t i s separ at ed f r om t he
dai l y
l i f e of t he communi t yand i s used pr i nci pal l y f or
at t endance at speci al event s . Howmuch mor e
sat i sf act or y i t i s t o be wher e t her e ar e br i ght
l i ght s at ni ght r at her t han i n a ci vi c cent er
wher e gover nment al of f i ces cl ose at 5 P. M. and
t her e i s l i t t l e act i vi t y at ni ght or onweekends .
The San Fr anci sco Publ i c Li br ar y i s i n a ci vi c
cent er and i s a cl assi c exampl e of a poor l y l o-
cat ed l i br ar y. Removed f r omt he mai nst r eamof
communi t y l i f e, i t i s f l anked by muni ci pal
bui l di ngs, t he ci vi c audi t or i um, and l ar ge l and-
scaped ar eas . The Car negi e Li br ar y of Pi t t s-
bur gh, whi ch i s l ocat ed i n a cul t ur al andeduca-
t i onal cent er , has at t empt ed t o over come i t s
pr obl emof r emot eness by est abl i shi ng l endi ng
and busi ness r ef er ence br anches i n t he down-
t own ar ea. Such oper at i ons ar e expensi ve, un-
sat i sf act or y, andwoul d not be necessar y i f t he
cent r al l i br ar y wer e l ocat ed downt own.
Byt he same t oken, i t i s al most al ways a ser i -
ous mi st ake t o pl ace a l i br ar y i n t he geogr aphi c
or
popul at i on cent er of a communi t y. Except i n
t hose r ar e i nst ances wher e t her e i s coi nci dence
bet ween
t r ade cent er and geogr aphi c or popu-
l at i on
cent er ,
such
cent er s ar e r emot e and un-
r el at ed t o t he ever yday act i vi t i es wi t hi n t he
l i f e of
t he communi t y.
Anot her ar gument t hat may be
encount er ed
i s t hat t he
l i br ar y shoul d be l ocat ed away f r om
noi se. Agai n, i f t hi s poi nt i s
headed, i t wi l l
mean pl aci ng t he
bui l di ng i n a r emot e l ocat i on.
For t unat el y,
moder n t echnol ogy has pr ovi ded
acoust i cal mat er i al s, ai r condi t i oni ng, and
l i ght i ng met hods whi ch have compl et el y
i n-
val i dat ed t hi s ar gument .
The ar gument encount er ed most
of t en, how-
ever , i s t he one t hat t he l i br ar y
shoul d
be pl aced
wher e t her e i s
ampl e par ki ng space f or t he l i -
br ar y' s publ i c . Agai n, t he i mpl i cat i on i s cl ear ,
f or i f t he l i br ar y i s t o assume f ul l r esponsi bi l -
i t y f or pr ovi di ng enough par ki ng, i t
wi l l be
necessar yt o l ocat e t he bui l di ng i n a secondar y
l ocat i on wher e l and i s cheap.
Al t hough t her e ar e some i ndi vi dual s f or
whom
par ki ng
i s
t he mai n consi der at i on i n
usi ng t he l i br ar y, numer ous sur veys have
r eaf -
f i r med t he poi nt of vi ewt hat a
downt own, pe-
dest r i an- or i ent ed l ocat i on i n t he t hi ck of
t hi ngs
i s t he most i mpor t ant consi der at i on af f ect i ng
use of t he publ i c l i br ar y. To i l l ust r at e, t he Knox-
vi l l e Br anch, Car negi e Li br ar y of Pi t t sbur gh, i s
l ocat ed on t he mai n st r eet of a busy commer -
ci al di st r i ct near banks, post of f i ce, l i quor and
var i et y st or es, and publ i c t r anspor t at i on. I t s
si st er West End Br anch, t wo bl ocks r emoved
f r omt he nei ghbor hood shoppi ng cent er , enj oys
ampl e par ki ng f aci l i t i es i n a par kl i ke set t i ng.
' Wheel er , op. ca. , pp. 3- - 5.
Cul t ur al
LI BRARI ES
Bookmobi l es; Bookst ack Dat a
added
benef i t der i vi ng f r om t hei r mobi l i t y,
bookmobi l es
pr et est t he val i di t y of pot ent i al
br anch
l i br ar y l ocat i ons .
Wher ever t he bookmobi l e goes,
i t i s met and
used by cr owds of book- hungr y men,
women,
and chi l dr en, who ar e
ent i t l ed t o t he use of a
f aci l i t y whi ch pr ovi des
maxi mumsaf et y and
comf or t . As a r esul t , i t i s i mpor t ant t hat book-
mobi l es be chosen wi t h
gr eat
car e.
Fol l owi ng
a t hor ough st udy of l ocal ser vi ce
r equi r ement s,
t he bookmobi l e pl anner shoul d vi si t and i n-
spect bookmobi l es bei ng used by ot her
l i -
br ar i es whi ch have compar abl e r equi r ement s .
Maj or at t ent i on shoul d be gi ven t o equi pment .
Shel vi ng, desks, el ect r i c
power , heat , l i ght ,
vent i l at i on, ai r condi t i oni ng, chassi s, and con-
veni ence accessor i es ar e i t ems whi ch r el at e
di r ect l y
t o f unct i on as wel l as r eader and st af f
comf or t .
Bookmobi l e si ze wi l l be det er mi ned
i n par t
by popul at i on t o be ser ved, t er r ai n, r oads,
cl i -
mat e, number of books t o be car r i ed, and t he
amount of wor k space r equi r ed by t he st af f . To
i l l ust r at e, whi l e a t r act or - t r ai l er
r i g
may be
most appr opr i at e t o ser ve t he densel y popu-
l at ed Youngst own ar ea, i t woul d not be f easi bl e
f or use on t he mount ai n r oads of spar sel y
popul at ed r ur al NewHampshi r e.
Anot her i t emt o be expl or ed i s bookmobi l e
st or age and ser vi ce f aci l i t i es at t he headquar -
t er s l i br ar y. When a new l i br ar y i s bei ng
pl anned, adequat e pr ovi si ons shoul d be made
f or t he suppor t of bookmobi l e ser vi ce.
Li br ar y and ot her of f i ci al s r esponsi bl e f or t he
sel ect i on of a bookmobi l e shoul d be gui ded by
t he st andar ds f or st r uct ur al desi gn and
equi p-
ment as est abl i shed by t he Amer i can Li br ar y
Associ at i on.
BOOKSTACKDATA
Uni t St ack
Wei ght s
Books
25 t o 30 I b per cu f t of r anges .
St ack Const r uct i on
Quot ed as 5, 8, and 8 t o 10 I b per cu f t , de-
pendi ng upon t he manuf act ur er .
Deck Fr ami ng
2 t o 4 I b per sq f t of gr oss deck ar ea.
Deck Fl oor i ng
3- i n. r ei nf or ced concr et e sl ab, 38 I b per sq f t ;
3' / - i n. r ei nf or ced concr et e sl ab, 38 I b per sq f t ;
gr oss ar ea, wi t h ' A- i n. t i l e or l i nol eum cover -
i ng, 45 l b; f l anged st eel pl at e f l oor , 12 I b per sq
f t of gr oss ar ea; 1 ' - i n. mar bl e or sl at e, 18 I b
per act f t , ai sl e ar ea.
Li ve
Loads
Bui l di ng codes var y, but i n gener al , f or col umn
l oads, assume 40 I b per sq f t of ai sl e ar ea f or
l i ve l oad and r educe t hi s f i gur e 5 per cent f or
each deck bel owt he t op deck.
Bookst ack Capaci t i es
Among f or mul as suggest ed f or use i n com-
put i ng t he si ze of st acks necessar y t o house a
gi ven number of books i s t he " cubook" met hod,
devi sed by R. W. Hender son of t he NewYor k
Publ i c Li br ar y. ' The cubook i s a measur ement
of st ack capaci t y, def i ned as t he " vol ume of
space r equi r ed t o shel ve
t he aver age book i n
t he t ypi cal l i br ar y. " Accor di ng t o t hi s f or mul a,
a si ngl e- f aced sect i on of st ack 3 f t l ong and 7 f t
6 i n. hi gh has t he
f ol l owi ng capaci t i es :
100 cubooks ( 85 per cent oct avos, 13 per cent
quar t os, and
2 per cent f ol i os) '
' Li br ar y J our nal , Nov. 15,
1934, and J an. 15,
1936
8 Accor di ng t o Amer i can
Li br ar y Associ at i on,
an oct avo i s about 8 t o 10
i n. hi gh ; a quar t o, 10
t o 12 i n . ; and a
f ol i o, over 12 i n.
I ncl udi ng st acks, books,
l i ve l oad, and 3' / - i n. concr et e deck f l oor .
( A=t ypi cal ai sl e and suppor t ; B =t ypi cal i nt er medi at e
suppor t ; C=t ypi cal wal l end
suppor t ) .
Shel vi ng Dat a f or Speci al Col l ect i ons*
* To be consi st ent wi t h cubook met hod, f i gur es shown
shoul d be r educed by 10 per cent t o avoi d
over cr owdi ng
shel ves .
117 vol umes ( 87 per cent oct avos and 13 per -
cent quar t os)
132 vol umes ( oct avos onl y)
67 vol umes ( quar t os onl y)
12 vol umes ( f ol i os onl y)
The cubook met hod makes pr ovi si on f or 10
per cent of each shel f t o r emai n unoccupi ed,
si nce i t of t en i s i mpr act i cal t o l oad shel ves t o
t hei r f ul l vi si bl e capaci t y.
To det er mi ne t he number of sect i ons r e-
qui r ed
when t he number of vol umes t o be
shel ved i s known, t he f ol l owi ng f or mul as ar e
used:
Let N- number of si ngl e- f aced
sect i ons r e-
qui r ed ( 1
sect i on
=
100 cubooks)
1 . For a t ypi cal l i br ar y, when t he
cubook i s
consi der ed di r ect l y appl i cabl e :
N=Vol s .
100
2 . For a l i br ar y made up of
oct avos and
quar t os onl y : N=
Vet s .
-
117
3. For a l i br ar y made
up of oct avos onl y:
N=Vol s . -
132. 3
4. For
a l i br ar y made up of
quar t os onl y:
N=Vol s . - 67 . 5
5.
For a l i br ar y
made
up of f ol i os onl y: N-
Vol s . -
11
. 7
6 .
For
a
l i br ar y
made up
of var i ous si ze
gr oups when t he r at i os ar e known:
N
=
10ct avos
1 ( quar t os X
1 . 96) i ( f ol i os X
11. 3) 1 - - 132. 3
Shel f Si ze
The
f or egoi ng
f or mul as i ndi cat e
t he number of
sect i ons r equi r ed but do not
cover t he number of
shel ves or t he pr opor t i on
of shel ves of each wi dt h
( 8 i n. , 10 i n. , or 12 i n. ) .
I n gener al ,
t he f ol l owi ng shel f dat a appl i es :
For f ol i os- t hi r t een 12- i n
. shel ves per sec-
t i on
For oct avos and
quar t os- usual l y 7 shel ves
per sect i on,
di vi ded as f ol l ows :
85 per cent 8- i n
.
shel ves
10 per cent 10- i n
.
shel ves
5 per cent
12- i n. shel ves
Ar ea and Vol ume Requi r ement s

The cubook can be
r educed t o appr oxi mat e
t er ms of ar ea and vol -
ume r equi r ement s f or
bookst acks, as f ol l ows :
11. 08 cubooks r equi r e 1 sq
f t of st ack f l oor
ar ea
1 . 48 cubooks r equi r e 1 cu f t of
space i n a
st ack
These val ues can be
used as f ol l ows :
Requi r ed st ack f l oor ar ea =
No. cubooks X
0. 090
Requi r ed space ( cu f t ) =
No. cubooks X
0. 676
St ack Loads : Gener al Var i at i on of St ack Loads
f or f r omOne t o Twel ve Ti er s
Ty
p
e of book
Vol s . per
f oot of
shel f
VOI S. per
f oot of
si ngl e-
f aced
r ange
Vol s .
per
shel f
Maxi mum
vol s . per
si ngl e-
f aced
sect i on
Shel f
dept h,
i n .
Shel ves
per
sect i on
Ci r cul at i ng ( nonf i ct i on) . . . . B 56
24 168 8 7
Fi ct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 56
24 168 8 7
Economi cs . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 56
24 168 8 7
Gener al l i t er at ur e
7
49
21 147 8 7
Ref er ence . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 49
21 147 8 & 10 6- 7
Hi st or y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 49 21
147 B 7
Techni cal and sci ent i f i c . . . . 6 42 18
126 10 & 12 7
Medi cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 35 15
105 8 & 10 6- 7
Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 28
12 B4 8 7
Publ i c document s . . . . . . . . 5 35 15
105 8 7
Bound per i odi cal s . . . . . . . 5 35 15
105 10 & 12 5- 7
U. S. pat ent speci f i cat i ons . . 2 14
6 42 8 7
Ar t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 42
21 126 10 &12 5- 6
Br ai l l e . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 24
12 72 15 5- 6
8- i n. shel vi ng
Ti er s
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12
A. . . . . 495 2, 320
4, 120 5, 890 7, 630 9, 340 11, 029 12, 670
14, 290 15, 880 17, 440 18, 970
B. . . . . . 990 3, 000 4, 990 6, 960
8, 910 10, 840 12, 750 14, 640 16, 510 18, 360
20, 190 22, 000
C
. . . . . . 495 1, 500 2, 600
3, 590 4, 570 5, 540 6 , 500 7, 450
8, 39
0
9, 320 10, 240 11, 150
10- i n.
shel vi ng
A. . . . . .
620
2, 570 4, 490 6, 380 8, 240 10, 070 11, 870
13, 640 15, 380 17, 090 18, 770
20, 420
8 . . . . .
. 1, 240 4, 000
6, 240 8, 460 10, 660 12, 849 15, 000
17, 140 19, 260 21, 360 23, 440 25, 500
C. . . . . . 620 1 . 750 2. 870 3, 980 5, 080 6, 170 7, 250 8, 320
9, 480 10, 530 11, 570
12, 600
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
ByJ O
MI ELZI NER
The t went i et h cent ur y br ought an ent i r el y new
at t i t ude t owar d shapi ng our t heat er s . Wher eas
i n t he past , a consi st ent , devel opi ng pr oduc-
t i on t echni que gave r i se t o a si ngl e, i f gr adual l y
devel opi ng t heat er shape f or each per i od, i n t he
l ast 60 year s sever al t heat er shapes have been
avai l abl e f or our use. Due par t l y, no doubt , t o
ni net eent h- cent ur y hi st or i ci sm and schol ar -
shi p, a r evi val of ear l i er st age f or ms spr ang up
t o accompany t he mai nst r eamt r adi t i on of t he
pr osceni umst age. Ther e began t o be a mul t i pl e
choi ce of t heat er shapes f or pl ays i n t he t wen-
t i et h cent ur y- a si t uat i on t hat was unknown i n
pr evi ous t i mes . Thi s movement cl ear l y under -
scor ed t he t r emendous act i vi t y i n t heat er ar t s
- t he t hi nki ng and l ack of i t - bei ng done by
al l peopl e i nvol ved.
Pr osceni umTheat er s
Fr omt he t ur n of t he t went i et h cent ur y t o t he
pr esent day, t he pr osceni umt heat er - a di r ect -
l i ne sur vi val of t he hor seshoe oper a house t hat
or i gi nat ed i n t he Renai ssance- has cont i nued
as t he most gener al l y accept ed and wi del y
bui l t t heat er shape i n t hi s count r y. By def i ni -
t i on, a pr osceni umt heat er i s a shape i n whi ch
t he audi ence f aces t he per f or mi ng ar ea on one
si de onl y and
sees t he per f or mi ng ar ea t hr ough
an ar chi t ect ur al openi ng t hat of t en has an
el abor at ed ar chi t ect ur al f r ame- al t hough t hat
i s not an essent i al el ement . The per f or mi ng
ar ea i s not al ways l i mi t ed by t hat openi ng; i t
can pr oj ect out a nomi nal di st ance i nt o t he
audi t or i umi n t he f or mof what i s cal l ed a f or e-
st age or apr on. I n essence, t hi s i s not an i nt i -
mat e t heat er shape, si nce t he audi ence and t he
act or s ar e each i n separ at e, but connect ed, i n-
t er i or r ooms ( see Fi g.
1) .
At t he t ur n of t he cent ur y, many Amer i can
pr osceni umt heat er s wer e out moded and r un
down, despi t e t he f act t hat t he t heat er i t sel f
was pr osper ous . Unl i ke Eur opean t heat er s of
t he t i me, i n t he Uni t ed St at es exper i ment s wer e
hamper ed by t he l ack of space, pr ohi bi t i ve
The Shape of Our
Theat r e, Cl ar kson N. Pot -
t er , Publ i sher , NewYor k .
Fi g . 1

The pr osceni umshape
.
Fi g . 2

The t ypi cal ear l y- t went i et h- cent ur y
Amer i can t heat er had meager and of t en i nadequat e
st age and suppor t i ng
f aci l i t i es .
l abor cost s, and t he over r i di ng pr of i t mot i ve
of
t he commer i cal Amer i can t heat er . Ver y
f ewof
t hese t heat er s wer e bui l t wi t h adequat e
me-
chi ner y- st age el evat or s or t ur nt abl es .
Tenant s
wer e expect ed t o br i ng ever yt hi ng wi t h t hem,
i ncl udi ng t ur nt abl es andal l l i ght i ng equi pment .
Consequent l y, ear l y- t went i et h- cent ur y pr oduc-
i ng gr oups dedi cat ed t o t he newst agecr af t
and
cont empor ar yAmer i can pl aywr i ght s f ound
t hei r t heat er s woef ul l y i nadequat e i n
shape and
meager i n equi pment .
The absent ee l andl or d' s pr of i t s wer e not put
back i nt o t he bui l di ngs or i nt o newequi pment ,
par t i cul ar l y st age l i ght i ng equi pment . Act ual l y,
l andl or ds wer e not absent physi cal l y. What was
mi ssi ng was any r eal l ove of t he ar t s of t he
t heat er ; i nst ead t hey subst i t ut ed a l ove of pr of -
i t s . I f t hey wer e away f r om t hei r t heat er s f or
any l engt h of t i me, t hei r gener al manager s wer e
on hand t o keepa wat chf ul eye onf i nanci al op-
er at i ons .
One NewYor k Ci t y l andl or d- bui l der or der ed
a t heat er const r uct ed wi t h as l i t t l e space as
possi bl e
f or t he st age, t he l obby, and bet ween-
l egr oomr ows . I n one i nst ance t he box of f i ce
was omi t t ed
ent i r el y. I n spi t e of t he owner ' s
concer n over hi s
newt heat er ' s capaci t y t o oper -
at e on a
pr of i t abl e l evel , t he absence of any
pr of essi onal t heat er
peopl e on t he owner ' s or
t he ar chi t ect ' s st af f
was r esponsi bl e f or t he
amazi ng omi ssi on.
Onl yi n a l ast - mi nut e i nspec-
t i on by t he owner di d t hi s
si t uat i on
r eveal i t sel f ,
and a hast i l y desi gned
and
ver y cr amped box
of f i ce was
qui ckl y put i n
.
One t heat er bui l der i n Phi l adel phi a
f or got t o
i ncl ude dr essi ng
r ooms and l at er had
t hem
const r uct ed i n
a separ at e bui l di ng acr oss an
al l ey, back of t he t heat er . Thi s l i t t l e conve-
ni ence meant t hat
t he ar t i st , t o get f r om hi s
dr essi ng
r oomt o t he st age, had t o go down t o
t he basement ,
l i t er al l y duck under sewage and
st eampi pes, and t hen
go
up i nt o t he ot her
bui l di ng. Al l t hi s showed l i t t l e under st andi ng
f or t he ar t of t he t heat er - and no r espect f or i t s
ar t i st s ( see Fi g. 2) .
Because of t hi s gener al si t uat i on, i t was t he
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Rei nhar dt and
Leopol d J essner i n Ger many-
our best young
pl aywr i ght s, Eugene O' Nei l l ,
El mer Ri ce, and
J ohn Howar d Lawson,
hel ped
l aunch and
st i mul at e a newat t i t ude
t owar d
st agecr af t i n t he
Uni t ed St at es.
Expr essi oni st i c scene
devel opment i n Ger -
many and Russi a was
al so r ef l ect ed i n
Amer i ca.
Lee Si monson, Nor man
Bel Geddes, and Rober t
Edmond J ones pr oduced
desi gns of dr amat i c
i magi nat i on f or
scener y and st age. However ,
si nce t hey wer e not i n t he
mai nst r eamof com-
mer ci al t hi nki ng, f ewof
t hese new st ages
wer e act ual l y bui l t
.
Convent i onal Br oadway
was not t he
onl y
vi t al pl ace; communi t y
and col l ege pl ayhouses
spr ang up al l over t he
count r y. But t he t i me
and
cost of pr oduci ng scener y
l ed di r ect or s t o
by-
pass t hat t r adi t i onal pr obl em
andt o i nvest i gat e
ot her t echni ques of
st agecr af t .
Ear l y i n t hi s cent ur y, t he
anci ent open- t hr ust
st age,
whi ch had beenused
bef or e t he devel op-
ment of
t he pr osceni um
t heat r e, was
r evi ved
by
sever al di r ect or s and
pr oducer s . Hi gh
cost s
of
pr osceni um pr oduct i ons,
whi ch r equi r ed
el abor at e and somet i mes
compl i cat ed
scener y
as wel l
as hi gh oper at i ng
cost s, l ed t o t hi s r e-
vi val
. Coupl ed wi t h t hi s was a
desi r e t o br i ng
gr eat er i nt i macy t o t he t heat er agai n
. ( See Fi g.
4. )
The open- t hr ust st age had
exper i enced an
ear l i er r evi val i n Eur ope.
Davi oud and Bour dai s'
unexecut ed 1875 oper a
house desi gn pr oposed
a st age of ext r eme t hr ust ,
ext endi ng 50 f t i nt o
t he audi t or i umwi t h seat i ng
on t hr ee si des . And
i n t he t went i es, t he Par i si an
act or - di r ect or
J acques Copeau concei ved a
t r ul y open t heat er
chamber of i nt i mat e
pr opor t i ons i n hi s Theat r e
Vi eux Col ombi er . Hi s open
st age had mul t i pl e
t o t hi s cost - savi ng
st age f or mwhi ch aut omat i -
cal l y mi ni mi zes
t he expensi ve, el abor at e sce-
ner y usual l y associ at ed
wi t h t he pr osceni um
t r adi t i on. ( See Fi g. 3. )
The
per i od f ol l owi ng
Wor l d War I was ex-
ci t i ng bot h i n Eur ope and
Amer i ca. I nspi r ed by
a
f r esh appr oach t o wr i t i ng
and t he newEur o-
pean
expr essi oni st i c st age
desi gner s and pr o-
ducer s- Adol phe Appi a i n
Swi t zer l and, Max
Fi g. 4
The open- t hr ust shape.
pr oducer , not t he
t heat er owner , who
was
f or ced t o keep up
wi t h t he t i mes and pay
f or
pr oper f aci l i t i es and
equi pment t o i nst al l por t a-
bl e dr essi ng r ooms
backst age. I not e t hese
al most unbel i evabl e
i nst ances not i n t he
spi r i t
of gossi p, but t o st r ess
t he need f or t he con-
st ant pr esence of a
pr of essi onal t heat er exper t
- not on t he out ski r t s
of a pr oj ect ed t heat er
desi gn, but i n a posi t i on
of r esponsi bi l i t y.
However , some
pr oducer - manager s who
wer e cl i ent s f or t hei r
own t heat er bui l di ngs had
a
r eal l ove of t heat er
i t sel f , and an under -
st andi ng of t he l at est Eur opean
st agecr af t de-
vel opment s . Among t hem
wer e t he Fr ohmans,
Davi d
Bel asco, and Fl or enz
Zi egf el d; t he l at t er
r et ai ned ar chi t ect - scene desi gner
J oseph Ur -
ban
t o desi gn hi s own t heat er
. Wi nt hr opAmes,
a
weal t hyamat eur of t he ar t s,
and a t hor oughl y
pr of essi onal pr oducer , put up
t he Cent ur y
Theat er onNewYor k' s Cent r al Par k
West . Thi s
2, 000- seat t heat er was
not abl y ahead of
i t s
t i me, but was soon
demol i shed because no
cont empor ar y
r eper t or y companycoul d f i l l
i t .
I f t he absent ee
t heat er owner s had been
mor e knowi ng, i f t hey
had even mor e mat er i al -
i st i c i magi nat i on, t hey
woul d have made t he
ki nd
of i mpr ovement t hat
Bi l l y Rose l at er made
t o hi s Zi egf el d Theat r e
( si nce demol i shed) .
Ther e he equi pped t he
backst age as wel l as t he
audi t or i um wi t h t he
l at est , most ef f i ci ent
l i ght i ng equi pment and
l i ght i ng cont r ol sys-
t ems . Even i f mot i vat ed
sol el y by f i nanci al
sel f - i nt er est , t hi s pr oduced
l ucr at i ve r ent al s
f r omhi s t enant s, and al so
pr ovi ded pr esent a-
t i onal
pot ent i al f or t he
user s .
Because t he pi ct ur e
f r ame t heat er s wer e
badl y desi gned and t her ef or e
near l y unusabl e,
t hey
have r ecent l y been
much downgr aded.
They
wer e not bad si mpl y because
t hey wer e
ol d
or because t hey had pr osceni um
f or ms,
but
because of t hei r i ni t i al
poor desi gn. What
most of
us have f or got t en
i s t hat t he pr osceni -
umst age has been f or
cent ur i es and wi l l r emai n
one of our most usef ul
t heat er shapes .
ARevi val of Anci ent
Shapes
As ear l y as 1914, a
gr oup at Teacher s
Col -
l ege i n NewYor k used t he
si mpl est bl eacher s
and seat s onf our
si des of a medi umsi zed r oom
t o
cr eat e an ar ena st age.
An anci ent t heat er
shape, t he ar ena st age
was used i n t he gr eat
col i seums and ar enas of
Gr eece and Rome-
but
never speci f i cal l y f or
dr ama. Thi s new
usage was t he begi nni ng of
a r evi val .
The ar ena i s a
t heat er - i n- t he- r ound.
The
st age
i s sur r ounded on al l
si des by t he audi -
ence. Thi s ar r angement put s
t he gr eat est num-
ber of t he audi ence
i n i nt i mat e pr oxi mi t y
wi t h
t he per f or mer . Bot h
t he audi ence and act or
ar e
i n t he same r oom
. Ot her s wer e gr adual l y won
Fi g . 5

The open st age of
J acques Copeeu' s Vi eux Col ombi er ,
Par i s, had mul t i pl e l evel s and a
f l exi bl e but per manent
ar chi t ect ur al set .
Fi g . 3
The al one shape.
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
l evel s, a number of
ent r ances and exi t s, and a
f l exi bl e ar chi t ect ur al
set , whi ch was per ma-
nent and t her ef or e
cost - cut t i ng. Nei t her of
t hese Eur opean
t heat er desi gns di r ect l y i n-
f l uenced Amer i can
st age desi gns, however ,
unt i l t he
educat i onal t heat er di d so much t o
spur
t he r evi val of t he open- t hr ust
st age. ( See
Fi g.
5. )
Amer i can educat or s f el t t hat t he pr oper
met hod of t eachi ng
Shakespear e was t o per mi t
st udent s
t o act and t o obser ve per f or mances of
hi s
pl ays on t he t ype of st age f or whi ch t hey
wer e
wr i t t en. Educat or s of t en at t empt ed
makeshi f t
open- t hr ust st ages i n what ever
t heat er s wer e avai l abl e t o t hem. Scener y of t he
pr osceni um t r adi t i on was vi r t ual l y el i mi nat ed
i n
open- t hr ust st agecr af t . And ul t i mat el y per -
manent open- t hr ust st age t heat er s wer e con-
st r uct ed
by t he pr oducer s of Shakespear e f es-
t i val s f or such r egi onal and communi t y gr oups
as t hose at San Di ego, Cal i f or ni a; Por t l and,
Or egon; and l at er t he Fol ger Shakespear e
Li -
br ar y i n Washi ngt on, D. C.
At hr ust st age must not be conf used wi t h
ext ended f or est ages i n pr osceni um t heat r es,
whi ch ut i l i ze t echni ques of act i ng, di r ect i on,
and desi gni ng t hat do not di f f er f r omst andar d
pr osceni umst agecr af t . At r ue t hr ust
st age i s a
pl at f or mext endi ng i nt o an open
audi t or i umi n
whi ch t he audi ence t r ul y sur r ounds t he st age
on t hr ee si des . Ther e may be exi t s i n
t he back
of t he st age, as wel l as under t he
audi ence
t hr ough vomi t or y t unnel s . At hr ust st age i s an
ar ea deep and wi de enough on whi ch t o
pl ay a
f ul l scene. When an apr on or f or est age i s onl y
an adj unct t o a pr osceni umst age, i t shoul d not
be
consi der ed a t hr ust st age ( see Fi g. 6) .
and mor e cul t i vat ed. Ther e
was a newboomi n
t heat er const r uct i on.
The quar t er - cent ur y
hi at us i n bui l di ng, however , had l ef t i t s
mar k. A
whol e gener at i on of ar chi t ect s
and desi gner s
had been passed by, and
t he newgener at i on
was unschool ed i n t he
devel opment of st age
desi gn. Thi s i gnor ance l ed
t o r ampant conf u-
si on i n t heat er desi gn.
Mul t i pl e Choi ce at Mi dcent ur y
When t heat r e bui l di ng act i vi t y was
r esumed,
t he pr osceni umwas t he
onl y wi del y known
t heat er shape ; t her ef or e
i t cont i nued t o be
popul ar . To make t he pr osceni um
mor e ef f ec-
t i ve f or mi d- t went i et h- cent ur y
use, newdevel -
opment s wer e
i nt r oduced by ar chi t ect s and
desi gner s . El ect r i cal l y
oper at ed f l yi ng scener y,
el ect r oni c cont r ol
syst ems l i ke t hose t hat pr e-
set posi t i ons
f or st age el evat or s, and pr ede-
t er mi ned l i ght i ng pl ans
made t he desi gni ng of
t heat er s as compl i cat ed
as i t made t he physi cal
oper at i on si mpl er . Mor e and
mor e sophi st i ca-
t ed at t ent i on t o good si ght l i nes and
seat i ng
f ur t her ed t he cont i nuat i on of t he pr osceni um
t r adi t i on.
Cl i ent s, on t he ot her hand, somet i mes
con-
t i nued a st at us- seeki ng r ever ence
f or seven-
t eent h- and ei ght eent h- cent ur y
Eur opean
model s t hat coul d not , i n al l ways, t ake advan-
t age of t hese newt echni ques . Asi gni f i cant
exampl e of t hi s r eact i onar y vi ewwas
t he at t i -
t ude of t he Met r opol i t an Oper a Boar d of Di r ec-
t or s t owar d commi ssi oni ng a newoper a
house
i n Li ncol n Cent er . I amnot cr i t i ci zi ng t he
ar chi -
t ect s'
desi gns or even t hei r execut i on. The
desi gn was chosen wi t h t he convi ct i on t hat t he
" Gol den Hor seshoe" of t hei r ol d ( 1882)
house
was sacr osanct . A sent i ment al at t achment t o
t he past , as wel l as a l ack of sympat hy wi t h
cont empor ar ydesi gn, maywel l have i nf l uenced
t he
Boar d' s deci si on. But 1 woul d suspect t hat
t he f ear of al i enat i ng t he f ew, but f i nanci al l y
cr i t i cal const i t uent s was t he domi nant f act or i n
t hei r deci si on .
I amwel l awar e t hat backst age t he mechani -
cal f aci l i t i es of t he newMet r opol i t an Oper a
House ar e upt o dat e and undoubt edl y do much
t o keep down t he backbr eaki ng oper at i onal
over head.
That t hey di d
not at t empt t o peer i nt o t he
not - t oodi st ant
t went y- f i r st cent ur y i s under -
st andabl e.
The l i f e- span of cont empor ar y
st r uct ur es- par t i cul ar l y
t hose associ at ed
wi t h
t he per f or mi ng
ar t s, i s shor t eni ng so
qui ckl y
t hat newt heat er
shapes may ser ve sat i sf act or i -
l y f or onl y
a gener at i on or t wo . But
i n del i b-
Fi g . 6 The apr on shape.
Thus,
by t he end of t he t went i es, t heat er pr o-
f essi onal s had
a choi ce of not onl y t he t r adi -
t i onal pr osceni um
st age but al so t he r evi ved
open- t hr ust
and t he ar ena st age f or ms .
Hi at us i n Theat er Bui l di ng
The Depr essi on of 1929 br ought a vi r t ual
end
t o t heat er bui l di ng i n t he Uni t ed
St at es unt i l
t he end of Wor l d War I I .
No commer ci al t he-
at er s wer e bui l t i n maj or Amer i can ci t i es
be-
t ween 1929 and 1950. The sol e except i on
was
Rockef el l er Cent er ' s Cent s . Theat r e,
bui l t i n
1936 and demol i shed i n 1950. I n t he t hi r t i es,
onl y a f ew col l eges and uni ver si t i es
had t he
f unds t o bui l d moder n t heat er s
wi t h st ages
desi gned f or moder n st agecr af t
and moder n
r eper t or y
r equi r ement s .
Af t er
Wor l d War I I , Amer i ca
was r i pe f or a
" cul t ur al
expl osi on. " Mi d- t went i et h- cent ur y
Amer i cans wer e mor e af f l uent ,
bet t er t r avel ed, Fi g. 7

I n t oday' s pr osceni umt heat er , t he wi dt h
of t he pr osceni umopeni ng can of t en be var i ed
by
adj ust abl e panel s.
er at el y choosi ng a mul t i t i er ed
ei ght eent h-
cent ur y hor seshoe seat i ng pl an, t he
di r ect or s
wer e gui l t y of a gr aver er r or t han
j ust i nf l i ct i ng
subst andar d si ght l i nes .
That er r or was t he
f ai l ur e t o r ecogni ze t hat our
t went i et h- cent ur y
vi sual ar t f or ms ar e not
j ust passi ng f ads, but
ar e deepl y dyed i n our
dai l y l i ves, i n our means
of communi cat i on and our soci al
behavi or . I t
seems st r ange t hat t he
i mpr esar i os of an ar t
f or mas abst r act as musi c
shoul d al l owt hem-
sel ves t o cl ose t hei r eyes
t o even t he most
uni ver sal l y accept abl e
vi sual ar t s of our mi d-
cent ur y.
Today, onl y af t er
car ef ul consi der at i on,
pr oper pl anni ng
and desi gn wi l l t he pr osceni um
t heat er r egai n i t s
usef ul ness . Amoder n pr osce-
ni um
t heat er need not be r i gi d i n i t s di men-
si ons- ei t her i n wi dt h or hei ght . Si de panel s
adj acent t o t he pr osceni umcan have
f aci l i t i es
f or openi ngs and si de st ages . Of f st age r ooms-
r i ght
and l ef t , upand down, t r aps and
f l y l of t -
al l
have t o be pr ovi ded. Al l t hese
el ement s l end
gr eat
f l exi bi l i t y t o t he Pr osceni um
st age, but
al so
make i t mor e compl ex and mor e
expensi ve
t o bui l d. Basi cal l y, t he
pr osceni umi s one of t he
most f l exi bl e t heat er shapes because
any
and al l st yl es of pr oduct i on can be
ef f ect i vel y
r eal i zed. For t he di r ect or , t he
pr obl ems of si ght
l i nes and ot her quest i ons i nher ent i n
pr osceni -
um
pr oduct i ons ar e f l ui d. I n st agecr af t ,
par t i c-
ul ar l y
l i ght i ng and set t i ngs, ever yt hi ng
f r omt he
most st yl i st i c and si mpl e desi gns t o t he
most
el abor at e and i magi nat i ve set t i ngs
can t ake
f ul l
advant age of t hi s shape.
Even a pl ay such
as Hai r , whi ch was f i r st per f or med on an
open
st age, was successf ul l y pr oduced on
Br oadway
i n a pr osceni umt heat er . ( See Fi g. 7. )
The
l i mi t at i on of t hi s t heat er shape i s t hat i t
t ends t o be
l ess i nt i mat e t han ei t her t he The-
at er - i n- t he- r ound
or t he open- t hr ust st age. Yet
i t al so
must be r emember ed t hat many pl ay-
wr i ght s went t he
ki nd of separ at i on bet ween
act or and
audi ence t hat t he pr osceni umshape
gi ves . On
t he whol e, i f I wer e l i mi t ed t o a si ngl e
st age f or m, I
woul d choose a f l exi bl e pr osceni -
umwi t h
an ampl e f or est age.
Dur i ng t he 1950s, l abor and mat er i al cost s
agai n l ed
cl i ent s as wel l as pr oducer s and de-
si gner s
t o seek newmet hods of st agecr af t .
So
i t was t hat ar ena st ages or t heat er s- i n- t he-
r ound
gai ned wi der accept ance as a
sui t abl e
set t i ng f or spoken dr ama . They
wer e l ess ex-
pensi ve t o bui l d and r equi r ed vi r t ual l y no con-
vent i onal scener y. A st r ong i nf l uence dur i ng
t he t heat er expl osi on, t he ar ena st age i n
Washi ngt on, D. C. , cl ear l y demonst r at es how
sophi st i cat ed
t heat er - i n- t he- r ound can be. De-
si gned f or Zel da Fi chandl er i n 1961
by Chi cago
ar chi t ect s Har r yWesse &Associ at es, i t i s
a f ar
cr y f r omt he f r equent l y seen,
makeshi f t t he-
at er s- i n- t he- r ound. Wel l pl anned and success-
f ul , i t i s act ual l y a t heat er - i n- t he- r ect angl e, but
t he pr i nci pl e of an audi ence sur r oundi ng
t he
st age i s i dent i cal . Her e bot h t he ar chi t ect
and
t he owner wor ked car ef ul l y t o meet t he needs
of t he company and t o sol ve t he t echni cal
pr ob-
l ems and l i mi t at i ons
of such a t heat er shape
( see
Fi g. 8) .
One bui l t - i n l i mi t at i on of ar ena st ages i s ap-
pl i cabl e t o al l st ages sur r ounded, or par t l y sur -
r ounded, by t he audi ence: t he di r ect or must
const ant l y change hi s axi s t o pr event one
gr oup
of vi ewer s f r om bei ng pr esent ed wi t h poor er
i mages t han ot her sect i ons of t he audi ence
.
Act or s, as wel l as t he di r ect or , must use
en-
t i r el y di f f er ent at t acks on per f or mance
and
movement . Li ght i ng i s al so mor e di f f i cul t
i n
ar ena st agi ng because of t he mandat or yecono-
my; however , when handl ed by an ar t i st , t hi s
f l exi bl e medi umcan st r ess t he noni l l usi oni st i c
appr oach t o a desi gn.
I n addi t i on, t he abi l i t y t o var y set t i ngs
i s a
l i mi t at i on, bot h because ar chi t ect ur al
f or ms
ar e i mpr act i cal , and because el evat i ons on
t he
st age have t o be l i mi t ed i n scal e. I n choosi ng
a
r eper t or y f or an ar ena st age company, cer t ai n
pl ays- such as t he cl assi cal pl ays of Sopho-
cl es, Eur i pi des, Shakespear e, Mol i er e, and
Sher i dan- succeed whi l e, on t he ot her hand,
some pl ays wr i t t en f or t he pr osceni um
st age
must be omi t t ed.
One of t he pr i mar y advant ages of an
ar ena
t heat er i s i nt i macy . Even wi t h
1, 000 seat s, t he
most di st ant member of t he audi ence need
not
be much mor e t han 32 f t f r om
t he near est par t
of t he st age. Al t hough i n mor e
sophi st i cat ed
t heat er s- i n- t he- r ound, i t i s possi bl e
t o use
t r aps and t o f l y el ement s
over head f r om a
modi f i ed
gr i d above t he cent er of t he st age,
sceni c i nvest i t ur e i s or di nar i l y
r educed t o onl y
t he most expr essi ve and economi cal
f or ms of
l i ght i ng and pr oj ect i on, cost umes, pr ops,
and
si mpl e por t abl e sceni c el ement s
t hat do not
mask t he act or f r omany par t of
t he sur r ound-
i ng audi ence. On t he whol e,
I t hi nk t he
advant ages f ar out wei gh t he
di sadvant ages of
ar ena t heat er s . The f act t hat pr esent at i on
st yl e
st r esses i magi nat i on and si mpl i ci t y i s
sur el y a
st r ong ar gument .
Thr oughout t he f i f t i es and si xt i es a
maj or i n-
novat i ve f or ce i n t heat er ar chi t ect ur e has
been
I r i sh t heat er di r ect or
Si r Tyr one Gut hr i e. I n
t he f i f t i es, af t er much accl ai med
exper i ment a-
t i on i n Engl and and Scot l and,
Gut hr i e was i n-
vi t ed by t he br i ght , ambi t i ous
young communi -
t y l eader s of St r at f or d, Ont ar i o,
t o est abl i sh a
t heat er . I nt ended pr i mar i l y
f or t he cl assi cs, t he
t heat er was f i r st set up
i nsi de a t ent , and l at er
r ebui l t under a per manent
ar chi t ect ur al st r uc-
t ur e ( see Fi g. 9) .
Tyr one Gut hr i e' s
concept f or St r at f or d,
whi ch was wor ked out
wi t h t heat er desi gner
Tanya Moi sewi t sch, was
appr opr i at el y a cl as-
si cal one. The
audi t or i umi s based on a st eepl y
banked, semi ci r cul ar ,
Gr eco- Roman, t hr ee-
si ded seat i ng ar r angement
; i t sur r ounds an
open- t hr ust st age t hat
has manybasi c el ement s
of t he El i zabet han st age
. Besi des ent r ances
f r omt he r ear wal l ,
Gut hr i e al so used vomi t o-
r i es, whi ch ar e
ent r ances andexi t s t o t he st age
f r ombel owt he
audi ence seat i ng ar eas.
Li t t l e i f any backgr ound
scener y i s used.
St r ess i s on cost umes, pr ops,
and l i ght i ng,
whi ch t he di r ect or / desi gner t eam
use i n t he
most i magi nat i ve and si mpl est way t o
cr eat e
sceni c at mospher e. Li ght i s used al most
en-
t i r el y as i l l umi nat i on, wi t h ver y l i t t l e
sophi st i ca-
t i on i n movement , col or , or i mage
pr oj ect i on.
On t he ot her hand, t hei r sophi st i cat ed
use of
cost umes and pr oper t i es has been
ext r emel y
i mpor t ant i n cr eat i ng a sense of
mood and
char act er . The i mpact of t he t heat er
was i nt er -
nat i onal . I t was i nt i mat e and vi t al , and
ex-
t r emel y sui t abl e f or t he cl assi cs .
Af ewyear s l at er , af t er t he Ont ar i o
t heat er
had been bui l t , Gut hr i e hi msel f i ni t i at ed,
wi t h
Ol i ver Rea, a si mi l ar vent ur e i n Mi nneapol i s,
Mi nnesot a. Ther e, he pl anned wi t h
ar chi t ect
Ral ph Rapson a var i at i on on t he
St r at f or d,
Ont ar i o, t heat er . Cor r ect i ons wer e made,
f or
exampl e, i n t he si ght l i nes at ext r eme l ef t
and
r i ght . He i ncl uded f aci l i t i es f or hangi ng scener y
behi nd t he t hr ust
. I t i s a t oken pr osceni um
behi nd t he t hr ust
st age. Thi s combi nat i on of
t he t wo t heat er f or ms was a maj or
i nnovat i on.
And t hought f ul ar chi t ect s and desi gner s
t hr oughout t he count r y and abr oad st udi ed
i t
wi t h gr eat i nt er est .
An open- t hr ust st age can be ext r emel y si m-
pl e, l i ke Tyr one Gut hr i e' s St r at f or d,
Ont ar i o,
t heat er . I t can t hen be el abor at ed by pl anni ng
an adapt abl e gr i d f or l i ght s, pr ops, and sceni c
el ement s t o be hung di r ect l y over
t he t hr ust .
Yet al l t hi s f i t s i nt o t he basi cal l y
si mpl e
st agi ng t hat i s ger mane t o t he shape.
The advant ages of t hr ust ar e cl ear and
st r ong, but so ar e i t s di sadvant ages . Of t he
advant ages, t he gr eat est i s per haps t he
hei ght ened sense of i nvol vement gai ned by
bot h t he audi ence andt he act or . I nt i macy nat u-
r al l y i s enhanced; t he movement and pace of
t he pl ay ar e swi f t ; and t he t echni que i s f l ui d and
ci nemat ogr aphi c . The open- t hr ust st age does,
however , di mi ni sh t he si gni f i cance of t he " i l -
l usi oni st i c" st yl e of st age desi gn. ( Dependi ng
on one' s
poi nt
of
vi ew, admi t t edl y, t hi s may be
count ed ei t her as one of i t s advant ages or as
one of i t s l i mi t at i ons . For me, i l l usi on i s one of
t he l esser achi evement s of t he cont empor ar y
t heat er . ) The open st age r equi r es a t ot al l y
di f -
f er ent appr oach. The cast cannot
be di r ect ed t o
act onl y t owar d t he f r ont , because t he
audi ence
i s on t he si des as wel l . And, i n a sense,
t hey
must act di mensi onal l y wi t hi n a sceni c
scheme,
r at her t han i n f r ont of i t . Cost umes al so become
mor e i mpor t ant as do t he f ewbut choi ce pr op-
er t i es wi t h whi ch t he act or s wor k. And
f i nal l y,
because backgr ound pi ct ur es ar e not
bei ng
cr eat ed, l i ght i ng must become a l i vi ng el ement
t hr ough whi ch pl ayer s move.
Gener al l y, t he open- t hr ust st age i s mor e
f l exi bl e t hen t he ar ena. Wi t h t he open- t hr ust
st age, t he di r ect or does not have t o
wor r y
so
much
about t he act or ' s back bei ng t o t he
audi ence . But because t he open- t hr ust i s mor e
compl i cat ed t o desi gn, i t may t ur n out t o
be
mor e expensi ve t o bui l d t han t he ar ena or pr o-
sceni umt heat r e.
Per haps t he most out st andi ng
di sadvant age
i s t hat t he mor e r eal i st i c a pl ay i s, t he
l ess ef -
f ect i ve i t may be f or t he open- t hr ust st age
.
Shakespear ean pl ays andot her ear l i er
cl assi cs
ar e easi l y adapt abl e si nce i n t hei r wr i t i ng
and
pr oduct i on t hey wer e pr esent ed on open
El i za-
bet han st ages wi t h a mi ni mumof sceni c
ef -
f ect s . Much of ni net eent h- cent ur y dr ama i s
consi der ed i l l - sui t ed f or t he open- t hr ust st age
;
but t hi s al so pr esent s an oppor t uni t y
f or an
i magi nat i ve di r ect or t o appr oach t hese pl ays
wi t h a r adi cal l y f r esh st yl e.
Of t he mul t i pl e choi ces i n t heat er shapes
at
mi dcent ur y, t hen, t hr ee wer e
pr omi nent - pr o-
sceni um, ar ena, and open- t hr ust ; but mor e
i n-
vol ved, compl ex choi ces of t heat er shapes
wer e
Fi g. 8

The ar ena st age i n Washi ngt on, D. C. , desi gned by ar chi t ect Har r y Weese i n 1961, i s
an exempl ar y moder n
ar ena- shaped t heat er .
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Fi g. 9 The St r at f or d, Ont ar i o, Shakespear e Fest i val Theat r e has been an i nf l uent i al i nt er pr et at i on of t he open-
t hr ust st age. I t combi nes an El i zabet han st age wi t h a Gr eco- Roman audi ence seat i ng pl an.
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
yet t o conf use t he
deci si on- maki ng and desi gn
pr ocesses of ar chi t ect s and cl i ent s .
MULTI CHOI CE I NASI NGLE THEATER
Besi des t he choi ce among
t hr ee t r adi t i onal ,
hi st or i cal t heat er shapes, whi ch
ar e avai l abl e
t o t heat er pl anner s and desi gner s
t oday, a
newcombi nat i on of mul t i pl es has
appear ed .
Now, we can at t empt t o have sever al , or
al l
t hr ee of t hese st age f or ms i n a si ngl e bui l di ng
- even i n t he same audi t or i um. Thi s uni que
possi bi l i t y has l ed t o t he ext r eme compl i ca-
t i on
of pr esent - day t heat er desi gn and t o t he
ut t er conf usi on of pr esent - day t heat er de-
si gner s .
The educat or ' s
desi r e t o per f or m Shake-
spear ean pl ays i n
t he or i gi nal set t i ng has been
ext ended t o a desi r e al so t o per f or m
ei gh-
t eent h- and ni net eent h- cent ur y pl ays
i n t he
t heat er s f or whi ch t hey wer e or i gi nal l y
pr o-
duced. Not cont ent wi t h an open- t hr ust
st age
t heat er f or pl ays wr i t t en f or t hat basi c shape,
f r omt he days of cl assi cal Gr eece t o
t he Mi ddl e
Ages, pr oducer s al so want a
pr osceni umt he-
at er , i n whi ch t o pr esent
Renai ssance and
l at er pl ays . Thi s desi r e has
nowspr ead f r om
t he educat or s t o t he pr oducer s of
communi t y
and r egi onal t heat er as wel l .
Wher e suf f i ci ent f unds ar e
avai l abl e, t he
bui l di ng of t wo t heat er s- one
pr osceni umand
one open- spl endi dl y accommodat es
t hi s de-
si r e. ( I t must be r emember ed
t hat i n no age
but our own wer e pl ays wr i t t en
expr essl y f or
ar ena t heat er s . ) However , suf f i ci ent
f unds do
not al ways seemavai l abl e f or
such a spl endi d
sol ut i on. As a compr omi se,
and i t must i m-
medi at el y be r ecogni zed as
t hat , ar chi t ect s,
Fi g. 10 The t ot al t heat er scheme,
desi gned by Wal t er Gr opi us i n 1929, i s a chi mer a hol di ng
f or t h t he
i l l usi ve pr omi se of a mul t i f or mst age. I t coul d be
changed f r om( a) t he pr osceni umshape t o
( b) t he
open- t hr ust shape, and ( c) t he ar ena shape.
ar ena shape t o open- t hr ust shape may
not be so
ser i ous a compr omi se. The r eal di f f i cul t y
i s i n
desi gni ng a t heat er t hat wi l l
accommodat e bot h
t he axi al vi si on demanded by t he
pr osceni um
st age and t he r adi al vi si on t hat i s basi c
t o t he
open- t hr ust st age.
1 have been i nvol ved ( al t hough af t er
i nst i nc-
t i ve per sonal pr ot est ) i n desi gni ng a number
of
dual - f or mt heat er s . An honest
ar chi t ect or de-
si gner must hol d a Monday- mor ni ng
quar t er -
back sessi on wi t h hi msel f , i f not i n
publ i c,
upon t he compl et i on of an i mpor t ant
j ob. I f eel
t hat a publ i c sessi on her e wi l l pr ovi de
a val u-
abl e shar e of my exper i ence.
I t was t r agi c t hat one of t he gr eat
ar chi t ect s
wi t h a t r ue and sensi t i ve under st andi ng
of
t he-
at er , t he l at e Eer o Saar i nen, shoul d
have l i ved
t o compl et e onl y t he Beaumont
Theat er of
Li ncol n Cent er . I t was a pr i vi l ege t o be
code-
si gner wi t h hi mon t he st age and audi t or i um
.
When Eer o and 1 wer e gi ven t he
r esponsi bi l i t y
f or desi gni ng t he t wo t heat er s f or
t he Li ncol n
Cent er Reper t or y Company, we met
pr i vat el y
f or l ong, honest st udi es . I f ound, t o
my pl ea-
sur e, t hat our basi c concept s wer e i n
agr ee-
ment . Fi r st , nei t her of us bel i eved i n anyt hi ng
but si ngl e- f or m st ages ; we bot h wer e
com-
pl et el y opposed t o a mul t i f or m st age. I f our
or i gi nal pr oposi t i on had been accept ed, we
woul d have had t he upst ai r s t heat er
sl i ght l y
smal l er and t he downst ai r s t heat er s
sl i ght l y
l ar ger . One of t hem woul d have been
pur e
t hr ust st age and t he ot her pur e pr osceni um
.
The quest i on of whi ch f or mwoul d be
whi ch
si ze woul d have been l ef t t o t he bui l di ng com-
mi t t ee. That i s, i f t he commi t t ee
vot ed t hat t he
l ar ger t heat er shoul d have a pr osceni um
st age,
we want ed t hat t heat er t o be a pur e pr osceni um
t heat er , i n t he best sense, and
t he ot her t o be a
pur e open- t hr ust
st age- and vi ce ver sa. ( See
Fi g. 13. )
Wewer e over r ul ed .
I n f act , some member s of
t he commi t t ee even t al ked
about a basi c mul t i -
use scheme f or t he Beaumont
.
We
t ur ned t hat
down compl et el y, but we
r eal i zed t hat we
woul d have t o accept t he
compr omi se of a dual -
f or m desi gn. Our or i gi nal pr oposi t i on
woul d
have been t he wi ser
deci si on, and ul t i mat el y
f ar cheaper i n bot h i ni t i al cost s
and i n subse-
quent oper at i ng cost s .
However ,
Li ncol n Cent er gave us mont hs
of
expl or at or y t i me
and suppor t ed t he cost s of
ex-
per i ment al desi gns and
model s whi ch wer e
shown t o t he
bui l di ng commi t t ee of t he Reper -
t or y Company and t o a
gr oup of t heat er cr i t i cs .
Asmal l , but ver y vol at i l e
mi nor i t y of t hemsup-
por t ed t he i dea
t hat t he open- t hr ust st age
shoul d be t he domi nant
f or m. But at t he end of
t he i nvest i gat i on, t he
consensus was t hat we
shoul d desi gn t he
l ar ger t heat er so t hat i t coul d
be used as a pr osceni um
t heat er and as an
open- t hr ust st age; and
t hat we, as desi gner s,
shoul d f i nd some
pr act i cal means of maki ng
t he changeover r el at i vel y
si mpl e.
We poi nt ed out t hat t o
meet t he pr oduct i on
schedul e of a
r eper t or y companyf or a t wo- hour
changeover
bet ween mat i nee and eveni ng, i t
woul d be i mper at i ve
t o i nst al l expensi ve aut o-
mat i c
mechani cal equi pment . For exampl e,
i f a
pr oduct i on
usi ng open- t hr ust was compl et ed at
5 or 5 : 30 and t he
eveni ng schedul e cal l ed
f or
pr osceni umst agi ng, an
enor mous amount of
wor k
woul d be r equi r ed not onl y i n
changi ng
t he
scener y and l i ght i ng, but i n
changi ng t he
seat i ng pl an and t he open- t hr ust
st age i t sel f .
What wedesi gned at t he Beaumont
Theat er f or
t hi s changeover can be ef f ect ed i n 2
hour s .
I t i s achi eved by l ocat i ng t he
f r ont gr oup of
seat s on a l ar ge l i f t t hat descends
t o t he sub-
basement wher e a t ur nt abl e
r ot at es t hem,
subst i t ut i ng an open- t hr ust st age,
whi ch i s t hen
r ai sed i nt o posi t i on. Pr osceni um
panel s at t he
Beaumont can be opened t o make a
maxi mum
si gned by ar chi t ect Hugh St ubbi ns
and t heat er
engi neer Geor ge I zenour , t he Loeb Theat r e i n-
t er i or i t sel f does not essent i al l y change- onl y
t he mobi l e uni t s wi t hi n i t s wal l s and under i t s
cei l i ngs . The
avowed pur pose of t hi s hi ghl y
sel ect i ve and mechani cal
compl ex was t o sat i s-
f y t he needs of st udent
di r ect or s, act or s, and
aut hor s t o cr eat e
any and al l st age shapes at
wi l l ( see Fi g. 12) .
For al l mul t i f or mst ages, t her e i s a pr i ce pai d
- - not onl y i n dol l ar s, but al so i n
sacr i f i ce of
f unct i on. No mul t i f or m st age can be ei t her a
per f ect t hr ust or a per f ect pr osceni um st age .
Yes, t hey wor k. But t he addi t i onal expense,
bot h i n desi gn and const r uct i on and ul t i mat el y
i n oper at i onal cost s, i s not wor t h t he l oss of
uni f i ed pur pose t hat char act er i zes a
t heat er
wi t h a si ngl e st age shape. Such exper i ment s
f ai l
basi cal l y f or t he ver y r eason t hat i n none of
t hei r t wo or t hr ee or f i ve al t er nat e adj ust ment s
has one a
f eel i ng of a wel l - desi gned, si mpl e,
cl ean, di r ect ,
si ngl e- f or mt heat er . I n or der t o
make a col l ect i ve mul t i f or mt hat wor ks at al l ,
each si ngl e ar r angement must be a compr o-
mi se.
I t has been my exper i ence t hat i mpr essi ve
and t echni cal l y
pr act i cal as some of t he ex-
per i ment s may be,
i n none of t hei r var i ous
chamel eon- l i ke
changes ar e t hey as ef f ect i ve i n
ei t her
ar r angement s or el ement s as t he st ages
desi gned f or a
speci f i c pur pose.
Even a t heat er t hat can be changed t o cr eat e
onl y
t wo of t he basi c st age shapes i s a com-
pr omi se
.
But
such dual - f or mor " hybr i d" t he-
at er s appeal t o cl i ent s who desi r e some of t he
advant ages of t he t hr ust st age and, wi t h a mi ni -
mumof changeover , t he use of t he same audi -
t or i umas a pr osceni umst age. And i t must be
admi t t ed t hat a st age t hat can be
changed f r om
st age engi neer s, and desi gner s
have at t empt ed
t o bui l d, wi t hi n a si ngl e t heat er ,
mul t i f or m
st ages, whi ch can be changed f r omone
shape
t o anot her ( Fi g. 10) .
The Mul t i f or mSt age
I nspi r ed by t he t ot al t heat er
scheme of t he l at e
ar chi t ect Wal t er Gr opi us,
whi ch was desi gned
i n 1929, but never execut ed,
engi neer s have
at t empt ed t our - de- f or ce
t heat er s t hat coul d be
al t er ed f r ompr osceni umst age
ar r angement s t o
open- t hr ust st age ar r angement s- and
even t o
t he ar ena shape. Engi neer i ng
and mechani cal
i ngenui t y, coupl ed wi t h accur at e el ect r i c
con-
t r ol s, have made t hese chi mer as appear
at -
t ai nabl e. I t i s my f eel i ng,
however , t hat t hi s
concept has never been successf ul l y
r eal i zed.
Mul t i f or mst ages wer e devel oped f or cl i ent s
who f el t t hey coul d af f or d t o bui l d
onl y one
t heat er , but wer e unabl e t o commi t t hemsel ves
t o a si ngl e st age f or m. The mechani cal mul t i -
f or mst age was al so i nt ended t o
make f l exi bl e
space oper at i onal f or t heat er s of l ar ge si ze,
and
t o save manpower and t i me i n r ear r angi ng
st age
f or mand audi ence seat i ng pl ans .
I n
Fi g. 11 I have i l l ust r at ed
one t heat er i n-
t er i or t hat can be used f or t wo t ypes of st age
pr oduct i ons by r ear r angi ng some of t he seat i ng
and changi ng t he pr osceni umpr opor t i ons .
The
f i r st i s a t r ue pr osceni umt echni que. Then, by
usi ng an el evat or t o br i ng up a t hr ust st age
and
r eadj ust t he seat i ng el ement s, t hi s same t he-
at er can be used f or a second t echni que- t he
open- t hr ust st age.
At t he Loeb
Dr ama Cent er at Har var d Uni -
ver si t y, mechani cal means
have been pr ovi ded
t o cr eat e t hr ee
ent i r el y di f f er ent r el at i ons be-
t ween act i ng ar ea
and audi ence seat i ng . De-
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
pr osceni umopeni ng t hat i s 50 f t acr oss . When
t he t hr ust i s i n use, t he panel s ar e compl et el y
cl osed; t hen act or s can ent er f r om r i ght and
l ef t downst age of t he pr osceni um panel s and
f r omt wo vomi t or y ent r ances under t he f r ont
or chest r a seat s .
I t
must
be
st at ed cat egor i cal l y t hat mul t i f or m
st ages
ar e desi gned f or dr amat i c pr oduct i ons
of
pl ays onl y. I n t he case of t he Beaumont , t he
acoust i cal
char act er i st i cs ar e speci f i cal l y f or
t he spoken wor d. The t heat er cannot be used
successf ul l y
f or oper a or musi cal r eci t al s .
Mul t i use Audi t or i ums
An appr oach t o t heat er shapes bor n of t he mi d-
t went i et h- cent ur y el ect r oni c er a, and per haps
t went i et h- cent ur y i ndeci si on, i s t he mul t i - use
audi t or i um. I t i s an at t empt t o sat i sf y t he cl i ent
who want s anaudi t or i umso adapt abl e i n r el a-
t i onshi ps t hat any and al l t he per f or mi ng ar t s
can be accommodat ed. Not onl y do per f or mi ng
gr oups want a t heat er t o house pl ays, but t hey
al so hope t o use t hei r newaudi t or i ums f or
oper a and musi cal pr oduct i ons, concer t s, and
r eci t al s . But musi c r ever ber at i on t i me demands
a gr eat er spat i al vol ume t han t hat f or t he
spoken wor d. What r esul t s i s an at t empt t o
bui l d one hal l t hat can be sui t ed t o bot h musi c
and dr ama by al t er i ng t he ver y vol ume of
t he
audi t or i um. Thi s i mpl i es l ar ge- scal e physi cal
changes bei ng made t o cei l i ng el ement s and
even t o t he si de wal l s of t he audi t or i um.
I n
some i nst ances, an ent i r e bal cony can be
shut of f f or t he pur pose of
changi ng acoust i cal
char act er i st i cs
and audi ence capaci t y.
Col l eges and uni ver si t i es have l ed t he r ace i n
bui l di ng such f aci l i t i es . Hi gh school s have bui l t
st r uct ur es t hat at t empt t o accommodat e t he
basket bal l cour t , as wel l as t he per f or mance of
I bsen and t he chor al soci et y r eci t al . Combi na-
t i ons such as t he gymnat or i um and t he caf e-
t or i umhave been t r i ed as a means of savi ng
Fi g. 12

The Loeb Dr ama Cent er at Har var d Uni ver si t y, desi gned by ar chi t ect Hugh 5t ubbi ns and t heat er engi neer
Geor ge I zenour i n 1960, i s a smal l - scal e r eal i zat i on of t he mul t i f or mst age. El ect r i cal l y oper at ed mobi l e seat i ng uni t s
and st age sect i ons can be r ear r anged t o cr eat e ( a) a basi c pr osceni umshape, ( b) a basi c open- t hr ust shape, and
I c)
a modi f i ed ar ena or cent er st age shape.
Fi g.
13

The Beaumont Theat er at Li ncol n Cent er , desi gned
by Eer o Soar i nen and J o Mi el zi ner i n 1960, canchange
i t s shape
f r om( a) an open- t hr ust st age t o ( b) a pr osceni um
st age wi t h a modi f i ed apr on.
any si ngl e desi gn
can be used f or al l pur poses
i s nonsense.
Uncommi t t ed
Theat er Spaces
St i l l anot her t heat er
desi gn appr oach t hat do-
vel oped dur i ng t hi s
per i od of " t heat er expl o-
si on" i s one f or whi ch t her e i s
no
hi st or i cal
pr ecedent i n t he
t r adi t i on of our i ndoor t he-
at er s . I t i s
based on t he i dea t hat nei t her of t he
basi c el ement s t hat
make up a t heat er - audi -
ence or
st ageshoul d be pr edet er mi ned so f ar
as t hei r
l ocat i on or conf i gur at i on wi t hi n t he
t heat er ar e concer ned.
I n ef f ect , t hi s
concept says t hat wi t hi n t he
space pr ovi ded
by t he ar chi t ect , an undet er -
mi ned st age
ar ea and seat i ng ar ea may be set
t hi s cl ose r ange. To many
f ol l ower s of oper a,
of cour se, t he
aur al appr eci at i on i s al most
compl et e wi t hout t he
vi sual .
The scal e t hat I
have been r ef er r i ng t o i s not
onl y t he
di st ance bet ween t he audi ence and t he
f or est age but al so t he
wi dt h of t he pl ayi ng
st age or
pr osceni umopeni ng. As an exampl e,
a good wi dt h f or
a l egi t i mat e pl ay i s not much
mor e t han 35 f t ; wher eas
oper a st ages wi l l
open 60 t o
60
f t i n wi dt h.
I t i s sel f - evi dent
t hat t he sol ut i on t o housi ng
al l t hese ar t f or ms i n
one bui l di ng must be a
magi c one, i f t echni cal l y
successf ul . Fur t her -
mor e, t hi s
t echni cal magi c must be a domi nant
par t of t he basi c desi gn. The
mul t i - use audi -
t or i umi s one
of
t he
most ser i ous mi st akes i n
t he hi st or y of t heat er desi gn . The not i on t hat
space and const r uct i on
f unds . Such schemes
appeal ed equal l y t o bui l der s,
ar chi t ect s, and
engi neer s, as wel l as
cl i ent s. The mul t i - use
t heat er t hus spr ead t o
f ant ast i c degr ees . And
i t has become a bywor d of
conf usi on i n t he
1960s. Not onl y t he i dea
but t he def i ni t i on of
t he wor ds " mul t i - use" or
" mul t i pur pose" have
become conf used, even by t heat er
exper t s .
I t i s under st andabl e
t hat member s of boar ds
of t r ust ees or
col l ege r egent s cr i ed out f or a
si ngl e desi gn t o meet
al l t he needs of al l t he
per f or mi ng ar t s . Even
i n af f l uent t i mes, i t i s not
easy f or a l ar ge
uni ver si t y or r egi onal t heat er
gr oup t o r ai se enough
money t o bui l d mor e
t han one good
t heat er . And t her e wi l l i nevi t a-
bl y be an avi d
ar my of ar chi t ect s, engi neer s,
and acoust i cal speci al i st s
wi l l i ng t o t ake on
t hat chal l engi ng
desi r e of cl i ent s t o accom-
modat e al l t he per f or mi ng
ar t s i n a si ngl e
audi t or i um. Even
when t he ar chi t ect s or con-
sul t ant s ar e men
of i nt egr i t y and t heat er ex-
per i ence,
t hey mayf i nd di f f i cul t y i n per suadi ng
bui l di ng commi t t ees t hat
however wel l an audi -
t or i ummay sui t t he
combi ned needs of t he
chor al soci et y
and t he musi c school oper a,
i t cannot possi bl y
be used f or i nt i mat e dr ama
as wel l .
Thi s i s when t he danger ous
pl ea i s made t o
br i ng i n t he engi neer i ng magi c
t hat wesee i n so
many r egi onal and col l ege
t heat er s t oday, and
i n such communi t y audi t or i ums
as t he J esse
J ones Hal l i n Houst on.
Dur i ng t he 1960s, engi neer i ng f i r ms
devi sed
ast oundi ng mechani cal syst ems
t hat changed
t he
ver y shape of an audi t or i um, pi t ched
t he
f l oor , t i ppi ng
t he cei l i ng and cut t i ng of f t he
bal coni es, pi vot ed t he wal l s, and
r ol l ed banks
of seat i ng
acr oss t he f l oor and st age. I n
t oo
many of
t hese cases, t hese el ect r oni c
t ai l s
wagged
t he t heat r i cal dogs .
Not al l
engi neer i ng devel opment s wer e
f ut i l e,
however . Cer t ai nl y i n t er ms of st age-
cr af t ,
el ect r oni c cont r ol s f or r i ggi ng
and
l i ght i ng
syst ems, whi ch wer e of t en devel oped
f or such
audi t or i ums, have been ast oni shi ng i n
t hei r
pr ogr ams of compl i cat ed pr esent at i onal
pr obl ems,
but t hese ar e mechani cal cont r i bu-
t i ons
t o
t he
backst age ar ea and ar e not
t o be
conf used
wi t h t he mechani cal mani pul at i on
of
t he
ar chi t ect ur al f r ont - of - t hehouse ar r ange-
ment s .
I t i s cer t ai nl y human on t he par t of an
owner
or manager t o f eel t hat a si ngl e
audi t or i um
wi t h adj ust abl e
el ement s ser ves i n pl ace of
what mi ght
ot her wi se be a compl ex of t wo or
t hr ee separ at e
t heat er s. But ever y medi umi n
t he dr amat i c
and musi cal ar t s cr i es f or a spe-
ci f i c
scal e f or t he per f or mi ng ar ea and t he
audi ence
. Wi t h t he spoken wor d i n dr ama, t he
sense
of i nt i macy i s essent i al bot h vi sual l y and
aur al l y. Add musi c and si ngi ng f r oma musi cal
comedy, and t he scal e
of t he audi t or i umcan i n-
cr ease appr eci abl y.
An audi t or i um
t hat i s good f or t he act or ' s
voi ce i s t echni cal l y
i nef f ect ual f or t he si ngi ng
voi ce and f or musi cal
i nst r ument s . The r ever se
i s equal l y t r ue. On
an ever yday l evel , we know
t hat whenwe want t o say
somet hi ng i nt i mat e t o
a f r i end, we do not shout
i t acr oss a cour t yar d.
We appr oach cl osel y,
eye t o eye, and speak
qui et l y i n cl ose cont act , as i n
i nt i mat e dr ama.
I f we want t o si ng an ar i a
t o t hat same f r i end,
we woul d back away
or choose a r oomof suf -
f i ci ent si ze. The same
pr i nci pl e hol ds i n
choosi ng a t heat er shape .
Speci f i cal l y, t he di st ance
bet ween t he l ast
vi ewer and t he per f or mer
can i ncr ease because
when act i ng i s augment ed
by br oader t ech-
ni ques, t he audi ence
can be much f ar t her away
f r om t he per f or mer and
st i l l enj oy an ac-
cept abl e cont act . Fr om
oper et t a t o gr and
oper a, an even gr eat er change
i n scal e i s ac-
cept abl e . I n f act , t he pat r on
who enj oys
second- r ow- cent er seat s
at a dr ama woul d
f i nd gr and
oper a compl et el y unaccept abl e at
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
val ue, t hey ar e not basi cal l y t heat er
. Any t he-
at er f or m- l i ke al l ser i ous ar t
f or ms- i s bor n
of
del i ber at i on, sel f - di sci pl i ne, and cr eat i vi t y.
To
r el y on i mpr ovi sat i on, no mat t er howt al -
ent ed t he act or , or how
r ecept i ve t he audi ence,
i s t o mi sunder st and f r eedom.
Fr eedom
i n
ar t i s
not l i cense. The ar t i st can
be f r ee onl y i f he mast er s and
accept s t he l i mi -
t at i on of hi s medi um.
I
have
al ways bel i eved
t hat aut hor s and di r ect or s must be gi ven t he
gr eat est
f r eedomi n st agi ng. I n t he audi t or i um
and on t he st age,
t he gr eat est r ange of l i ght i ng,
sceni c
equi pment , and spat i al f r eedommust be
avai l abl e. I f a new
pl ay
needs
one hundr ed di f -
f er ent vi sual i ndi cat i ons of mood
and back-
gr ound, i t must be
pr ovi ded.
1 have wor ked
wi t h di r ect or s and aut hor s
who desper at el y want ed t o be
f r ee of any set
f or mat
. But gr adual l y, t o have ef f ect s, l i ght s,
and sceni c el ement s meet
t he needs of an act or
at a pr eci se moment , we st ar t ed
t o r ei nt r oduce
a t heat r i cal
l i mi t at i on- dr amat i c f or m.
Si mi l ar l y,
we
must accept and wor k wi t h t he
physi cal l i mi t at i ons of our st ages
. I f I have a
st age t hat i s onl y 10 f t deep,
and I want t o gi ve
t he i mpr essi on of unl i mi t ed space,
I accept t hat
10 f t anddo somet hi ng wi t h i t . Suggest i ons and
i mpl i cat i ons, whet her t hey ar e
vi sual , or al , or
aur al , ar e means of wor ki ng
wi t h one' s l i mi t a-
t i ons . I t mi ght be t he use of t he magi c
of poet r y
or of musi c' s abst r act sounds .
The power of t he
cr eat i ve ar t i st i s i nf i ni t e, but
onl y when he
mast er s t he t echni que i n whi ch he
cr eat es . Yet
al l t hese pr oduct i on ai ds,
t hese mi nut e det ai l s,
must be
made pr act i cal and must be car ef ul l y
t i med and r ehear sed. Al l t he envi r onment al
backgr ound, bor n i n exci t ement and hi gh i mag-
i nat i on, must be t r ansposed i nt o cont r ol l ed and
di sci pl i ned t echni que .
I f eel I must st at e t hat I amnot , on pr i nci pl e,
ant i - Happeni ng. I t must be sai d on behal f of
Happeni ngs t hat t hey do accent uat e some of
t he bet t er t r ends f ost er ed by al l cont empor ar y
dr amat i st s and st age di r ect or s . They have one
out st andi ng char act er i st i c i n common wi t h
ot her moder n t heat er movement s- t he desi r e
t o accent uat e act or - spect at or r el at i onshi ps .
The advocat es of Happeni ngs quest i on t he
accept ed concept s of act or - audi ence spat i al
r el at i onshi ps . Mi chael Ki r by st at es
i n t he
Tul ane Dr ama Revi ew( Vol . 10, No . 2, p. 40,
Wi nt er , 1965) :
Per f or mance and
audi ence ar e bot h neces-
sar y t o have t heat r e. But i t
mi ght be t hought
t hat i t i s t hi s ver y separ at i on
of spect at or and
wor k whi ch i s r esponsi bl e
f or an ' ar t i f i ci al -
i t y" of t he f or m, and many
Happeni ngs and r e-
l at ed pi eces have at t empt ed t o " br eak
down"
t he bar r i er bet ween
pr esent at i on and spec-
t at or and t o make t he passi ve
vi ewer a mor e
act i ve par t i ci pat or . At any
r at e, wor ks have
r ecent l y
been concei ved whi ch, si nce t hey
ar e t o be per f or med wi t hout an audi ence- a
t ot al l y or i gi nal and unpr ecedent ed devel op-
ment i n t he ar t - mi ght be cal l ed " act i vi t i es . ' '
I t woul d be poi nt l ess at t hi s ear l y st age of
t he avant - gar de exper i ment s i n
Happeni ngs
even t o suggest what f or mal i zed
t heat er shape
t hey mi ght t ake, or i f t hey wi l l have
any i n-
f l uence at al l on t heat er shapes .
Thei r most
vocal l eader s seemt o di sagr ee about t he
best
envi r onment i n whi ch t hi s newand exot i c
hy-
br i d wi l l f l our i sh.
At t hi s wr i t i ng, t hi s t heat er of pr ot est
does
f i nd what seems t o be adequat e housi ng
i n a
l ar ge var i et y of st r uct ur es- bot h
i n and out of
t he t heat er . So var i ed ar e t hey, t hat t hi s
par t i c-
ul ar f or m of dr amat i c expr essi on does
not
easi l y f i t i nt o t hi s di scussi on of t heat er
shapes .
I f and when i t mat ur es i nt o a new
ar t f or m,
t hen i t may devel op a st age and audi t or i um
especi al l y desi gned f or i t s own needs .
I doubt
t hat i t wi l l be a t ot al l y uncommi t t ed t heat er
space .
at wi l l i n a wi de var i et y of
r el at i onshi ps, ar -
r angement s, and r el ocat i ons, Thi s f i nal t heat er
concept goes one st ep f ur t her t han t he mech-
ani zed t heat er s . I t r ej ect s any and al l means
f or cr eat i ng a speci f i c pl ayi ng ar ea or
an
audi ence ar ea . I t s pr oponent s say, " Gi ve me
a cocoon t hat shut s out t he out er wor l d,
and i n
i t wewi l l cr eat e our concept s
wi t hout t he ai d of
pr edet er mi ned f or m. " They f eel
t hat i t f r ees
f ut ur e t heat er user s f r om
any " set i nt er i or ar -
r angement
. " They al so pr of f er what t hey f eel i s
t he advant age of a
si mul t aneous and mul t i pl e
appr oach t o dr amat i c pr obl ems
. Thei r s i s t he
" uncommi t t ed
t heat er space. "
Back i n t he 1e90s,
t he gr eat sceni c ar t i st
Adol phe Appi a sai d, " Let us abandon
t heat er s
t o t hei r dyi ng past ,
and l et us er ect si mpl e
bui l di ngs i nst ead, mer el y t o cover
t he space
wher e we wor k- no st age, no amphi t heat r e,
onl y a bar e andempt yr oom
. " Thi s bol d pr onun-
ci ament o, l i ke many mani f est os, bear s
some
anal ysi s . Any ser i ous
st udent of t he t heat er
who admi r es
Adol phe Appi a' s magni f i cent l y
concei ved st age
set t i ngs knows, however , t hat
t o achi eve t he subt l et y of hi s mood
l i ght i ng and
t he per f ect l y pr opor t i oned
gr andeur of hi s
pl ast i c f or ms, t he most compl ex and
t echni cal l y
sophi st i cat ed equi pment must be avai l abl e
.
Much of
t hi s equi pment must be l ocat ed not
onl y backst age but
i n t he audi t or i umi t sel f and
subt l y r el at ed t o
t he
st age
ar ea. I n ot her wor ds,
Appi a' s " bar e
empt y r oom, " once equi pped t o
meet
t he hi gh st andar ds of hi s pr oduct i on con-
cept s, woul d l ose al l sembl ance of
nudi t y and
empt i ness and mi ght become a wel l - concei ved
and
car ef ul l y pr edet er mi ned t heat er .
The l i mi t at i ons of
mechani zed mul t i f or m
schemes ar e even gr eat er i n t hese uncom-
mi t t ed
t heat er spaces . On t he economi c si de,
t he budget f or such an
i ndet er mi nat e t heat er
must be
gr eat l y i ncr eased f or pur el y mechani -
cal equi pment ,
i f f or no ot her . I n or der t o
j ust i f y t he al l eged
f r eedom, a maxi mumamount
of mechani cal
suppor t must be avai l abl e i n
ever y cor ner of t he
uncommi t t ed ar ea . Nat u-
r al l y egr esses and exi t s, vent i l at i ng
and
heat i ng equi pment ,
suppor t i ng t echni cal el e-
ment s and power
out l et s f or l i ght i ng must be
pr edet er mi ned and
f i xed. And t he oper at i ng
cost s
f or movi ng t hi s equi pment ar e maj or r e-
st r i ct i ons on t he al l eged
f r eedom.
Any r at i onal st udy of t he i nt r i cat e
pr obl ems
r el at i ng t o si ght
l i nes, acoust i cs, or l i ght i ng
must al so l ead one t o t he concl usi on t hat t o
keep t hese r el at i onshi ps i n an undet er mi ned
pl an can mean onl y t hat t he ul t i mat e qual i t y of
any si ngl e i nt er i or r el at i onshi p i s bound t o be
bel owpar .
The onl y l ogi cal j ust i f i cat i on f or t hi s non-
mechani cal , mul t i f or mappr oach i s f or a uni -
ver si t y t hat of f er s a cour se i n t heat er ar chi -
t ect ur e. As a r eal l y ef f ect i ve
wor ki ng
l abor at or y
f or t he st udy of act i ng, di r ect i on, and st age de-
si gn, i t i s one t o be r esear ched
and expl or ed.
Uncommi t t ed Spaces f or I nvol vement ?
Anot her cur r ent t r end i n st agecr af t i s
t he
desi r e
f or even f ur t her i nvol vement of t he act or and
audi ence. I r ef er t o a gr eat er psychol ogi cal and
physi cal cont act bet ween audi ence and act or ,
and t o a gr eat er use of sensor yas wel l as vi sual
i nvol vement t hr oughout t he t heat er . I t has been
suggest ed t hat t he uncommi t t ed t heat er space
f ost er s t hi s i nvol vement .
Ever si nce t he 1900s,
nonobj ect i ve and t o-
t al l y abst r act exper i ment s i n t he
ar t s have been
expr essed beyond t he pai nt er ' s and
scul pt or ' s
st udi o . Changes i n al l
communi cat i on ar t s-
wr i t t en and vi sual - have i nf l uenced
dr amat i st s
i n a r evol ut i onar y way. Poet r y, pr ose, and
j our nal i smhave al l been af f ect ed by
t he t empo
of t he r adi o, r ecor ded musi c, and
t hei r ext en-
si on i nt o ci nemat ogr aphy and t el evi si on.
Poet s
have r ej ect ed r hyme, met er ,
and synt ax . Pr ose
wr i t er s have made equal l y
i nsur r ect i onar y
demands on t hei r medi um. I n t he
f i r st
50
year s
of t hi s cent ur y t he
t heat er r ef l ect ed ver y l i t t l e
of t hi s movement .
I n r ecent year s, avant - gar de
wr i t er s and di r ect or s have
pl unged i nt o r adi cal
exper i ment s i n what
t hey f el t was a newt he-
at er - or i ent ed f i el d t hat
f ur t her s audi ence i n-
vol vement .
When
1 r ef er
t o
t ot al i nvol vement , I do not
mean what i s
cur r ent l y r ef er r ed t o as a " Hap-
peni ng. " The t al k about
Happeni ngs i s based on
a val uabl e
i nst i nct - t he genui ne desi r e f or
gr eat er cont act , f or gr eat er
par t i ci pat i on of
bot h audi ence and act or , but i t i s
pr act i ced and
pr eached i n an undi sci pl i ned
and, I t hi nk, un-
cr eat i ve way. I t i s undi sci pl i ned
because i t
makes a poi nt of t he f act t hat t her e
i s ost ensi -
bl y no pr emedi t at ed
pl ay, no r ehear sal , no r e-
st r i ct i ve t ext s .
Al t hough t he char ade, t he
conver sat i on, t he
st or y, and t he ext empor aneous
nar r at i ve have
Fi g. 13 ( cont . )

The Beaumont Theat er at Li ncol n Cent er . ( c) The
sect i on shows a war y deep st age pl anned f or a
r eper t or y schedul e. The deep st age, combi ned
wi t h l ar ge st age wagons, and a " sat ur at i on l i ght i ng"
syst em as wel l
as t he mul t i f or mst age mechani smmake i t possi bl e t o change st age shapes andscener yf r om
pr oduct i on t o pr oduct i on
i n a mat t er of hour s wi t h mi ni muml abor.
By HAROLDBURRI S- MEYERand F. G. COLE
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Si ght
Li nes
pat r on unl ess
mor e t han one r owdi st ant . Thi s
r equi r ement makes
i t necessar y t o st agger
seat s . St agger i ng i s accompl i shed
by t he non-
uni f or mpl acement
of seat s of var yi ng wi dt hs i n
succeedi ng r ows .
Unl ess t he wal l s of t he
t heat r e ar e par al l el
( whi ch i s acoust i cal l y
hazar dous) ,
i t i s ext r emel y unl i kel y t hat mor e
t han a ver y f ewr ows
can be made up of seat s
of uni f or mwi dt h. The l ack of
uni f or mi t y t her e-
by i nt r oduced pr ovi des
t he means by whi ch
st agger i ng can be accompl i shed
. Seat s ar e
made wi t h uni f or mst andar ds
and i nt er change-
abl e backs
and seat s so t hat a wi de var i at i on
of seat wi dt h i s
possi bl e; a var i at i on f r om
seat t o seat of an i nch or
t wo, cumul at i ve
enough t o accompl i sh
sat i sf act or y st agger and
make r ows even, i s not
not i ced by t he pat r on .
Var i ous seat i ng compani es
have t hei r own
schemes and f or mul as
f or seat st agger , some
of t hempat ent ed. The cl i ent
may ask a seat i ng
companyf or a seat i ng pl an and
shoul d exami ne
i t cr i t i cal l y
f or ( 1) i nsuf f i ci ent st agger i n occa-
si onal ar eas of t he house
and ( 2) t he i nt r oduc-
t i on of seat s nar r ower
t han t he accept abl e
mi ni mum.
Ai sl es
Ai sl es ar e of quest i onabl e desi r abi l i t y except
i n t he l ar gest houses . They must , however , be
empl oyed i n many l ocal i t i es because of bui l d-
i ng l aws whi ch make no pr ovi si on f or cont i nu-
ous- r ow or so- cal l ed cont i nent al seat i ng i n
whi ch al l r ows ar e wi del y spaced and ser ve as
t r ansver se ai sl es . Manya bad si ght l i ne has r e-
sul t ed f r omput t i ng t he maxi muml egal number
of seat s, usual l y 14, i nt o each r owi n ever y
sect i on. Obvi ousl y, f or pur poses of seei ng,
r adi al ai sl es ar e best , wi t h cur ved ai sl es onl y
sl i ght l y l ess ef f i ci ent . Ai sl es per pendi cul ar
t o t he cur t ai n l i ne of t en have t he acci dent al
r esul t of maki ng si de sect i on seat s undesi r abl e
because peopl e usi ng t he ai sl es i nt er r upt t he
vi ewt owar d t he st age. The box of f i ce woul d
Fi g. 14

( e) The
hor i zont al angl e t o t he cent er l i ne at whi ch
obj ect s onst age, upst age
of t he cur t ai n l i ne,
cease t o
bear t he i nt ended r el at i onshi p t o ot her obj ect s
onst age and t o t he backgr ound i s
appr oxi mat el y 60 . Thehor i zont al
angl e t o t he pr oj ect i on scr een at
whi ch di st or t i on on t he scr een becomes subst ant i al l y
i nt ol er abl e i s 60 . ( b) Based
on t he abi l i t y t o r ecogni ze shapes
and conf i r med by sequent i al seat
sel ect i on of unr eser ved seat s, t he or der of de-
si r abi l i t y of
l ocat i ons i s: A, f r ont cent er ,
except when t he pi ct ur e scr een i s cl ose t o
t he f r ont r ow; B, mi ddl e cent er ;
C, mi ddl e si de; 0,
f r ont si de; E, r est cent er ; F, r ear si de. ( c)
Audi ences wi l l not choose l ocat i ons
beyond al i ne appr oxi -
mat el y 100 t o
t he cur t ai n at t he pr osceni um. The shaded
Br ass cont ai n undesi r abl e seat s.
SI GHT LI NES
I f t he pat r on i s t o see
sat i sf act or i l y, pl an and
sect i on must conf or mt o a
number of l i , ni t s-
t i ons whi ch ar e set f or t h i n t he
f ol l owi ng l i st .
To desi gn an
audi t or i um i s t o det er mi ne a
seat i ng ar ea wi t hi n t hese
l i mi t at i ons and t o
est abl i sh posi t i on ( not shape)
of wal l s and
shape of f l oor s t her ef r om.
1 . The hor i zont al angl e of
pol ychr omat i c
vi si on ( no eye movement ) i s
appr oxi mat el y 400
2. The hor i zont al angl e
t o t he cent er l i ne at
whi ch obj ect s onst age,
upst age of t he cur t ai n
l i ne, cease t o bear t he i nt ended
r el at i onshi p t o
ot her obj ect s onst age
and t o t he backgr ound i s
appr oxi mat el y 60 ' .
3. The hor i zont al angl e t o
a f l at pr oj ect i on
sheet at whi ch di st or t i on
on t he scr een be-
comes subst ant i al l y
i nt ol er abl e i s 60' mea-
sur ed t o t he f ar si de of t he
pr oj ect ed i mage.
Cur vat ur e i nt r oduced
i nt o t he scr een may r en-
der t he di st or t i on l ess
f r omt he ext r eme seat s
on t he opposi t e si de of t he
cent er l i ne of t he
house but wi l l
i ncr ease di st or t i on f r om t he
seat s on t he same si de of t he cent er l i ne ( see
Fi g. 14) .
4. J udged by t he audi ence' s abi l i t y t o r ecog-
ni ze shapes, and conf i r med by f r ee audi ence
choi ce of seat s, t he f ol l owi ng i s t he or der of
desi r abi l i t y of l ocat i ons :
a. f r ont cent er ( except when
t he scr een i s
cl ose t o t he f r ont r ow)
6. mi ddl e cent er
c . mi ddl e si de
d. f r ont si de
e. r ear cent er
f . r ear si de
5 . Audi ences wi l l not choose l ocat i ons
be-
yond a l i ne appr oxi mat el y 100" t o t he cur t ai n
at t he si de of t he pr osceni um.
6 . The ver t i cal angl e beyond whi ch abi l i t y t o
r ecogni ze st andar d shapes f al l s of f ver y r ap-
i dl y i s appr oxi mat el y 30' ( see Fi gs . 1 5 and 16) .
7. The r ecommended maxi mumangl e of mo-
t i on pi ct ur e pr oj ect i on t o t he hor i zont al i s 12` .
PLAN
I f t he f or egoi ng
l i mi t at i ons ar e appl i ed i n t he
hor i zont al
pl ane f or any gi ven pr osceni um
openi ng, t hey
wi l l l i mi t an ar ea of maxi mum
val ue as
seat i ng space whi ch i s appr oxi mat el y
el l i pt i cal . I t i s
i nt er est i ng t o not e t hat
t hi s
shape f or an
audi t or i umpl an was pi oneer ed
by
t he l at e
J oseph Ur banwho had l i t t l e of t he pr es-
ent dat a
t o wor k wi t h and may saf el y be as-
sumed t o
have chosen t he shape l ar gel y
on
est het i c gr ounds . Af an shape pr ovi des
addi -
t i onal
seat i ng space at mi ni mum
sacr i f i ce of
si ght l i nes,
but nobody want s t he seat s
i n t he
ext r eme
r ear cor ner s .
Seat i ng
Occupant s of al l seat s ar e vi sual l y
r el at ed t o
t he per f or mance when t he seat s ar e
or i ent ed
t owar d t he st age. Thi s necessi t at es
cur vi ng t he
r ows of seat s . The cent er of cur vat ur e i s
t o-
Theat r es and
Audi t or i ums, 2d ed . copy-
r i ght 1964by Li t t on
Educat i onal publ i shi ng,
I nc . , by per mi ssi on of
Van Nost r and Rei nhol d
Company
cat ed on t he
cent er l i ne of t he audi t or i um
appr oxi mat el y
t he dept h of t he house behi nd
t he pr osceni um
. Budget ar y l i mi t at i ons may
di ct at e t hat seat s be
i n st r ai ght r ows t o si mpl i f y
const r uct i on; t hese
r ows can at l east be r el at ed
t o t he cent er of
at t ent i on on st age by bei ng
pl aced on
chor ds of t he opt i mum r owcur va-
t ur e.
St agger
To pr ovi de best
vi si bi l i t y f r om any seat , no
pat r on shoul d
si t exact l y i n f r ont of any ot her
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Si ght Li nes
Fi g. 18
Locat i on of cent er of cur vat ur e f or r ows of
seat s.
Summar y
Gi ven t he pr osceni um
openi ng and capaci t y,
l ayi ng out t he or chest r a and
bal cony or bal -
coni es i n pl an
becomes a si mpl e and st r ai ght -
f or war d pr ocess .
Si ght l i nes det er mi ne
pr osceni um spl ay and house
wi dt h . Vi si bi l i t y
l i mi t s and capaci t y
det er mi ne dept h. Mi ni mum
di st ance
f r om st age or scr een t o f i r st r owi s
det er mi ned
i n
t he
sect i on.
As can be
r eal i zed f r om t he f or egoi ng r e-
qui r ement s
f or seei ng, any scheme whi ch
at t empt s t o pr ovi de
f l exi bl e audi ence- per f or -
mance r el at i onshi ps sacr i f i ces somet hi ng,
usual l y
i n ever y f or mat t empt ed. The mul t i f or m
t heat er cannot be j ust i f i ed except as a l abor a-
t or y, wher e- cer t ai n l i mi t at i ons ar e an accept -
abl e
pr i ce f or f l exi bi l i t y and t he box of f i ce does
not need t o
suppor t t he ent er pr i se.
SECTI ON
The ver t i cal angl e of 30` at t he spect at or ' s
posi t i on
est abl i shes t he di st ance f r om t he
cl osest
seat t o t he scr een or t o t he
hi ghest
si gni f i cant obj ect on t he st age. The l owest
seat
i n t he or chest r a must be l ocat ed wher e
t he pat r on can j ust see t he st age f l oor
( except
i n t he
case of t heat er s bui l t f or mot i on pi ct ur es
onl y)
. The hi ghest seat i n t he bal cony must be
on
a l i ne whi ch i s not mor e t han 30" t o
t he
hor i zont al at t he f r ont cur t ai n at t he st age f l oor
i f i t i s not t o be above t he l i mi t of r easonabl e
di st or t i on. The st andi ng pat r on at
t he back of
t he or chest r a must be abl e t o see t he t op
of t he
scr een, whi ch i s usual l y as hi gh as
any si gni f i -
cant por t i on of a st age set t i ng. Each
spect at or
must see t he whol e st age or scr een
over t he
heads of t hose i n f r ont of hi m.
Wi t hi n t hese
l i mi t s t he f l oor sl ope of or chest r a
and bal cony
can be l ai d out : t he f i r st st ep
i n det er mi ni ng
audi t or i um sect i on. ( See Fi g. 19. )
Sever al met hods have
been of f er ed her et o-
f or e f or devel opi ng t he f l oor
sl ope. Doubt l ess
ot her s wi l l be of f er ed i n t he
f ut ur e. The aut hor s
pr esent t he f ol l owi ng
met hod as one whi ch
assur es unobst r uct ed
vi si on f r om al l seat s .
I t may be not ed t hat t hi s
syst em pr oduces a
f l oor sl ope consi der abl y
st eeper t han t hat i n
many exi st i ng t heat er s . I t al so
pr oduces bet t er
seei ng condi t i ons .
To det er mi ne f l oor sl ope,
est abl i sh eye posi -
t i on of spect at or i n
f i r st r owon cent er l i ne by
appr oxi mat el y 30" ver t i cal
angl e above. For
l i ve shows, st age
f l oor wi l l be appr oxi mat el y 2
Fi g. 17 St r ai ght r adi al ai sl es ar e bet t er t han ai sl es
whi ch cur ve or band.
oper at e t o i ncr ease capaci t y, t he di st ance of t he
r ear seat s f r omt he st age must be i ncr eased
and
seei ng condi t i ons i mpai r ed i n pr opor t i on.
The t heat er oper at or may compensat e t he
occupant s of t hese seat s by char gi ng l ess f or
t hem. For shows i nvol vi ng l i ve human act or s,
75 f t i s gener al l y accept ed on gr ounds of vi si -
bi l i t y as maxi mumhouse dept h
. ( See Fi g. 18 . )
I n t heat r i cal ent er t ai nment whi ch has as i t s
chi ef vi sual component human act or s ( l i ve
shows) , t he degr ee t o whi ch t hese per f or mer s
must be seen t o sat i sf y t he audi ence and put
t he showacr oss var i es .
A. Det ai l s of f aci al expr essi on and
smal l ges-
t ur e ar e i mpor t ant i n l egi t i mat e dr ama, vaude-
vi l l e andbur l esque, i nt i mat e r evue and cabar et
.
B. Br oad gest ur e by si ngl e
i ndi vi dual s i s
i mpor t ant i n gr and oper a pr esent at i on,
mu-
si cal comedy, and t he dance
.
C. Gest ur e by i ndi vi dual s i s
uni mpor t ant and
movement of i ndi vi dual s f r ompl ace t o
pl ace i s
t he smal l est si gni f i cant movement i n pageant
.
I t f ol l ows t hen t hat t heat er s
pl anned f or t he
t ypes of ent er t ai nment l i st ed under
A
must
be
l i mi t ed i n dept h of audi t or i umso t hat
vi si bi l i t y
f r omt he r emot est
seat st i l l al l ows t he occupant
t o per cei ve f aci al
expr essi ons ( not over 75 f t ) .
Theat er s pl anned
f or t he t ypes l i st ed under B
may have gr eat er
di st ance f r om t he st age t o
t he r emot est seat , but
t hi s di st ance i s set at a
maxi mumbeyond whi ch t he
i ndi vi dual act or i s
di mi ni shed t o i nsi gni f i cance
( appr oxi mat el y
125 f t ) .
Spect at or s i n t he l ast r ows at
t he Radi o Ci t y
Musi c Hal l
i n
New
Yor k, l ooki ng t hr ough a
di st ance r angi ng f r om 160 t o
over 200 f t , de-
pendi ng on t he l ocat i on of
t he per f or mer s
onst age, see a bal l et r educed
t o t he si ze of
mi dget s, and an
i ndi vi dual per f or mer , even
wi t h t he dr amat i c enhancement
of a f ol l ow
spot , i s a ver y i nsi gni f i cant
f i gur e i ndeed.
Fi g. 16

( a) Ascene of di r ect
conf l i ct l oses i t s vi sual
si gni f i cance t o spect at or s out si de
t he angl es O, - O- D
et c. One per f or mer cover s t he ot her
f or spect at or s i nsi de
t he angl es D, - D- D, . ( b) Scones of di r ect
conf l i ct st aged
anywher e bet ween B end
C
on
an ext ended st age r et ai n
vi sual si gni f i cance f or
al l spect at or s bet ween l i nes BB,
and CC, .
house wi dt h when house wi dt h i s 2 . 5 t o 3. 5
t i mes scr een wi dt h. Pr act i cal l y. t her e ar e
onl y
t wo si gni f i cant consi der at i ons i n pl anni ng t he
dept h of t he house:
1 . Vi sual acui t y. Nor mal human vi si on can
per cei ve a mi ni mumdi mensi on or separ at i on
equal t o 1 mi nut e of vi sual ar c . Tr ansl at ed
i nt o space measur ement t hi s means t hat at 10
I t a
nor mal eye can per cei ve a di mensi on of
0. 035 i n . , at 50 f t , 0. 175 i n. , and at 100 f t , 0. 35
i n. Det ai l s of act or s' makeup and f aci al expr es-
si on ar e not pl ai nl y r ecogni zabl e at di st ances
of mor e t han 50 f t f r omt he st age.
2. Capaci t y. The l ar ger t he house, t he l ower
can be
t he pr i ce per seat or t he gr eat er t he
gr oss . I f t he box of f i ce i s not t o be consi der ed,
capaci t y may be l i mi t ed by opt i mumseei ng
r equi r ement s, and t he l ast r ows kept wi t hi n
50 f t of t he st age. As var i ous r equi r ement s
Fi g. 15 The ver t i cal
angl e
above
whi ch abi l i t y t o
r ecogni ze f ami l i ar shapes f al l s of f ver y r api dl y i s 30 .
l i ke a t heat r e wi t h al l seat s i n
t he
cent er sec-
t i on. Acent er ai sl e wast es t he most desi r abl e
seat i ng ar ea
i n t he t heat er and i nevi t abl y
causes t he obj ect i onabl e condi t i on of seat s
near t he ai sl e bei ng di r ect l y i n f r ont of each
ot her . ( See Fi g. 17. )
Dept h of House
Ther e
ar e many
f or mul as
used
t o det er mi ne t he
dept h of t he house, or mor e
accur at el y, t o
det er mi ne
t he r el at i onshi p bet ween dept h of
house,
wi dt h
of
house, and wi dt h of scr een or
pr osceni um. They var y consi der abl y and ar e
al l empi r i cal l y
der i ved
on
t he basi s
of
exi st i ng
t heat er s, wi t h t oo l i t t l e r ef er ence t o
whet her
such t heat er s ar e good
or not . Typi cal ar e t he
f ol l owi ng: Opt i mum dept h equal s 4 t i mes
scr een wi dt h. Maxi mumdept h equal s 6 t i mes
scr een wi dt h. Dept h equal s 1 . 25 t o 2. 35 t i mes
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Si ght Li nes
t han 2 f t above
t he st age f l oor .
Rai si ng t he
scr een makes i t
possi bl e t o f l at t en t he
cont our
of t he
or chest r a f l oor . The r ever sed f l oor
sl ope
devel oped by
Ben Schl anger makes use
of t hi s
r el at i onshi p t o get
t he maxi mumnumber of
seat s i nt o t he
zone of l east vi sual di st or t i on,
end t o hol d
t he hei ght of mot i on pi ct ur e
t heat er s t o a
mi ni mum. Ar esul t of t he r ever sed
f l oor sl ope i s t o
pl ace bal conyseat s i n t he zone
of opt i mum
seei ng.
i n. bel ow t hi s
l evel . For t heat er s desi gned
sol el y
f or mot i on pi ct ur es, t he l ocat i on of t he
st age f l oor i s
not cr i t i cal ; t he posi t i on of t he
bot t omof t he scr een i s . ( See
Fi g. 20. )
Apoi nt 3 f t 8 i n.
bel ow, and 18 i n. i nf r ont of
t he eye posi t i on wi l l be
t he f l oor l evel f or t he
f r ont r ow. ( 1) Dr ewa
si ght l i ne f r om t he eye
posi t i on t o
downst age edge of st age, and
ext end i t back of
t he eye posi t i on f or t he f r ont
r ow, st ep of f
hor i zont al sent spaci ng ( back t o
back) , and dr aw
ver t i cal l i nes at t he poi nt s t hus
est abl i shed. ( 2)
Est abl i sh a poi nt 5 i n. above
t he i nt er sect i on of t he
ext ended si ght l i ne
and t he next
ver t i cal l i ne. ( 3) Thi s i s t he eye
posi t i on f or t he second
r owend t he f l oor l evel
at t he f r ont edge of t he second
r owseat i s 3 f t
8 i n. bel ow
and 18 i n. i n f r ont of t he eye posi -
t i on. Repeat st eps
( 1) , ( 2) , and ( 3) t o t he back
of t he house anddr aw
i n t he f l oor sl ope. Wher e
t he sl ope exceeds
1' / , i n. per f oot , pl at f or ms ar e
r equi r ed under t he seat s,
end st eps i n t he
ai sl es . Acr oss ai sl e
whi ch di vi des t he or ches-
t r a i nt o f r ont
and back sect i ons ent ai l s t he
el evat i on of t he f i r st r owof
seat s behi nd i t t o
make up f or hor i zont al wi dt h of
t he ai sl e.
The st andi ng
spect at or ' s eye l evel behi nd
t he r ear r owof seat s
i s assumed t o be 5 f t 6 i n.
above t he f l oor l evel of t he
l ast r ow. The si ght
l i ne f r omt hi s posi t i on
t o t he t op of t he scr een
or hi ghest pr obabl e
cur t ai n t r i m est abl i shes
t he mi ni mumhei ght
f or cei l i ng under bal cony.
( See Fi g. 21. )
Rai si ng t he st age wi l l make
i t possi bl e t o r e-
duce t he f l oor sl ope but at
t he penal t y of pr o-
duci ng upwar d
si ght l i nes i n t he f i r st t wo or
t hr ee
r ows whi ch ar e uncomf or t abl e and un-
nat ur al
f or vi ewi ng st age set t i ng and act i on.
I f t he st age
f l oor i s above t he el evat i on of t he
f i r st r oweye posi t i on, t he upst age f l oor out
of si ght by per haps as much as 6 i n. f r omt he
f i r st r owi s gener al l y pr ef er abl e t o havi ng an
excessi ve f l oor sl ope, especi al l y i f mor e t han
one bal cony i s used.
When pl anni ng f or mot i on pi ct ur es onl y, t he
l ower si ght l i ne f r omt he f i r st r owwi l l come t o
t he bot t om of t he pr oj ect ed pi ct ur e, appr oxi -
mat el y 24 i n. above t he st age f l oor , or st i l l
hi gher i f a r ever se f l oor sl ope i s pl anned.
I n h. yi ng out t he bal cony, si ght l i nes ar e l ai d
out f r omr ear t o f r ont because i t i s unsaf e t o
change bal cony sl ope. The f ocal poi nt onst age
i s t he poi nt f ar t hest downst age at whi ch vi si -
bi l i t y i s r equi si t e, or , i n t he case of mot i on pi c-
t ur es onl y, t he bot t omof t he scr een. The maxi -
mumf or war d ext ensi t y of t he bal cony i s t hen
det er mi ned whent he l ocat i on of t he spect at or ' s
eye posi t i on has been movedf or war d t o a poi nt
beyond whi ch t he f l oor and suppor t i ng st r uc-
t ur e woul d i nt er sect t he upper si ght l i ne of
t he spect at or st andi ng at t he r ear of t he
or chest r a.
Fi g. 20

( a) Maxi mumt ol er abl e upwar d si ght l i ne angl e
f or mot i on pi ct ur es.
( b)
Maxi mumangl e det er mi nes l oca-
t i on of cl osest seat s.
( c)
Basi c di mensi ons f or pl ot t i ng
f l oor
sl ope.
The pi t ch of bal cony f l oor s
shoul d not
change si nce t hat woul dent ai l a change of
r i ser
hei ght f or ai sl e st ai r s and i nt r oduce at t endant
hazar ds . I f vi si on f r omt he r ear r owi n
t he bal -
cony i s adequat e, t he r est of t he bal cony
i s
sat i sf act or y.
I n t heat er s desi gned onl y t o show
mot i on
pi ct ur es, t he f i r st r owneed not be l ocat ed so
t hat t he pat r on can see t he st age f l oor . I t i s sat -
i sf act or y i f he sees wi t hout obst r uct i on
t he bot -
t omof t he scr een whi ch i s sel dompl aced
l ess
Fi g. 21

The si ght l i ne of t he st andi ng
pat r on l i mi t s
t he bal cony
over hang.
I t i s appar ent
t hat a t heat er desi gned f or max-
i mumef f i ci ency
f or mot i on pi ct ur es ( r ever se
f l oor sl ope) i s al most
compl et el y usel ess f or
any ot her sor t
of pr oduct i on except l ar ge-
scr een t el evi si on.
The pr i nci pl e sur vi ves i n t he
angl e of t he car
st ands i n t he dr i ve- i n mot i on
pi ct ur e t heat er s .
Fl oor Di sh
The pl anni ng of t he f l oor sl ope i s not compl et ed
when pi t ch of or chest r a and bal cony has been
l ai d out on t he cent er l i ne. I t depends al so
on t he cur ve of t he r ows of seat s .
The whol e
r owmust be at t he some el evat i on i f t he seat s
ar e t o be l evel . The f l oor t her ef or e i s not a
sl oped pl ane, but a di shed sur f ace i n
whi ch
hor i zont al cont our s f ol l owt he seat r owcur ve.
The f l oor sect i on at t he cent er l i ne, r ot at ed
hor i zont al l y about t he cent er of cur vat ur e of
t he r ows of
seat s, wi l l det er mi ne t he or chest r a
f l oor shape. The bal cony i s pl anned t he some
way save t hat t he f l oor i s t er r aced t o t ake t he
seat s . ( See
Fi g. 22. )
Comment
I t has been est abl i shed t hat condi t i ons of
seei ng
l i mi t t he dept h of t he house. Si nce
capaci t y i s a
f unct i on of dept h and wi dt h,
i ncr easi ng t he wi dt h i ncr eases t he capaci t y.
However , si nce si ght l i nes f r omt he si de seat s
l i mi t t he angul ar spr ead of t he si de wal l s, t he
wi dt h can be i ncr eased onl y by i ncr easi ng
t he pr osceni um openi ng. The wi dt h of t he
pr osceni umopeni ng i s a f unct i on of t he ki nd
of pr oduct i on cont empl at ed f or
t he t heat er .
The di mensi ons gi ven i n Tabl e
1 ar e der i ved
f r omt he r equi r ement s of t he
t ypes of pr oduc-
TABLE 1 Pr osceni umWi dt hs, i n
Feet , f or Ki nds
of Theat r i cal Pr oduct i on
Mi ni -
mum
Usual
Reasonabl e
maxi mum
Dr ama.
. . . . . . . . . 26 30 t o 35
40
Vaudevi l l e,
r evue . . . 30 35
45
Musi cal comedy,
oper et t a . . . . . . . .
30 40
50
Pr esent at i on,
oper a . . . . . . . . .
40 60
80
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
Si ght Li nes ; St age
Space
I t s si ze, shape, ar r angement , and
equi pment ,
t her ef or e, must l ogi cal l y
devel op
f r om
t he na-
t ur e of t he per f or mance
. I nasmuch as ar chi t ec-
t ur al acoust i cs and t he el ect r oni c cont r ol
of
sound can pr ovi de f or
opt i mumaudi ence per -
cept i on of t he audi t or y
component s, r egar dl ess
of t he f or mof t he st age, devel opment
of
t he
r equi r ement s f or t he st age may
pr oceed f r oma
consi der at i on of t he
vi sual component s andt he
r out i ne of per f or mance.
STAGE SPACE
For al l
pr oduct i on t ypes, t he vi sual component s
di vi de i nt o
t wo cat egor i es : per f or mer s and
sceni c i nvest i t ur e. These i ndi cat e
t he f unc-
t i onal di vi si ons of t he
st age :
( 1)
t he space i n
whi ch t he per f or mer s
wor k, whi ch, t hough
act ual l y t hr eedi mensi onal ,
i s usual l y r ef er r ed
t o as t he act i ng
ar ea, and( 2) t he space wher ei n
t he sceni c
i nvest i t ur e i s ar r anged, whi ch wi l l be
cal l ed her eaf t er t he
scener y space. A cor ol -
l ar y of t he pr esence
of sceni c i nvest i t ur e i s t he
need f or i t s
oper at i on and st or age. Thi s i ndi -
cat es a t hi r d f unct i onal
di vi si on of t he st age:
wor ki ng and st or age
space.
Ther e i s a f unct i onal r el at i onshi p bet ween
act i ng ar ea, scener y space, and wor ki ng and
st or age space. The si ze, shape, and ar r ange-
ment of t he act i ng ar ea must be det er mi ned
bef or e t he ot her spaces can be l ogi cal l y devel -
oped. ( See Fi gs . 25 and 26 and Tabl e 2. 1
Per f or mance- Audi ence Rel at i onshi p
The t heat er si t uat i on
i s f undament al l y one of
t he r el at i onshi p bet ween t he
per f or mer s and
t he audi ence. The
audi ence want s t o hear and
see t he show
wi t hout di st r act i on and i n com-
f or t and saf et y, as st at ed,
but i t s ul t i mat e obj ec-
t i ve i n at t endi ng t he
showi s t o r ecei ve t he
ut most sensor y st i mul at i on
t owar d t he maxi -
mumemot i onal and i nt el l ect ual exper i ence.
Maxi mumappr eci at i on and enj oyment of ,
and
i n a ver y r eal sense par t i ci pat i on i n, t he
t he-
at er exper i ence by each i ndi vi dual member
of
t he audi ence depend upon t he maxi mum
enj oy-
ment of i t by t he ent i r e
audi ence
.
Gr oup r eac-
t i on t o a si ngl e per f or mance st i mul us i s some-
t hi ng l ess t han t ot al unl ess t hat st i mul us
be
per cei ved at t he
same t i me, i n t he same mea-
sur e, and wi t h t he same si gni f i cance by
t he
ent i r e gr oup.
Fi g. 24 The si ght l i ne pr obl em
i nher ent i n t he ar ena
f or m: Ahi des B and Cf r omf i r st
t wo r ows .
of near act or s t o t he heads,
and par t i al l y t he
bodi es, of act or s f ar t her
away.
The st age i s easi l y
def i ned : i t i s t hat par t of
t he t heat er wher e
t he per f or mance t akes pl ace.
Fi g . 23 Zone of i nvi si bi l i t y. Causes: st age t oo hi gh,
f r ont seat s t oo l ow.
Oper a houses of t he Renai ssance had si de
boxes f or t he ver y
good r eason t hat t he peopl e
i n t he
boxes compet ed ( of t en successf ul l y)
wi t h t he
st age showf or audi ence at t ent i on.
Thi s condi t i on
per si st s, but i t i s wor t h not i ng
t hat t he
best exampl e of such a t heat er i n
Amer i ca has not made a ni ckel f or a gener at i on.
Never t hel ess,
t heat er s wi t h at l east vest i gi al
si de boxes ar e st i l l bui l t .
I t
i s per haps unnecessar y t o add t hat t he-
at er s pl anned i n conf or mi t y
wi t h t he pr i nci pl es
her e set f or t h may adher e i n
spi r i t t o al most
anyar chi t ect ur al st yl e by t he
di scr eet pl anni ng
of ser vi ce and decor at i ve
el ement s whi ch do
not af f ect t he basi c
shape of t he t heat er . I n
t heat er s whi ch ar e bei ng
r ebui l t , i t i s of t en
possi bl e t o r et ai n t he
desi r abl e f eat ur es and
st i l l pr ovi de a good t heat er .
Open
St age and Ext ended St age
The
open st age f or mi n whi ch si ght l i nes must
be di r ect ed
t o
t he
edge of t he act i ng ar ea neces-
si t at es st eep
bal coni es . The bal cony of a t he-
at er whi ch
i s conver t i bl e f r om pr osceni um t o
Fi g. 25

Posi t i on of backst age ar eas r el at i ve t o
each ot her
.
Thi s di agr ammust not be i nt er pr et ed i n t er ms of si ze
or shape.
open
st age f or mmust f ol l owt he r equi r ement s
f or open st age. Any t heat er i n
whi ch per -
f or mance ext ends
beyondt he pr osceni umont o
ei t her
f or est age, open st age, or ext ended st age
r equi r es ver y
car ef ul pl anni ng t o pr ovi de good
seei ng f r om
al l bal cony seat s t o al l par t s of
t he act i ng
ar ea.
Ar ena
St age
Few, i f any,
ar ena- f or m t heat er s have bal -
coni es,
nor
ar e t hey l i kel y t o have si nce t he al l -
ar ound seat i ng of t he ar ena f or m seems t o
sat i sf y
seat i ng capaci t y demands wi t hout bal -
coni es . Mor eover , t o sat i sf y t he r equi r ement s
of good seei ng i n ar ena, i t i s necessar y t o el e-
vat e
successi ve r ows of seat s mor e t hen i n
pr osceni umf or mas a par t i al sol ut i on of t he i n-
sol ubl e
pr obl emof act or s cover i ng ot her act or s
f r omsome spect at or ' s di r ect i on.
( See Fi g . 24. )
I f seat r ows ar e successi vel y
and suf f i ci ent l y
el evat ed, t he audi ence
may see over t he heads
Fi g
.
22

Devel oped f l oor sl ope f or unobst r uct ed vi i i on.
t i on not ed when t he per f or mances ar e so
st aged
as t o assur e maxi mum ef f ect i veness .
Wher e budget per mi t s bui l di ng t o have bet t er
t han mi ni mumvi si bi l i t y st andar ds, wal l angl es
may be nar r owed, f l oor angl es i ncr eased, and
bal cony
omi t t ed, and vi si bi l i t y f r omt he wor st
seat s t her eby i mpr oved t o a poi nt consi der abl y
bet t er t han what i s j ust sal abl e. Aver y r eal
pr obl em, however , i s t o pr event pr ecedent or
per sonal pr ej udi ce f r om so i nf l uenci ng audi -
t or i umdesi gn as t o cause t he i ncl usi on of l ar ge
number s of unsal abl e seat s . One manager
i nsi st ed, af t er f l oor sl ope and st age hei ght had
been det er mi ned and t he audi t or i umf l oor l ai d,
t hat t he st age f l oor be l ower ed some 10 i n.
bel owt he hei ght cal l ed f or i n t he pl an, i n t he
i nt er est s of , as he put i t , " i nt i macy. " Fr omt he
mi ddl e of t he or chest r a i n t hat t heat er i t i s
har d t o see bel owt he l evel of t he act or ' s
navel
.
( See Fi g. 23 . )
Gr eek t heat er s wer e semi ci r cul ar ( hor i zont al
si ght - l i ne angl e 90' ' t o cent er l i ne) . Thi s was
al l r i ght i n Gr eece wher e t her e was no pr osce-
ni um.
I t
i s obvi ousl y not al l r i ght wher e a
pr osceni um i s used. Yet , a mi sgui ded r ever -
ence f or anci ent pr act i ce st i l l gi ves us some
t heat er s wi t h
i mpossi bl e si ght l i nes .
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
St age Space
TABLE 2

Spat i al
Requi r ement s f or Var i ous Types of Theat r i cal
Pr oduct i ons
Gener al
Act i ng ar ea
si ze
Shape
Pageant andsymphoni c dr ama . . . . . . .
Dr amat i c epi sodes, pr ocessi ons,
mar ches
.
Fr om 2, 000 t o 5, 000 sq f t , dependi ng
Rect angul ar wi t h aspect r at i o
bet ween
dances, and cr owd scenes . Masses
of on t he scal e of t he pageant .
1 t o 3 and 2 t o 3.
per f or mer s engaged i n si mpl e but
ex-
pansi ve movement s bef or e ver y
l ar ge
audi ences.
Gr and oper a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
on t he
. .
Lar ge number s of
per f or mer s Mi ni mum: 1, 000 sq
f t Quadr i l at er al
wi t h an aspect r at i o be-
act i ng ar ea at one t i me: of t en
mor e t hen Usual : About 2, 500 sq
f t t ween 1 t o 2 and 2 t o 3.
Si des conver ge
one hundr ed i n bi g
scenes and f i nal es . Reasonabl e maxi mum: 4, 000
sq f t t owar d t he back of
t he st age, f ol l owi ng
Movement i s mar t i al pr ocessi ons
and
t he si ght l i nes f r om t he
ext r eme l at er al
gr oup dances and
t he cost umes ar e
posi t i ons .
el abor at e. Sol oi st s per f or m
downst age
cent er , cl ose t o t he
f oot l i ght s but wi t h-
i n t he bounds of t he
convent i onal
pr osceni um, pr i nci pal s pl ay
t wosome
and gr oup scenes i n t he ar ea near
t he
audi ence, and chor uses and
super nu-
mer ar i es r equi r e space upst age.
The
bal l et end t he chor us of sol di er s,
pi l gr i ms,
peasant s, or whet not , somet i mes
f i l l
t he ent i r e act i ng ar ea. The per f or mance
i s vi ewed obj ect i vel y by t he audi ence
and does not benef i t by
i nt i mat e cont act
bet ween per f or mance and audi ence
.
Vaudevi l l e, r evue . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t he
. .
Vaudevi l l e and r evue emphasi ze
Mi ni mum: 350 sq i t
Rhomboi d wi t h aspect r at i o
about 1 t o 3 .
human scal e . Al t hough t he vaudevi l l i an
Usual : About 450 sq f t
Si des conver ge t owar d
back of st age
keys hi s per f or mance f or t he l ast r ow
i n Reasonabl e maxi mum: 700 sq f t
f ol l owi ng t he si ght l i nes f r om
t he ext r eme
t he gal l er y, t he f or m i s char act er i zed
l at er al seat s.
by i nt i mat e di r ect r el at i onshi p
bet ween
per f or mer and audi ence: monol ogues
st r ai ght t o t he f r ont , conf i dent i al
asi des
t o
t he f r ont r ow, and audi ence par t i ci pa-
t i on i n i l l usi ons . Ot her act s l acr obat i cs,
et c
. l
ar e pl ayed acr oss t he l i ne of audi -
ence vi si on f o r maxi mumef f ect .
Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gr acef ul and expr essi ve
movement s Anyt hi ng under 700 so f t i s const r i ct i ng
. Rhomboi d wi t h
aspect
r at i o about
3 t o 4.
of human f i gur es i n desi gned pat t er ns,
Reasonabl e maxi mum: 1, 200 sq
f t May pr oj ect i nt o and be
sur r ounded
by
chi ef l y i n t wo di mensi ons but wi t h
t he
audi ence
( open
st age or ar ena)
si nce
t hi r d di mensi on i nt r oduced by l eaps
f r ont al aspect of per f or mer s has
mi ni mal
and car r i es . Occasi onal el evat i on of
par t s
and space- f i l l i ng qual i t y has
maxi mal
of t he st age f l oor. Si ngl es, duet s, t r i os,
si gni f i cance .
quar t et s, gr oups . Themovement demands
maxi mal cl ear st age
space
.
Musi cal : f ol k oper a, oper et t a,
These f or ms embody on a
smal l er scal e Mi ni mum: 600 sq
f t Pr osceni um:
musi cal comedy, musi cal dr ama
t he pr oduct i on el ement s of gr and oper a,
Usual : About 1, 200 sa
f t
Rhomboi d wi t h aspect r at i o
bet ween 1
pl us a cer t ai n f r eedomand a quest
f or Reasonabl e maxi mum
: 1, 800 sq f t
t o 2
and 2 t o 3. Si des conver ge
t owar d
novel t y whi ch encour age t he devel op-
t he back of t he st age f ol l owi ng
t he
ment of newper f or mance devi ces
. Cl ose
si ght l i nes f r om t he ext r eme
l at er al
audi ence cont act of sol oi st s
and
seat s.
speci al i st s i s bor r owed f r om
vaudevi l l e
and r evue. Bi g scenes i nvol ve
many
Ar ena:
dancer s, si nger s, and showgi r l s,
of t en
wi t h space- f i l l i ng cost ume andmovement
.
Ci r cl e, squar e, or r ect angl e ( 3 by
4
Fi f t y
peopl e
on st age at one t i me i s
not
aspect r at i ol
or el l i pse
( 3
by 4 aspect
unusual .
r at i o)
.
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
St age Space
Long axi s of t he act i ng ar ea per pen-
di cul ar t o t he opt i mumsi ght l i ne. Audi -
ence gr ouped as cl ose as possi bl e t o
t he opt i mumsi ght l i ne.
Wi dt h equal t o t he
l ong di mensi on of
t he act i ng ar ea.
Fl exi bi l i t y i s t o some
advant age i n r evue
but of l i t t l e val ue i n
vaudevi l l e
Musi c and
wi t h bot h
f or mances.
musi ci ans .
musi c cues cl osel y i nt egr at ed
vaudevi l l e and r evue per -
Pi t space f or f r om 15 t o 30
Conduct or and per cussi oni st
Most of
t he
vi sual
component s of vaude-
vi l l e and r evue ar e such t hat t hey
ar e
per cei ved best i n t he convent i onal
audi -
ence- per f or mance r el at i onshi p
. The
Thef or est age i s an essent i al par t of t he
must have good vi ew of t he act i on.
comi c monol ogi st who must conf r ont
hi s
act i ng ar ea; st eps, r amps, and r unways
audi ence i s def eat ed by t he open st age
i nt o t he house ar e usef ul .
and ar ena ar r angement s
.
Near l y squar e act i ng ar ea so t hat dance Pr osceni um not r eal l y necessar y; t hough Musi c al most al ways
accompani es Dancei n i t s var i ous mani f est at i ons i s t he
pat t er ns may be ar r anged i n dept h and usef ul as conceal ment f or l i ght i ng i n- dancer s. For dance as par t
of
oper a
per f or mance f or mbest sui t ed t o t he open
movement may be i n many di r ect i ons st r ument s and dancer s awai t i ng en- or musi cal show, or chest r a i s
i n pi t . st age or ar ena si nce i t possesses t he
i ncl udi ng al ong
t he di agonal s . Many t r ances, ot her devi ces such as pyl ons, For dance as speci f i c
per f or mance, as l east amount of f aci al - expr essi on si gni f i -
dance
- f i gur es r equi r e ci r cul ar move- movabl e panel s, and cur t ai ns may be i n bal l et , or chest r a may be i n
r emot e
cance and
t he gr eat est amount of
ment . Many ent r ances
desi r abl e, es- subst i t ut ed l ocat i on and musi c
pi ped
i n. Maxi mum movement and
pat t er n i n t wo or t hr ee di -
peci al l y f r om
t he si des of t he act i ng or chest r a f or dance: 60 musi ci ans i n mensi ons . El evat i on of
t he audi ence t o
ar ea.
pi t f or cl assi cal bal l et . Mi ni mum: one per cei ve best t he pat t er ns
of dance i s
dr ummer . desi r abl e.
Pr osceni um:
Usual l y as
wi de as t he act i ng ar ea, Musi c an i nt egr al audi t or y component , The assumpt i on by bal l et of a gr eat er
Long axi s of act i ng ar ea per pendi cul ar but shoul d be adapt abl e t o changes somet i mes
i nt egr al
vi sual l y.
El evat i ng shar e i n t he per f or mance of musi cal
t o
t he opt i mumsi ght
l i ne. Mechani zed i n t he ar r angement of
t he
act i ng ar ea or chest i
,
p,
t o accommodat e f r om comedy i ndi cat es t he need f or a hi gh
mobi l i t y of st r uct ur al par t s t o pr oduce descr i bed i n t he pr ecedi ng col umn. 20 t o 4
mwsi ci ans
gener al si ght l i ne
f r om t he audi ence.
changes i n act i ng
ar ea
ar r angement Aphenomenon of t he l ast 20 summer s
ar e
desi r abl e.
For est ages,
si dest ages, Ar ena
:
None Ar ena: has been t he gr owt h of t he musi cal
act i ng ar ea el evat or s .
Or chest r a pi t besi de t he act i ng ar ea
t heat r e ar ena under canvas
by
whi ch
huge audi ences have been enabl ed
Ar ena:
par al l el t o l ong axi s and opposi t e pr i n-
t o see r evi val s of st andar d and Br oad-
ent r ance. Thi s unavoi dabl y i mpar t s
way musi cal s et popul ar pr i ces t hough
Numer ous Numer ous wi de ent r ances f or act or s a per f or mer or i ent at i on t owar d t he
wi t h gener al r educt i on of
f
sceni c
sceni c
i nvest i -
and st age hands vi a t he ai sl es or t hr ough or chest r a and f avor s t he seat s i n t hat
t ur e t o t hat whi ch i s possi bl e
i n t he
t unnel s under t he seat i ng banks
.
Ramps gener al di r ect i on.
ar ena f or m. The movement has been
pr ef er abl e t o st ai r s or st eps. Exper i
economi cal l y f easi bl e
and gener al l y
ment at i on possi bl e i n r ender i ng st age
pr of i t abl e.
f l exi bl e by l i f t s, and i n devel opment of
f l yi ng syst ems over t he act i ng ar ea.
Ar r angement Pr osceni um
Or chest r a
Comment
Long di mensi on of
act i ng ar ea per pen- Ei t her no pr osceni um wi t h per f or mer s Space
f or 100 musi ci ans bet ween Pr i mar i l y an out door
f or m, i t i s of t en
di cul ar t o gener al
si ght l i ne. Audi ence ent er i ng t he " pageant f i el d" f r ombeyond audi ence
and act i ng ar ea. Conduct or st aged i n makeshi f t or adapt ed
t heat r es,
ent i r el y on one si de,
el evat ed t o per cei ve t he l at er al si ght l i nes, or st r uct ur al
must see per f or mance. ut i l i zi ng at hl et i c f i el ds
and st ands or
t wo- di mensi onal
movement . Lar ge open- or nat ur al bar r i er s t o del i neat e t he si de
nat ur al amphi t heat r es. Af ew
per manent
i ngs at ends and i n si de opposi t e
audi - l i mi t s of t he act i ng ar ea and conceal
pageant t heat r es have
been bui l t .
ence f or pr ocessi ons, gr oup
ent r ances, backst age appar at us and act i vi t y
and exi t s . Some el evat i on of
por t i on of " Cur t ai ns" of sl i di ng panel s, l i ght s or
act i ng ar ea opposi t e audi ence,
pur el y f ount ai ns f or conceal i ng t he act i ng ar ea;
f or composi t i onal r easons.
of t en t he conceal ment i s by bl ackout
onl y
Long di mensi on per pendi cul ar t o
t he Wi dt h equal t o t he l ong di mensi on of Pi t f or 60
t o
60
musi ci ans . Conduct or Movement i n t wo di mensi ons i n act i ng
gener al si ght l i ne. Audi ence el evat ed
t he act i ng ar ea. must have good vi ew of
act i on ar ea i s a si gni f i cant vi sual component ,
t o per cei ve t wo- di mensi onal movement
pr edi cat i ng el evat i on of t he seat i ng ar ea
t o make t hi s movement vi si bl e.
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
St age Space
TABLE 2

Spat i al Requi r ement s f or Var i ous Types of Theat r i cal Pr oduct i ons ( Cont i nued)
Tot al Uni f or mEf f ect
I f t he t heat er does not
per mi t t ot al uni f or m
st i mul us and r eact i on, t he per f or mance can
never r each i t s peak of ef f ect i veness . The best
ef f or t s
of
t heat er ar t i st s st and t he best chance
of appr eci at i ve r ecept i on by audi ences i f t he
audi ence- per f or mance r el at i onshi p f ost er s t o-
t al uni f or mst i mul us and r eact i on, her ei naf t er
cal l ed t ot al uni f or mef f ect .
The pr oducer and t he t heat er ar t i st s have r e-
qui r ement s consi st ent wi t h t hese: t hey want
t he physi cal f aci l i t i es whi ch wi l l al l ow t hei r
showt o st i mul at e t he audi ence t o t he maxi mum
of i nt el l ect ual and emot i onal appr eci at i on . The
ski l l ed t heat er ar t i st appl i es knowl edge of au-
di ence r eact i on t o t he pr epar at i on of ever y par t
of t he per f or mance. I f , because of i nadequaci es
of t he t heat er bui l di ng, t he audi ence cannot
per cei ve t he per f or mance as t he ar t i st has
pl anned i t , t he ar t i st f ai l s t hr ough no f aul t of
hi s own, and t he audi ence i s di sappoi nt ed.
Not onl y i s i t t he hei ght of t heat r i cal ar t i st r y
f or t he showman t o achi eve t hi s condi t i on of t o-
t al uni f or mef f ect , but i t i s good busi ness . The
spect at or who does not see or does not hear or
does not compr ehend a speech or act i on be-
cause of i nadequat e physi cal or i ent at i on
t owar d t he per f or mance f eel s t o
some degr ee
cheat ed of hi s admi ssi on f ee and
l ess i ncl i ned
t o r et ur n t o t he t heat er t han does t he spect at or
who per cei ves al l t he component s of
t he per -
f or mance f ul l y and who f eel s t hat t he
per f or -
mance i s pr oj ect ed t owar d hi mand t hose cl ose
t o
hi m.
Exper t
showmen
and ar t i st s use t hei r pr o-
duct i onal knowl edge
and ski l l s t o t he f ul l est
wi t hi n t he l i mi t s
of
t he physi cal pl ant s at t hei r
di sposal .
I t
i s
t he
dut y of
t he t heat er pl anner t o
pr ovi de t hemwi t h f aci l i t i es
whi ch nei t her l i mi t
nor hi nder
t hei r ef f or t s.
The per f or mance and
t he
audi ence
can be r e-
l at ed t o each ot her i n a l i mi t ed number of com-
bi nat i ons wi t h some degr ee of var i at i on pos-
si bl e
i n
each
ar r angement .
Per f or mance- Audi ence Ar r angement s
Audi ence Looki ng i n One Di r ect i on t owar d t he Per f or -
mance: Pr osceni um Thi s has been t he conven-
t i onal ar r angement of t he t went i et h- cent ur y
t heat er i n t he Uni t ed St at es . I t has t he f ol -
l owi ng at t r i but es :
I t af f or ds t he maxi mum conf r ont at i on of
per f or mer s and audi ence and i s best f or l ec-
t ur er s, concer t si nger s, r eci t at i on anddr amat i c
pr esent at i on. I t est abl i shes a l i mi t ed or i ent a-
t i on of per f or mer s t o audi ence. The audi ence
Fi g . 27
bei ng i n one compact gr oup wi t hi n a nar r ow
hor i zont al angl e, t he per f or mer s can r el at e
t hei r act i ons t o t he whol e audi ence si mul t a-
neousl y. f See Fi g. 27. )
I t cr eat es a l i mi t ed, uni f i ed, f i xed f r ame
f or
t he pi ct or i al composi t i on of t he per f or mance.
Scener y can appr oach t he qual i t y of f i ne ar t i n
t he r ef i nement of i t s desi gn el ement s .
I t per mi t s t he di r ect or and desi gner t o r el at e
per f or mer s t o scener y, secur e i n t he knowl edge
t hat t he whol e audi ence wi l l per cei ve
t he r el a-
t i onshi ps i n t he same way.
I t i s t he best ar r angement f or pr esent i ng t o
an audi ence a dr amat i c act i on of
conf l i ct or op-
posi t i on of f or ces because t he l i ne of act i on
of
t he opposi t i on or conf l i ct i s acr oss t he
l i ne of
vi si on of t he audi ence and hence i s
maxi mal l y
per cept i bl e.
I t i s t he f or mmost conduci ve t o t he pr oduc-
t i on of t ot al uni f or m ef f ect .
Bei ng t he est abl i shed convent i onal f or m, i t
st ands vul ner abl e t o at t ack by avant - gar di st s
who of t en seek change f or t he sake of
change.
Fi g. 26 Posi t i on of backst age spaces .
Gener al char act er i st i cs Act i ng ar ea si ze Shape
Legi t i mat e dr ama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Of al l pr oduct i on t ypes, l egi t i mat e dr ama Mi ni mum: 240 sq f t ( 12 by 20 f t l Pr osceni um:
pl aces t he gr eat est emphasi s upon t he Usual : About 525 sq f t ( 15 by 35 f t )
Duadr i l at er al wi t h an aspect r at i o about
scal e of t he human act or . The i mpor t ance Reasonabl e maxi mum: 1, 000 sq f t
1
t o 2. Si des conver ge t owar d
t he
back
of t he i ndi vi dual act or r equi r es t hat st age ( 25 by 40 f t l
of t he st age f ol l owi ng t he si ght l i ne f r om
space and scener y do not dwar f hi m.
t he ext r eme l at er al seat s.
Domi nance of pl ot , l ocal e, and char ac
t er i zat i on r equi r es ver i si mi l i t ude i n
Open st age:
t he si ze and r el at i onshi p of sceni c ob-
i ect s . Too smal l an act i ng ar ea cr owds
Semi ci r cl e, quadr i l at er al , or pol ygon
act or s and f ur ni t ur e, hamper s st age
pr oj ect i ng f r om a pr osceni um or f r om
act i on, and det r act s f r om t he dr amat i c
an ar chi t ect ur al f acade.
ef f ect whi ch i s t he sol e ai m of t he per -
f or mance. Too l ar ge an act i ng ar ea Ar ena:
di mi ni shes t he act or i n scal e and r ender s
Ci r cl e, squar e, r ect angl e,
pol ygon,
or
hi s per f or mance i nef f ect i ve by weaken-
el l i pse wi t h about 3 by 4 aspect r at i o .
i ng t he ef f ect of hi s gest ur es and
Ent r ances f r om di agonal cor ner s and i n
movement .
mi ddl e of one or bot h l ong si des .
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
St age Space
ment
seat s t he l ar gest audi ence
wi t hi n t he
shor t est
di st ance f r omt he act i ng
ar ea. I t i s
t her ef or e
at t r act i ve t o t he showman
and al so t o
t he spect at or who at t aches
val ue t o pr oxi mi t y
t o t he st age. ( See
Fi gs
.
29and 31. )
The cl ai ms of i nt i macy whi ch
ar e voi ced f or
t he open st age ar r angement
ar e r epeat ed f or
t he cent r al st age and t he same
demur r er s appl y
wi t h t he addi t i onal st at ement
of posi t i ons pr o
and cont r a t he f eat ur e of
seei ng t he audi ence
acr oss t he act i ng ar ea.
The ar gument pr o i s t hat
seei ng
ot her member s of
t he audi ence en-
j oyi ng t he showst i mul at es
one' s own enj oy-
ment . The ar gument cont r a
cl ai ms t hat t he op-
posi t e audi ence seen beyond
t he act or s i s no
par t of t he per f or mance
and i s t her ef or e a
negat i ve f act or t o t he
degr ee t hat i t i s di s-
t r act i ng. I t i s sur el y a negat i ve
f act or i n t hat i t i s
not a per t of t he desi gn
end pl an of t he per f or -
mance ; i t i s not sceni c
i nvest i t ur e.
Economy i s al so af f ect ed by
t he ef f ect i ve l i m-
i t at i on of scener y: Ther e
can be no scener y or
pr oper t i es t hat t he audi ence
cannot see over ,
under , or t hr ough. Thi s
r est r i ct s sceni c i n-
vest i t ur e t o pai nt or
ot her cover i ngs on t he
st age
f l oor , ver y l ow pl at f or ms,
devi ces sus-
pended
above t he act i ng ar ea,
out l i ne r epr esen-
t at i ons of
such obj ect s as must
be set on t he
Fi g
.
28
seei ng, but
i t pl aces a bur den of
di f f used or i en-
t at i on upon
di r ect or s and per f or mer s
and
makes
i mpossi bl e t he achi evement of
t ot al uni -
f or mef f ect .
I t cont ai ns
i nher ent di f f i cul t i es i n
t he en-
t r ance and
exi t of act or s whi ch ar e
usual l y
sol ved by
pr ovi di ng ent r ances beneat h
t he
seat i ng ar ea.
Di f f i cul t i es
per t ai ni ng t o t he sceni c
I nvest i -
t ur e whi ch ar e
common t o bot h t hi s
ar r ange-
ment and t he
ar ena ar r angement wi l l
be con-
si der ed t oget her
.
Audi ence Sur r oundi ng
Per f or mance: Ar ena
or Cent r al
St agi ng
Var i ousl y cal l ed bandbox,
ar ena, t he-
at er - i n- t he- r ound,
ci r cl e t heat er and
der i vi ng
cer t ai nl y f r om
ci r cus, anci ent
amphi t heat r e
( doubl e t heat er ) ,
and pr i mi t i ve
r i t ual si t es, t he
ar r angement
of t he act i ng ar ea i n
t he cent er of a
sur r oundi ng
r i ng of audi ence has
gai ned i n
popul ar i t y i n
t he t went i et h cent ur y
f or a num-
ber of r easons :
Expedi ency.

At
a t i me when f or mal
t heat er s
have been
decr easi ngl y avai l abl e
and i n-
cr easi ngl y
expensi ve t o bui l d, whi l e
si mul t a-
neousl y t he
number of pl ay pr oduct i on
gr oups
has been
i ncr easi ng r api dl y, t he
ar ena ar r ange-
ment , achi evabl e
i n any l ar ge r oom,
makes a
r udi ment ar y
t heat er possi bl e.
Economy.

As wel l as seat i ng
maxi mumau-
di ence i n t he
mi ni mumencl osur e,
t hi s ar r ange-
I t i s l i mi t ed i n
seat i ng capaci t y because t he
pr i nci pal
di r ect i on of expansi on i s away
f r om
t he per f or mance
; t he l i mi t of good seei ng
be-
comes t he l i mi t
of expansi on. Expansi on
l at er -
al l y t ends t o
dest r oy t ot al uni f or m
ef f ect by
maki ng occupant s
of t he si de seat s
vi ew t he
per f or mance
f r omwi del y di ver gent angl es
and
t hus see
t he act or s, act i on and scener y
i n non-
si gni f i cant
r el at i onshi p.
Theat r i cal
pr oduct i on r ef uses t o be con-
t ai ned wi t hi n
a st r i ct l y l i mi t ed space
behi nd a
r ect angul ar
openi ng. The exi st i ng pr osceni um
f or mhas been
cal l ed t he pi ct ur e f r ame st age,
and t he peep
showst age, and even
dur i ng i t s
i nci dence andr i se t o
pr eval ence t her e wer e
ob-
j ect i ons t o i t s
r est r i ct i ve char act er . The t heor y
of t heat er
admi t s, and numer ous moder n pl ays
cont ai n, i nst ances
wher e t he cont act bet ween
per f or mance and
audi ence must be mor e i nt i -
mat e t han t he
f or mal f r ame per mi t s .
Hi st or y of
t heat er shows 24
cent ur i es i n whi ch t he pi ct ur e
f r ame was ei t her nonexi st ent
or modi f i ed by t he
use of act i ng ar eas
i n f r ont of i t , agai nst
t he
l ast cent ur y and a quar t er
dur i ng whi ch t he pr o-
sceni um devel oped i n
pr omi nence. Moder n
t heat r i cal pr act i ce cont ai ns
f r equent i nst ances
of
t he per f or mance' s
at t empt i ng t o come
t hr ough t he f r ame, i nt o,
about , and ar ound t he
audi ence .
Audi ence Par t i al l y
Sur r oundi ng t he Per f or mance:
Open
St age i n sever al
var i at i ons t hi s ar r angement
has gai ned i n popul ar i t y
dur i ng t he mi dcent ur y
.
Essent i al l y an ol d
ar r angement descended f r om
Gr eek, Roman,
Renai ssance, and El i zabet han
t heat er s, i t
has been r eadopt ed f or
sever al
r easons :
I t pl aces
t he per f or mer s i n t he same
space
envel ope as t he
audi ence. Thi s i s sai d
t o pr o-
duce a uni t y of
exper i ence bet ween
per f or mer s
end audi ence,
t hough t he aut hor s
bel i eve t hat
t he essent i al
di chot omy of f unct i on
bet ween
per f or mer s and
audi ence per si st s r egar dl ess
of
spat i al r el at i onshi p
and t hat at t empt s t o
r esol ve
t hi s di chot omy
ar e f ut i l e, f al l aci ous, and
i r r el e-
vant . ( See Fi g.
28. )
I t pl aces mor e
spect at or s cl oser t o
t he per -
f or mance t han does
t he pr osceni um
ar r ange-
i nent and i n t hi s
way cont r i but es t o
good
Fi g.
29
Ar r angement
Pr osceni um
Or chest r a
Comment
The r eal i st i c st yl e of
dr amat i c pr oduc . Wi dt h
equal t o l ong di mensi on
of t he Or chest r al musi c i s
somet i mes an The
var i ous f or ms of t heat r e used
t i on conf i nes t he per f or mance
t o an act . act i ng
ar ea. Movi ng panel s t o
var y i nt egr al vi sual
par t of t he per f or mance, by
l egi t i mat e dr ama ar e di scussed f ul l y
i ng ar ea ent i r el y
i nsi de t he pr osceni um. wi dt h,
openi ngs i n pr osceni um spl ay
but most gener al l y i t i s a pur el y
audi t or y ear l i er i n t hi s
chapt er .
The apr on i s not used.
Most hi st or i c t o f or m
si dest ages, movabl e pyl ons
component . I t i s not gener al l y
necessar y
st yl es and much moder n
dr amat i c t heor y or col umns
by whi ch openi ng may be
f or t he or chest r a t o be seen by t he au-
demand
mor e f r eedom of
audi ence- subdi vi ded
ar e al l desi r abl e.
di ence, but because cuei ng of
musi c
per f or mance r el at i onshi p
t han t he Fl exi bi l i t y
and mobi l i t y ar e i ncr easi ngl y
i s so exact i ng, t he conduct or must see
r eal i st i c
st yl e and cal l f or t he pr oj ect i on
desi r abl e .
The appl i cat i on of mot i ve
t he act i on. I t i s r easonabl e t o
pr ovi de
of t he per f or mance
t owar d, i nt o, and power under
r emot e cont r ol t o t he move-
a pi t f or f r om 15 t o 30 musi ci ans, but
ar ound
t he audi ence. For t hi s
pr oj ect i ng ment of st r uct ur al
par t s t o pr oduce
t he f l exi bi l i t y ci t ed at t he l ef t must
be
apr ons, f or est ages,
si dest ages, r unways, di f f er ent
ar r angement s appear s de-
pr ovi ded, ei t her by por t abl e pi t cover s,
st eps
and r amps i nt o t he
ai sl es ar e al l si r abl e but i s
cost l y. Manual l y al t er abl e
st eps, and pl at f or ms or by
mechani zed
t o some degr ee usef ul . To
meet t he depar t s, par t i cul ar l y
f or est age pr osceni um
or chest r a l i t t s . Ther e i s oppor t uni t y
mands
of di f f er ent st yl es and
st yl i st s, panel s and
sect i ons of t he st age f l oor ,
f or or i gi nal i t y of ar r angement .
t he
act i ng ar ea f or dr ama
must be i f not unwi el dy,
ar e r easonabl e sub-
capabl e
of assumi ng many shapes
To st i t ut es
conf i ne i t wi t hi n t he
pr osceni um open-
i ng i s
adequat e f or t he r eal i st i c
st yl e
but
i nadequat e f or t he
ot her s ; t o pr o-
j ect
i t t owar d, i nt o, or ar ound
t he
audi ence
i n any r i gi dl y
unal t er abl e
f or m i s
l i kewi se adequat e f or one st yl e
but
i nadequat e f or ot her s .
Fi g. 31 Ar ena st age, Washi ngt on, D. C. Ar chi t ect s : Har r y Weese &Associ at es . Consul t ant s: Bol t , Ber anek &
Newman. Thear ena st age ( capaci t y 752) i s an oct agonal - shaped t heat er - i n- t he- r ound wi t h a r ect angul ar per f or mi ng
ar ea. One of t he f our t i er s of seat s i s r embvabl e t o per mi t at hr ee- quar t er ar ena f or m. The st age f l oor i s t r apped t o
pr ovi de addi t i onal st agi ng f l exi bi l i t y and t o pr ovi de an or chest r a pi t when
t he
t hr ee- quar t er ar r angement i s
used f or
musi cal s . The hei ght of t he cat wal k- l i ght i ng gr i d f r omt he st age f l oor i s al so adj ust abl e
.
The bui l di ng was
desi gned
f or a r esi dent , pr of essi onal , r eper t or y company.
Cul t ur al
THEATERS
St age Space
st age f or use by t he act or s ( door s, wi ndows,
and si mi l ar ar chi t ect ur al det ai l s) , and l ow
pi eces of f ur ni t ur e .
Di sadvant ages
.
Because t he
audi ence i s
seat ed al l ar ound t he act i ng ar ea, i t i s unavoi d-
abl e t hat vi ewpoi nt s wi l l be maxi mal l y di f f er ent
and i t becomes i mpossi bl e f or di r ect or and
act or s t o compose t he per f or mance so as t o
pr oduce a t ot al uni f or mef f ect . Fur t her mor e be-
cause t he condi t i ons
of cover i ng ( one act or
bl ocki ng audi ence vi si on of anot her act or ) ar e
al so maxi mi zed, i t i s necessar y t o pr event
cover i ng by i ncr easi ng t he pi t ch of t he seat i ng
ar ea.
An unavoi dabl e di sadvant age of t hi s f or m
l i es i n t he ant er i or - post er i or aspect of ever y
act or and t he f act t hat t he most dr amat i cal l y
expr essi ve si de i s or i ent ed i n onl y one di r ec-
t i on. The summar y comment on t hi s aspect
was made by t he l at e Davi d I t ki n : " I have seen
one- hal f of t he show; now1 wi l l buya t i cket on
t he ot her si de of t he house and see t he ot her
hal f of t he show. " Unf or t unat el y, because t he
per f or mance must ( at t i mes) be or i ent ed
t owar d t he si des wher e
he
has not
yet sat wi t h
hi s t wo t i cket s,
he woul d have had t o buy t wo
mor e t i cket s, f our i n al l .
Per f or mance Ext endi ng ar ound Audi ence: Ext ended
St age Var i ousl y cal l ed si de st ages, mul t i - pr o-
sceni um, t heat er - al l - ar ound, and even t hea-
t r ams, t hi s ar r angement has gai ned some ac-
cept ance i nt he mi dcent ur y decades . ( See
Fi g. 30. )
Thi s f or m begi ns as an ext ensi on of t he
convent i onal act i ng ar ea t o l ef t and r i ght ,
usual l y as par odoi ent r ances on t he audi ence
si de of t he pr osceni um, or as door s i n t he
si de
wal l spl ays whi ch may be used when
desi r ed as
f r ont al ent r ances ont o t he st age
.
I t s
f ul l est de-
vel opment i s i n t he f our - st age f or mwhi ch r e-
qui r es t hat t he audi ence si t i n swi vel chai r s .
I t s uses i n pr oduct i on ar e var i ous :
1 . Smal l scenes pl ayed on si de st ages whi l e
scener y i s bei ng changed on t he mai n st age.
2. Pr ocessi ons ent er i ng f r omt he si de st ages
and movi ng i nt o t he mai n st age.
3. Expansi on of act i ng ar ea f or si mul t aneous
showi ng of sever al set t i ngs or l ocal es .
4. El i mi nat i on of changes of
scener y by
havi ng al l scener y set upon t he var i ous st ages
and movi ng t he act i on and even r ot at i ng t he
audi ence. ( Thi s f or mr el at es di r ect l y t o t he t el e-
vi si on st udi o met hod of havi ng
sever al set t i ngs
set
up and
movi ng
act or s and
camer as f r om
one set
t o
anot her . )
Fi g. 30
Cul t ur al
COMMUNI TY
THEATERS
The communi t y
t heat er usual l y cont ai ns 500 t o
1, 000 seat s
and ser ves amat eur s, semi pr of es-
si onal s, and
vi si t i ng pr of essi onal gr oups.
Most
of t he scener y and
cost umes ar e desi gned and
made at t he
t heat er and r equi r e a speci al t ype
of wor kshop.
Because of i t s var i ed use, and
t he
r at her i ndet er mi nat e
r esponsi bi l i t y of
i t s
management ,
i t s pl anni ng shoul d be as si mpl e
and as f ool pr oof
as possi bl e. Thi s st udy wi l l
not i ncl ude
exper i ment al t heat er s, si nce t hese
pr esent speci al
pr obl ems .
Apr oper l y
sel ect ed si t e of f er s ( 1) Acces-
si bi l i t y by nor mal
means of t r anspor t at i on . ( A
cent r al l ocat i on
i s essent i al f or wal ki ng onl y
.
Aut omobi l es
shoul d not have t o t r aver se con-
gest ed t r af f i c zones
when t hi s can be avoi ded. )
( 2) Suf f i ci ent
separ at i on f r ombus and st r eet car
l i nes, pr i nci pal
hi ghways, and ot her sour ces of
noi se. ( 3)
Par ki ng space. ( 4) Conveni ence
t o
compl ement ar y
communi t y act i vi t i es, educa-
t i onal or
r ecr eat i onal , i n or der t o
r educe
i nt er bui l di ng
t r af f i c and mi ni mi ze super vi si on
and
mai nt enance.
ARRANGEMENT
" Fr ont "
or publ i c ar eas, and " backst age"
or
wor k
gr oups, const i t ut e t he t wo maj or el e-
ment s . Spect at or s shoul d f i nd
ever yt hi ng nec-
essar y
f or t hei r needs accessi bl e
f r om t he
f oyer
once t hey have pr esent ed
t i cket s . I n-
cl uded
ar e t oi l et s, coat r ooms,
dr i nki ng f oun-
t ai ns,
l ounges, and smoki ng ar eas .
The l obby
shoul d pr ovi de wai t i ng space and ci r cul at i on
t o
ar eas ot her t han t he t heat er , whi ch
may be con-
t ai ned
i n t he bui l di ng . The manager ' s
of f i ce i s
conveni ent i f adj acent t o t he box
of f i ce and
accessi bl e f r omt he l obby.
I n t he wor k gr oup,
cont r ol of t he st age ent r ance
wi l l avoi d i nt er -
f er ence f r omunaut hor i zed
per sons and f aci l i -
Fi g. 1

Or gani zat i on char t .
Ti me- Saver
St andar ds,

1 st

ed . ,

McGr aw-
Hi l l .
I nc . . NewYor k . N. Y. , 1946.
l at e account i ng of pl ayer s,
pr oper t i es, and
scener y
. Rehear sal r ooms ar e par t of
t he wor k
ar ea and shoul d be near ot her
wor k el ement s .
Movement of heavy f ur ni t ur e and
ot her pr op-
er t i es demands cl ose r el at i on
bet ween wor k
spaces and st age pr oper .
Dr essi ng r ooms may
be
mor e r emot e but wi t hi n
super vi sor y di s-
t ance. ( See
Fi g. 1 . )
GENERALREQUI REMENTS
Requi r ement s f or communi t y
t heat er s, al -
t hough der i ved f r om t he same sour ces
and
f r omt he same hi st or i cal
backgr ound as t hose
of t he commer ci al , or ' ' pr of essi onal , "
t heat er ,
exhi bi t f undament al di f f er ences .
Emphasi s
upon cr eat i ve ef f or t l eads t o
demands f or a
di f f er ent t ype of accommodat i on
t han does t he
necessi t y f or f i nanci al pr of i t .
Two gener al
t ypes of cr eat i ve
communi t y act i vi t y, di r ect l y
r el at ed t o t he t heat er , r equi r e
speci al pr ovi -
si ons .
Audi ence Act i vi t y
Thi s i s gr eat bef or e and af t er
a per f or mance and
bet ween act s, due t o t he
soci al nat ur e of t he
occasi on. Spaces f or
l oungi ng, t al ki ng,
smoki ng, ar e al l necessar y.
Easy access t o such spaces i s
of pr i me i mpor -
t ance. At t i mes, audi ence
and act or s may i nt er -
mi ngl e; f or t hi s a combi nat i on
of l ounge and
r ehear sal r oom i s needed.
Si nce r ef r eshment s
may be
ser ved, a smal l ki t chen or ser vi ng pan-
t r y i s essent i al
.
Pr oduct i on Act i vi t i es
These consi st of pr epar a-
t i on f or and pr esent at i on
of t he per f or mance. I n
a communi t y t heat er ,
scener y, cost umes, and
pr oper t i es ar e most l y
pr epar ed wi t hi n t he t he-
at er pl ant . Separ at e
wor kshops ar e or di nar i l y
pr ovi ded, one f or
cost umes, and one f or
scener y
and pr oper t i es . Used mat er i al s ar e
sal vaged i nsof ar as
possi bl e, st or ed wi t hi n t he
pl ant , and r eused.
Ampl e st or age space i s
needed.
Pr esent at i on pr obl ems
may be sol ved di f -
f er ent l y i n t he communi t y
t heat er t han i n i t s
commer ci al pr ot ot ype.
Bot h t ypes demand am-
pl e st age space ; but ,
wher eas i n t he " pr of es-
si onal " t heat er , ur ban
r eal - est at e val ues have
f or ced a ver t i cal
devel opment wi t h l of t y st age
houses f or l i f t i ng
scener y ver t i cal l y ( " f l yi ng" ) ,
t i er ed dr essi ng
r ooms, and of t en i nadequat e
wi ng space,
t he communi t y t heat er , bui l t on
l ess expensi ve
l and, may be expanded
hor i zon-
t al l y. Scener y can
be shi f t ed hor i zont al l y,
per -
haps on
wagon st ages . Pr osceni umsi ze
and
shape may
be var i abl e. Such
f l exi bi l i t y and
mul t i pl i ci t y
of uses ar e not onl y
f i nanci al l y de-
si r abl e,
but some t heat er aut hor i t i es cal l
t hem
essent i al
f or t he t heat er ' s pr ogr ess .
Types of
st ages whi ch
ar e consi der ed i mpr act i cal
i n t he
aver age
commer ci al t heat er , become
avai l abl e.
Li mi t at i ons Because
t he t heat er has
such hi ghl y
speci al i zed
r equi r ement s, t hi s st udy i s
l i mi t ed
i n scope t o t hose
i t ems wi t hi n t he
cr eat i ve
cent er whi ch ar e
st r i ct l y communi t y
t heat er
needs .
Emphasi s i n t he communi t y
t heat er
bei ng on
amat eur par t i ci pat i on i n
al l phases of
t he t heat er ,
t her e i s t o be expect ed
l ess ef f i -
ci ency
of per sonnel , anda necessi t y
f or gr eat er
f l exi bi l i t y of f aci l i t i es, t han i n
commer ci al t he-
at er s .
Capaci t y
of t he audi t or i um f or t he t ype
of
t heat er
her e di scussed aver ages
appr oxi mat el y
800
per sons, of t en l ess . I f , f or
f i nanci al r ea-
sons,
pr ovi si ons f or r oad shows must
be i n-
cl uded,
mi ni mumseat i ng capaci t y
has t o be
i ncr eased t o
1, 200, pr ef er abl y 1, 500
per sons .
Thi s i ncr ease
br i ngs many di sadvant ages,
among
whi ch ar e l ack of i nt i macy and
l ack of
f l exi bi l i t y
i n audi t or i umshape andst age t ype
.
Publ i c Ci r cul at i on A pr i me r equi si t e
f or publ i c
ar eas
i n t he communi t yt heat er i s ease
of move-
ment . Access
bet ween t he var i ous par t s
needs
t o be as
f r ee as possi bl e, t o per mi t t hei r
f ul l
use by t he
audi ence bef or e t he show, bet ween
act s, and af t er
t he f i nal cur t ai n. Code r equi r e-
ment s as t o door s and exi t s ar e mi ni ma
f or
saf et y ;
t he communi t y t heat er needs
even
gr eat er
ci r cul at i on f aci l i t i es . Dependi ng upon
si t e,
nat ur e of sur r oundi ng devel opment s,
di s-
posi t i on
of pl an el ement s, and
r equi r ement s
f or
acoust i cs, l i ght i ng, et c . , t he number
of
openi ngs t o vest i bul e, l obby,
audi t or i um, and
l ounge may be i ncr eased f ar beyond
t he mi ni -
mum.
Access t o Audi t or i um I f possi bl e t he
pr i nci pal
ent r ances f r om t he l obby t o t he
audi t or i um
shoul d be ar r anged wi t hout
door s . I n or der t o
achi eve t hi s i t i s necessar y t o
make a car ef ul
acoust i cal anal ysi s ; i n al l
pr obabi l i t y sound-
deadeni ng mat er i al wi l l be
r equi r ed on t he
wal l s of appr oachi ng cor r i dor s
or l obbi es, t o
pr event par al l el i sm.
Types of Space I t i s al ways
desi r abl e t o have
bot h vest i bul e and l obby. I n
most cases, i t
woul d be wel l t o pr ovi de
a separ at e l ounge
whi ch on occasi on may be
used f or soci al
meet i ngs, l ect ur es, di scussi on
gr oups, et c . The
l ounge may al so ser ve as
r ehear sal space.
Vest i bul e

The l i ght i ng i n t he
vest i bul e adj oi ni ng
t he st r eet may be qui t e
br i l l i ant . Tel ephone
boot hs shoul d be pr ovi ded,
accessi bl e f r omt he
vest i bul e. I n gener al t he addi t i on
of ot her f ea-
t ur es, such as smal l
bookst or es, et c . , whi ch
wi l l at t r act t he publ i c t o t he
t heat er as a par t of
t hei r dai l y l i ves, i s desi r abl e.
Ti cket Of f i ce

Thi s shoul d,
i f possi bl e, bot h com-
mand t he ent r ance t o t he
i nner l obby and at
t he same t i me per mi t t he
l i nes t o f or mwi t hout
obst r uct i ng i t . Ther e ar e
pr ef er abl y t wo t i cket
wi ndows, one f or r eser ved
seat s and one f or
cur r ent seat s .
Necessar y al so i s suf f i ci ent f r ee
wal l space
f or
a
smal l t i cket r ack whi ch can be
made l ocal l y.
Lobby

Whi l e t he
t heat er i n t he l ar ge ci t y has
no
par t i cul ar need
f or over si ze l obbi es, i n t he
com-
muni t y t heat er
t he per f or mance must be
con-
si der ed as a soci al
occasi on as wel l as dr amat i c
ent er t ai nment .
Ther ef or e, t he l obby shoul d
be
ar r anged t o
showof f gr oups of peopl e and t hei r
cl ot hes t o
advant age.
Acombi nat i on
of exhi bi t i on space and l obby
i s easy
t o achi eve, and i s gener al l y desi r abl e
i n
t he
communi t y t heat er . I t i s hoped
t hat t he
communi t y
wi l l t ake an i nt er est i n t he
pr oduc-
' Based on audi t or i umcapaci t y of 800.
t Dr essi ng,
chor us, make- upr ooms r equi r e mi r r or s,
pr ef er abl y 3- si ded t ype, movabl e; end over head l i ght i ng, mi r r or - l i ght i ng equi pment .
t i on of a pl ayas wel l as i n i t s pr esent at i on, and,
t her ef or e, exhi bi t i on space i s desi r abl e t o show
t he
var i ous devel opment s : cost ume desi gns,
sket ches f or st age set t i ngs, et c . , even t hough
t he space i s not used as an act ual ar t gal l er y.
CMc11r 00r 11 Thi s shoul d be ei t her adequat e or
omi t t ed ent i r el y. I f i ncl uded i t shoul d open
f r omt he mai n l obby and pr ovi si on shoul d be
made t o have
a suf f i ci ent number
of at t endant s
and a suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge openi ng t o t he l obby so
t hat st andi ng i n l ong l i nes af t er t he per f or -
mance i s
not
necessar y
. I n communi t yt heat er s
t he expense of t he pr oper number of at t endant s
may become a pr obl em
.
The checkr oomser ves
not onl y
t he t heat er , but ol eo ot her f aci l i t i es i n
t he bui l di ng, and t her ef or e shoul d have an en-
t r ance t o t he mai n vest i bul e
.
Auxi l i ar y Spaces

These i ncl ude ar eas not al ways
essent i al t o t he t heat er , but usual l y desi r abl e
.
Pr oj ect i on r ooms ar e f ai r l y wel l st andar di zed.
I f pr ovi si ons f or r adi o br oadcast i ng ar e de-
si r ed, f or ei t her i nst r uct i on and st udy of new
dr amat i c t echni ques, or act ual br oadcast i ng,
t he mi ni ma out l i ned i n t he t abl e above may
be pr ovi ded. Di scussi on or vi ewi ng r ooms ar e
si mi l ar t o r adi o st udi os,
and, l i ke t hem, usual l y
need l oudspeaker s . Her e
an i nst r uct or end
cl ass, or t he t heat er di r ect or
and assi st ant s,
may di scuss a pr oduct i on
f r eel y whi l e i t i s i n
pr ogr ess .
AUDI TORI UMANDSTAGE
Maxi mumSeat i ng Di st ance Even
i n t heat er s of
1, 200 t o 1, 500 capaci t y, t he l ast seat i s
pr ef er a-
bl y not over 75 t o 100 f t
f r omt he st age, and
much l ess i n smal l er houses .
When bal coni es
ar e used, t he f r ont of t he
bal cony
i s
pr ef er abl y
wi t hi n 50
f t of t he st age.
Si gh
Li nes

The apr on of a f or est age maybe
ex-
cl uded f r omvi ewt o pr event ei ght
l i nes angl ed
shar pl y downwar d f r omr ear seat s .
I n sudi t or i s
of 800 or l ess capaci t y, when bal coni es ar e
not
used, a compl et e vi ewof t he f or est age shoul d
be
possi bl e. Si de pr osceni a of enci r cl i ng st ages
do not
r equi r e per f ect si ght l i nes ; bal coni es
may
hel p i mpr ove t hem. Si ght l i nes f or t he
si de
seat s
i n t he audi t or i umshoul d per mi t a
mi ni -
mum
of t wo- t hi r ds of t he mai n act i ng space t o
be seen t hr ough t he convent i onal pr osceni um;
conver sel y, car e shoul d be t aken t hat ar eas
beyond t he act i ng space ar e masked.
Seat i ng Faci l i t i es

Seat spaci ng pr ef er abl y al ways
exceeds t he
mi ni mumof t he NewYor k Code of
32 i n. , back- t o- back ; and, i f possi bl e, seat s ar e
not l ess t han 20 i n. on cent er s . Use of " Con-
t i nent al " seat i ng, i n whi ch each seat r owbe-
comes on ai sl e, shoul d be l i mi t ed t o smal l so-
di t or i s, wher e i t does not f or ce t he r ear r owt o
be l ocat ed t oo f ar f r omt he st age. Ai sl e wi dt hs
and number of ai sl es ar e gener al l y det er mi ned
by bui l di ng codes .
Audi t or i um Capaci t y and Type Need t o var y t he
capaci t y of an 800- seal audi t or i um i s not ur -
gent . However , when necessar y, t hi s may be
accompl i shed wi t h cur t ai ns, pl aced i n such a
way, per haps under t he l i p of a bal cony or at a
nat ur al br eak i n t he audi t or i um, t hat t hey do
not appear t o change t he essent i al pr opor t i ons
of t he audi t or i um
. Empt yseat s vi si bl e t o act or s
ar e a det r i ment t o
good per f or mances . Exper t s
shoul d be consul t ed as t o t he acoust i cal ef f ect
on t he audi t or i um. A sol i d par t i t i on wi l l ver y
pr obabl y cause havoc i n t he acoust i cs .
Cul t ur al
COMMUNI TYTHEATERS
Communi t y Theat er s
Typi cal space r equi r ement s
Typi cal Space Requi r ement s
Ar eas'
Ar eas'
Spaces
( So f t ) Remar ks Spaces I sq
f f l Remar ks
Vest i bul e and gal l er y. . . . . . 1, 200
Less ar ea woul d hamper use of St age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 500
Ampl e; 2, 800 sq f t mi ni mum;
space as gal l er y and meet i ng
3, 500 usual avg . except f or
pl ace. Ar ea may be i ncr eased
enci r cl i ng st age. Ai r condi t i oni ng
i n pr opor t i on as audi t or i um
i n conj unct i on wi t h audi t or i um
capaci t y exceeds 800. Good
desi r abl e; no out si de l i ght ; t op of
l i ght i ng i s necessar y.
st age house l ouver ed ( consul t
Checkr oom. . . . . . . . . . . .
240 Mi ni mum unl ess checkr oom does
codes)
;
i f convent i onal st age,
not ser ve audi t or i um or unl ess
mi ni mumhei ght , f l oor t o gr i d, i s
pat r ons do not check over coat s.
70 f t .
Lobby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1, 000 See Vest i bul e; mechani cal vent i - St age wor kshop. . . . . . . . .
1, 500 Somet i mes r educed t o 1, 200 sq f t .
l at i on needed her e . Out si de l i ght , i f cl ear gl ass, pr ef -
Ti cket
of f i ce
. . . . . . . . . . .
50 Mi ni mum; f or l ar ger houses addi - er abl y f r om nor t h; i f obscur e,
t i onal admi ni st r at i on of f i ce ( 50- or i ent at i on
uni mpor t ant .
80 sq f t ) i s r equi r ed. Ti cket wi n-
Scene st or age . . . . . . . . . . 1, 000 Mi ni mum;
l ar ger
i f possi bl e.
door s
121
and wal l space l appr ox .
Cost ume wor kshop . . . . . . . 420
May r educe t o
300 sq f t ; nor t h
4 by B f t ) ar e necessar y.
l i ght
desi r abl e
.
Lounge- 750
Mi ni mum si ze, equal t o act i ng Cost ume st or age . . . . . . . .
210 Mi ni mum; no out si de l i ght ; pr ef -
r ehear sal r oom
ar ea of st age; mech. vent . needed.
er abl y vent i l at ed; must be dr y.
Admi ni st r at i ve . . . . . . . . . . 350 Mi ni mum
; ar ea var i es . Out si de Cost ume dyei ng . . . . . . . . . 80 Mi ni mum; no
out si de l i ght r equi r ed;
l i ght and ai r needed. unl ess out si de
ai r pr ovi ded, must
Men' s t oi l et s . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Consul t codes; ar eas ampl e f or be mechani cal l y
vent i l at ed.
800 capaci t y; ei t her mech. vent . Si x dr essi ng r oomst . . . . . . 880 Each r oom r equi r es
access t o t wo
Women' s t oi l et s . . . . . . . . . 250
or out si de l i ght and ai r needed. l avat or i es ; si ze
not changed wi t h
Audi t or i um . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 800
Mi ni mumf or convent i onal seat i ng; si ze of bui l di ng; st ar s'
dr essi ng
may
i ncr ease t o 7, 000- 8, 000 r ooms each need pr i vat e t oi l et
sq f t f or ai si el ess seat i ng. Ar ea and shower ;
al l pr ef er abl y ai r -
i ncl udes f or est age ( r emovabl e condi t i oned.
seat sl
.
Out si de l i ght undesi r abl e. Makeup r oomt . . . . . . . . . 130 Mi ni mum; used al so
f or
dr essi ng,
Radi o st udi o . . . . . . . . . . .
300
Can be r educed t o 200 sq f t ; no r equi r es t wo l avat or i es ;
pr ef er -
out si de l i ght ; mech. vent . needed. abl y ai r - condi t i oned .
Cont r ol r oom. . . . . . . . .
70
Mi ni mum; mech. vent . needed. Two chor us r oomst . . . . . . . 440 Reasonabl e mi ni mum
; t hr ee l ava-
Di r ect or ' s r oom. . . . . . . . 20
Mi ni mum, but adequat e. t or i es needed i n each;
pr ef er abl y
Qui et r oom. . . . . . . . . . 30 Act s as
sound i nsul at i on bet ween ai r - condi t i oned.
ci r cul at i on and r adi o uni t . Two bat hr ooms . . . . . . . . . 300 Reasonabl e mi ni mum.
Pr oj ect i on r oom . . . . . . . . . 200 Ampl e, i ncl udes
t oi l et and l avat or y; St age manager . . . . . . . . . 150 Mi ni mum.
consul t code
r equi r ement s . Di scussi on r oom. . . . . . . . . 750 Can be used f or r ehear sal ; ar ea
Spot l i ght boot h . . . . . . . . . 400 Ar ea may be
di vi ded i nt o t hr ee det er mi ned by act i ng ar ea.
boot hs : one
on cent er wi t h st age,
one at each si de of audi t or i um
.
Cul t ur al
COMMUNI TY
THEATERS
Advant ages

or

di sadvant ages

of

st adi um

f r om
vi ew, wi l l pr ove most sat i sf act or y. Fl u-

wi t hout acr obat i cs
on t he par t of amat eur st age
houses ver sus bal coni es
ar e subj ect t o much

or escent l i ght i ng, t hough ef f i ci ent , i s di f f i cul t

hands . Fur t her mor e, open- ai r
( pl ai n- ai r ) scenes
di scussi on. The best
opi ni on seems t o agr ee

t o use
because i t cannot be di mmed. The col or

r equi r e t he appear ance
of gr eat hei ght . Agai n,
t hat a st adi um house f or a
capaci t y of over

of t he
l i ght shoul d be neut r al t hough war m.

a hi gh st age l of t and an
expanse of uni mpeded
800 or 1, 000 wi l l have a
r ear r owof seat s t oo

Chandel i er s ar e usual l y consi der ed obj ect i on-

wal l space ar e desi r abl e
f or st or i ng cur r ent
f ar f r omt he st age f or " comedi es
of er r or s, " al -

abl e.

set s. Thi s means
conf i ni ng openi ngs t o one
t hough sat i sf act or y f or spect acl e
pi eces .

wal l i f possi bl e, or , at
t he most , t wo . I t i s
al so
St age Ar ea

Space i s t he most vi t al consi der a-

necessar y t hat t he st age
pr ovi de a " cr ossover , "
Audi t or i umLI ght i ng

The obj ect
of l i ght i ng i n t he

t i on. I t i s necessar y t hat t he st age
be so ar -

i . e. , a passage
f or
act or s
acr oss t he st age,
audi t or i umi s t o concent r at e at t ent i on
upon t he

r anged t hat up t o f i ve set s can be set
up and

ei t her behi nd t he st age
t hr ough a cor r i dor , pos-
st age, even bef or e t he
cur t ai n goes up. I n most

st acked i n successi on, wi t hout

bei ng

seen

si bl y t hr ough t he st age
shop, or behi nd t he
- - c~l . r . . . I r t , r nf l - r nr s i n caves hi dden

dur i ng t he per f or mance ; and t hat t hi s be
done

cycl or ama.
SEATI NG AND
AI SLE ARRANGEMENTS
: Heavi l y shaded
ar eas
r epr esent st age and
seat i ng ar ea l osses f r om
compar at i ve vi sual
posi t i on i n var i ous syst ems.
Cul t ur al
COMMUNI TY THEATERS
Fi g. 2

Two of t he many t ypes of cycl or amas; one
on t he r i ght i s
di f f i cul t
t o adj ust .
Act i ng Faci l i t i es

The act i ng ar ea ext ends sl i ght l y
mor e t han t he wi dt h of t he pr osceni um, and i s,
at t he l east , 20 f t deep.
I t
shoul d be t r apped
t hr oughout i t s ext ent , wi t h uni mpeded space
bel ow.
Al l t ypes of st ages ar e
pr ef er abl y pr ovi ded
wi t h an ampl e f or est age. Even t hough t hi s i s
not car r i ed t o an ext r eme, i t i s desi r abl e
f or
per f or mances whi ch ar e t o be seen i n t he
" r ound" r at her t han t hr ough a pi ct ur e f r ame,
and f or sol oi st s or l ect ur er s . I t can i ncl ude pr o-
vi si ons f or r emovabl e seat s, t hus var yi ng t he
audi t or i um' s capaci t y .
The st age manager r equi r es at l east a desk,
wi t h di r ect access t o st age, and t o dr essi ng
r ooms . The pr ompt er needs a smal l
space
f r om
whi ch he can hear and f ol l owact i on wi t hout
bei ng seen.
Sceni c
Pr ovi si ons Cycl or amas, or backgr ound
sur f aces, ar e i l l ust r at ed by di agr am and ar e
suscept i bl e t o gr eat var i at i on, bot h as t o ma-
t er i al , number of uni t s, and shape. I n pl anni ng
f or t he t ype of cycl or ama t o be used, pr ovi si on
must be made f or movi ng scener y hor i zont al l y.
Per manent sol i d cycl or amas, made of pl ast er ,
ar e par t i cul ar l y desi r abl e f or use onl y as a back
wal l of an enci r cl i ng st age. Cur ves must be
acut e, and as a r ul e i t wi l l be f ound desi r abl e t o
t i l t t he cycl or ama back sl i ght l y t o r educe obj ec-
t i onabl e sound r ef l ect i on. ( See Fi g. 2. )
The gr i di r on consi st s of a number of st r uc-
t ur al st eel shapes suspended f r om70 t o 90 f t
above t he st age f l oor . I t s exact l ocat i on and
composi t i on ar e best det er mi ned by a st age
equi pment
speci al i st . The pi nr ai l i s l ocat ed
al ong
one wal l of t he st age, and ser ves as a
means of secur i ng gr i d
l i nes . I t
i s
commonl y 14
t o 15 f l
above
t he st age
f l oor .
Two door s,
each at l east 8 by 12 f t , ar e usu-
al l y
r equi r ed f or
l oadi ng
scener y
.
One shoul d
open
t o
t he scene shop,
t he
ot her
t o a st r eet
or
al l ey. The l at t er door may be omi t t ed when
no
pr ovi si ons ar e made f or r oad shows
.
Revol vi ng
or el evat or st ages may
al so
be
de-
si r abl e, but ar e of t en t oo cost l y.
Nonconvent i onal St ages I f gr eat f l exi bi l i t y i s r e-
qui r ed i n t he st age, as woul dseemdesi r abl e f or
t he communi t y t heat er , a gr eat er amount of
st age ar ea and cubage may be added t o t he
wi ngs . Wi t h cer t ai n except i ons, i t i s obvi ous
t hat a gi ven amount of cubage upi n t he ai r does
not have t he mul t i pl i ci t y of use t hat i t wi l l have
at st age l evel . The r esul t may be a l ong, ci r cu-
l ar , l owst age sur r oundi ng t he bet t er par t of t he
audi ence,
cl osed of f f r omt he
audi t or i umby a
ser i es of panel s whi ch may be shi f t ed at
wi l l .
Gr i di r on
i s usual l y el i mi nat ed unl ess f unds ar e
avai l abl e f or bot h gr i d and
" enci r cl i ng" st age.
Wi t h t hi s " enci r cl i ng" t ype of
st age, addi -
t i onal st or age space shoul d be pr ovi ded adj a-
cent t o t he shop; and scenes may be shi f t ed on
Combi ned Gr een Roomand dr ess-
i ng r oomf or women' s chor us ( 20
peopl e) .
The Gr een Roomi s an
act or ' s
r ecr eat i on and di scussi on
space, t o whi ch a f ewvi si t or s may
be admi t t ed. Li ght s and mi r r or s
ar e si mi l ar
t o t hose i n
ot her
dr ess-
i ng r ooms.
Typi cal dr essi ng r oom f or f our
peopl e. Over head l i ght s ar e nec-
essar y f or adj ust i ng wi gs and cos-
t umes, and f or f i nal i nspect i on of
makeup. Li ght s at mi r r or s ar e
pr ef er abl y desi gned t o i l l umi nat e
t he
act or s' f aces
evenl y, r at her
t han
t o
l i ght
t he
mi r r or s .
Typi cal
" St ar s' " dr essi ng r oom
f or t wo peopl e. Tr i pl e mi r r or s ar e
desi r abl e.
Chai se
l ongue i s desi r -
abl e but not essent i al . Adj oi ni ng
t oi l et
shoul d cont ai n a shower and
wat er
cl oset .
At l ef t , pl an of t ypi cal cost ume shop. Good l i ght ,
pr ef er -
abl y nat ur al , i s essent i al
f or sewi ng machi nes. I n many r e-
spect s t he
cost ume shop i s si mi l ar t o t he sewi ng depar t ment
of
a moder n hi gh school .
Pl an, convent i onal t ype
of st age
Fi g. 3 St ages.
Heavy dot t ed l i ne i n sect i on
of enci r cl i ng
st age i ndi cat es
var i abl e posi t i on of
f or est age. Cycl or ama
shown i n con-
vent i onal st age must be
f l own when
scener y i s br ought
i n
f r om shop. Tr apped
space on
convent i onal
pl an, and
cent er
posi t i on of scene wagon on
enci r cl i ng st age,
i ndi -
cat e
act i ng ar eas. Scene
wagons t r avel on
t r acks whose
posi t i ons must be
car ef ul l y pl ot t ed so
wagons wi l l cl ear
cycl or ama and t or ment or s
. Si nce
one pur pose of
t he
enci r cl i ng st age i s
t o f aci l i t at e
ot her pr oduct i ons
t han
t he usual
" pi ct ur e- f r amed" t ype,
emphasi s on
pr osceni um
as a
f r ame shoul d be r educed
t o a mi ni mum
.
I n t he st age shop ar e made scener y
and
pr oper t i es . Faci l i t i es f or
woodwor ki ng, met al wor ki ng,
and
pai nt i ng, and st or age
space f or l umber , nai l s, t ool s,
canvas, and
pai nt i ng mat er i al s, ar e al l needed.
Pl an, enci r cl i ng st age ( wagon- t ype)
Cul t ur al
COMMUNI TY
THEATERS
Ar t s cent er . The pr osceni umst age at Sar ah Lawr ence Col l ege, Br onxvi l l e,
N
. Y. Ar chi t ect : Mar cel Br euer
. Con-
sul t ant s : St anl ey C. McCandl ess, E . C. Col e, Si dney K. Wol f e. Thi s mul t i pur pose audi t or i um( capaci t y 500) i s st eepl y
r aked and t he st age f l oor i s l owt o al l owbet t er audi ence per spect i ve, especi al l y f or dance per f or mances . Al t er nat e
r ows of seat s ar e r emovabl e t o per mi t i nst al l at i on of t abl es or desks . The l i ght i ng gal l er y i s cl ose t o t he st age so
t hat t he cont r ol boar d oper at or ' s si ght l i nes ar e si mi l ar t o t hose of t he spect at or s . The backst age
wal l
opens ont o
t enni s cour t s so t he st age may be used f or out door per f or mances, commencement exer ci ses, and speci al event s .
Cul t ur al
COMMUNI TYTHEATERS
wagons . When t he enci r cl i ng st age i s used wi t h
al l panel s open, wagons ar e
di spensed wi t h and
scener y i s f or mal i zed.
I f
st r uct ur al l y
possi bl e,
t he ent i r e pr osceni umshoul d be
uni mpeded by
f i xed col umns . However ,
t wo col umns pl aced
at ei t her si de of an i magi nar y pr osceni um
may
be ver y usef ul f or conceal i ng ver t i cal banks
of
l i ght s . These
l i ght
housi ngs
( i n t hi s case t he
col umns) ar e cal l ed
" t or ment or s, " andar e pr ef -
er abl y
movabl e. ( See Fi g. 3. )
Di agr amof t he
enci r cl i ng st age shows t hr ee
spaces f or t wo wagons
( excl udi ng t he shop) . I f
t her e i s unl i mi t ed space, mor e wagons
may be
made avai l abl e ; but t he
ensui ng compl i cat i ons
ar e consi der abl e and t he gai ns
smal l . The en-
ci r cl i ng st age becomes l ess pr act i cal
as t he
si ze of t he audi t or i um
i ncr eases . Even wi t h so-
cl i t or i s f or 800, good si ght
l i nes ar e di f f i cul t t o
obt ai n unl ess st age ar ea i s
subst ant i al l y i n-
cr eased. I t shoul d be
not i ced, however , t hat
pr oduct i ons whi ch need si de
st ages do not r e-
qui r e per f ect si ght l i nes .
One may concl ude t hat
enci r cl i ng st ages ar e
bot h economi cal l y and
f unct i onal l y desi r abl e
f or t he smal l est audi t or i a, whi l e
f or
t hose
of
800 seat s and up, t hei r cost
may become pr o-
hi bi t i ve.
Out door St age

Si ze
of out door audi t or i a var i es
consi der abl y. The st age,
of necessi t y, i s some-
what f or mal i zed. I f possi bl e i t shoul d have i m-
medi at e access t o t he i nsi de st age, pr ef er abl y
t hr ough t he wal l , unl ess t hi s ar r angement i s
pr event ed by a bui l t - i n cycl or ama.
St age
Shop

Adequat e ar ea i s a pr i me consi der a-
t i on. Equal l y i mpor t ant i s t he hei ght t o be al -
l owed f or t he pai nt f r ame. When t he conven-
t i onal t ype of st age, wi t h gr i di r on, i s used, t he
hei ght f or a pai nt f r ame i s at l east 30 f t . Even
wi t h t he compar at i vel y l ow" enci r cl i ng" st age,
a
30- f t pai nt f r ame i s necessar y, si nce t he ef -
f ect i ve
hei ght of scener y r emai ns t he same. I t i s
possi bl e t o r i g t he pai nt f r ame on t he r ear wal l
of t he
audi t or i um, or on a st age wal l . However ,
when t hi s i s
done, no scener y can be pai nt ed on
t he f r ame dur i ng pr oduct i ons or dur i ng r e-
hear sal s . The shop i s t he cent er of most of t he
dr amat i c
act i vi t i es and i ncl udes subdi vi si ons
f or car pent r y, el ect r i cal , met al , and pai nt i ng
wor k . I t shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h good out si de
l i ght ,
pr ef er abl y di f f used. I t shoul d i mmedi at el y
adj oi n t he st age st or age space, t he desi r abl e
cl ear
cei l i ng hei ght of whi ch i s 15 f t . Less
hei ght can be
used i n st or age spaces, but t hi s
necessi t at es l ayi ng f l at s on t hei r si des, whi ch i s
consi der ed unsat i sf act or y.
Cost ume Shop Thi s, t oo, i s a vi t al el ement i n
t he
communi t y t heat er , because, of necessi t y,
most
of t he cost umes ar e made on t he pr em-
i ses
.
The cost ume- st or age space
shoul d adj oi n
t he cost ume shop.
WORKSHOPS, DRESSI NG ROOMS,
STORAGE
Dr essi ng
ROOMS Requi r ement s f or
i ndi vi dual
dr essi ng
r ooms var y, dependi ng upon
t he
l i kel i hood of pr oduci ng pr of essi onal shows
and
t he
f unds avai l abl e. Most sat i sf act or y woul d
be
pr ovi si ons
f or 18 t o 20 act or s i n e number
of
dr essi ng
r ooms, each pr ovi di ng
f or 3 t o 4
act or s,
and t wo chor us r ooms, one f or men
and
one f or
women, each pr ovi di ng f or about
20
act or s. One chor us r oom
may be used as a
Gr een Roomor l ounge f or act or s .
Rehear sal Rooms The number of r ehear sal
r ooms i s det er mi ned ent i r el y by howmuch use
i s made of t he bui l di ng and how of t en t he
st age i s avai l abl e f or r ehear sal
. Rehear sal
r ooms shoul d be i n t he same pr opor t i on
and
somewhat l ar ger t han t he act i ng ar ea of t he
st age; and, acoust i cal l y, shoul d r epr oduce
st age condi t i ons as cl osel y as possi bl e. The
publ i c l ounge, adj acent t o t he audi t or i uml obby,
may al so ser ve f or r ehear sal s .
Cul t ur al
AMPHI THEATERS
By
SAMUEL SELDEN
NOTE
: No f i xed speci f i cat i ons have yet been
dr awn whi ch
ar e appl i cabl e t o out door t heat er s
ever ywher e
. The f ol l owi ng suggest i ons shoul d
be r egar ded as t ent at i ve,
t o be modi f i ed t o sui t
par t i cul ar l ocal needs
and avai l abl e f aci l i t i es .
THE SI ZE OF THE THEATER
An out door t heat er can be pl anned
t o seat as
many
as 3, 000 spect at or s
wi t hout t he use of
ampl i f i cat i on f or t he act or s' voi ces .
What i s
r ecommended, however , as an upper
l i mi t f or
t he seat i ng, i s about 2, 500. The suggest i ons
i n
t hi s
out l i ne ar e scal ed f or a st r uct ur e
of a-
t ween
1, 500- 2, 000 seat s, whi ch i s near er
t he
i deal .
OUTSI DE
THE THEATER
1
. Par ki ng Lot ( or Lot s) shoul d
be-
Lar ge enough t o handl e one car
f or ever y
t hr ee spect at or s .
Desi gned t o per mi t
conveni ent and
speedy exi t
f ol l owi ng t he per f or mance,
wi t h good access
f r omt r af f i c r out es .
Sur f aced wi t h gr avel or
asphal t and pr o-
vi ded wi t h
good dr ai nage under al l con-
di t i ons .
Wel l l i ght ed f or ease and
secur i t y i n
par ki ng and
wal ki ng .
So ar r anged as t o per mi t
t he qui ck de-
par t ur e of any car i n case
of
an
emer -
gency dur i ng t he
per f or mance.
Conveni ent t o t he
box of f i ce and t he
ent r ance t o t he t heat er .
Locat ed wher e t he noi ses
and l i ght s of
l at e- ar r i vi ng car s wi l l not di st ur b
t he
per f or mance.
Wel l mar ked wi t h si gns .
2
.
ABusi ness Of f i ce
I f t he t heat er i s on or ver y near a
mai n
t r af f i c r out e, t he of f i ce of t he manager
may be pl aced at t he t heat er .
Usual pr act i ce, however , i s t o have t hi s
of f i ce i n t he cent er of t he near est
t own
wher e i t
i s
r eadi l y accessi bl e t o pat r ons
st oppi ng i n hot el s and mot el s .
I n any case, t he busi ness of f i ce shoul d
have an i nf or mat i on cent er and di spl ay
space i n addi t i on t o wor k space
f or t he
manager and pr omot i on di r ect or
and
t hei r assi st ant s .
I t
shoul d i ncl ude a pl ace f or t he di spl ay
of
f ol der s, a desk f or handl i ng r oomi ng ac-
commodat i ons, and t he l i ke.
3. ABox Of f i ce
Conveni ent t o bot h
t he par ki ng l ot and t he
ent r ance t o
t he t heat er .
Wi t h shel t er
f or pat r ons buyi ng t i cket s i n
bad weat her
.
AnAmphi t heat r e
f or Epi c Dr ama, I nst i t ut e of
Out door Dr ama, Uni ver si t y of
Nor t h Car ol i na,
Chapel Hi l l , N. C. ,

1966.
Pr ovi ded wi t h wi ndows f or
advanced
sal es, r eser ve seat s, and gener al - admi s-
si on ( i f any) , cl ear l y mar ked wi t h
pr i ces.
Wi t h t el ephone
connect i ons t o t he busi -
ness of f i ce ( i f not i n t he same
bui l di ng) and t o t he st age.
Near
t oi l et f aci l i t i es anda wat er f ount ai n.
4. Ot her
Faci l i t i es ( Desi r abl e Though
Not
Compl et el y
Necessar y)
Af i r st
ai d st at i on.
A
nur ser y f or pat r on' s chi l dr en.
A pay t el ephone
.
A
concessi on st and or house.
5. The Ent r ance t o
t he Theat er
Wel l
mar ked, si mpl e, and at t r act i ve.
Near
enough t o t he par ki ng l ot t o keep
ol der peopl e
f r om t i r i ng t hemsel ves
whi l e
get t i ng t o t he t heat er .
Far enough
away f r omt he l ot t o l et pa-
t r ons l ose t he
sound of t r af f i c and f al l
under t he qui et spel l of t he gener al set -
t i ng bef or e st eppi ng i nt o t he t heat er .
Somet i mes pr ovi si on can be made f or
br i ngi ng ver y ol d or cr i ppl ed pat r ons by
car
al ong a separ at e pat h r i ght t o
t he
t heat er
ent r ance.
6 . ASepar at e
Ent r ance and Par ki ng f or Cast
and Cr ew
THE
AUDI TORI UM
Of
pr i mar y i mpor t ance ar e good hear i ng
and
good si ght l i nes t o
ever y par t of t he per f or -
mance ar eas. Thi s
means t hat an ef f ect i ve com-
pr omi se must be made
bet ween wi dt h and
dept h. Aver y wi de audi t or i um
may have good
acoust i cs but poor
si ght l i nes, whi l e a ver y
nar r ow audi t or i um
wi l l t end t owar d t he r e-
ver se.
Ef f ect i ve acoust i cal
pl anni ng depends on t he
cor r ect pl acement of r ef l ect i ve
sur f aces f or al l
sounds i nvol ved i n t he per f or mance
. Car e must
be t aken, f or i nst ance, not t o
pl ace opposi ng
wal l s backi ng t he si de st ages
exact l y par al l el
t o
each ot her ( as t hey may cause a
di st ur bi ng
r ever ber at i on i n t he
l ower par t of t he amphi -
t heat er ) . Remember t hat
t he sound waves t end
t o
bounce of f mi r r or sur f aces at
t he same
angl es t hat l i ght does .
One of t he f i r st ai ds t o good
si ght l i nes i s an
ef f ect i ve sl ope. Seat s may be
set on a r i si ng
par abol i c
cur ve, or on t wo di f f er ent i ncl i nes, a
f ai r l y mi l d sl ope
f or t he l ower hal f of audi -
t or i um ( t he hal f
near t he mai n st age) and a
st eeper
sl ope f or t he upper ( r ear ) hal f
.
The
sl ope
r ecommended f or t he l ower por t i on i s
12` ( t hat i s, a
r i se of about t mi nut e i n 7) , and
f or t he upper
24' ( about 1 mi nut e i n 3' h) or
st eeper .
Ther e shoul d be al l east
f i ve ai sl es, t wo
down t he cent er , t wo
down t he out si de, and
one cr oss ai sl e at t he br eak
bet ween t he t wo
sl opes . I t t he cent r al seat i ng
ar se i n t he back
sect i on of t heaudi t or i um
i s ver y wi de, i t can be
br oken by an addi t i onal
l ongi t udi nal ai sl e ex-
t endi ng f r omt he t op down t o
t he cr oss ai sl e.
Al l st epped sect i ons shoul d
be i l l umi nat ed by
smal l hooded ai sl e l i ght s .
The seat i ng may be pr ovi ded
by st ur dy
wooden benches wi t h pl ank backs,
by benches
sur mount ed by cl amped- on pl ast i c
spor t seat s,
or by i ndi vi dual met al seat s wi t h
or wi t hout
ar ms . I f si ngl e seat s ar e used,
t hey may be so
mount ed or r acked t oget her t hat
pat r ons wi l l
not shi f t t hemar ound.
The most sat i sf act or y seat s seemt o
be ei t her
st ur dy met al and canvas f ol di ng chai r s
or
chai r s wi t h t ough, pr ef or med pl ast i c seat s
.
These can be l i f t ed f or
cl eani ng, t i l t ed t o
avoi d wat er puddl es dur i ng a r ei n,
and can be
st or ed i ndoor s when not i n use at t he
cl ose of
t he season . Al l seat s shoul d be
cl ear l y num-
ber ed. The wi dt h of each seat shoul d
not be
l ess
t han 18 i n. and need not be mor e' t han
23
i n. A comf or t abl e wi dt h i s about 21
i n. The
di st ance bet ween r ows of seat s shoul d be
3 f t .
Ot her det ai l s about t he audi t or i umwhi ch need
t o be kept i n mi nd ar e:
1 . Toi l et f aci l i t i es, pl aced and housed
wher e
t hey
ar e conveni ent t o bot h si des of t he
audi -
t or i umbut ar e not noi sy, and of
suf f i ci ent num-
ber t o accommodat e t he peak
r equi r ement s
whi ch occur j ust bef or e per f or mance
and
dur i ng an i nt er mi ssi on .
2. Rai n shel t er s on bot h si des of t he seat i ng
ar ea or at t he back, f or use i n case of
sudden
shower s .
3. Concessi on boot hs on each
si de ( wal l ed
i n t o r educe t he noi se of r ef r i ger at or s
and t he
handl i ng of bot t l es) .
4. Good pavi ng ( not l oose gr avel
whi ch i s
ver y noi sy) and good dr ai nage ever ywher e.
5. Suf f i ci ent audi t or i um l i ght i ng t o
l et pa-
t r ons r ead t hei r pr ogr ams easi l y, and
hi gh
enough t o be out of t hei r eyes .
6 . Si gns pl aced wher e t hey wi l l
i ndi cat e
cl ear l y
t o t he pat r ons wher e t he var i ous sec-
t i ons of
seat s ar e, as wel l as t he t oi l et s and
t he
r ef r eshment cent er s .
7. A publ i c addr ess syst em f or announce-
ment s
t o
t he audi ence on r ai ny ni ght s .
THE STAGES
The usual
ar r angement of act i ng ar eas i n an
out door
t heat er i s a l ar ge mai n st age and t wo
smal l er si de st ages i n f r ont of t he pr osceni um
wal l and t o t he
r i ght and l ef t of t he mai n st age.
Thi s pl an
al l ows f or f l exi bl e and cont i nuous
act i on si nce, by t aki ng a scene of f t o one of
t he
si de st ages, i t per mi t s t he t echni cal cr ewt o
change a
set t i ng on t he mai n st age. Thus t he
pl ay
does not have t o be br oken at any
poi nt ,
except
f or t he i nt er mi ssi on.
These f eat ur es
ar e r ecommended f or t he mai n
( cent r al ) st age
:
1 . Al evel 3 I t
above t he base of t he l owest
r owof seat s i n t he
audi t or i um.
2. Apr osceni um
openi ng of about
70 f t .
3. Adept h of
about 40 I t f r omt he l i ne
of
t he pr osceni umwal l s .
( The apr on i n f r ont of
t hi s l i ne shoul d be
as nar r owas possi bl e. )
4. Pl ent y of wi ng
spaceat l east 50
f t - at
each si de of t he
act i ng ar eas .
5. A
hei ght f or t he pr osceni umwal l on
each
si de of
t he openi ng of 16 t o 18
f t and of a
l engt h
suf f i ci ent t o mask
f r omt he audi ence al l
act i vi t y back
st age.
6 . An
appear ance f or t he
pr osceni umwel l
whi ch i s
si mpl e, f ai r l y neut r al ,
and t hor oughl y
i n keepi ng
wi t h bot h t he nat ur al set t i ng
of t he
t heat er and
t he st yl e of t he pl ay
bei ng per -
f or med
( l og, boar d, st one, or br i ck)
.
7. Level
gr ound, wel l dr ai ned and
pr ef er -
abl y sur f aced
wi t h ei t her cement or
asphal t
( wher e
scene changi ng does
not r equi r e a
smoot h cl ear
f l oor , t he dancer s can
be hel ped
by gi vi ng t hem
sever al i nches of send
as a
dance cover ) .
8 . Some
amphi t heat er s have been
bui l t
wi t h a second, sl i ght l y
hi gher , l evel wi t h
one
or t wo
l ongi t udi nal st eps l eadi ng up
t o i t ,
about 20 f t
upst age, i n an ef f or t t o
i ncr ease t he
var i et y of act i ng
spaces avai l abl e . Car ef ul
consi der at i on shoul d
be gi ven t o i t s ef f ect on
scene shi f t i ng, danci ng,
or ot her t heat er uses
bef or e t hi s i s i ncor por at ed
as par t of t he per -
manent desi gn.
9. I n some cases i t
wi l l
be
necessar y t o i n-
cl ude anchor i ng devi ces
f or j acks, f l anges, and
st age br aces suppor t i ng
heavy movabl e
scener y set di r ect l y and
per manent l y i nt o t he
har d sur f ace of t he st age
f l oor .
10. El ect r i cal
out l et s f or st age l i ght i ng and
f or t he conveni ent at t achment
of cabl e t o spe-
ci al ef f ect s such as campf i r es .
11. Ci r cui t s f or an
i nt er communi cat i on
syst em
bet ween depar t ment s .
12. Unl ess a st eep embankment
or a cl ump
of t al l t r ees can ser ve as an
acoust i cal back-
gr ound, a hi gh wooden or
masonr ywal l shoul d
be er ect ed behi nd t he st age
t o pr ovi de a
soundi ng boar d al t he
r ear of t he act i ng ar eas .
Ther e shoul d be maski ng
wi ngs f or si de en-
t r ances on t he mai n st age
and f or mount i ng of
l i ght i ng equi pment
and f or conveni ent scene
shi f t i ng space. Aback
wal l f or a 70- f t pr osceni -
umopeni ng woul d be about
110 f t .
These
f eat ur es ar e suggest ed f or each of
t he
t wo si de st ages
( r i ght
and l ef t of t he pr osceni -
umopeni ng) :
1 . Al evel 2 f t above t hat
of t he mai n st age ( 5
f t above t he base of t he l owest
r owof seat s) ,
wi t h easy access f r ombot h
backst age and t he
mai n st age.
2. The ar ea cover i ng a quar t er
of a ci r cl e
wi t h a r adi al cent er on t he pr osceni um
wal l of
t he mai n st age, st ar t i ng about
30 f t back f r om
t he openi ng ( gi vi ng a cut - of - pi e- shaped
act i ng
space on t he si de st age of about
30
by
30 f t
wi t h t he cur ve t owar d t he audi ence) .
3 . No pr osceni um f r ame of
any ki nd i s
needed f or t hi s si de st age ( t he pr osceni um
wal l of t he mai n st age f or ms t he r ear
wal l f or
t hese
si de st ages) .
4. Thr ee st eps or a r ampat t he f r ont
cor ner
t o
connect t he ai de st age wi t h t he
apr on of t he
mai n st age.
5. Level gr ound, dr ai ned and
sur f aced l i ke
t he mai n st age.
6 . A door or conceal ed passageway
con-
nect i ng t hi s st age t o t he wi ng of
t he mai n
at ege f or t he use of act or s .
7 . Consi der abl e wor ki ng space,
r i ght or
l ef t , beyond t hi s act i ng ar ea
f or t he mani pul a-
t i on, and possi bl y t he
st or age, of scener y and
pr oper t i es t o be used on t hi s
st age. ( I f t hese
ar e t o be st or ed backst age i n a
wi ng of t he
mai n st age and br ought out
f r ont when needed
an
adequat el y conceal ed passage
shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or t hem. )
Car ef ul t hought must be
gi ven t o t he f at
backgr ound of t he t hr ee st ages .
The vi ewof
t he st age and beyond i t t o t he t r ees or
di st ant
mount ai ns shoul d be at t r act i ve
and mood
Cul t ur al
AMPHI THEATERS
cr eat i ng f r om
t he moment t he spect at or
f i r st
comes i nt o t he
t heat er ar ea.
THE BACKSTAGE AREA
I n t he wi ngs :
1 . Ther e shoul d be
pl ent y of f r ee space f or
t he assembl i ng of
act or s, t he or gani zi ng of
gr oups, and t he massi ng
of cr owd voi ces f or
of f st age ef f ect s .
2. Pr oper t y t abl es
shoul d be pl aced i n l oca-
t i ons conveni ent t o bot h
si des of t he mai n
st age and t he ent r ances
t o t he si de st ages .
3. Ther e shoul d be
adequat e spaces f or t he
st or i ng and shel t er i ng of t he
por t abl e scener y
uni t s and pr oper t i es .
4. Ther e shoul d be pr oper
dr ai nage i n ever y
par t .
5. Al l t he per manent wi r i ng
shoul d be r un
under gr ound wher e i t cannot t r i p t he act or s
or
i nt er f er e wi t h t he movement of
scener y and
pr oper t i es.
6 . Some cont r ol l ed I l l umi nat i on
shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or backst age oper at i ons,
wel l
shi el ded so no di r ect or r ef l ect ed
l i ght i ng wi l l
be seen
by t he spect at or s .
7. Ther e shoul d be suf f i ci ent specs
f or t he
dr yi ng of scener y, cost umes, and
pr oper t i es
t he mor ni ng af t er a r ai n.
8 . Abul l et i n boar d f or ni ght l y di r ect i ons t o
act or s
and t echni ci ans shoul d be
set up i n s
f r ee
andconveni ent spot , a l i t t l e away
f r omany
of
t he mai n t r af f i c l anes ont o t he st age.
9.
Ther e shoul d be an ef f i ci ent
i nt er com-
muni cat i on
syst emover whi ch messages
can
be sent
f r omone si de of t he st age t o t he
ot her ,
f r omt he st age
manager t o t he el ect r i ci an,
t he
or gani st ,
and t he house manager .
The
or es behi nd t he mai n st age shoul d not be
used
f or any l ar ge oper at i on. Ther e
shoul d be
no
l i ght i ng her e except what may be
pl anned
f or st age
ef f ect s, and al l t r ees shoul d be
l ef t
st andi ng t o
mai nt ai n a good
backgr ound
scr eeni ng
f or t he st age pi ct ur es .
A
spaci ous passageway shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or t he
act or s end t echni ci ans who have
t o
cr oss behi nd st age
f r omone wi ng t o t he ot her
.
THE DRESSI NG
ROOMS
The pl acement
and si ze of t he
dr essi ng r ooms
wi l l depend t o
a gr eat ext ent on l ocal
t opog-
r aphy
and ont he number of act or s i n t he
show.
The dr essi ng r ooms shoul d be
put as near
t he wi ngs
as possi bl e wi t hout
i nt er f er i ng i n
any way
wi t h t he backst age movement of
scener y and
act or s .
At t he same
t i me, t he dr essi ng r ooms
shoul d
be compl et el y
out of vi ewof t he audi ence
.
Car e shoul d be
t aken t o see t hat no
l i ght
shi ni ng t hr ough a
door or wi ndow
f i nds i t s
way
di r ect l y or i ndi r ect l y t o t he eyes of t he
spect at or ,
and t hat noi ses i n t he
dr essi ng
r ooms ar e
not hear d out f r ont .
The
dr essi ng r ooms may be l ai d out
as a
gr oup
of smal l uni t s t o
t ake car e of
smal l
gr oups
of act or s, or as l ar ger
r ooms capabl e
of
t aki ng car e of bi g gr oups of
men or women
.
The best ar r angement has
smal l er dr essi ng
r ooms
f or sel ect ed gr oups
of mol e and f emal e
act or s
; one f or t he
l eadi ng men, one f or
f emal e
l eader s, and
ot her r ooms f or gr oups
of second-
ar y pl ayer s .
I f t her e ar e
anyi n t he showwho
have
t o
use
unusual makeup,
l i ke I ndi an body
wash and
war pai nt , t hese shoul d
be gi ven an ar ea
par t i -
t i oned of f so t hat
t hei r body makeup
wi l l not
r ub agai nst ot her act or s'
cost umes . They
shoul d have al so t hei r own
shower f aci l i t i es .
Ashel f - t ype makeup
t abl e of 18 i n. wi dt h
and
30 i n. hei ght shoul d
be bui l t ar ound t he wal l s of
t he dr essi ng r ooms wi t h a
2 f t 6 i n. or 3- f t
space f or each act or . I n f r ont
of each act or wi l l
be
a makeupmi r r or wi t h a
75- wel t l i ght oneach
si de. Benches or chai r s 18 i n
. hi gh, suf f i ci ent
f or al l of t he makeup posi t i ons,
shoul d be pr o-
vi ded.
Ampl e space and equi pment
shoul d be
f ur ni shed each member of t he
cast f or dr essi ng
and
f or t he hangi ng of cost umes,
especi al l y i f
t hey
ar e of per i od desi gn. Some
per manent
cost ume
r acks ar e r ecommended.
I t i s
desi r abl e t o have at l east
one f ul l - l engt h
mi r r or i n each dr essi ng r oom.
Shower s, l avat or i es end t oi l et
f aci l i t i es must
be suppl i ed
f or each l ar ge dr essi ng
r oom or
dr essi ng
r oomar ea. Ther e shoul d be et
l east :
One
t oi l et f or each si x per sons
" One
shower t o each si x per sons
" One wash
basi n f or each f our per sons
" Sever al ur i nal s
f or men
" Mor e t oi l et s
f or women
I f t he
pr oduct i on has onl y a f ewact or s
who
use body makeup,
t he need wi l l be f or
f ewer
shower s and
mor e wash basi ns .
Hot and col d
r unni ng wat er must be
f ur -
ni shed. I t wi l l be
needed by t he act or s
i n t he
eveni ng end by t he
cost umer dur i ng t he day.
The hot wat er
heat er must be l ar ge enough
t o
f ur ni sh hot wat er t o a
l ar ge number of act or s
i n
a shor t space of t i me.
Ther e mi ght be one
400-
gal heat er or
t wo 200- gal heat er s, one f or each
si de. Oi l , coal ,
or gas heat er s ar e bet t er
t han
el ect r i c si nce t he
el ect r i c r equi r e a
l onger
war mi ngup
per i od t han can usual l y be
t ol er -
at ed .
The dr essi ng
r ooms must be pr oper l y
vent i -
l at ed. Louver s
and l ar ge ci r cul at i ng f ans
ar e
suggest ed . Wi ndows,
i f used, shoul d be
pl aced
away f r omt he st age
and t he audi ence
ar ea t o
mi ni mi ze
l i ght l eaks .
Li ght baf f l es
f or door s can be used t o
avoi d
t hese l eaks . The
door s shoul d be pl aced i n such
a way as t o be
of conveni ence t o t he act or s
want i ng t o r each t he
backst age ar eas, whi l e
keepi ng t o a mi ni mumt he danger
of l i ght spi l l s .
SHOPS
ANDOFFI CES
The Cost ume
Shop
The
shop shoul d be conveni ent l y
cl ose t o t he
dr essi ng
r oom ar ea. The si ze
of i t and t he
equi pment of i t
wi l l depend on
whet her i t i s t o
be used
si mpl y f or t he mai nt enance
or al so f or
t he pr epar at i on
of cost umes . I f i t i s
t o ser ve as
t he mai n const r uct i on
cent er i t shoul d
cont ai n
space
f or
a
l ar ge cut t i ng t abl e ( about
3 by 6 f t )
and at l east
f our sewi ng
machi nes, sewi ng
t abl es, and
chai r s . The shop must
be l ar ge
enough t o
house one or mor e
washi ng ma-
chi nes . I t shoul d
al so have space
f or t he
st or i ng of mat er i al s
and accessor i es .
The shop
shoul d be at
l east 30 by 30 f t . i t
woul d be wi se
f or t he ar chi t ect
t o consul t t he
cost umer bef or e
t he f i nal pl ans
f or t hi s r oomar e
dr awn.
The cost ume
shop shoul d be
weat her pr oof ed
and wel l vent i l at ed
t o pr event mi l dewi ng
of t he
cost umes i n damp
weat her . I f t he shop
i s t o be
used as t he
wi nt er cost ume st or age
r oom, i t
wi l l r equi r e
a mor e car ef ul l y
const r uct ed
bui l di ng t han
one used onl y
i n t he summer
mont hs .
Ver y i mpor t ant i s
an i ndoor dr yi ng
r oomf or
t he r api d dr yi ng
of l aunder ed cost umes
on
Cul t ur al
AMPHI THEATERS
r ai ny days,
and
t he
dr yi ng of sui t s anddr esses
caught i n summer
shower s dur i ng a per f or -
mance.
The cost ume r oom
shoul d be wel l l i ght ed by
f l uor escent l amps .
The Scene Shop
The scene shop shoul d be l ocat ed i n t he back-
st age
ar ea, and i t shoul d not be i n vi ewof t he
audi ence. Unl ess i t i s t o be used al so f or t he
ni ght l y st or age of scener y i t does not neces-
sar i l y have t o be i mmedi at el y adj acent t o t he
st age ar eas .
However , i t shoul d be bui l t f or t he
conveni ent r emoval of bui l t and pai nt ed sce-
ner y and
pr oper t i es f r omt he shop t o t he st age.
I t i s ver y
i mpor t ant t hat t he bui l di ng be
weat her pr oof ed,
and t hat i t be l ar ge enough
and of pr oper hei ght
f or
t he
const r uct i on and
pai nt i ng of al l shapes of
scener y.
I t
i s wel l t o
consi der t he wi dt h
and t he hei ght of t he door s,
si nce t he compl et ed scener y
uni t may be
r at her hi gh and wi de and wi l l
t her ef or e r equi r e
an openi ng l ar ge
enough
t o
per mi t i t s bei ng
car r i ed out easi l y.
The si ze of t he scene shop shoul d be at l east
30 f t l ong by 30 f t wi de by 20 f t
hi gh. I t
must
be
l ong and wi de enough f or t he const r uct i on of a
bi g t wo- or t hr ee- f ol d f l at . The scene shop must
be hi gh enough t o al l owa 18- f t f l at t o be
moved
: r ound easi l y i n an er ect posi t i on . Ther e shoul d
be l ar ge door s at t he end of t he bui l di ng most
conveni ent t o t he st age. The door s shoul d be at
l east
12 f t wi de by 9 f t hi gh .
The shop shoul d be wel l vent i l at ed t o speed
t he dr yi ng of t he f r eshl y poi nt ed scener y and
make t he t echni cal cr ew comf or t abl e whi l e
wor ki ng i n hot weat her .
The shop shoul d be wel l l i ght ed, pr ef er abl y
by
f l uor escent l amps .
I t shoul d be equi pped wi t h hot and col d
r unni ng wat er . Ashower woul d be desi r abl e.
Desi r abl e
i s an
out door space f or t he
bui l di ng and pai nt i ng of scener y and pr oper t i es
dur i ng per i ods of good weat her .
Ther e
shoul d be
a
weat her t i ght st or age r oom
f or t he pr eser vat i on of t he scener y and pr oper -
t i es
dur i ng t he wi nt er mont hs . Pr ecaut i on
shoul d be t aken t o pr event
damage by r at s .
( Sacks of
" War f ar i n" or ot her r odent r epel -
l ent s may be pl aced ar ound bot h
t he scener y
and cost ume st or er ooms . )
Of f i ces
I t i s desi r abl e t o have backst age
of f i ce space
f or t he di r ect or , t echni cal di r ect or , l i ght i ng
di r ect or , choi r di r ect or , and st age
manager .
The st age manager shoul d have at l east
desk
space. The cost umer and t echni cal di r ect or can
use a sect i on of t hei r cost ume and scene
shops
r espect i vel y as of f i ces .
LI GHTI NG TOWERS ANDOTHERLI GHTI NG
STATI ONS
Aspeci al pr obl emwhi ch wi l l come i nt o t he
ar chi t ect ' s pl anni ng i s t hat concer ned wi t h t he
desi gn of t he l i ght i ng f or t he t hr ee st ages . Thi s
shoul d be wor ked out car ef ul l y i n consul t at i on
wi t h a l i ght i ng exper t .
The f i r st par t of t he pr obl em i nvol ves
t he
shape, si ze and pl acement of t he t wo l i ght i ng
t ower s ( f or f r ont i l l umi nat i on of t he act i ng or -
eas) on each ai de of t he audi t or i um. They
shoul d be cl ose enough t o t he mai n st age t o
pr ovi de i t wi t h maxi mum spot l i ght i ng, f ar
enough i n- t owar dt he cent er of t he audi t or i um
- t o make t he
angl i ng
of t he
l i ght l i nes
t o t he
cor ner s of
t hi s st age
ef f ect i ve.
At
t he same
t i me t he t ower s shoul d be f ar enough up t he
hi l l away f r om t he si de st ages t o per mi t
get t i ng
good i l l umi nat i on down ont o t hem.
( Some of t he spot l i ght i ng
f or
each st age
wi l l
come f r omt he near t ower , some f r omacr oss
t he audi t or i umf r om t he
t ower on
t he
ot her
si de. ) Each t ower shoul d be hi gh enough t o l et
t he l i ght f al l on t he near si de st age at an angl e
of about 45 , i l l umi nat i ng cl ear l y f i gur es on
t hat st age wi t hout spi l l i ng l i ght ont o t he mai n
st age beyond. I f t he si de st age ext ends 30 f t out
f r omt he pr osceni um wal l and
t he t ower i s
pl aced about 1 5 or 20 f t up t he hi l l f r om
t hi s-
t hat i s, 45 or 50 f t f r omt he pr osceni umwal l -
t he t ower mayhave t o r i se 30 or 35
f t above t he
l evel of t he mai n st age.
At l east t wo banks vi !sr ge spot l i ght s
wi l l
be
hung i n t he t op of each t ower
. I n
t he bot t om
of
one t ower mi ght be pl aced t he cont r ol boar d
f or
al l st age l i ght i ng, and i n t he bot t om of t he
ot her t he consol e of t he el ect r i c
or gan, t oget her
wi t h t he cont r ol of any sound equi pment ( such
as t hat f or a nar r at or ) t hat may be empl oyed i n
t he pl ay. Some t heat er s use space bel owt he
l i ght i ng t ower s f or r est r ooms f or t he audi ence,
af t er pr ovi di ng separ at e access f or t he l i ght i ng
cr aw.
Whi l e t he t ower s ar e bei ng pl aced f or ef f ec-
t i ve i l l umi nat i on, t hey must be ar r anged i n such
e way as not t o i nt er f er e wi t h t he si ght l i nes
f r omt he r ear si de cor ner s of t he audi t or i umt o
t he act i ng ar eas
on
t he si de st ages
. I n or der t o
keep t he si ght l i nes cl ear , t he
ar chi t ect wi l l
have t o put t he t ower s cl osel y
cont i guous t o
t he si de ai sl es, and he may
have t o modi f y t he
wi dt h of t he audi t or i umat t he back
.
Someof t he smal l er and newer t heat er s,
con-
cent r at i ng on use of t he Quar t z- I odi ne
l emped
l ong- t hr owspot l i ght s, have mi ni mi zed t he
use
of l i ght i ng t ower s by mount i ng a bat t er y
of
spot l i ght s on t op of t he r ai n shel t er at t he r ear
of t he audi ence. Af ewyear s ago t he spot l i ght
cost woul d have been t oo gr eat , but newl ens
syst ems devel oped f or quar t z l i ght s nowal l ow
t hi s t ype of mount i ng as an i ncr easi ngl y popu-
l ar sol ut i on f or l i ght i ng bot h mai n and si de
st ages . At pr esent most t heat er s st i l l use
l i ght i ng t ower s as wel l as t he newer r ai n-
shel t er mount i ng.
Ot her st at i ons f or st age l i ght i ng wi l l be on
pi pe f r ami ng j ust behi nd t he edge of t he pr osce-
ni umwal l s on bot h si des, end i n nar r owf oot -
l i ght t r oughs at t he f r ont edges of t he mai n end
ai de st ages .
The pl oy wi l l doubt l ess r equi r e ad-
di t i onal i nci dent al st at i ons, but si nce t hese wi l l
pr obabl y be
on or behi nd scener y uni t s t hey
wi l l not i nvol ve t he ar chi t ect .
Al l per manent wi r i ng whi ch i s t o be r un i n
condui t s
under t he gr ound f r omt he t ower s t o
t he st ages, bet ween t he
t ower s and bet ween
t he st ages,
and
t o
cont r ol s, shoul d be l ai d be-
f or e any
pavi ng
i s
done.
LI GHTI NG CONTROL EQUI PMENT
The l i ght i ng cont r ol boot h shoul d
al l ow t he
oper at or f ul l vi si on of al l act i ng
ar eas whi ch
ar e t o be l i ght ed. The best l ocat i on
i n t he
1, 500- 2, 000 seat t heat er i s shove
t he r ai n
shel t er hi gh over t he r ear of
t he audi ence.
Somet heat er s use a boot h
bui l t i n t he cent er
of t he audi t or i um, but t hi s causes a
l oss of
val uabl e r evenue seat s . Ot her s use space
i n t he
t i cket of f i ce bui l di ng, or space at t he base
of
one of t he l i ght i ng t ower s .
Locat i on of l i ght i ng cont r ol consol es
back-
st age i s consi der ed ol d f ashi oned end
i nef f i -
ci ent .
Many good l i ght i ng cont r ol syst ems
ar e on
t he mar ket and a number of t hemshoul d
be i n-
vest i gat ed t o det er mi ne t he best possi bl e
choi ce f or your pr oduct i on si t uat i on. A
mi ni -
mumof 85, 000 t o 100, 000 wat t s wi l l be r e-
qui r ed i n any st andar d si t uat i on.
Cul t ur al
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
ROOMANDAREA
REQUI REMENTS
Musi c f aci l i t i es can
be di vi ded i nt o t wo
gener al cl assi f i cat i ons
dependi ng upon t hei r
f unct i on : t hose used f or
i nst r uct i onal act i vi t i es
end t hose ser vi ng i n an
auxi l i ar y capaci t y such
as st or age ar eas, wor kr ooms,
and of f i ces . A
t ypi cal l ar ge musi c f aci l i t y
f or
an
i nst i t ut i on
of hi gher educat i on
wi l l r equi r e a wi de var i et y
of r ooms and wor k ar eas .
The needs of el e-
ment ar y and secondar y school s
wi l l pr obabl y
be somewhat l ess but wi l l
i ncor por at e many of
t hese f unct i onal ar eas . ( See Fi g. 1. )
1 . I nst r uct i onal ar eas
Rehear sal hal l s
Pr act i ce r ooms
Cl ass pi ano r ooms
Regul ar cl assr ooms
Li st eni ng f aci l i t i es
St udi os
Reci t al
hal l
Combi nat i ons
2. Auxi l i ar y ar eas
St or age ar eas
Musi c l i br ar y
Wor k r ooms
Br oadcast cont r ol boot h
Addi t i onal f aci l i t i es
I nst r uct i onal Ar eas
Rehear sal
Hal l s- I nst r ument al Rooms An
i nst r u-
ment al r ehear sal r oom obvi ousl y
shoul d be
l ar ge enough t o accommodat e t he l ar gest
band,
or chest r a, or combi ned gr oup expect ed t o
use
t he f aci l i t y. The needs may var y
f r omone sec-
t i on
of t he count r y t o anot her , but 80 t o
120
pupi l s
may be t aken as t he nor mal
r ange
.
I n
some
ar eas whi ch emphasi ze l ar ge
bands i t i s
not
unusual , however , t o f i nd gr oups
con-
t ai ni ng up
t o 180 pupi l s . The use of t he school
f or communi t y musi c act i vi t i es shoul d al so be
consi der ed. Combi ned school and communi t y
gr oups may
make i t desi r abl e t o const r uct
somewhat
l ar ger r ehear sal f aci l i t i es and
pr o-
vi de
addi t i onal st or age space.
RoomSi ze
. I n est i mat i ng t he appr oxi mat e
number of squar e
f eet of f l oor space t hat
f or i nst r ument al gr oups,
one shoul d al l ow20 t o
24 aq f t per st udent ( i . e. ,
1, 600 t o
1, 920 sq f t of f l oor space f or an 80-
pi ece band
or a 60- pi ece or chest r a) . Thi s wi l l
pr ovi de t he
necessar y space f or ai sl es, musi c
st ands,
and ot her equi pment . No st udent
shoul d si t agai nst a wal l or st and
wi t hi n T' / , f t
of t he
cei l i ng . Thi s i s especi al l y t r ue of t he
basses
and per cussi on i nst r ument s, whi ch ar e
f r equent l y pl aced
on t he hi ghest r i ser i n t he
back of t he
ensembl e.
Room
Hei ght .

The hei ght of an i nst r umen-
t al r ehear sal
hal l depends on t he number of
st udent s i nvol ved as
wel l as t he shape of t he
r oom.
One of t he commonf aul t s of musi c f aci l i -
t i es i s t he l ack
of suf f i ci ent cei l i ng hei ght .
Cei l i ng hei ght must
be pl anned f or acoust i c
pur poses even
i f
a
spl i t - l evel ef f ect i s cr eat ed
Musi c
Bui l di ngs, Rooms and Equi pment , Musi c Educa-
t or s Nat i onal
Conf er ence, 1902 Associ at i on Dr . , Rest on,
Va. , 1966.
ont he
f l oor above t he musi c sui t e. Not al l such
r ooms
wi l l be desi gned wi t h a cei l i ng t hat i s
par al l el t o t he
f l oor , so t hat an aver age cei l i ng
hei ght f i gur e may be mor e meani ngf ul t han a
si mpl e
number . Thi s aver age wi l l be i n t he
nei ghbor hood
of 14t o 18 f t . Anyt hi ng l ess t han
a
14- f t cei l i ng i n an i nst r ument al r ehear sal
r oomshoul d be
quest i oned . Anot her check t o
ensur e adequat e space
f or pr oper acoust i cs i n
a r ehear sal r oom
i s t o al l ow appr oxi mat el y
400 cu f t per per f or mer
.
Ri ser s .

Di f f er ences
of opi ni on wi l l be f ound
concer ni ng t he
desi r abi l i t y of pr ovi di ng r i ser s
i n i nst r ument al
r ooms . Pupi l s si t t i ng i n t he
back of t he r oom
and t he f ar si des may have
some di f f i cul t y
i n seei ng t he conduct or unl ess
t hey ar e seat ed on an
el evat i on of some sor t .
No deci ded pr ef er ence
f or f l at f l oor s or f or
r i ser s has been
demonst r at ed. Ar chi t ect s ar e
cur r ent l y desi gni ng musi c
r ooms of bot h t ypes
accor di ng t o t he pr ef er ence
of t hose pl anni ng
t he f aci l i t i es . Whi chever
i s used, f l at f l oor s or
r i ser s, i t wi l l be necessar y
t o make t he appr o-
pr i at e adj ust ment s t o
pr ovi de f or di f f usi on of
sound. Wi t h t he
use of r i ser s, addi t i onal r oom
hei ght wi l l be needed
. Some school s f eel t hat
semi per manent or
por t abl e r i ser s sol ve t he
pr obl emand pr ovi de
r oomf l exi bi l i t y. The pr o-
vi si on of set s of r i ser s- one
t o be kept i n t he
audi t or i umandanot her
f or t he r ehear sal hal l -
avoi ds some of
t he l ogi st i cal pr obl ems, but
manydi r ect or s who
have r i ser s i n t he r ehear sal
r oomf i nd t he f l at f l oor
of t he st age sat i sf act o-
r y. Many symphony
or chest r as have abandoned
t he use of r i ser s,
t hei r conduct or s havi ng di s-
cover ed t hat when t he br ass
and per cussi on
sect i ons ar e el evat ed,
t hey of t en over bal ance
t he st r i ngs . Thi s may be
even mor e t r ue wi t h
school or chest r as
. The pr obl empr esent ed by
t he l ack of st age
encl osur es ( shel l s) f ar out -
wei ghs t he pr obl em
of whet her or not t o use
r i ser s on t he st age
.
Ri ser s
t hat t el escope i nt o
t he wal l ar e anot her
possi bi l i t y, but t he expense
i nvol ved may pr ohi bi t t hei r use
i n many si t ua-
t i ons .
I f r i ser s ar e used, a wi dt h
of
60
i n. f or most
t er r aces wi l l pr ove adequat e. A60- i n. st ep
wi l l
be wi de enough f or a si ngl e r owof i nst r umen-
t al i st s or t wo r ows of si nger s . The t op
r i ser
shoul d be wi der ( up t o 120 i n. ) si nce
t he back
of t he r oom or di nar i l y
accommodat es t he
l ar ger per cussi on and bass
i nst r ument s . Or di -
nar i l y, an el evat i on of 6 t o
8 i n. i s adequat e
( si ght l i ne i s a good i ndi cat i on of
ear l i ne) . A
whi t e st r i p of pai nt or a
r ubber i zed nonski d
t r ead on t he edge of al l r i ser s
pr ovi des an
el ement of saf et y. The number of
t er r aces wi l l
r ange f r omone t o f i ve,
dependi ng on t he si ze of
t he r oomand t he needs of
t he or gani zat i ons
usi ng t he r ehear sal f aci l i t i es
.
Ot her Consi der at i ons .
The i nst r ument al
r ehear sal r oom wi l l pr obabl y
be used f or
i nst r ument al cl asses and possi bl y
even f or
t heor y or ot her musi c cl asses .
Mount ed chal k-
boar ds
ar e t her ef or e desi r abl e.
Si nce r ehear s-
i ng
i s t he r oom' s pr i nci pal f unct i on,
however ,
no
deci si on shoul d be made
t hat wi l l det r act
f r om
i t s abi l i t y t o f ul f i l l t hat r ol e.
The st r ai ght
chai r s r equi r ed f or per f or mi ng gr oups
shoul d
not be
sacr i f i ced f or t abl et ar mchai r s
. Pr ovi -
si ons
f or cl osed- ci r cui t t el evi si on and a
pr o-
j ect i on
scr een shoul d be consi der ed
. Many
r ehear sal
r ooms bei ng cur r ent l y pl anned
and
bui l t i ncor por at e mi cr ophone out l et s
wi t h ade-
quat e wi r i ng l eadi ng t o t he
cont r ol r oom.
I t t he r oomi s t o be used
f or or chest r a r e-
hear sal s or cel l o cl asses, some
t hought shoul d
be gi ven t o t he ef f ect of cel l o
end pi ns on t i l e
or woodf l oor i ng. One sol ut i on i s t o
pr ovi de f or
,/ , - i n. pl ywood f l oor panel s
l ar ge enough t o
ser ve t he pl ayer and hi s i nst r ument
.
Fi nal l y, i t shoul d be not ed t hat t her e i s
some
doubt as t o t he advi sabi l i t y of bands
and
or chest r as usi ng t he same r ooms .
Recent r e-
sear ch
has i ndi cat ed t hat , f or t eachi ng
pur -
poses, t he band r equi r es a much l ess
r ever -
ber ant r oomt han does t he
or chest r a.
Rehear sal
Hal l s- Chor al Rooms The
speci al i zed
r equi r ement s of chor al r ehear sal r ooms
ar e
somewhat
di f f er ent f r om t hose of f aci l i t i es
used
excl usi vel y f or i nst r ument al gr oups
.
Space
r equi r ement s ar e si mpl i f i ed
si nce i t i s
not necessar y
t o pr ovi de f l oor ar ea f or
musi c
st ands and
i nst r ument s . I f t he vocal gr oups
ar e
t o st and f or
r ehear sal s, 6 sq f t per
pupi l wi l l
suf f i ce. The use of
f i xed chai r s on r i ser s
wi l l r e-
qui r e mor e
space; at l east 10 sq f t i s necessar y
f or each
pupi l i f t he r i ser s ar e t he
mi ni mum
wi dt h of 30
i n . Ext r a space shoul d be
pl anned
i f
wi der ( 36- or 40- i n. ) r i ser s ar e
pr ef er r ed,
15 t o 18
sq f t per per son bei ng
not unusual .
Chor al r oom
cei l i ngs do not need t o be
as hi gh
as
t hose i n i nst r ument al r ehear sal
hal l s, but
shoul d be
hi gher t han t hose
i n
an
or di nar y
cl assr oom
.
Ri ser s .

Fewi f any l ar ge chor al
gr oups r e-
hear se
or per f or mwi t hout t he use
of r i ser s .
They ar e used
t o avoi d havi ng t he
t one of
si nger s
i n t he back r ows obst r uct ed by
t he
bodi es
of t he si nger s i n f r ont .
They ar e al so
essent i al
f or easy obser vat i on of
t he con-
duct or . An
el evat i on of 6 t o 10 i n. and a
wi dt h
of 40
i n. ar e adequat e f or per manent
or semi -
per manent chor al
r i ser s .
Fewchor al
di r ect or s desi r e an ai sl e i n
t he
cent er of t he
r oom. Thi s may be avoi ded
i f t he
wi dt h of t he
r i ser and t he di st ance bet ween
seat r ows
ar e suf f i ci ent t o al l ow conveni ent
passage. Saf et y
r egul at i ons di f f er , but
r i ser s 40
i n. wi de ar e adequat e t o
meet t he r equi r ement s
i n most ar eas .
Si nce t he chor al
r oomi s most l i kel y t o
be
used as a gener al
cl assr oom i n nonchor al
hour s, f ol di ng
t abl et ar mchai r s wi l l be usef ul
f or bot h cl assr oom
and r ehear sal f unct i ons
.
Fi xed oper a ( t heat er )
chai r s ar e somet i mes
empl oyed i n
chor al r ooms, especi al l y when
t he
r oomi s desi gned t o
ser ve as a r eci t al
hal l . I n
al l pr obabi l i t y chor al
di r ect or s wi l l want t o
make r ecommendat i ons
concer ni ng t he chai r s
t o ensur e pr oper
suppor t f or t he l ower back
of
t he si nger s . Not l ess t han
125 cu f t of space
per seat shoul d
be pr ovi ded i n r eci t al
hal l -
chor al r ooms .
Some choi r di r ect or s
pr ef er t o have t hei r
gr oups st and f or
r ehear sal s as wel l as f or
concer t s . I n such cases
t he r i ser s shoul d have
a wi dt h of appr oxi mat el y 15
i n. and a hei ght of
8 or 10 i n. per st ep. A
per manent or por t abl e
st age i s an advant age f or a
chor al r oom. Thr ee
or f our st eps f r omt he f l oor of
t he r oomt o t he
st age can be desi gned t o
ser ve as per manent
st andi ng r i ser s .
Ot her Consi der at i ons .
The use of t he
chor al r oomf or ot her t han
r ehear sal f unct i ons
Fi g. 1

Gover nor Thomas J ohnson Hi gh School , Fr eder i ck, Md
.
Henr y Powel l Hopki ns and Associ at es,
Ar chi t ect s .
condi t i ons f or t he ot her act i vi t i es . I t may be
danger ous t o ask el ement ar y school chi l dr en
and t he maj or i t y
of j uni or hi gh school pupi l s t o
si ng
i n
such
compr omi se si t uat i ons . Whi l e
var i abl e acoust i cal cont r ol may be empl oyed,
t he i nst al l at i on of such mat er i al s may be mor e
expensi ve t han
pr ovi di ng addi t i onal f aci l i t i es .
When possi bl e, separ at e speci al r ooms f or i n-
st r ument al
andchor al act i vi t i es shoul d be pr o-
vi ded, si nce vocal
gr oups r equi r e a much
" war mer " r oomt han do bands and or chest r as
.
Space
i n
such a combi nat i on
r oomwi l l have
t o be f i gur ed on t he basi s of t he suggest i ons
made f or i nst r ument al r ehear sal hal l s . The
r oom mi ght
be t hought
of
as
t he f ut ur e i n-
st r ument al r oom, expansi on t o
separ at e f aci l i -
t i es bei ng t he ul t i mat e goal .
Pr act i ce Rooms Pr act i ce r ooms
ar e a f aci l i t y
pecul i ar t o t he t eachi ng of musi c, wi t h some
speci al pr obl ems not encount er ed by admi ni s-
t r at or s or ar chi t ect s i n pl anni ng ot her el ement s
of t he school . Among t he f act or s
whi ch must
be consi der ed ar e i sol at i on of
sound, si ze,
vent i l at i on, amount of use, and
super vi si on.
Number .
The
number of
pr act i ce r ooms
needed by a musi c depar t ment
shoul d be r e-
l at ed t o t he number of st udent s i nvol ved
and
t he admi ni st r at i ve pol i ci es
concer ned wi t h
t hei r use r at her t hen by t he
amount of space
cr eat ed by t he ar chi t ect i n spl ayi ng
t he back
wal l of
t he r ehear sal hal l . Some aut hor i t i es
r ecommend t hat st udent s pr act i ce as much as
possi bl e i n school , so t hat assi st ance and
super vi si on ar e possi bl e. Many f eel t hat i t i s
par t i cul ar l y i mpor t ant t hat pr act i ce r oomf aci l i -
t i es ar e avai l abl e f or t hose st udent s who pl ay
t he l ar ger i nst r ument s because of t he di f f i cul t y
i n car r yi ng t he i nst r ument s home. These
pr act i ce r ooms
shoul d
be
conveni ent t o t he
l ar ge r ehear sal r oom, so t hat t he movi ng of
heavy, l ar ge i nst r ument s i s mi ni mi zed . I n de-
t er mi ni ng t he number of pr act i ce r ooms needed
bya col l egi at e school or depar t ment of musi c,
a cal cul at i on si mi l ar t o t hat shown at t he t op of
t he page mi ght be used.
Si ze.

Pr act i ce r ooms var y i n si ze accor di ng
t o
t hei r var i ous f unct i ons . I ndi vi dual pr act i ce
r ooms ar e qui t e sat i sf act or y i n t he 55 t o 65 sq
f t r ange.
Thi s pr ovi des suf f i ci ent space f or an
upr i ght pi ano, a chai r , and a musi c st and- but
l i t t l e mor e. Publ i c school s, once pl anned wi t h
sever al r ooms of t hi s si ze i n t he musi c sui t e,
ar e nowbei ng bui l t wi t h sl i ght l y l ar ger r ooms
f or ensembl e pr act i ce, r ef l ect i ng t he i ncr eased
emphasi s on smal l gr oups, bot h vocal and
i nst r ument al . Col l eges whi ch pl an l ar ge bl ocks
of smal l pr act i ce r ooms wi l l al so want t o pr o-
vi de a number of l ar ger r ooms f or ensembl e
pr act i ce, or t o accommodat e gr and pi anos ( 2)
or or gans .
Ot her Consi der at i ons . Mor e and mor e
school bui l di ngs i n t he Nor t h as wel l as t he
Sout h ar e bei ng ai r - condi t i oned, and t hi s i s a
di st i nct advant age wher e pr act i ce r ooms ar e
concer ned. I n f act , t her e i s
no ot her way t o
pr ovi de pr oper sound
i sol at i on. I f t he bui l di ng
i s ai r - condi t i oned, t he pr act i ce r ooms can be
ar r anged i n bl ocks, spaced compact l y, and
pl anned wi t hout out si de wi ndows . Sound
f i l t er s shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t he ai r duct s t o
est of musi c depar t ment s, a si ngl e al l - pur pose
r oomcan be pl anned i n t er ms of space t o ac-
commodat e t he vocal and i nst r ument al gr oup
r ehear sal s, smal l ensembl es and i ndi vi dual r e-
hear sal s, l i br ar y, i nst r ument
and equi pment
st or age, i nst r ument r epai r f aci l i t i es, of f i ce, and
t eachi ng st udi o as wel l as var i ous ot her musi c
cl asses i nsof ar as t he schedul ed school day
per mi t s . Al t hough space can be pr ovi ded f or
t hi s mul t i pur pose si t uat i on, f ew of t hese
act i vi t i es can be adequat el y housed i n one
r oomwi t hout cr eat i ng undesi r abl e acoust i cal
suggest s t he advi sabi l i t y of pr ovi di ng chal k-
boar ds, a pr oj ect i on scr een, and cl osed ci r cui t
t el evi si on. Mi cr ophone out l et s f or r ecor di ng
and br oadcast i ng shoul d be consi der ed.
School s bei ng bui l t nowshoul d be pl anned t o
make possi bl e t he use of per f or mi ng gr oups
f or br oadeni ng t he cul t ur al l i f e of t he whol e
school .
Rehear sal Hal l s- Combi ned Vocal - I nst r ument al Fa-
ci l i t i es Let i t be sai d at t he out set t hat acous-
t i cal l y, one r oomcannot ser ve f or bot h vocal
and i nst r ument al r ehear sal s wi t h compl et el y
sat i sf act or y r esul t s . Some communi t i es,
however , f i nd i t economi cal l y unsound t o pr o-
vi de space f or bot h i nst r ument al and vocal
gr oups whi l e empl oyi ng onl y one t eacher . I t i s
t her ef or e expedi ent t o consi der space f or t he
combi ned vocal - i nst r ument al si t uat i ons . Pr o-
vi si ons f or changi ng t he r ever ber at i on char ac-
t er i st i cs of such a r oomwi t h dr apes or ot her
mat er i al s ar e a possi bi l i t y.
I n many one- t eacher si t uat i ons, one r oomi s
t he nucl eus of al l musi c act i vi t i es . I n t he smal l -
Cul t ur al
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
50 musi c maj or s X 16 hr per week
=
600 hr per week
40 on secondar y i nst r ument s
X
6 hr per week = 240 hr per week
80 t heor y st udent s X 2 hr per week
=
160 hr per week
150 el ement ar v educat i on st udent s
X 2
hr per week
- -
300 hr per week
1, 500 hr per week
Pr act i c e hour s p
er week
___1, 500 - - 25 pr act i ce r ooms needed
Hour s avai l abl e f or use per week 60
Cul t ur al
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
pr event t r ansmi ssi on
of sound f r omone r oom
t o anot her ,
and t he r et ur n ai r duct s shoul d be
pl aced i n t he
cei l i ngs or wal l s, not i n t he door s .
Const r uct i on t o ensur e
adequat e t r ansmi ssi on
l oss wi l l make pr act i ce
r ooms mor e expensi ve
t han or di nar y cl assr ooms,
but economi es may
be ef f ect ed her e wi t h mor e
j ust i f i cat i on t han i n
some ot her par t s
of t he musi c sui t e.
Nonpar al l el wal l s
have been wi del y used t o
avoi d r ef l ect i on of sound
i n t hese smal l r ooms .
Doubl e gl ass wi ndows
i n t he door s, or openi ng
on t he r ehear sal hal l or
t eacher ' s of f i ce i n
school s, per mi t super vi si on wi t hout
i nt er r up-
t i on. El ect r oni c moni t or i ng devi ces
ar e some-
t i mes i ncor por at ed.
Cl ass
Pi ano Rooms Many
school syst ems ar e
nowpr ovi di ng cl ass i nst r uct i on
i n pi ano as
wel l
as i n t he band and or chest r a
i nst r ument s .
Some school s have const r uct ed
speci al l y de-
si gned r ooms f or t hi s t ype of i nst r uct i on
.
These
r ooms shoul d be as near as possi bl e
t o
t he ot her musi c r ooms i n or der t o r eal i ze
com-
pl et e ut i l i zat i on i n a coor di nat ed musi c
pr o-
gr am. Ther e shoul d be acoust i cal t r eat ment of
t he wal l s and cei l i ngs, and i nsul at i on
agai nst
sound t r ansmi ssi on t o and f r omot her
cl ass-
r ooms as
pr escr i bed by t he acoust i cal consul -
t ant
. Car ef ul consi der at i on shoul d be
gi ven t o
sound condi t i oni ng of r ooms f or cl ass
pi ano i f
sever al
pi anos ar e used, due t o t he per cussi ve
act i on of t one pr oduct i on of sever al
per -
f or mer s . The f r ont wal l shoul d be equi pped
wi t h
bl ackboar d ( pl ai n and wi t h musi c st aves) ,
bul l et i n boar d space, musi c cabi net ,
and el ec-
t r i cal out l et s . Space shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or
t el evi si on, phonogr aph, and
r ecor di ng f aci l i -
t i es .
I f el ect r oni c pi anos ar e used
i n
such
a r oom,
i t i s
usef ul t o pr ovi de an adequat e number
of
el ect r i c out l et s i n t he f l oor t o
avoi d t he need
f or ext ensi on cor ds and t he hazar d
t hey pr e-
sent . Or gan cl ass i nst r uct i on i s now
f i ndi ng
i ncr easi ng f avor i n sever al of
our l ar ger ci t i es,
and pr oper l y wi r ed r ooms shoul d be
pl anned i f
t hi s act i vi t y i s t o be par t of a school ' s
pr ogr am.
Regul ar Cl assr ooms
Regul ar academi c cl ass-
r ooms ar e used
by many school s f or cl asses i n
musi c
hi st or y, appr eci at i on, t heor y, composi -
t i on,
ar r angi ng, and ot her musi c educat i on
cl asses
. Though t he acoust i cal t r eat ment may
not need t o
be as ext ensi ve or expensi ve as i n
some ot her
par t s of t he musi c sui t e, i f t he
l ear ni ng t o t ake
pl ace i n t he r oom i s t o i n-
vol ve
l i st eni ng t o musi c, mor e t han or di nar y
car e must
be t aken t o bl ock out ext r aneous
sounds
.
Acl assr oom
t hat wi l l be used pr i mar i l y
f or gener al musi c cl asses needs ampl e st or age
space f or books,
r ecor ds, r hyt hmi nst r ument s,
aut ohar ps,
pi ano keyboar ds, pi ct ur es, and si mi -
l ar equi pment . Pr ovi si on shoul d be made
f or
a
pr oj ect or
scr een mount ed et cei l i ng hei ght or
i n a
cei l i ng r ecess .
I n some si t uat i ons i t may be possi bl e t o
pr o-
vi de a
pr oj ect i on r oomadj oi ni ng t he cl ass-
r oom,
or even bet ween t wo cl assr ooms so t hat
t he pr oj ect or can be pr epar ed wi t hout l osi ng
cl ass t i me. I f a cl assr oomi s t o be used
pr i -
mar i l y f or t heor y cl asses, i t wi l l be desi r abl e t o
have st af f l i nes pai nt ed on t he chal kboar d
.
Conver sel y, i f musi c l i t er at ur e cl asses ar e t o be
t he pr i nci pal occupant s, pai nt ed st af f l i nes ar e
l ess desi r abl e. I f a col l ege cl assr oomi s t o
be
used l ar gel y f or musi c educat i on cl asses, i t
wi l l need adequat e l ocked shel f space or wi l l
need t o be pl anned adj acent t o a st or age r oom
( wi t h shel ves) f or t he l ar ge amount of mat er i al
used
i n
such
cl asses . I n a campus school si t ua-
t i on, cl assr ooms may need t o be pr ovi ded wi t h
r ows of coat hooks and shel f space.
Li st eni ng Faci l i t i es Sever al
t ypes of l i st eni ng f a-
ci l i t i es ar e i n common use
i n col l egi at e musi c
school s t oday,
and each pr esent s speci f i c
pl anni ng pr obl ems
. As i ndependent st udy be-
comes
mor e common i n secondar y school s,
some
si mi l ar f aci l i t i es wi l l become desi r abl e
i n t he musi c
depar t ment or i n t he school l i -
br ar y. The
pr i nci pal syst ems i ncl ude t he
f ol l owi ng:
1 . A number
of soundpr oof ed l i st eni ng
r ooms or cubi cl es
ar e each pr ovi ded wi t h a
r ecor d pl ayer .
The st udent r ecei ves phono
r ecor di ngs f r om a cent r al
l ocat i on ( of t en t he
depar t ment al
of f i ce) and i s hi s own oper at or .
2. Abank of r ecor d
pl ayer s or t ur nt abl es i s
pl aced i n a cent r al cont r ol
r oom. Wor kt abl es i n
an adj oi ni ng r oomar e
suppl i ed wi t h a number
of r ecei vi ng channel s
and set s of ear phones .
The st udent r equest s a
par t i cul ar r ecor di ng,
whi ch i s pl ayed by t he
moni t or i n char ge of t he
cont r ol r oom, and t he st udent
l i st ens t hr ough
ear phones .
3. Tapes ar e made
avai l abl e t o t he st udent ,
who l i st ens ei t her i n a cubi cl e
as i n ( 1) above,
or i n a cent r al r oom( i n
whi ch ear phones ar e
necessar y) .
4. Tapes ar e admi ni st er ed
t hr ough a cont r ol
r oom, as i n ( 2) above, and t he
st udent l i st ens
t hr ough ear phones .
The pl anni ng of a l i st eni ng f aci l i t y i s
di ct at ed
f i r st of al l byt he ki nd of equi pment t he depar t -
ment uses, or t he ki nd t o whi ch
i t wi shes t o
change. The number of l i st eni ng
r ooms or
cubi cl es, t he si ze of t he cont r ol r oom
and t he
number
of channel s avai l abl e, t he
number of
pl aces at
t he wor kt abl es can be cal cul at ed
by a
met hod si mi l ar t o t hat empl oyed i n t he case of
pr act i ce r ooms. The desi gn of
t he syst em, i f
met hods ( 2) or ( 4) ar e used, must
of cour se
pr ecede t he pl anni ng of t he ar ea
.
Ot her
t han
pr ovi di ng f or adequat e space
and conveni ent
l ocat i on i n r el at i onshi pt o ot her
musi c ar eas, no
gener al obser vat i ons
wi l l be needed i n t hi s
sect i on .
I n manycases a col l ege
wi l l set asi de cer t ai n
cl assr ooms as t heor y l abor at or i es
. I t may be
desi r abl e t o pr ovi de cubi cl es
i n whi ch st udent s
may wor k wi t h i ndi vi dual
t ape r ecor der s,
phono r ecor ds, or si mi l ar
equi pment . Cer t ai n
st or age and cont r ol
r equi r ement s must al so be
pl anned i n such si t uat i ons .
St udi es
Tr adi t i onal l y much
of t he t eachi ng of
musi c has been done on a
one- t o- one basi s .
Though t hi s count r y has accompl i shed
much
t hr ough gr oup i nst r uct i on, i t
i s st i l l t r ue t hat
advanced i nst r uct i on i s al most
al ways gi ven t o
a si ngl e st udent . I n col l eges
and conser vat or i es
t hi s i s car r i ed on i n st udi os
whi ch al so ser ve
as t he f acul t y member s'
of f i ces . I t i s desi r abl e
al so f or school s t o pr ovi de an
of f i ce f or each
f ul l - t i me musi c i nst r uct or .
Most f r equent l y i t i s
l ocat ed adj acent t o t he
t eacher ' s r ehear sal hal l
and i s pr ovi ded wi t h wi ndows
t hat enabl e hi m
t o keep an eye on ensembl e
r ehear sal s bei ng
conduct ed
byst udent s i n t he hal l or i n
pr act i ce
r ooms .
I n a col l ege i t i s not
di f f i cul t t o det er mi ne t he
pr oper number of
of f i cest udi os, si nce t he
f i gur e cor r esponds di r ect l y
wi t h t he number of
appl i ed musi c t eacher s
. Mor e di f f i cul t i s t he
mat t er of assur i ng t he
r esponsi bl e aut hor -
i t i es t hat space devot ed t o
t he st udi os wi l l be
f ul l y used. A col l ege
i nst r uct or t eachi ng
appl i ed musi c i s l i kel y t o
have a t eachi ng
schedul e of 18 t o 24 hour s per
week, and he
wi l l wi sh t o do
hi s own pr act i ci ng and pr of es-
si onal wor k i n hi s st udi o .
Occupancy of some-
wher e bet ween 30 and 40
hour s per week may
t hus be expect ed. Admi ni st r at or s
mayexpect a
50
t o 60 hour - per - week occupancy
as t hey do i n
t he case of cl assr ooms and
pr act i ce r ooms .
They may need hel p t o see
t hat an appl i ed-
musi c t eacher cannot wor k
ef f ect i vel y i f he has
t o shar e a st udi o .
Si ze.

The musi c t eacher ' s of f i ce needs
t o be
l ar ger t han a smal l pr act i ce
r oomsi nce he wi l l ,
i n al l pr obabi l i t y, have hi s desk
and f i l es t her e.
Ther e shoul d be enough
addi t i onal space f or
gr oup l essons i f he has
t he need. Musi c f i l es,
i nst r ument st or age, and wor k
ar eas f r equent ed
by st udent s shoul d not be i n t he
of f i cest udi o .
Col l ege st udi os wi l l var y
i n si ze wi t h t he
i nst r uct or ' s speci al t y. St udi os of
t he seni or
pi ano st af f wi l l i deal l y be l ar ge enough
t o ac-
commodat e t wo gr and pi anos
and t he usual of -
f i ce f ur ni t ur e of desk, f i l e cabi net s,
and book-
shel ves . St udi os of i nst r uct or s of
voi ce and
ot her i nst r ument s, t r adi t i onal l y
r equi r i ng onl y
one
pi ano, can be a bi t smal l er i f acoust i c
con-
di t i ons ar e ot her wi se met . Nonpar al l el
wal l s
ar e r ecommended, but t he st udi o shoul d
not be
desi gned i n such a way t hat pi ano pl acement
and di sposi t i on of f ur ni t ur e ar e
made di f f i cul t .
The si ze of t he st udi o may al so be
det er -
mi ned by ot her
dut i es of t he f acul t y member
.
As an academi c
advi ser , he may need addi -
t i onal space f or
f i l e cabi net s ; i f he uses t he
r oomf or semi nar s
he may r equi r e space f or a
t abl e
and chai r s . I n vi r t ual l y al l cases a smal l
mount ed
chal kboar d i n each st udi o wi l l be a
val uabl e asset .
Reci t al Hel l

Ar oom
i nt ended f or r eci t al s or f or
per f or mances by chamber
musi c gr oups or
smal l ensembl es may
be t er med a r eci t al hal l .
Anyt hi ng l ar ger f al l s
i nt o t he cat egor y of t he-
at er or audi t or i um. Thus,
pl anni ng t he r eci t al
hal l may wel l begi n
wi t h a deci si on about t he
hal l ' s i nt ended use
and i t s seat i ng capaci t y.
Thi s wi l l i n t ur n i nf l uence
t he si ze of i t s st age
and
br i ng about cer t ai n l i mi t at i ons of use. A
hal l seat i ng 250
peopl e, say, can scar cel y have
a st age l ar ge enough t o
seat an or chest r a and
chor us, or even a
l ar ge band. School s may
combi ne t he i dea of a
r eci t al hal l or l i t t l e t he-
at er wi t h t he need f or
ar eas f or l ar ge- gr oup
i nst r uct i on
.
As i n t he case
of ot her l ar ge speci al - use
r ooms, one may
t hi nk of a r eci t al hal l as i n-
cl udi ng sever al
subar eas al so . Chi ef among
t hese ar e
per f or mer s' dr essi ng r oomor r ooms,
pi pe- or gan chamber s
( i f t he hal l i s t o have an
or gan) , r ecor di ng
or br oadcast i ng cont r ol
r oom, and box
of f i ce. I n each case, t he l oca-
t i on of t hese subar eas
shoul d be consi der ed i n
r el at i on t o ease
of concer t oper at i on. For
exampl e, a cont r ol
r oomshoul d have a vi ewof
t he ent i r e st age, and
per f or mer s' r ooms shoul d
be l ocat ed on t he same
f l oor as t he st age r at her
t han a f l oor above or
bel ow; ot her wi se bot h
l ose much of t hei r
conveni ence.
The seat i ng capaci t y of
t he r eci t al hal l
havi ng been det er mi ned,
i t s shape, pr opor -
t i ons, et c . , become mat t er s
f or t he ar chi t ect .
But a number
of pr act i cal consi der at i ons, of t en
over l ooked even
by exper i enced ar chi t ect s,
may be l i st ed her e.
For exampl e, t he l i ght i ng
panel or
di mmer panel shoul d be l ocat ed on t he
same si de of t he st age
as t he dr essi ng r oom,
f or t hat i s t he si de at
whi ch t he st age manager
wi l l nor mal l y
st and i n or der t o communi cat e
wi t h t he
per f or mer s . A bel l or phone syst em
shoul d connect t he
backst age ar ea wi t h t he
box
of f i ce, f or ef f i ci ency i n concer t oper at i on.
Door s
l eadi ng f r omt he wi ngs ont o t he st age
must be wi de
enough t o pr ovi de f or t he pas-
sage of a
gr and pi ano- a smal l det ai l , yet one
t hat has of t en
been mi ssed. I f del i ver y of pi anos
or ot her l ar ge
equi pment i s ant i ci pat ed, t he
st age
shoul d have access t o a l oadi ng dock.
And even i f t he musi c
bui l di ng cat er s pr i mar i l y
t o campus audi ences,
pr ovi si on f or par ki ng
ar eas shoul d be
consi der ed.
Even at t he col l ege
l evel , t he r eci t al hal l , as
i n t he case of t he l ar ge
r ehear sal r ooms, wi l l
pr obabl y doubl e as
a cl assr oomor l ar ge l ect ur e
hal l at cer t ai n t i mes . I t may
be necessar y, t her e-
f or e, t o pr ovi de t heat er - t ype
seat s wi t h f ol di ng
t abl et ar ms so t hat t he
needs of bot h concer t
Fi g. 3

Pl an f or a t wo- t eacher musi c
depar t ment .
or chest r a,
chor al ) whi ch ar e mor e l i ke t he
school
si t uat i ons descr i bed her e.
Wor kr ooms I nst r ument
Repai r . Some sor t of
f aci l i t y shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or emer gency
i n-
st r ument r epai r s . A
speci al r oom i s r ecom-
mended,
al t hough many school s wi l l use a
sect i on of t he
musi c l i br ar y r oomor di r ect or ' s
of f i ce f or t hi s
pur pose. Lar ger school syst ems
wi l l empl oy
speci al l y t r ai ned men t o t ake car e
of al l i nst r ument
and equi pment r epai r s .
The
mi ni mumpr ovi si on
shoul d be a wor kbench,
st ool , and a
suppl y of t ool s f or r epai r s .
Cabi net
Fi g. 2

Pr ovi si ons f or
i nst r uct i on i n dance may be i ncl uded i n some
bui l di ngs . Col l ege Conser vat or y of Musi c, Uni -
ver si t y of Ci nci nnat i . Edwar d J . Schul t e and
Associ at es, Ar chi t ect s.
Cul t ur al
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
audi ence and not e- t aki ng st udent s may be
met .
A
l ar ge cei l i ng- mount ed pr oj ect i on
scr een may
be
f ound desi r abl e, as wel l as connect i ons
t o
t he r ecor di ng st udi o . Some t hought shoul d
be
gi ven t o t he l ocat i on of a pr oj ect or ,
si nce a
speci al
pr oj ect i on boot h i s unl i kel y i n a
smal l
r eci t al
hal l .
Fi ne Ar t s
Combi nat i ons Many school s
ar e
adopt i ng t he admi ni st r at i ve pol i cy of est abl i sh-
i ng
f i ne ar t s depar t ment s and housi ng ar t , dr a-
ma, and
musi c i n uni t s separ at e f r omt he cl ass-
r oom
ar ea. Bui l di ngs of t hi s nat ur e usual l y
consi st of a
musi c compl ex, a dr ama compl ex,
and a vi sual
ar t s compl ex . Dance may some-
t i mes
be i ncl uded ( see Fi g. 2) .
The musi c
compl ex has been descr i bed
ear l i er . The
dr ama compl ex consi st s of a smal l
t heat er
wi t h a capaci t y of 300 t o 500, wor k-
r oom, dr essi ng
ar eas, one or mor e cl assr ooms,
st or age r ooms,
r adi o- t el evi si on cont r ol and
l i st eni ng ar eas, cost ume st or age and
wor k
ar ea, and l i br ar y.
Auxi l i ar y Ar eas
St or age Ar eas

Adequat e st or age
ar eas, pl anned
wi t h t r af f i c pat t er ns i n mi nd, ar e
i mpor t ant t o
t he pr oper f unct i oni ng of a
musi c f aci l i t y.
St or age, wi t h pr oper heat and humi di t y
cont r ol ,
i s necessar y f or musi cal i nst r ument s,
r obes
and uni f or ms, musi c,
r ecor ds, and var i ous
t ypes
of equi pment . Wi t h car ef ul
pl anni ng, t he
st or age ar eas can
be conveni ent l y pl aced and at
t he same
t i me ser ve as a buf f er bet ween t wo
soundpr oduci ng
ar eas such as t he i nst r umen-
t al
and chor al r ehear sal hal l s ( see Fi g. 3) .
I nst r ument
St or age. I nst r ument st or age
l ocat ed so as t o mi ni mi ze
t he movi ng of
i nst r ument s . Suf f i ci ent f r ee
f l oor space
shoul d be pr ovi ded t o per mi t
smoot h f l ow of
t r af f i c . St or age cabi net s l o-
cat ed wi t hi n t he
r ehear sal ar eas ar e i nacces-
si bl e dur i ng
r ehear sal per i ods and f r equent l y
cause congest i on
dur i ng per i od changes .
Uni f or mand Robe St or age.
St or age f aci l i -
t i es shoul d be
pl anned f or t he school - owned
band and or chest r a
uni f or ms, choi r r obes, or
vest ment s . Thi s cl oset
space shoul d be cedar -
l i ned . A
wel l - const r uct ed, cl ose- f i t t i ng door
wi l l hel p pr ot ect
agai nst mot hs and dust . The
cl oset space shoul d
be hi gh enough so t hat t he
uni f or ms and
r obes wi l l not t ouch t he f l oor
when hangi ng on t he
r acks . Some pr ovi si on
shoul d be made t o
space t he uni f or ms and
r obes at equal i nt er val s
and t o f aci l i t at e i dent i -
f i cat i on . Asepar at e
( pi geonhol e) compar t ment
f or t he caps, bel t s, and
ot her mi scel l aneous
equi pment shoul d
al so be pr ovi ded.
Musi c Li br ar y

Musi c
l i br ar i es wi l l r ange f r oma
si ngl e set of f i l i ng
cabi net s i n t he musi c r oom
t o t he school of
musi c l i br ar y compl et e wi t h
st acks, r eadi ng r ooms,
char gi ng desk, l i st eni ng
f aci l i t i es, and wor k
ar eas . I n most col l eges
t her e wi l l al so be
smal l er l i br ar i es ( band,
Cul t ur al
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
space wi t h smal l dr awer s shoul d be pr ovi ded t o
hol d pads, pad cement , spr i ngs, cor k, and
ot her mi scel l aneous equi pment .
I f
a gr eat deal
of r epai r wor k i s done i n t he school , t he wor k-
bench shoul d have a gas connect i on, el ect r i cal
out l et s, wood
and
st eel vi ses,
and ot her
speci al i zed equi pment .
Runni ng
wat er
and
a
l ar ge si nk f or cl eani ng br ass i nst r ument s
shoul d be i ncl uded
.
Dupl i cat i ng Room. School musi c depar t -
ment s wi l l have t he f aci l i t i es of t he gener al of -
f i ce at t hei r di sposal i n most cases and maynot
need dupl i cat i ng equi pment i n t he musi c sui t e
i t sel f . Most col l egi at e depar t ment s or school s
of musi c and some school depar t ment s housed
separ at el y i n a campus- t ype school wi l l f i nd a
dupl i cat i ng r oomi nval uabl e. Ther e ar e many
t i mes when t he musi c depar t ment needs i t ems
copi ed- r ehear sal schedul es, i nst r ument al
par t s of a st udent composi t i on, f oot bal l show
r out i nes, t r i p i t i ner ar i es, vocal i zes f or t he
choi r , songs i n t he publ i c domai n- t hat equi p-
ment shoul d be r eadi l y avai l abl e. The r oom
shoul d i ncl ude enough count er space
f or
sever al t ypes of machi nes, space f or col l at i ng,
and a si nk.
Of f i ces . Amusi c pr ogr am t hat f unct i ons
smoot hl y shoul d pr ovi de a wel l - l ocat ed di -
r ect or ' s of f i ce. The si ze of t he of f i ce and t he
t ypes of equi pment i ncl uded i n i t wi l l depend on
t he si ze and or gani zat i on of t he school . The
r oomneed not be especi al l y l ar ge unl ess i t i s
al so t o ser ve as a st udi o i n whi ch smal l - gr oup
i nst r uct i on may be car r i ed on. I t shoul d, how-
ever , be abl e t o accommodat e a desk, t wo or
t hr ee chai r s, f i l i ng cabi net s f or cor r espon-
dence, cabi net s f or mi scel l aneous st or age, and
any speci al equi pment such as el ect r oni c
t uner s, pi ano, phonogr aph, r adi o, and t ape
r ecor der .
Musi c t eacher s who t each i n sever al l oca-
t i ons i n a school ( e. g. , har mony i n a cl assr oom,
choi r i n t he r eci t al hal l , gener al musi c i n a
speci al l y equi pped cent er ) need an of f i ce t o
or gani ze t he many mat er i al s and i nst r ument s
and pi eces of equi pment wi t h whi ch t hey wor k.
Of f i ces ar e al so essent i al f or t he depar t ment
head or t he di r ect or of per f or mi ng gr oups be-
cause of t he f r equent cont act t hey have wi t h
member s of t he communi t y.
Br oadcast Cont r ol Boot h
The r ecent i mpr ove-
ment s i n r ecor di ng equi pment and t el evi si on
educat i on have r esul t ed i n many school s bei ng
const r uct ed wi t h f aci l i t i es t o make possi bl e t he
use of t hese newt echni ques . Educat i onal pr o-
gr ams of al l t ypes ar e made avai l abl e t o t he
school and communi t y; t her ef or e, school space
shoul d be al l owed f or bot h r ecei vi ng and br oad-
cast i ng of musi c . The cont r ol boot h shoul d be
wel l i nsul at ed f or sound and shoul d have
sl ant ed doubl e gl ass wi ndows f or vi ewi ng t he
per f or mi ng gr oups . Such a cont r ol boot h i s
somet i mes l ocat ed adj acent t o t he st age of t he
audi t or i um or r eci t al hal l and somet i mes be-
t ween t he r ehear sal hal l s . ( See Fi g. 4. )
Addi t i onal Faci l i t i es

Washr oomand Toi l et Faci l i -
t i es . Because t he musi c sui t e i s f r equent l y
used
at ni ght when t he r emai nder of t he
bui l di ng i s l ocked, washr oom, t oi l et f aci l i t i es,
and cust odi al wor k ar eas must be pr ovi ded
wi t hi n
t he musi c uni t . I n many i nst ances t hey
may be necessar y f or t he changi ng of uni f or ms
and must be conveni ent t o t he r est of t he de-
par t ment . These f aci l i t i es r equi r e about 15
per cent of t he t ot al f l oor space i f adequat e
r oomi s t o be pr ovi ded. I f r eci t al s t o whi ch t he
publ i c i s i nvi t ed ar e gi ven wi t hi n t he musi c uni t ,
addi t i onal r est r oomspace may be needed.
Lounge.

Col l egi at e musi c depar t ment s may
need t o consi der t he desi r abi l i t y of a l ounge
i n
whi ch
st udent s can r el ax . I f ot her st udy ar eas
on t he campus ar e some di st ance f r om t he
musi c f aci l i t i es, one por t i on of t he l ounge
mi ght pr ovi de desk or t abl e space. An ar ea
mi ght al so be pr ovi ded f or vendi ng machi nes .
El evat or .

Because of t he heavy i nst r ument s
andequi pment whi ch i t i s f r equent l y necessar y
t o move i n a musi c depar t ment , an el evat or i s a
most desi r abl e f eat ur e i n a bui l di ng of t wo or
mor e f l oor s . Al so r ecommended i s a l oadi ng
dock adj acent t o t he par ki ng ar ea.
THE AUDI TORI UM
An audi t or i umshoul d be desi gned so t hat t he
act i vi t i es can be mai nt ai ned and oper at ed wi t h
a mi ni mumof t i me and l abor consumed i n t he
Fi g
.
4

The r ecent i mpr ovement s
i n
r ecor di ng equi pment and t el evi si on educat i on have r esul t ed i n f aci l i t i es t o make
use of t hese new
t echni ques . Col l ege Conser vat or y of Musi c, Uni ver si t y of Ci nci nnat i , Edwar d J . Schul t e and Asso-
ci at es, Ar chi t ect s.
Cul t ur al
MUSI C
FACI LI TI ES
m
. r
r
e
a
m
a
E
m
v
e
3
E
m
m
a
W
9
C
O.
W
C
m
7
C
O
O
t
V
N
L
S
m
C
m
V
L
O
Z
47
P
W
O
H
O
Q
Cul t ur al
MUSI C
FACI LI TI ES
pr epar at i on of an event .
I n school s, t hi s ar ea i s
bei ng desi gned f or educat i on,
not commer ci al
pur poses .
St age
The st age i s consi der ed f i r st
because i t i s t he
par t
of t he audi t or i ummost f r equent l y
abused
by t he desi gner s .
The pr osceni umar ch si ze i s
dependent upon
sever al f act or s- t he si ze of t he audi t or i um,
t he
pl ayi ng ar ea of t he st age, t he hei ght of t he st age
l of t or gr i d ( Fi g. 5) , t he si ze of t he communi t y
usi ng
t he audi t or i um, and t he seat i ng capaci t y
of t he audi t or i um
. For gener al pur poses, t he
pr osceni umar ch
shoul d not exceed 65 or 70 f t
i n wi dt h and t he
hei ght of t he audi t or i um
shoul d be i n pr act i cal
or ar t i st i c pr opor t i on t o
t he wi dt h. Thi s hei ght i s an
i mpor t ant f act or
t hat wi l l det er mi ne t he l ocat i on
of t he gr i d. The
gr i d wi l l be t he subj ect
of a separ at e di scus-
si on. Al l of t hese i t ems
ar e i nt er r el at ed, and
t he ar chi t ect must consi der
al l of t hem and
t hei r i nt er r el at i onshi ps .
The pl ayi ng si ze of t he st age
wi l l be det er -
mi ned by t he si zes of t he musi cal
or gani za-
t i ons, t he st age r equi r ement s
of musi cal or
dr amat i c pr oduct i ons, and t he scope
of ot her
act i vi t i es pr oposed f or t hi s st age.
Cl ar ence J .
Best r ecommended i n
hi s sur vey t hat an or -
chest r a pl ayer be al l ot t ed 18 sq f t of
f l oor space
f or hi msel f , hi s i nst r ument , and
hi s musi c
st and. Thi s i s a gener al l y accept ed
f i gur e f or
t he mi ni mumseat i ng ar ea and i s
much l ess
t hen r ecommended f or t he r ehear sal
hal l , be-
cause t he space needed at t he
f r ont of such a
r oomneed not be f i gur ed her e.
A100- pi ece
or chest r a woul d r equi r e about 1, 800 sq
f t of
f l oor space, or an ar ea about
50 f t wi de and 36
f t deep. For pr act i cal
pur poses t he r equi r e-
ment s f or band ar e about t he same.
The st age
wi l l have t o be pr opor t i onat el y
l ar ger i f t he
i nst r uct or i s pl anni ng t o r ehear se
and use
combi ned chor al and or chest r al gr oups .
Thi s
i s t he t ype of i nf or mat i on t he musi c
educat or
must suppl y t o t he ar chi t ect .
The st age ar ea of 1, 800 sq f t
ment i oned
above mer el y r ef er s t o t hat par t
of t he st age
vi si bl e t o t he audi ence and usabl e
i nsi de t he
shel l or l egs . The of f st age ar ea i s of t en
over -
l ooked, yet i t i s a ver y i mpor t ant f unct i onal
per t of
t he st age. I n pr esent i ng concer t s,
oper et t as,
and pl ays, some of f st age ar ea i s
necessar y t o handl e per sonnel , scener y, and
equi pment . These ar eas ar e of t en t oo smal l .
The l ef t
andr i ght of f st age ar eas shoul d each be
appr oxi mat el y one- hal f t he si ze of t he st age
pl us 10
per cent . I n addi t i on, t her e must al so be
suf f i ci ent of f st age
ar ea f or t he pi n r ai l , swi t ch-
boar d, end
si mi l ar per manent f eat ur es . Al ar ge
pr osceni um
openi ng can al ways be made
smal l er t hr ough
t he use of cur t ai ns, f l at s,
t easer s,
et c . I f t he maj or ar chi t ect ur al const r uc-
t i on i s
t oo smel l , i ncr easi ng t he si ze of t he
pr osceni umi s
ver y di f f i cul t .
A
good pr opor t i on t o f ol l owi n det er mi ni ng
t he dept h
of t he st age i s t hat t he dept h shoul d
be
75 per cent of t he wi dt h of t he pr osceni um
ar ch, and t hi s dept h ar ea shoul d cont i nue on
bot h si des of
t he st age. To use si mpl e f i gur es,
i f t he pr osceni um
ar ch
i s
48 f t , t he dept h of t he
st age shoul d be
36 f t . The of f st age ar ses woul d
be appr oxi mat el y 27
f t wi de and pl us t hat ad-
di t i onal space necessar y
f or per manent equi p-
ment on t he
r i ght - hand si de. Bot h of f st age ar -
eas woul d be 36 f t deep.
Thi s of f st age ar ea
coul d handl e st age wagons t hat
woul d cover
t he ent i r e pl ayi ng st age. I t woul d
be of suf f i -
ci ent si ze t o st or e a number of st age
set s f or
musi cal and dr amat i c per f or mances .
At r ap i n
t he st age f l oor i s handy
f or movi ng equi pment
f r om wor k ar eas bel ow
and makes possi bl e
speci al ef f ect s i n dr amat i c
pr oduct i ons .
The of f st age ar eas
shoul d be r eadi l y acces-
si bl e t o adequat e dr essi ng r oom
space. Ther e
shoul d be adequat e space cl ose t o t he st age
t o
t ake car e of l i ght i ng machi nes,
l i ght i ng cabl es,
r epai r and suppl y par t s, and st or age
f or
cur -
t ai ns and ot her st age equi pment . I n al l educa-
t i onal si t uat i ons i t i s pr act i cal t o
have t he r e-
hear sal r ooms f or chor us, or chest r a,
and
bend
i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he st age i n or der t o
f aci l i t at e t he pr epar at i on
f or r ehear sal s, con-
cer t s,
and r eci t al s .
The
i nst r ument al st or age r ooms, l i br ar y
r ooms, sceni c shops ( i ncl udi ng pai nt i ng r acks) ,
andconst r uct i on ar eas shoul d be cl ose enough
so t hat pr oper t i es
can be shi f t ed ont o t he st age
wi t h a
mi ni mumof ef f or t and damage.
Apr on
The f l oor ar ea i n f r ont of
t he pr osceni umar ch
i s cal l ed t he st age apr on.
Thi s apr on shoul d be
at l east 8 f t wi de, so t hat
pi anos end ot her
equi pment may be used
i n f r ont of t he mai n
cur t ai n. The apr on may ext end
out over t he
or chest r a pi t . The f r ont of
t he apr on shoul d be
f i ni shed wi t h a har d oak or mapl e
f l oor i ng, and
t hat par t i n back of t he pr osceni um
shoul d have
cl ose- gr ai ned pi ne i n or der t hat
t he f l oor wi l l
not spl i nt er and yet wi l l be sof t enough
t o t ake
st age scr ews . Much money has been wast ed on
har dwood f l oor s f or school st ages, t o
t he ex-
t r eme exasper at i on of st age di r ect or s
and t hei r
cr ews . The oak or mapl e f l oor shoul d
be
f l ni shed wi t h a hi gh gl oss but not waxed,
and
t he
pi ne f l oor shoul d be f i ni shed wi t h many
cost s of oi l end t he oi l al l owed t o penet r at e
t he
wood t hor oughl y so t hat i t wi l l be
f ai r l y
seasoned. On bot h si des of t he st age
l eadi ng
f r omt he audi t or i umt o t he st age apr on
t her e
shoul d be appr opr i at e st eps . These
st eps
shoul d be wi de enough t o enabl e per sonnel
t o
car r y musi cal i nst r ument s and ot her smal l
pr oper t i es t o and f r omt he audi t or i um t o
t he
st age,
or so t hat t he st udent s may appr oach
t he
st age at l east t wo abr east .
Gr i d
One of
t he par amount f aul t s of school audi -
t or i ums i s t hat t he
gr i d over t he st age i s of t en
not
hi gh
enough
t o al l owt he scener y t o be
pul l ed out of
si ght . The gr i d shoul d be at l east
t he hei ght of t he
pr osceni umar ch t i mes t wo
pl us a
mi ni mumof 8 f t . Then t her e shoul d be
f r om4 t o
7
f t
above t he gr i d t o t he t op of t he
bui l di ng st r uct ur e, so
t hat t he peopl e who f i nd
i t necessar y t o
wor k on t he gr i d, changi ng
pul l eys, et c . , wi l l
have suf f i ci ent r oom. The
over al l hei ght must be
suf f i ci ent t o make i t
f easi bl e t o hang
scener y and pul l i t out of
si ght i n changi ng set s .
Of t en when t her e i s no space
over head and
scener y must be
pul l ed i nt o t he wi ngs of t he
st age t her e i s al so
not enough space t o st ack
t hi s scener yof f st age
. Thus t he onl y sol ut i on i s
t o make t he
st age smal l er , maski ng out wi t h
dr apes or f l at s
and r educi ng t he pr osceni um
ar ch so t hat t he st age i s
much nar r ower . Then
t he st age cr ews wi l l have
t o wor k behi nd t he
dr apes as a backst age ar ea.
11dr amat i c pr oduc-
t i ons ar e ant i ci pat ed, space shoul d be
pr ovi ded
f or a gr i d.
One not t oo f ami l i ar wi t h st age
oper at i ons or
r equi r ement s of t en f i nds t he gr i d
an i deal
pl ace t o r un vent i l at i ng pi pes, condui t s,
st eam
l i nes, and wat er pi pes . J ust because t hi s
l ar ge
gr i d ar ea pr esent s a wi de open space, i t i s a
t empt i ng ar ea f or var i ous
t r ades ; however , t hi s
ar ea must be kept
ent i r el y f r ee f or t he neces-
sar y st age equi pment .
Not hi ng i s mor e di s-
t r essi ng t han t o have gui de
r opes f oul ed among
vent i l at i ng duct s, or t o
have st eampi pes l eak i n
t he cent er of a st age set
dur i ng a per f or mance
or concer t .
Bat t ens
Apr oper st age wi l l have a number
of bat t ens
suspended f r omt he gr i d. These
bat t ens ar e
l ong pi eces of pi pe ext endi ng t he f ul l
wi dt h of
t he st age and cont i nui ng backst age, so
t he cur -
t ai ns and l egs may be hung backst age
i n or der
t o mask of f t hi s ar ea f r omt he vi ewof t he
audi -
ence
. Bat t ens ar e par t of t he per manent
f i xt ur es
of a st age.
The common way t o count er bal ance
t he
bat t ens i s t hr ough i nst al l at i on of a
pi n
r ai l .
The st andar d count er bal anci ng equi pment
as suppl i ed by
t he maj or manuf act ur er s of
st age
equi pment i s usual l y sat i sf act or y. Make-
shi f t i nst al l at i ons
shoul d l i e avoi ded. Bat t ens
shoul d be pl aced 6
i n. apar t . Ther e never seem
t o be enough
pi pe bat t ens t o t ake car e of t he
st ags needs . Al l
t he l i ght s, bor der l i ght s,
t easer s, a bor der i n f r ont of each
st r i p l i ght ,
t hr ee or f our l egs on each
si de, t he f r ont cur -
t ai n, ol eo cur t ai n, back
dr ops, and sky dr ops
ar e al l st andar d pi eces of
equi pment t hat ar e
hung f r ombat t ens . By
t he t i me a l i ght bat t en or
l i ght br i dge i s added et t he
f or e par t of t he
st ags and suf f i ci ent bat t ens ar e
pr ovi ded f or
scener y changes, i t i s not at al l
unusual t o use
about 25 or 30 bat t ens .
Cycl or ama
Most st ages r equi r e a cycl or ama
and a set of
cycl or ama l i ght s . Thi s cycl or ama
shoul d not be
t aken as a subst i t ut e f or a st age
shel l . Acycl o-
r ama i s usual l y a cont i nuous
cur t ai n st ar t i ng
cl ose t o t he pr osceni umar ch on
one si de of t he
st age. I t ext ends t o t he r ear of t he
st age, acr oss
t he back of t he st age, and comes
f or war d, end-
i ng cl ose t o t he ot her si de of
t he pr osceni um
ar ch
.
Shel l
Ever y st age
must be equi pped
wi t h an adequat e
shel l .
For l ect ur es, concer t s,
and r eci t al s on
t heat er st ages,
t he pur pose of a
shel l i s t o
pr oj ect t he sound
i nt o t he audi t or i um
. Thi s
shel l shoul d
not at t empt t o use
bor der l i ght s
f or l i ght i ng
but shoul d have l i ght s
i nst al l ed i n
each sect i on
of t he cei l i ng so t hat
t he st age
wi l l be f l ooded wi t h about
60 t o 70
f oot candl es
of l i ght i ng. The
l i ght s shoul d be ar r anged so
t hat t he back r owwi l l
have suf f i ci ent l i ght ,
and
so t hat t he
l i ght s wi l l not t hr owa gl ar e back
i n-
t o t he audi ence.
The shel l shoul d be made t he
f ul l wi dt h of t he
pr osceni um. The cei l i ng can
hang f r omt he bat t ens .
The si ze of t he
shel l can
be var i ed by addi ng or
subt r act i ng f l at s
and
addi ng or subt r act i ng
cei l i ng sect i ons .
Door s
Al l door s
ent er i ng on a st age must be of
suf f i -
ci ent hei ght
and wi dt h t o pr ovi de r eady access
t o t he st age. Thi s i s especi al l y
t r ue of t he sce-
ner y door s. They
must be hi gh enough t o
ac-
commodat e wi de st age
wagons, l ar ge i nst r u-
ment s, and per mi t
( i f necessar y) ent r ance of
mot or vehi cl es . The door
f or scener y shoul d be
at l east 8 f t wi de and 14 f t
t el l , and al l ot her
door s l eadi ng t o and f r omt he
st age shoul d be
unusual l y wi de doubl e door s .
Door s l eadi ng i n-
t o t he audi t or i um shoul d be
sol i d, wi t h no
Fi g. 6

Di vi si bl e
audi t or i ums pr ovi de a means of i ncr easi ng
t he use of l ar ge ar eas. Hur on
Hi gh School , AnnAr bor ,
Mi ch. Lane, Ri ebe,
Wei l and, Ar chi t ect s.
Cul t ur al
MUSI C
FACI LI TI ES
t oss wi l l be a si mpl e mat t er t hr ough doubl e
door s and t he pr obl emof det er mi ni ng adequat e
pi t l evel s f or per f or mance i s i mmedi at el y
sol ved. The hydr aul i c pi t f l oor wi l l act as a good
sound r ef l ect or when not bei ng used as an or -
chest r a pi t . At t hat t i me t he pi t wi l l pr obabl y be
l ocat ed sl i ght l y bel owt he st age l evel .
Seat i ng Ar ea
Af act or t hat i s of t en over l ooked i n t he desi gn
of an audi t or i umi s t he seat i ng capaci t y. I n a
commer ci al t heat er and i n cer t ai n ot her speci f i c
si t uat i ons a hal l
i s
desi gned wi t h t he i dea t hat
i t i s necessar y t o have t he ent i r e pot ent i al at -
t endance
at
one per f or mance. The l ar ger t he
at t endance, t he l ess expense
i nvol ved, t he
mor e money
made.
I n an educat i onal si t uat i on, however ,
t he
au-
di t or i umor t heat er i s f or an educat i onal pur -
pose, no mat t er at what
l evel - el ement ar y,
secondar y, or col l ege- i t i s used. A
f i ne pr o-
gr ami s pr epar ed and, so f ar as
t he per f or -
mance i s concer ned, t her e i s val ue
i n havi ng
r epeat per f or mances . Fr omt hi s vi ewpoi nt i t
mi ght be l ogi cal t o r educe t he seat i ng capaci t y
of t he audi t or i umor t heat er end spend some of
t he l i mi t ed f unds i n seei ng t hat t he audi t or i um
has bet t er equi pment so t hat t he per f or mances
can be pr esent ed adequat el y. Thi s
shoul d
be
consi der ed by school admi ni st r at or s and
t eacher s when bui l di ng t he t heat er or audi -
t or i um.
Ther e ar e ot her r easons f or consi der i ng
smal l er seat i ng capaci t y. Al t hough audi ovi sual
ai ds can be pr esent ed t o l ar ge mass gr oups, i t
i s di f f i cul t t o hol d t he per sonal st udent - t o-
t eacher r el at i onshi p t hat can be at t ai ned i n
smal l er gr oups . I n addi t i on t o a pr oj ect i on
boot h at t he r ear , consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven
t o a pr oj ect or pl at f or mcl oser t o t he st age f or
use wi t h shor t - r ange equi pment . Al l boot hs and
pl at f or ms shoul d be l ocat ed t o cl ear t he heads
of peopl e seat ed or st andi ng.
The di vi si bl e audi t or i umi s a concept f i ndi ng
i ncr easi ng f avor wi t h t hose who need t o j ust i f y
t he number of hour s per day school f aci l i t i es
ar e used. Such audi t or i ums ar e desi gned t o be
di vi ded by sound- r et ar di ng par t i t i ons i nt o
t hr ee or mor e ar eas f or l ar ge- gr oup i nst r uc-
t i on. Par t i t i ons may r un f r omf r ont t o r ear as
wel l as acr oss t he audi t or i um. Pr ovi si on f or
pr oj ect i ng f i l ms and
ot her audi ovi sual
mat er i -
al s shoul d be pl anned f or al l ar eas . ( See Fi g .
6 . )
Cul t ur al
MUSI C
FACI LI TI ES
di mmer syst emshoul d be par t of most school
l i ght i ng i nst al l at i ons .
Ri ser s
Por t abl e r i ser s shoul d be pr ovi ded as par t of
t he r egul ar st age equi pment . These r i ser s, i f
adj ust abl e t o sui t chor al gr oups, or chest r a, or
band, make i t possi bl e t o st age al l ki nds of
musi cal act i vi t i es even i f t he i nst r ument al
gr oups al one pr ef er t o per f or m on t he f l at .
Dr amat i c pr oduct i ons r equi r e a di f f er ent t ype
of r i ser and i n addi t i on t o t he st andar d con-
st r uct i on, occasi onal l y adj ust abl e hydr aul i cal l y
cont r ol l ed r i ser s ar e used. St or age space f or
r i ser s shoul d be pl anned.
Or chest r a Pi t s
Most school audi t or i ums need an adequat e
or chest r a pi t . The pi t shoul d be
i n
di r ect pr o-
por t i on t o t he si ze of t he st age and t he si ze of
t he audi t or i umand above oi l , shoul d be suf f i -
ci ent t o house t he pot ent i al or chest r a of t he
school . That i s, t he pot ent i al school or chest r a
t hat woul d be r equi r ed f or per f or mances of a
musi cal pl ay, oper et t a, or oper a. The st age wi t h
a 45- f t pr osceni um woul d pr obabl y have an
or chest r a pi t of suf f i ci ent si ze t o seat 60
pl ayer s, al l owi ng 18 t o 20 aq f t per pl ayer .
Li kewi se, a st age wi t h a 60- f t pr osceni um
shoul d have a pi t l ar ge enough t o accommodat e
a 100- pi ece or chest r a. Wi t h a l ar ger or smal l
st age, t he pi t shoul d be i n di r ect pr opor t i on.
The pi t shoul d be deep enough so t hat t he
or chest r a i s compl et el yout of si ght of t he audi -
ence. The di r ect or ' s podi um shoul d be hi gh
enough f or hi mt o be abl e t o see t he back ar ea
of t he st age yet r emai n i n f ul l vi ewof t he or -
chest r a.
The r ai l i ng ar ound t he ent i r e or chest r a pi t
must be hi gh enough t o hi de t he or chest r a yet
l owenough not t o i nt er f er e wi t h t he si ght l i nes
of t he audi ence. The head and t he shoul der s of
t he di r ect or may be vi si bl e over t hi s or chest r a
pi t r ai l i ng. I t i s pr ef er abl e, however , t hat t he
di r ect or be hi dden f r omvi ewof t he audi ence so
t hat t her e wi l l
be no di st r act i on of any ki nd
whi l e
t he di r ect or i s gi vi ng cues t o t he or ches-
t r a, cast , or per f or mer s.
Amovabl e pi t f l oor , usual l y known as a
hydr aul i c pi t , i s a hi ghl y desi r abl e t hough not
i nexpensi ve f eat ur e. The hydr aul i c pi t f l oor
shoul d come up t o st age l evel and t hen be
l ower ed t o t he f l oor bel ow. I n t hi s event t he ac-
wi ndows, i n or der t o avoi d l i ght l eaks . Al l
door s shoul d oper at e si l ent l y. Pani c bar s on
exi t door s ar e gener al l y r equi r ed by l aw but
ar e somet i mes r ender ed usel ess by padl ocks
and chai ns, an ext r emel y danger ous pr act i ce.
Li ght s
Ther e ar e manynowconcept s i n st age l i ght i ng,
whet her t he f aci l i t y t o be l i ght ed i s t he pr osce-
ni umt heat er , t he open st age, or t he modi f i ed
pr osceni umst age. The bor der and f oot l i ght i n-
st al l at i ons once popul ar i n school audi t or i ums
ar e no l onger consi der ed adequat e. I n addi t i on
t o suf f i ci ent downl i ght s f or concer t s and ot her
nont heet r i cal pr esent at i ons, school audi t or i -
ums need st age l i ght i ng f or a number of speci f -
i c dr amat i c pur poses . The amount of l i ght i ng
andt he t ypes r equi r ed wi l l of cour se depend on
t he desi gn of t he audi t or i umand
t he nat ur e of
t he pr oduct i ons whi ch er e pr oj ect ed f or i t .
Fr ont l i ght i ng f r om
sl ot s i n t he audi t or i um
cei l i ng ser vi ced
by cat wal ks i s hi ghl y de-
si r abl e
.
El l i psoi dal
spot l i ght s ar e used t o l i ght
t he
act i ng ar ea. Addi t i onal spot s may be de-
si r ed
i n wal l sl ot s, and a f ol l owspot oper at ed
f r om
a boot h
i n
t he r ear of t he audi t or i umi s
common. Spot l i ght s ( gener al l y sof t er Fr esnel
t ypes) ar e needed on bat t ens or on st ands or
t or ment or pi pes
t o pr ovi de f ur t her i l l umi na-
t i on
of
t he act i ng ar ea. Bor der l i ght s and some-
t i mes f oot l i ght s ar e empl oyed f or t oni ng and
bl endi ng. Beaml i ght s ar e used f or back-
l i ght i ng. Fl oodl i ght s ar e used f or backgr ound
ef f ect s and speci al f oot l i ght s ar e needed f or a
cycl or ama. Si del i ght i ng i s somet i mes pr o-
vi ded
by spot l i ght s f r oma mobi l e t ower i n t he
wi ngs . An el abor at e col l ege or communi t y
t heat er i nst al l at i on
may wi sh t o pr ovi de a
l i ght br i dge.
Open st ages and modi f i ed pr osceni um
st ages f r equent l y pr ovi de f or
pr oj ect ed back-
gr ounds
.
The
l amp house f or sceni c pr oj ect i on
may be l ocat ed above t he st age ar ea or i n a
cei l i ng
sl ot above t he f r ont cur t ai n.
The
st age swi t chboar d may be l ocat ed at t he
r ear of t he audi t or i umi n a l i ght i ng boot h; i t
maybe l ocat ed of f st age on t he st age f l oor , but
out of t he wayof ot her oper at i ng equi pment ; or
i t maybe l ocat ed i n an el evat ed posi t i on of f t he
st age f l oor . They shoul d be abl e t o t ake car e of
an adequat e number of f l oor pocket s, t hr ee or
f our l ocat i ons on bot h si des of t he st age. These
wi l l ver y i n accor dance wi t h t he si ze of t he au-
di t or i um, st age, and i t s l i ght i ng equi pment . A
Cul t ur al
MUSI C
FACI LI TI ES
por t i ons of or chest r a
f l oor s and mor e
near l y
ver t i cal backs f or el evat ed
banks such
as
bal coni es .
Cl eaf aaces

I n addi t i on t o
t hose not ed di agr am-
mat i cal l y bel ow, t he
f ol l owi ng poi nt s shoul d
be
consi der ed : Coves at
i nt er sect i on of
f l oor
and wal l s ( or
r i ser s) shoul d be kept
smal l
( 1' / -
i n . r adi us) t o per mi t
cl ose f i t t i ng and l evel i ng of
seat st andar ds . Bal cony
r i ser s cause cr amped
knee- r oom when 12 i n.
hi gh unl ess back- t o-
back seat spaci ng
i s i ncr eased. End
cl ear -
ances i n bal coni es
shoul d be i ncr eased
t o
2' / , - i n. Pi t ch of back
gr eat er t han aver age ( see
Fi g. 7) al so r equi r es
i ncr eased back- t o- back
spaci ng.
spr i ng- back; and
padded- back. Veneer - back
seat i ng i s sui t abl e
onl y f or condi t i ons subj ect
t o har d usage, as i n
school s . Acoust i cal con-
t r ol i s mor e sat i sf act or y
wi t h uphol st er ed
t ypes.
Si zes
Seat s ar e desi gnat ed by
wi dt h, t he
dept h f r ont - t o- back var yi ng
onl y sl i ght l y. Com-
mon
si zes and r ecommended
uses ar e shown
bel ow
. I n pew seat i ng wi t hout
i ndi vi dual
ar ms, as i n chur ches
or ar enas, a " si t t i ng" i s
usual l y 18 i n. wi de.
Pi t ch
of Back Thi s wi l l
var y accor di ng t o t he
ver t i cal angl e of vi si on t o
t he cent er of i nt er est .
I n
gener al , gr eat er pi t ches
ar e used f or f r ont
BASI CSEATI NG
DATA
Seat i ng st andar ds f or use
i n t heat er s, audi -
t or i ums and si mi l ar bui l di ngs
ar e devel oped on
t hi s
and t he f ol l owi ng pages,
whi ch gi ve t abul ar
dat a
and met hods f or l ayi ng out
seat i ng pl ans .
Mat er i al
i s t he r esul t of
r esear ch by Fr eder i c
Ar den
Pawl ey. Sour ces i ncl ude
seat i ng manu-
f act ur er s
and ar chi t ect ur al of f i ces
speci al i zi ng
i n
t heat er s .
Types of
Seat s
Const r uct i on
and Fi ni sh

uphol st er y
var i at i ons i n-
cl ude spr i ng- edge
seat s ( most l uxur i ous,
mor e
expensi ve)
; box- spr i ng ( near l y as
comf or t abl e) ;
Fi g . 7
CLEARANCES
TYPI CAL
SEATS
Cul t ur al
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
Types of Layout s
Rows

These may be st r ai ght acr oss ent i r e t he-
at er , si de banks may be cant ed, or ent i r e r ows
may be cur ved. Advant ages of each t ype ar e
shown i n Fi g. 8 . Mi n. r adi us f or cur ved r ows,
due t o seat const r uct i on, i s 20 f t . Cent er f or
r adi i of r ows and cent er of scr een or st age
need not coi nci de, al t hough t hi s i s t he i deal
case. When r ows ar e cur ved, a sl opi ng audi -
t or i umf l oor shoul d be a compound cur ve or
amphi t heat er t ype t o pr event t i l t ed si de
seat s .
AI SI SS

These may be st r ai ght or cur ved, par al -
l el or r adi al . Ai sl es shoul d r un at
r i ght
angl es t o
r ows t o el i mi nat e " pocket s . "
Combi nat i ons of r owand ai sl e t ypes com-
monl y used ar e shown i n Fi g. 8.
Cont i nent al Seat i ng, most commonl y used
abr oad, i nvol ves use of r ows wi t h unl i mi t ed
number of seat s . Local codes i n t hi s count r y
of t en
ei t her pr ohi bi t i t s use or i mpose many r e-
st r i ct i ons . However ,
exi st i ng
exampl es have
pr oved saf e and comf or t abl e due t o i ncr eased
back- t o- back seat spaci ng ( up t o
42 i n. ) whi ch
i s essent i al t o scheme. Lar ger
t han usual si de
ai sl es or f oyer s and many si de
exi t s ar e r e-
qui r ed.
Code Requi r ement s These gover n ( 1) maxi mum
number of seat s i n a bank, ( 2) ai sl e wi dt h, ( 3)
cr ossover s ( not uni f or m) . Usual r equi r ement s
ar e : ( 1) no seat mor e t han seven seat s
f r om
an
ai sl e ; ( 2) mi n. ai sl e wi dt h of 3 f t , i ncr easi ng by
var yi ng f act or s i n r el at i on t o
l engt h- of ai sl es .
( 3) Requi r ement s f or cr ossover s, not
uni f or ml y
subj ect t o codes, var y. Consul t l ocal aut hor i -
t i es .
MI NI MUM
SPACI NGS FOR VARYI NG
FLOOR CONDI TI ONS
TYPES
OF ROWS
COMMON
THREE- BANK LAYOUTS
see ol so " Cont i nent al Seat i ng'
i n t ext
DI RECTI ON OF
AI SLES
SI DE
RAKE
( Cur ved
Rows)
Fi g. 8
Cul t ur al
MUSI C
FACI LI TI ES
RULE of THUMB f or SEATI NGAREA:
Al l ow7%2sq. f t
per
Seat , i ncl udi ng Ai sl es and Cr ossover s.
Thi s i s suf Fi ci ent l y accur at e f or pr el i mi nar y pl anni ng.
AUDI TORI UMDI MENSI ONS
Pr el i mi nar y est i mat es
may be based upon
t he " Rul e of
Thumb" whi ch i s suf f i ci ent l y
accur at e f or r ough sket ches
.
Tabl es. For
such pur poses as f i nanci ng,
wor ki ng dr awi ngs, et c
. ,
f ol l ow met hod
out l i ned i n Exampl es
A, B, Cand D. Va-
r i at i ons bet ween t he t wo met hods ar e
t o be expect ed.
EXAMPLE A: Gi ven audi t or i um ar ea =
87' - 0" x 56' - 5" or 4900 - } - sq. f f . . how
many
20"
seat s,
36"
back- t o- back?
I . Rows : I n Tabl e I , 36" col . , at
87' - 0" dept h, No. r ows

=

29
l ess cr ossover s ( I r owat f r ont ,
4 at r ear )

5
Rows avai l abl e f or seat s

=

24
2. Ai sl es : Tabl e
I I , i ncr ease i n ai sl e
wi dt h per r ow=0. 75" ; 0. 75 x 24 =
Tot al
i ncr ease =

I ' - 6"
Mi n. ai sl e

=
3' - 0- 0"
Max. ai sl e

=
4' - 6"
3. Seat i ng Scheme: Sel ect
t ent at i ve
scheme ; 2 ai sl es, 2 deadend
seat banks, I cent er bank
.
Fr om
t ypi cal code, deadend r ows may
be 7 seat s l ong, cent er r ows 14
seat s . I n Tabl e I V 14- 20" seat s =23' -
7"
7- 20" seat s=I I ' - I I "
7- 20" seat s =I I ' - I I "
Fr om ( 2) above, 2 ai sl es

=9' - 0"
Tot al wi dt h

=56' - 5"
Seat s per r ow=

28
4.
Tot al No. of Seat s: ( Tabl e I I I )

S 672
or 28 x 24 =
1
seat s
EXAMPLE B: Gi ven capaci t y of 672 seat s,
what ar e
audi t or i um di mensi ons?
Thi s pr obl em i s t he conver se of " A" .
EXAMPLE C: What I s
r adi us of any r ow?
To
r adi us of back of f i r st - r owseat s add desi r ed
val ue f r om Tabl e I .
EXAMPLE D: Howmany and what si zes
of
seat s can be used i n r ows shor t ened
by cur ved
or r adi al ai sl es? See Tabl e I V
.
Tabl e I - Dept h Di mensi ons ( Ft . - I n. ) f or Var i ous Spaci ngs
No.
Over al l Dept h f or Seat Spaci ng ( Back- t o- back) of :
Rows
32" 33" 34" 35" 36' r 37r ' 38" 39' r 40" 41
42"
1 2- 8 2- 9 2- 10 2- 11 3- 0 3- 1 3- 2 3- 3 3- 4 3- 5
3- 6
2 5- 4 5- 6 5- 8 5- 10 6- 0 6- 2 6- 4 6- 6 6- 8 6- 10 7- 0
3 8- 0
8- 3
8- 6 8- 9 9- 0 9- 3
9- 6
9- 9 10- 0 10- 3 10- 6
4 10- 8 11- 0 11- 4 11- 8 12- 0 12- 4 12- 8 13- 0
13- 4 13- 8 14- 0
5 13- 4 13- 9 14- 2 14- 7 15- 0 15- 5 15- 10 16- 3 16- 8 17- 1 17- 6
6 16- 0 16- 6 17- 0 17- 6 18- 0 18- 6 19- 0
19- 6 20- 0 20- 6 21- 0
7 18- 8 19- 3 19- 10 20- 5 21- 0 21- 7 22- 2 22- 9 23- 4 23- 11 24- 6
8 21- 4 22- 0 22- 8 23- 4 24- 0 24- 8 25- 4 26- 0 26- 8 27- 4 28- 0
9
24- 0 24- 9
25-
6
26- 3 27- 0 27-
9 28- 6 29- 3
30- 0 30- 9 31- 6
10 26- 8 27- 6 28- 4 29- 2 30- 0 30- 10 31- 8 32- 6 33- 4 34-
2 35- 0
11 29- 4 30- 3 31- 2
32-
1 33- 0 33- 11 34- 10 35- 9
36- 8 31- 7 38- 6
12 32- 0 33- 0 34- 0 35- 0 36- 0 37- 0 38- 0 39- 0 40- 0 41- 0 42- 0
13 34- 8 35- 9 36- 10 37- 11
39- 0 40-
1
41- 2 42- 3
43- 4 44- 5 45- 6
14 37- 4 38- 6 39- 8 40- 10 42- 0 43- 2 44- 4 45- 6
46- 8
47- 10
49- 0
15 40- 0 41- 3 42-
6
43- 9 45- 0 46-
3 47- 6
48- 9 50- 0 51- 3 52- 6
16 42- 8 44- 0 45-
4
46- 8 48- 0 49-
4 50- 8 52- 0
53- 4 54- 8 56- 0
17 45- 4 46- 9 48- 2
49-
7 51- 0
52- 5
53- 10
55- 3
56- 8 58-
1 59- 6
18 48- 0 49- 6 51- 0 52- 6 54- 0 55- 6 57- 0 58- 6 60- 0 61- 6 63- 0
19 50- 8 51- 3 53- 10 55- 5 57- 0 58- 7 60- 2 61- 9 63- 4 64- 11 66- 6
20
53- 4 55- 0
56- 8 58-
4 60- 0 61- 8 63- 4 65- 0
66- 8 68- 4 70- 0
21 56- 0 57- 9 59- 6
61-
3 63- 0 64- 9 66- 6 68- 3 70- 0 71- 9 73- 6
22 58- 8 60- 6 62- 4 64- 2 66- 0 67- 10 69- 8 71- 6 73- 4 75- 2 77- 0
23 61- 4 63- 3 65- 2 67- 1 69- 0 70- 11 72- 10 74- 9 76- 8 78- 7 80- 6
24 64- 0 66- 0 68- 0 10- 0 72- 0 74- 0 76- 0 78- 0 80- 0
82- 0
84- 0
25 66- 8 68- 9 70- 10 72- 11 75- 0 71- 1 79- 2 81- 3 83- 4 85- 5 87- 6
26 69- 4 71- 6
73- 8
75- 10 78- 0 80- 2 82- 4 84- 6 86- 8 88- 10 91- 0
27 72- 0 74- 3 16- 6 78- 9 81- 0 83- 3 85- 6 87- 9 90- 0 92- 3 94- 6
28 74- 8 11- 0 79- 4 81- 8 84- 0 86- 4 88- 8 91- 0 93- 4 95- 8 98- 0
29 77- 4 79- 9 82- 2
84- 7
87- 0 89- 5 91- 10 94- 3 96- 8 99- 1 101- 6
30 80- 0 82- 6 85- 0 81- 6 90- 0 92- 6 95- 0 97- 6 100- 0
102-
6 105- 0
31 82- 8 85- 3 87- 10 90- 5 93- 0 95- 7 98- 2 100- 9 103- 4 105- 11 108- 6
32 85- 4 88- 0
90- 8 93-
4
96- 0
98- 8 101- 4 104- 0 106- 8
109- 4
112- 0
Tabl e
I f -
Ai sl e
Wi dt h
Tabl e I I I - Seat i ng Capaci t i es,
I ncr ease ( i n i nches)
Per Rowof Lengt h
I - 32
Rows
Seat Fi r e Under - N. Y. Ci t y
Spaci ng wr i t er s Code : Code:
No.
7 14 28 No. 7 14 28
Back- t o- S' - o" pl us
3' - O" pl us
Rows
Seat s Seat s Seat s of
Rows
Seat s Seat s Seat s
Back Wper l ' - o"
1~' per N- o"
32"
0. 67
0. 80
1
7 14 28 17 119 238
476
33" 0. 69 O. g3
2
14 28 56 18 126 252 504
3 21 42 84 19 133 266 532
34" 0. 71
0. 86
4
28 56 112
20
140 280
560
35" 0. 73
0. 88
5
35 70 140 21 147 294 588
36" 0. 75 0. 90
6
42 84 168 22 154 308 616
37" 0. 77 0. 93 7 49 98 196 23 161 322 644
38" 0. 79 0. 95
8
56 112 224 24 168 336 672
39" 0. 81 0. 98 9 63 126 252 25 175 350
700
40"
0. 83 1. 00
10 70 140 280 26 182 364 728
41"
0. 85 1. 03
11
77
154
308 27 189 378 756
12
84 168 336 28 196 392 784
42" 0. 88 1. 05
13 91
182
364
29 203 406 812
Pr oper f act or x no. of r ows =
14 98
196
392 30 210 420 840
t ot al
i ncr ease m
i nches, 15 105 210 420 31 217 434
868
Add
t o 3' - 0" mi ni mumai sl e wi dt h
16 112 124 448 32 224 448 896
Cul t ur al
MUSI CFACI LI TI ES
Tabl e I V- Number s of Seat s ( St ock Si zes) f or Any
Row
Lengt h
Choi ce
of Seat s : Not e t hat f or l onger r ows t wo choi ces of seat
si zes ar e avai l abl e.
Exampl e: Rowl engt h - 14' - 9" ; si x 19" seat s
and t hr ee 20" may be used; or , t wo 21" and si x 22" . Dot t ed l i nes
separ at e choi ces. Di mensi ons
not f i t t ed by st ock si zes ar e omi t t ed.
Seat Si zes : Common si zes shown.
Seat s
ar e al so avai l abl e 18" , 23" &24' wi de
.
18"
si ze not r ecommended. Li mi t use
of
19"
seat s
t o ends of r ows f or comf or t .
End
Al l owances : Nor mal 3" al l owance t o
accommodat e 2 end st andar ds per r owi s
i ncl uded above. For bal coni es wi t h
st eps
i n ai sl es al l ow2" addi t i onal .
RowLengt h
Ft . - I n. I n.
19" 20" 21"
22"
RowLengt h
Ft . - I n. I n.
19" 20" 21" 22
RowLengt h
Ft . - I n. I n.
19" 20" 21" 22"
Row- Lengt h
Ft . -
I n. I n.
19" 20"
21"
22'
5- 0 60 3
11- 5
137
6 1 16- 4 196 7 3 I 5 4 21- 3 255 8 5 12
5-
1 61 1 1 11- 6 138 5 2 16- 5 197 6 4 4 5 21- 4 256 7 6 111
1
5-
2 62 1 2 11- 7 139 4 3 16- 6 198 5 5 I 3 6 21- 5 257 6
7
10
2
5- 3 63
3 11- 8 140 3 4 16- 7 199 4 6 r 2 7 21- 6 258 5 8 I 9 3
5- 4 64
2 1 11- 9 141 2 5 16- 8 200 3 7 1 __1_ 8 21- 7 259 4 9 8 4
5- 5
65 1 2 11- 10 142 6 16- 9 201 2 8
1
_9_ 21- 8 260 3 10 I
7
5
5- 6 66 3 11- 11 143 7 16- 10 202
1
9 21- 9
261
2 11
6 6
5- 1 67
2 1
12-
0 144
6
1 16- I 1 203
10
21- 10 261
1
12 I
5
1
5- 8 68
1 2 12- 1 145 5 2 17- 0 204 9 1 21- 11 263 13
1
4 8
5- 9 69 3 12- 2 146 4 3 17- 1 205 8 2 22- 0 264 12 113 9
6- 7 79 4 12- 3 147 3 4 17- 2 206 7 3 22- 1 265 11 10
6-
8 80
3 1 12- 4 148 2 5 17- 3 207 6 4 11 22- 2 266 10 3 I 1_ 11
6- 9 81 2
2 12- 5 149 1 6 17- 4 208 5 5 22- 3 267 9 4
I
_1_2 -
6- 10 82
1 3 12- 6 150 7 17- 5 209
4
6 22- 4 268 8 5
6- 11 83 4 12- 7 151 6 1 17- 6 210 3 7 22- 5 269 14 r 7 6
7- 0
84 3 1 12- 8 152 5 2 17- 7 211 _ 2 8 11 22- 6 270
13
1- , 6 7
7-
1 85 2 2 12- 9 153 4 3 11 17- 8 212 11 1_ 9 11 22- 7 271
12
8
7-
2
86
1 3 12- 10 154 3 4 17- 9 213 10 1 1 10 11 21- 8 272 11 ~ 9
77- -
3
7- 4
87
88
4
3 1
12- 11
13- 0
155
156
8
7
1
1
2
_1_
5
6
17- 10
17- 11
214
215
9
8
2 9
3 1 8
1
2 22
22-
- 10 22- 10
273
274
10
9
~
18
] 10
11
7- 5 89 2 2 13- 1 157 6 2 1 _7_ 18- 0 216 7 4
I
7
3
22- 11 275 8 6 _1 12
7- 6 90 1 3 13- 1 58 5 3 18- 1 217 6 5 6 4 23- 0 216 1 7 1 13
7- 8 91
4 13- 3
159 4 4 18- 2
218
5 6 I 5 5
23-
1
277
6
8
12 1
8- 2
98 5 13- 4 160 3 5
11
18- 3 219 4 ~- ] I I I
6
23- 2 278 5 9 I 11 2
8- 3 99 4 1 13- 5 161 2 6 11 18- 4 220 3 8 3 7 23- 3 279 4 10 110 3
8- 4
100 3
2
13- 6 162 1 7 18- 5 221
2 9 I
2 8 11 23- 4 280 3
11
9 4
8- 5 101 2 3 13- 7 163 8 18- 6 222 1 10 i _1_ 9 23- 5 281 2
12
I 8 5
8- 6 102 1 4
13- 8
164 7 1 18- 7 113 11
1
_1_0 23- 6 282 1 13 I 7 6
8- 7 103
5 13- 9 165 6 2 18- 8 224 10 1 23- 7 283
7
8- 8 104 4 1
11 13- 10 166
5 3
j '
18- 9 225
9
2 23-
8
284 8
8- 9 105 3 2
13- 11 167 4
4 18- 10 226 8 3 23- 9
285
12
-
1; ]
H
9
8- 10 106
2
3 14- 0 168
3
5 18- 11 227 7
4 23- 10
286
11 10
8- 11 101
1
4
14-
1 169 2 6 19- 0 228 6 5 23- 11 287 10 11
9-
0 108 5 14- 2 170 1 7 19- 1 229 5 6 24-
0
288
9
12
9- 1 109 4 1
14- 3
171 8 19- 2 230 __ 4 7 24- 1 289 8
- 1
13
9- 2 110 3 2 14- 4 172 7 1 19- 3 231 12 1 3 8 24- 2 290 7 1
9- 3 111 2 3 14- 5 173 _ _ 6 2 19- 4 232 11 112 9 24- 3 291 6 8
9- 4 112 1 . 4
14-
6 174 9 5 3 19- 5 233 10 2 1 10 24- 4 292 5 9
9- 5 113 5
14-
7 175
8
1 4 4 19- 6 234 9 3 11 24- 5 293
4 10
9- 9 117 6
14- 8
176 7 2 I
3
5 19- 7 235
8
4 I 10 1
24-
6 294 3 11
9- 10 118 5
1 14- 9 177 6 3
1
2
6
19- 8 236 7
5 9 2 24- 7
295
2 12
9- 11 119 4 2
14- 10
178
5
4 i
_1_
7 19- 9 237 6 6 8 3 24- 8 296
1
13
10- 0
120 3 3 14- 11 179
4
5 _8_
19- 10
238 5
7
I 7
4 24- 9 297 14
10- 1 121 2 4 15- 0 180 3 6 19- 11 239 4 8 6 5 24- 10 298
13 1
10- 2 122 1 5 15- 1 181 2 7 20- 0 240 3 9 5 6 24- 11 299
12 2
10- 3 123 6 15- 2 182 1 8 20- 1 241 2
10 1 4 1 25- 0
300 11
3
10- 4 124 5 1 15- 3 183 9 20- 2 242 1 11
I
3 8 25- 1 301
10 4
10- 5
125
4
2
15- 4
184
8
1
20- 3 143 12 1 _ 9 25- 2 302 9 5
10- 6 126
3 3 15- 5 185
7 2 20- 4 244 11 11 1
10
25- 3 303
8
6
- 10- 7 127 2
4
15- 6 186 6 3 20- 5 245 10 2 r _1_1 25- 4 304 7 7
10- 8 128 1 5 15- 7 187 5 4 20- 6 246
9 3 25- 5 305 6 8
10- 9 129
6 15- 8 188
4 5 20- 7 247 8 4 25- 6 306 5 9
10- 10 130
5 1 15-
9
189
3 6 20- 8 248 7 5 25- 7 307 4 10
10- 11 131 4 2 15- 10 190 2 7 20- 9 249 _ 6 6 25- 8 3
11
11- 0 132
3 3 15- 11 191 1
8 20- 10 250 13 1 5 7 25-
9
309 2
12
11- 1 133 2 4 18- 0 192 _ 9 20- 11 251 12 1 14 8 25- 10 310
1
13
11- 2 134 1 5 16- 1 193 10 __ 8
1
21- 0 252
11
2 13
9
25- 11 311 14
11- 3 135 6
16- 2
194
9
1 1
7
2
21- 1 253 10 1312l 10
I 1- 1- - - 4T- i 36 7 16- 3 195 8 2
1
6 3 11 21- 2 254
9 4 1 11 1 11
Heal t h
393
403
405
409
412
410
420
424
423
420
491
437
439
441
436
454
461
476
442
449
490
311
320
S44
550
HOSPI TALS
Sur gi cal Sui t e
Nur ser y
Phar macy
El edr oencephol ogr aphi c
Sui t e
Physi cal
Ther apy Depar t ment
Occupat i onal
Labor at or y
Labor - Del i ver y
Sui t e
Radi oi sot ope Faci l i t y
EDP
Uni t
REHABI LI TATI ONCENTERS
MENTALHEALTHCENTERS
NURSI NGHOMES
CHI LDHEALTHSTATI ON
MEDI CALSCHOOLS
DENTAL
SCHOOLS
NURSI NGSCHOOLS
YOUTHTREATMENT CENTERS
MULTI PHASI CHEALTHSCREENI NG
CENTERS
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
By AUGUST HOENACK, Chi ef , Ar chi t ect ur al and Engi neer i ng Br anch, Di vi si on of Hospi t al and
Medi cal Faci l i t i es, Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce, U. S. Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on and Wel f ar e
I NTRODUCTI ONANDFLOWCHARTS
The hospi t al as a bui l di ng t ype i s composed of
compl ex component s,
each of
whi ch
coul d
wel l
t ax t he t al ent s of ar chi t ect s, mechani cal en-
gi neer s, and t he ot her pr of essi ons end ski l l s
i nvol ved i n t hei r desi gn end const r uct i on.
Mat er i al
r el at i ng t o
al l t hese component s
woul d f i l l a book. Ther ef or e, t he f ol l owi ng hove
been sel ect ed f or di scussi on i n t hi s sect i on:
Bedr ooms
Nur si ng uni t s
Sur gi cal sui t e
Nur ser y
Pedi at r i c uni t
Di agnost i c x- r ay sui t e
Tel et her epy
uni t
Cobal t - 60
El ect r oencephol ogr aphi c sui t e
Physi cal t her apy depar t ment
Occupat i onal t her apy depar t ment
Gener al hospi t al l abor at or y
Labor - del i ver y sui t e
Radi oi sot ope f aci l i t y
The
mat er i al pr esent ed her e has been
sel ect ed,
not necessar i l y as a gui de f r om a
f unct i onal st andpoi nt or t o i ndi cat e what t he
hospi t al may need, but r at her as exampl es of
cr i t i cal
space or gani zat i on i nvol vi ng speci al -
i zed equi pment and f aci l i t i es whi ch ar e pecul i ar
t o a hospi t al . The ext ent of ser vi ces, ki nd of
equi pment ,
space r equi r ement s, et c . , wi l l var y
wi t h each hospi t al and must be r el at ed t o t he
ser vi ces t he hospi t al i s t o per f or m. Conse-
quent l y, t he i nf or mat i on pr esent ed her e must ,
of cour se, be adapt ed i n each case.
Much has been wr i t t en on t he subj ect of t he
desi gn and const r uct i on of hospi t al s . An ade-
quat e bi bl i ogr aphy of t hi s mat er i al i s beyond
t he scope of t hi s sect i on. The ar chi t ect who i s
not acquai nt ed wi t h hospi t al desi gn shoul d
obt ai n addi t i onal i nf or mat i on and bi bl i ogr a-
phi es f r omsuch sour ces as t he Bacon Li br ar y
of t he Amer i can Hospi t al
Associ at i on i n Chi -
cago end t he U. S.
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce i n
Washi ngt on, D. C.
Fi gur e 1 shows gener al i zed f l owchar t s f or
t he hospi t al as a
whol e
and
f or
var i ous depar t -
ment s whi ch ar e not di scussed i n t he f ol l owi ng
pages .
Bedr ooms'
I t was not t he commi t t ee' s pur pose t o i ncl ude
an anal ysi s of t he number
of beds per
nur si ng
uni t , or t he pr opor t i ons
of si ngl e, doubl e and
f our - bed r ooms wi t hi n gi ven uni t s . Thi s st udy
i s
l i mi t ed
t o t he i ndi vi dual r oomper se, t o a
r evi ewof numer ous smal l but. of t en vi t al det ai l s
' hat make ei t her a good r oomor an unsat i s-
f act or y one . These det ai l s ar e f i ne poi nt s t hat
an admi ni st r at or or ar chi t ect shoul d be f ami l i ar
wi t h bef or e depar t i ng t o somet hi ng mor e
or i gi nal , i f t hat shoul d be hi s wi sh.
I n gener al , t he many r oompl ans r evi ewed
`Repor t by t he AI ACommi t t ee on Hospi t al s
& Heal t h
have basi c si mi l ar i t i es but many var i at i ons i n
det ai l . Accompanyi ng pl ans have been spe-
ci al l y dr awn t o i l l ust r at e t he maj or i t y of f ea.
t ur es t hat wi l l be di scussed. I t must not be
const r ued t hat t hese r epr esent i deal or mi ni -
mumst andar ds . ( See Fi gs . 2 t o 6 . )
Si ze
Fi r st poi nt of i nt er est i s t he consi der abl e var i a-
t i on i n r oom si zes . Ranges of net cl ear f l oor
ar ea f r omcor r i dor door t o wi ndowst ool , not
i ncl udi ng bui l t - i n war dr obes, ar e:
Si ngl e r ooms : 117 t o 172 sq f t ( del uxe ar e
l ar ger )
Doubl e r ooms : 157 t o 210 eq f t
Four - bed
r ooms: 306 t o 401 sq f t
Maj or di f f er ences ar e f ound i n dept h of
r ooms f r omi nsi de of ext er i or wel l t o r oom
si de
of cor r i dor par t i t i on, al l t he
way
f r om
14 f t -
6 i n. f or si ngl e r ooms or
15
f t - 0 i n. f or
doubl e
and f our - bed r ooms
t o
21 f t - 6 i n. f or
al l t ypes .
These di f f er ences ar e caused pr i nci pal l y by
var i ed
space r equi r ement s of one or t wo beds
i n combi nat i on wi t h
var i ous pl umbi ng f aci l i -
t i es- t heyr ef l ect t he endl ess sear ch f or a com-
mon denomi nat or whi ch wi l l have f l exi bi l i t y
t o accommodat e
sever al combi nat i ons of r oom
and t oi l et
r equi r ement s
wi t hi n
a
uni f or m
bui l d-
i ng di mensi on and f enest r at i on wi t hout
wast e
of expensi ve
space.
I n
t he t wo and f our - bed r ooms a cl ear di s-
t ance of 14
f t - 0 i n.
f or
t wo beds
and
t wo bed-
si de t abl es i s " snug, " but i t shoul d be not ed
t hat t he maj or i t y of r ooms st udi ed measur e
near er
t o 15 f t - 0 i n. cl ear , whi ch i s t he USPHS
st andar d. Lavat or y, t oi l et door , or war dr obe
door do not encr oach i nt o t hese cl ear di men-
si ons i n t he bet t er r ooms .
I n t he ot her di mensi on, comment s of admi n-
i st r at or s evoke no compl ai nt s about si ngl e
r ooms as nar r owas 10 f t - 0 i n. t o cent er s of
par t i t i ons- r ooms up t o 12 f t - 0 i n. on cent er s
dr awcomment s f r om " excel l ent " t o " mor e
t hen ampl e. " Maj or i t y of doubl e bedr ooms ar e
12 f t - 0 i n. on cent er s and ar e wal l r egar ded-
smal l er ones ar e cr i t i ci zed f or bei ng t oo t i ght .
Four - bed
r ooms r ange f r omaccept abl e mi ni -
mumof 20 f t - 0
i n.
on cent er s
t o mor e t han
24 f t - 0 i n
.
Cl oset s
I n al most ever y case i ndi vi dual hengi ng space
i s pr ovi ded
f or
each
pat i ent , of t en i n t he f or m
of bui l t - i n met al war dr obes- somet i mes
t hese
ar e i n combi nat i on wi t h dr esser s, wi t h mi r r or s
over
. One
caut i on was
of f er ed t hat mi r r or s
shoul d not be so pl aced as t o
r ef l ect l i ght i nt o
pat i ent ' s eyes .
Fur ni t ur e
Ther e i s uni f or mi t y i n ever y pl an r evi ewed
i n
t he way beds ar e set par al l el t o ext er i or wal l ,
so t hat pat i ent s can l ook out wi ndowwi t hout
f aci ng di r ect l y i nt o t he br i ght sky . Mot or -
oper at ed hi gh- l ow beds ar e al so uni f or ml y
popul ar - i t shoul d be not ed t hat t hey may be
a f ul l 7 f t - 3 i n . i n over al l l engt h.
Ther e i s no uni f or mi t y i n posi t i on of bedsi de
t abl e. I t may be pl aced on near si de of bed as
one ent er s r oom, or on f ar si de, or somet i mes
on pat i ent ' s r i ght
or
l ef t , whi chever way t he
bed
f aces
. No pr eponder ant pr ef er ence can be de-
t ect ed. The t ypi cal
bedsi de
t abl e measur es
about 16
i n. x
20
i n.
Pl ans r evi ewed di d not concer n t hemsel ves
wi t h ot her f ur ni t ur e. I n si ngl e r ooms, espe-
ci al l y, t he pr esence of a bur eau, si de chai r ,
ar mchai r , ot t oman, or t el evi si on sat i s par t l y
dependent on economi c st at us of pat i ent bei ng
ser ved. These i t ems t ake space and deser ve
at t ent i on i n t he pl anni ng st age- t hey may wel l
af f ect over al l r oom si ze.
Pl umbi ng Fi xt ur es
Next t o r oomsi ze t he most i mpor t ant ar chi t ec-
t ur al pr obl em i s di sposi t i on of pl umbi ng
f aci l i t i es . Al t hough mi ni mumbudget hospi t al s
or e st i l l bei ng bui l t wi t hout a t oi l et connect i ng
t o ever y bedr oom, a pr i vat e t oi l et i s now
r egar ded as a basi c f eat ur e wi t h each bedr oom.
I t i s per haps axi omat i c t hat i n al most ever y
case a bedpan cl eansi ng devi ce i s i ncor por at ed .
2 f t - 10 i n. t o 3 f t - 2 i n . by 3 f t - 10 i n. t o 4 f t -
10 i n. ar e t he di mensi ons not ed f or i ndi vi dual
t oi l et r ooms, usual l y wi t h gr ab- bar s on one or
bot h si de wal l s . Locat i ng wat er cl oset sl i ght l y
of f - cent er i n t he r oomal l ows a l i t t l e mor e space
on wi der si de f or mani pul at i ng cl eanser - t he
l et t er needs onl y col d wat er and i s usual l y on
t he r i ght as you f ace beck wal l . Some pl ans
i ndi cat e bedpan r ack or cabi net wi t hi n t oi l et
r oom- ot her wi se bedpan
i s st or ed i n bedsi de
t abl e.
Sever al pl ans wer e r evi ewed whi ch showed
shar ed t oi l et s
bet ween t wo si ngl e or doubl e
r ooms . Whi l e t hi s
ar r angement may save some
space
and expense, i t pr esent s i t s own pr ob-
l ems such as added di st ur bance
t o pat i ent s,
speci al door har dwar e, and l ack of
f l exi bi l i t y
i n r oom assi gnment t o pat i ent s of
opposi t e
sex . I t i s i nt er est i ng t hat t he
admi ni st r at or s
wi t h t hi s t ype of accommodat i on of f er ed
no
comment on t hese poi nt s .
The commi t t ee
i nf er s t hat t he shar ed t oi l et i s val i d
onl y i n l ar ge
hospi t al s, i n whi ch separ at i on of sexes i s
a
l esser pr obl em.
Locat i on of l avat or y r eveal s about an even
choi ce bet ween pl aci ng i t i n bedr oompr oper ,
wher e i t i nvi t es mor e f r equent use by
at t endi ng
nur ses and physi ci ans, or i n t oi l et r ooms,
wher e i t i s l ess i nst i t ut i onal - l ooki ng t o pat i ent
and vi si t or s . I t i s known t hat some
t hought f ul
hospi t al s pur posel y set l avat or i es at 3 f t - 0
i n.
above f l oor - i n ot her pl ans st udi ed, t he
l ower ,
convent i onal r esi dent i al hei ght i s obser ved.
Not many t oi l et r ooms have t ubs, whi ch
make t hemcompl et e bat hr ooms of f bedr ooms .
Thi s choi ce i s undoubt edl y a mat t er of econom-
i cs of t he par t i cul ar hospi t al . The f act t hat
al most no shower st al l s appear l eads t he com-
mi t t ee t o conj ect ur e t hat most hospi t al s ar e
cont ent
t o have
shower heads i n t ubs, r el yi ng
on suct i on- cup r ubber mat e
and st r ong gr ab
bar s t o avoi d
i nj ur y
t o
pat i ent s f r omsl i ppi ng .
Door s and Wi ndows
St andar d bedr oomdoor wi dt h
i s 3 f t - 10 i n. or
4f t - 0 i n
.
Thi s can be r educed by
2 i n. wi t h of f -
set hi nges . Asl i ght maj or i t y of
door s t o si ngl e
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Fr omDesi gn and Const r uct i on
of Gener al Hospi t al s by
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce, U. S.
Depar t ment of
Heal t h, Edu-
cat i on and Wel f ar e ( 1953) .
Fi g. 1.
Fl owchar t s
Fi g. 4.

Si ngl e r oom, smal l
Fi g. 3. Doubl e
bedr oom, smal l , shar ed
t oi l et Fi g. 2 Four - bad r oom
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Li ght i ng
A st udy of t he r ooms shows t hat no si ngl e,
a f ewdoubl e, and most f our - bed r ooms have
cei l i ng f i xt ur es f or gener al i l l umi nat i on . I n
al most al l r ooms t her e i s a wal l f i xt ur e over
head
of bed, mount ed f r om 5 f t - 2
i n. t o 6 f t -
6 i n. above f l oor . Ther e ar e numer ous f i xt ur es
on t he mar ket t oday f or t hi s pur pose, pr ovi d-
i ng var yi ng combi nat i ons of di r ect and i n-
di r ect
l i ght . The one pr evai l i ng comment of a
number of admi ni st r at or s i s t hat no wal l l i ght
gi ves adequat e i l l umi nat i on f or exami ni ng
t he
pat i ent . Anot her caut i on i s t o cont r ol l i ght
i n mul t i - bed r ooms so t hat i t wi l l not shi ne i n
anot her pat i ent ' s eyes- t hi s f r equent l y hap-
pens acr oss
t he r oom i n f our - bed r ooms.
Al most al l r ooms have ni ght - l i ght s, ei t her set
i n wal l at a l owel evat i on
or i ncor por at ed i n
over - bed l i ght . The one
pr evai l i ng comment
her e
r ecommends swi t chi ng t he ni ght - l i ght out
i n cor r i dor or
near r oom door , r at her t han
at bedsi de. ( See Fi g
.
7 . )
Aspeci al wr i nkl e f or si ngl e r ooms, wher e
pr i vat e dut y nur ses may be
i n at t endance, i s
a cei l i ng down- l i ght over a
chai r
near
door
i nt o t he r oom, at
whi ch
l ocat i on
t he nur se
can guar d pat i ent f r omunwant ed
vi si t or s and
at same t i me r ead comf or t abl y day or
ni ght
wi t hout
bot her i ng pat i ent .
Ot her El ect r i cal Wor k
The audi o- vi sual nur se' s cal l i s al most
uni -
ver sal l y used and get s a popul ar
r at i ng among
admi ni st r at or s
who comment ed- except f or
use i n pedi at r i cs.
I n
some cases
t he speaker
i s l ocat ed i n cei l i ng over bed
. I n
one
i nst ance
a
r equest i s made f or t he pi l ot l i ght al so i n cei l -
i ng, as
bei ng mor e easi l y seen by pat i ent . On
wal l s wi t h t wo beds
t he
use of
one cal l f or t wo
beds or
pr ovi si on of separ at e cal l s i s about
an even choi ce.
I n a smal l per cent age of
hospi t al s sever al
r adi o channel s ar e pi ped
i n
at
head of bed.
I n f ewer i nst ances t he same i s t r ue
of TV; most
TV set s ar e por t abl e and pr ovi ded
t hr ough a
r ent al agency.
Oxygen and Suct i on
Oxygen i s pi ped i n f r om a cent r al
sour ce i n
most r ooms st udi ed. Out l et s
ar e 4 f t - 0 i n. t o
5 f t - 6 i n . above f l oor s- 5
f t - 0 i n. mi ni mum
i s t he NPFA Bul l et i n 565 st andar d
i f out l et
i s not r ecessed. Ther e i s an even di vi si on of
opi ni on concer ni ng l ocat i on of oxygen
out l et s,
and doubl e r ooms ar e
hi nged on si de t owar d
beds, so t hat door aj ar ser ves as
scr een t o
pat i ent . Toi l et r oomdoor wi dt hs ar e 2 f t - 0
i n.
t o 2 f t - 4 i n. swi ngi ng out i nt o bedr oom, except
wher e sur f ace- bol t ed or pi vot ed hi nges ar e
used, so t hat door s can be r emovedi n t he event
a pat i ent i n t oi l et r oomf ai nt s and
f al l s
agai nst
door .
The wi de var i et y of wi ndowt r eat ment sug-
gest s t hat cl i mat e, or i ent at i on, est het i cs,
economi cs and ot her consi der at i ons do mor e
t o gover n t hi s ar chi t ect ur al f eat ur e t han any
pr edet er mi ned opt i mumst andar d. I t i s i nt er est -
i ng t hat admi ni st r at or s' comment s i n t hi s gen-
er al ar ea say l i t t l e about psychol ogi cal or
t her apeut i c val ues of wi de vs nar r owor hi gh
vs l owwi ndows, but do of f er pr act i cal com-
pl ai nt s about wi ndows t hat ar e dr af t y or di f f i -
cul t t o cl ean and wood st ool s t hat spot t oo
easi l y.
Pr ef er ences ar e expr essed f or mar bl e
and l ami nat ed pl ast i c st ool s . Adef i ni t e di vi si on
of opi ni on i s f ound bet ween t hose who pr ef er
not hi ng but dr apes and t hose who f avor onl y
Venet i an bl i nds at wi ndows . The commi t t ee
not es
t hat l owwi ndowst ool s of f er pat i ent
an oppor t uni t y t o see
out when hi s mot or i zed
bed i s
i n i t s l owposi t i on.
RoomFi ni shes
Ther e i s no st r ong pr ef er ence f or one
t ype of
f l oor i ng
mat er i al over anot her
. I nqui r i es
made about
over si ze sl opi ng bases
t o keep
f ur ni t ur e
away f r om wal l s r eveal t hat
t hose
f ew
who have t hem seemsat i sf i ed,
wher eas
onl y
one admi ni st r at or wi t hout t hem
expr essed
a wi sh t hat he mi ght have had t hem.
Wal l be-
hi nd bed i s t he onl y l ocat i on wi t hi n
a bedr oom
wher e
a sl opi ng base appear s t o have
mer i t .
Pl ast er wal l s ar e most common
. Acoust i cal
cei l i ngs ar e not consi der ed
essent i al , even i n
mul t i - bed r ooms- use of - suspended
acoust i -
cal syst em i s mor e val uabl e
f or access t o
mechani cal wor k t hen f or i t s
acoust i cal pr op-
er t i es .
Bui l t i n Equi pment
Bui l t - i n war dr obe- dr esser - r ecessed- mi r r or
com-
bi nat i ons have been di scussed
above. Some
emphasi s i s al so f ound f or separ at e
9 i n. wi de
f l ower shel ves br acket ed on
wal l besi de or
opposi t e bed, about
4f t - 6 i n.
above f l oor . Ther e
ar e a var i et y of cubi cl e cur t ai n ar r angement s
i n mul t i - bed r ooms, f r omt he si mpl est cr oss-
r oomt r acks t o compl et e encl osur es ar ound
each bed.
6.
Ni ght l i ght - swi t ch out si de r oom
door
7. Doubl e dupl ex out l et
8.
Tel ephone, r adi o, TVj acks
3, Oxygen out l et
4. Suct i on out l et
5. Suct i on bot t l e br acket
Fi g. 7.

Wal l el evat i on of si ngl e r oom
( l ef t ) and doubl e r oom( r i ght )
Legend
1 .
Over bed l i ght
2 .
Nur ses' cal l
2A.
Mi cr o speaker i n cei l i ng
Fi g. 8
Fi gur es 8- 12 f r omAdmi ni st r at i ve Ser vi ces and Faci l i -
t i es f or Hospi t al s, Heal t h Ser vi ces and Ment al Heal t h
Adm. , Dept . of Heal t h, Educat i on, and Wel f ar e, Wash-
i ngt on.
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
ADMI TTI NG
DEPARTMENT
FUNCTI ONAL FLOWCHART
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
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Fi g. 12 Conf er ence and
boar d- meet i ng uni t : ( a) f or a 500- bed hospi t al
( Uni t f or a 300- bed hospi t al woul d be
gener al l y
si mi l ar . ) ; ( b) f or a 100- bed
hospi t al ; ( c) al t er nat e seat i ng f or a 100- bed
hospi t al .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Fi g. 13

Fl owchar t of nur si ng uni t
Fi g. 14
Doubl e- cor r i dor
pat i ent
car e f l oor
made
up of one 30- bed
and one 34- bed uni t ut i l i zi ng
cent r al l y l ocat ed mechani cal conveyor s
f or t he handl i ng
of suppl i es and
f ood- t r ay ser vi ce.
Fr om" Pl anni ng t he
Pat i ent Car e Uni t i n t he Gener al Hospi t al . " U
. S.
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce ( J une
1962) .
Fi g. 15

Det ai l of nur si ng st at i on and
ut i l i t y
uni t
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Sur gi cal Sui t e
i ng r oomar e based on
a ser i es of quest i ons,
such as : ( a) si ze,
( b) usage, ( c) envi r onment al
cont r ol `, ( d)
l i ght i ng- sur gi cal and gener al
i l l umi nat i on`, ( e)
i nt er communi cat i ons and
si gnal syst ems- , ( f ) el ect r oni c
equi pment and
moni t or i ng syst em' , ( g) ser vi ce
l i nes, such as
suct i on, oxygen,
ni t r ous
oxi de,
compr essed ai r ,
( h) pr ovi si on
f or x- r ay, not onl y x- r ay t ube
st and but cont r ol , t r ansf or mer ,
and necessar y
l ead pr ot ect i on,
( i ) pr ovi si on f or TV camer a,
movi e camer as, ot her
r ecor di ng equi pment ,
( j ) saf et y pr ecaut i on i n
hazar dous ar eas, ( k)
cabi net wor k, suppl y cabi net s
and st or age f or
oper at i ng t abl e appl i ances, ( I )
need f or cl ocks,
f i l m i l l umi nat or s .
The r api d devel opment
of car di ac and neur o-
sur ger y i s cr eat i ng a demand
f or one or mor e
ext r a- l ar ge oper at i ng r ooms
. Thi s t ype of sur -
ger y cal l s f or a l ar ger t eamof
sur geons, nur ses
and t echni ci ans, pl us a gr eat
deal of ext r a
equi pment , such as hear t - l ung
machi nes, hypo-
t her mi a equi pment , si c . ; al so
el ect r oni c
devi ce: f or measur i ng bodi l y
f unct i ons, i . e. ,
el ect r ocar di ogr aph, el ect r oencephal ogr aph,
bl ood pr essur e, r espi r at i on, body
t emper at ur e,
et c . Today many ar chi t ect s ar e
pr ovi di ng an
" i nst r ument at i on" r oomadj acent t o or bet ween
t wo ext r a- l ar ge oper at i ng r ooms t o acaommo-
dat e such equi pment , whi ch i s f r equent l y
not
expl osi on- pr oof . The f l oor of any such r oomi s
usual l y
el evat ed appr oxi mat el y 3 f t
above
t he oper at i ng r oomf l oor . Pl at e gl ass panel s
per mi t vi si on i nt o oper at i ng r ooms, and
t hr ough- wal l condui t s accommodat e
wi r es
and ot her l eads of var i ous appl i ances
i n t he
i nst r ument at i on r oom t o t he sur gi cal
f i el d .
Such an ar ea can al so house t he
TV cont r ol
and moni t or ( i f used) , x- r ay cont r ol s,
et c .
I n t he hospi t al as a whol e, t he act ual pat i ent
ar ea i s onl y a ver y smal l per cent of t he t ot al .
The same i s t r ue wi t hi n t he sur gi cal sui t e. The
oper at i ng r ooms t hemsel ves wi l l account f or
onl y about one- f our t h of t he t ot al ar ea r equi r ed
f or t he
sui t e wi t h i t s suppor t i ve f unct i ons
such
as-
Of f i ces
and admi ni st r at i on ar eas, scr ub
ar eas, wor k and suppl y
r ooms, l abor at or y,
dar k
r oom, post - anest hesi a r ecover y, hol di ng
or
i nduct i on ar eas, l ounge, l ocker and t oi l et
r ooms f or var i ous
per sonnel gr oups, conf er -
ence or t eachi ng
r ooms, and ci r cul at i on wi t hi n
t he depar t ment .
The anal ysi s of var i ous
sui t es i l l ust r at i ng
t hi s ar t i cl e showa spr ead
f r om 1115 sq f t t o
1585 sq f t t ot al gr oss ar ea
per oper at i ng or
cyst oscopi c r oom ( i f i ncl uded) - and
ever y
sui t e coul d use mor e
gr oss f l oor ar ea f or st or -
age, accor di ng t o comment s .
Thus, a sui t e of
ei ght oper at i ng r ooms aver agi ng
350 aq f t
each =2800 sq f t X
4 =11, 200 aq f t est i -
mat ed t ot al ar ea r equi r ed- or
1400 sq f t per
oper at i ng r oom.
Wi t hi n t he sur gi cal sui t e we
have t hr ee basi c
zones pr edi cat ed ont hr ee t ypes
of act i vi t y and
ci r cul at i on i nvol ved, and t he degr ee
of st er i l i t y
t o be mai nt ai ned. The
pr epl anni ng anal ysi s
of t hese ar eas i s j ust
as i mpor t ant as t he de-
t er mi nat i on of
t he number and t ype of
oper at -
i ng
r ooms.
Out er zone:
Admi ni st r at i ve el ement s
and
basi c cont r ol
wher e per sonnel ent er t he
depar t -
ment ,
pat i ent s ar e r ecei ved and hel d or
sent
t o pr oper
hol di ng ar eas of i nner zone ;
conf er -
ence, cl assr oom
ar eas, l ocker spaces,
any
out pat i ent
r ecept i on, et c .
I nt er medi at e
zone: Pr edomi nant l y wor k
and
st or age ar eas ;
out si de per sonnel wi l l del i ver
t o
t hi s ar ea but
shoul d not penet r at e t he i nner
zone. The r ecover y
sui t e, i f compl et el y
i nt e-
" These subj ect s have so many
r ami f i cat i ons
t hey ar e onl y ment i oned her e .
Doubl e Cor r i dor Nur si ng
Fl oor
Fi gur e 14 shows a t ypi cal doubl e- cor r i dor nur s-
i ng uni t whi ch i s
of t en ut i l i zed i n hospi t al
pl anni ng. I t has t he
f ol l owi ng advant ages :
1 . I t per mi t s a cl oser
r el at i onshi p bet ween
t he pat i ent bedr ooms and t he
nur si ng st at i on
and ot her ser vi ce
ar eas .
2. I t per mi t s gr eat er
f l exi bi l i t y i n segr ega-
t i on of pat i ent s f or
var i ous medi cal r easons .
3. Much of t he
st af f act i vi t y and par t i cul ar l y
conver sat i on can be
car r i ed on wi t hi n t he ser -
vi ce uni t compl ex, t hus
cut t i ng down noi se
i n t he pat i ent cor r i dor
.
Fi gur e 15 i ndi cat es mor e cl ear l y t he nur si ng
st at i on and ut i l i t y r oomar r angement .
The cl ean
ut i l i t y i s desi gned t o
accommodat e car t s f or
st or i ng l i nens, ut ensi l s,
and ot her suppl i es,
whi ch woul d be br ought f r oma
cent r al suppl y
and st er i l i zi ng uni t . El evat or s
ar e l ocat ed out -
si de t he nur si ng uni t t o cut down
on t he
amount of noi se. Thi s woul d al so
per mi t s
f ut ur e nur si ng uni t t o be l ocat ed on
t he ot her
si de of t he el evat or s .
The success of t hi s pl an depends, t o a
gr eat
ext ent , on wel l - desi gned ai r
condi t i oni ng and
l i ght i ng, par t i cul ar l y f or t he cent er uni t .
Whi l e
t hi s
nur si ng f l oor consi st s of t wo 25- bed
nut s .
i ng uni t s, many aut hor i t i es bel i eve t hat
gr eat er
ef f i ci enci es ar e obt ai ned i n havi ng a
l ar ger
r at i o of
beds per nur si ng st at i on . Thi s par t i cu-
l ar nur si ng f l oor mi ght easi l y be ext ended
one
or
t wo bays, i ncr easi ng t he capaci t y t o 62 or
70
beds .
Thi s pl an al so demonst r at es howan
i nt en-
si ve nur si ng ser vi ce can be i nt egr at ed i nt o t he
same modul e or bay whi ch accommodat es t he
t ypi cal pat i ent r oom. One 6- bed i nt ensi ve
war d
i s shown, and t he adj acent t ypi cal doubl e
r ooms
can accommodat e i nt ensi ve- car e pa-
t i ent s when t he need ar i ses .
By AARONN. KI FF end MARY
WORTHEN
Ki f f , Col son, Sounder
&Voss ( Of f i ce of Yor k
and Sawyer )
SURGI CAL
SUI TE
The sur gi cal sui t e of
t he gener al hospi t al i s a
ver y compl ex
wor kshop. I t i s one of t he most
i mpor t ant depar t ment s
of any hospi t al , and i t s
pl anni ng i s compl i cat ed
by t he di ver si t i es of
opi ni on and exper i ence
of t he many per sons
i nvol ved i n pol i cy deci si ons
essent i al t o devel -
opment of a good pr ogr am
of r equi r ement s .
We say a " pr ogr am
of r equi r ement s" r at her
t han " pl an. " Bef or e
any i nt el l i gent pl anni ng
can be done by t he ar chi t ect ,
t her e must be a
meet i ng of mi nds
on t he si ze of depar t ment ;
i . e. , t he number
and t ype of oper at i ng r ooms
and t he wor k met hods
t o be f ol l owed i n t he
suppor t i ve ar eas
. Admi ni st r at or s, sur geons,
anest het i st s,
sur gi cal nur ses, al l must par t i ci -
pat e i n t he pr epl anni ng
anal ysi s of needs and
f unct i onal met hods
. The ar chi t ect must have
a wi de under st andi ng of
var i ous management
pr ocedur es t o be aur a t hat
al l ar e di scussed
i n r eachi ng any
concl usi ons wi t h t he par t i cul ar
gr oup i nvol ved.
The number and
t ype of oper at i ng r ooms i s
t he f i r st maj or
deci si on. I n t he gener al hospi t al ,
t he t endency i s t o have al l
maj or oper at i ng
r ooms as near l y i dent i cal as possi bl e
t o f aci l i -
t at e schedul i ng of var i ous sur gi cal
pr ocedur es .
Fr ee f l oor space shoul d be 18 f t by 20
f t , or
appr oxi mat el y 350 eq f t . Many sur geons and
sur gi cal super vi sor s r ecommend 20
f t by 20
f t f r ee f l oor space.
The pl anni ng and equi ppi ng of each oper st -
ei t her on near si de of bed, as one
ent er s r oom,
or on f ar si de. Suct i on i s pr ovi ded
i n al l r ooms
i n appr oxi mat el y one- t hi r d of
t he hospi t al s,
i n some r ooms i n one- t hi r d, and i n no
r ooms
i n one- t hi r d. Out l et s ar e ei t her gr ouped i n same
pl at e wi t h oxygen or t hey ar e separ at e,
besi de
or bel owoxygen. Pi ped compr essed ai r
i n bed-
r ooms i s not ed onl y occasi onal l y.
Ai r Condi t i oni ng
The i nci dence of ai r condi t i oni ng
i s st i l l some-
t hi ng t hat depends on cl i mat e
and economi cs .
I ndi vi dual r oom uni t s pr esent no
pr obl ems
of cr oss- cont ami nat i on of ai r f r om
one r oom
t o anot her . Cent r al syst ems do cr eat e
pr obl ems
i f r eci r cul at i on i s desi r ed. Acheck acr oss
t he
count r y i ndi cat es t hat opi ni on i s
di vi ded on
ext ent t o whi ch cent r al r eci r cul at i on
shoul d
: : , ant
Or gani zat i on of Wal l Out l et s
An
over al l gl ance at t he numer ous r oom
l ay-
out s
st udi ed by t he commi t t ee emphasi zes t he
cl ut t er of wel l out l et s and par apher nal i a of
many
ki nds at head of each bed. I n
gener al
t hey
det r act f r omappear ance of r oom. Acheck-
l i st
f or a wel l - equi pped bed i n a si ngl e r oom
wi l l
i ncl ude some 24 di f f er ent f aci l i t i ssl
I n
or der t o
mi ni mi ze t he scat t er ef f ect at nor mal
eye
l evel , t he commi t t ee suggest s t hat hal f of
t hese
f aci l i t i es coul d be consol i dat ed i n a l ow-
wal l out l et
t hr ough a si ngl e f l exi bl e cabl e t o
bedsi de t abl e, wher e many i t ems woul d be
wi t hi n r each of pat i ent . Onl y t wo i t ems
mi ght
t hen
occur on wal l at eye- l evel - oxygen out l et
( code
r equi r ement ) and over - bed l i ght ( i f used) .
Fol l owi ng
check- l i st gi ves an i ndi cat i on of t he
t hi nki ng of
some of t he commi t t ee on t hi s
poi nt :
Por t abl e Bedsi de Panel ( Pat i ent ' s Cont r ol )
" Nur ses' cal l swi t ch, pi l ot l i ght , moni t or
l i ght
" Gener al r oomi l l umi nat i on swi t ch, di mmer
cont r ol
" Readi ng l i ght swi t ch
" Roomt her most at r emot e cont r ol
" El ect r i c bl anket cont r ol
" El ect r i c cl ock
" Dupl ex conveni ence r ecept acl e
" Radi o st at i on sel ect or ( cent r al r adi o
syst em)
" J ack
f or pi l l ow speaker ( cei l i ng speaker
i n pr i vat e
r ooms)
" Pr ovi si on
f or TV r emot e cont r ol t o be
cl i pped ont o
panel
" Pr ovi si on f or t el ephone i nst r ument
( br acket
t ype)
NURSI NG UNI TS
I nt egr al wi t h bed
" Bed cont r ol
( wi t hi n pat i ent ' s r each, but
wi t h nur se- cont r ol l ed cut - of f
f eat ur e)
Cei l i ng
" Nur ses' cal l
mi cr o- speaker
" Radi o speaker ( pr i vat e r ooms
onl y)
Hi gh on Wal l ( 60
i n. or hi gher )
" Over - bed l i ght
f i xt ur e ( di r ect and i ndi r ect )
" Oxygen out l et
Lowon Wal l
( appr oxi mat el y 24 i n. )
" Recept acl e
f or por t abl e bedsi de panel
" Ni ght l i ght ( swi t ched f r om
cor r i dor )
" Tel ephone j ack
" Doubl e dupl ex r ecept acl e ( bed,
oxygen
t ent ,
por t abl e x- r ay, heat i ng pad, et c)
" Remot e r ecor di ng i nst r ument
r ecept acl es
( t emp, pul se, r espi r at or y)
" Suct i on out l et
" Br acket f or suct i on
bot t l e
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Sur gi cal Sui t e
gr at ed wi t h t he sur gi cal sui t e, i s an i nt er me-
di at e or out er zone act i vi t y.
I nner zone: The act ual oper at i ng r ooms, t he
scr ub ar eas, t he pat i ent hol di ng or i nduct i on
ar eas. Al l al i en t r af f i c shoul d be el i mi nat ed.
Her e we want t o mai nt ai n t he hi ghest l evel
of cl eanl i ness and asept i c condi t i ons .
Out er zone admi ni st r at i ve ar eas have i n.
cr eased i n i mpor t ance. Of f i ces ar e needed f or
t he sur gi cal super vi sor , t he cl er ks who manage
schedul i ng and paper
wor k, t he cl i ni cal i n-
st r uct or ( par t i cul ar l y i f t her e i s a school of
nur si ng) , possi bl y t he chi ef of st af f
. Ther e must
be pr ovi si on f or sur geons t o di ct at e medi cal
r ecor ds .
And don' t f or get t he pat i ent . Af t er al l , he i s
t he pr i mar y concer n. Who i s r esponsi bl e f or
hi s t r anspor t at i on t o t he sur gi cal sui t e, and on
whose bed or st r et cher ? Howi s he checked
i n and wher e does he wai t i f t he r oomf or whi ch
he i s schedul ed i s not r eady? Who has not seen
sur gi cal cor r i dor s l i ned wi t h occupi ed st r et ch-
er s f or want of adequat e hol di ng, pr epar at i on
or i nduct i on ar eas? Anot her f act or i s added
i f any ambul ant out pat i ent wor k i s t o be done.
Ther e must be pr ovi si on f or r ecei vi ng, con-
t r ol l ed wai t i ng, dr essi ng r ooms and t oi l et s .
Avar i et y of per sons must be pr ovi ded wi t h
l ounge, l ocker and t oi l et space- sur geons
( mal e and f emal e) , nur ses, t echni ci ans, ai des,
or der l i es . Cof f ee and col a seem t o l ubr i cat e
t he ent i r e depar t ment ; some syst emat i c pr o-
vi si on f or t hei r suppl y i s war r ant ed.
Aconf er ence or cl assr oomf or depar t ment al
meet i ngs and i n- ser vi ce t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams i s
easi l y j ust i f i ed.
The access t o al l t hese ar eas shoul d be r e-
moved f r omst r i ct l y sur gi cal ar eas, as peopl e
ar e ent er i ng and l eavi ng i n st r eet cl ot hes and
shoul d not penet r at e i nt o ot her zones unt i l af t er
changi ng shoes and cl ot hi ng.
The pl anni ng and equi ppi ng of t he i nt er -
medi at e zone
ar e based on t he met hod of pr o-
cessi ng and st or i ng of t he t housands of i t ems
i nvol ved. I t i s f ai r l y common pr act i ce f or t he
cent r al st er i l e suppl y depar t ment , el sewher e
i n t he hospi t al , t o be r esponsi bl e f or t he pr ep-
ar at i on and aut ocl avi ng of al l sur gi cal
l i nen
packs, gl oves, syr i nges, needl es, and ext er nal
f l ui ds .
The
st or age
of t hese i t ems t o be used i n
sur ger y becomes t he
r esponsi bi l i t y
of
t he
sur gi cal depar t ment and adequat e space must
be pr ovi ded
f or
a
pr edet er mi ned l evel of
i nvent or y. ( See Fi g. 1 . )
The met hod of pr ocessi ng sur gi cal i nst r u-
ment s has been t he subj ect of var i ous r esear ch
pr oj ect s, not abl y at t he Uni ver si t y of Pi t t sbur gh
( see The Moder n Hospi t al , November 1955) .
The new ul t r asoni c cl eani ng equi pment i s
el i mi nat i ng a t i me- consumi ng, l abor i ous
pr ocess . The cost of t he equi pment di scour -
ages dupl i cat i on and encour ages t he consol i da-
t i on of wor k ar eas wher e l ay per sonnel can be
t r ai ned under cl ose super vi si on t o car r y out
appr oved pr ocessi ng t echni ques .
The met hod of packi ng and st er i l i zi ng i nst r u-
ment s and ut ensi l s wi l l det er mi ne t he si ze,
t ype, and l ocat i on of aut ocl aves needed. Con-
si der at i on must be gi ven t o i ncl usi on of an
et hyl ene oxi de st er i l i zer f or cyst oscopes,
br onchoscopes and del i cat e sur gi cal i nst r u-
ment s whi ch cannot be st er i l i zed by st eamor
hi gh t emper at ur es . Howand wher e i nst r u-
ment s wi l l be st or ed i s anot her deci si on t o be
made.
Sui t abl e st or age space must be pr ovi ded
f or : ( a) cl ean sur gi cal suppl i es such as ext r a
l i nen, t ape, bandage mat er i al s, et c . ; ( b) par en-
t er al sol ut i ons, ext er nal f l ui ds or st er i l e wat er ;
( c) essent i al dr ugs and nar cot i cs ; ( d) bl ood
suppl i es, bone bank, t i ssue bank, eye bank,
et c . ; ( a) r adi umand i sot opes used i n sur ger y.
I t seems i mpossi bl e t o pr ovi de adequat e
cent r al i zed gar age- t ype spaces f or bul kyequi p-
ment not i n const ant use. Dr . Car l Wal t er has
est i mat ed t hat an aver age of 80 sq f t per
oper at i ng r oomi s needed.
The i nt er medi at e zone al so houses t he f aci l i -
t i es f or handl i ng wast e, soi l ed l i nen, et c . , and
j ani t or i al equi pment f or r out i ne housekeepi ng.
The anest hesi a ser vi ce cannot be shor t -
changed. I t may spr ead over al l zones of t he
sur gi cal sui t e. Of f i ce space i s r equi r ed, wor k
and st or age space f or equi pment . And most i m-
por t ant i s t he deci si on
on
wher e i nduct i on of
t he pat i ent i s t o
t ake pl ace:
cent r al l y t o al l
r ooms, l ocal l y i n i nduct i on ar eas ( somet i mes
r ef er r ed t o as pr epar at i on or hol di ng r ooms)
or i n t he oper at i ng
r oompr oper
. Ther e ar e
acknowl edged hazar ds i n movi ng anest het i zed
pat i ent s and equi pment . I nduct i on ar eas shoul d
per mi t qui cker t ur nover
i n
oper at i ng
r oomus-
age, but t hey al so r equi r e mor e anest het i st s
and nur ses t o
admi ni st er . '
The post - anest hesi a r ecover y
r oomhas be-
come an i nt egr al par t of t he sur gi cal sui t e
i n
most cases .
The
si ze
wi l l ver y f r omone- and-
a- hal f t o t wo beds per oper at i ng
r oom. Ther e
i s a cl ose r el at i onshi p bet ween
t he anest hesi a
depar t ment and t he r ecover y r oom.
Any f r ozen sect i on l abor at or y shoul d be
l ocat ed near t he ent r ance of t he sur gi cal sui t e
so t hat l abor at or y per sonnel need not pene-
t r at e t he i nner zone.
Any dar k r oomf aci l i t i es shoul d be
l ocat ed
t o ser ve t hose r ooms gener at i ng gr eat est l oad
of f i l m, nor mal l y t he cyst oscopi c, ur ol ogi cal
and or t hopedi c ser vi ces . I t shoul d be acces-
si bl e f r oma cor r i dor t o pr event al i en t r af f i c
t hr ough any oper at i ng r oom.
I nner zone pl anni ng i ncl udes t he oper at i ng
r ooms and t hei r essent i al suppor t i ve el ement s .
Deci si ons must be made on t he t ype of scr ub-
up si nks or t r oughs and t hei r l ocat i on pr ovi d-
i ng mi ni mum t r avel t o t he oper at i ng r oom
t o el i mi nat e chance of cont ami nat i on af t er
scr ub pr ocedur e.
The need f or l ocal " subst er i l i zi ng" r ooms
i s bei ng quest i oned by many aut hor i t i es . The
t r end t owar d cent r al i zat i on of wor k ar eas and
st er i l i zi ng equi pment , and t he changi ng t ech-
ni ques of i nst r ument packagi ng ar e r educi ng
t he i mpor t ance of t he subst er i l i zi ng ar ea. Ci r -
cul at i on t r avel di st ance and wor k pat t er ns ar e
f act or s det er mi ni ng t he need f or decent r al i zed
wor k ar eas . When such ar eas ar e pr ovi ded
t her e shoul d be st af f access f or ser vi ci ng and
st ocki ng t hem wi t hout goi ng t hr ough an op-
er at i ng r oom.
The pr ogr amof need di ct at es t he gr oss ar ea
r equi r ed f or t he sur gi cal sui t e. Recent devel op-
ment s i ndi cat e t hat mor e ef f i ci ent depar t ment s
wi t h mi ni mumt r avel di st ances can be pl anned
i n bul ky squar i sh ar eas . Thi s t endency has
af f ect ed t he l ocat i on of t he sur gi cal sui t e i n
r el at i onshi p t o t he hospi t al as a whol e. The
sui t e has
come
downst ai r s t o a l ower f l oor
wher e i t i s mor e possi bl e t o spr ead out and
achi eve t he desi r ed shape, di vor ced f r omt he
usual l y nar r owst r uct ur al pat t er n of a nur si ng
uni t . Pl anni ng wi t hi n t he squar i sh ar eas has
been made
possi bl e
wi t h t he par al l el devel op-
ment of ai r condi t i oni ng and ar t i f i ci al l i ght i ng.
Dependence upon wi ndows f or vent i l at i on and
l i ght i s a t hi ng of t he past . The opt i mumcondi -
t i ons
of t emper at ur e,
humi di t y, and l i ght l evel
can be cont r ol l ed by mechani cal means f ar
bet t er t han
by nat ur e. ( See
Fi g . 2. )
The sur gi cal sui t e l ocat i on must mesh wi t h
t he t ot al ci r cul at i on pat t er n so t hat pat i ent s
can be moved t o andf r omsur ger y wi t h a mi ni -
mumof t r avel t hr ough ot her hospi t al ser vi ces .
I t s l ocat i on i s al so af f ect ed by i t s cl ose r el at i on-
shi p t o t hr ee ot her maj or hospi t al ser vi ces
t he x- r ay depar t ment ,
t he cl i ni cal l abor at or i es,
and t he cent r al st er i l e suppl y.
One ot her
i mpor t ant f act or i n t he l ocat i on of
t he sur gi cal sui t e i s f ut ur e
expansi on. Ant i ci -
pat e ways and means t o per mi t gr owt h i n an
or der l y f ashi on wi t hout
upset t i ng t he basi c
r el at i onshi p of i nt er nal
or gani zat i on- or wi t h-
out ext endi ng l i nes of
t r avel t o unaccept abl e
or uneconomi cal l engt hs .
*Exper i ence wi t h
var i ous sui t es i ndi cat es
t hat what was
pl anned f r i nduct i on f r equent l y
i s conver t ed t o ot her
,
. dust
. ,
Fi g. 1
Fl owchar t
Fr omDesi gn and Const r uct i on of Gener al
Hospi t al s
by U. S. Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce, U. S. Depar t ment
of
Heal t h, Educat i on and Wel f ar e ( 1953) .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Nur ser y
Fi g
. 2

Typi cal pl ans of oper at i ng sui t es
NURSERY'
As one of t he ar eas i n t he hospi t al wher e
pat i ent s ar e most vul ner abl e t o i nf ect i on, t he
nur ser y shoul d be pl anned t o pr ovi de t he best
means f or t he
car e, saf et y, and wel f ar e of
t he
i nf ant s . Al t hough t he pl ans and di agr ams,
shown her e, have been devel oped f or hospi t al s
of speci f i ed si zes, t he pr i nci pl es set f or t h appl y
t o al l hospi t al s, l ar ge or smal l , newor ol d.
Basi c r ecommendat i ons f or pl anni ng nur -
ser i es t hat have been devel oped, based on
cl i ni cal exper i ence and st udy, i ncl ude: l i mi t -
i ng t he number of i nf ant s i n each nur ser y; wi de
spaci ng of bassi net s wi t hi n each nur ser y
;
separ at i on of bassi net s by cubi cl e par t i t i ons ;
pr omot i ng t he use of asept i c t echni ques and
i ndi vi dual car e by pr ovi di ng, among
ot her
t hi ngs, ampl e space and handwashi ng f aci l i -
t i es ; l i mi t i ng t he number of bassi net s ser ved
by one nur ses' st at i on; separ at i ng
f aci l i t i es
f or pr emat ur e i nf ant s and f or obser vi ng
i nf ant s
suspect ed of havi ng i nf ect i ous condi t i ons ;
' The st udy f r omwhi ch t hi s ar t i cl e was con-
densed was pr epar ed
f or t he Di vi si on of Hos-
pi t al and Medi cal Faci l i t i es, Publ i c Heal t h
Ser vi ce, and t he Chi l dr en' s Bur eau
. Soci al
Secur i t y Admi ni st r at i on, by O. Ber nar d
I ves,
ar chi t ect . Copi es of t he st udy may be obt ai ned
f r omSuper i nt endent of Document s, U
S . -
Gov-
er nment Pr i nt i ng Of f i ce, Washi ngt on
NURSERYFOR440 LI VE BI RTHS PERYEAR
I NHOSPI TALOF APPROXI MATELY50 BEDS.
The number of bassi net s and mat er ni t y beds r e-
qui r ed i s based on number of l i ve bi r t hs expect ed
i n hospi t al per year , r at her t han a r ul e- of - t humb
r el at i onshi p t o t he over - al l bed compl ement . Si x
t o 8 per cent ( up t o 12 per cent i n poor economi c
ar eas) of t he t ot al l i ve bi r t hs wi l l be pr emat ur e
( l owbi r t h wei ght of 5 pounds 8 ounces)
Fi g. 1

Pl ans f or nur ser y i n 50- bed hospi t al .
Fi g. 2 Pl ans f or nur ser i es i n 100- or 200- bad hospi t al s .
NURSERY FOR 1, 500 LI VE BI RTHS
PER
YEARI NHOSPI TAL OF
APPROXI MATELY
200 BEDS. Si ze of f ul l - t er mpor t i on of t hi s
nur s-
er y, as wel l
as
t he ot her s shown, i s based on es-
t i mat ed number of l i ve bi r t hs per year l ess t he
pr emat ur e bi r t hs . Thi s f i gur e i s t hen di vi ded by
73 ( t he number of f i ve- day aver age st ay
per i ods
i n a year ) and adj ust ed f r omt hi s 70 per
cent oc-
cupancy t ot al t o a 100 per cent occupancy
f i gur e.
Obser vat i on bassi net s ar e pr ovi ded at r at e of 10
per cent of f ul l - t er mbassi net s, i n nur ser i es wi t h
capaci t y of 20 or mor e. I n smal l er nur ser i es a
mi n-
i mumof t wo obser vat i on bassi net s ar e pr ovi ded
NURSERYFOR880 LI VE BI RTHS PERYEAR
I N HOSPI TAL OF APPROXI MATELY 100
BEDS. The est i mat ed number of pr emat ur e bi r t hs
di vi ded by 18 ( number of 20- day aver age st ay pe-
r i ods i n a year ) wi l l equal t he aver age number of
pr emat ur e bassi net s or i ncubat or s r equi r ed. Thi s
f i gur e must be adj ust ed f or 100 per cent occu-
pancy ( of t en assumed at 70 per cent ) . Apr ema-
t ur e cent er near by woul d el i mi nat e need f or such
f aci l i t i es i n t he hospi t al
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Nur ser y
COHORT SYSTEMNURSERYFOR880 LI VE
BI RTHS PERYEARI NHOSPI TAL
OF AP-
PROXI MATELY 100 BEDS. I n hospi t al s
usi ng
t he cohor t syst em, babi es bor n wi t hi n
48 hour s of
each ot her ar e kept i n
t he same nur ser y, ar r i vi ng
and l eavi ng t oget her ,
i n t heor y r educi ng cr oss- i n-
f ect i on t hr ough
t he
el i mi nat i on
of over - l appi ng of
babi es wi t h
i nf ect i ons . Cohor t nur ser i es ar e t hor -
oughl y cl eaned
and di si nf ect ed bet ween di schar ge
of
one cohor t
and admi ssi on of t he next
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Nur ser y
DETAI L
PLAN, TWO EI GHT- BASSI NET
FULL- TERM NURSERI ES AND NURSES'
STATI ON. Typi cal
ar r angement of a pai r of f ul l -
t er m nur ser i es wi t h
nur ses' st at i on bet ween al -
l owi ng t wo nur ses t o
t end 16 bassi net s ( or a max-
i mum of 20) f r om one
posi t i on. Recommended
i t ems of f ur ni shi ngs and
equi pment ar e shown l o-
cat ed i n what i s
consi der ed t hei r pr oper r el at i on-
shi p t o each ot her and t o t he compl et e
nur ser y-
nur ses' st at i on l ayout
DETAI L
PLAN, TWOPAI RS
FOUR- BASSI -
NET COHORT
SYSTEMNURSERI ES
AND
NURSES'
STATI ON. Acohor t syst em
ar r ange-
ment si mi l ar t o t he
l ayout above, and of t he same
si ze. As i n t he
convent i onal pl an ( above) , t he f our
cohor t nur ser i es may
be t ended by t wo nur ses
wor ki ng t oget her f r oma si ngl e
cent r al l y- l ocat ed
nur ses' st at i on . Wor kspace
r equi r ed wi l l be ap-
pr oxi mat el y t he same i n bot h t ypes
LEFT: DETAI L PLAN,
FI VE- I NCUBATOR
NURSERY
WI THNURSES' STATI ON.
MI D-
DLE AND
RI GHT: MAXI MUM( THREE- BAS-
SI NET)
ANDMI NI MUM( TWO- BASSI NET)
OBSERVATI ON
NURSERI ES. The mi ni mum
and maxi mum si ze
obser vat i on nur ser i es have
ant er ooms bet ween nur ser i es
and cor r i dor s, pr o-
vi ded wi t h appr oxi mat el y t he
same f aci l i t i es as
wor k and t r eat ment ar eas of
f ul l - t er mnur ser i es
19. Ref r i gei at or , wi t h
bui l t - i n t her momet er
20. Doubl e oxygen
out l et , one f or each
f our f ul l - t er m- - or
each t wo pr e-
mat ur e- bassi net s
21. Shel ves ( t hr ee) ,
st ar t i ng 42 i nches
above f l oor ,
f or cl ean gowns, suppl i es
22. Cubi cl e
par t i t i on, st ar t i ng 30
i nches above
f l oor , wi t h 2- f oot - hi gh
cl ear gl ass
or l uci t e panel , wal l -
and cei l i ng- hung met al f r ame
23. Cl ear
wi r e- gl ass vi ewpanel i n
st eel
f r ame,
1, 296 squar e i nches maxi mum,
bot t om42
i nches above f l oor
24
.
Cl ear
pl at e- gl ass or I nci t e vi ew
panel ,
bot t om42 i nches above f l oor
25
. Hand- wi nd cl ock, desk t ype
26. El ect r i c
cl ock
27
. Door wi t h upper panel of wi r e gl ass
28. Door wi t h
upper panel of cl ear gl ass
8. Paper t owel
di spenser , encl osed t ype
9. Tr eat ment t abl e,
24 by 36 by 36
i nches hi gh, on
3- i nch bal l - bear i ng
cast er s, wi t h
wheel l ock
10. Nur se' s desk, 30
i nches hi gh
LOA. Char t r ack
11. Tel ephone
out l et
12. Of f i ce chai r ,
swi vel , wi t hout ar ms
13. Hookst r i p
14. Si nk wi t h
gooseneck spout , knee
or f oot cont r ol s,
i n count er 36
i nches hi gh,
open bel ow
15. Doubl e compar t ment
si nk wi t h goose-
neck spout , knee
or f oot cont r ol s,
i n count er 36
i nches hi gh
16. Bot t l e war mer on
por t abl e car r i age
17. Wal l cabi net
18. I ncubat or , on 3- i nch
bal l - bear i ng
cast er s, wi t h wheel l ock
LEGEND
1. Bassi net
wi t h cabi net , pul l - out
shel f
bel ow, on
3- i nch bal l - bear i ng cast er s,
wi t h wheel
l ock
2.
Rocki ng chai r wi t h ar mr est s, wash-
abl e f i ni sh
3. Ut i l i t y
t abl e, 16 by 20 i nches, wi t h
t op dr awer t o
hol d i nf ant scal es
4. Lavat or y,
18 by 22 i nches, wi t h
gooseneck
spout , knee or f oot con-
t r ol s, shel f over
6 . Wast e
r ecept acl e, f oot - cont r ol l ed
cover , r emovabl e
waxed l i ner
6 . Soi l ed di aper
r ecept acl e, f oot -
cont r ol l ed cover ,
r emovabl e waxed
l i ner
7. Soi l ed l i nen hamper on
3- i nch bal l -
bear i ng cast er s,
r emovabl e waxed
l i ner , f oot - cont r ol l ed cover
Fi g. 3

Det ai l pl ans f or t hr ee
t ypes of nur ser i es .
and pr ovi di ng opt i mumcondi t i ons
of t emper a-
t ur e, r el at i ve humi di t y and vent i l at i on. Fi gur es
1 t o 13 show
a var i et y of nur ser y pl ans .
Ful l - t er m nur ser i es shoul d
be l ocat ed i n t he
mat er ni t y nur si ng uni t as cl ose t o
t he mot her s
as possi bl e and away f r omt he
l i ne of t r af f i c
of ot her t han mat er ni t y
ser vi ces . An ar ea of
30 f eet per i nf ant i s r ecommended,
excl usi ve
of t he nur ses' st at i on.
The ext ent of t he spr ead of
i nf ect i on i n a nur -
ser y can be r educed as t he
number of i nf ant s
i n each nur ser yr oomi s
r educed. The opt i mum
number of f ul l - t er m
i nf ant s t hat can be car ed
f or by a member of
t he nur si ng st af f i s i n t he
r ange of 8 t o 10.
Bassi nel s
shoul d be at l east 2f eet apar t and,
i f par t i t i ons ar e used,
cubi cl es shoul d be l ar ge
enough t o per mi t
bedsi de car e. Par t i t i ons
shoul d
be gl azed or t r anspar ent so t hat
t he
i nf ant s can
be easi l y obser ved by t he nur se
.
To f aci l i t at e
cl eani ng, par t i t i ons
shoul d not
ext end
t o t he f l oor . Cubi cl e par t i t i ons
mi ght
ext end
onl y f r om t he bot t om of t he bassi net
t o 24 i nches above. The suppor t i ng f r ames
of
t he par t i t i ons may be at t ached t o t he
cei l i ng
and wal l .
Wher e a wal l i s not avai l abl e,
as i n
an i sl and ar r angement ,
some suppor t s must
ext end t o t he f l oor .
I n nur ser i es wi t hout
cubi cl e par t i t i ons bassi -
net s ar e of t en cr owded
t oget her si de by si de.
Al t hough cubi cl e
par t i t i ons may be obj ect i on-
abl e f r omt he
st andpoi nt of cl eani ng ( and ar e
of t en unsi ght l y) ,
t hey hel p t o ensur e t hat bassi -
net s ar e
pr oper l y spaced.
Fi xed- vi ew wi ndows
bet ween t he nur ser y
and t he cor r i dor
per mi t vi si t or s t o vi ew t he
i nf ant s f r omt he cor r i dor
. Ther e wi ndows must
be wi r e gl ass set i n
st eel f r ames and must con-
f or mt o Nat i onal Fi r e
Code r equi r ement s . Fi xed
vi ewwi ndows i n
par t i t i ons bet ween nur ser i es
and t he nur ses'
st at i on or bet ween t wo nur ser -
i es f aci l i t at e
obser vat i on of al l i nf ant s i n t he
ar ea. These
wi ndows may be of cl ear pl at e
gl ass or l uci t e and
shoul d be as l ar ge as pr ac-
t i cabl e.
Adoor
di r ect f r omeach nur ser y t o t he
cor r i -
dor i s
r ecommended t o per mi t f ast er
evacua-
t i on i n
case of f i r e and easi er
movement of
bassi net s f r omt he nur ser y t o t he
mot her s at
f eedi ng
t i me and t o avoi d t r af f i c t hr ough
t he
nur ses' st at i on. Thi s door , hung i n
a st eel
f r ame, shoul d have a wi r e gl ass
panel end must
conf or m
t o Nat i onal Fi r e Code
r equi r ement s .
Fur ni shi ngs end equi pment f or
each f ul l -
t er m
nur ser y shoul d i ncl ude, i n
addi t i on t o t he
i t ems
shown i n t he pl ans, a suct i on
bul b or a
mechani cal devi ce wi t h a sof t
r ubber t i p and
i ndi vi dual cat het er s f or
i ndi vi dual i nf ant s f or
each f ul l - t er m ( and pr emat ur e) nur ser y.
Con-
t r ol s of t he auct i on devi ce shoul d
i ncl ude a
r egul at or t o l i mi t t he suct i on
t o avoi d i nj ur y
t o t he
i nf ant . Suct i on shoul d be
pr ovi ded f r om
a cent r al syst em.
Af our - bassi net
nur ser y l ends i t sel f wel l t o
t he - cohor t "
syst em, i n whi ch babi es
bor n dur i ng t he
same i nt er val ( no mor e t hen
48 hour s) ar e
kept i n t he same nur ser y. Babi es
ar r i ve and l eave t oget her .
Af t er t he depar t ur e
of each cohor t , t he
nur ser y i s t hor oughl y
cl eaned and
di si nf ect ed bef or e admi ssi on
of t he next
cohor t , t her eby- i n t heor y- br eak-
i ng t he
chai n of possi bl e cr oss- i nf ect i on
by
el i mi nat i ng
t he over l appi ng of babi es wi t h
i nf ect i ons
.
The
use of f our - bassi net nur ser i es does not
i mpl y i ncr eased st af f . Two f our - bassi net nur -
ser i es
may be under t he car e of one
nur si ng
per son i f she wear s a scr ub gown and
scr ubs
pr oper l y bet ween vi si t s t o each nur ser y.
Two
such nur ser i es may be consi der ed t he
equi va-
l ent of one
ei ght - bassi net nur ser y i n assi gni ng
nur ses' st at i on and wor k
space. Fur ni shi ngs
and equi pment wi l l be t he
same as t hose f or
f ul l - t er m nur ser i es .
Si nce pr emat ur e
i nf ant s r equi r e mor e
spe-
ci al i zed car e t han
f ul l - t er m i nf ant s, a r eason-
abl e r at i o
of st af f t o pr emat ur e i nf ant s i s set
at one t o f i ve
. Thus, a pr emat ur e nur ser y r oom
shoul d
accommodat e no mor e t han f i ve i nf ant s
and
shoul d have a mi ni mumar ea of 30 squar e
f eet per
i nf ant . A separ at e nur ser y i s
usual l y
not
i ndi cat ed i f l ess t han f i ve i nf ant s
ar e t o be
car ed
f or at one t i me. I n such cases,
space f or
t hem
can of t en be pr ovi ded i n t he f ul l - t er m
nur -
ser y
.
One nur ses' st at i on may
ser ve t wo pr e-
mat ur e nur ser i es, or a pr emat ur e nur ser y
anda
f ul l - t er m nur ser y i f t he nur ser i es
ar e pai r ed .
I n a pr emat ur e nur ser y wher e
sui t abl e envi -
r onment al t emper at ur e and humi di t y
ar e mai n-
t ai ned,
onl y 50 t o 75 per cent of t he
pr emat ur e
i nf ant s
may r equi r e i ncubat or s
. Fur ni shi ngs f or
pr emat ur e nur ser i es wi l l
be si mi l ar t o t hose
i n f ul l - t er m nur ser i es,
asi de f r om t he i ncuba-
t or s .
An obser vat i on nur ser y
f or i nf ant s suspect ed of
i nf ect i on . When posi -
t i ve di agnosi s i s made,
t he i nf ant i s t r ansf er r ed
el sewher e i n t he hospi t al
and pl aced on i sol a-
t i on pr ecaut i ons .
However , i f di agnosi s i s not
posi t i ve t he i nf ant
maybe r et ur ned t o t he
r egu-
l ar nur ser y pr ovi ded
he has not been exposed
t o an i nf ect ed i nf ant i n
t he obser vat i on nur ser y.
The obser vat i on
nur ser y shoul d be a
compl et el y separ at e uni t ,
but i t shoul d be
l ocat ed adj acent
t o a f ul l - t er m nur ser y wi t h a
gl azed par t i t i on
bet ween t o per mi t obser vat i on
by t he nur ser y st af f . A
mi ni mumof 40 squar e
f eet per bassi net
i s r ecommended t o pr ovi de
adequat e
space f or bedsi de car e and
t r eat ment
of t he i nf ant .
Obser vat i on
bassi net s shoul d be pr ovi ded
at t he
r at e of 10 per cent of t he f ul l - t er m
bessi -
net s . Ami ni mum
of t wo- and a maxi mum
of
t hr ee- bassi net s ar e r ecommended f or
each
obser vat i on nur ser y. These nur ser i es
may be
r epeat ed
as many t i mes as necessar y
t o pr o-
vi de
t he r equi r ed compl ement
of obser vat i on
bassi net s . Fur ni shi ngs and
equi pment wi l l be
si mi l ar t o t hose i n f ul l - t er m nur ser i es
.
An ant er oom shoul d be pr ovi ded
bet ween
t he nur ser y and t he cor r i dor .
Thi s ar ea shoul d
cont ai n
t he same f aci l i t i es as t he
wor k and
t r eat ment ar eas f or f ul l - t er m
nur ser i es .
The nur ses' st at i on
ser ves as a cont r ol poi nt
and al so pr ovi des
wor kspace f or t he nur se
and an ar ea f or
t r eat i ng i nf ant s . The nur se' s
desk shoul d be
pl aced so t hat t he ent r ances
f r omt he cor r i dor and f r omt he
st at i on t o t he
nur ser i es can be super vi sed
. The nur ser i es
shoul d be vi si bl e t hr ough
obser vat i on wi ndows
i n
t he par t i t i ons.
Ast at i on bet ween t wo
nur ser i es wi l l r equi r e
a doubl e desk f or
t wo nur ses . No mor e t han
t wo f ul l - t er m nur ser i es,
each housi ng 8 t o 10
bassi net s, shoul d
be ser ved by one nur ses'
st at i on. I n t he cohor t
syst em, f our nur ser i es,
of f our bassi net s each,
may be so ser ved.
The nur se' s
wor kspace shoul d occupy
a
separ at e ar ea at
one end of t he nur ses' st at i on.
Thi s ar r angement af f or ds
t he nur se f ul l vi ewof
t he i nf ant s whi l e
at t endi ng t o most act i vi t i es
.
The t r eat ment
ar ea shoul d be l ocat ed near t he
ent r ance t o t he
nur ses' st at i on so t he physi ci an
need not wal k
t hr ough t he wor kspace . Rout i ne
exami nat i ons and
t r eat ment s shoul d be car r i ed
out at t he bassi net s
i n t he nur ser y. Aphysi -
ci ans' scr ub ar ea
ent r ance of t he nur ses' st at i on. The
descr i pt i on
of t he f ul l - t er m
nur ses' st at i on al so appl i es t o
pr emat ur e nur ser i es,
except t hat t he t r eat ment
t abl e i s omi t t ed
. Ot her necessar y ar eas, not
shown i n t he
pl ans, i ncl ude f or mul a r ooms,
nur ses'
l ocker r ooms, demonst r at i on r ooms
and st or age.
Ai r condi t i oni ng
wi l l be r equi r ed f or nur -
ser i es
t o ensur e t he const ant t emper at ur e
and humi di t y
condi t i ons so benef i ci al t o car e
of t he
newbor n. I n addi t i on, t he ai r - condi t i on-
i ng
syst em, t hr ough t he vent i l at i ng f eat ur es,
wi l l
r emove odor andwi l l mat er i al l y r educe t he
bact er i al cont ami nat i on of t he envi r onment .
PEDI ATRI CNURSI NG
UNI TS`
The
f l oor pl ans of pedi at r i c nur si ng uni t s shown
i n Fi gs. 1 and2
i l l ust r at e suggest ed ar r angement s
of t he pat i ent r ooms and t he suppor t i ng
f aci l i t i es
descr i bed i n
t he t ext . These pl ans ar e desi gned
al so t o conf or mwi t h ot her nur si ng uni t s of t he
hospi t al .
The t ot al bed count i n each pl an
exceeds t he
r ecommended maxi mum
of 20 beds per nur si ng
uni t
because pr ovi si on has been made f or par ent s
t o sl eep i n.
The number of sl eep- i n beds wi l l var y
wi t h hospi t al pol i cy and wi t h t he number of par -
ent s who ar e
abl e or who wi sh t o sl eep i n . Al l
bedr ooms ar e si zed and equi pped t o
accommo-
dat e f ul l - si ze
hospi t al beds as wel l as smal l er
yout h beds and cr i bs .
Anot her
f eat ur e i s t he ext ensi ve use of gl ass
i n par t i t i ons bet ween r ooms andi n cor r i dor par t i -
t i ons . Thi s pr ovi des t he
vi sual cont r ol most neces-
sar y i n
pedi at r i c nur si ng.
Rooms f or si ck i nf ant s
and i sol at i on r ooms ar e
l ocat ed
f or di r ect obser vat i on f r om t he nur ses'
st at i on. The nur ses' st at i on
i s
cent er ed
i n each
uni t , t hus
r educi ng t r avel di st ances and al l owi ng
gener al obser vat i on
of act i vi t y and t r af f i c .
Wor kr ooms
ar e cent r al l y l ocat ed i n t he si ngl e
pedi at r i c nur si ng uni t ( Fi g. 1)
and conveni ent l y
accessi bl e
t o bot h nur si ng uni t s as shown i n Fi g.
2 .
An
i mpor t ant t her apeut i c ar ea i s t he dayr oom-
pl ayr oom whi ch may
be used f or di ni ng and
school wor k
as wel l . At l east 50 per cent of t he
chi l dr en may use t hi s r oom. I t i s l ocat ed f or
r eady
obser vat i on
and cont r ol f r omt he nur ses' st at i on
and at t he same t i me
desi gned t o avoi d di st ur bi ng
pat i ent s i n t hei r
r ooms . Fur ni shi ngs andequi pment
ar e sel ect ed f or
mul t i use i n t hese var i ous act i vi -
t i es .
The di et ar y f aci l i t y f or t he uni t
i s l ocat ed ad-
j oi ni ng
t he dayr oompl ayr oomt o pr ovi de conve-
ni ent and sani t ar y
ser vi ce of snacks and meal s .
The l i br ar y- cl assr oom i s l ocat ed at t he qui et
end of t he nur si ng uni t , conveni ent
t o t he adol es-
cent pat i ent s .
Wai t i ng and i nt er vi ew r ooms ar e l ocat ed at
t he ent r ance t o t he uni t .
Thi s pr ovi des an of f i ce
f or t he physi ci an and a pl ace wher e t he
chi l d' s
medi cal hi st or y
may be r evi ewed wi t h t he par ent .
U. S. Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on, and Wel f ar e,
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce, Heal t h Ser vi ce and Ment al Heal t h
Admi ni st r at i on, Di vi si on of Hospi t al and
Medi cal
Faci l i t i es, Ar chi t ect ur al and Engi neer i ng Br anch.
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
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Equi pment Legend f or Fi gur es 1 and 2'
l . Si ck i nf ant ' s cr i b.
2. Cr i b.
3.
Adj ust abl e yout h
bed
wi t h
over bed t abl e.
4. Adj ust abl e hospi t al bed wi t h over bed t abl e.
5.
Rocki ng chai r wi t h ar mr est s, washabl e f i ni sh.
6. I nf ant scal e.
7. Si nk wi t h
spout
at l east 5 i n above
r i m
of
si nk and f oot - or knee- act i on val ves, i n
count er 36 i n hi gh, open bel ow, wal l cabi net
above, soapdi spenser and encl osed- t ype pa-
per t owel di spenser .
8. Depr essed f l oor si nk wi t h mop- handl e r ack.
9. Mop bucket s on r ol l er car r i age.
10. Wet - dr y vacuummachi ne.
11. Smal l encl osed car t , 4t o 6 t r ays capaci t y.
12. I ce- maki ng machi ne, sel f di spensi ng.
13. Lavat or y, wi t h spout at l east 5 i n above t he
f l ood r i mof t he f i xt ur e, wr i st - act i on val ves,
soap di spenser and encl osed- t ype paper
t owel di spenser , mi r r or , shel f , and wast e r e-
cept acl e wi t h f oot - cont r ol l ed cover and r e-
movabl e waxed l i ner .
14. Si nk wi t h
spout at l east 5 i n above t hef l ood
r i m of t he si nk and wr i st - act i on val ves, i n
count er
36
i n hi gh,
cabi net s bel ow and
above, soapdi spenser and encl osed- t ype pa-
per
t owel
di spenser
.
15. Ut i l i t y suppl y car t .
16. Bat ht ub, nor mal hei ght wi t h cont r ol s
on
wal l .
17. Bat ht ub, pedest al t ype, wi t h cont r ol s on wal l .
18.
Bedsi de
cabi net
.
19.
Locker s.
20. Si nk wi t h spout at l east 5 i n above t hef l ood
r i m of t he si nk and knee- or wr i st - act i on
val ves, i n count er 36 i n hi gh, open bel ow,
wi t h onl y one dr awer di r ect l y under t he
Fi gur es 1 and 2f r om" Manual f or t he Car e of Chi l
dr en i n Hospi t al s, " U. S. Dept . of Heal t h, Educat i on, and
Wel f ar e, Di vi si on of Hospi t al and Medi cal Faci l i t i es, Ar -
chi t ect ur al and Engi neer i ng Br anch, 1968.
count er , soap di spenser and encl osed- t ype
paper t owel di spenser. Wal l cabi net above
wi t h doubl e- l ocked nar cot i cs compar t ment
and i nsi de l i ght .
21. Cl ear gl ass, bot t om40 i n above f l oor .
22. Cl ear wi r e gl ass i n met al f r ame ( 1, 296 sq
i n max. ) , bot t om
40
i n above f l oor .
23. Door , upper panel cl ear wi r e gl ass.
24. Bul l et i n boar d, 26 x 24i n.
25. Cubi cl e cur t ai n.
26.
Det ent i on scr een.
27. Por t abl e TVon st and or on wal l shel f .
28. Easy chai r .
29. Sof a.
30. Ci r cul ar t ype char t .
31. Medi cat i on car t .
32
. Soi l ed l i nen hamper on
3- i n
bal l - bear i ng cast -
er s, f oot - cont r ol l ed cover , r emovabl e waxed
l i ner .
33. Chal kboar d.
34. Pr oj ect i on scr een, r ol l - up
t ype
.
35. Gr ab bar.
36. Desk wi t h dr awer s.
37. Wi ndowseat , hi nged at back, st or age space
under f or
t oys .
38. St or age cabi net .
39.
Sl i di ng
door s.
40. Bookcase.
41.
Conf er ence t abl e.
42. Mul t i pur pose t ype t abl e.
43.
Execut i ve t ype
desk
and chai r .
44. Wast e r ecept acl e, f oot - cont r ol l ed cover , r e-
movabl e waxed l i ner.
45.
Fi l i ng
cabi net .
46. El ect r i c cl ock.
47. Ref r i ger at or .
48.
Pneumat i c t ube st at i on.
49. Count er , open bel ow, wi t h onl y one dr awer
di r ect l y under t he count er and f or mr ack on
t op at t he back.
50. Recessed doubl e x- r ay i l l umi nat or .
51. Gr aduat ed shel vi ng wi t h
cubi cl es f or i ndi vi d-
ual medi cat i ons and sl ot s f or i dent i f i cat i on
car ds.
52
. Si nk wi t h spout at l east 5 i n above t he f l ood
r i m of t he si nk and f oot - ,
knee- , or wr i st -
act i on val ves,
i n
count er 36
i n hi gh, open
bel ow, soapdi spenser and encl osed- t ype
pa-
per
t owel
di spenser
.
53. Cl i ni cal si nk wi t h wr i st - act i on val ves and a
bedpan- f l ushi ng at t achment wi t h f oot - act i on
val ves .
54. Adj ust abl e met al shel vi ng on
cast er s.
55. Shel f above.
56. Vi si on panel cl ear wi r e
gl ass.
57. Mayo t abl e.
58. Exami ni ng l i ght.
59. Exami ni ng t abl e.
60. I nst r ument t abl e, 24 x 36
i n.
61. Aut omat i c ascendi ng t r ayveyor .
62
. Aut omat i c descendi ng t r ayveyor .
63. Dumbwai t er .
64. Bui l t - i n bookcases.
65. Lavat or y, wi t h spout at l east 5
i n above t he
f l ood r i mof t he f i xt ur e and knee- or wr i st -
act i on val ves, shel f over ,
soap di spenser and
encl osed t ype paper t owel di spenser .
66. Vi ewpanel wi t h saf et y gl ass, appr ox. 6 x
12 i nches and 4 f eet 6 i nches f r om
f l oor .
67
. Vendi ng machi nes .
68. Under count er r ef r i ger at or .
Heal t h
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By WI LBURR. TAYLOR,
CLI FFORDE. NELSON, M. D. , and
WI LLI AMW. McMASTER
DI AGNOSTI CX- RAY
SUI TE
I n a r ecent st udy i t was f ound t hat many hos-
pi t al s al l ot t ed i nadequat e space t o t he x- r ay
depar t ment , and expansi on was of t en i mpr act i -
cal . Adequat e space f or wai t i ng, t oi l et s, and
dr essi ng r ooms hel ps i nsur e cont i nuous r ou-
t i nes i n handl i ng pat i ent s . The l ack of adequat e
space r esul t s i n needl ess wast e of ef f or t and
t i me i n ef f i ci ent l y schedul i ng exami nat i ons.
An unsat i sf act or y l ayout i s a handi cap t o bot h
t he hospi t al and t he r adi ol ogi st si nce t he hos-
pi t al l oses pot ent i al r evenue, and t he r adi ol -
ogi st ' s t i me, as wel l as t hat of t he st af f , i s need-
l essl y wast ed. Thi s i s par t i cul ar l y i mpor t ant t o
a smal l hospi t al whi ch has a vi si t i ng r adi ol -
ogi st f or i t i s t o t he advant age of t he hospi t al
and r adi ol ogi st t o schedul e as many exami na-
t i ons ar e possi bl e dur i ng hi s vi si t .
Locat i on
The di agnost i c x- r ay depar t ment shoul d be
l ocat ed on t he f i r st f l oor , conveni ent l y accessi -
bl e bot h t o out pat i ent s and i npat i ent s . I t i s al so
desi r abl e t o l ocat e t he depar t ment cl ose t o t he
el evat or s and adj oi ni ng t he out pat i ent depar t -
ment and near ot her di agnost i c and t r eat ment
f aci l i t i es .
The f unct i onal r equi r ement s of t he depar t -
ment ar e usual l y best sat i sf i ed by l ocat i ng
t he x- r ay r ooms at t he end of a wi ng. I n t hi s
l ocat i on, t he act i vi t y wi t hi n t he depar t ment wi l l
not be di st ur bed by t hr ough t r af f i c t o ot her
par t s of t he hospi t al , and
l ess shi el di ng wi l l be
r equi r ed
because of t he ext er i or wal l s . ( See
Fi g. 1 . )
Pl an A
Pl an Ai l l ust r at es an x- r ay sui t e t hat wi l l pr o-
vi de an ef f i ci ent l y oper at i ng ser vi ce f or about
8400 pat i ent exami nat i ons year l y, or an aver age
of
about 35 exami nat i ons dai l y. Thi s aver age
wor kl oad i s t ypi cal i n
a hospi t al of appr oxi -
mat el y 100
beds ( or somewhat mor e) wi t h an
out - pat i ent x- r ay ser vi ce. Unf or eseen schedul -
i ng
pr obl ems, of cour se, wi l l occasi onal l y
cause t he aver age of 35 exami nat i ons per day
t o
be exceeded. ( See Fi g . 2. )
The st af f needed f or t hi s vol ume of wor k usu-
al l y i ncl udes : 1 r adi ol ogi st , 2 or 3 t echni ci ans,
1 secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st , 1 secr et ar y- f i l e cl er k,
1 or der l y
( as needed) .
Thi s pl an wi l t per mi t t he wor kl oad t o be
augment ed at
l east
50
per cent by i ncr easi ng
t he st af f , i f no mor e t han 20 per cent of t he x-
r ay wor k i s f l uor oscopi c .
Among t he desi r abl e char act er i st i cs t hat t hi s
pl an at t empt s t o pr ovi de f or i s t he need f or
cor r el at i ng t he f unct i ons of t he wor ki ng gr oup
t o obt ai n maxi mum ef f i ci ency. The ar r ange-
ment of pat i ent
ar eas and exami nat i on r ooms
ar ound
t he per i met er , wi t h t he admi ni st r at i ve
st af f i n t he cent er , makes i t possi bl e f or t hese
uni t s
t o oper at e mor e ef f i ci ent l y. The t echni -
ci ans' cor r i dor i n t he r ear of t he depar t ment
pr ovi des f or easy access t o t he x- r ay r ooms,
f i l m pr ocessi ng r ooms, and di st r i but i on ar eas
wi t hout i nt er f er ence f r om pat i ent s' cr oss
t r af f i c .
Admi ni st r at i on Spaces
Ever y r adi ol ogi st has speci f i c
i deas on t he
most sui t abl e ways f or ar r angi ng
and oper at i ng
t he admi ni st r at i ve f unct i ons of t he x- r ay
depar t -
ment . Some of t he var i abl es i nvol ved
ar e
assi gnment of per sonnel and
f unct i ons, r ecep-
t i on of pat i ent s, sequence of pat i ent
exar ni ne-
t i ons, f i l mdi st r i but i on, end st af f vi ewi ng
f aci l -
i t i es . Thi s pl an pr ovi des f or
f l exi bi l i t y of space
ar r angement s by al l owi ng f or
var i at i on of
sever al of t he oper at i ons wi t hi n
t he admi ni st r a-
t i ve uni t .
Wai t i ng Room Gener al wai t i ng space f or
about t en
pat i ent s i s l ocat ed at t he ent r ance t o
t he depar t ment . Fr om her e t he pat i ent
i s
di r ect ed t o an assi gned dr essi ng r oom. A
sepa-
r at e ar ea, t o t he l ef t of t he ent r ance and i n si ght
of t he secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st , i s pr ovi ded
f or
wheel chai r and
st r et cher pat i ent s . Thi s sect i on
i s par t i t i oned of f by a cur t ai n whi ch may be
par t i al l y dr awn t o pr ovi de pr i vacy, yet af f or d
t he necessar y sur vei l l ance of unat t ended pa-
t i ent s f r om t he secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st ' s
desk
.
Addi t i onal
chai r s
i n
t hi s ar ea can be used t o
accommodat e t he at t endant s of t hese pat i ent s
or f or an over f l ow
of
wai t i ng
pat i ent s when
needed.
Fi g. 1
The aut hor s ar e al l engaged i n wor k f or
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce, Mr . Tayl or and Mr .
McMast er as ar chi t ect s i n t he Ar chi t ect ur al
and Engi neer i ng Br anch, Di vi si on
of Hospi t al
and Medi cal Faci l i t i es, Bur eau
of
Medi cal Ser -
vi ces, Dr . Nel son as
a
r adi ol ogi st , Di vi si on
of
Radi ol ogi cal Heal t h.
Bur eau of St at e Ser vi ces .
Secr et ar y- Recept i oni st The admi ni st r at i ve f unc-
t i ons and busi ness r ecor ds of t he depar t ment ,
schedul i ng of appoi nt ment s, r ecei vi ng of
pat i ent s, t ypi ng of t he necessar y i dent i f i cat i on
f or ms and r equi si t i ons f or exami nat i ons, and
assi gni ng of pat i ent s t o dr essi ng r ooms ar e
handl ed by t he secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st .
I f
t i me
per mi t s, t he secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st assi st s i n
t ypi ng t he r adi ol ogi st ' s r epor t s . The desk i s
cent r al l y l ocat ed, di r ect l y i n f r ont of t he en-
t r ance bet ween t he wai t i ng r oomand admi ni s-
t r at i ve ar ea, so t hat t he secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st
may super vi se wai t i ng pat i ent s and have
access t o cor r espondence and r epor t f i l es .
Secr et ar y- Fi l e Cl er k The secr et ar y- f i l e cl er k
assembl es, sor t s, and f i l es al l f i l ms and r epor t s,
assi st s t he secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st when
needed, and t r anscr i bes and t ypes t he r adi ol -
ogi st ' s r epor t s. These f unct i ons ar e not r i gi dl y
f i xed and can be i nt er changed, i f desi r ed . For
exampl e, a t echni ci an may be assi gned t o
assi st
t he f i l e cl er k wi t h f i l m assembl i ng and
sor t i ng, or t he f i l e cl er k may be gi ven ot her
f unct i ons as needed. The desk i s l ocat ed near
a count er - par t i t i on i n t he f i l m col l ect i on and
di st r i but i on ar ea. The l owcount er and t he gat e
( No . 79) ar e desi gned so t he ent r ance t o t he
depar t ment can be obser ved and pat i ent s
di r ect ed when r equi r ed.
Doct or s' Vi ewi ng Room The doct or s' vi ewi ng
r oomi s l ocat ed near t he of f i ce of t he r adi ol -
ogi st so t hat he may be i mmedi at el y avai l abl e
f or consul t at i on. The r oom i s near t he f i l m
f i l es, conveni ent t o t he secr et ar y and f i l e cl er k,
and si t uat ed so as not t o i nt r ude upon t he
f unct i onal f l owof t he wor k. I t s l ocat i on wi t hi n
t he admi ni st r at i ve uni t pr ovi des pr i vacy so t hat
di agnost i c comment s end di scussi ons wi l l
not be over hear d by
pat i ent s .
Radi ol ogi st s Of f i ce Thi s of f i ce i s conveni ent l y
si t uat ed near t he x- r ay r ooms, t he secr et ar y-
r ecept i oni st ' s desk and t he f i l i ng di st r i but i on
ar ea, and i s not t oo easi l y accessi bl e t o t he
publ i c ; i t i s al so pr ovi ded wi t h a door whi ch
opens di r ect l y t o t he
t echni ci ans' cor r i dor . The
f i r e exi t whi ch i s l ocat ed of f t he t echni ci ans'
cor r i dor pr ovi des a second exi t f r om t he de-
par t ment f or t he r adi ol ogi st .
Fi l mFi l es

The f i l m f i l es ar e l ocat ed i n t he col -
l ect i on and di st r i but i on ar ea and conveni ent t o
t he r adi ol ogi st ' s of f i ce. Si nce i t i s desi r abl e
t o keep act i ve f i l ms f or at l east f i ve year s,
appr oxi mat el y 125 l i near f eet of f i l i ng space
i s pr ovi ded. Af t er t hat t i me, addi t i onal st or age
space el sewher e wi l l be needed f or t he l ess
act i ve f i l es . Cl osed f r ont met al x- r ay f i l es ar e
r ecommended ( see Fi r e Saf et y) . Teachi ng
f i l es may not be needed i n a hospi t al of t hi s
si ze, but i f desi r ed, a sect i on of t he act i ve f i l es
may be al l ot t ed f or t hi s use.
Gener al Faci l i t i es
Dr essi ng Rooms

Thr ee dr essi ng r ooms
f or
each
x- r ay machi ne shoul d be pr ovi ded so t hat
t he
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Di agnost i c
X- Ray Sui t e
LEGEND
1. Paper t owel di spenser
2. Wast e paper r ecept acl e
3. Lavat or y
4. Wal l - hung wat er cl oset
5. Cont i nuous gr ab bar
6. Emer gency
cal l i ng st at i on ( push but t on)
7. Hook st r i p
8. Mi r r or and shel f
bel ow
9. St r ai ght
chai r
10. Casset t e pass
box
11. Fi l m
l oadi ng count er
12. Fi l m st or age bi n
13.
Fi l mhanger r acks under count er
14.
Saf el i ght
15.
Cei l i ng l i ght , whi t e and r ed
16.
Ti mer
17.
Count er wi t h st or age cabi net s bel ow
18. Casset t e st or age bi ns
19. Tr ash deposi t cabi net
20. Casset t e cover r et ai ner and wal l
guar d
21.
Door wi t h l i ght - pr oof l ouver i n upper panel
22. Access panel
23. Door wi t h l i ght - pr oof
l ouver i n l ower panel
24. Ut i l i t y si nk wi t h dr ai nboar d
25.
Ref r i ger at i ng uni t under dr ai nboar d
26.
Devel opi ng t ank wi t h t her most at i c
mi xi ng val ve
27. Thr ough- t hewal l f i xi ng t ank
28. Li ght - pr oof panel
29.
Washi ng t ank
30. X- r ay f i l m i l l umi nat or ( wet
vi ewi ng)
31
. Fi l mdr yer
32
. Fi l mdr yer exhaust t o out si de
33.
Fi l mcor ner cut t er
34.
Fi l mpass sl ot
35.
Fl ush- mount ed count er i l l umi nat or
36. Fi l msor t i ng bi ns above count er
37. Fi l msor t i ng count er
38
. Count er wi t h cabi net s bel ow
39. On- wal l or mobi l e f i l m i l l umi nat or s
40. Tempor ar y f i l mf i l e car t
41. St er eoscope
42. Execut i ve t ype desk
43.
Execut i ve t ype chai r
44. Tel ephone out l et
45. I nt er communi cat i on syst emout l et
46. Bookshel ves, 42 i n. by 14 i n.
47. Typi st chai r
48. Typi st desk
49. Fi l i ng cabi net ,
l et t er si ze
50 . Gown st or age, open shel ves,
st or age cabi net above
51. Gown st or age, open shel vi ng wi t h
l aundr y hamper bel ow
52. Techni ci ans' l ocker s
53. Fi r e door
54. Dome l i ght , buzzer and annunci at or at r ecept i oni st ' s
desk
55. Cl osed met al f i l m f i l es, 5 shel ves hi gh
56. Hook on t oi l et si de of door
Fi g. 2 Di agnost i c r adi ogr aphi c sui t e, Pl an A.
57
. Fi r e ext i ngui sher
58.
Mop t r uck
59.
Shel f
60.
Cur b and r ecept or on j ani t or ' s
si nk
61
. Mop hangi ng st r i p
62
. St or age cabi net and wr i t i ng
count er
63.
Fl uor oscopi c apr on and gl ove
hol der
64.
Fl uor oscopi c chai r
65. Laundr y hamper
66. Cl ean l i nen car t
67. Casset t e changer
68. Tr ansf or mer
69. Radi ogr aphi c f l uor oscopi c uni t wi t h spot
f i l m devi ce
70. Foot st ool
71. Cont r ol uni t
72. Leaded gl ass vi ewwi ndow
73. Lead l i ni ng ( or ot her shi el di ng mat er i al ) as
r equi r ed
74. Lead- l i ned door , l i ght pr oof ed
75. Bar i umsi nk
76. Bar i umst or age ( bel owcount er )
77. Red l i ght f or dar k adapt at i on
78. Fl uor oscopi c cei l i ng l i ght
79. Count er wi t h gat e
80. Fi l m i dent i f i er , cabi net bel ow
81. Ant i - spl ash panel
82. Wal l cabi net over
si nk
83. Cur t ai n, f l oor t o cei l i ng
84. War ni ng l i ght
85. Mi cr ophone
86. Loudspeaker
87.
Annunci at or ( f or emer gency cal l i ng st at i on)
equi pment and st af f can f unct i on wi t hout
del ay.
Each dr essi ng r oomshoul d
be equi pped wi t h a
st r ai ght - back chai r , cl ot hes hook,
mi r r or , and
a shel f bel owt he mi r r or . For t he pr ot ect i on
of pat i ent s' val uabl es, t he door s may be
equi pped wi t h l ocks, or cent r al l y l ocat ed l ock-
er s may be pr ovi ded. Wher e door s ar e i n-
st al l ed, t hey shoul d swi ng out war d t o
avoi d
t he possi bi l i t y of bei ng bl ocked by a pat i ent and
shoul d be at l east 12 i nches f r omt he f l oor .
For t he conveni ence of pat i ent s i n wheel -
chai r s, an
out si zed dr essi ng r oomi s pr ovi ded.
I nst ead of a door , i t
i s equi pped wi t h a cur t ai n
so
t hat t he pat i ent can maneuver easi l y.
Pat i ent s' Toi l et
ROOMS

Toi l et s shoul d be i mmedi -
at el y avai l abl e f or pat i ent s under goi ng f l u-
or oscopy,
and si mi l ar f aci l i t i es shoul d be con-
veni ent l y
avai l abl e f or wai t i ng pat i ent s . A
mi ni mum
of
t wo t oi l et s shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or each
x- r ay r oom. Al l t oi l et s shoul d be
l ocat ed near t he
x- r ay r ooms
.
At l east one t oi l et r oomshoul d be di r ect l y
accessi bl e
t o each x- r ay r oom and have an
openi ng i nt o t he
cor r i dor . To pr event t he
pat i ent s
f r om acci dent al l y openi ng t he door
bet ween t he t oi l et and
x- r ay r oom, t hi s door
shoul d be equi pped wi t h
har dwar e whi ch i s
oper abl e onl y f r omt he
x- r ay
r oom
. The door s
of t he t oi l et r ooms whi ch open i nt o t he
pat i ent s'
cor r i dor shoul d be equi pped wi t h bat hr oom
l ocks,
whi ch
ar e oper at ed
by knob l at ch bol t s
and deed bol t s f r om bot h si des .
One of t he pat i ent s' t oi l et r ooms i s desi gned
t o accommodat e a pat i ent
i n
a
wheel chai r .
The r oom i s
l ar ger
t han t he ot her s,
f or easy
maneuver i ng, and
has a
3 f t
door . The l avat or y
i s set on
wal l br acket s 6 i n. out f r omt he wal l
and 2 f t 10
i n. f r om
t he
f l oor .
One t oi l et shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h a
bedpan
f l ushi ng at t achment . Wat er cl oset s shoul d be
suspended
f r omt he wal l t o si mpl i f y cl eani ng.
Each t oi l et r oom shoul d be equi pped
wi t h a
gr ab bar
f or
use by
el der l y or weak pat i ent s .
Adome l i ght and buzzer syst emwi t h an
emer -
gency cal l st at i on i n each t oi l et r oomand an
annunci at or at t he sec r ot s r y- r ecept i oni st ' s
desk ar e r ecommended .
Techni ci ans'
Toi l et s and Locker s Dur i ng busy
per i ods i t i s essent i al t hat t he st af f be
avai l abl e
at al l t i mes . Separ at e t oi l et and l ocker f aci l i t i es
ar e pr ovi ded f or t echni ci ans .
Thi s r educes t he
t i me t echni ci ans must be absent f r omt he ar ea
and cont r i but es t o t he ef f i ci ency of t he depar t -
ment .
St or age Faci l i t i es
Gener al St or age For bul k suppl i es, a st or age
cabi net equi pped wi t h sl i di ng door s and adj ust -
abl e shel ves i s l ocat ed i nsi de each pat i ent s'
cor r i dor near t he ent r ance. Mat er i al s such as
f i l ms, opaque sol ut i ons, devel opi ng sol ut i ons,
and of f i ce suppl i es ar e st or ed her e .
Dai l y Li nen Suppl i es ( X- Ray Rooms) Cl ean l i nen,
r equi si t i oned f r omt he hospi t al cent r al suppl y,
i s st or ed on a car t ( No . 66) i n each x- r ay r oom;
soi l ed l i nen i s pl aced i n a hamper ( No . 65) .
GOWN St Or ag0 Open adj ust abl e shel ves f or
gown st or age ar e pl aced next t o each gener al
bul k suppl y cabi net , j ust i nsi de t he cor r i dor
ent r ance. The shel vi ng f or cl ean gowns st ar t s
about 4f t f r omt he f l oor , l eavi ng space beneat h
f or
a
l i nen hamper ( No . 65) f or soi l ed gowns.
J ani t or ' s
Cl oset
The j ani t or ' s cl oset must be
r eadi l y avai l abl e f or emer gency
cl eani ng and i t
shoul d be conveni ent t o t he x- r ay r ooms
and
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
t oi l et s . The cl oset shoul d cont ai n a f l oor r e-
cept or wi t h a cur b or a j ani t or ' s ser vi ce si nk,
a mop- hangi ng st r i p and a shel f , and pr ovi de
space f or par ki ng t he mop t r uck.
Di agnost i c X- Ray Rooms
X- Ray Equi pment

Bot h r ooms ar e equi pped wi t h
combi nat i on x- r ay and f l uor oscopi c machi nes
wi t h spot f i l mdevi ces . An over hand t ype t ube
suppor t i s i ndi cat ed i n t he pl an, as t hi s f aci l i -
t at es
x- r ayi ng
a pat i ent
i n
bed
or on a
st r et cher
.
For r easons of economy, however , i t may be
desi r abl e t o equi pone r oomwi t h a f l oor - cei l i ng
t r ack. I f an over head mount ed t r ack i s used,
i t may be suppor t ed f r omt he f l oor by col umns
or may be br acket ed f r omt he wal l , al t hough
a
cei l i ng
suspensi on makes a neat er i nst al l a-
t i on.
The opt i mumsi ze of t he
x- r ay
r oomi s about
14 by 18 f t . Cei l i ng hei ght r equi r ement s var y
f or di f f er ent x- r ay machi nes, but a mi ni mum
of 9 f t 6 i n. i n r ecommended. The machi ne and
t r ansf or mer shoul d be pl aced so as t o al l ow
adequat e space f or admi t t ance of a bed or
st r et cher i n t he r oom. Mount i ng t he t r ans-
f or mer on t he wal l i s r ecommended t o save
f l oor space. However , suf f i ci ent cl ear ances
( at l east 2 f l above t he t r ansf or mer ) f or ser -
vi ci ng t he t r ansf or mer shoul d be pr ovi ded.
The si nk and dr ei nboar d, f or handwashi ng
and r i nsi ng ut ensi l s and bar i um equi pment ,
i s equi pped wi t h a gooseneck spout . I t i s,
l ocat ed near t he f oot of t he x- r ay t abl e. The
dr ei nboar d can al so be used as a bar i umcoun-
t er .
I t i s r ecommended t hat t he cont r ol panel be
wi r ed t o a si gnal out si de each x- r ay r oom t o
i ndi cat e when t he machi ne i s on, t o pr event
ot her per sonnel f r omi nadver t ent l y ent er i ng t he
r oom. Ar ed l i ght bul b wi l l be sat i sf act or y as
a si gnal f or most i nst al l at i ons .
Cont r ol Boot h I t i s essent i al t hat t he cont r ol
boot h be l ocat ed t o t he r i ght of t he machi ne
so t hat t he pat i ent may be obser ved when t he
t abl e i s i ncl i ned, si nce machi nes wi t h end.
pi vot ed t abl es t i l t t o t he r i ght . I n t he pl an,
no
door i s shown on t he cont r ol
boot h as t he
r adi at i on wi l l have scat t er ed
at l east t wi ce
bef or e
i t
r eaches t he cont r ol boot h ar e&. Thi s i s
i n accor dance wi t h Handbook
60,
as amended,
i ssued by t he Nat i onal Bur eau of St andar ds .
The ar r angement of t he cont r ol boot h t o t he
r i ght and t he casset t e changer t o t he ext r eme
l ef t , as shown i n t he pl an, f ul l y meat s t hi s
r equi r ement . I n addi t i on, si nce t he beami s
di r ect ed t owar d t he out si de wal l , r adi at i on ex-
posur e t o ot her per sonnel i s l essened, and t he
amount of shi el di ng r equi r ed i s decr eased.
I f t he casset t e changer s ar e pl aced t o t he
r i ght of t he machi ne ( on t he wal l opposi t e t o
t hat i ndi cat ed on t he pl an) , a door on t he con-
t r ol boot h or a baf f l e pl aced i n t he r oomi s r e-
qui r ed t o pr ot ect t he t echni ci an i n t he boot h.
Fur t her mor e, addi t i onal shi el di ng i s r equi r ed
t o pr ot ect f i l ms and per sonnel i n t he depar t -
ment because t he pr i mar y beamwoul d not be
di r ect ed t owar d t he out si de wal l . I n t he pr esent
scheme, t he shi el di ng necessar y i n t he i nt er i or
wal l s
i s pr i nci pal l y
t o saf eguar d agai nst t he
scat t er r adi at i on.
St or age Cabi net and Wr i t i ng CONaur Ast or age
cabi net ( No . 62) , wi t h a saf et y l i ght above,
ser ves al so as a wr i t i ng count er f or t he r adi ol -
ogi st and t echni ci ans . Shel ves i n t he cabi net
pr ovi de space f or st or age of accessor y i t ems
such as sandbags, measur i ng devi ces used
wi t h x- r ay machi ne, and di sposabl e i t ems
needed f or pat i ent s' exami nat i ons .
Fi l mPr ocessi ng and Di st r i but i on Ar ea
Dar kr ool e Thi s r oom i s l ocat ed bet ween t he
t wo x- r ay r ooms t o f aci l i t at e handl i ng of
f i l ms . Casset t es ar e l oaded and unl oaded
on t he count er ( No
.
11) . Space i s pr ovi ded
f or l oadi ng
and st acki ng
casset t es at bot h
ends of t he count er .
Aut i l i t y si nk wi t h
a
dr ai nboar d ( No . 24) ,
l ocat ed opposi t e t he pr ocessi ng
t ank, i s pr o-
vi ded f or mi xi ng chemi cal sol ut i ons
and hand-
washi ng. Ar ef r i ger at i ng uni t ( No . 25) f or t he
t ank i s l ocat ed i n t he space beneat h t he dr ai n-
boar d.
X- r ay f i l ms ar e pr ocessed i n an ar ea sepa-
r at ed f r om t he l oadi ng count er by a par t i t i on
( No . 81) at t he end of t he devel opi ng t ank
whi ch hel ps t o avoi d acci dent al spl ashi ng
and damage t o t he scr eens and f i l ms on t he
l oadi ng count er . A t hr ough- wal l pr ocessi ng
uni t t ank per mi t s t he r adi ol ogi st or st af f
doct or s t o r ead t he wet f i l ms i n t he l i ght r oom
ar ea wi t hout i nt er r upt i ng dar kr oom
pr ocedur es .
Al i ght l ock bet ween t he dar kr oom and t he
l i ght r oom, equi pped wi t h i nt er l ocki ng door s,
i s necessar y t o al l owent r ance i nt o t he dar k-
r oomof ot her per sonnel dur i ng f i l m pr ocess-
i ng. Al t hough a maze has some advant ages
over
t he l i ght l ock, t he addi t i onal space
needed i s not j ust i f i abl e i n a f aci l i t y of t hi s
si ze. Access panel s ( No . 22) , l ocat ed i n t he
l i ght l ock and i n t he cont r ol space, ar e pr o-
vi ded t o si mpl i f y i nst al l at i on and ser vi ci ng
of
t he pr ocessi ng t anks
.
Fi l l s Pr ocessi ng Ar ea To r educe unnecessar y
t r af f i c, t he f i l m pr ocessi ng r ooms ar e l ocat ed
near t he col l ect i on and di st r i but i on ar ea.
Thi s l ayout al l ows t he t echni ci an t o wor k
wi t hout i nt er r upt i on dur i ng t he pr ocessi ng
r out i ne. Pr ocessi ng of f i l ms begi ns at t he
devel opi ng t ank ( No . 26) i n t he dar kr oom,
and cont i nues t o t he f i nal r i nsi ng t ank ( No.
29) i n t he l i ght r oomwher e t he f i l ms may be
wet - vi ewed at an i l l umi nat or , i f desi r ed, end
t hen dr i ed. Af t er t he f i l ms ar e dr i ed, t hey ar e
br ought t o t he count er ( 33) i n t he t echni ci ans'
cor r i dor f or f i nal t r i mmi ng, and passed
t hr ough t o t he f i l mcol l ect i on end di st r i but i on
ar ea
.
Col l ect i on and Di st r i but i on Ar ea
Fi l msor t i ng bi ns
( No
. 36) or e pr ovi ded
above t he count er i n
t he col l ect i on and di st r i but i on
ar ea f or t em-
por ar y f i l i ng. Af t er el l f i l ms have been assem-
bl ed, t hey ar e passed t hr ough t he
f i l m
peas
sl ot ( No . 34) t o t he r adi ol ogi st f or i nt er pr et a-
t i on. He r et ur ns t he f i l ms i n a f i l e car t or
t hr ough a sl ot whi ch l eads i nt o a box
under
t he di st r i but i on count er . The
f i l ms
may t hen
be t empor ar i l y f i l ed f or vi ewi ng by st af f
doct or s or pl aced i n t he act i ve
f i l es
.
Bar i um
Mi xi ng Faci l i t i es
A
t wo- compar t ment si nk ( No . 75) i n a coun-
t er ,
l ocat ed i n t he t echni ci ans' cor r i dor and
accessi bl e
t o bot h x- r ay r ooms, i s pr ovi ded
f or
mi xi ng bar i um. Adupl ex out l et f or pl ug-
gi ng i n an el ect r i c mi xer or a heat i ng el ement
i s
l ocat ed above t he count er uni t . Bar i um
suppl i es
f or dai l y use ar e st or ed i n cabi net s
under t he
count er ; t he bul k suppl i es can be
st ocked i n one
of t he gener al st or age cabi -
net s l ocat ed i n t he
pat i ent s' cor r i dor s .
Dar k Adapt at i on
Pat i ent s must be al l owed t o become ac-
cust omed t o t he l owl i ght i ng l evel i n t he x- r ay
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
El ect r i cal
I nst al l at i ons
Vol t age suppl i ed t o t he x- r ay uni t shoul d be
const ant so t hat f l uor oscopi c i mages and
r adi ogr aphs wi l l be uni f or m. An i ndependent
f eeder
wi t h suf f i ci ent capaci t y t o pr event
a vol t age dr op
gr eat er t han 3 per cent i s r ecom-
mended.
To mi ni mi ze vol t age f l uct uat i ons, a
separ at e
t r ansf or mer f or t he x- r ay f eeder i s
r equi r ed f or most i nst al l at i ons .
I l l umi nat i on
I l l umi nat i on i nt ensi t i es
i n t he var i ous ar eas
of t he sui t e shoul d compl y
wi t h r ecommenda-
t i ons gi ven i n t he Li ght i ng
Handbook, 3r d
Edi t i on
( 1959) , publ i shed by t he i l l umi nat i ng
Engi neer i ng Soci et y.
Br i ef l y, t he gener al
i l l umi nat i on shoul d be not l ess
t han 10 f oot -
candl es i n cor r i dor s
and i n r ooms wher e
r eadi ng i s not r equi r ed .
The wai t i ng r oom
shoul d have 15 f oot candl es,
wi t h suppl e-
ment al l i ght i ng f or r eadi ng.
Of f i ces and ar eas
wher e cl er i cal wor k i s per f or med
shoul d have
at l east 50 f oot candl es, pr ef er abl y
70.
I ndi r ect or cove
l i ght i ng f i xt ur es ar e
r ecom-
mended f or t he x- r ay
r ooms so t hat
pat i ent s
need
not be i nconveni enced
by gl ar e
when
l yi ng f ace
upwar d dur i ng exami nat i ons.
Pr i mar y bar r i er s
shoul d be pr ovi ded on
al l
sur f aces of t he x- r ay
r ooms whi ch ar e
ex-
posed, or whi ch may
be exposed, t o
t he
usef ul beam bet ween
t he x- r ay t ube
and
occupi ed ar eas . Secondar y
bar r i er s shoul d
be
pr ovi ded on al l
ot her r oomsur f aces wher e
pr ot ect i on i s needed.
I n det er mi ni ng second-
ar y
bar r i er s, consi der at i on
shoul d be
gi ven
t o
di r ect or l eakage
r adi at i on whi ch passes
t hr ough
t he t ube housi ng,
and al so t o
t he
secondar y
or scat t er ed r adi at i on
emi t t ed
f r om
obj ect s bei ng i r r adi at ed by
ei t her t he usef ul
beam,
l eakage r adi at i on,
or ot her
scat t er ed
r adi at i on.
Ai r Condi t i oni ng
Ai r condi t i oni ng wi t h posi t i ve vent i l at i on
and
a wel l - def i ned pat t er n of ai r movement
wi t hi n
t he depar t ment i s necessar y t o pr ovi de an
accept abl e envi r onment . I n or der t o
pr event
t he spr ead of odor s f r om t he r adi ogr aphi c
end f l uor oscopi c r ooms, dar kr oom, t oi l et s,
and j ani t or ' s cl oset s, t he vent i l at i on syst em
shoul d be desi gned so t hat a negat i ve di r
pr essur e r el at i ve t o t he adj oi ni ng cor r i dor s
wi l l be mai nt ai ned i n t hese r ooms . Thi s can
be done by exhaust i ng mor e ai r f r om t hese
r ooms t han i s suppl i ed t o t hem, and by r e-
ver si ng t hi s pr ocedur e i n t he cor r i dor s. Door s
t o t he t oi l et s and t he j ani t or ' s cl oset shoul d
be under cut or l ouver ed so t hat ai r f r omt he
cor r i dor s may f l ow i nt o t hese ar eas and be
exhaust ed wi t hout r eci r cul at i on.
Because of t he odor pr obl em, t he ai r f r om
t he f l uor oscopi c and x- r ay r ooms shoul d not
be r eci r cul at ed dur i ng t he t i me t hese r ooms
ar e i n use, unl ess adequat e odor r emoval
equi pment i s i ncor por at ed i n t he vent i l at i on
syst em. For economi cal oper at i on, wher e
odor
cont r ol equi pment i s not used, t he ex-
haust syst emshoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h mot or -
oper at ed
damper s, swi t ched f r omwi t hi n t he
r oom,
whi ch wi l l di r ect t he ai r t o t he out -
door s when t he r ooms ar e bei ng used, or
r eci r cul at e t he ai r dur i ng i dl e per i ods .
As
t he dar kr oom wi l l be used f or l onger
per i ods t han t he x- r ay r ooms, an i ndependent
syst em t o exhaust
t he ai r t o t he out door s
The exhaust f r om t he
dar kr oom
shoul d be cont r ol l ed f r oma swi t ch
i n t he r oomand t he syst em
shoul d be dsm-
di oxi de di st ent i on of t he st omach, r equi r e
r ef r i ger at i on. The space under one end of t he
bar i um count er at t he si nk ( No . 75) i n t he
t echni ci ans' cor r i dor may be used
f or an
under - count er t ype r ef r i ger at or
.
Hi gh- Speed Fi l m Dr yef The pl an pr ovi des suf -
f i ci ent space f or an anhydr at or , i f desi r ed, i n
l i eu of t he dr yer shown ( No . 31) .
Fi ni sh Mat er i al s
Mat er i al s used i n t hi s depar t ment ar e gen-
er al l y si mi l ar t o t hose usual l y pr ovi ded
i n
hospi t al s.
However , speci al at t ent i on shoul d
be gi ven t o some of t he ar eas i n t he x- r ay
sui t e.
Dar kr oom The casset t e l oadi ng count er sur -
f ace
shoul d be of a mat er i al whi ch i s st at i c-
f r ee; wood
or l i nol eum i s of t en pr ef er r ed.
Vi nyl or
vi nyl - asbest os t i l e, ' / , i n. t hi ck,
appear s t o
be a sat i sf act or y mat er i al f or
f l oor s i n
t hi s si ze depar t ment . Exper i ence
i ndi cat es, however , t hat asphal t t i l e and
l i nol eum
f l oor s do not st and up wel l under
t he ef f ect s
of spi l l ed sol ut i ons. A pat t er n
of
al t er nat i ng dar k and l i ght t i l es i mpr oves
vi si bi l i t y
when wor ki ng under a saf e l i ght .
X- Ray ROOMS No speci al f i ni shes ar e r e-
qui r ed
f or t he x- r ay r ooms. Asphal t t i l e f l oor s
ar e sat i sf act or y
and
a
pat t er n of al t er nat i ng
dar k
end l i ght t i l es i s al so desi r abl e her e.
Pl ast er wal l s
and cei l i ngs ar e accept abl e,
but accoust i cal t i l e
cei l i ngs ar e pr ef er r ed
si nce t hey
ai d i n r educi ng r ever ber at i on.
Toi l et s Ti l e f l oor s and wai nscot
ar e hi ghl y
desi r abl e f or easy cl eani ng
.
DOCt or s' Cavi l i ng ROOM Acoust i cal t r eat ment i s
r ecommended t o l essen
t he possi bi l i t y of
doct or s' conver sat i ons bei ng
over hear d by
near by wai t i ng pat i ent s .
Fi g. 3 Di agnost i c
r adi ogr aphi c sui t e, Pl an R.
r ooms
and t he st af f must r et ai n t hei r dar k
adapt at i on
despi t e t he openi ng of t he door s
of t he f l uor oscopi c r ooms bet ween
pat i ent s'
exami nat i ons.
To f aci l i t at e dar k adapt at i on, cur t ai ns
ar e
shown at t he i nt er sect i ons of t he t echni ci ans'
and t he pat i ent s' cor r i dor s . I n addi t i on t o t he
i l l umi nat i on nor mal l y pr ovi ded i n t he cor r i -
dor s, pat i ent s' t oi l et r ooms, and dr essi ng
r ooms, i t i s r ecommended t hat t hese ar eas
be
equi pped wi t h an i ndependent l y cont r ol l ed
di m l i ght i ng syst em of r ed bul bs f or dar k
adapt at i on
.
Mi scel l aneous Ser vi ces
I t i s assumed t hat t he
cent r al st er i l e suppl y
depar t ment of t he hospi t al
wi l l pr ovi de al l
such
ser vi ces f or t he x- r ay
depar t ment .
The mobi l e x- r ay uni t shoul d be
st or ed i n
t he r adi ol ogy depar t ment wher e i t
wi l l
be
under t he super vi si on and cont r ol of
t he
depar t ment and avai l abl e when needed .
Opt i onal Faci l i t i es
I nt er communi cat i on Syst em Pr ovi si on of a Sys-
t em wi t hi n t he depar t ment i ncr eases
t he
ef f i ci ency of t he st af f and speeds up
ser vi ce
.
Out l et s ar e shown at t he desk of t he secr e-
t er y- r ecept i oni st , i n t he x- r ay r ooms
and t he
dar kr oom, and i n t he t echni ci ans'
cor r i dor .
I t i s r ecommended t hat a oneway i nt er com-
muni cat i on syst em, wi t h a mi cr ophone
i n t he
cont r ol boot h and a l oudspeaker at t he cas-
set t e changer , be i nst al l ed so t hat t he t echni -
ci an need not l eave t he cont r ol boot h t o gi ve
i nst r uct i ons t o t he pat i ent at t he f ar end of
t he x- r ay r oom.
Ret r i g6r at 01 Some i t ems used i n t he x- r ay
depar t ment , such as bar i um suspensi ons f or
f l uor oscopi c exami nat i ons of t he upper
gast r oi nt est i nal t r act , cr eamf or a gal l bl adder
ser i es,
and car bonat ed bever ages f or car bon
Fi g. 5 Typi cal
r adi ogr aphi c r oom.
1. Over head t ube conveyor ( O. T. C. )
2. O. T. C. cei l i n
g t r acks
3. I mage i nt ensi f i er
car r i age
4. Nepat or wi t h TVand 90- mm
5. Tabl e
6 . Tabl e
7 . Pedest al t abl e
8 . St r et cher
9. Cont r ol
10. Tr ansf or mer
11. Hi gh- vol t age adapt er ki t
12. Pl ani gr aph mount ed on cei l i ng t r ack
13. Fr ankl i n headst and
14. Mobi l e TVmoni t or
15 . Wal l - mount ed casset t e hol der
16 . Hi gh- capaci t y aut opr ocessor
17. Casset t e t r ansf er cabi net
18. Mul t i bank f i l m vi ewer
19. Repl eni sher t anks
20. Wal l - mount ed cabl e cat ch
21. I nt ensi f i er power suppl y mount ed on shel f above cont r ol
22. TVcont r ol mount ed
on
shel f
above cont r ol
23. Pl ani gr aph cont r ol
24. Hi gh- speed st ar t er mount ed on wal l
25. Si ngl e- pl ane f i l m changer
26 . Pr ogr amsel ect or
27. Si ngl e- pl ane par ked
I n accor dance wi t h
good
f i r e saf et y
pr ac-
t i ce, t wo means of egr ess ar e pr ovi ded i n t he
pl an : one
at
t he
ent r ance t o t he depar t ment
and an
emer gency exi t l ocat ed of f t he pa-
t i ent ' s cor r i dor ( door No . 53) . The emer gency
f i r e exi t shoul d
l ead di r ect l y t o t he gr ound
l evel out si de t he
bui l di ng, t hr ough an appr o-
pr i at e exi t st ai r way
.
Pl an 13- Desi gn f or Expansi on
Thi s one- machi ne depar t ment , desi gned t o
handl e a dai l y aver age of about 20 pat i ent
exami nat i ons, coul d sat i sf act or i l y ser ve a
hospi t al of 50 t o 100 beds, dependi ng upon
t he ext ent of out pat i ent ser vi ces pr ovi ded.
As i n Pl an A, i t s vol ume of exami nat i ons can
be i ncr eased, dependi ng on t he st af f i ng pat -
t er n and ot her f act or s, di scussed pr evi ousl y.
( See Fi g . 3. )
The st af f usual l y r equi r ed f or
t hi s wor k-
t i ve humi di t y of 50 per cent and a vent i l at i on
r at e of 10 ai r changes per hour .
Fi r e Saf et y
To pr ovi de an adequat e measur e of f i r e saf et y
f or t he pat i ent s and t he st af f i n t hi s
depar t -
ment , consi der at i on must be gi ven
t o f act or s
of desi gn and const r uct i on r el at i ng t o f i r e
pr event i on and f i r e pr ot ect i on. The
basi c
st r uct ur e shoul d be bui l t wi t h f i r e
r esi st i ve
mat er i al s and i ncombust i bl e f i ni shes and
pr o-
vi ded wi t h appr oved equi pment .
Cl osed met al f i l es ar e r ecommended
f or
st or age of x- r ay f i l ms . I f open shel ves ar e
used i nst ead, an aut omat i c spr i nkl er syst em
shoul d be i nst al l ed over t hi s st or age
ar ea
t o neut r al i ze t he hazar d of t he l ar ge vol ume
of combust i bl e mat er i al s whi ch woul d be ex-
posed t o possi bl e f i r e.
Fi r e
ext i ngui sher s ( car bon di oxi de t ype pr e-
f er r ed)
shoul d be pr ovi ded, as l ocat ed on t he
pl ans, t o assi st i n cont r ol l i ng f i r e.
par ed
t o r egul at e t he amount of ai r handl ed
.
The
exhaust f r omt he f i l m dr yer i n t he
l i ght
.
r oomshoul d
be connect ed i nt o t he dar kr oom
exhaust
syst em.
The f ol l owi ng condi t i ons ar e r ecommended
f or t he comf or t of pat i ent s and per sonnel :
Admi ni st r at i on and Wai t i ng Ar eas A t emper at ur e
of 72' F wi t h a r el at i ve humi di t y of 50 per
cent and a vent i l at i on r at e of 1- 11ai r changes
per hour .
Pat i ent s' and Techni ci ans' Cor r i dor s

At emper at ur e
of 75' F t o 80" F wi t h r el at i ve
humi di t y of
50 per cent and a vent i l at i on
r at e of 2 ai r
changes per hour .
Fl uof oscopi c and X- Ray Rooms A t emper at ur e of
75' - F t o 80 F
wi t h r el at i ve humi di t y of 50
per cent and
a vent i l at i on r at e of 6 ai r changes
per hour .
Dar kr oom A t emper at ur e of 72' ' F wi t h r ef s.
Fi g. 4 X- r ay
depar t ment . ( a) Bef or e expansi on. ( b) Af t er expansi on.
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Di agnost i c
X- Ray Sui t e
19. Ci ne cont r ol cabi net
20. Oper at or ' s cont r ol
21. Casset t e t r ansf er cabi net
22 . Wal l - mount ed cabl e cat ch
23.
Hi gh- capaci t y pr ocessor
24. Repl eni sher t anks
25. Mul t i bank f i l m vi ewer
26 . Ai Al ex bi pl ane cont r ol
10.
TV
moni t or mount ed on car t
11. Pr ogr amsel ect or
12. I nt ensi f i er power suppl y mount ed on
shel f above cont r ol
13. TVcont r ol uni t
mount ed on shel f
14. Addi t i onal power uni t cabi net t o house ci ne equi pment
15. Hi gh- vol t age
adapt er ki t
16 . Ci ne bi as t ank
17 . Ci ne smoot her t ank
18. Ci ne power st at
Equi pment l i st
1 . Cont r ol
2. Power uni t s cabi net s
3. Spect r umspeci al pr ocedur e t abl e
4. Pl ane f i l m changer
5. Si ngl e- pl ane f i l m changer
6 . Over head t ube conveyor ( O. T . C. )
7 . O. T . C. cei l i ng t r ack
8 . I nt ensi f i er car r i age
9. Negat or mount ed wi t h TV and 35- mm ci ne
Fi g. 6

Typi cal vascul ar l ayout . Equi pment shown dot t ed i s f or f ut ur e i nst al l at i on.
l oad
i ncl udes : 1 par t - t i me r adi ol ogi st , 1
t echni ci an, 1 secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st - t echni ci an,
1 or der l y ( as needed) .
Thi s pl an wi l l r esul t i n a f unct i onal uni t .
I t has anot her i mpor t ant advant age
i n t hat i t
may be expanded t o i ncl ude al l t he f eat ur es
of Pl an A. Such expansi on i s usual l y i ndi -
cat ed when t he hospi t al i s ser ved by a f ul l -
t i me r adi ol ogi st , when t he aver age dai l y l oad
appr oaches 30 exami nat i ons per day, and
when t he pr opor t i on of t i me- consumi ng
exami nat i ons becomes hi gh.
Expansi on pr obl ems f r equent l y occur
i n a hospi t al of 100 beds or l ess, wher e t her e
i s
onl y one x- r ay machi ne and a par t - t i me
r adi ol ogi st . As t he vol ume of wor k i ncr eases,
t he r adi ol ogi st spends mor e t i me at t he hos-
pi t al ,
and a second machi ne i s i nst al l ed. Un-
f or t unat el y, i n most of t hese cases, t he l ack of
pl anni ng f or a f ut ur e expansi on pr ogr am and
expansi on
ar ea
r esul t s i n an i nef f i ci ent l ayout .
Thi s l i mi t s
t he usef ul ness of t he equi pment
and t he ef f i ci ency of
t he st af f . Exampl es of
such l i mi t at i ons ar e: poor l ocat i on of t he dar k-
r oomi n r el at i on t o t he newx- r ay r oom, i nade-
quat e si ze of t he dar kr oom, i nsuf f i ci ent number
of
t oi l et f aci l i t i es and dr essi ng r ooms, l ack of
of f i ce
and wai t i ng ar eas, and l i mi t ed f i l mf i l i ng
space.
Remodel i ng
an
x- r ay depar t ment i s mor e
expensi ve
t han r emodel i ng ot her ar eas of a
hospi t al because of t he
shi el di ng, wi r i ng, and
pl umbi ng
. Expansi on of t he x- r ay depar t ment
shoul d be
i ncor por at ed i n t he or i gi nal pl an.
Roughi ng i n t he pl umbi ng
and bui l di ng i n t he
shi el di ng and
el ect r i cal condui t s i n t he expan-
si on space wi l l
r esul t i n f ut ur e savi ngs and an
ef f i ci ent x- r ay sui t e.
Mi ni mumal t er at i ons t o
Pl an B necessar y
t o dupl i cat e t he
f aci l i t i es of Pl an Awoul d be
t he r emodel i ng of t he
f i l m col l ect i on ar ea t o
accommodat e a new
cont r ol boot h, t he el i mi -
nat i on of
t he par t i t i on bet ween t he l i ght r oom
and r ecept i on
space, t he el i mi nat i on of
t he
dr essi ng r ooms and of t he par t i t i on behi nd
t hem.
Unt i l t he need
f or r emodel i ng becomes ap-
par ent , par t of t he
admi ni st r at i on of f i ces of t he
hospi t al may
t empor ar i l y be si t uat ed i n t he
expansi on space.
When enl ar gi ng t he x- r ay
depar t ment , ot her space
may t hen be added t o
t he admi ni st r at i on
depar t ment . The dot t ed
l i nes on Fi g . 4 i l l ust r at e how
t hi s expansi on
may be desi gned .
A t ypi cal
r adi ogr aphi c r oomi s shown i n
Fi g. 5 : a t ypi cal
vascul ar l ayout i s shown i n
Fi g. 6 .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Di agnost i c
X- Ray Sui t e
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Phar macy
Legend
1. Pneumat i c t ube st at i on
2. Desk
3.
Typewr i t er , el ect r i c, nonmovabl e car r i age
4. Chai r
5. Fi l es,
i nt er medi at e hei ght
6.
Fi l es, swi ngi ng panel , st r i p i nser t t ype
7. Fi l e, r evol vi ng on
t wo
l evel s
8. Tabl e, movabl e, 2 f eet by 3 f eet
9. Wast e r ecept acl e
10. Phot ocopi er
11. Fi l e, 2- dr awer
12. Ut i l i t y pol e
13. Tel ephone
14. Shel vi ng, adj ust abl e, 12 i nches
15. Saf e
16. Ref r i ger at or , wi t h f r eezer
17. Count er , wi t h f i l e dr awer , bi ns
18. Shel vi ng, adj ust abl e, 7 i nches
19. Count er , di spensi ng
20. Two- shel f uni t above count er
21. Dumbwai t er ,
open
bot h
si des
22 . Cabi net , wi t h si nk, dr ai n boar d
23 . Cabi net , wal l - mount ed
24. Bi ns,
on
t op of hood
25. Hood, l ami nar ai r f l ow, ver t i cal or
hor i zont al
26 . Count er ,
wi t h
open adj ust abl e shel vi ng
beneat h
27 . Car t , st or age
28. Car t s, ut i l i t y
29. Desk, smal l
30. Bookcase,
wal l - mount ed
31. Fi l e cabi net , 5- dr awer
32. Fi l e, vi si bl e i ndex t ype
33. Count er , wi t h adj ust abl e shel ves beneat h
34. Shel vi ng, wal l - mount ed, 9 i nches
35. Shel vi ng, adj ust abl e, r ai l - mount ed
Fi g. 1

Phar macy depar t ment i n a 100- bed hospi t al . ( Fr om Pl anni ng f or Hospi t al
Phar maci es, DHEWPub.
No . I HRA) 77- 4003, U. S . Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on, and
Wel f ar e, Washi ngt on, D. C. , 1977. )
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Phar macy
Fi g. 2 Phar macy
depar t ment i n a 300- bed hospi t al .
( Fr omPl anni ng f ar Hospi t al
Phar maci es, DHEWPub.
No . ( HRA) 77- 4003,
U. S. Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on,
and Wel f ar e, Washi ngt on,
D. C. , 1977. )
Legend
1.
Pneumat i c t ube
st at i on
2. Desk
3. Typewr i t er ,
el ect r i c,
nonmovabl e car r i age
4. Chai r
5.
Fi l es, i nt er medi at e
hei ght
6.
Fi l es, swi ngi ng
panel , st r i p i nser t
t ype
7 .
Fi l e, r evol vi ng
on t wo l evel s
8. Desk,
speci al desi gn
9. Wast e
r ecept acl e
10. Phot ocopi er
11.
Phot ocopi er , cabi net
12. Ut i l i t y pol e
13. Tel ephone
14.
Shel vi ng,
adj ust abl e, 12 i nches
15.
Del i ver y t r uck
16.
Ref r i ger at or ,
wi t h f r eezer
17.
Ref r i ger at or ,
open f r ont t ype
18. Ref r i ger at or ,
pass- t hr ough, count er
hei ght
19. Count er ,
di spensi ng
20. Two- shel f uni t
above count er
21. Dumbwai t er ,
open bot h si des
22 . Cabi net , wi t h
si nk, dr ai nboar d
23. Cabi net ,
wal l - mount ed
24. Bi ns, on t opof
hood
25 .
Hood, l ami nar
ai r f l ow, ver t i cal or
hor i zont al
26. Count er , wi t h open
adj ust abl e shel vi ng
beneat h
27. Car t ,
st or age
29. Car t s,
ut i l i t y
29. Desk, smal l
30 . Bookcase,
wal l - mount ed
31. Fi l e cabi net , 5- dr awer
32.
Fi l e, vi si bl e i ndex
t ype
33 .
Count er , wi t h adj ust abl e
shel ves beneat h
34.
Shel vi ng,
wal l - mount ed, 9 i nches
35.
Shel vi ng, adj ust abl e,
r ai l - mount ed
36. Shel vi ng,
adj ust abl e, 24
i nches
37. Count er ,
wi t h adj ust abl e shel ves
beneat h
38. Panel s,
acoust i cal
39. Fi l e, r ot ar y
mechani cal
40. Ledge
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
By WI LBURR. TAYLOR,
WI LLI AMA. MI LLS, and
J AMES 0. TERRI LL,
J R
.
DESI GNOF TELETHERAPY UNI TS
Radi at i on end Ar chi t ect ur al Consi der at i ons f or
Cobal t - B0 Uni t
By t he t er mt el st her apy,
we ar e
r est r i ct i ng
our -
sel ves t o t he use of r adi at i on at a di st ance;
t hat i s, t he subj ect and sour ce ar e separ at ed
by a di st ance of 50 cent i met er s or mor e. I n
par t i cul ar , we ar e concer ned wi t h t he use of
t he
r adi oact i ve i sot opes cobal t - 60 and cesi um-
137
as sour ces of r adi at i on i n t el st her apy
uni t s .
We have r est r i ct ed our di scussi on t o Co
and " ' Ca, pr i mar i l y because t hey ar e t he mor e
f ami l i ar of t he i sot opes suggest ed f or use i n
t el et her apy uni t s . Wear e not i ncl udi ng t he use
of r adi umand hi gh ener gy x- r ays, si nce some
of t he pr obl ems associ at ed wi t h t hese ar e qui t e
di f f er ent i n t hei r sol ut i on and nat ur e.
The pr i mar y pur poses of t hi s ar t i cl e ar e t o
f ur ni sh ar chi t ect s who ar e ant i ci pat i ng a t el s-
t her apy uni t wi t h i nf or mat i on on basi c r adi a-
t i on pr ot ect i on i deas and t echni ques, and
t o
ser ve as a gui de i n t he sol ut i ons of cer t ai n
ar chi t ect ur al pr obl ems . We ar e by no means
at t empt i ng t o eval uat e t he advant ages end di s-
advant ages of " Co and " Cs uni t s agai nst
ot her t ypes of uni t s .
For a di scussi on of t he f undament al s of
r adi at i on shi el di ng and a gl ossar y of r adi at i on
t er mi nol ogy, sea Ar chi t ect ur al Recor d, Novem.
ber , 1957,
pages 218- 220.
I n
pl anni ng a cobal t i nst al l at i on, i t shoul d be
under st ood t hat each t ype
of machi ne and i t s
l ocat i on wi t hi n t he
bui l di ng wi l l pr esent a di f -
f er ent pr obl em
whi ch wi l l r equi r e an i ndi vi dual
sol ut i on. Consequent l y,
no one t ype pl an can
be desi gned whi ch wi l l t ake car e of t he var i ous
shi el di ng r equi r ement s pr esent ed by t he
di f f er ent machi nes and i nst al l at i ons . The ar chi -
t ect i s dependent upon ot her pr of essi onal s f or
speci f i c t echni cal i nf or mat i on he needs bef or e
he can i nt el l i gent l y desi gn a bui l di ng cont ai n-
i ng a cobal t t el st her apy uni t . The pr obl ems
i ncur r ed may mat er i al l y af f ect t he or i ent at i on,
l ocat i on, and st r uct ur al and f unct i onal desi gn
of t he bui l di ng. Ther ef or e, dur i ng pr el i mi nar y
desi gn st ages, cl ose cooper at i on bet ween
ar chi t ect , r adi ol ogi st , and r adi at i on physi ci st
i s necessar y t o devel op an ef f i ci ent and eco-
nomi cal l ayout .
I t shoul d be not ed t hat t he At omi c Ener gy
Commi ssi on pl aces r esponsi bi l i t y upon t he
appl i cant f or condi t i ons of i nst al l at i on and use
of t he f aci l i t y. Si nce t he use of a f aci l i t y i s
l ar gel y dependent upon t he condi t i ons of i n-
st al l at i on, i t i s t o t he appl i cant ' s advant age t o
secur e t he ser vi ces of a r adi at i on physi ci st at
t he i ncept i on of a pr oj ect . Hi s f unct i on i s t o
advi se t he appl i cant and ar chi t ect on r adi at i on
Wi l bur R, Tayl or i s a Hospi t al Ar chi t ect i n
t he Di vi si on of Hospi t al and Medi cal Faci l i t i es,
Bur eau of Medi cal Ser vi ce, Publ i c Heal t h Ser -
vi ce, Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on, and
Wel f ar e: and Wi l l i am A. Mi l l s and J ames G.
Ter r i l l , J r . ar e r espect i vel y Radi at i on Physi ci st
and Chi ef of Radi ol ogi cal Heal t h Pr ogr am,
Di vi si on of Sani t ar y Engi neer i ng Ser vi ces,
Bur eau of St at e Ser vi ces, Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce .
r equi r ement s, assume r esponsi bi l i t y f or t he
f i nal desi gn as t o shi el di ng pr ovi ded
and
f ur ni sh t he suppor t i ng i nf or mat i on r equi r ed
i n
Appl i cat i on For mAEC- 313 r el at i ve t o
exposur e
r at es i n ar eas sur r oundi ng
t he t el st her apy
r oomand occupancy
f act or s assi gned.
Fundament al deci si ons
as t o : ( 1) t he t ype
of machi ne,
( 2)
st r engt h of t he sour ce, ( 3)
desi r ed l ocat i on, and ( 4) t he shi el di ng r equi r ed
f or f l oor , wel l s, and cei l i ng must be made be-
f or e t he bui l di ng' s st r uct ur al syst em
can be
desi gned. Dur i ng t he ear l y desi gn,
i t may be
det er mi ned t hat t he st r uct ur al syst em
cannot
suppor t t he
wei ght of t he
shi el di ng,
or per -
haps
soi l condi t i ons
wi l l not
per mi t suf f i ci ent
excavat i on f or a subgr ade
i nst al l at i on.
I t may
t hen be necessar y t o change or al t er one or
mor e of t he f ol l owi ng: t he machi ne or i t s oper a-
t i on, t he sour ce st r engt h or t he l ocat i on of t he
r oom.
To t hose not f ami l i ar wi t h such shi el di ng
pr obl ems, t he i ncl uded pl ans have been devel -
oped t o i l l ust r at e t he shi el di ng necessar y f or
t hr ee t ypes of machi nes i n speci f i c l ocat i ons .
However , bef or e consi der i ng t he det ai l ed
pl ans, i t may be desi r abl e t o di scuss some of
t he gener al r equi r ement s of such f aci l i t i es .
Locat i on
The cobal t sui t e shoul d adj oi n t he x- r ay t her -
apy depar t ment . Thi s l ocat i on per mi t s t he j oi nt
use of wai t i ng, dr essi ng, t oi l et , exami nat i on,
wor k and consul t at i on r ooms . I n addi t i on, i t
of f er s t he i mpor t ant advant age of havi ng t he
st af f concent r at ed i n one ar ea, t her eby el i mi nat -
i ng t he consi der abl e l oss of t i me i nvol ved i n
t r avel i ng t o a r emot e l ocat i on. Thi s i s an i mpor -
t ant consi der at i on and j ust i f i es t he cost of any
addi t i onal shi el di ng t hat may be necessar y t o
achi eve i t .
Al ocat i on bel owgr ade, unoccupi ed above
and bel ow, wi l l r equi r e l ess shi el di ng. How-
ever , i f such a l ocat i on separ at es t he
cobal t
and t he x- r ay
t her apy depar t ment s, i t may be
mor e cost l y i n bot h
l oss of st af f
t i me
and ef f i -
ci ency t han t he
cost of concr et e shi el di ng
amor t i zed
over sever al year s . I f , f or exampl e,
t went y- f i ve
mi nut es per day ar e l ost i n t r avel -
i ng t o a r emot e l ocat i on, one addi t i onal pat i ent
coul d be t r eat ed i n t hi s t i me each day- or 240
pat i ent s per year . Assumi ng a st af f sal ar y of
$20, 000 per year , t hi s l oss of t went y- f i ve
mi nut es per day r esul t s i n an i ndi r ect sal ar y
l oss of $1032 per year , whi ch woul d soon
equal t he cost of shi el di ng i n a newf aci l i t y.
Acor ner l ocat i on f or t he cobal t r oomi s usu-
al l y desi r abl e si nce t hr ough t r af f i c i s el i mi -
nat ed, onl y t wo i nt er i or wal l s r equi r e shi el di ng,
di st ance t o t he pr oper t y l i ne ut i l i zes t he i nver se
squar e l awt o r educe shi el di ng and t he st r uc-
t ur al r equi r ement s ar e mor e easi l y sol ved.
Tel et her apy
RoomDet ai l s
SI Zo
The
r oomsi ze may ver y t o sui t di f f er ent
manuf act ur er s' equi pment . Ar oomappr oxi -
mat el y
15
f t by 18 f t by 9f t - 6 i n. pl us t he nec-
essar y
ent r ance maze, wi l l accommodat e most
of t he machi nes commer ci al l y avai l abl e wi t h
t he except i on of t he l ar gest r ot at i ng model s .
For
r easons of coat , t he r oomshoul d
be as
compact as possi bl e af t er al l owi ng
space t o
i nst al l t he equi pment and t o posi t i on t he t r eat -
ment t abl e.
Shi el di ng The shi el di ng necessar y f or
a r oom
must not onl y be consi der ed i n t er ms
of f l oor ,
cei l i ng andwal l shi el di ng, but
al so such t hi ngs
as door s, wi ndows, vent i l at i on and
heat i ng
duct s, and saf et y l ocks. Radi at i on
t hat mi ght
@scope t hr ough such possi bi l i t i es coul d
r esul t
i n
over exposur e t o per sonnel ,
i f
pr oper
pr ecau-
t i ons ar e not t aken.
Ent r ance The pr i mar y pur pose of speci f i c en-
t r ance const r uct i on i s t o pr ot ect per sonnel .
I t shoul d al so pr ovi de suf f i ci ent space t o admi t
a st r et cher and t he l ar gest cr at ed pi ece of
equi pment . I n some cases, a consi der abl e
savi ngs i n cost of assembl i ng equi pment may
be had by maki ng t he door and maze l ar ge
enough t o admi t t he cr at ed assembl ed machi ne,
For t hi s pur pose,
some
manuf act ur er s speci f y
a door openi ng
of
4
by
7 f t and a mi ni mum
di st ance of
6 f t at
t he end
of
t he maze
.
Rat her t han add l ar ge amount s of l oad t o
door s, t he shi el di ng
pr obl em may
be sol ved
t o some degr ee by havi ng t he door t o t he t el s-
t her apy r oomopen i nt o a maze.
Thi s
maze
shoul d be bui l t so t hat no pr i mar y r adi at i on
coul d f al l di r ect l y on t he door . I n desi gni ng
door s f or such a r oom, a good pr act i ce i s t o
have a door of wood wi t h a l ayer of f ood. Thi s
l ead can ei t her be on t he i nsi de sur f ace, or
bet ween l ayer s
of wood. Commer ci al l y
avai l -
abl e x- r ay door s ser ve wel l f or t hi s pur pose.
The space bet ween t he
door
and f l oor can usu-
al l y be shi el ded by usi ng a l and st r i p under
t he door or by maki ng a sl i ght r i se i n t he f l oor
cont ai ni ng l ead, on t he
out er
si de of t he door .
Lead shi el di ng
at
t he
j amb
and head
bet ween
t he f r ame
and buck may be el i mi nat ed by t he
use
of a
combi nat i on f r ame and
buck
set i n
concr et e.
For saf et y pr ecaut i ons, t he door l ock shoul d
be such t hat t he
door can be
r eadi l y
opened
f r omi nsi de t he cobal t
r oom
.
Cont r ol Vi ew
Wi ndow

I t i s st andar d pr act i ce t o l o-
cat e t hi s wi ndow
at a hei ght whi ch wi l l per mi t
t he oper at or
t o be seat ed dur i ng t he t r eat ment
per i od, 4
f t - 0
i n.
f r omt he f l oor t o t he cent er
of t he
wi ndowbei ng on opt i mumdi st ance. I n
pl an, t he wi ndowshoul d be l ocat ed i n t he ar ea
of
mi ni mum
r adi at i on and f or conveni ent ob-
ser vat i on of t he pat i ent . Thi s posi t i on, f or a
r ot at i onal machi ne, woul d be al ong t he axi s of
r ot at i on,
and f or a f i xed beamuni t , 90 t o t he
pl ane of t i l t .
Fr omt he cont r ol vi ewwi ndowt he ent i r e
r oomshoul d be i n f ul l vi ew, usi ng mi r r or s
when necessar y. The gl ass shoul d cont ai n l and
or ot her mat er i al s i n amount s whi ch woul d
pr ovi de shi el di ng equi val ent t o t he sur r ound-
i ng concr et e. The f r ame i s usual l y packed wi t h
l ead wool and shoul d be desi gned t o of f set
t he shi el di ng l oss of t he r educed concr et e
t hi ckness at bevel ed ar eas . The cost of such
speci al gl oss and f r om@i ncr eases r api dl y wi t h
si ze and an a by 8 i n. wi ndowi s consi der ed
an opt i mumsi ze.
Hoof i ng and Ai r Condi t i oni ng

The onl y pr obl emi n
r el at i on
t o heat i ng and ai r condi t i oni ng not en-
count er ed
i n ot her bui l di ngs i s t hat of pr ovi d-
i ng
shi el di ng wher e wal l s ar e pi er ced wi t h
suppl y
and r et ur n duct s . The usual sol ut i on i s
t o l ocat e duct s and
openi ngs i n wal l s whi ch ar e
l east subj ect
t o r adi at i on and of f set t he pat h of
duct s
t hr ough t he wal l , l ead or ot her hi gh den-
si t y
mat er i al bei ng added, wher e necessar y, t o
mai nt ai n
t he shi el di ng val ue of t he wal l di s-
pl aced by duct s .
El ect r i cal El ect r i cal ser vi ce r equi r ed f or t he
machi ne wi l l var y wi t h each manuf act ur er ' s
equi pment
. Vol t age wi l l var y f r om
110- si ngl e
phase t o 220- t hr ee
phone
f or l ar ge machi nes .
Rooml i ght i ng
shoul d assur e good
over - al l
i l l umi nat i on,
pr ef er abl y
f r om
cove
l i ght i ng
or an i ndi r ect t ype of f i xt ur e. I t
i s
essent i al
have
been comput ed f or l ocat i ons wi t h f ul l -
t i me
uncont r ol l ed occupancy above and bel ow
.
Wi t h
cont r ol l ed occupancy l ess shi el di ng woul d
be
necessar y and wi t h no occupancy, t hese
sl abs
coul d be r educed t o t he mi ni mumst r uc-
t ur al
r equi r ement s
.
An under gr ound l ocat i on
i s
t he onl y way, shor t of l i mi t i ng t he machi ne,
of
r educi ng t he t hi ckness of ext er i or wal l s
.
A
by 3 i n
.
;
f or a 500 cur i e sour ce, a r educt i on
of
5 i n
.
mor e
.
Si nce gr eat est cost i s i n f or mi ng,
such
savi ngs ar e r el at i vel y smal l
.
I n
newconst r uct i on, t he cost of concr et e
shi el di ng
wi l l , i n most cases, be a smal l par t of
t he
t ot al cost of t he i nst al l at i on
.
To
i l l ust r at e t he maxi mumr equi r ed shi el di ng
f or
f l oor and cei l i ng, t he t hi cknesses shown
The
shi el di ng i ndi cat ed on t he accompany-
i ng
pl ans was comput ed on a basi s of a 5, 000
cur i e
sour ce
.
Because of i t s hi gh cost , i t i s not
now
commonl y used
.
Reduct i on of t he sour ce,
however ,
does not decr ease t he shi el di ng
r equi r ement s
si gni f i cant l y
.
For exampl e, i n
t he
pl an, use of a 2, 000 cur i e sour ce woul d
r esul t
i n a r educt i on of t he t hi ckness of wal l
*Wi t h
Pr i mar y BeamRest r i ct ed t o Fl oor and One Wal l
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Tel et her apy
Uni t s
ROOM
FORCOBALT- 60 FACI LI TI ES
By
U
. S.
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce
Fi g.
1
Fi xed
beamuni t
. '
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Tel et her apy
Uni t s
Fi g. 2

Rot at i onal uni t wi t h pr i mar y beam
absor ber .
DESI GN
REQUI REMENTS
Cont r ol l ed Ar ea

MPD=5. 0 Rem=5. 0 Rem=100 MRem
Yr

60 Wk

Wk
Uncont r ol l ed
Ar ea MPD=0. 5 Rem=0. 5 Rem=9. 6 MRem
Yr

52 Wk

Wk
Ful l Occupancy

T =1
Cont r ol space, r esi dences, pl ay ar eas, war ds, of f i ce
wor k r ooms, dar kr ooms, cor r i dor s and
wai t i ng space l ar ge enough t o hol d
desks and r est r ooms used by r adi ol ogi c st af f and ot her s r out i nel y
exposed t o r adi at i on.
Par t i al Occupancy

T =1/ 4
Cor r i dor s i n X- r ay depar t ment s t oo nar r owf or f ut ur e desk space,
r est r ooms not used by r adi ol ogi c
per sonnel , par ki ng l ot s, ut i l i t y
r ooms.
Occasi onal
Occupancy

T=' / I 6
St ai r ways, aut omat i c el evat or s, st r eet s, cl oset s t oo
smal l f or f ut ur e wor kr ooms, t oi l et s
not used by r adi ol ogi c per sonnel .
Sour ce 5000 Cur i es
For Desi gn Requi r ement s see pr evi ous page.
A pr i mar y beamabsor ber on a
machi ne
r educes t he shi el di ng
r equi r ement s consi der -
abl y. However , some r adi ol ogi st s pr ef er t o
use a machi ne wi t hout t he absor ber , because
of i t s gr eat er f l exi bi l i t y, and f or t hi s
r eason
some machi nes ar e desi gned t o be used
wi t h
or wi t hout t he absor ber . Under
t hese condi t i ons
t he r oom shi el di ng shoul d be
desi gned f or
use ei t her way. The pl an
and sect i on shown
her e i l l ust r at e
t he
necessar y
shi el di ng.
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Fi g. 3

Rot at i onal uni t wi t hout pr i mar y beamabsor ber .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
El ect r oencephol ogr aphi c
Sui t e
t hat t he oper at or be abl e
t o obser ve any move-
ment of t he pat i ent
dur i ng t r eat ment and
shadows pr oduced by a r ot at i ng machi ne i nt er -
f er e wi t h obser vat i on.
I n pr ovi di ng a saf et y l ock
f or t he door , i t has
been f ound of gr eat val ue
t o i nt er l ock t he
machi ne cont r ol wi t h t he
door , so t hat openi ng
t he door aut omat i cal l y
shut s of f t he machi ne.
Condui t s shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or power end
cont r ol wi r i ng.
Enyi r onol ent The gener al
ef f ect t o be cr eat ed
i n t hi s depar t ment
shoul d be one of cheer f ul -
ness and r est f ul ness . Col or and
even mur al s
have been used ef f ect i vel y on t he wal l s
of t he
cobal t r oom.
The
usual hospi t al f i ni shes such as acoust i -
cal cei l i ng
t i l e and r esi l i ent f l oor i ng ar e desi r -
abl e i n
t hi s ar ea.
Ramndal i ng unl ess pr evi ousl y desi gned f or
super vol t age x- r ay, r emodel i ng an
exi st i ng
bui l di ng can be expensi ve. I t i s of t en i mpos-
si bl e t o bui l d i n suf f i ci ent shi el di ng whi ch
makes i t necessar y t o cont r ol
near by oc-
cupancy and r est r i ct di r ect i on of t he beam,
t her eby handi cappi ng t he usef ul ness
of t he
machi ne. Ot her pr obl ems such as
r el ocat i ng
pl umbi ng, heat i ng, el ect r i cal ser vi ces and
di st ur bi ng t he nor mal oper at i on of t he
bui l d-
i ng dur i ng r emodel i ng must
be consi der ed.
I n newconst r uct i on, concr et e
shi el di ng i s
r el at i vel y cheap, but i n r emodel i ng
t he cost i s
hi gh. For t hi s r eason t he use
of masonr y uni t s
may be pr ef er abl e si nce no f or mwor k i s neces-
sar y and t he wor k can be per f or med
i nt er mi t -
t ent l y. Good wor kmanshi p, of
cour se, i s
necessar y t o pr event voi ds i n mor t ar j oi nt s .
I n
some cases i t mi ght be bet t er t o add t o
t he bui l di ng, r at her t han t o r emodel an exi st i ng
por t i on
.
Nor mal hospi t al oper at i on woul d not
be
i nt er f er ed wi t h, cost s may be l ower and a
mor e ef f i ci ent l ayout woul d pr obabl y r esul t .
By NOYCE L. GRI FFI N,
El ect r i cal Engi neer ,
Ar chi t ect ur al and Engi neer i ng
Br anch, Di vi -
si on of Hospi t al and
Medi cal Faci l i t i es,
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce,
U. S. Depar t ment of
Heal t h, Educat i on and Wel f ar e.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHI CSUI TE
I nt r oduct i on
An
el ect r oencephol ogr aphi c ( EEG) exami nat i on
consi st s
of t he measur ement of el ect r i cal
pot ent i al s of t he br ai n as measur abl e at t he
scal p
.
I t r equi r es an ext r emel y sensi t i ve i nst r u-
ment l ocat ed so as t o be as f r ee as possi bl e
f r om
out si de el ect r i cal di st ur bances . The ex-
ami nat i on
r equi r es car ef ul pr epar at i on of t he
pat i ent and i nvol ves secur i ng sever al pai r s of
el ect r odes t o t he pat i ent ' s scal p, connect i ng
t he
conduct or s f r omt he el ect r odes t o t he
EEG
uni t , oper at i ng t he EEGuni t t o obt ai n r ecor d-
i ngs under def i ni t e physi cal condi t i ons
of
t he
pat i ent , r emovi ng t he el ect r odes and any
adhe-
si ve, i f used i n at t achi ng t he el ect r odes .
Sui t abl e space must be pr ovi ded f or
t he
neur ol ogi st and hi s st af f t o exami ne
pat i ent s,
r ead t he r ecor di ngs, pr epar e r epor t s, and
keep
r ecor ds. The sui t e shoul d be ar r anged
t o pr o-
vi de of f i ce f aci l i t i es f or t he
neur ol ogi st and
t ypi st or secr et ar y, a wor kr oomf or t echni ci an,
apace f or pr epar at i on and exami nat i on of
pat i ent s, and st or age space f or suppl i es end
vol umi nous EEG
r ecor di ngs . The pr epar at i on
and
exami ni ng space shoul d, as a mi ni mum,
compr i se t wo r oom* : one wi t h s hospi t al - t ype
bed and
equi pment f or t he pr epar at i on of t he
pat i ent ; t he ot her cont ai ni ng t he EEG
i nst r u-
ment s, a desk or t abl e, and ot her f aci l i t i es
needed by t he t echni ci an ( Fi g . 1 ) . A
mor e
ef f i ci ent l ayout may be had by di vi di ng
t he
pr epar at i on and exami ni ng space i nt o separ at e
r ooms . Thi s woul d i ncr ease t he
pat i ent -
handl i ng capaci t y of t he uni t , as one
pat i ent
coul d be pr epar ed whi l e anot her i s exami ned
/ Fi g. 2) . Toi l et
conveni ent l y
avai l abl e f or pat i ent s' use.
Al t hough shi el di ng of t he pat i ent ' s
r oom
agai nst el ect r i cal di st ur bances i s not
al ways
r equi r ed, i t i s usual l y
desi r abl e. Wher e such
di st ur bances ar e excessi ve f or t he
qual i t y of
wor k r equi r ed, a compl et el y shi el ded
r oommay
be necessar y. The most
common el ect r i cal di s-
t ur bances ar e caused by
hi gh- f r equency equi p-
ment such as di at her my
and r adi o, st at i c
el ect r i ci t y, hi gh- vol t age
t r ansmi ssi on l i nes,
l ar ge t r ansf or mer banks, l ar ge
mot or s, near by
power f ul FMbr oadcast
st at i ons, and con-
duct or s car r yi ng heavy
cur r ent s . To mi ni mi ze
di st ur bances f r om power
syst ems, al l power
conduct or s i n t he
vi ci ni t y of t he EEGmachi ne
shoul d be
met al ar mor ed or i nst al l ed i n met al
r aceway. Lar ge
or mai n el ect r i cal conduct or s
shoul d be r out ed
as f or away f r om t he EEG
exami ni ng
l ocat i ons as pr act i cabl e, bot h hor i -
zont al l y and ver t i cal l y, and
use of f l uor escent
l i ght i ng i n t he vi ci ni t y of t he EEG
uni t shoul d
be avoi ded .
Ar easonabl e amount of
soundpr oof i ng of
t he exami ni ng r oom
i s desi r abl e.
EEGr ecor di ngs and
case r ecor ds ar e bul ky
andr equi r e consi der abl e
space
f or
f i l i ng . Open
shel vi ng of t he l ar ge
pi geonhol e t ype i n r eason-
abl y sat i sf act or y
f or f i l i ng t he l ar ge f ol der s of
act i ve case r ecor ds . Thi s f i l i ng
space shoul d
be l ocat ed i n t he
of f i ce or pr ef er abl y i n an
adj acent r oom
conveni ent t o t he neur ol ogi st .
Wor kr oom
The wor kr oom
f aci l i t i es and equi pment nor -
mal l y
consi st of t he EEGuni t , pr ef er abl y t he
consol e t ype, phot o- st i mul at or panel , a suppl y
cabi net f or
r ecor di ng paper , pr epar at i on mat e-
r i al s,
an el ect r i c cl ock wi t h sweep second
hand,
a wor kbench wi t h wood t op endcabi net
bel owf or
EEGmai nt enance and gener al use,
and a gener al
of f i ce- t ype desk or t abl e. Swi t ch-
es f or
cont r ol of l i ght s i n wor kr oomand ex-
ami ni ng
r oomshoul d be l ocat ed i n t he wor k-
r oom.
Shel vi ng f or EEGr ecor di ngs and case
r ecor ds may be l ocat ed i n t hi s r oomunl ess
ot her sui t abl e
space i s pr ovi ded, and shoul d
be
appr oxi mat el y 12 i n. deep.
Exami ni ng Room
Door s t hr ough whi ch pat i ent s must pass t o
ent er t he exami ni ng r oomshoul d be 3 f t 10 i n.
wi de t o per mi t easy passage of st r et cher or
wheel chai r . The si ze of t he exami ni ng r oom
shoul d be suf f i ci ent t o accommodat e a hospi t al
bed and al l owenough addi t i onal space t o per -
mi t t he t echni ci an t o wor k ef f i ci ent l y. For sl eep
i nducement , ext er i or wi ndows shoul d
be
equi pped wi t h shades t o par t i al l y dar ken t he
r oom. As i t i s desi r abl e t hat t he pat i ent
be i n
f ul l vi ewof t he oper at or , t he exami ni ng r oom
shoul d have suf f i ci ent wi dt h t o per mi t t he
bed
t o be pl aced par al l el t o t he wal l near est
t he
wor kr oom. Thi s wal l shoul d have t wo 3- i n.
openi ngs, 20 i n.
above t he f l oor , one
f or
pass-
i ng t he EEG el ect r ode cabl e wi t h pl ug at -
t ached, t he ot her f or passi ng t he phot ost i mu-
l at or conduct or s .
The par t i t i on bet ween t he wor kr oomand t he
pat i ent ' s r oomshoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h a gl ass
wi ndownot l ess t han 24 i n. hi gh and
36
i n.
wi de, mount ed wi t h t he l ower edge 43 i n . f r om
t he f l oor . Thi s wi ndowshoul d be l ocat ed t o
pr ovi de good vi si on
of t he pat i ent . I n t he pr ep-
ar at i on ar ea, f l oor and
si nk ar e subj ect ed t o
st ai ni ng and er odi ng
ef f ect s of chemi cal s such
as acet one
and col l odi on used f or set t i ng and
r emovi ng
el ect r odes t o and f r om pat i ent ' s
scal p. The
si nk shoul d be vi t r eous chi na not
i n a
count er t op r esi st ant t o aci d and al kal i , wi t h
cabi net s bel ow.
A
masonr y- t ype f l oor such as t i l e or t er r azzo
i s r ecommended i n t he pr epar at i on ar ea. Sol -
vent s
such as acet one used f or r emoval of el ec-
t r ode
adhesi ve, when spi l l ed or dr opped on t he
f l oor ,
ar e i nj ur i ous t o t he r esi l i ent t ype of f l oor -
i ng
mat er i al s such as vi nyl , asphal t , r ubber , or
l i nol eum.
When ai r - dr yi ng past e i s used i n set t i ng el ec-
t r odes,
means shoul d be pr ovi ded f or qui ck
dr yi ng.
Hand- hel d hai r dr yer s ar e somet i mes
used, but a l owpr essur e compr essed- ai r out l et
i s pr ef er r ed
. Some t echni ci ans use a sel f - sup-
por t i ng conduct i ng past a f or el ect r ode at t ach-
ment t hat r equi r es no dr yi ng; ot her s use pi n-
t ype el ect r odes, whi ch do not r equi r e past e
or adhesi ve, f or i nser t i on i nt o t he scal p.
Shi el di ng
Shi el di ng may be r equi r ed, dependi ng upon t he
equi pment used and i t s l ocat i on wi t h r espect
t o sour ces of di st ur bances and t he qual i t y of
r ecor di ngs r equi r ed. I t i s r ecommended t hat i n
newconst r uct i on shi el di ng be pr ovi ded i n al l
exami ni ng r ooms, and t hat omi ssi on of shi el d-
i ng be consi der ed onl y when conver t i ng exi st -
i ng r ooms.
Pr oper l y i nst al l ed shi el di ng of t he exami n.
i ng r ooms wi l l el i mi nat e or mi ni mi ze out si de
di st ur bances caused by
st at i c
el ect r i cal
di s-
char ges end
hi gh- f r equency equi pment . I t has
l i t t l e ef f ect on magnet i c
di st ur bances such
as t hose pr oduced by power t r ansf or mer s,
hi gh- vol t age equi pment ,
and
cur r ent - car r yi ng
conduct or s . For mi ni mi zi ng
di st ur bances due
t o magnet i c f or ces, t he
most ef f ect i ve means
i s di st ance.
Wher e shi el di ng
i s r equi r ed, panel s and
equi pment f or
compl et el y shi el di ng t he r oom
may be obt ai ned
f r om sever al manuf act ur er s,
or as an
al t er nat e, sat i sf act or y shi el di ng may
be const r uct ed wi t h
copper i nsect scr eeni ng.
The st r i ps of
shi el di ng mat er i al shoul d be
bonded end
sol der ed at i nt er val s of about 2
f t or l oss and
shoul d ent i r el y cover al l wal l s,
f l oor s, cei l i ng,
door s, and wi ndows . The
scr eeni ng
shoul d pass ont he r oomsi de of any
l i ght i ng
f i xt ur e or el ect r i cal devi ce wi t hout
maki ng
cont act wi t h i t . Wel l and cei l i ng f i ni sh
mat er i al s and
t he f l oor cover i ng may be appl i ed
over t he shi el di ng i f desi r ed
.
I n t hi s
case, t he
shi el di ng mat er i al
shoul d be copper sheet i ng
t o pr ecl ude
t he possi bi l i t y of i nt er f er ences
devel opi ng i n t he
shi el di ng due t o t he i nst al l a-
t i on of
pl ast er or mast i c mat er i al s .
The
shi el d shoul d be gr ounded at one poi nt
onl y.
The gr ound connect i on shoul d be br ought
out t o a t er mi nal
ar r angement conveni ent f or
connect i on
t o t he EEG uni t and f or di scon-
nect i on f or t est i ng.
Doubl e scr eeni ng pr oduces
a mor e ef f ect i ve
shi el d t han si ngl e scr eeni ng.
Shi el di ng
ef f i ci ency i s f ur t her i ncr eased by
i nsul at i ng one l ayer
of scr een f r omt he ot her
t i onal t her apy, r ecr eat i on
. I t i s par t i cul ar l y
i mpor t ant t hat
physi cal and occupat i onal
t her apy be i n cl ose
pr oxi mi t y.
Amount of Space
The amount of space
needed depends on t he
number of pat i ent s
t r eat ed, t he ki nds of di s-
abi l i t i es and t he
t r eat ment s r equi r ed. Al so
t o be consi der ed i s t he
f act t hat some space-
consumi ng equi pment - such
as a whi r l pool
bat h, t r eat ment t abl es,
par al l el bar s, et c . - ar e
mi ni mumessent i al s
f or even a one- t her api st
depar t ment
. These pi eces of equi pment
wi l l
not be
mul t i pl i ed i n di r ect pr opor t i on t o
i n-
cr eases i n st af f
and pat i ent l oad.
Ef f or t s t o
cor r el at e bed capaci t y and physi -
cal t her apy space
r equi r ement s ar e not
sat i s-
f act or y. Hospi t al s
wi t h 50- 100 beds may
ser ve
l ar ge number s
of out - pat i ent s . The amount
of
space gi ven over t o
physi cal t her apy i n a
smal l
hospi t al i s, j ust i f i abl y, out
of pr opor t i on t o t he
bed capaci t y.
No absol ut e
st andar d can be r ecommended
as t he amount of
space needed f or physi cal
t her apy i n a
gener al hospi t al . The most t hat
space,
l ocat i on and wor k ar eas
. Vent i l at i on,
l i ght i ng,
i nt er i or f i ni sh and
r el at ed consi der a-
t i ons al so
cont r i but e t owar d
pr ovi di ng a sui t -
abl e
envi r onment . The keynot e i s
f unct i on.
Locat i on
Locat i on
i s cl osel y r el at ed t o f unct i on
. The ar ea
sel ect ed
f or physi cal t her apy shoul d
be cen-
t r al l y
l ocat ed t o mi ni mi ze pr obl ems
of t r ans-
por t i ng
pat i ent s and t o f aci l i t at e
gi vi ng bedsi de
t r eat ment
when necessar y. At
l east hal f of t he
pat i ent s t r eat ed i n a gener al
hospi t al physi cal
t her apy
depar t ment ar e
l i kel y t o be out -
pat i ent s . Wi t h t hi s i n
mi nd, speci al at t ent i on
shoul d be gi ven t o accessi bi l i t y,
and t o havi ng
as
f ewst eps as possi bl e t o
cl i mb, as f ewl ong
cor r i dor s and heavy door s t o
negot i at e. A
gr ound f l oor l ocat i on, conveni ent
f or bot h i n-
and out - pat i ent s
and f or access t o
an out door
exer ci se ar ea, i s
r ecommended.
Avai l abi l i t y of dayl i ght
and f r esh ai r shoul d
al so be consi der ed i n
sel ect i ng a l ocat i on.
I n newhospi t al s, physi cal
t her apy i s f r e-
quent l y pl aced i n an ar ea
whi ch i ncl udes ot her
out - pat i ent ser vi ces,
soci al ser vi ce, occupa-
except at t he one gr ound
poi nt . I f s scr eened
r oomi s pr ovi ded, al l el ect r i c
conduct or s ent er -
i ng t he scr eened ar ea shoul d be
equi pped wi t h
f i l t er s t o pr event di st ur bances
by t hese con-
duct or s .
PHYSI CAL
THERAPY DEPARTMENT*
Of t he many envi r onment al f act or s
whi ch con-
di t i on t he ef f ect i veness of physi cal
t her apy
ser vi ce t o pat i ent s, t he most
i mpor t ant ar e
*Thi s
mat er i al i s condensed f r om
t he chapt er
" Sui t abl e
Envi r onment ' ' i n t he manual
Physi cal
Ther apy
Essent i al s of a Hospi t al
Depar t ment
pr epar ed by
t he J oi nt Commi t t ee of
t he Amer -
i can Hospi t al
Associ at i on and t he
Amer i can
Physi cal
Ther apy Associ at i on.
Pl anni ng i s
by Thomas P. Gal br ai t h
and
Pet er N. J enson,
Hospi t al Ar chi t ect s of
t he
Ar chi t ect ur al
andEngi neer i ng Br anch,
Di vi si on
of Hospi t al
and Medi cal Faci l i t i es,
Publ i c
Heal t h Ser vi ce.
Fi g. 2

Recommended sui t e wi t h
separ at e pr epar at i on
and exami ni ng r ooms .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Physi cal
Equi pment l i st
l .

El ect r oencephal ogr aph,
consol e t ype
2. St ool
3. St eel cabi net wi t h
shel vi ng and door
4. Wor k bench,
cabi net bel ow
5. Shel f
6.

Phot ost i mul at or
panel ( i f used)
7. Cl ock wi t h sweep second
hand above
gl ass panel
8.

Cl ock out l et
9.

Adj ust abl e hospi t al
bed
10,

Si nk i n count er , cabi net s
bel ow
11.

Sani t ar y wast e
r ecept acl e
12 .

Chai r f or pat i ent
pr epar at i on
13.

Hook st r i p
14.

Mi r r or above si nk
15.

Gl ass wi ndow
16.

Two hol es t hr ough
wal l , 3 i n. , 20 i n.
f r omf l oor
17. Ar mchai r
18.

Gener al
of f i ce- t ype desk and chai r
19.

Typi st ' s desk and chai r
20.

Execut i ve- t ype
desk and chai r
21. Two- pol e swi t ch
f or l i ght i n pat i ent ' s
r oom
22. Fi l i ng compar t ment s
f or EEG r ecor d-
i ngs
23.

Fi l e cabi net s,
l egal si ze
24.

Cabi net above
f or el ect r odes, et c.
25.

Wor k t abl e
26.

Dupl ex out l et s
27. Venet i an
bl i nd
Equi pment l i st
1. Post ur e Mi r r or
2. Par al l el Bar s
3. St eps
4. St al l Bar s
5, GymMat
6 . St at i onar y Bi cycl e
7. Sayer Head Sl i ng At t ached t o
Coi l i ng
8. Pul l ey Wei ght s
9. Shoul der Wheel
10. GymMat Hooks
11. Car t wi t h OpenShel ves
12. Open Shel ves
13. Wheel Chai r
14. Shel f
15. Wal l Hooks
16. Wal l Cabi net
17. Lavat or y, Gooseneck Spout
18. Wat er Cl oset
19. Hand Ral l
20. Wast e Paper Recept acl e
21. Por t abl e Equi pment
22. Adj ust abl e Chai r
23. Whi r l pool
24. Chai r
25. Tabl e
26 . Chai r , pr ef er abl e wi t h ar ms
27. Wheel St r et cher
28. Desk
29. Swi vel Chai r
30. Fi l e Cabi net
31. Bookcase
32. Bul l et i n Boar d
33. Wal l Desk ( count er , shel f
bel ow)
34. Lavat or y, Gooseneck Spout
and Foot Cont r ol
35. Wal l Cabi net wi t h Lack
36. Tr eat ment Tabl e, St or age
bel ow
37. Mi r r or and Gl ass Shel f over
Lavat or y
38. Adj ust abl e St ool
39. Laundr y Hamper
40. Si nk
wi t h Dr ai nboar d
41. Par af f i n Bat h
42. Gl ass
Shel f over Si nk
43.
Over bed
Tr apeze
44. Thr ee Si ngl e
Out l et s on sepa-
r at e br anch ci r cui t s . 1 out l et
2- pol e, 2 out l et s 3- pol e
45.
Fol di ng
Door
46 . Cubi cl e
Cur t ai n
47. Under Wat er
Exer ci se
Equi pment
48. Over head Li f t
49.
Coat Rack
50. Tel ephone
Out l et
Fi g. 1
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Physi cal Ther apy Depar t ment
Fi g. 2
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Physi cal
f r ommot or s cal l f or speci al car e and at t ent i on.
El ect r i cal and met al
equi pment i n ot her t r eat -
ment ar eas may suf f er
damage unl ess t he
under wat er exer ci se ar ea i s
car ef ul l y pl anned.
Exer ci se ar ea: Ver y f l exi bl e
open space
pl anned t o accommodat e
pat i ent s engaged i n
di ver se i ndi vi dual or gr oup exer ci se
act i vi t i es .
Used ext ensi vel y by
peopl e i n wheel chai r s, on
cr ut ches or canes, or
wi t h ot her di sabi l i t i es
whi ch l i mi t t hei r mot i on and
agi l i t y. At l east
one wal l shoul d be
r ei nf or ced f or t he i nst al l a-
t i on of st al l bar s
end si mi l ar equi pment ( see
Fi g. 2) .
Toi l et f aci l i t i es : Separ at e t oi l et f aci l i t i es f or
pat i ent s and st af f ,
i f possi bl e. Pat i ent f aci l i t i es
shoul d be
desi gned t o accommodat e wheel -
chai r pat i ent s . I f t he depar t ment ser ves smal l
chi l dr en,
seat adapt or s wi t h f oot r est s shoul d
be pr ovi ded.
St or age: Desi gned t o meet speci al needs i n
and near
wor k
ar eas .
Shoul d al so be st or age
space on t he
war ds f or equi pment and suppl i es
usual l y
needed f or bedsi de t r eat ment s . For
wheel chai r s, st r et cher s,
et c . , i t i s best t o pl an
" car por t " space, not cl oset s .
Al l st or age space
shoul d be
accessi bl e, si mpl e, wel l l i ght ed .
Speci al Consi der at i ons
Vent i l at i on Adequat e,
cont r ol l ed vent i l at i on i s
of ext r eme i mpor t ance i n a
physi cal t her apy
depar t ment . Many of t he t r eat ment
pr ocedur es
r equi r e t he use of dr y or moi st
heat , or act i ve
exer ci se, whi ch r ai se body
t emper at ur es . A
cont i nuous, r el i abl e
f l owof f r esh ai r i s es-
sent i al t o t he comf or t of
pat i ent s and st af f . Thi s
i ncl udes pr ot ect i on
f r omdr af t s .
Ai r condi t i oni ng,
desi r abl e f or t he ent i r e de-
par t ment , wi l l be a
necessi t y f or cer t ai n ar eas
of t he physi cal t her apy
depar t ment , i n most
can be sai d i s t hat , i f possi bl e, i t i s desi r abl e
t o pl an f or at l east a t housand squar e f eet of
f l oor space, f r ee of st r uct ur al obst r uct i ons .
About hal f of t hat shoul d be exer ci se ar ea.
( See Fi g .
1 . )
Thi s does not mean t hat a hospi t al cannot
begi n
an ef f ect i ve physi cal t her apy ser vi ce i n
smal l er
quar t er s . Many have done so success-
f ul l y,
usi ng t o f ul l advant age what ever space
r esour ces t hey had. But cr owded quar t er s do
subj ect
t he st af f t o st r ai n and cal l f or mor e
t han
or di nar y i ngenui t y and good humor i n
or der
t o make i t possi bl e f or pat i ent s t o obt ai n
maxi mumbenef i t f r omt r eat ment .
Wor k Space Component s
What ever t he event ual si ze of a physi cal t her -
apydepar t ment , f r omt he
ver y
begi nni ng pl ans
must be made t o pr ovi de cer t ai n ki nds of wor k
space. These essent i al component s can be
expanded, mul t i pl i ed or
r ef i ned
as t he physi cal
t her apy depar t ment gr ows but t he f undament al
r equi r ement s ar e t he same f or a smal l or l ar ge
depar t ment . They i ncl ude: ( 1) r ecept i on ar ea,
( 2) st af f space, ( 3) exami ni ng r oom, ( 4) t r eat -
ment ar eas, ( 5) t oi l et f aci l i t i es, ( 6) st or age.
Exper i enced physi cal t her api st s have many
suggest i ons f or i ncr easi ng t he ef f i ci ency of
physi cal t her apy depar t ment s by gi vi ng at t en-
t i on
t o
det ai l s
of
pl anni ng and ar r angi ng t hese
component wor k ar eas . For exampl e:
Recept i on ar ea: Accommodat i ons
f or i n-
pat i ent s and out - pat i ent s, i f possi bl e. Adequat e
space f or st r et cher and wheel chai r
pat i ent s .
St af f space- pr i vat e:
Of f i ce space sui t abl e
f or i nt er vi ewi ng pat i ent s, at t endi ng t o admi ni s-
t r at i ve and cl er i cal dut i es, housi ng f i l es, et c .
Wr i t i ng f aci l i t i es f or t he st af f adequat e f or di c-
t at i on, r ecor d keepi ng. Ther e shoul d be space
f or st af f l ocker s
and dr essi ng r ooms separ at e
f r omt he pat i ent
ar ea, ei t her wi t hi n t he depar t -
ment or near t o i t .
Exami ni ng r oom: Fl oor t o
cei l i ng par t i t i ons
f or pr i vacy.
Ar r anged so t hat necessar y ex-
ami ni ng
equi pment can r emai n i n t he r oom
per manent l y
.
Possi bl e t o use
t hi s space f or
speci al t est s
and measur ement s or f or t r eat -
ment when pr i vacy i s
desi r abl e.
Tr eat ment ar ea: Ther e
ar e t hr ee t ypes of
t r eat ment ar eas : cubi cl e
( dr y) , under wat er ex-
er ci se ( wet ) and exer ci se ( open)
. Each i s de-
si gned t o meet t he par t i cul ar
r equi r ement s of
t he speci al equi pment used
f or di f f er ent ki nds
of t r eat ment .
Cubi cl e: Each uni t l ar ge
enough f or t he
physi cal t her api st t o wor k on
ei t her si de of t he
t abl e wi t hout havi ng t o move
equi pment be-
l ongi ng i n t he cubi cl e. Pr ef er abl y cubi cl es
di vi ded bycur t ai ns f or easi er access
f or wheel -
chai r and st r et cher cases, f or expansi on of
usabl e f l oor ar ea f or gai t anal ysi s, gr oup
act i vi t y or t eachi ng pur poses .
Cur t ai n t r acks shoul d be f l ush
wi t h t he cei l -
i ng and cur t ai ns shoul d have open panel s
at
t he t op f or vent i l at i on when dr awn
. Bot h cur -
t ai ns
and t r acks shoul d be st ur dy. I n or near
t he cubi cl es, out - pat i ent s need a pl ace or
l ocker f or t hei r out er cl ot hi ng.
Under wat er exer ci se ar ea: Al l equi pment r e-
qui r i ng speci al pl umbi ng and wat er suppl y con-
cent r at ed i n one sect i on of t he depar t ment
but
accessi bl e
and adj acent t o ot her t r eat ment
ar eas . Shoul d i ncl ude a t r eat ment t abl e, es-
peci al l y i n t he r oom wi t h a t ank or
exer ci se
pool . Fi xed over head l i f t s ar e absol ut el y essen-
t i al f or t he ef f i ci ent use of t anks and
f ai l ur e t o
pr ovi de l i f t s sever el y l i mi t s t he usef ul ness
of
t hi s val uabl e equi pment . Pl umbi ng and
ot her
i nst al l at i on r equi r ement s, humi di t y and
noi se
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Occupat i onal Ther apy Depar t ment
sect i ons
of t he count r y. The r educt i on of hu-
mi di t y f or comf or t , pr ot ect i on of equi pment and
r educt i on of t he hazar d of sl i pper y f l oor s
makes ai r condi t i oni ng vi t al
i n t he under wat er
exer ci se ar ea. I t has been demonst r at ed as
desi r abl e i n t he exer ci se ar ea and i n t r eat ment
cubi cl es,
especi al l y wher e heat pr oduci ng
equi pment i s used. Ai r condi t i oni ng engi neer s
shoul d be consul t ed bef or e vent i l at i on equi p-
ment i s
i nst al l ed.
Si nks Hospi t al s
hand washi ng l avat or i es wi t h
hot and col d wat er mi xi ng out l et s, pr ef er abl y
f oot oper at ed, shoul d be l ocat ed at t he pr oper
hei ght i n conveni ent pl aces . At l east one
si nk
shoul d be of suf f i ci ent wi dt h and dept h t o
accommodat e t he car e of wet packs and ot her
speci al washi ng needs .
I nt er i or Fi ni shes
The act i vi t y of pat i ent s i n
wheel chai r s, on st r et cher s
and cr ut ches sub-
j ect s f l oor s and wal l s t o heavy wear . Mat er i al s
whi ch
wi l l st and up under such r ough usage,
r emai n at t r act i ve
and r equi r e a mi ni mumof
mai nt enance shoul d be speci f i ed despi t e
hi gher
cost s .
Al l i nt er i or wal l sur f aces
of t he depar t ment
shoul d have a dur abl e and at t r act i ve wai nscot
t o pr ot ect t hem agai nst damage by
wheel -
chai r s, st r et cher s and car t s . Cer ami c wal l t i l e
or gl azed st r uct ur al uni t s wi l l ser ve t he pur -
pose but t hey emphasi ze t he
i nst i t ut i onal char -
act er of t he hospi t al . I n pat i ent ar eas t hi s
shoul d be mi ni mi zed as much as possi bl e.
I n
t he l ast sever al
year s vi nyl wal l cover i ng has
gai ned i n popul ar i t y as a
wai nscot i ng mat er i al ,
and t o some ext ent
f or t he ent i r e wal l . Two
wei ght s of t he
mat er i al ar e avai l abl e; t he
heavi er wei ght
f or
ar ses subj ect ed
t o sever e
abuse, t he l i ght er wei ght
f or ot her par t s of
t he
wal l .
The use of decor at i ve col or s f or i nt er i or
f i ni shes and equi pment i s, of cour se, hi ghl y
desi r abl e
i n t hi s depar t ment
as
i t i s i n ot her
par t s of t he hospi t al . Resear ch
i n " col or t her -
apy" f or hospi t al s adds t o decor at or s'
i deas t he
t her apeut i c val ue of combi nat i ons
of
past el
col or s . " Cool " past el s- gr een, bl ue, vi ol et
and t hei r many der i vat i ves- ar e consi der ed
mi l dl y r est f ul . Some l i ght col or s
i n gener al ar e
st i mul at i ng and may be of advant age
i n
t he
exer ci se ar ea.
Door s For accommodat i on of st r et cher and
wheel chai r t r af f i c, door s wi t hi n t he depar t ment
shoul d be at l east 40 i nches wi de. Rai sed
t hr eshol ds shoul d be el i mi nat ed.
Cei l i ng Moor i ngs These moor i ngs, st r at egi cal l y
l ocat ed i n t he cei l i ng i n t r eat ment ar eas, have
been f ound usef ul f or at t achi ng over head
equi pment such as hoi st s, pul l eys, bar s, coun-
t er bal anci ng equi pment , et c . They shoul d be
const r uct ed and at t ached t o j oi st s i n such a
manner t hat each suppor t s at l east 500 pounds.
Layout
I t i s i mpossi bl e t o ant i ci pat e al l of t he pr act i cal
pr obl ems of l ayout
i n
a
par t i cul ar bui l di ng or
t o say i n advance t hat one pl an or anot her i s
t he r i ght one. Af ewgui del i nes, however , may
be usef ul i n maki ng deci si ons about l ayout .
Expect t o expend and pl an f or i t f r omt he be-
gi nni ng. I t i s i mpossi bl e t o over est i mat e t he
val ue of t he exer ci se ar ea. Gi ve i t as many
squar e f eet of appr opr i at e space as possi bl e.
Not e t he need t o have t he under wat er exer -
ci se equi pment gr ouped i n one ar ea, separ at e
but adj acent and accessi bl e t o t he ot her t r eat -
ment ar eas .
When deci di ng whi ch uni t s t o pl ace next t o
each ot her or gr oup t oget her , consi der how
t hey ar e used by
pat i ent s, especi al l y t he f l owof
t r af f i c f r omone uni t t o anot her . Tr y t o avoi d
needl ess t r af f i c . Tr y t o conser ve t he ener gi es of
st af f .
Vi si t ot her physi cal t her apy depar t ment s and
f i nd out what t he physi cal t her api st s l i ke or
woul d l i ke t o change i n t he l ayout s of t hei r
own depar t ment s .
By ALONZOW. CLARK, AI A
wi t h t he
Col l abor at i on
of t he Amer i can Occupat i onal
Ther apy Associ at i on
OCCUPATI ONAL THERAPY
DEPARTMENT
The i ncr easi ng r ecogni t i on of occupat i onal
t her apy as an i nt egr al par t of t he medi cal r e-
habi l i t at i on pr ogr am has r esul t ed i n i t s be-
comi ng an i ncr easi ngl y i mpor t ant el ement of
hospi t al pl anni ng.
These pages pr esent a summar y of t he r ec-
ommendat i ons of t he Amer i can Occupat i onal
Ther apy Associ at i on ont he pl anni ng of t ypi cal
occupat i onal t her apy depar t ment s . These
basi c pl ans and di scussi ons wer e devel oped
t o
ser ve onl y as
gui des
f or desi gni ng si mi l ar
uni t s, and wi l l not be uni ver sal l y appl i cabl e
wi t hout some modi f i cat i on. Thi s mat er i al was
pr esent ed at l engt h i n t he Oct ober , 1950, i ssue
of HOSPI TALS, J our nal of t he Amer i can Hos-
pi t al Associ at i on. For r epr i nt s of t hi s ar t i cl e,
whi ch cont ai ns ext ensi ve equi pment and
sup-
pl y l i st s f or pl anni ng st or age, wr i t e Amer i can
Occupat i onal Ther apy Associ at i on,
6000
Exec-
ut i ve Bl vd
. . Sui t e 200, Rockvi l l e, MD20852
.
Basi c sol ut i ons f or occupat i onal t her apy
depar t ment s ar e l ar gel y dependent on t he
f ol l owi ng f act or s :
1 .
Number of pat i ent s t o be t r eat ed. On t he
basi s of hospi t al sur veys and commi t t ee r ec-
ommendat i ons, i t was agr eed t hat 30 per cent
of hospi t al pat i ent s shoul d nor mal l y be r e-
f er r ed
f or occupat i onal t her apy . About 40 per
cent
of t hese woul d
be
t r eat ed i n t he cl i ni c,
and 60 per cent t r eat ed i n t hei r beds or on t he
war ds . One occupat i onal t her api st i n t he cl i ni c
can
gener al l y
accommodat e
about 15 pat i ent s
i n each of t wo dai l y
sessi ons,
one i n t he mor n-
i ng,
one
i n t he
af t er noon
. Thi s number wi l l
var y accor di ng t o t he t ype of
pat i ent - mor e
psychi at r i c pat i ent s, f ewer
physi cal l y di sabl ed
pat i ent s .
2
. Fl oor space r equi r ed by pat i ent s . Appr ox-
i mat el y
54 t o 61 sq f t per
pat i ent i s r ecom-
mended f or t he ent i r e depar t ment ,
i ncl udi ng
cl i ni c, of f i ce and st or age. For t he
cl i ni c
al one,
42 t o
47
sq f t per pat i ent i s suggest ed
t o al l ow
f or easy ci r cul at i on and use of
equi pment
.
These f i gur es ar e based ona st udy of t he needs
of a t ypi cal depar t ment .
3.
Types
of t r eat ment
medi a t o be used.
Some 70- odd act i vi t i es ar e used i n occupat i onal
t her apy depar t ment s t hr oughout t he count r y.
Basi c r equi r ement s
f or smel l uni t s ar e as
f ol l ows ; t hese shoul d be expanded
f or l ar ger
uni t s :
a.
Bench
wor k- car pent r y, pl ast i cs,
met al
wor k i ncl udi ng pai nt i ng and f i ni shi ng of
com-
pl et ed pr oj ect s .
b. Tabl e wor k- l eat her , bl ockpr i nt i ng, f l y-
t yi ng, sewi ng and ar t wor k.
c. Loomwor k- weavi ng, br ai di ng
.
d. " Funct i onal
equi pment " ( not an act i ve
cl assi f i cat i on) - bi cycl e, j i g saws and ot her
adopt ed equi pment f or t r eat ment of physi cal
di sabi l i t i es .
St or age f aci l i t i es shoul d pr ovi de f or at l east
3 mont hs' suppl y, as manyi nst i t ut i ons or der on
a
quar t er l y basi s . Al l t he above i t ems must ,
of
cour se, be adapt ed t o sui t a par t i cul ar t ype
and si ze of hospi t al .
4.
Locat i on of
t he depar t ment i n a hospi t al .
Dayl i ght ed space
as
cl ose t o pat i ent ar eas as
possi bl e
and r eadi l y accessi bl e t o t oi l et f aci l i -
t i es i s r ecommended.
Pr oxi mi t y t o t he physi cal
t her apy depar t ment i s advi sabl e. Necessar y
f aci l i t i es i ncl ude r unni ng wat er , gas, and el ec-
t r i c out l et s ; dust col l ect or s
f or power wood-
wor ki ng
t ool s
ar e r ecommended.
The Smal l er Uni t
For hospi t al s up t o a
250- bed capaci t y, a basi c
pl an was evol ved ( see next page)
. At t he r at e
of
r ef er r al ci t ed, up t o 30 pat i ent s shoul d be
accommodat ed.
These coul d be car ed f or by
one t her api st , wi t h a possi bl e second
t her api st
f or wor d ser vi ce. On t he basi s
of 15 pat i ent s
per sessi on at 54 sq f t per pat i ent ,
t he ent i r e
uni t was
al l ot t ed 813. 75 sq f t ( 17 1/ 2 by 46 1/ 2 f t ) .
The cl i ni c ar ea, pl anned at 42 sq f t per
pat i ent ,
t ot al s 638. 75 sq f t ( 17' / , by 36 1/ 2 f t ) .
The mi ni -
mumbasi c act i vi t i es wer e pr ovi ded f or wi t h 20
wor k st at i ons f or f l exi bi l i t y i n
sel ect i on. Act i v-
i t i es r equi r i ng bul ky equi pment
such
as
pr i nt -
i ng and advanced cer ami cs wer e omi t t ed.
I t
was assumed t hat pr epar at i on and
f i ni shi ng
coul d be done i n t he cl i ni c or on a count er t op
i n t he st or er oom. The f ol l owi ng consi der at i ons
wer e made f or t he t hr ee speci f i c ar eas
wi t hi n
t he depar t ment :
1 . Cl i ni c ar ea. The f i r st obvi ous r equi r ement
i s space f or f r ee ci r cul at i on ar ound
t he r equi r ed
equi pment ( see gener al l i st
f ol l owi ng) . Space
f or par ki ng at l east 3 wheel chai r s i s al so
nec-
essar y. Doubl e door s at shop
ent r ance si mpl i f y
movi ng equi pment and suppl i es .
Sl i di ng door s
f or upper cabi net s avoi d i nt er f er ence
wi t h
pat i ent s wor ki ng at count er t ops .
No di spl ay
case f or f i ni shed ar t i cl es was
i ncl uded as i t
was f el t t hat t hi s emphasi zed t he pr oduct
r at her t hen t her apeut i c obj ect i ves
.
2. St or age ar ea. Space was
pr ovi ded f or a
mobi l e car t f or ser vi ci ng war d pat i ent s .
Acabi -
net wi t h wor k t op was i ncl uded f or pr epar at i on
and f i ni shi ng wor k. I t was assumed t hat
onl y
8- f t l engt h@of l umber and
pl ywood woul d be
st or ed i n t hi s basi c uni t , and t hat
ot her cl oset s,
r ooms, et c . i n var i ous par t s of t he
hospi t al
coul d be used f or " dead st or age. "
3. Of f i ce ar ea. Space was
pr ovi ded f or t he
usual of f i ce f ur ni shi ngs . Al ar ge gl ass
panel i n
f r ont of t he desk f aci l i t at es cont r ol and
super -
vi si on of t he uni t .
Var i at i ons f or Hospi t al
Types The basi c pl an
i s
di r ect l y appl i cabl e t o psychi at r i c and gener al
medi cal end sur gi cal hospi t al s . I n t he l et t er
case,
a bi cycl e j i g sawi s r ecommended i n pl ace
of
a dr i l l pr ess st and ( a t abl e model
dr i l l pr ess
coul d
be used) .
Tuber cul osi s hospi t al s r equi r e t wo
mi nor
changes :
r epl acement of one f l oor l oom
and
t he
br ai d- weavi ng f r ame wi t h t wo i ndust r i al
sewi ng
machi nes
.
Pedi at r i c hospi t al s need t he
f ol l owi ng
changes : a pl an adapt abl e t o di vi si on i nt o
t wo
par t s- one f or smal l chi l dr en, one f or adol es-
cent s
.
For equi pment changes, see pl an
. Tabl es
shoul d adj ust i n hei ght .
Physi cal di sabi l i t y hospi t al s can use t he
basi c
pl an wi t h a f ewvar i at i ons i n
equi pment .
Al t hough
f ewer pat i ent s con be t r eat ed per
t her api st , f ewer
wi l l be abl e t o come t o t he
cl i ni c f or t r eat ment ; a second t her api st wi l l be
needed
f or t r eat ment i n t he war ds .
The
Lar ger Uni t
Abasi c pl an
f or
a
t ypi cal occupat i onal t her apy
uni t
f or l ar ge hospi t al s of appr oxi mat el y
500
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Occupat i onal Ther apy
Depar t ment
Fi g. 1

Fl oor pl ans f or t ypi cal occupat i onal t her apy
depar t ment
i n hospi t al s up t o 250- bed capaci t y.
1.
Shadowboar dcabi net
2.
El ect r i c t ool gr i nder
3.
Tool st or ageandwor k
bench
4. 2- man bench
5.
El ect r i c j i g saw
6. Dr i l l pr ess
7. Weave f r ame
8. St ep st ool
9. St ai nl ess st eel si nk
10. Chai r
11. Tabl e- 11A.
Adj ust -
abl e t abl e
12. Fl oor l oom
13. War pi ng
boar d
14. Open shel vi ng
15. Pul l - out
shel f
16. St or age
cabi net
17.
Bench f or l oom
18. Fi l e
cabi net
19.
Book shel f and cabi net
20. Tool
cabi net
21
. Pai nt cabi net
22.
Fi ni shi ng bench and
cabi net s
23.
El ect r i c hot pl at e
24. Lumber r ack
25.
Dr i nki ng f ount ai n
26. Bul l et i n boar d
27. St or age bi ns and
wor k bench
28. Tabl e l oom
29. Gl ass
panel
30. I r oni ng
boar d
31. Fl uor escent
l i ght
32.
War d car t
33. Desk
34.
Tr ash basket
35.
Sand box
36.
Pl ay house
37.
Ci r cul ar t abl e
38.
Cut - out t abl e-
adj ust abl e
39. Power l at he
40.
Bi cycl e j i g saw
41. Tr eadl e sander
42. Accor di on t ype
f ol di ng door
43. Lar ge ki l n
44. Smal l ki l n
45. Dampcl oset
46. Por t er s
wheel
47. I mposi ng
t abl e
48. Type
cabi net
49.
Pr i nt i ng pr ess
50.
El ect r i c ci r cul ar
saw
51
. Typewr i t er t abl e
52
. El ect r i c bel t
sander
53 . El ect r i c di sc
sander
54. Sewi ng
machi ne
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Occupat i onal
Fi g. 2

Fl oor pl ans f or t ypi cal
occu-
pat i onal t her apy depar t ment
i n
hospi t al s up t o 500- bed
capaci t y.
1.
Shadowboar d cabi net
2 . El ect r i c
t ool gr i nder
3.
Tool st or age and
wor k bench
4. 2- man bench
S .
El ect r i c j i g saw
6. Dr i l l pr ess
7. Weave f r ame
d. St ep st ool
9. St ai nl ess st eel
si nk
10. Chai r
11. Tabl e- 11A
. Adj ust -
abl e t abl e
12. Fl oor l oom
13.
War pi ng boar d
14. Open shel vi ng
15. Pul l - out shel f
16. St or age cabi net
17. Bench f or l oam
18. Fi l e cabi net
19. Book shel f
and cabi net
20. Tool cabi net
21. Pai nt cabi net
22. Fi ni shi ng
beach and
cabi net s
23. El ect r i c
hot pl at e
24. Lumber
r ack
25. Dr i nki ng
f ount ai n
26. Bul l et i n
boar d
27. St or age
bi ns and
wor k
bench
28. Tabl e
l oom
29.
Gl ass panel
30.
I r oni ng boar d
31
. Fl uor escent l i ght
32. War d car t
33. Desk
34. Tr ash basket
35. Sand box
36. Pl ay house
37. Ci r cul ar t abl e
3" . Cut - out
t abl e-
adj ust abl e
39. Power l at he
40.
Bi cycl e j i g saw
41. Tr eadl e sander
42. Accor di on t ype
f ol di ng door
43. Lar ge ki l n
44. Smal l ki l n
45 . Dampcl oset
46. Pot t er s wheel
47. I mposi ng t abl e
48. Type cabi net
49. Pr i nt i ng pr ess
50. El ect r i c ci r cul ar saw
51. Typewr i t er
t abl e
52. El ect r i c bel t
sander
53. El ect r i c di sc
sander
54. Sewi ng
machi ne
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor at or y
beds was shown
pr evi ousl y. Agai n usi ng t he
same basi s
f or r at e of pat i ent r ef er r al s t o t he
depar t ment ( 30 per
cent of r at ed bed capaci t y) ,
t he l ar ge uni t shoul d
accommodat e 150 pa-
t i ent s a day.
Theact ual cl i ni c l oad woul d be 60
pat i ent s ( 40 per cent
of 150) , or about 30 i n
each of t wo sessi ons .
The uni t as
pr esent ed was pl anned on t he
basi s of 31 pat i ent s . Usi ng 61 sq
f t per per son,
t he
gr oss ar ea al l ot t ed t he ent i r e
uni t
i s
appr ox-
i mat el y 1, 880 sq f t . Net ar ea of
t he cl i ni c i s
about
1, 450 aq f t , or 47 sq f t per per son
.
Thi s i ncr eased space per per son over t hat
al l owed
i n t he smal l er uni t i s t he
r esul t of
addi ng
t wo act i vi t i es r equi r i ng bul ky
equi p-
ment and
separ at e r ooms. These ar e cer ami cs
and pr i nt i ng.
I t was al so deemed essent i al
t o have a separ at e
war d pr epar at i on r oomt o
ser ve t he i ncr eased number
of war d pat i ent s .
To al l ow
f or
a
necessar y di sper si on f act or ,
10 ext r a wor k
st at i ons ar e pr ovi ded i n t he
cl i ni c . The l ar ger uni t
t her ef or e cont ai ns t he
f ol l owi ng sect i ons :
1. Cl i ni c, i ncl udi ng weavi ng
and t abl e act i v-
i t i es ar ea, bench act i vi t i es, pr i nt i ng
uni t ,
cer ami cs uni t .
2.
Of f i ce.
3 . St or age.
4.
War d pr epar at i on ar ea.
Thr ee t her api st s
pl us t hr ee assi st ant s coul d
r un cl i ni c
and war ds.
Space r equi r ement s
f or t he var i ous act i vi t i es
wer e det er mi ned f r om
t he f ol l owi ng est i mat e :
3.
Li br ar y
4
. Conf er ence r oom
5.
Lobby and wai l i ng
6. Toi l et s:
publ i c, per sonnel
DI AGNOSTI CS
TREATMENT
Labor at or y
:
1 . Of f i ce
2.
Cl i ni cal
3. Pat hol ogy
4. Bact er i ol ogy
5. Washi ng and
st er i l i zi ng
Sui t es :
1. Basal met abol i smand
el ect r ocar di ol ogy
2. Mor gue and aut opsy
3. Dent al
4. Eye, ear , nose and t hr oat
5.
El ect r oencephal ogr aphy
6. Radi ol ogy
Physi cal t her apy:
1. El ect r ot her apy
2.
Hydr ot her apy wi t h exer ci se
3. Smal l gymnasi um
Phar macy depar t ment
Occupat i onal
t her apy:
1 .
Space f or smal l woodwor ki ng t ool s
endbenches
f or car pent r y, met al wor k, l eat her
wor k, pr i nt i ng,
weavi ng, r ug maki ng, et c.
2. Of f i ce
3. St or age r oom
OUTPATI ENT
EXAMI NATI ONAND
TREATMENT
Of f i ce space f or :
1 . Psychi at r i st s
2. Psychol ogi st s
3.
Soci al wor ker s
4. Nur ses
5 .
Heal t h educat or s
6.
Occupat i onal t her api st s
7 . Rehabi l i t at i on counsel or s
8 . Recr eat i on t her api st s
9.
Cl er i cal oper at or s
10.
Ai des
11.
Resear ch anal yst
12. Gr oup
t her apy and
conf er ence
( Lobby,
wai t i ng space, andt oi l et s
maybe com-
bi ned wi t h
t hose i n t he
admi ni st r at i ve ar ea. )
I NPATI ENT FACI LI TI ES
Faci l i t i es may be r equi r ed
f or t he f ol l owi ng
t ypes of pat i ent s gr ouped
i n accor dance wi t h
t he l ocal pr ogr am. ( Separ at e
spaces f or mal e
and
f emal e. Tr eat ment and
di agnosi s spaces
f or each
cat egor y. )
Pat i ent s' cat egor i es :
1. Nowadmi ssi ons
2. Qui et ambul ant
3. Di st ur bed
4.
Al cohol i c
5. Cr i mi nal i st i c
6. Day car e
7. Ni ght car e
8. Chi l dr en
a. Emot i onal l y di st ur bed
b. Ret ar ded
Each pat i ent
car e uni t :
1
.
Wai t i ng
space f or vi si t or s
2.
Doct or s' of f i ces and exami nat i on
r ooms
3. Of f i ces
f or psychol ogi st s, soci al wor k-
er s, t her api st or ot her s
as r equi r ed
4. Nur ses' st at i on
and t oi l et
5. Conf er ence r oom
6. Ther apy space
7. Day r oom( s)
8. Ut i l i t y r oom
9. Pant r y or nour i shment
pr epar at i on
10 . Di ni ng r oom
11 . Washr oomand t oi l et s
12 . Pat i ent s'
l ocker s
13 . Shower s end bat hr ooms
Var i at i ons
f or Hospi t al
Types The l ar ger
pl an i s
sui t abl e f or gener al medi cal and sur gi cal
hos-
pi t al s, psychi at r i c hospi t al s
and, wi t h mi nor
changes i n equi pment , f or hospi t al s t r eat i ng
physi cal di sabi l i t i es . Sever al uni t s mi ght
be
used
f or ver y
l ar ge psychi at r i c hospi t al s.
Pedi at r i c hospi t al s ar e sel domas l ar ge as 500
beds ;
i f
so mor e per sonnel ar e needed.
Compi l ed by t he Ar chi t ect ur al
and Engi neer -
I ng
Br anch, Di vi si on of Hospi t al and
Medi cal
Faci l i t i es, U. S. Publ i c Heal t h
Ser vi ce; August
Hoenack,
Br anch Chi ef
CHECKLI ST OF SPACES FORACOMMUNI TY
MENTAL
HEALTHCENTER
Faci l i t i es
l i st ed ar e t hose t hat maybe r equi r ed
i n t he over al l pr ogr ams of ment al heal t h cen-
t er s. They can be i n one or sever al bui l di ngs
on one or
sever al si t es, even under one or
sever al cooper at i ng owner shi ps. The l i st i s f or
r evi ewby
ar chi t ect s and admi ni st r at or s when-
ever new
f aci l i t i es ar e pl anned.
ADMI NI STRATI ON
Of f i ce space f or :
1. Di r ect or
2. Assi st ant di r ect or
3. Nur si ng di r ect or
4. Secr et ar i es and t ypi st s
5. Busi ness of f i ce
Anci l l ar y spaces :
1. Recor d r oom
2. St af f l ounge
14. St or age
( f or r ecr eat i onal and
Occupa-
t i onal t her apy
equi pment )
15. Suppl y and l i nen st or age
16.
J ani t or s' cl oset
17
. St r et cher al cove
Mi ni mumr oom ar eas:
1. 80 aq f t per bed i n al coves
and f our -
bed
r ooms
2. 100 sq f t i n si ngl e r ooms
3.
40 t o 50 sq f t per pat i ent i n day
r ooms,
pr ef er abl y
di vi ded i nt o one l ar ge and one
smel l
r oom
STERI LI ZI NGANDSUPPLY FACI LI TI ES
( Suf f i ci ent t o ser ve bot h
out pat i ent s and i n-
pat i ent s . )
SERVI CE DEPARTMENT
Di et ar y f aci l i t i es :
1. Mai n ki t chen and baker y
2. Di et i t i ans' of f i ce
3. Di shwashi ng r oom
4. Ref r i ger at or s
5. Gar bage col l ect i ng and di sposal
f aci l i -
t i es
6
. Can
washi ng r oom
7. Day st or age r oom
8. St af f di ni ng r oom
Housekeepi ng f aci l i t i es :
1. Laundr y
2. Separ at e sor t i ng r oom
3. Separ at e cl ean l i nen
and sewi ng r oom
4. Housekeeper ' s of f i ce
end st or age
( near
l i nen st or age)
Mechani cal f aci l i t i es :
1.
Boi l er r oomand pump
r oom
2. Engi neer ' s
of f i ce
3. Shower
and l ocker r oom
Mai nt enance
shops:
Car pent r y,
pai nt i ng, mechani cal , r epai r
r ooms
Empl oyees' f aci l i t i es :
Locker , r est , t oi l et
and shower r ooms f or
var i ous cat egor i es
St or age:
1 . Medi cal
r et ar ds
2. Gener al st or age ( a mi ni mum20 sq f l
per bed
t o be concent r at ed i n one ar ea)
GENERALHOSPI TAL LABORATORY
Pr el i mi nar y Pl anni ng
Locat e t hedepar t ment as
f avor abl yas possi bl e
f or t he l abor at or y st af f
and t he ambul ant
i npat i ent s and out pat i ent s
. Aspace on t he f i r st
f l oor near an el evat or i s
pr ef er abl e. Al so, an-
ot her det er mi nant i n l ocat i ng t he
l abor at or y i s
t he consi der at i on
f or f ut ur e expansi on.
I n det er mi ni ng t he
over al l si ze of t he l abor a-
t or y, t he f i r st concer n i s t he
i ndi vi dual t echni -
cal uni t s. I t i s onl y
af t er t he si ze of t hese uni t s
has been est abl i shed and an
ar chi t ect ur al l ay-
out has been devel oped
t o f i t t he pr ogr am
t hat t he sumof t he
ar eas can accur at el y r ef l ect
t he si ze of t he l abor at or y
depar t ment .
The squar e- l oot - per - bed r at i o
i s no l onger
consi der ed a desi r abl e
gui de i n det er mi ni ng t he
si ze of a hospi t al depar t ment
because of t he
wi de var i at i on of such f act or s as
t ype and si ze
of hospi t al , pat t er n of usage,
gr owt h of t he
communi t y, and medi cal pr act i ce.
Pl ans f or t he
Pl anni ng t he Labor at or y f or t he Gener al
Hospi t al , Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce, Dept . of
Heal t h.
Educat i on, and Wel f ar e, 1963.
of No . of
Act i vi t y pat i ent s pat i ent s
Wood, pl ast i cs, met al . . . . . . . 22 7
Gener al cr af t s ( t abl e
act i vi t i es) . . . . . . . . . . . 64 19
Cer ami cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
Pr i nt i ng 5
2
100 31
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor at or y
l abor at or y ar ea shoul d be based on wor 4
vol umes wi t hi n speci f i c r anges, such at
40, 000- 75, 000 t est s, or 75, 000- 120, 000 t est s
The key t o t hi s met hod i s t o est i mat e t he wor 4
vol ume and i t s br eakdown i nt o wor k uni t s f or
hospi t al s of di f f er ent si zes .
The f ol l owi ng i s an out l i ne of t he pr ocedur e
whi ch may be used i n est i mat i ng needed l ob
or at or y space, based on t he number of t est s
per f or med, per sonnel , and equi pment .
1 . Br eak down t he t ot al vol ume of wor k i nt c
uni t s, such as hemat ol ogy, ur i nal ysi s, chem
i st r y, as pr evi ousl y not ed.
2. Det er mi ne t he
number of t echnol ogi st s
r equi r ed i n
each depar t ment . The dat e shown i t
Tabl e 1 may be used as a basi s f or t hi s det er
mi nat i on
.
3. Det er mi ne t he necessar y equi pment anc
space f or t he number of t echnol ogi st s r equi r ed
For t he pur pose of devel opi ng gui de mat er i al
t he Ar chi t ect ur al and Engi neer i ng Br anch of
t he Di vi si on of Hospi t al and Medi cal Faci l i t i es
col l ect ed dat a f r om360 hospi t al s i n addi t i or
t o t he dat a compi l ed by t he Commi t t ee or
Labor at or y Pl anni ng of t he Col l ege of Amer i can
Pat hol ogi st s . Tabl es
2,
3,
4,
and 5 pr esent
t hese dat a.
Many l abor at or i es showannual wor kl oad
i ncr eases of about 10 per cent , t hus doubl i ng
t he wor k vol ume i n appr oxi mat el y ni ne
year s.
Thi s annual i ncr ease shoul d be consi der ed
dur i ng t he pl anni ng st age of t he l abor at or y.
However , i mpr oved t echni ques and aut omat i on
suggest t hat i t may be possi bl e f or a gr eat er
vol ume of wor k t o be done i n t he same wor k
ar ea si ze.
Labor at or y Gui de Pl an
Pl an Ai s a suggest ed pl an f or a hospi t al l abor a-
t or y ser vi ce wi t h an est i mat ed wor kl oad of
70, 000 t o 120, 000 l abor at or y t est s annual l y .
For pl anni ng pur poses, t hi s l abor at or y i s de-
si gned t o ser ve a gener al hospi t al of
150
t o 200
beds . The nont echni cal st af f
woul d
i ncl ude one
or mor e l abor at or y hel per s i n t he gl asswashi ng
and
st er i l i zi ng
uni t
and
a
cl er k- t ypi st and
secr e-
t ar y i n t he admi ni st r at i ve uni t . ( See Fi g. 1s . )
The l abor at or y ser vi ces of a gener al hospi t al
havi ng t hi s wor k vol ume woul d r equi r e wor k
ar eas f or si x mai n t echni cal uni t s : hemat ol ogy,
bl ood bank, ur i nel ysi s, bi ochemi st r y, hi st ol ogy,
and ser ol ogy- bact er i ol ogy.
The bl ock pl an has been ut i l i zed her e, as i t
pr ovi des a good f unct i onal r el at i onshi p f or al l
uni t s . The pat hol ogi st ' s of f i ce i n t he cent er
pr ovi des f or easy super vi si on of t he wor k st a-
t i ons ; t he hemat ol ogy uni t i s near t he wai t i ng
r oom
; t he
bact er i ol ogy uni t i s at
t he
end of
t he
l abor at or y, yet near t he washi ng and st er i l i zi ng
ar eas ; and t he hi st ol ogy uni t i s near t he pat h-
ol ogi st ' s of f i ce.
Ot her schemes si mi l ar t o t hat shown i n Pl an
Dor a t ypi cal wi ng ar r angement wi t h a cor r i dor
down t he cent er woul d al so be sat i sf act or y.
I n t he t echni cal ar ea of Pl an A, t he openpl an
ar r angement ( except f or t he hi st ol ogy and
ser ol ogy- bact er i ol ogy uni t s) has sever al ad-
vant ages over t he " separ at e r oomf or each uni t "
scheme f or hospi t al s of t hi s si ze . These advan-
t ages i ncl ude: easi er super vi si on; common use
of such equi pment as desks, r ef r i ger at or s,
and cent r i f uges ; f l exi bl e use of per sonnel ;
and mor e avai l abl e space si nce many door s
and par t i t i ons ar e el i mi nat ed. I f desi r ed, par t i -
t i ons coul d be er ect ed bet ween
each uni t ,
as
i ndi cat ed on t he pl an f or t he hi st ol ogy and
ser ol ogy- bact er i ol ogy uni t s .
Labor at or y Modul e f or Tachi cal Ar ea Maxi mum
f l exi bi l i t y
i s desi r abl e i n t he t echni cal wor k
ar eas of t he l abor at or y depar t ment . I n t he
pl ans, t hi s has been achi eved by usi ng a mod-
ul e of appr oxi mat el y 10 by 20 f t , wi t h s si mi l ar
ar r angement f or each modul e. Each one con-
si st s of t wo st andar d l abor at or y wor kbenches
12 f t l ong,
30
i n.
deep, wi t h a
wor ki ng
sur f ace
or count er of about
23 i n. , and a r eagent shel f
.
Knee spaces ar e i ndi cat ed wher e needed f or
TABLE 1 Test s Per f or med Annual l y per Medi cal Technol ogi st '
Labor at or y Uni t
Test s
Hemat ol ogy 13, 400
Ur i nal ysi s 30, 720
Ser ol ogy 11, 520
Bi ochemi st r y 9, 600
Bact er i ol ogy 7, 680
Hi st ol ogy
3, 840
Par asi t ol ogy 9, 600
" These
f i gur es wer e der i ved f r omdat a devel oped by Sewar d E. Owen and
Edmund P. Fi nch, pr esent ed i n
t wo ar t i cl es publ i shed i n Moder n
Hospi t al , J une and Oct ober , 1957. Ti t l es of t he ar t i cl es ar e: " How
t o
Cal cul at e t he Labor at or y Wor k Load "
and " Howt o Measur e Labor at or y
Pr oduct i vi t y"
TABLE 4 Test s Per f or med Annual l y i n Each Labor at or y Uni t
Gener al
Hospi t al s- 150- 200 Beds
Technol ogi st s
Requi r ed
Uni t
Low Hi gh Medi an Medi an Hi gh
Ur i nal ysi s 6, 200 20, 100 11, 300 0. 4 7
Hemat ol ogy 29, 800
81, 200 35, 800 2 . 5 5. 6
Ser ol ogy 3, 600 13, 500 6, 800 0. 6 1 . 1
19, 600 6, 600 0. 7 2 . 0
Por asi t ol ogy" - - - - -
Bact er i ol ogy 400 4, 700 1, 800 0. 2 0. 6
Hi st ol ogy 700 5, 100 1, 800 0. 5 1 . 3
Basal Met abol i sm 30 700 400
El ect r ocar di ogr ams
800 4, 200 1, 300
Bl ood Bank Test s 130 23, 200 4, 500 1 . 0 2 . 0
Tr ansf usi ons
800 2, 000 1, 000
Ot her 500 9, 600 1, 700
TOTALS 5. 9 13. 3
" I ncl uded wi t h ur i nal ysi s
TABLE 5 Test s Per f or med Annual l y i n Each Labor at or y Uni t
Gener al Hospi t al s- 100- 149
Beds
Technol ogi st s
Requi r ed
Uni t Low Hi gh Medi an Medi an Hi gh
Ur i nal ysi s
3, 000
9, 000
4, 800 0. 2 0. 3
Hemat ol ogy 9, 000 37, 000 20, 200 1 . 4 2
. 5
Ser ol ogy 220 5, 600 3, 500 0. 3 0. 4
5, 300 2, 800 0. 3 0. 6
Bact er i ol ogy 85 3, 800 700 0. 09 0. 5
Hi st ol ogy 700
3, 100
1, 500
0. 4 0. 8
Por asi t ol ogy 200 250 200 0. 02 0. 02
Basal
Met abol i sm 20 300 60 - -
El ect r ocar di ogr ams 300 3, 300 650 0. 5 1 . 0
Bl ood
Bank Test s 20 9, 200 2, 800
Tr ansf usi ons 400
1, 300 700
Ot her
80 7, 300 400
TOTALS 3. 21 6
. 12
TABLE 2 Test s Per f or med Annual l y i n Gener al Hospi t al s
Hospi t al
Bed Si ze
Number of Test s
Low Hi gh Medi an
50- 99
100- 149
150- 200
12, 000
24, 000
55, 000
25, 000
75, 000
163, 000
19, 000
39, 000
69, 000
TABLE 3
Hospi t al s
Ut i l i zat i on I ndex of Labor at or y Ser vi ces i n Gener al
Hospi t al
Bed Si ze
Tes t s per Pat i ent Day
Low Hi gh Medi an
100- 149
150- 200
1
. 05 2. 02 1 . 29
1. 08 2. 67 1 . 32
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor at or y
t he l abor at or y
and t he cl er k- t ypi st i s r ecom-
mended
. Thi s enabl es her t o qui ckl y not i f y t he
t echni cal
per sonnel when a pat i ent ar r i ves
and
al so t o t r ansf er phone
cal l s f or i nf or mat i on
concer ni ng a l abor at or y r epor t
.
The pat hol ogi st ' s secr et ar y
i s al so l ocat ed
i n t hi s ar ea, near t he pat hol ogi st ' s
of f i ce. She
t akes di ct at i on and handl es al l t he
pat hol ogi st ' s
cor r espondence, sur gi cal
pat hol ogi cal r epor t s,
and aut opsy pr ot ocol s .
Veni punct ur e Cubi cl e. A
veni punct ur e
cubi cl e i s pr ovi ded wher e bl ood
speci mens
ar e t aken f r omt he ambul ant pat i ent s
sent t o
t he l abor at or y.
Speci men Toi l et . Aspeci men t oi l et
i s pr o-
vi ded i n t hi s ar ea f or t he col l ect i on of
ur i ne
and st ool speci mens ; a pass wi ndowopens
di r ect l y
i nt o t he t echni cal ar ea near t he
ur i nal -
ysi s uni t .
Basal Met abol i sm- El ect r ocar di ogr aphy Room.
Ar oomi s al so
l ocat ed her e f or basal
met ab-
ol i smt est s and
el ect r ocar di ogr ams,
end when
necessar y, t o obt ai n
bl ood f r om donor s . A
desk i s pr ovi ded
i n t hi s r oomt o per mi t han-
dl i ng of paper wor k
. Al avat or y i s al so pr o-
vi ded.
Pat hol ogi st ' s Of f i ce.
The pat hol ogi st ' s
of f i ce i s l ocat ed so t hat he
may have easy
access t o t he t echni cal ar eas of
t he l abor at or y,
par t i cul ar l y t he hi st ol ogy uni t .
Thi s of f i ce i s
separ at ed by a gl ass par t i t i on
whi ch per mi t s
t he pat hol ogi st t o obser ve t he
t echni cal wor k
ar eas. Adr awcur t ai n may be
used when he
desi r es
pr i vacy. Those who wi sh t o
consul t
t he
pat hol ogi st have access t o hi s
of f i ce
t hr ough an
ent r ance f r omt he
ar ea.
Auxi l i ar y
Ser vi ce Ar eas The auxi l i ar y
ser vi ce
uni t s
ar e l ocat ed adj acent t o t he
ar ea and
ar e easi l y accessi bl e t o
t he t echni cal
ar eas .
Gl ass
Washi ng and St er i l i zi ng
Uni t . The
gl ass washi ng
andst er i l i zi ng uni t
i s cl ose t o t he
ser ol ogy- bact er i ol ogy and t he
bi ochemi st r y
uni t s whi ch
wi l l ut i l i ze such ser vi ces
mor e
of t en t han t he
ot her uni t s . A separ at e
door
l eads di r ect l y
i nt o t he zer o l ogy- bact er i ol ogy
uni t so t hat cont ami nat ed
gl asswar e need
not
be t r anspor t ed t hr ough
ot her wor k
ar eas .
Wi t hi n t hi s uni t ar e
l ocat ed a wat er st i l l ,
pr essur e st er i l i zer , st er i l i zi ng
oven, and pi pet t e
washer . St or age cabi net s ar e al so
pr ovi ded
f or
st ock i t ems of gl asswar e,
chemi cal s, and
r eagent s . Ahoodover t he
st er i l i zer * and wat er
st i l l i s
used t o exhaust t he heat
gener at ed by
t he
equi pment . Ut i l i t y car t e used
t o t r anspor t
di r t y
gl asswar e f r om t he
var i ous l abor at or y
uni t s t o
t hi s ar ea ar e par ked i n
t hi s uni t .
Locker and Toi l et
Faci l i t i es . Separ at e
l ocker
and t oi l et f aci l i t i es ar e
pr ovi ded wi t hi n
t he l abor at or y
depar t ment f or t he
medi cal
t echnol ogi st s . Thi s conveni ence
r educes t he
t i me per sonnel
must be away
f r om t he wor k
ar eas .
Si nce most medi cal
t echnol ogi st s ar e
f emal es,
l ocker s have been
pr ovi ded f or t hem
i n t he depar t ment
. However , wher e
mal e t ech-
nol ogi st s ar e
empl oyed, l ocker s
shoul d al so
be
pr ovi ded f or t hem, ei t her i n
t he l abor at or y
or i n anot her
l ocat i on.
Opt i onal
Ser vi ces . Cl i ni cal phot ogr aphy,
medi cal
i l l ust r at i on, and r esear ch
f aci l i t i es
ar e not i ncl uded
i n t he pl an because
of t hei r
speci al i zed
r equi r ement s . I f t hese
ser vi ces
ar e t o be par t of
t he l abor at or y
depar t ment ,
r evi si on and
expansi on of t he pl an
wi l l be
necessar y.
Gui de Pl ans f or
Smal l er Hospi t al Labor at or i es
Pl an
B i s a suggest ed
gui de f or a gener al
hos-
pi t al l abor at or y ser vi ce
havi ng an ant i ci pat ed
al ong t he i nt er i or wal l opposi t e t hi s
uni t wher e
chemi cal appar at us, such as
col or i met er , f l ame
phot omet er , spect r ophot omet er ,
and car bon
di oxi de gas appar at us ar e pl aced . Adj acent
t o t he i nst r ument t abl e i s an anal yt i cal
bal ance
on a
vi br at i on- f r ee t abl e or ot her t ype of sup-
por t . By pl aci ng
t hi s appar at us away f r omt he
busy
pr epar at i on and t est pr ocedur e wor k
ar eas, per sonnel
can use t he appar at us wi t hout
i nt er f er ence f r om
ot her pr ocedur es . I t al so
l essens
t he possi bi l i t y of damage t o t he equi p-
ment by t he
acci dent al spi l l age or spl at t er i ng
of chemi cal r eagent s
.
Acent r i f uge,
r ef r i ger at or , and desk ar e pr o-
vi ded al ong t he i nt er i or
wal l opposi t e t he uni t
f or t he use of t he per sonnel
i n t hi s uni t . The
desk and r ef r i ger at or ar e
shar ed wi t h t he
ur i nal ysi s and t he hemat ol ogy
uni t s
.
Hi st ol ogy Uni t . The hi st ol ogy
uni t i s
assi gned a st andar d modul e,
separ at ed f r om
t he ot her uni t s by a par t i t i on t o
pr event odor s
f r omspr eadi ng t o ot her ar eas . I t i s
l ocat ed
near
t he pat hol ogi st ' s of f i ce si nce
t he medi cal
t echnol ogi st
her e wor ks under hi s di r ect i on
and super vi si on.
Al ong
one hal f of t he modul e, an ar ea i s
ut i l i zed
by t he pat hol ogi st t o exami ne sur gi cal
and
aut opsy speci mens and t o sel ect t he t i s-
sues
f or
sl i de
sect i ons t o be pr epar ed by t he
t echnol ogi st . An
exhaust hood i s pr ovi ded over
t hi s sect i on, as
shown i n t he pl an ( No . 53) ,
t o dr awof f di sagr eeabl e
odor s f r omspeci mens
and sol ut i ons . The
r emai nder of t he modul e
i s used
f or t he pr ocessi ng and st ai ni ng of
t i ssues . Knee spacss
ar e pr ovi ded, one at each
of t he speci al i zed
wor k ar eas . The wor kbench
i s 30
i n. hi gh wi t h a 22- or 23- i n. - deep wor ki ng
ar ea, cabi net s and dr awer s
bel owt he count er ,
and a r eagent shel f . Wal l - hung
cabi net s ar e
pr ovi ded f or addi t i onal st or age
. Aut i l ky si nk i s
pr ovi ded at t he end of t he
wor kbench.
Ser ol ogy- Bact er i ol ogy Uni t .
The ser ol ogy
and bact er i ol ogy wor k i s
combi ned i n one st an-
dar d l abor at or y modul e,
wher e a hal f modul e
i s assi gned t o each uni t . Cul t ur e
medi a f or use
i n bact er i ol ogy ar e pr epar ed i n
t he bact er i ol ogy
wor k
ar ea and sent t o t he st er i l i zi ng
uni t f or
st er i l i zat i on
.
The wor kbenches ar e 30- i n. hi gh wi t h
a 22-
or 23- i n. - deep wor ki ng ar ea, and
ar e pr ovi ded
wi t h r eagent
shel ves . Aknee apace i s pr ovi ded
i n each
wor kbench si nce most of t he pr oce-
dur es ar e done
i n a si t t i ng posi t i on . Aut i l i t y
si nk i s pr ovi ded
f or t he per sonnel i n bot h uni t s,
but t he bact er i ol ogy
uni t al so r equi r es a si nk
f or t he st ai ni ng of sl i de*.
Af ume hood i s pr o-
vi ded t o pr event t he
spr ead of possi bl e i nf ec-
t i on t o per sonnel
when pr epar i ng speci mens
f r omsuspect cases of
t uber cul osi s, f ungus, or
vi r us di seases .
Acent r i f uge, r ef r i ger at or ,
and i ncubat or ar e
pr ovi ded al ong t he i nt er i or
wal l wi t hi n t he uni t .
Adesk i s al so conveni ent l y
l ocat ed f or t he use
of t he per sonnel .
Thi s modul e i s par t i t i oned
and separ at ed
f r omt he ot her uni t s by a door
t o r educe con-
t ami nat i on of ai r and
t he hazar d of i nf ect i on t o
per sonnel i n t he ot her
l ab ar eas .
Admi ni st r at i ve Ar ea
The admi ni st r at i ve ar ea
i s separ at ed f r omt he
t echni cal wor k ar eas so
t hat t he nonl abor st or y
per sonnel need not
ent er t he t echni cal
ar eas . Thi s i s t he cent r al
cont r ol and col l ect i on poi nt
f or r ecei vi ng speci -
mens and i s t he r ecept i on ar ea
f or t he pat i ent s
and t he hospi t al st af f who come
t o t he l abor a-
t or y .
Wai t i ng Room.
A wai t i ng ar ea, wi t h con-
vent i onal wai t i ng r oom
f ur ni shi ngs, i s pr ovi ded
f or t he ambul ant pat i ent s .
I n t hi s ar ea, a desk
i s pr ovi ded f or a cl er k- t ypi st
. An i nt er communi -
cat i on syst embet ween t he
t echni cal ar eas of
per sonnel who per f or m t est s f r om a si t t i ng
posi t i on . Dr awer s, cabi net s,
and shel ves ar e
pr ovi ded
bel owt he wor k count er
f or dai l y
equi pment
and suppl i es . Thi s ar r angement pr o-
vi des a 5- f t ai sl e
bet ween wor kbenches, whi ch
i s consi der ed opt i mum
f or movement wi t hi n
t he wor ki ng
ar ea. Equi pment such as cen-
t r i f uges,
r ef r i ger at or s, and desks, whi ch may
be used j oi nt l y by
t he per sonnel , i s l ocat ed
opposi t e t he uni t s
al ong t he i nt er i or of t he
t echni cal wor k ar ea.
Techni cal
Ar eas Hemat ol ogy- Bl ood Bank Uni t .
A st andar d modul e i s assi gned t o t he hems-
t ol ogy- bl ood bank uni t . One hal f of t hi s modul e
i s pr ovi ded wi t h a wor kbench
f or pr ocedur es
such as hemogl obi n t est s,
sedi ment at i on r at es,
st ai ni ng, and washi ng
of pi pet t es ( i n Pl an A,
count er No .
7
on
l ef t si de of uni t ) . Knee apace
and st or age cabi net s
ar e pr ovi ded bel owt he
count er . I n t he ot her hal f of t he
modul e, a wor k-
bench 30 i n. hi gh, wi t h t hr ee
knee spaces, i s
pr ovi ded f or t echnol ogi st s who ar e seat ed
dur i ng t est s, such as t hose i nvol vi ng mi cr o-
scopi c pr ocedur es .
The mi cr o- hemat ocr i t cent r i f uge, because
of i t s noi se and vi br at i on when I n use, i s pl aced
i n t he gener al t echni cal ar ea al ong t he i nt er i or
wal l
di r ect l y opposi t e t he hemat ol ogy uni t . The
ot her
equi pment needed by t hi s wor k uni t ,
such as e
r ef r i ger at or , cent r i f uge, and r ecor d-
i ng desk, i s
l ocat ed conveni ent l y opposi t e t he
uni t , wher e i t i s shar ed wi t h t he ur i nal ysi s and
t he chemi st r y uni t s .
I t i s
assumed t hat t he l abor at or y wi l l obt ai n
bl ood f or t r ansf usi ons f r om ot her sour ces,
and, t her ef or e, needs onl y f aci l i t i es f or bl ood
st or age.
Abl ood bank r ef r i ger at or i s pr ovi ded
f or t hi s pur pose i n t he exami nat i on and t est
r oom.
Compat i bi l i t y t est s on t he bl ood ar e done
i n t he hemat ol ogy
uni t . Ahospi t al whi ch op-
er at es a
sel f cont ai ned bl ood bank, t hat i s,
col l ect s and does
compl et e pr ocessi ng of al l
bl ood, shoul d pr ovi de
a separ at e bl eedi ng
r oom, pr ocessi ng
l abor at or y, donor s' r ecover y
r oom, and an of f i ce avai l abl e
f or pr el i mi nar y
physi cal exami nat i ons.
Ur i nal ysi s Uni t . The ur i nal ysi s
uni t i s
assi gned one hal f of a st andar d modul e, con-
si st i ng of a wor kbench, 12 l i near f t l ong and
30 i n. hi gh, and ser ves as t he wor k ar ea
f or t he
mi cr oscopi c and chemi cal exami nat i ons .
Fi ve
l i near f t of t he wor kbench and s knee space
ar e
pr ovi ded f or per sonnel per f or mi ng t he
mi cr oscopi c
exami nat i ons ; t he r emai nder of
t he wor kbench
i s used f or t he chemi cal exami -
nat i ons . Asi nk l ocat ed at one end of t he wor k-
bench
pr ovi des a cont i nuous wor ki ng sur f ace
f or t he
t echnol ogi st s .
Bi ochemi st r y
Uni t . The bi ochemi st r y uni t
r equi r es an ar ea t hat
occupi es one and a hal f
st andar d l abor at or y
modul es
.
The hal f modul e
i s shar ed wi t h t he
ur i nal ysi s uni t and i s used
f or t he necessar y
pr el i mi nar y pr ocedur es t hat
ar e done pr i or t o t he act ual
chemi cal anal yses .
Aknee space
i s pr ovi ded i n t hi s wor kbench
f or per sonnel who
per f or mt i t r at i ons and ot her
pr ocedur es whi l e seat ed.
The adj oi ni ng modul e
pr ovi des wor kbench ar ea
wher e a var i et y of
chemi cal pr ocedur e* may be
per f or med and
i ncl udes a f ume hood f or
r emoval of vapor s
and gases.
The wor kbenches f or t he
chemi cal pr oce-
dur es ar e about 36 i n
.
hi gh, wi t h
dr awer s and
cabi net s bel ow. The r eagent
shel ves ar e used
t o hol d t he chemi cal s needed
dur i ng t he pr o-
cedur es . Two ut i l i t y si nks ar e pr ovi ded,
one i n
each chemi st r y wor k ar ea. Appar at us
used i n
t hi s uni t i s cl eaned by t he per sonnel
i n t he uni t ;
t est t ubes, pi pet t es,
and f l asks ar e sent t o t he
cent r al gl asswashi ng ar ea near by.
An i nst r ument t abl e 36 i n. hi gh i s l ocat ed
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor at or y
54. Easy
chai r
66. Wal l - hung wat er cl oset
56 . Paper t owel
di spenser
67
.
Gr ab bar , cont i nuous
58. Emer gency cal l
st at i on ( push but t on)
connect ed
t o
buzzer at secr et ar y' s desk
59. Tel ephone out l et
60
.
I nt er communi cat i on syst emout l et
61. Buzzer at r ecept i oni st ' s desk f r om emer gency
cal l i ng st at i ons
62. Hook on t oi l et - si de of door
63. Fi r e ext i ngui sher
64. Pus- t hr ough bet ween t oi l et and l abor at or y
66. Exhaust ai r gr i l l s near f l oor
66 . Wal l cabi net
67. Ref r i ger at or , 11 t o . f t .
68. Pi pet t e washer
69. Shel f , f or pi pet t e washer , 10 i n. above f l oor
70. Fol di ng door
71. Tabl e
f or el ect r ocar di ogr aph
72. Wi ndow
73. Cur t ai n
74
.
Si nk wi t h el ect r i c wast e di sposal
75. Car bon di oxi de cyl i nder
76. Gas cyl i nder s
under t abl e
77. Shel f f or ur i ne bot t l es

1y
78. Dr awer s wi t h adj ust abl e
shel ves,
bel ow count er
LEGEND
1. Desk, 30 by 40 i n. , si ngl e pedest al
2. Fi l i ng
cabi net , l et t er si ze
3. Count er , 30- i n. hi gh
4. St ai ni ng
si nk
6 .
Cup si nk
6 . Anal yt i cal bal ance
7.
Count er , 36- i n. hi gh
8. Cabi net s wi t h adj ust abl e
shel ves, bel owcount er
9.
El ect r i c st r i p out l et s, cont i nuous
10. Bookcase
11. Ut i l i t y si nk
12
.
Gas out l et
13 . Tabl e f or magazi nes
14.
Suct i on out l et
15 . Compr essed ai r out l et
16 . Tabl e f or
i nst r ument s
17.
St r ai ght chai r
18. St ool
19.
Two- compar t ment si nk 8- i n.
deep; dr ai nboar ds-
noncor r osi ve met al ;
peg boar ds above dr ai nboar ds
20. Cabi net
wi t h t r ash r ecept acl e on
i nsi de of door
21. Ut i l i t y car t
22. Labor at or y
pr essur e st er i l i zer
23. Hot ai r oven
24. I ncubat or
25.
Shel f or t abl e f or anal yt i cal bal ance
26. Cent r i f uge
27. Tabl e f or
Har var d t r i p bal ance
28. Wast e paper r ecept acl e
29. Ref r i ger at or , 8 cu. f t .
30. Ref r i ger at or , bl ood bank
31. Wor kt abl e
32. Mi cr o- hemat ocr i t cent r i f uge
33. Exami nat i on t abl e
34. Lavat or y
35. Basal met abol i sm appar at us
36 . El ect r ocar di ogr aph
37. Hook
st r i p
38. Tabl e, 24 by 36 i n.
39. St or age
cabi net s
40. Wat er st i l l , 2- 6 gal s . per hr .
41. Adul t scal e
42.
Fume hood
43. Doubl e- pedest al of f i ce desk
44. Of f i ce
chai r , swi vel , wi t h ar ms
45. Noncor r osi ve met al wor k sur f ace; pi t ch
t o si nk
46 . Typewr i t er
desk
47.
Post ur e chai r
48. Techni ci ans' l ocker s
49. Speci men
r ecei vi ng t abl e
60. Request f i l e wi t h pi geon hol es
51. Sl i de f i l e cabi net
52
.
Mi cr oscope t abl e
53. Exhaust hood
Fi g. 1

( a) Pl an A( 70, 000 t o 120, 000 t est s annual l y) f or aver age
si ze of
150
t o 200 beds. ( b) Pl an B
( 40, 000 t o 75, 000 t est s annual l y) f or
aver age si ze of 100 t o 150 beds. ( c) Pl an C( 20, 000 t o 30, 000
t est s annual l y) f or l ess t han 100 beds .
Fi g. 1 ( cont . )

( a) Pl an A( 70, 000
t o 120, 000 t est s annual l y)
f or aver age si ze of 150
t o 200 beds . ( b)
Pl an B ( 40, 000 t o 75, 000 t est s
annual l y) f or aver age si ze
of 100 t o 150 beds . ( c) Pl an C
( 20, 000 t o
30, 000 t est s annual l y)
f or l ess t han 100 beds.
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor at or y
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor at or y
annual wor kl oad of 40, 000 t o 75, 000 t est s . The
est i mat ed t echni cal st af f r equi r ed t o handl e
t hi s wor kl oad i s 4 t o 7 medi cal t echnol ogi st s,
based on t he annual wor kl oad per t echnol ogi st
( Tabl es 1 and 5) . The nont echni cal st af f woul d
i ncl ude one or mor e l abor at or y hel per s i n t he
gl ass washi ng and st er i l i zi ng uni t and a secr e-
t ar y t o handl e t he admi ni st r at i ve wor k. Thi s
pl an pr ovi des f or a l abor at or y depar t ment
havi ng a f ul l - t i me pat hol ogi st . I t i s assumed
t hat a hi st ol ogy uni t wi l l be needed.
Al abor at or y ser vi ce per f or mi ng a year l y
vol ume of 40, 000 t o 75, 000 t est s r equi r es t he
same t ypes of t echni cal uni t s
as
one
t hat
handl es 70, 000
t o
120, 000
l abor at or y t est s .
The space r equi r ement s f or t he t echni cal wor k
ar eas of t he uni t s ar e r educed, however ,
be-
cause
t he
wor kl oad i s l ess and f ewer t echnol -
ogi st s ar e needed . ( See Fi g. t b. )
Techni cal , Admi ni st r at i ve, Auxi l i ar y Ar eas
.
The
pl an pr ovi des f our l abor at or y modul es
wher e t he t echni cal pr ocedur es per f or med
i ncl ude hemat ol ogy, ur i nal ysi s, bi ochemi st r y,
hi st ol ogy, and ser ol ogy- bact er i ol ogy. Onl y t he
bi ochemi st r y uni t i s r educed i n ar ea because
of l ess wor k and si mpl er pr ocedur es . The de-
cr eased wor k vol ume i n t he ot her uni t s does
not
war r ant
f ur t her
r educt i on
of t hei r wor k
ar eas .
The pr i nci pl e of havi ng equi pment such as
cent r i f uges, r ef r i ger at or s,
and
r ecor di ng desks
cl ose t o t he wor ki ng uni t whi ch i s t o use t hem
was f ol l owed as i n Pl an A.
Because of t he decr eased wor kl oad, t he
wor ki ng ar ea and t he space f or cl er i cal per -
sonnel
al so
ar e r educed.
The gl ass washi ng, st er i l i zi ng, st or age space,
and t echni ci ans' l ocker
f aci l i t i es al so ar e
r educed
.
Pl an Dpr esent s a desi gn whi ch mi ght be
used f or a l abor at or y ser vi ce i n a smal l hos-
pi t al . I t al l ot s t he same ar eas f or t he t echni cal ,
admi ni st r at i ve, and auxi l i ar y ser vi ce uni t s t hat
Pl an B pr ovi des, but t he t ot al squar e f oot age i s
l ess . However , mor e di f f i cul t y i s encount er ed
i n pr ovi di ng as ef f i ci ent a r el at i onshi p bet ween
t he admi ni st r at i ve and auxi l i ar y ser vi ces and
t he t echni cal l abor at or y uni t s as i n t he pl ans
f or l ar ger
depar t ment s . ( See Fi g . 2. )
Pl an Ci s a suggest ed pl an f or a gener al
hospi t al l abor at or y ser vi ce handl i ng an annual
wor kl oad of f r om20, 000 t o 30, 000 t est s
.
The
est i mat ed t echni cal st af f
r equi r ed
t o
handl e
t hi s wor kl oad i s 2 t o
3
medi cal t echnol ogi st s,
based on t he wor kl oad per t echnol ogi st and t he
annual vol ume of t est s ( Tabl es 1 and 2) . The
nont echni cal
st af f woul d i ncl ude one l abor a-
t or y hel per
and a cl er k- t ypi st . ( See Fi g. 1c . )
The ut i l i zat i on of t he st andar d l abor at or y
modul e pr evi ousl y descr i bed per mi t s even t he
smal l l abor at or y t o be
di vi ded
i nt o
t echni cal ,
admi ni st r at i ve, and auxi l i ar y ser vi ce wor k
ar eas wher e t he t echnol ogi st s may wor k i n an
ar ea desi gned f or t he speci f i c t ask.
Because of t he decr eased wor kl oad i n a
l abor at or y of t hi s si ze, i t i s f easi bl e
t o combi ne
t he hemat ol ogy, bact er i ol ogy, and ser ol ogy
uni t s by pr ovi di ng hal f a modul e f or
hema-
t ol ogy and t he ot her hal f f or
bact er i ol ogy and
ser ol ogy. A second modul e i s pr ovi ded f or
ur i nal ysi s
and bi ochemi st r y, st or age space,
and r ef r i ger at or
.
Onl y t he mor e common and
si mpl e l abor at or y pr ocedur es woul d be done
i n t hese uni t s.
Agl ass washi ng and st er i l i zi ng
ar ea i s pr o-
vi ded di r ect l y opposi t e but apar t f r om
t he t ech-
ni cal wor k ar eas .
The admi ni st r at i ve ar ea pr ovi des a smal l
wai t i ng r oom wher e a cl er k- t ypi st r ecei ves
pat i ent s and l abor at or y r equest s and speci -
mens
.
I n t hi s ar ea, a r oom i s al so pr ovi ded
f or per f or mi ng basal met abol i sm
t est s and
and r epai r s
wi t h
a
mi ni mumof di sr upt i on of
nor mal l abor at or y ser vi ces
. Asuf f i ci ent num-
ber of val ves, t r aps, and cl eanout openi ngs
shoul d be
i nst al l ed and shoul d be l ocat ed so
as t o per mi t
maxi mum use of t he f aci l i t i es
dur i ng
r epai r s .
Labor at or y benches ar e
usual l y pl aced at
r i ght angl es t o and adj oi ni ng
out si de wal l s t o
ef f ect i vel y ut i l i ze space. Thi s l ocat i on of t he
benches si mpl i f i es, t o some ext ent , t he ar r ange-
ment of t he
pi pi ng
syst ems
by i nst al l i ng ver t i -
cal
l i nes i n
t he
out si de wal l and mount i ng t he
hor i zont al pi pi ng on t hi s wal l
. Thi s ar r ange-
ment i s par t i cul ar l y advant ageous
f or t he wast e
vent st acks whi ch must be
car r i ed ver t i cal l y
t o t he r oof . Removabl e panel s
bet ween t he
bench i sl ands on t he out si de wal l
pr ovi de easy
access t o t he
mai n pi pi ng syst ems and sec-
el ect r ocar di ogr ams .
Thi s r oom al so can be
used
f or
obt ai ni ng bl ood
speci mens f r om
ambul ant pat i ent s
.
Ut i l i t y Ser vi ces
The ut i l i t y ser vi ce syst ems r equi r ed
i n
t he op-
er at i on of t he l abor at or y i ncl ude wat er , wast e,
gas, vacuumand
compr essed ai r . Because of
t he i mpor t ance of t hese syst ems,
t he need f or
cont i nui t y of ser vi ce, and t he pr obabi l i t y of
f ut ur e expansi on, car ef ul st udy i s
necessar y i n
desi gni ng t hemf or saf et y and ef f i ci ency .
Pi pi ng syst ems shoul d not be exposed be-
cause t hey cr eat e housekeepi ng pr obl ems as
di r t col l ect or s and may be hazar dous ; many ar e
noi sy and unsi ght l y. They shoul d be l ocat ed
wher e t hey wi l l be easi l y accessi bl e f or ser vi ce
Fi g. 4

Di agr amof pi pi ng behi nd l abor at or y wor kbenches .
Fi g. 3

Per spect i ve vi ewof l abor at or y f or gener al hospi t al of 150 t o 200 beds .
Fi g. 2

Pl an Dal t er nat e pl an ( 40, 000 t o 75, 000 t est s annual l y) .
WOSPI TAL
CORRI DOR
Fi g. 1

l abor - del i ver y uni t f or
appr oxi mat el y 1, 500 bi r t hs per year .
t i onal i zi ng val ves . Br anch l i nes may be
car r i ed
f r om t he hor i zont al wal l pi pi ng
t hr ough t he
cent er
of t he i sl and t o ser ve t he benches
on
bot h
si des
.
( See Fi gs
.
3 and4. )
For
saf et y pur poses and t o f aci l i t at e r epai r s,
each
i ndi vi dual pi pi ng syst emshoul d be pl ai nl y
i dent i f i ed by
col or , codi ng, or l abel i ng. Al l
wast e pi pi ng
shoul d be of a noncor r osi ve mat e-
r i al and shoul d be
di schar ged t o a di l ut i on pi t
or shoul d be car r i ed
t o a poi nt i n t he pi pi ng
syst em wher e t he
di schar ge wi l l be di l ut ed
by wast e f r omot her ar eas .
Labor at or y si nks shoul d be
made of noncor -
r osi ve mat er i el and
shoul d be desi gned f or
l abor at or y ser vi ce. Awast e
gr i nder under t he
si nk i n t he ser ol ogy uni t i s
hi ghl y desi r abl e
f or di sposal of cl ot t ed bl ood
whi ch may ot her -
wi se cl og t he dr ai n.
LABOR- DELI VERY
SUI TE
Locat i ng t he
Del i ver y Sui t e
Si nce t he
l abor - del i ver y uni t i s basi cal l y sel f -
suf f i ci ent , i t may be
l ocat ed adj acent t o t he
newbor n nur ser y and
mat er ni t y uni t or el se-
wher e i n t he hospi t al ;
wher ever possi bl e, i t
shoul d be l ocat ed on t he same
f l oor . Tr anspor -
t at i on of mot her and i nf ant i s
r educed and
maxi mumut i l i zat i on of st af f i s
obt ai ned when
al l t hr ee uni t s ar e t oget her .
However , i n l ar ge hospi t al s
r equi r i ng mor e
t han one mat er ni t y
nur si ng uni t , anot her l oca-
t i on may be r equi r ed
.
Pl anni ng t he Labor - Del i ver y
Uni t i n t he Gen-
er al Hospi t al , Publ i c
Heal t h Ser vi ce, Depar t -
ment of Heal t h, Educat i on,
and Wel f ar e, 1964.
Funct i onal
Ar r angement of t he Del i ver y Sui t e
The del i ver y sui t e i ncl udes t hr ee ar eas of
act i vi t y:
l abor , del i ver y, and r ecover y. Pr oper
sequent i al ar r angement
of l abor , del i ver y, and
r ecover y ar eas
wi t hi n t he l abor - del i ver y uni t
f aci l i t at es pat i ent car e and ai ds
t he st af f i n
car r yi ng out pr oper
medi cal t echni ques and
pr act i ces . ( See Fi g . 1 . )
Labor , del i ver y, and r ecover y
r ooms shoul d
be
l ocat ed and r el at ed f or easy movement
of
pat i ent s
f r omone ar ea t o anot her
and f or good
pat i ent
obser vat i on. I n l ar ge sui t es,
l ocat i ng
ser vi ce
f aci l i t i es on subsi di ar y cor r i dor s
may
hel p t o r educe
and cont r ol t r af f i c .
Fr omt he
st andpoi nt of asepsi s, l ocat i on
of
del i ver y
r ooms and ser vi ce f aci l i t i es i s cr i t i cal
.
Al ocat i on
as r emot e as pr act i cabl e f r omt he
ent r ance t o t he
sui t e wi l l r educe t r af f i c, cause
l ess ai r t ur bul ence,
and pr ovi de gr eat er pr i vacy
f or t he pat i ent .
Scr ub- upar eas
shoul d be adj acent t o del i ver y
r ooms so t hat
at t endi ng physi ci ans can ob-
ser ve del i ver y r oom
pr ocedur es and t he con-
di t i on of t he pat i ent .
Amedi cal
pr epar at i on f aci l i t y ser vi ng l abor
and del i ver y ar eas
shoul d be conveni ent t o
bot h, accessi bl e onl y t o
aut hor i zed per sonnel .
Thi s i s usual l y l ocat ed
at t he nur ses' st at i on or
cont r ol ar ea.
St or age f or f l ammabl e
anest het i cs may not
connect di r ect l y wi t h
anest het i zi ng ar eas .
Asoi l ed hol di ng r oomshoul d
be conveni ent
f or pr epar i ng t he del i ver y r oom
f or a sub-
sequent pat i ent and
f or r et ai ni ng soi l ed ar t i cl es
f or di sposal , pr ocessi ng,
or r et ur n t o cent r al
ser vi ce.
Si nce t he exact t i me
of bi r t h can sel dombe
det er mi ned, l abor r ooms
shoul d be cl ose t o
del i ver y r ooms but
not so cl ose t hat t he t wo
ar eas
ar e i nt er mi xed or t hat pat i ent s i n l abor
can
over hear or vi ewdel i ver y r oompr ocedur es .
Asubsi di ar y cor r i dor ,
i f pl aced wi t h a
separ at e access t o
l abor r ooms, wi l l per mi t
t he husband t o vi si t i n t he l abor
r oomwi t hout
passi ng
t hr ough t he mai n
cor r i dor and may
al so ser ve
as a l ounge ar ea f or
ambul ant pa-
t i ent s and aut hor i zed vi si t or s .
A
r ecover y r oomshoul d be l ocat ed
wi t hi n
t he uni t
i n an ar ea : ( 1) adj acent t o
del i ver y
r ooms,
or ( 2) near t he mai n ent r ance
t o t he
uni t . The
det er mi ni ng f act or may
be t he pol i cy
on per mi t t i ng
vi si t or s t o t he r ecover y
r oom. I f
no vi si t or s
ar e per mi t t ed, t he f i r st l ocat i on
has
t he advant age
of i mmedi at e
accessi bi l i t y t o
del i ver y r ooms
and cl ose pr oxi mi t y
t o t he
at t endi ng
st af f . The second l ocat i on
enabl es
t he husband t o
vi si t t he pat i ent wi t hout
ent er -
i ng mor e r est r i ct ed
ar eas of t he uni t .
The l ocat i on
of t he nur ses' st at i on wi l l
be
det er mi ned t o some
ext ent by t he
si ze of t he
del i ver y sui t e and t he
nur si ng st af f . A
nur ses'
st at i on f or a uni t of
mor e t han t wo
del i ver y
r ooms shoul d be pl aced
near t he ent r ance
t o
ser ve as a cont r ol cent er
f or admi t t i ng
and
di r ect i ng pat i ent s
and per f or mi ng ot her
admi n-
i st r at i on pr ocedur es
wi t hout per mi t t i ng t hese
act i vi t i es t o i nt er f er e wi t h
ot her ar eas of t he
uni t . I f cont i nuous
at t endance i s di f f i cul t
because
of a smal l st af f ,
t he nur ses' st at i on
may be
l ocat ed bet ween
l abor and del i ver y
ar eas so t hat nur ses' t r avel t o
obser ve pat i ent s,
keep char t s, and par t i ci pat e
i n del i ver y r oom
pr ocedur es
i s r educed.
Locker and t oi l et f aci l i t i es
f or t he obst et r i -
cal
nur si ng st af f and
at t endi ng physi ci ans
shoul d
be i ncl uded wi t hi n
t he uni t and
ar r anged so t hat t hey wi l l
not ent er cl ean ar eas
i n
st r eet cl ot hes and wi l l
avoi d exposur e t o
con-
t ami nat ed ar eas af t er
changi ng t o obst et r i c
gar ment s. Wher e possi bl e,
ent r ances t o t hese
f aci l i t i es f r om
out si de t he uni t ar e
desi r abl e.
The doct or s'
l ounge and sl eepi ng accom-
modat i ons
shoul d be l ocat ed wi t hi n
t he uni t
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor - Del i ver y
Sui t e
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Labor - Del i ver y
Sui t e
adj acent t o t hei r l ocker f aci l i t i es so t hat t he
physi ci ans may be i mmedi at el y avai l abl e f or
pat i ent s' needs . Even i n t he smal l est hospi t al s,
sl eepi ng accommodat i ons near t he l abor -
del i ver y uni t shoul d be avai l abl e t o at t endi ng
physi ci ans .
Di ct at i on f aci l i t i es shoul d be l ocat ed i n or
near t he doct or s' l ounge.
Admi t t i ng and Pr epar at i on
Var i ous met hods ar e
used t o admi t mat er ni t y pat i ent s :
1 . Thr ough t he mai nhospi t al admi t t i ng desk
and t hen ei t her t o a mat er ni t y
nur si ng uni t
or
t o a l abor
r oomi n
t he
del i ver y uni t .
2. Di r ect l y t o l abor r ooms
i n
t he del i ver y
sui t e.
3. I n an
admi t t i ng
and
pr epar at i on uni t .
An admi t t i ng and pr epar at i on uni t i s desi r abl e
i n hospi t al s wher e a l ar ge dai l y pat i ent l oad
makes i t necessar y, af t er
obser vat i on, t o gr oup
pat i ent s : t hose t o be r et ur ned
home, t hose
t o be sent t o t he nur si ng uni t , and t hose t o
be admi t t ed t o t he l abor - del i ver y uni t .
I t such a uni t i s pr ovi ded, t wo l ocat i ons ar e
f easi bl e: ( 1) adj oi ni ng t he hospi t al admi t t i ng
ar ea, and ( 2) adj acent t o but not a per t of t he
del i ver y sui t e. The f i r st l ocat i on f aci l i t at es t he
admi t t i ng pr ocess and per mi t s i mmedi at e
pat i ent exami nat i on, pr ovi ded t he obst et r i cal
st af f i s avai l abl e, and i t al so pr event s pat i ent s
not i n l abor or t hose dest i ned f or i sol at i on f r om
ent er i ng mat er ni t y nur si ng ar eas . The second
l ocat i on concent r at es obst et r i cal st af f act i vi -
t i es i n a si ngl e ar ea of t he hospi t al and al l ows
i mmedi at e avai l abi l i t y of t he del i ver y sui t e i n
emer gency cases .
l abor ROOMS

Labor r ooms shoul d pr ovi de maxi -
mumcomf or t andr el axat i on f or t he pat i ent and
shoul d have f aci l i t i es f or exami nat i on, pr epar a-
t i on, and obser vat i on. Unl ess an admi t t i ng and
pr epar at i on uni t out si de t he l abor - del i ver y uni t
i s avai l abl e, t he pat i ent may be admi t t ed
di r ect l y t o t he l abor r oom.
Al t hough t r adi t i onal pr act i ce has per mi t t ed
t wo
or mor e beds i n l abor r ooms, si ngl e oc-
cupancy
r ooms ar e r ecommended. They el i mi -
nat e t he necessi t y
f or a pat i ent pr epar at i on
r oom, separ at e i nf ect i ous
pat i ent s, pr ovi de
gr eat er
pr i vacy, end i f i n accor dance wi t h hos-
pi t al pol i cy, per mi t
t he husband t o vi si t t he
pat i ent dur i ng l abor
.
These r ooms
shoul d have
: C
mi ni mumf l oor ar ea of
100
aq
f t . Mul t i pl e
cupancy r ooms shoul d have not l ess t hen
80
sq f t per bad. I f onl y one del i ver y r oomi s r e-
qui r ed, one l abor r oomshoul d be ar r anged as
an emer gency del i ver y r oomend shoul d have
a mi ni mumf l oor ar ea of 180 sq f t .
At oi l et and l avat or y f or each l abor r oom
pr ovi des pr i vacy f or t he ambul ant pat i ent , and
r educes bedpan ser vi ces ; however , pat i ent ' s
use of t he t oi l et shoul d be cont r ol l ed. I f i ndi vi d-
ual t oi l et r ooms ar e not pr ovi ded, a si ngl e
t oi l et r oomconveni ent t o al l l abor r ooms wi l l
suf f i ce .
One shower and dr essi ng cubi cl e i s suf f i -
ci ent f or t he l abor r oom ar ea . I f admi t t ance,
pr epar at i on, and shower f aci l i t i es ar e l ocat ed
out si de t he uni t , t he l abor ar ea shower may be
omi t t ed. Each l abor r oomshoul d have a l ava-
t or y wi t h gooseneck- t ype spout and f oot - or
wr i st - oper at ed
cont r ol s, soap di spenser , and
paper t owel di spenser f or handwashi ng by t he
pat i ent , t he nur se, and t he physi ci an.
The mi ni mumwi dt h f or l abor r oom door s
i s 3 f t
8 i n. However , t o pr ovi de f or t he passage
of beds or st r et cher s,
4 f t i s r ecommended.
Each l abor bed shoul d be
f ur ni shed wi t h oxy-
gen and suct i on out l et s and
nur ses' cal l i ng
st at i ons. Cont r ol s t o pr ovi de
adj ust ment of t he
l evel of gener al r ooml i ght i ng and t he bed
l i ght
ar e desi r abl e. Ai r
condi t i oni ng i s r ecom-
mended. Musi c, pi ped
i nt o
each
l abor r oom
end cont r ol l ed at t he
nur ses' st at i on, may be
consi der ed f or t he comf or t of t he pat i ent . A
cut - of f
i n
each
r oomi s r equi r ed.
Del i ver y Room
I n desi gni ng and equi ppi ng t he
del i ver y r oom, ever y f aci l i t y f or t he
wel f ar e and
saf et y of t he mot her and t he newbor n chi l d
shoul d be i ncor por at ed . Basi c consi der at i ons
i ncl ude t he i mmedi at e avai l abi l i t y of equi pment
and suppl i es, bui l t - i n pr ot ect i on agai nst an-
est het i c expl osi on, auxi l i ar y el ect r i cal syst ems
i n case of power f ai l ur e, an adequat e ai r - con-
di t i oni ng syst em, and f i ni shes t hat pr omot e
asept i c condi t i ons .
Space al l owance f or equi pment and f or t he
st af f t o ci r cul at e f r eel y i s a pr i mar y f act or i n
det er mi ni ng t he si ze of a del i ver y r oom. Acl ear
f l oor ar ea appr oxi mat el y 17 f t 6 i n. squar e i s
gener al l y l ar ge enough.
The posi t i on of t he anest hesi ol ogi st i n t he
del i ver y r oom
i s
det er mi ned by t he ar r ange-
ment of t he backup t abl e i n t he del i ver y r oom.
Thi s t abl e
i s
l ocat ed i n t he cl eanest ar ea of t he
del i ver y
r oom,
away
f r om
al l
t r af f i c
and oppo-
si t e t he ent r ance t o t he st er i l i zer and scr ubup
ar eas
.
The f eet of t he pat i ent ar e usual l y l o-
cat ed near est t he backup t abl e
wi t h
t he ob-
st et r i ci an at
t hat
end and t he anest hesi ol ogi st
at t he opposi t e
end . Si nce most
anest hesi ol -
ogi st s ar e r i ght - handed, t hei r equi pment i s
l ocat ed on t he r i ght , and i t i s desi r abl e t o pl ace
t he door so t hat t he anest hesi ol ogi st ' s equi p-
ment can be l ocat ed wher e i t need not be
moved when t he pat i ent
i s
br ought i n.
The vi ewbox shoul d be l ocat ed behi nd t he
anest hesi ol ogi st so t hat t he ci r cul at i ng nur se
may i nser t
or
r emove f i l ms and t he obst et r i ci an
may obser ve i t wi t hout t ur ni ng.
I t i s assumed t hat cesar ean sect i ons wi l l
be per f or med i n t he sur gi cal sui t e.
Ami ni mumcei l i ng hei ght of 9 f t i s r equi r ed
f or an obst et r i cal l i ght . Addi t i onal hei ght i s
advant ageous and may be r equi r ed f or some
t ypes of l i ght i ng f i xt ur es .
Oxygen end vacuumwal l out l et s shoul d be
i nst al l ed near t he bassi net l ocat i on f or use i n
r esusci t at i on .
Bui l t - i n cabi net s i n t he del i ver y r oomshoul d
be kept t o a mi ni mumand used f or st or age of
such suppl i es as sut ur es and speci al i nst r u-
ment s .
The mi ni mumwi dt h f or t he del i ver y r oom
door i n 3 f t 8 i n. ; however , 4 f t i s r ecommended
si nce pat i ent s wi l l of t en be moved t o t he de-
l i ver y r oomon a l abor bed.
An emer gency cal l syst em, f oot - or el bow-
oper at ed, must
have st at i ons i n each del i ver y
r oomwi t h a dome l i ght and buzzer i n t he cor r i -
dor over each del i ver y r oomdoor and i n l ocker
r ooms, l ounge, nur ses' st at i on, end ot her such
ar eas . Anur ses' i nt er comsyst emmust be pr o-
vi ded bet ween t hese
same ar eas .
Recover y ROOM
The
r ecover y per i od, af t er de-
l i ver y, i s cr i t i cal and may l ast f r om
1
t o 3 hour s .
Dur i ng t hi s per i od t he mot her r equi r es cl ose
obser vat i on and speci al car e by t he l abor -
del i ver y
nur si ng
st af f
.
Some hospi t al s i nsi st on
cont i nuous bedsi de at t endance dur i ng t hi s
t i me. Var i ous l ocat i ons may be used
f or
pa-
t i ent s dur i ng t he r ecover y per i od : a del i ver y
r oom, a l abor r oom, a bed i n t he mat er ni t y
nur si ng uni t , or a r ecover y r oom used excl u-
si vel y f or t hi s pur pose.
The r ecover y r oom has gener al l y been
accept ed as s necessar y f aci l i t y i n t he del i ver y
sui t e end shoul d be consi der ed f or any hospi t al
r equi r i ng t hr ee or mor e l abor beds . Ar ecover y
r oom pr ovi des a l ocat i on f or r ecover i ng pa-
t i ent s, f r ees t he del i ver y or l abor r oomf or
cl eanup pr i or t o occupancy by anot her pat i ent ,
concent r at es pat i ent s i n si mi l ar condi t i on,
and f aci l i t at es t he speci al
nur si ng car e r e-
qui r ed.
I n desi gni ng t he r ecover y r oom, pr ovi si on
shoul d be made f or easy movement of st r et ch-
er s or beds . I f a number of pat i ent s wi l l be
car ed
f or , a separ at e ent r ance and an exi t may
be
advi sabl e
.
Space shoul d be pr ovi ded f or a
nur se' s
desk, an i nst r ument car t or t abl e, a
cl ean suppl y car t , a
soi l ed l i nen hamper , and a
wast e r ecept acl e
.
The nur se' s
desk shoul d be
l ar ge enough f or a t el ephone, char t s, a nur ses'
cal l i ng st at i on, and
f or ms and wr i t i ng mat er i al .
Cubi cl e cur t ai ns at each
st r et cher l ocat i on
shoul d al l owcl ear ance
f or at t endi ng t he pat i ent
f r omei t her si de. Oxygen and
suct i on out l et s
anda nur ses' cal l i ng st at i on shoul d be
i nst al l ed
et each st r et cher posi t i on. Gl ass vi ew
panel s
bet ween t he r oom and t he cor r i dor
f aci l i t at e
obser vat i on.
Nur ses' St at i on The nur ses'
st at i on i s t he ad-
mi ni st r at i ve end cont r ol cent er of t he
l abor -
del i ver y uni t . I t s si ze, compl exi t y, and
l ocat i on
wi l l be det er mi ned by t he ext ent of r esponsi -
bi l i t i es char ged t o t he obst et r i cal super vi sor
as wel l as by t he si ze and st af f i ng of t he sui t e.
I f pat i ent s ar e admi t t ed di r ect l y t o t he l abor -
del i ver y uni t , t he nur ses' st at i on may be r e-
sponsi bl e f or admi t t i ng pr ocedur es . I nvent or y
end r equi si t i oni ng of suppl i es may be handl ed
et t he nur ses' st at i on, al t hough cent r al ser vi ce
woul d assume t hi s r esponsi bi l i t y under a com-
pl ement syst em.
I f of f i ce r ecor ds ar e ext ensi ve, f i l e cabi net s
may be necessar y. I n l ar ge uni t s, an of f i ce f or
t he obst et r i cal super vi sor may be r equi r ed. A
bul l et i n boar d shoul d be pr ovi ded f or wor k
schedul es andhospi t al bul l et i ns . Adesk- hei ght
count er f or t he mast er st at i on of t he nur ses'
cal l i ng syst em, medi cal r ecor ds, and a t el e-
phone may be adequat e i f t he dai l y wor kl oad
i s
smal l .
Doct or s' Locker s and Lounge Thi s ar ea shoul d
cont ai n a l ocker r oom, a t oi l et and shower
r oom, a l ounge, and sl eepi ng accommodat i ons .
I f t he st af f
i s
not l ar ge enough t o war r ant
separ at e f aci l i t i es, a
t oi l et - shower r oom and
combi ned l ocker - l ounge- sl eepi ng
r oom may
ser ve st af f needs .
I n hospi t al s wi t h onl y one del i ver y r oom,
a
mi ni mum
of 6 l ocker s i s
r ecommended; i n
t hose
wi t h
mor e t hen one del i ver y
r oom, a mi ni -
mumof 5 l ooker s per del i ver y r oomi s r ecom-
mended. The mi ni mumsi ze r ecommended
f or
a l ocker i s 12 by 18 by 60 i n.
Space shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he l ocker r oom
f or a car t f or cl ean scr ub sui t s and a hamper
f or soi l ed l i nen.
The l ounge shoul d accommodat e a couch,
chai r s, bookcase, magazi ne t abl e,
and
a t el e-
vi si on set . Ar ecessed f i l m i l l umi nat or shoul d
al so be pr ovi ded. I f di ct at i on boot hs ar e not
pr ovi ded, a sui t abl e desk andchai r f or t hi s pur -
pose shoul d be i ncl uded i n t he l ounge.
Sl eepi ng accommodat i ons f or t he at t endi ng
st af f shoul d be pr ovi ded . For
f l exi bi l i t y of use
by ei t her mal e or f emal e doct or s, i t i s
pr ef er -
abl e t o pr ovi de si ngl e occupancy r ooms f or t hi s
pur pose . I n addi t i on t o t he bed,
f ur ni shi ngs
shoul d i ncl ude chai r and ni ght t abl e.
I f onl y
e combi ned l ocker - l ounge- sl eepi ng r oom i s
r equi r ed, t he couch shoul d opent o make a bed.
Scr ubup and Subst edl i zi ng Ar eas
Hand scr ubbi ng
by t he obst et r i ci an and nur se i s an essent i al
par t
of del i ver y t echni que. Faci l i t i es shoul d be
next t o t he
del i ver y r oomso t hat t he physi ci an
can see i nt o t he del i ver y r oomt hr ough a gl ass
vi ewpanel whi l e scr ubbi ng. On t he pl an shown
i n t hi s publ i cat i on
t he scr ubup and subst er i l -
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Radi oi sot ope
Faci l i t y
bi l i t y of t he
r adi at i on f r om t he st or ed con-
t ai ner s i nt er f er i ng wi t h
t he use of t hese i nst r u-
ment s. Al so, t he i sot opear ea
i s on an out si de
wal l and as f ar as possi bl e
f r omt he cor r i dor .
Two i nst r ument s ar e ut i l i zed
i n t hi s pl an,
bot h of whi ch, f or t he sake of economy,
can be
oper at ed f r omt he same scal ar ( 10) ,
mount ed
on a car t . However , i n t er ms of
f l exi bi l i t y, a
separ at e st al er f or each of t he
i nst r ument s
mi ght be pr ef er abl e. The
sci nt i l l at i on wel l
count er ( 6) i s l ocat ed on t he wor k
count er , at
t he opposi t e endf r omt he i sot ope st or age
ar ea.
The det ect or f or t hyr oi d upt ake wor k
( 8) i s
used
i n conj unct i on wi t h a pat i ent exami ni ng
t abl e ( 7) ; bot h canbe encl osed by a cur t ai n ( 17)
f or pat i ent pr i vacy. Ahook st r i p ( 18) i s pr o-
vi ded
i n t hi s ar ea f or pat i ent cl ot hi ng.
The
desk
( 12) , chai r ( 14) , and f i l i ng cabi net
( 13) ar e
f or
t he use
of t he i sot opes t echni ci an
.
I t maybe desi r abl e t o
f i l e r ecor ds f or pat i ent s,
r adi at i on moni t or i ng,
and i sot opeshi pment s i n
t hi s ar ea.
Because cer t ai n r adi oact i ve
dr ugs r equi r e
r ef r i ger at i on, a
smal l under - count er r ef r i ger a-
t or mi ght be added t o
t hi s r oom. On t he ot her
hand, because t he quant i t y
of t hi s heat - l abi l e
mat er i al commonl y on
hand i n a l i mi t ed i sot ope
oper at i on i s smal l , t heuse of
r ef r i ger at or space
i n anot her depar t ment , such
as t he cl i ni cal
l abor at or y, mi ght be f easi bl e
. I f r ef r i ger at or
spacei n anot her depar t ment i s
used, t he r adi o-
act i ve mat er i al shoul d be adequat el y
l abel ed
as t o i t s r adi at i on hazar d
and pr oper l y shi el ded
bef or e i t l eaves t he i sot ope depar t ment
. At hi r d
possi bi l i t y woul d be t he
acqui si t i on of one of
t he newmi ni at ur e r ef r i ger at or s,
whi ch ar e i n-
expensi ve, can be used on a
count er t op, and
pr ovi deappr oxi mat el y 1 cu f t of
i nt er i or space.
Pl an 2 Pl an 2 shows a t wo- r oom
ar r angement
i n whi ch f aci l i t i es ar e i ncl uded f or
di agnost i c
scanni ng pr ocedur es and f or
occasi onal i nt r e-
cavi t ar y t her apy wi t h r adi oact i ve
phosphor us
or gol d, i n addi t i on t o t he gener al t ypes of
di ag-
nost i c pr ocedur es t hat woul d be done
i n t he
f aci l i t i es shown i n Pl an 1. Al ar ger
over al l
i sot ope
wor kl oad wi t h mor e f r equent t her apy
cases i s
al so assumed. ( See
Fi g. 1b. )
I n t he mai n r oom, t wo separ at e si nks ar e
ut i l i zed
.
The cl ean
si nk ( 5) i s used onl y f or
handl i ng
nonr adi oact i ve i t ems, wher eas t he
di sposal si nk ( 5a) i s
used t o wash gl asswar e
cont ami nat ed wi t h
r adi oi sot opes and t o di s-
pose of r adi oact i ve
wast e. To mi ni mi ze con-
t ami nat i on, t he di sposal
si nk shoul d have an
el bowor knee cont r ol
.
I sot opes ar est or ed, as
i n Pl an 1, behi nd l ead
br i cks on t hewor k count er
( 4)
at
space mar ked
( A) . Ar ef r i ger at or ( 15) i s
pr ovi ded bel owt he
count er t opconveni ent l y near by
f or t he st or age
of heat - l abi l e i t ems, and space i s
al so pl anned
f or a f l oor - t ype cent r i f uge ( 16)
i n t hi s ar se.
The det ect or f or t hyr oi d upt ake
wor k ( 8)
and t he sci nt i l l at i on wel l count er ( 6)
ar e op-
er at ed i n t hi s pl an f r om t wo separ at e
scal ar s
( 10) . Because of t he l ar ger
vol ume of wor k,
mor e wor k count er ar ea i s
pr ovi ded i n t hi s
r oomt han i n Pl an 1. The open f l oor space
i n
t he cent er of t he r oomi s l ar ger t han
mi ght be
ant i ci pat ed f or a st andar d l abor at or y, t o
al l ow
f or t he posi t i oni ng of a pat i ent st r et cher ,
so
t hat occasi onal i nt r ecavi t ar y i sot ope t her apy
can be car r i ed out her e. The use of t hi s r oom
i nst ead of t he pat i ent ' s r oomf or i nt r acovi t ar y
i nst i l l at i ons has t wo advant ages : t he
i sot ope
ar ea
i s mor e easi l y and saf el y decont ami nat ed
shoul d
spi l l age occur dur i ng t he pr ocedur e;
and movement of r adi oact i ve
mat er i el t hr ough
t hehospi t al i s mi ni mi zed.
Cur t ai ns hung f r oma
cei l i ng t r ack
ar e used f or pr i vacy dur i ng t hese
pr ocedur es .
The smal l er r oom
accommodat es t he scan-
maybe
st or ed on shel ves i n t he some
st or age
ar ea. Shel ves shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or equi pment
such as pr essur e
gauges . Lar ge cyl i nder s
shoul d be st or ed
upr i ght i n r acks. Space f or a
gas cyl i nder t r uck or
car r i er maybe necessar y.
Thepr i mar ypur pose
of st or age f or t hesegases
and vol at i l e l i qui ds wi t hi n
t he uni t i s t o assur e
avai l abi l i t y over weekends
and at ni ght when
mai n hospi t al suppl y
r ooms may be cl osed.
St or age space f or a 48- hour
suppl y o1 gas i s
consi der ed maxi mum, and addi t i onal
st or age
space on t he uni t i s not
desi r abl e .
I nst r ument
Pr oesesi ng The pr ocessi ng of
i nst r u-
ment s
i ncl udes washi ng, pr ef er abl y
i n
a
wash-
er - st er i l i zer
or by hand, di sassembl i ng
wher e
necessar y, ar r angi ng f or f ut ur e use, and
st er i l -
i zi ng.
One o1 sever al
met hods maybe f ol l owed f or
i nst r ument pr ocessi ng .
1. Soi l ed
i nst r ument s ar e washed i n
t he
washer - st er i l i zer
and sent t o cent r al st er i l e sup-
pl y f or pr ocessi ng
. The pl an shown i s based on
t hi s assumpt i on.
2. Soi l ed i nst r ument s
ar e sent di r ect l y t o
cent r al suppl y
f or pr ocessi ng. The washer -
st er i l i zer i s r equi r ed
f or emer gency st er i l i za-
t i on.
3. Pr ocessi ng may
t ake pl ace i n t he uni t
under t he di r ect i on
of t he obst et r i cal super -
vi sor . I n t hi s case a
wor kr oomi s r equi r ed.
Soi l ed Hol di ng Raom
Al l cl eanup t echni ques i n-
cl udi ng
housekeepi ng ar e or i gi nat ed i n t hi s
ar ea, and soi l ed mat er i al s ar e pl aced her e
f or
di sposal or r et ur n t o cent r al st er i l e suppl y
f or
pr ocessi ng. Thi s r oomwi l l r equi r e a si nk
wi t h
dr ai nboar ds f or gr oss cl eani ng, a f l ushi ng
r i msi nk
f or di sposal of l i qui d wast es, a car t
f or st or age of
cl eani ng mat er i al s, car t e
and
hamper s t o
r ecei ve soi l ed ar t i cl es, and a wast e
r ecept acl e.
Ger mi ci dal sol ut i ons and ut ensi l s
used i n cl eani ng
shoul d be st or ed her e.
I f
pl acent ae ar e
saved, a domest i c- t ype deep
f r eeze wi l l be r equi r ed
.
RADI OI SOTOPE FACI LI TY
Suggest ed Pl ans
Pl ans 1 and 2 i n
Fi g. 1
show
t he r el at i onshi p
bet weent he
wor kl oad and f aci l i t i es r equi r ed.
Pl an I Pl an 1 i s i nt ended
f or a hospi t al ant i ci -
pat i ng l i mi t ed i sot ope use i n
whi ch t he bul k
of t hewor kl oad wi l l consi st of r el at i vel y
si mpl e
di agnost i c t est s such as
t hyr oi d upt ake st udi es
and occasi onal t her apy usi ng
i odi ne- 131 or
phosphor us- 32. I nt r acavi t ar y
t her apy wi t h
col l oi dal suspensi ons of
r adi oi sot opes i s not
ant i ci pat ed, nor ar e di agnost i c pr ocedur es
i n-
vol vi ng or ganscanni ng. The one- r oom
ar r ange-
ment shown on Pl an 1 maybe suf f i ci ent
i n t hi s
case. ( See
Fi g. 1e
. )
Awor k count er ( 4) wi t h bui l t - i n si nk ( 5) and
spl ashback i s pr ovi ded. Cabi net s ( 3) and
( 1)
l ocat ed above
and bel owt he count er , r espec-
t i vel y, pr ovi de st or age space. I sot opes ar e
st or ed on t he
wor k count er at ar ea mar ked ( A)
behi nd l end br i cks .
Not e t hat t he ar ea of t he
count er
r eser ved f or t he i sot opes i s at maxi -
mumdi st ance
f r om t he r adi at i on det ect i on
i nst r ument s i n t he
r oom, t o mi ni mi ze t he possi -
Radi oi sot ope Faci l i t i es i n
t he Gener al Hos-
pi t al , Publ i c Heal t h
Ser vi ce, Depar t ment of
Heal t h, Educat i on, and
Wel f ar e, 1966.
i zi ng ar eas ar e combi ned
i n one r oom. Adoor
bet ween t hi s r oom
and t he del i ver y r oom i s
r ecommended. The ar ea
used f or scr ubbi ng
shoul d be deep enough so t hat per sons
scr ub-
bi ng wi l l not i nt er f er e wi t h t r af f i c and so
t hat
spl ashed wat er wi l l not const i t ut e a
hazar d.
I f one scr ubup ar ea i s t o be used f or t wo
del i ver y r ooms, at l east t hr ee scr ub
si nks
shoul d be pr ovi ded .
The subst er i l i zi ng ar ea shoul d cont ai n a
hi gh- speed washer - st er i l i zer f or emer gency
st er i l i zat i on or f or pr ocessi ng i nst r ument s.
Sappl y and
Equi pment St ooge Suppl i es . The
mai n f act or
i n det er mi ni ng t he space al l ocat i on
f or suppl y st or age
i n t he l abor - del i ver y uni t
i s t he met hod
and f r equency of i ssui ng sup-
pl i es f r omcent r al suppl y
ar eas. Suppl i es i n-
cl ude al l i t ems pr ocessed by
t he l aundr y and
cent r al st er i l e suppl y and t hose
i ssued f r om
cent r al ser vi ce. Excl uded ar e
phar macy, anes-
t het i c, or equi pment i t ems. Al l suppl i es
shoul d
be kept i n hospi t al
cent r al ser vi ce and i ssued
t o t hel abor - del i ver y uni t
onl y af t er t he r equi r ed
pr ocessi ng.
Amor e r ecent st or agemet hoduses t he
same
car t e on whi ch suppl i es ar e del i ver ed
f r om
st or age of cl ean and st er i l e i t ems. Suppl i es
used onl y i n t he del i ver y r oomar e packed
on
one car t and t hosef or ot her use on ot her car t s.
Cl ean suppl y car t s may al so be assi gned t o
doct or s' and nur ses' l ocker r ooms
f or scr ub
cl ot hes and t owel s . Thi s met hod r equi r es a
cl ean suppl y r oomnear t he del i ver y r ooms f or
car t s cont ai ni ng cl ean or st er i l e i t ems.
Equi pment St or age. Equi pment t hat i s i n-
f r equent l y used, such as del i ver y t abl e par t s
end dupl i cat e equi pment not i n use, shoul d be
st or ed
i n an equi pment st or age r oom i n t he
uni t . Thi s r oomshoul d have shel ves f or smal l
i t ems and f l oor space f or l ar ger equi pment .
Medi cat i ons
Amedi cat i on pr epar at i on r oomor
uni t
shoul d be l ocat ed near l abor and del i ver y
r ooms f or st or age
and pr epar at i on of dr ugs,
i ncl udi ng nar cot i cs.
Medi cat i on
pr epar at i on r equi r es uni nt er -
r upt ed concent r at i on
by t he nur se, and an
encl osur e or r oom
wi t h gl ass vi ewi ng panel s
i s suggest ed f or t hi s
f unct i on. Awor k count er
wi t h st or age f or syr i nges and accessor i es
and
a si nk wi t h gooseneck- t ype spout
and f oot or
wr i st cont r ol s f or handwashi ng
ar e r ecom-
mended. I f st epped shel ves, si zed f or t he
smal l er medi ci ne bot t l es, ar e
pr ovi ded, t he
nur secanr ead l abel s qui ckl yandar r ange
medi -
ci nes i n t he or der desi r ed. Awal l cabi net i s
suggest ed f or bot t l es of sol ut i ons, and an eye-
l evel
l ocked cabi net f or nar cot i cs shoul d be
f ur ni shed.
Si nce some medi ci ne& must be
mai nt ai ned bel owr oomt emper at ur e, a r ef r i g-
er at or i s
al so r equi r ed.
Anest hesi a Fsci l j t i ee

The
anest hesi ol ogi st shoul d
be consul t ed ear l y i n t he
pl anni ng st age t o
det er mi ne desi gn r equi r ement s
f or anest he-
si a f aci l i t i es i ncl udi ng what gases
ar e t o be
pi ped; t he number , si ze, and l ocat i on of
gas
cyl i nder s t o
be st or ed; and apace r equi r ed f or
cl eani ng
and checki ng t he anest hesi a equi p-
ment .
Pi pi ng oxygen and vacuumt o del i ver y r ooms
endot her ar eas of t he hospi t al i s st andar d
pr ac-
t i ce.
I n some hospi t al s, ni t r ous oxi de i s
pi ped
t o t he
del i ver y r oom.
Ar oomshoul d
be pr ovi ded i n t he uni t f or
st or i ng gas cyl i nder s.
Fl ammabl e gases shoul d
be st or ed separ at el y f r om
oxygen and ni t r ous
oxi de, whi ch may be
st or ed i n any l ocat i on
si nce t her e ar e no
hazar ds i nvol ved. Smal l
cyl i nder s si zed t o f i t t he
anest hesi a appar at us
may be st or ed i n r acks.
Cans of vol at i l e l i qui ds
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Radi oi sot ope Faci l i t y
LEGEND
1. Cabi net s bel ow count er
.
2. Cabi net s and dr awer uni t s bel owcount er
.
3. Wal l cabi net s.
4. Wor k count er .
5. Si nk wi t h f oot , knee or el bowcont r ol wi t h spl ashback, spout
out l et
mount ed 5 i nches above f l ood r i m, hot and col d
wat er .
5a. Di sposal si nk wi t h f oot , knee, or el bow cont r ol wi t h spl ash-
back spout out l et mount ed 5 i nches above f l ood r i m, hot
and
col d
wat er .
6 . Sci nt i l l at i on wel l count er
.
7. Pat i ent exami nat i on t abl e.
8. Det ect or and st and.
9. Scanner .
10. Scal e( mount ed on car t .
11. St r et cher .
12
Desk.
13 .
f i l i ng
cabi net
bel ow.
14. Chai r
.
15. Ref r i ger at or bel owcount er .
16 . Space f or f l oor t ype cent r i f uge.
17. Cur t ai n t r ack at cei l i ng.
18. Hookst r i p.
19. Kneespace under count er .
20. Tel ephone out l et .
21. Dr ai nboar d
.
22. Bookshel f
over desk.
" A"
Space f or st or age of i sot opes on
t op of
t he
count er
.
Fi g. 1

( a) Pl an 1 : mi ni mumr adi oi sot ope f aci l i t y. ( b) Pl an 2: r adi oi sot ope f aci l i t y wi t h separ at e scanni ng
r oomand l abor at or y.
pat i ent s f or whomadmi ssi on r ecor ds
and ot her
document at i on must be pr epar ed and ( b) r epeat
pat i ent s whose document at i on i s on f i l e.
Al l pat i ent s ent er t he f aci l i t y t hr ough a vest i bul e
whi ch pr ovi des pr ot ect i on f r om i ncl ement
weat her . They ar e gr eet ed by a cont r ol of f i cer
i n t he busi ness of f i ce who has an over vi ew of
al l i ncomi ng peopl e and or i ent s pat i ent s t o pr o-
cessi ng. ( See Fi g. 12 . )
Admi t t i ng On t he f i r st vi si t , t he
pat i ent i s di -
r ect ed t o one of t he admi t t i ng i nt er vi ew cubi cl es
whi ch f or man i nt egr al par t of t he
busi ness of f i ce.
Oncompl et i on of t he admi t t i ng pr ocedur e, a cl er k
summons a messenger whose
st at i on, whi ch
shoul d be l ar ge enough t o st or e wheel chai r s, i s
adj acent and connect ed t o t he
He [ she] escor t s t he pat i ent di r ect l y
t o t he i nt ake
scr eeni ng cent er
or , i f i t i s f ul l y occupi ed, t o t he
publ i c wai t i ng ar ea.
The
r epeat
pat i ent who has an appoi nt ment
t o a speci f i c cl i ni c st ops at t he check- i n st at i on
wher e he [ she] r ecei ves
i nst r uct i on. He [ she] may
go di r ect l y t o t he cl i ni c or wai t i n t he publ i c wai t -
i ng space
unt i l not i f i ed by t he cont r ol of f i cer .
( The busi ness of f i ce i s r esponsi bl e f or
checki ng
pat i ent s i n
and
out
and f or col l ect i ng f ees, i f
appl i cabl e. )
Despi t e r i gor ous ef f or t s and
best i nt ent i ons i n
est abl i shi ng schedul es and appoi nt ment s, del ays
due
t o unf or eseen ci r cumst ances wi l l occur .
Hence, pat i ent s and f ami l y member s
must be af -
f or ded
an appr opr i at e wai t i ng pl ace al so needed
bypat i ent s awai t i ng pr escr i pt i ons i ssued
f r omt he
phar macy di spensar y. Thi s suggest s t hat t he di s-
pensar y be di r ect l y accessi bl e
f r om t he publ i c
wai t i ng ar ea and t hat vi sual si gnal s be i nst al l ed
near
t he
i ssue
wi ndows i ndi cat i ng when t he pr e-
scr i pt i on i s r eady.
Al l pat i ent s,
upon
compl et i ng t hei r vi si t , r epor t
t o t he checkout st at i on wher e t hey ar e i ssued
i nst r uct i ons f or a r epeat vi si t , i f necessar y. The
ar chi t ect ur al desi gn accommodat es t hese
r equi r e-
ment s .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
OUTPATI ENT ACTI VI TY
Because physi cal medi ci ne i n t he
Out pat i ent
Ac-
t i vi t y i s used by bot h i npat i ent s and out pat i ent s,
i t i s si t uat ed f or t he conveni ence and accessi bi l i t y
of bot h
t ypes
of
pat i ent s
.
Pat i ent s ar r i vi ng
at
t he Emer gency Act i vi t y ar e eval uat ed ( t r i age) ,
and appr opr i at e di sposi t i on i s made of each case.
The sur gi cal sui t e i s l ocat ed cl ose t o t he Emer -
gency Act i vi t y t o ensur e t he most r api d convey-
ance of a pat i ent i n a l i f e- t hr eat eni ng si t uat i on .
Car di ac ar r est pat i ent s wi l l r ecei ve i mmedi at e
t r eat ment by t he code bl ue al er t t eamwi t hi n t he
Emer gency Act i vi t y, Af t er t he cr i si s, t he pat i ent
wi l l be t r ansf er r ed t o
an
adj oi ni ng i nt ensi ve cor o-
nar y
car e
uni t .
Si nce pat i ent s ent er i ng t he Emer gency Act i vi t y
ar e f r equent l y assi gned el sewher e, cl ose
wor ki ng
r el at i onshi ps shoul d exi st wi t h ot her ar eas of t he
hospi t al such as t he sur gi cal sui t e, i nt ensi ve car e
uni t s, and t he mai n X- r ay depar t ment .
Some addi t i onal wor ki ng r el at i onshi ps bet ween
t he Out pat i ent Act i vi t y and ot her hospi t al ser -
vi ces ar e i ndi cat ed i n Fi g. 1 . Si nce t hese do
not r equi r e i mmedi at e adj acency, t hey assume
l ess i mpor t ance on t he r el at i ve scal e of val ues
est abl i shed by ei t her t he over al l pl anner s or t he
desi gner .
I nt r adepar t ment al Rel at i onshi ps
Al t hough t he pr ogr amof f unct i ons may del i neat e
cer t ai n speci f i c const r ai nt s and pr ef er ences as t o
di sposi t i on
of t he el ement s
of on Out pat i ent Ac-
t i vi t y, t he f i nal out come of t en i s a compr omi se
t hat r epr esent s t he best accept abl e sol ut i on t o
al l par t i es concer ned. ( See Fi gs. 2 and 3. )
I n
one exampl e, el ement s of t he Out pat i ent
Act i vi t y ar e ar r anged al ong t he mai n ci r cul at i on
r out e
.
Si nce
consi der abl e t r af f i c
i s
expect ed,
t hi s
cor r i dor i s 10 f t wi de and f or ms t he spi ne of
t he scheme. Br anch cor r i dor s, each 8 f t wi de,
whi ch separ at e ot her el ement s f r omeach ot her ,
or i gi nat e f r omt he spi ne and pr ovi de access f or
peopl e and goods t o r espect i ve el ement s .
Si nce newpat i ent s do not knowl ocat i ons of
t he var i ous cl i ni cs, some met hod must be devi sed
t o assi st t hem. The ar chi t ect can hel p
by
i ncor po-
r at i ng i nt o t he physi cal desi gn a si mpl e, easi l y
under st ood syst emof
si gns .
They
mi ght be ei t her
wal l - mount ed or i ncor por at ed i nt o t he
f l oor
sur -
f ace, addi ng what can be an exci t i ng physi cal
desi gn el ement t o r el i eve t he monot ony of a
l ong
hospi t al cor r i dor .
Becomi ng or i ent ed wi t hi n a moder n hospi t al
can be di f f i cul t even f or a wel l per son and espe-
ci al l y
conf usi ng
t o a
pat i ent who
i s debi l i t at ed.
Abi l i t y t o cont r ol t he i nt er nal envi r onment has
r esul t ed i n many wi ndowl ess spaces i n a hospi t al
whi ch ar e i nt er connect ed by a maze of cor r i dor s,
especi al l y i n t he di agnost i c and t r eat ment ar eas .
To hel p r esol ve t he or i ent at i on pr obl em, speci al t y
cl i ni cs ( except pedi at r i c) ar e gr ouped i n one ar ea.
The pedi at r i c cl i ni c i s i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he
ent r ance t o r educe t r avel di st ance f or t he mot her
car r yi ng an i nf ant .
The cont r ol and admi ni st r at i on or busi ness of -
f i ce shoul d be t he pr i mar y cont act bet ween t he
pat i ent and t he i nst i t ut i on . Thi s i s t he poi nt of
or i gi n of
t he ser vi ce wher e di sposi t i on i s made
as t o what i s appr opr i at e f or t he pat i ent .
The t wo
cat egor i es
of out pat i ent s ar e: ( a) new
Gui del i nes t o f unct i onal
pr ogr ami ng, Equi ppi ng, and
Desi gni ng Hospi t al Out pat i ent &Emer gency Act i vi t i es,
DHEWPubl i cat i on No . ( HRA) 77- 4002, U. S. Depar t ment
of Heal t h, Educat i on, and Wel f ar e, Washi ngt on, D. C. ,
1977.
ner ( 9) , and t he exami ni ng t abl e ( 7) wi t h whi ch
i t i s used. Ahook st r i p ( 18) i s af f i xed t o one
wal l f or pat i ent cl ot hi ng, and cabi net s ( 1 and
3)
ar e pr ovi ded f or st or age of equi pment and
suppl i es . The si nk ( 5) i s f or st af f use pr i or t o pa-
t i ent exami nat i on.
I n t he i ni t i al pl anni ng of t he i nst al l at i on, consi d-
er at i on shoul d be gi ven t o possi bl e expansi on
of scanni ng f aci l i t i es. Scanni ng pr ocedur es ar e
t i me- consumi ng; as an over al l gui de, no mor e t han
f our scans per day can be expect ed f r omeach
i nst r ument . Thi s wi l l var y, of cour se, dependi ng
upon t he di agnost i c pr ocedur e per f or med. As t he
wor kl oad gr ows, a second scanni ng r oom may
be r equi r ed.
Hazar ds
Ther e ar e t wo ways i n whi ch r adi oact i ve mat er i al s
may be hazar dous : Fi r st , some of t hei r r adi at i ons
pr esent an ext er nal hazar d t o per sons i n t hei r
vi ci ni t y, as i n t he case of X- r ay machi nes ; second,
when used i n unseal ed sol ut i on or powder ed f or m,
r adi oi sot opes may be acci dent al l y i ngest ed or
i nhal ed
as a
r esul t
of
spi l l age or i nexper t han-
dl i ng, t hus becomi ng an i nt er nal hazar d t o per son-
nel . Ther ef or e, car ef ul at t ent i on must be gi ven
t o saf e t echni ques and f aci l i t i es t o el i mi nat e
uni nt ent i onal and pot ent i al l y har mf ul r adi at i on
exposur e t o bot h per sonnel and pat i ent s when
r adi oact i ve medi ci nes ar e handl ed and admi ni s-
t er ed.
Radi at i on Pr ot ect i on
I n
desi gni ng and const r uct i ng r adi oi sot ope f aci l i -
t i es, t he possi bi l i t y of bot h ext er nal and i nt er nal
hazar ds must be consi der ed. To pr ot ect per sonnel
agai nst t he r adi at i on f r omext er nal l y l ocat ed r a-
di oact i ve mat er i al s, shi el di ng, usual l y made of
l ead, shoul d be pr ovi ded wher e necessar y.
I n
most
i nst ances, si mpl e l ead br i cks ar r anged ar ound r a-
di oi sot ope cont ai ner s pr ovi de suf f i ci ent shi el di ng.
The most i mpor t ant f act or i n pr ot ect i on agai nst
t he i nt er nal hazar ds of r adi oact i ve mat er i al s
i s
t he pr event i on of t hei r i ngest i on or i nhal at i on
t hr ough saf e oper at i ng
t echni ques .
The
use
of
t hese t echni ques can be encour aged by pr ovi di ng
f aci l i t i es i n t he desi gn
of t he r adi oi sot ope i nst al l a-
t i on whi ch l end t hemsel ves t o saf e wor ki ng pr oce-
dur es . For exampl e, smoot h, nonpor ous count er
t ops and si nks shoul d be pr ovi ded t o f aci l i t at e
#t he cl eanup of acci dent al spi l l s .
Locat i on
Fr omt he st andpoi nt of saf et y and cont r ol , i t i s
usual l y pr ef er abl e t hat t he hospi t al desi gnat e one
depar t ment
f or r adi oi sot ope handl i ng r at her t han
al l owal l depar t ment s t o admi ni st er r adi oi sot opes
t o pat i ent s. I n
many hospi t al s, t he r adi ol ogy de-
par t ment i s i n char ge of r adi oi sot opes. I f t he r a-
di oi sot ope uni t i s l ocat ed near i t s par ent
depar t -
ment ,
oper at i ons ar e f aci l i t at ed because t hi s
al l ows f or t he ef f i ci ent over l appi ng of st af f
dut i es
and per mi t s t he shar i ng of exami nat i on and wai t -
i ng r ooms . Thus t he l ocat i on of t he r adi oi sot ope
uni t
wi l l
be dependent t o some degr ee upon t he
l ocat i on of t he depar t ment t hat
assumes r esponsi -
bi l i t y f or i t .
Ot her f act or s wi l l al so i nf l uence
l ocat i on. For
exampl e, because many pat i ent s r ecei vi ng di ag-
nost i c doses of r adi oi sot opes wi l l be handl ed
on
an out pat i ent basi s, t he r adi oi sot ope f aci l i t y
shoul d pr ovi de conveni ent
access f r omt he st r eet
or el evat or s. Fur t her mor e, l ocat i ng t he r adi oi so-
t ope f aci l i t y at an ext er i or cor ner or cor r i dor
end
per mi t s t he cont r ol of t r af f i c .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
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EXAMI NATI ON- TREATMENT
UNTEZ
RELATI ONSHI P SGNEME
Medi cal Recor d Uni t The medi cal r ecor d r oom
i s st r at egi cal l y pl aced near t he busi ness of f i ce
and adj acent t o t he exami nat i on- t r eat ment cent er
f or easy access. I t i s ser ved by a pneumat i c t ube
st at i on and messenger ser vi ce.
Medi cal Soci al Ser vi ce Cent er

An i mpor t ant out -
pat i ent ser vi ce i s heal t h educat i on and f ol l ow-
up car e t hat may ext end i nt o t he pat i ent ' s home.
The cent er pr ovi des a base of oper at i ons f or medi -
cal
soci al ser vi ce f or eval uat i on andf ut ur e f ol l ow-
up, i f i ndi cat ed. The f ol l ow- up ext ends pat i ent
car e
i nt o
home and
communi t y.
A l ar ge mul t i pur pose r oom i s pr ovi ded f or
l ar ge- gr oup heal t h educat i on. Conveni ent l y
pl aced near t he ent r ance, i t can be used when
t he r est of t he Out pat i ent Act i vi t y i s cl osed.
Home
Heal t h and Publ i c Heal t h Nur si ng Cent er
Adj acent and i nt er connect ed t o medi cal soci al
ser vi ce i s t he home heal t h and publ i c heal t h nur s-
i ng cent er . Bot h have r ecept i on and pat i ent sub-
wai t i ng ar eas .
Speci al t y Cl i ni cs
Adj acent t o bot h t he Admi ni st r at i on and t he Ex-
ami nat i on and Tr eat ment Cent er ar e t he cl i ni cs
desi gned and equi pped f or speci al pr ocedur es .
( See Fi gs . 2 and 3; see al so Fi g. 11. )
Al l newpat i ent s pass t hr ough t he i nt ake scr een-
i ng cent er wher e medi cal eval uat i on and di sposi -
t i on ar e made r egar di ng subsequent medi cal
t r eat ment . Medi cal hi st or y and document at i on
ar e i ni t i at ed
and r out i ne l abor at or y t est i ng per -
f or med. Ther ef or e, pr ovi si on must be made f or
separ at e speci men col l ect i on spaces f or men and
women, a r out i ne t est i ng l abor at or y, and a sub-
wai t i ng ar ea wi t h a r egi st er ed nur se i n at t en-
dance. Appr opr i at e spaces and f i xt ur es ar e pr o-
vi ded
f or
handi capped
per sons .
The l abor at or y and x- r ay uni t wi l l ser ve t he
Out pat i ent and Emer gency Act i vi t i es . The l abor a-
t or y, wi t h pass- t hr ough wi ndows f or speci mens,
wi l l use pneumat i c t ubes f or f or war di ng speci mens
t o t he mai n hospi t al ' s l abor at or y. An x- r ay uni t
f or di agnost i c pur poses shoul d be l ar ge enough
t o accommodat e st r et cher pat i ent s .
Pat i ent s r equi r i ng ext ensi ve di agnost i c t est s
can be r ef er r ed t o t he mai n hospi t al ' s r adi ol ogy
depar t ment and pat hol ogi cal and pul monar y
f unct i on l abor at or i es .
Whi l e t he EEG and ECGcl i ni cs ar e l ocat ed
wi t hi n t he Out pat i ent Act i vi t y, t hey ser ve t he en-
t i r e hospi t al .
Exami nat i on- Tr eat ment Cent er
Al ar ge por t i on of out pat i ent wor kl oad wi l l be
handl ed i n t he exami nat i on- t r eat ment cent er
r at her t han i n t he speci al t y cl i ni cs . Hence, a wai t -
i ng r oomwi t h publ i c conveni ences i s pr ovi ded.
The l ayout of t he cent er , Fi g. 4, was cal l ed f or
by t he pr ogr am of f unct i ons whi ch desi gnat es
t hr ee wor k component s her ei n cal l ed cl ust er s .
Each cl ust er consi st i ng of t en
exami nat i on- t r eat -
ment r ooms sur r ounds i t s own cent r al ut i l i t y wor k
space desi gnat ed as a per sonnel cor r i dor .
( See
Fi g. 5. ) Ot her conf i gur at i ons may be equal l y ap-
pr opr i at e.
I n t he f i r st phase, 30 exami nat i on- t r eat ment
r ooms ar e pr ovi ded. Fut ur e expansi on t o
add 30
r ooms must , of necessi t y, be l i near al ong t he ut i l -
i t y wor k
space.
Thi s
cor r i dor must be
l i mi t ed
i n
l engt h t o appr oxi mat el y 100 f t because exper i -
ence shows gr eat er di st ance t o
be undesi r abl e
.
Al l t he exami nat i on- t r eat ment r ooms ar e accessi -
bl e f r oma syst emof pat i ent s' cor r i dor s st emmi ng
f r omt he wai t i ng
r oom
.
I n addi t i on, per sonnel cor -
r i dor s ar e accessi bl e f r om t he out si de cor r i dor .
Wi t h t he except i on of
gener al and speci al
sur -
ger y, pr oct ol ogy, and ur ol ogy, al l exami nat i on
r ooms ar e si mi l ar i n si ze and desi gn.
No speci al pr ovi si on i s made f or pat i ent di sr ob-
i ng si nce ei t her a cei l i ng t r ack cur t ai n or a f ol di ng
scr een may be used. I t i s assumed t hat t he physi -
ci an exami nes one pat i ent whi l e anot her un-
dr esses i n an adj acent exami nat i on r oom. I n most
cases, al l ocat i on of t wo or mor e exami nat i on
r ooms per physi ci an al l ows economi c use of hi s
[ her ] t i me.
The f ol l owi ng scheme wi l l appl y t hr oughout :
. Each exami nat i on r oomwi l l have not l ess t han
80 net sq f t of usabl e f l oor ar ea. Rooms al so
used f or t r eat ment shal l not have l ess t han 120
net sq f t of usabl e f l oor space.
. Exami nat i on or t r eat ment t abl es ar e t o be ac-
cessi bl e on t hr ee si des al l owi ng f or wor ki ng
space of not l ess t han 30 i n cl ear on each si de
.
. Handwashi ng f aci l i t i es f or at t endi ng st af f must
be pr ovi ded.
The cl i ni cs of t he cent er ar e gr ouped bysi mi l ar i -
t i es of medi cal speci al t i es. Al l ar e i dent i cal l y
equi pped except t hose l i st ed bel owwhi ch have
i ndi vi dual needs :
Gener al and speci al

Met abol i c
sur ger y

Neur ol ogy
Pr oct ol ogy

Al l er gy-
Ur ol ogy

Der mat ol ogy
Di abet i c

Car di ovascul ar
See al so Fi g. 9, f or speci f i c equi pment r ecommen-
dat i ons .
Physi cal Medi ci ne and Rehabi l i t at i on
Thi s uni t whi ch i ncor por at es physi cal and occupa-
t i onal t her apy, al t hough an i nt egr al par t of out pa-
t i ent ser vi ce, i s a separ at e ent i t y. Ser vi ng bot h
out pat i ent s and i npat i ent s, t he uni t ' s l ocat i on may
cause somewhat of a di l emma. I n t he scheme
i l l ust r at ed i n t he exampl e ( Fi g. 6) , i t i s cl ear l y
i dent i f i abl e and i t s f unct i ons ar e admi ni st er ed by
uni t
per sonnel
.
The ser vi ces pr ovi ded r ef l ect
t he f unct i onal pr o-
gr ami ng r equi r ement s r at her t han what t hi s de-
par t ment
shoul d or shoul d
not be. Ot her pr ogr ams
coul d i ncl ude a pr ost hesi s wor kshop, f i t t i ng r ooms,
and mul t i di sci pl i ne conf er ence r ooms, among ot h-
er s . That ever y i ndi vi dual si t uat i on or pr ogr am
r equi r es an i ndi vi dual pl anni ng sol ut i on t o meet
speci f i c l ocal needs cannot be
over emphasi zed.
Al t hough an el ement of out pat i ent ser vi ce,
Physi cal Medi ci ne and Rehabi l i t at i on ( PM&R)
al so
ser ves t he i npat i ent hospi t al popul at i on. Accessi -
bi l i t y f r omout si de as wel l as f r om
i nsi de t he hospi -
t al wi t hout i mpedi ng out pat i ent ser vi ces r equi r es
t he desi gner ' s speci al consi der at i on
.
PM&Rconsi st s of t wo pr i nci pal el ement s : physi -
cal t her apy and occupat i onal
t her apy. Whi l e
t hese act i vi t i es ar e subj ect t o i nt er pr et at i on, t he
el ement s and equi pment
pr ovi ded ar e expect ed
t o const i t ut e a compr ehensi ve appr oach t o t he
nor mal l y r ecogni zed concept of an
Occupat i onal
Ther apy Depar t ment . The t wo depar t ment s ar e
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Out pat i ent
Act i vi t y
a
f unct i on,
such as
vi si on; ( 2) l abor at or y t est i n-
st r ument s used on sampl es t aken f r omt he pat i ent ;
and ( 3) i nt er pr et i ve i nst r ument s or
comput er har d-
war e.
Test s shoul d
be
gr ouped so t hat t hey wi l l be
car r i ed out expedi t i ousl y. Car ef ul gr oupi ng mi ni -
mi zes t he f eel i ng by pat i ent s t hat t hey ar e on
an assembl y l i ne. However , t he mor e t est s gi ven
at
one component ,
t he
gr eat er t he oper at or ski l l
r equi r ed. Fur t her mor e, i f i t t akes t wi ce as l ong
t o go
t hr ough
a
component , t he number of par al l el
st at i ons must be doubl ed t o mai nt ai n t he pat i ent
f l owr at e. Thus, t est equi pment must be dupl i -
cat ed.
Gener at i ng t he i ndi vi dual medi cal r epor t i s t he
pr i mar y f unct i on of mul t i phasi c scr eeni ng. The r e-
por t wi l l convey t o t he physi ci an al l i nf or mat i on
gat her ed dur i ng t he exami nat i ons .
Thi s i s t he r a-
t i onal e f ar usi ng el ect r oni c dat a pr ocessi ng f or
l ar ge vol ume oper at i ons i n t he st or age, anal ysi s,
and r et r i eval of t est i nf or mat i on. The ul t i mat e
goal i s t o have al l r esul t s
aut omat i cal l y f ed i nt o
a comput er so t hat i mmedi at el y af t er t he t est i ng
i s compl et ed al l subsequent
di agnost i c pr ocedur es
may be schedul ed. Many i nst r ument s used do
not have t hi s capabi l i t y and
many t est s r equi r e
manual pr ocessi ng or vi sual obser vat i on r epor t -
i ng.
Dat a pr ocessi ng shoul d, t her ef or e, be i ncor po-
r at ed onl y af t er car ef ul anal ysi s and
j ust i f i cat i on.
Use of semi out omat ed pr ocedur es f r equent l y must
be consi der ed. Car d f or ms may be desi gned t hat
can accept penci l ent r y of al l cl i ni cal dat a. A
mar k- sense document r eader may ser ve as one
t ype of dat a ent r y t er mi nal t o
t he comput er . Of
cour se, dat a ent r y keyboar ds may be used f or
manual
i nput
of dat a as wel l as
aut omat ed i nst r u-
ment i nput of t est r esul t s .
The Aut omat ed Mul t i phasi c Heal t h Test i ng Uni t
descr i bed i n t he pr o f or ma exampl e ( Fi g. 8) i s
l ocat ed near t he ent r ance so i t may be used and
oper at ed separ at el y f r omt he ot her cl i ni cs and
on a di f f er ent t i me schedul e, i f desi r ed, or even
omi t t ed. I t i s i ncor por at ed i n t he Out pat i ent
Act i v-
i t y t o i l l ust r at e one aspect of pr event i ve medi ci ne.
Asel f - cont ai ned ent i t y havi ng i t s own suppor -
t i ve st af f and r esour ces capabl e of act i ng i nde-
pendent l y, t he uni t i s
r el at ed or gani zat i onal l y t o
t he over al l out pat i ent ser vi ce. Pat i ent f l ow
t hr ough t he f aci l i t y shoul d be
expedi t i ous wi t h
no backt r acki ng. The cl i ni c i s over si zed i n ant i ci -
pat i on of f ut ur e
i ncr eases i n t he number of pa-
t i ent s .
t he heal t h eval uat i on
pr ocedur es and t est s ar e
car r i ed out at t est st at i ons or r ooms ; t hey f ol l ow
a def i ni t e est abl i shed sequence as shown i n t he
pr o f or ma exampl e. The sequence and t i mi ng
have speci al i mpor t ance f or medi cal r easons . An
exampl e i s t he t i me i nt er val t hat must el apse be-
t ween admi ni st r at i on of dr ops f or pupi l di l at i on
and t he eye exami nat i on.
Opi ni ons var y as t o t he t i me i nt er val r equi r ed
f or cer t ai n t est s . Ther ef or e, t he t est s
whi ch t ake
pl ace bet ween cr i t i cal event s must be f i t t ed i n
accor di ng t o i ndi vi dual si t uat i ons
encount er ed
.
No uni ver sal r ul e can be est abl i shed r egar di ng
t he number of t est i ng st at i ons or t hei r sequence.
Fi gur e 7 i l l ust r at es t he sequence of event s . Pa-
t i ent s ar r i ve at t he r ecept i on
r egi st r at i on ar ea,
A- 1 ( i n Fi g . 8) , whi ch i s l ar ge enough t o accommo-
dat e sever al peopl e. Fol l owi ng
admi t t i ng pr oce-
dur es, t hey t ake gl ucose i n space A- 2 andpr oceed
t o A- 3 t o execut e t hei r
medi cal hi st or y. Af t er -
war ds t hey go t o t hei r r espect i ve l ocker r ooms
( A- 5 f or women and A- 13
f or men) and change
i nt o a hospi t al gown, deposi t i ng st r eet cl ot hi ng
i n l ockabl e l ocker s . The next
st at i on i s A- 8 wher e
t est s ar e per f or med f or audi o and vi sual acui t y.
PNYSI LAL MEUI LI NE ANU QEUABI LI TATI ON
VP- LATI 014SWI P SLUEME
Fi g. 6
adj acent but separ at e
wi t h t hei r own st af f s ; ad-
mi ni st r at i on and cont r ol may be shar ed. Fi gur e
6
i l l ust r at es t he r el at i onshi ps bet ween i ndi vi dual
spaces wi t hi n t he depar t ment s and r easons
f or
t hemas under st ood by an ar chi t ect .
PM&Ri s under t he physi at r i st - di r ect or whose
of f i ce i s accessi bl e f r omt he out si de cor r i dor , t he
secr et ar y' s of f i ce, and f r om wi t hi n t he depar t -
ment , t hus f aci l i t at i ng over al l super vi sor y dut i es
.
Speci al at t ent i on i s gi ven t o t he f act t hat many
pat i ent s ar e physi cal l y i ncapaci t at ed and use
pr ost het i c appl i ances or wheel chai r s . Some i npa-
t i ent s may be br ought i n on st r et cher s . Ther ef or e,
cor r i dor s ar e a mi ni mumof 6 f t wi de. Wheel chai r
pat i ent s ar e
pr ovi ded speci al pl umbi ng f i xt ur es,
dr i nki ng f ount ai ns, and l ar ge cubi cl es f or dr essi ng
and undr essi ng
.
Cor r i dor wal l handr ai l s ar e cont r over si al . Those
agai nst
mai nt ai n t hat pat i ent s shoul d l ear n t o
be i ndependent and not have handr ai l s . Those
f or bel i eve t hat t he
weak, uncer t ai n pat i ent needs
assi st ance whi ch he [ she] can i gnor e l at er . Be-
cause pat i ent s i n PM&Rshoul d be under cont i nu-
ous super vi si on or at t ended by st af f , t he deci si on
must be made by t he i nst i t ut i on. To be a usef ul
ai d f or handi capped per sons, t he handr ai l must
be
desi gned
t o
meet t he user s' ant hr opomet r i c
r equi r ement s. I t must be subst ant i al , of f set f r om
t he wal l , and wel l secur ed t o pr event anchor age
f ai l ur e and possi bl e i nj ur y.
Opi ni ons di f f er r egar di ng pr ovi si on of a t ank
i n
hydr ot her apy
f or t ot al i mmer si on
of
t he
pa-
t i ent ' s body. Some aut hor i t i es r ecommend el i mi -
nat i on of t he t ank. Ot her s advocat e pr ovi si on
of a swi mmi ng pool . Obvi ousl y, t he l at t er cost
i mpl i cat i ons ar e so gr eat t hat t he i ssue can onl y
be r esol ved by each i ndi vi dual pr ogr am.
Hydr ot her apy pr oduces a l ar ge vol ume of
soi l ed wet l i nen whi ch i s
of t en
over l ooked or
gi ven
i nsuf f i ci ent r ecogni t i on. Adequat e pr ovi si on
shoul d be made
ei t her f or col l ect i ng, t empor ar i l y
hol di ng, and t r anspor t i ng t hi s l i nen t o t he hospi t al
l aundr y or f or pr ocessi ng i n t he physi cal medi ci ne
depar t ment .
The spaces i ndi cat ed i n Fi g. 6 accommodat e
t he equi pment r ecommended ( see Fi g. 10) . The
physi cal t her apy ent i t y i s based on
t he
r acet r ack
cor r i dor pr i nci pl e, f aci l i t at i ng movement of peopl e
and equi pment f r omone par t of
t he f aci l i t y t o
anot her . Wet act i vi t i es such as hydr ot her apy ar e
pur posef ul l y pl aced i n an encl osed r oom. The ex-
er ci se ar ea i s pl aced apar t f r omot her act i vi t i es
t o hel p pr eser ve pat i ent s'
di gni t y and al l evi at e
t hei r appr ehensi on and sel f - consci ousness as
t hey
t r y t o r egai n t hei r pr evi ous mobi l i t y or agi l i t y.
The Occupat i onal Ther apy Depar t ment shar es
some f aci l i t i es wi t h t he physi cal t her apy ent i t y.
These
ar e cont r ol - admi ni st r at i on and pat i ent s'
dr essi ng and t oi l et f aci l i t i es . Unl ess t he f unct i on
of
a
par t i cul ar space di ct at ed t hat i t be encl osed,
t he PM&Rf aci l i t y shoul d be as open as possi bl e
whi ch f aci l i t at es needed vi sual super vi si on. For
exampl e, wi ndows ar e pr ovi ded i n
r oom
27 [ Fi g.
101- t he heavy f unct i on act i vi t i es ar ea- t o en-
cl ose noi se and ai r bor ne par t i cl es, yet
al l owvi sual
obser vat i on.
Aut omat ed Mul t i phasi c Heal t h
Test i ng Uni t
Mul t i phasi c heal t h t est i ng or mul t i phasi c scr een-
i ng i s a syst emwhi ch i nvol ves
col l ect i ng, or gani z-
i ng, st or i ng, and pr esent i ng medi cal dat a f or t he
pur pose of det ect i ng body mal f unct i ons bef or e
sympt oms become obvi ous. Thus, t he physi ci an
i s enabl ed t o i ni t i at e ear l y t r eat ment
.
Thi s t ype of ser vi ce i nvol vi ng mul t i pl e t est s i s
i n a devel opi ng st age. The exampl e pr esent ed
i n t hi s publ i cat i on, t her ef or e, shoul d be eval uat ed
car ef ul l y agai nst l ocal
cl i ni cal and di agnost i c r e-
qui r ement s .
The t est s ar e si mi l ar t o but mor e ext ensi ve t han
t hose usual l y gi ven by an i nt er ni st or a gener al
pr act i t i oner dur i ng a compl et e physi cal exami na-
t i on. Mul t i phasi c t est i ng di f f er s i n t hat i t i s sys-
t emat i zed and aut omat ed wi t h maxi mumr el i ance
on el ect r oni c r ecor di ng i nst r ument s
; t he
t est s,
i n
most cases, can be admi ni st er ed by a t echni ci an
r at her t han by a medi cal pr act i t i oner . An el ec-
t r oni c t echni ci an must be avai l abl e t o ensur e t hat
t he el ect r oni c and mechani cal i nst r ument s ar e
f unct i oni ng pr oper l y and r ecor di ng t he r esul t s .
Oper at i ng per sonnel must under st and how t he
i nst r ument at i on wor ks. Onl y wi t h t he use of aut o-
mat ed met hods ar e t est i ng pr ogr ams
desi gned
f or l ar ge popul at i on gr oups economi cal l y f easi bl e.
Aut omat ed i nst r ument packages ar e of t hr ee
t ypes : ( 1) i nst r ument s t hat ei t her come i n cont act
physi cal l y wi t h t he pat i ent or scan and r ecor d
The next st op i s A- 10, gener al pr ocedur es r oom,
whi ch al so accommodat es t wo
ECGt est i ng st a-
t i ons. The next st at i ons ar e A- 14 f or chest x- r ay
and A- 15 f or
spi r omet r y. Eye dr ops ar e al so ad-
mi ni st er ed at
A- 15
.
Asubwai t i ng ar ea, A- 17, i s
an al cove
wher e pat i ent s may wai t when del ays
occur bet ween t est s wi t hout obst r uct i ng cor r i dor
t r af f i c. The next st at i ons ar e
dent al exami nat i on,
A- 16; achi l l eomet r y, A- 18; r et i nal phot ogr aphy,
A- 22, wher e eye exami nat i ons,
i ncl udi ng t onome-
t r y, ar e per f or med. Suf f i ci ent t i me has el apsed
bet ween admi ni st r at i on of t he eye
dr ops at A-
15 f or t he f undus phot o t o be per f or med.
The next
st at i on ( ei t her A- 23 or A- 25) i s wher e
pr oct oscopy and si gmoi doscopy( i . e. ,
endoscopi c)
exami nat i ons ar e per f or med. Bot h r ooms have
t oi l et f aci l i t i es . A- 24accommodat es veni punct ur e
wher e
bl ood sampl es ar e dr awn. ( The el apse of
a pr escr i bed t i me per i od i s essent i al f r om
t he
t i me of gl ucose i ngest i on i n A- 2 t o veni punct ur e
i n A- 24. Thi s pr o f or ma exampl e r equi r es 2
hour s
f or
t hi s pr ocedur e,
wi t h
a
15- mi nut e devi at i on. )
Af t er A- 24, t he f l owof pat i ent s
di vi des. Men,
af t er pr ovi di ng speci mens, go t o l ocker r oomA-
13 t o don st r eet cl ot hi ng. Aspeci men
t oi l et i s
pr ovi ded f or each sex. Each t oi l et i s pr ovi ded
wi t h a pass- t hr ough wi ndowt o r oom
A- 9 whi ch
i s a l abor at or y pi ckup st at i on. Speci mens ar e
col l ect ed f r om pat i ent s and t r ansf er r ed by
mes-
senger t o t he mai n hospi t al l abor at or y f or pr o-
cessi ng. Women, af t er l eavi ng A- 24,
pr oceed t o
t he Papani col aou smear exami nat i on r oom, A- 27,
t hr ough t emper at ur e equi l i zat i on
r ooms, A- 29or
A- 30, f or t he t her mogr aphy exami nat i on
i n A-
31. Af t er compl et i on of t hese
pr ocedur es, t hey
gi ve t hei r speci mens at A- 7, and go t o t he l ocker
r oom,
A- 5, t o
dr ess. Al l pat i ent s ar e r equi r ed t o
f i l l out t he psychol ogi cal quest i onnai r e
i n A- 28.
Round- t abl e
di scussi ons on heal t h educat i on ar e
conduct ed
by st af f i n
A- 33.
The scr eeni ng pr ocess
ends i n A- 1 wher e t he r ecept i oni st / r egi st r ar
checks out
t he pat i ent .
The f aci l i t y has a st or er oom, A- 12, f or
gener al
and
medi cal suppl i es . Al ounge r oom, A- 19, and
r ecor d st or age r oom, A- 32, ar e pr ovi ded
f or t he
aut omat ed mul t i phosi c heal t h
t est i ng uni t st af f ;
st af f t oi l et s f or bot h sexes, A- 20 and
A- 21, ar e
al so pr ovi ded .
Ther e i s a di r ect or ' s of f i ce, A- 4,
and chi ef nur se' s of f i ce, A- 6, and a
j ani t or ' s
cl oset ,
A- 26. Al l desi gnat ed spaces or r ooms ar e
pr ovi ded wi t h t he necessar y f ur ni t ur e and
equi p-
ment t o car r y out medi cal and admi ni st r at i ve
t asks .
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
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Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
i t pat l ent Act i vi t y
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Out pat i ent
Act i vi t y
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Out pat i ent
Act i vi t y
168 Sphygmomanomet er
192 Car t , sur gi cal
228 Chai r , speci al i st
280 Di agnost i c Set
316 El ect r ocar di ogr aph
320 El ect r oencephal ogr aph
384 Ki ckbucket
404
Lamp, t abl e
416

Li ght , oper at i ng
604 Scal e
660 St and, Mayo
680 St ool , f oot
688

St ool , oper at or
720 Tabl e, exami ni ng and
t r eat ment
744

Tabl e, oper at i ng, mi nor
756 Tabl e, pr oct ol ogi c
760 Tabl e, ur ol ogi cal
816 Vi ewer , X- r ay
F- 27

Chai r , f our - seat base uni t
F- 33

Chai r , pl ast i c shel l
F- 42

Chai r , st r ai ght
F- 45

Chai r , swi vel
F- 66 Sof a
0- 28 Cabi net , f i l i ng
0- 36

Cabi net , f i l i ng
H- 16

Bucket , moppi ng
H- 20

Car t , housekeepi ng
H- 36

Machi ne, f l oor mai nt enance
1- 1- 44

Vacuum
cl eaner
M- 30 Cabi net
M- 36 Cabi net , st or age
M- 66 Ref r i ger at or
Medi cal Equi pment
132 Basal met abol i sm,
appar at us
140 Bed,
hospi t al
Equi pment Legend f or Fi g. 9
Nonmedi cal Equi pment - Fi xed
AA Boar d, bul l et i n
SC
Bookcase
BD Cabi net
CA Cabi net
COCount er
CP

Count er s wi t h si nk
DF

Dr i nki ng Fount ai n
EA Lavat or y
J C

Rack, cl ot hes
J E

Rack, magazi ne
KB

Shel f , st or age
LA

Recept or , f l oor
Nonmedi cal Equi pment - Movabl e
F- 12

Bed, si ngl e
F- 21

Chai r , t wo- seat base uni t
F- 24

Chai r , t hr ee- seat base uni t
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
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Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Out pat i ent
Act i vi t y
W
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Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Out pat i ent
Act i vi t y
Equi pment Legend
f or Fi g. 11
Nonmedi cal
Equi pment - Fi xed
CT Count er
CU Count er
DB Desk
EA Lavat or y
ES Locker
FA Mi nor
J A

Rock,
apr on and gl ove
J C

Rack, cl ot hes
J E

Rack,
magazi ne
J F

Scr een,
pr oj ect i on
KB

Shel vi ng, suppl y
LA

Recept or ,
f l oor
AA

Boar d, bul l et i n
AB

Boar d, chal k
BA

Bookcase, bui l t - i n, open
shel vi ng
CA

Cabi net ,
f i l i ng
CB

Cabi net , st or age
CH Count er
CK Count er
CL Count er
CO

Count er
wi t h i nset si nk
CP

Count er
wi t h i nset si nk
CO Count er
CR
Count er
CS Count er
Nonmedi cal
Equi pment - Movabl e
M- 32
Cabi net , car t
M- 37
M- 56
Range, oven
M- 66
Ref r i ger at or
0- 32
Cabi net ,
f i l i ng
0- 36

F- 93

Tabl e, ut i l i t y
F- 96

Tabl e, wor k
H- 16

Bucket , moppi ng
H- 32

Hamper , l i nen
M- 12

Basket , wast e
M- 18
Bench
M- 28

Cabi net , f i l m f i l i ng
Medi cal
Equi pment
106

Anal yzer , bl ood,
gas and pH
108
Audi omet er
140 Bed,
hospi t al
168

Bl ood pr essur e devi ce
182

Cabi net , dent al
184

Car t , or t hopedi c suppl y
208
Chai r , exami ni ng
212

Chai r , dent al
216
Chai r , opht hal mi c
236 Cl i ni cal anal yzer ,
aut omat i c
248

Compr essed gas
cyl i nder car r i er
252

Cuspi dor uni t
264

Dent al uni t
268

Devel oper , f i l m,
aut omat i c
276
Pr ocessi ng t ank
280 Di agnost i c set
308
El ect r ocar di ogr aph
320
El ect r oencephal ogr aph,
compl et e wi t h cabi net
3, 10

Emer gency dr ug
cabi net
416

Li ght , exami ni ng
420
Li ght , dent al
472 Opht hal mi c i nst r ument st and
504
Per i met er
533

Pr oj ect or , acui t y compl et e
wi t h sl i des
568

Recor der , physi ol ogi cal
581

Ref r act or , acui t y
585
Recor der , pul monar y
f unct i on
588
Respi r omet er
604
Scal e
632
l amp, sl i t
648
Spi r omet er
660
St and, Mayo
668

St ep assembl y
680
St ool , f oot
684

St ool , hi gh suppor t
uni t
688

St ool , oper at or
720
Tabl e, exami ni ng
732
Tabl e, f r act ur e
746

Tabl e, i nst r ument ,
adj ust abl e, ocul ar
768
Tabl e, X- r ay
816
Vi ewer , X- r ay
820

Vi ewer , X- r ay
900

Tube,
X- r ay
912

Chest uni t , X- r ay,
aut omat i c
914
X- r ay, dent al
915

Fi l m, hanger , dent al
X- r ay
917

Rack, f i l m dr yer
925

Gener at or , cont r ol ,
X- r ay
926
Tr ansf or mer , X- r ay
927

Power modul e,
X- r ay
929

Tank, r epl eni sher
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Equi pment Legend f or Fi g. 12
Nonmedkol Equi pi ei ant - f i st ed
AA

BC Bookcase
CB

CD

Count er , check- i n st at i ons
CE

Count er , st andup
CF Count er
CJ

Count er , i ssue
CW

Count er , wor k
DF

J E

Rack, magazi ne
J F

Scr een, pr oj ect i on
KI D

Shel f , suppl y
KE

Shel f , suppl y
Medi cal Equi pment
180

Cabi net , f i l i ng, pat i ent
medi cat i on
708 St r et cher
844 Wheel chai r
Nonmedi cal Equi pment - Movabl e
F- 63

Rack, magazi ne
F- 88

Tabl e, pr oj ect i on
M- 10

Basket , wast e
M- 32 Cabi net , car t
M- 64

Ref r i ger at or , under count er
M- 86

Vendi ng machi nes, col d bever ages
M- 90

Vendi ng machi nes, hot bever ages
M- 92

Vendi ng machi nes, candy, assor t ed
M- 94

Vendi ng machi nes, desser t s, assor t ed past r y
M- 96

Vendi ng machi nes, f ood i t ems, hot canned f oods
M- 98

Vendi ng machi nes, f ood i t ems, sandwi ches, pi es,
mi l k, r ef r i ger at ed
0- 28
0- 32 Cabi net , f i l i ng
0. 36

Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Emer gency
Act i vi t y
Nonmedi cal Equi pment - Fi xed
AA

BA

Bookcase, bui l t - i n open
shel vi ng
CB

CC
Count er
CE

Count er , st andup
CF
Count er
CG
Count er
CH
Count er
CO

Count er wi t h i nset si nk
CR
Count er
CS
Count er
DF

EB Locker
J C

Rack, cl ot hes
J E

Rack, magazi ne
KA Shel vi ng
KB

Shel vi ng, suppl y
LA

Recept or , f l oor
Nonmedi cal
Equi pment - Movabl e
F- 12

Bed, si ngl e
F- 66 Sof a
H- 16

Bucket ,
moppi ng
H- 32

Hamper ,
l i nen
H- 40

Recept acl e,
t r ash
M- 10

Basket ,
wast e
M- 18 Bench
M- 36
M- 37

M- 38

Hot pl at e
M- 86

Vendi ng machi ne, col d bever age
M- 90

Vendi ng machi ne, hot bever age
M- 92

Vendi ng machi ne, candy, assor t ed
0- 32

Medi cal Equi pment
168

Bl ood pr essur e devi ce
184

Car t , or t hopedi c suppl y
280 Di agnost i c set
332 El ect r osur gi cal uni t
336 Car t , emer gency
338 Car t , emer gency
384 Bucket ,
ki ck
388

Basi n, ki ck
408 Li ght ,
exami ni ng
410 Li ght ,
exami ni ng
416

Li ght ,
exami ni ng
444

Medi cat i on
st at i on, i ncl udi ng nar cot i c
l ocker
468 Nour i shment
st at i on
620 Si nk,
cl i ni cal
637 Si nk,
sur geon' s scr ubup
656 St and,
l eg suppor t
660
St and, Mayo
662
Basi n, doubl e
680

St ool , f oot
704
St r et cher , adj ust abl e
708 St r et cher
712 Suct i on machi ne
716

Tabl e, exami ni ng and
t r eat ment
720

Tabl e, exami ni ng
732 Tabl e, f r act ur e
740 Tabl e, i nst r ument
744 Tabl e, oper at i ng,
mi nor
812 Vent i l at or
machi ne, I PPB
816 Vi ewer , X- r ay
820 Vi ewer ,
X- r ay
848 Wheel chai r , st andar d
920 X- r ay,
mobi l e
EMERLENLY ALTI VI TY
I NTRADEPARTMENTAL I ZELATI OASI 41F SGUEME
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
and, i f necessar y, r equest a physi ci an t o make
a di sposi t i on. I n some
cases,
t he pat i ent may be
r ef er r ed t o t he adj acent Out pat i ent Act i vi t y.
The cont r ol cent er i s pl aced st r at egi cal l y t o
pr ovi de vi sual cont r ol of al l i ncomi ng t r af f i c and
obser vat i on of t he publ i c wai t i ng ar ea so per son-
nel may be awar e of any medi cal emer gency
t hat may ar i se t her e. Near t he ent r ance, t he con-
t r ol cent er has an ext er nal wi ndowso an ap-
pr oachi ng ambul ance may be obser ved. Vest i -
bul es t o el i mi nat e dr af t s at t he ent r ances pr ovi de
a cer t ai n amount of comf or t f or cont r ol cent er
per sonnel . The cent er coul d be encl osed wi t h a
gl azed par t i t i on but , al t hough t r anspar ent , i t i s
per cei ved by pat i ent s as a physi cal bar r i er . The
count er at t he cont r ol cent er al so ser ves as a
bar r i er agai nst col d dr af t s . I t must
be
emphasi zed
t hat t he r esponse t he pat i ent r ecei ves at admi s-
si on
l eaves
l ast i ng
i mpr essi ons . Thus,
speci al at -
t ent i on
shoul d be gi ven t o pr ovi de an at mospher e
of pr of essi onal compet ency.
The r adi o r oom, i ncor por at ed wi t h t he cont r ol
cent er , ser ves as a communi cat i on l i nk wi t h ambu-
l ance cr ews or r escue uni t s i n t he communi t y. The
Fi gur e 2 i s a gr aphi c i nt er pr et at i on showi ng
space r el at i onshi ps . As st at ed ear l i er , t he f i r st
pr i or i t y i s t he movement
of pat i ent s r equi r i ng i m-
medi at e medi cal at t ent i on. The pat i ent br ought
by ambul ance i s conveyed on t he ambul ance
st r et cher di r ect l y t o ei t her a t r eat ment cubi cl e
or t o a cr i t i cal car e r oom. An al cove hol ds st r et ch-
er s and wheel chai r s f or pat i ent s ar r i vi ng by vehi -
cl es .
I f t he
si t uat i on r equi r es use of an oper at i ng
r oom, t he pat i ent i s admi t t ed admi ni st r at i vel y t o
t he Emer gency Act i vi t y and conveyed t hr ough t he
door by t he cr i t i cal car e r oom t o t he sur gi cal
sui t e.
Publ i c Sect or Ar ea The admi t t i ng pr ocedur e i s
accompl i shed at t he cont r ol cent er ei t her by a
f ami l y member or anot her i ndi vi dual accompany-
i ng t he pat i ent . The wal k- i n pat i ent ent er s t hr ough
t he vest i bul e l ef t of t he cont r ol cent er and
r egi s-
t er s
f or
admi ssi on at t he cent er . Af t er war ds he
maybe asked t o wai t unt i l cal l ed i n publ i c wai t i ng
space wi t h hi s escor t or f ami l y member . Admi t t i ng
per sonnel exer ci se t hei r medi cal j udgment s i n
each case as t o t he degr ee of medi cal ur gency
EMERGENCYACTI VI TY
I n
pl anni ng t he Emer gency Act i vi t y, par t i cul ar at -
t ent i on must be pai d
t o
movement s
of peopl e
( pat i ent s
and st af f ) and mat er i al ( equi pment and
suppl i es) . The f i r st pr i or i t y, of cour se,
must be
t he movement
of t hose pat i ent s who r equi r e i m-
medi at e or ur gent medi cal at t ent i on and t he r e-
spondi ng member s
of t he medi cal st af f . The t i me
f act or i n t er ms of mi nut es can make t he di f f er ence
bet ween l i f e
and deat h. Al l necessar y equi pment
and l i f esavi ng appar at us must be l ocat ed i n des-
i gnat ed
spaces so as not t o i mpede t he movement
of st af f yet be r eadi l y accessi bl e when needed.
Accor di ng t o t he pr o f or ma exampl e ( Fi g. 1) ,
t he Emer gency Act i vi t y i s i nt ended t o be a casu-
al t y cent er of f er i ng
ser vi ces 24 hour s per day.
Medi cal , sur gi cal , and nur si ng ser vi ces as wel l
as f i r st ai d ar e pr ovi ded. Amai n
pr emi se i s t hat
di gni t y of pat i ent s and t hei r f ami l i es wi l l be r e-
spect ed and
pr ot ect ed at al l t i mes . Dur i ng t he
ear l y
year s, about 35, 000 vi si t s annual l y ar e ex-
pect ed whi ch wi l l
r i se t o 50, 000 i n about t en
year s . Suppor t i ve ser vi ces such as l abor at or y, di -
agnost i c x- r ay, el ect r ocar di ogr aphi c
and pul mo-
nar y
f unct i on f aci l i t i es wi l l be l ocat ed at t he
boundar y bet ween t he
Emer gency and Out pa-
t i ent Act i vi t i es, assur i ng easy access t o bot h.
The Emer gency Act i vi t y shoul d
be l ocat ed on
t he gr ound f l oor
t o ensur e easy access f or pat i ent s
ar r i vi ng byambul ance or aut o. Asepar at e ent r y
f or wal k- i n pat i ent s i s r equi r ed.
These ent r ances,
whi ch ar e separ at e f r omt he Out pat i ent Act i vi t y,
must be easi l y i dent i f i abl e, pr ot ect ed
f r omi ncl e-
ment weat her , and accessi bl e t o handi capped pa-
t i ent s. The emer gency f aci l i t y al so must be easi l y
accessi bl e
f r omt he hospi t al t o pat i ent s and t o
t he house st af f per f or mi ng t hei r r out i ne
dut i es
or bei ng summoned f or
consul t at i on or emer gency
act i on.
I nt r adepar t ment al
Rel at i onshi ps
Si nce t hey shar e some
suppor t i ve f aci l i t i es, t he
emer gency
and
out pat i ent f aci l i t i es ar e adj acent
t o each ot her . Good pl anni ng
pr act i ce r equi r es
t hat
t he
Emer gency Act i vi t y be easi l y accessi bl e
t o t he hospi t al ' s sur gi cal sui t e, cor onar y
i nt ensi ve
car e uni t ,
and t he pr i mar y r adi ol ogi cal f aci l i t i es .
( See Fi g. 1 . )
The
r el at i onshi ps wi t hi n any Emer gency Act i vi t y
may be ar r anged accor di ng t o
i ndi vi dual pr ef er -
ence and needs . The
f ol l owi ng shoul d be consi d-
er ed f or any compl et e emer gency
act i vi t y:
Publ i c Sect or Ar eas
. Ent r ance f or pat i ent s ar r i vi ng
by ambul ance,
ot her modes of t r anspor t at i on, or conveyances
. Ent r ance f or wal k- i n pat i ent s
. Cont r ol st at i on
. Publ i c wai t i ng space wi t h appr opr i at e
publ i c
ameni t i es
Tr eat ment Faci l i t i es
.
Pat i ent s' obser vat i on r oom
. Tr eat ment cubi cl es
. Exami nat i on r ooms
. Cast r oom
. Cr i t i cal car e r ooms
An Emer gency Act i vi t y may
al so
i ncl ude a pa-
t i ent ' s secur i t y
r oomand ar eas pr ovi di ng suppor -
t i ve ser vi ces and st af f
accommodat i ons .
Gui del i nes t o f unct i onal Pr ogr ami ng, Equi ppi ng, and
Desi gni ng
Hospi t al Out pat i ent 8 Emer gency Act i vi t i er ,
DHEW
Publ i cat i on No
.
( HRAl 77- 4002, U. S. Depar t ment
of Heal t h, Educat i on,
and Wel f ar e, Washi ngt on, D. C. ,
1977.
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
Emer gency Act i vi t y; EDP
Uni t
pol i ce r oommay al so be used by r epor t er s and
at t or neys . I mmedi at e member s of t he f ami l y may
r et i r e t o t he f ami l y r oompendi ng t he out come
of medi cal i nt er vent i on i nvol vi ng a l i f e- t hr eat en-
i ng si t uat i on
of
a pat i ent
;
her e,
doct or s
and
cl er -
gymen may conver se wi t h t he f ami l y.
Wai t i ng i n an Emer gency Act i vi t y i s a par t i cu-
l ar l y di f f i cul t t i me f or
ever y
pat i ent si nce each
per cei ves hi s medi cal ur gency as uni que. Ast at e
of
anxi et y pr edomi nat es .
The
envi r onment , obvi -
ousl y, shoul d not onl y cat er t o physi cal needs
and comf or t but shoul d al so i nst i l l a f eel i ng of
conf i dence and r el i eve anxi et y or f ear .
Toi l et s f or bot h sexes adequat el y scr eened
f r omt he publ i c vi ew, t el ephones ensur i ng pr i vacy,
vendi ng machi nes wi t h bever ages or snacks, com-
f or t abl e seat i ng ar r angement s ( not benches) al l
cont r i but e t o physi cal comf or t . The gener al desi gn
of t he wai t i ng space ( i ncl udi ng col or , t ext ur e, de-
cor , acoust i cal cont r ol ) al l cont r i but e t o t he wel -
f ar e of wai t i ng pat i ent s. The publ i c wai t i ng ar ea
shoul d be scr eened vi sual l y f r omi ncomi ng ambu-
l ances di schar gi ng pat i ent s . Adayl i ght wi ndow
t o t he out si de i s of t en desi r abl e but car e shoul d
be t aken t o avoi d l ocat i on t hat wi l l f ocus at t ent i on
of t he pat i ent s on ambul ance ar r i val s .
Tr eat ment Faci l i t i es Pat i ent s ar e t r eat ed i n
spaces sur r oundi ng t he nur si ng st at i on, t he hub
of al l act i vi t i es. Thi s st at i on i s backed up by t he
medi cal pr epar at i on r oomand t he of f i ce of t he
chi ef nur se who super vi ses al l oper at i ons . Ther e-
f or e, a gl azed par t i t i on i s pr ovi ded whi ch ensur es
acoust i cal pr i vacy and af f or ds vi sual cont r ol .
St af f ameni t i es i ncl ude t oi l et s, l ounge, and
l ocker r oomf or f emal e st af f . Lounge andsl eepi ng
accommodat i ons ar e pr ovi ded f or t hr ee f ul l - t i me
physi ci ans and r esi dent medi cal st af f who of t en
wor k l ong hour s and, al t hough not cont i nuousl y,
ar e on cal l .
The chi ef physi ci an' s of f i ce i s l ocat ed i n cl ose
pr oxi mi t y t o t hat of t he chi ef nur se si nce t hey
of t en
communi cat e
f ace t o
f ace.
Emer gency
equi pment , t o be r eadi l y accessi bl e i n case of
ur gent need, i s del i ber at el y pl aced i n an al cove
i n f r ont of t he nur si ng st at i on.
The
pat i ent ' s
secur i t y
r oom, wi t h
an unbr eak-
abl e vi ewwi ndowf or obser vat i on, i s pl aced cl ose
t o
t he nur si ng st at i on. Cur t ai ns may
be
i nst al l ed
out si de t he r oom, i f necessar y, t o el i mi nat e a
vi ewf r omt he r oomi t sel f . The door t o t he r oom
and t o i t s t oi l et must open out war d t o pr event
t he pat i ent f r om
l ocki ng
hi msel f [ her sel f ] i n. To
pr event sel f - i nj ur y, t he r oom shoul d be devoi d
of
any shar p- edged appur t enances, and t he l i ght
f i xt ur e, pr ef er abl y t amper pr oof , shoul d be f l ush
wi t h mount i ng sur f ace. Sur f aces shoul d be smoot h
wi t hout any cr evi ces wi t h caved wal l bases t o
f aci l i t at e easy cl eani ng i n case of gr oss soi l i ng
by a di st ur bed pat i ent .
I t i s i mpor t ant t o emphasi ze t hat t hi s i s not
a pr i son cel l or a dr y- up t ank f or an al cohol i c .
The
pat i ent
conf i ned
i n t hi s
secur i t y r oomi s t her e
f or medi cal t r eat ment al t hough he may be under
pol i ce cont r ol or maybe ment al l y unst abl e. Physi -
cal desi gn t hat pr ovi des a pl easant at mospher e
i s of par amount si gni f i cance.
Tr eat ment cubi cl es have cur t ai ns f or pr i vacy,
i f necessar y, and ar e equi pped t o handl e exami -
nat i ons
and mi nor t r eat ment s . Mor e
sever e
i ni u-
r i es ar e t r eat ed i n cr i t i cal car e r ooms whi ch ar e
of
t wo
si zes
. For
a cor onar y pat i ent ,
t he
emer -
gencyt eammay consi st of a number of speci al i st s
usi ng numer ous ki nds of
por t abl e equi pment :
t her ef or e, l ar ger space i s r equi r ed t o accommo-
dat e bot h
. Conduct i ve f l oor i ng must
be
pr ovi ded
i f expl osi ve anest het i c gases ar e used and al l
saf et y r egul at i ons must be obser ved. Each cr i t i cal
car e r oomi s pr ovi ded wi t h a scr ub si nk. Speci al
at t ent i on shoul d be gi ven t o t he scr ub si nk ar ea
because of t he hazar ds of i nf ect i on and a sl i pper y
f l oor .
The cast r oom, used f or cl osed r educt i on of
f r act ur es, i s equi pped si mi l ar l y t o a t r eat ment
cubi cl e
wi t h t he addi t i on of a pl ast er si nk and
t r ap. Al l suppl i es, spl i nt s, and f r act ur e f r ames ar e
kept
i n t he
r oom
. The door must al l owpassage
of a pat i ent on a st r et cher who, af t er t r eat ment ,
may be i mmobi l i zed by
means of or t hopedi c ac-
cessor i es and at t achment s t o t he st r et cher .
The pat i ent ' s obser vat i on r oommust be i n f ul l
vi ewof t he nur si ng st at i on. Pr i vacy bet ween
pa-
t i ent s may be achi eved bya cubi cl e cur t ai n. Toi -
l et s f or bot h sexes ar e pr ovi ded. Nur ses' wor k
count er s ar e at each end of t he r oom.
The ent i r e Emer gency Act i vi t y i s easi l y
accessi -
bl e f r omt he hospi t al and t he x- r ay and l abor at or y
f aci l i t i es
whi ch, l ocat ed bet ween t he t wo act i vi -
t i es, ar e shar ed wi t h t he Out pat i ent Act i vi t y.
Dat a Ent r y and Tr ansmi ssi on Room
( Shar ed Ter mi nal Ser vi ce Syst em)
Funct i on Thi s ar ea accommodat es equi pment
andper sonnel necessar y
f or
encodi ng sour ce dat a
ont o comput er compat i bl e magnet i c t ape, t r ans-
mi t t i ng t he encoded dat a t o out si de comput er
f aci l i t i es f or pr ocessi ng, and r ecei vi ng t he pr o-
cessed dat a i n convent i onal pr i nt ed copy f or m.
Occupancy Two t ape ent r y oper at or s, one t ape
t r ansmi ssi on oper at or , and occasi onal l y t he pr o-
gr omer - anal yst .
E. D. P. Secr et ar i al Of f i ce
Funct i on

Thi s
ar ea pr ovi des
f aci l i t i es
f or r ecep-
t i on and secr et ar i al ser vi ce t o t he E . D. P . di r ect or
and syst ems onal yst ( s) .
Occupancy

Secr et ar y and wai t i ng f or t hr ee vi si -
t or s .
Adj acent Amon

E . D. P . di r ect or ' s of f i ce, syst ems
anal yst ' s of f i ce( s) , and admi ni st r at i ve cor r i dor .
Syst ems Anal yst ' s Of f i ce( s)
Funct i on

Each subj ect of f i ce ar ea or wor k st at i on
( one i s assumed f or t he shar ed t er mi nal ser vi ce
E. D. P . uni t and t wo f or t he medi umsyst emE. D. P .
uni t ) pr ovi des f or a syst ems anal yst who i s r espon-
si bl e f or pl anni ng, schedul i ng, and coor di nat i ng
act i vi t i es r equi r ed t o devel opsyst ems
f or
pr ocess-
i ng dat a and obt ai ni ng sol ut i ons t o compl ex pr ob-
l ems . He [ she] i s concer ned
wi t h
devel opi ng
Admi ni st r at i ve Ser vi ces and Faci l i t i es f or Hospi t al s:
APl anni ng Gui de HEWPub. No . I HSM) 72- 4035. U. S.
Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on, and Wel f ar e, Wash-
i ngt on, D. C. , 1972.
met hods f or comput er usage i n
t he var i ous ar eas
of hospi t al
oper at i on, such as f i nanci al manage-
ment , mat er i al management ,
admi t t i ng, medi cal
r ecor ds, cl i ni cal pat hol ogy, out pat i ent ser vi ce,
andot her s . He [ she] wor ks wi t h
t he management
engi neer i ng uni t per sonnel t o i mpr ove oper at i ng
met hods and syst ems whi ch pr ovi de
f or mor e ef f i -
ci ent i nt er depar t ment al oper at i on.
Af t er det er mi ni ng t he exact nat ur e of t he dat a
pr ocessi ng pr obl em, he [ she] def i nes,
anal yzes,
and st r uct ur es i t i n a l ogi cal manner so t hat a
syst emt o sol ve t he pr obl emand obt ai n
t he de-
si r ed r esul t s can be devel oped. He [ she] obt ai ns
al l t he dat a needed and def i nes exact l y
t he way
i t i s t o be pr ocessed. He [ she] pr epar es char t s,
t abl es, and di agr ams and
descr i bes t he pr ocess-
i ng syst emand t he st eps necessar y t o make i t
oper at e. He [ she] may r ecommend t he t ype of
equi pment t o be used, pr epar e i nst r uct i ons
f or
pr ogr ammer s, and i nt er pr et f i nal r esul t s andt r ans-
l at e t hemi nt o t er ms under st andabl e t o manage-
ment .
When wor ki ng wi t h syst ems al r eady
i n use,
t he syst ems anal yst i s al so
concer ned wi t h i mpr ov-
i ng and adapt i ng t he syst emt o handl e addi t i onal
or
di f f er ent t ypes of dat a.
I n 500- bed hospi t al s, one of t he
seni or syst ems
anal yst s i s desi gnat ed " Chi ef . "
Occupancy Syst ems anal yst and seat i ng
f or
t hr ee vi si t or s i n each of f i ce.
Adj acent
Ar eas

Shar ed t er mi nal ser vi ce syst em:
E. D. P. secr et ar i al of f i ce, E. D. P .
di r ect or s of f i ce,
and dat a ent r y and t r ansmi ssi on r oom.
Medi umsyst em: E. D. P . secr et ar i al
of f i ce, E. D, P.
di r ect or s of f i ce, and E. D. P . pr ogr ami ng ar ea.
Conveni ent communi cat i on
wi t h t he E. D. P . super -
vi sor ' s of f i ce and E. D. P . machi ne r oomessent i al .
E. D. P . Pr ogr amer ' s Of f i ce( s)
Funct i on Thi s ar ea
pr ovi des
f or
t he E. D. P. pr o-
gr amer s who pr epar e st ep- by- st ep i nst r uct i ons
t hat t el l t he comput er exact l y
what t o do . Thr ee
pr ogr amer s, each wi t h a separ at e wor k of f i ce
or cubi cl e
wi t hi n t hi s ar ea, ar e assumed f or t he
medi umsyst emE . D. P. uni t .
Ever y pr obl em
pr ocessed i n a comput er must
be car ef ul l y anal yzed so t hat exact and l ogi cal
st eps f or i t s sol ut i on can be wor ked out . Thi s
pr el i mi nar y wor k i s gener al l y
t he r esponsi bi l i t y
of t he syst ems anal yst . When i t has been com-
pl et ed, t he pr ogr amor
det ai l ed i nst r uct i ons f or
pr ocessi ng t he dat a can be pr epar ed by t he pr o-
gr amer . Exact l y howhe [ she]
does t hi s depends
not onl y on t he t ype of comput er har dwar e
avai l -
abl e
but on t he nat ur e of t he pr obl em. These det er -
mi ne what pr ogr ami ng t echni ques
wi l l be used.
St i l l
ot her
t echni ques ar e
r equi r ed i n wr i t i ng ai ds
whi ch r educe t he amount of
det ai l associ at ed wi t h
pr ogr ami ng.
The pr ogr amer usual l y
st ar t s an assi gnment by
det er mi ni ng exact l y what i nf or mat i on must be
used t o pr epar e
assi gned document s and t hei r
exact f i nal f or mat . He [ she] t hen makes a f l ow
char t or di agr amt hat shows
t he or der i n whi ch
t he comput er must per f or meach oper at i on
and
f or each
oper at i on pr epar es det ai l ed i nst r uct i ons .
These whenr el ayed t o t he comput er ' s
cont r ol uni t ,
i nst r uct t he machi ne exact l y what t o do wi t h each
pi ece of i nf or mat i on t o pr oduce
t he document s
ant i ci pat ed. The pr ogr amer al so pr epar es an i n-
st r uct i on sheet f or t he consol e oper at or
t o f ol l ow
when t he pr ogr ami s r un on t he comput er .
The f i nal st ep i n pr ogr ami ng
i s debuggi ng or
checki ng on whet her t he i nst r uct i ons have been
cor r ect l y wr i t t en and wi l l pr oduce t he desi r ed r e-
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
EDP Uni t
ELECTRONI CDATAPROCESSI NG UNI T ( Medi umSyst em. )
21. l ocker wi t h dr awer s and shel ves on t r uck
24. Pr ocessi ng uni t
2S. Consol e
- , k- shel f
and pr i nt er
26 .

1 dr i ve dl ac st or age
27
.
2 dr i ve di sc st or age
28.
Power
uni t
29. Tape cont r ol uni t
10 . Magnet i c t ape f aci l i t y
11.
car d r ead punch
12.
Pr i nt er
11. cont r ol uni t
14. Tape st or age uni t s
15 . Di sc pack
st or age
16 . Bui l t i n desk and book case
vi [ h 1 l ockabl e dr awn
) 7. Wor k c under coepl aca wi t h
base uni t s
18. Desk uni t
19. Wal l cab st or age uni t
40. Tool and t est equl p~ent car t
41- Shel f uni t s
42.
Bur st er cuepl et e wi t h t abl e
41, I decol l at or ( eobi l e) 6- pl y
44. Count er t op
1 . Wor k sur f ace, r ol l t op
2 . Wor k sur f ace, r ol l t op, wal l hangi ng
l .
Wor k sur f ace,
t ypewr i t er
4. Wor k sur f ace, wal l hangi ng
5. Wor k sur f ace, sl oped t op
6. Bi n, f i l e
7 .
Shel f
8. Cl er i cal swi vel chai r
9. Ar m chai r , . hel l t ype
10 . Tabl e, end
I 1. Managet sent chai r
12 . St ool
11 .
Tabl e
14 . Shel ves
15 . Fi l e bi n under 72" wor k
sur f ace
16 . Tabl e, conf er ence
17 . Ki t chen, ef f i ci ency
18.
Pr oj ect or scr een
19. Dat a ent r y uni t s
20- Key punch desks
2l . Ut i l i t y shel f t r uck
22 Tabl e
sui t s
. Apr ogr ami s
debugged
i n
t wo st eps .
Fi r st
t he pr ogr amer t akes a sampl e of t he dat a t o
be pr ocessed and r evi ews st ep- by- st ep exact l y
what wi l l happen as t he comput er f ol l ows t he
ser i es of i nst r uct i ons whi ch make
up
t he pr ogr am.
Then, af t er r evi si ng t he i nst r uct i ons t o t ake car e
of any di f f i cul t i es t hat have appear ed, t he pr o-
gr amer compl et es t he t est by maki ng a t r i al r un
i n
t he
comput er
. The
consol e oper at or somet i mes
hel ps wi t h t he l at t er par t of t he debuggi ng pr o-
cess
.
Asi mpl e pr ogr amcan be made f or a comput er
wi t hi n a f ewdays ; a compl ex pr obl emmay r e-
of
t hr ee of f i ces or
wor k
st at i ons i s assumed f or
t he medi umsyst emE . D. P. pr ogr ami ng ar ea
.
Adj acent Ar eas

E. D. P. secr et ar i al of f i ce,
syst ems
anal yst s' of f i ces, E. D. P . machi ne r oom, and E. D. P .
super vi sor ' s of f i ce. Conveni ent
communi cat i on
wi t h t he E. D. P . di r ect or ' s of f i ce, conf er ence r oom,
E . D. P . suppl y st or age r oom, and dat a ent r y r oom
i s essent i al .
Conf er ence Room
Funct i on Thi s ar ea pr ovi des f or
pr i vat e di scus-
si ons, i nser vi ce educat i on, and meet i ngs.
qui r e many mont hs . To i mpr ove ef f i ci ency, exi st -
i ng pr ogr ams must be updat ed t o keeppace wi t h
admi ni st r at i ve changes . I nt r oduct i on of l ar ger or
newer model comput er s of t en r equi r es t hat many
pr ogr ams be r ewr i t t en.
I nf or mat i on t o be pr ocessed by a comput er
i s encoded f i r st ont o some t ype of medi umwhi ch
i s compat i bl e wi t h t he comput er such as magnet i c
t ape, paper t ape, or punchcar ds. Most comput er s
ar e desi gned t o accept dat a i n punchcar d f or m.
Occupancy One E. D. P . pr ogr amer and seat i ng
f or one vi si t or
per
of f i ce
or wor k st at i on. At ot al
Heal t h
HOSPI TALS
EDP Uni t
Occupancy Ei ght per sons .
Adj acent Ar eas

E. D. P . di r ect or s of f i ce, anal yst s'
of f i ces, pr ogr amer s' of f i ces,
and r esour ce cent er .
Resour ce Cent er
Funct i on

Thi s ar ea pr ovi des f or a l i br ar y of pr o-
gr ams, comput er l i t er at ur e,
r el at ed f i l es, and sof t -
war e r equi r ed t o f aci l i t at e anef f i ci ent oper at i on
.
Ar esour ce
cent er
shoul d pr ovi de
wor k sur f aces
f or anal yst s and pr ogr amer s
i n or der t o mi ni mi ze
t he amount of
mat er i al st or ed i n i ndi vi dual wor k
st at i ons .
Occupancy None.
Adj acent
Ar eas

E. D. P. di r ect or s of f i ce, anal yst s'
of f i ces, pr ogr amer s' of f i ces, and
conf er ence r oom.
E. O. P. Di r ect or ' s Of f i ce
Funct i on

Thi s ar ea
pr ovi des f or t he E. D. P . di r ec-
t or who wi t h t he concur r ence of t he hospi t al ad-
mi ni st r at or i s r esponsi bl e
f or t he t ot al act i vi t y of
t he E. D. P . ser vi ce syst em, i ncl udi ng f or mul at i on,
devel opment , and
i mpl ement at i on
of
over al l pol i -
ci es, pr ogr ams, pl ans, and pr ocedur es f or cont r ol
of t he syst emi n gener al and t he E. D. P
. uni t i n
par t i cul ar .
The di r ect or r evi ews and anal yzes
t he var i ous
i nt er and i nf r a wor kf l owact i vi t i es and met hods
of oi l hospi t al oper at i ng
pr ogr ams i n r el at i on t o
t he t ot al E. D. P . f unct i on. On t he basi s of t hese
anal yses, he [ she]
f or mul at es and i nst i t ut es man-
agement cont r ol s desi gned t o i mpr ove t he ef f i -
ci ency
of t he pr ogr ams t hr ough t he appl i cat i on
of E. D. P . t echni ques wi t h due consi der at i on
f or
qual i t y r equi r ement s,
opt i mum use of per sonnel
and/ or ot her r esour ces,
and t i me and cost l i mi t a-
t i ons .
He [ she] est abl i shes
t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams t o or i ent
hospi t al per sonnel i n t he pot ent i al s of t he E. D. P .
ser vi ces
and
t o
t each t hemt he met hods and t ech-
ni ques whi ch wi l l enabl e t hemt o f ul l y ut i l i ze t hese
ser vi ces i n t hei r ar eas. He al so
i nst i t ut es r esear ch
act i vi t i es t o i mpr ove E. D. P . uses i n t he hospi t al
and mai nt ai ns a
t echni cal l i br ar y of mat er i al s r el a-
t i ve t o al l el ement s of dat a pr ocessi ng.
He [ she]
mai nt ai ns st at i st i cal r ecor ds as a basi s
f or eval uat i ng t he ef f ect i veness of t he ser vi ce and
t he i mpr ovement of
t he hospi t al ' s oper at i on
t hr ough t he use of E. D. P .
He
[ she] pr ovi des advi ce and exchange of i n-
f or mat i on, r esol ves pr obl ems, and par t i ci pat es i n
meet i ngs and
conf er ences
wi t h key st af f member s
and depar t ment heads t o di scuss pr esent and ex-
pect ed wor k and t o devel op br oad pl ans.
Occupancy E. D. P.
di r ect or
and t hr ee vi si t or s .
Adj acent Ar eas
Shar ed
t er mi nal ser vi ce syst em: E. D. P. secr et ar i al
of f i ce, syst ems anal yst ' s of f i ce, and dat a
ent r y
and t r ansmi ssi on r oom.
Medi umsyst em: E. D. P. secr et ar i al of f i ce and sys-
t ems
anal yst s' of f i ces . Conveni ent communi cat i on
wi t h t he pr ogr ami ng ar ea and E. D. P .
super vi sor ' s
of f i ce essent i al
.
Dat a Ent r y Room
( Medi umSyst em)
Funct i on Thi s ar ea accommodat es
equi pment
and per sonnel necessar y
f or encodi ng i nf or mat i on
ont o comput er compat i bl e medi a
f or el ect r oni c
dat a pr ocessi ng
appl i cat i on. I t al so accommo-
dat es l i mi t ed f aci l i t i es f or occasi onal car d
punch-
i ng
r el at i ve t o pr ogr ami ng.
Occupancy

Thr ee dat a
ent r y oper at or s and oc-
casi onal l y one pr ogr amer f or a shor t per i od of
t i me.
Comput er Room
Funct i on
Thi s ar ea accommodat es most basi c
el ect r oni c equi pment
or har dwar e r equi r ed f or
t he el ect r oni c dat a pr ocessi ng act i vi t i es pr ogr am.
Li mi t ed expansi on and
access space ar e essent i al .
Occupancy

One oper at or
f or
each
shi f t .
Adj acent Ar eas

E. D. P
. super vi sor s of f i ce. E. D. P.
ser vi ce engi neer s' wor kr oom, pr ogr ami ng ar ea,
dat a
ent r y r oom, and dat a del i ver y and pi ckup
ar ea. Conveni ent communi cat i on
wi t h t he E. D. P .
di r ect or ' s
of f i ce, t he syst ems anal yst s of f i ces, and
t he E. D. P . suppl y st or age r oom.
Comment The r ai sed
f l oor of t hi s ar ea al l ows
f ut ur e l ayout changes wi t h mi ni mum
al t er at i on
cost , pr ot ect s
i nt er connect i ng cabl es and power
r ecept acl es, pr ovi des per sonnel saf et y, and
per -
mi t s t he space bet ween t he
t wo f l oor s t o be used
f or ai r suppl y duct s or as a pl enum
wher e neces-
sar y.
The envi r onment f or t hi s r oom
ar ea shoul d be
mai nt ai ned at 75 F . and 50
per cent r el at i ve hu-
mi di t y. The ai r shoul d be suppl i ed t hr ough
a
f i l t er
of at l east 90 per cent
ef f i ci ency based on t he
Nat i onal Bur eau of St andar ds di scol or at i on t est
usi ng at mospher i c dust
. Use of t he space beneat h
t he r ai sed f l oor as a pl enumwi l l depend upon
t he r ecommendat i ons of t he
el ect r oni c equi pment
manuf act ur er and t he desi gn engi neer . Pr essur i za-
t i on t o mi ni mi ze dust i nf i l t r at i on
f r omadj acent
ar eas i s on i mpor t ant consi der at i on.
To f unct i on pr oper l y, magnet i c
t apes r equi r e
t he same t emper at ur e andr el at i ve
humi di t y l evel s
as t he el ect r oni c har dwar e
. Because of t hi s, and
al so f or t hei r easy r et r i eval , t hose
t apes i n f r e-
quent
use ar e gener al l y st or ed i n cabi net s and
shel f t abl es wi t hi n t he comput er r oom
. Somet i mes
a separ at e
st or age r oomr emot el y l ocat ed i s pr o-
vi ded f or ext r a pr ot ect i on of vi t al
r ecor ds . These
i ncl ude mast er t apes whi ch woul d be i r r epl ace-
abl e or t hose whi ch woul d be
needed i mmedi at el y
af t er a f i r e or coul d
not be qui ckl y r epr oduced.
I f an appr oved dat a
saf e i s pr ovi ded f or st or age
of
vi t al r ecor ds, i t can be l ocat ed wi t hi n t he com-
put er r oom.
I n l ayi ng out a comput er r oom, t he manuf act ur -
er s speci f i cat i ons r egar di ng
maxi muml engt hs f or
t he cont r ol cabl es whi ch i nt er connect t he var i ous
machi nes and t he
mi ni mumser vi ce cl ear ances f or
t he
machi nes shoul d not be exceeded. Anot her
i mpor t ant l ayout consi der at i on i s
adequat e wor k-
i ng
ar ea f or oper at i ng per sonnel and space
f or
auxi l i ar y equi pment such as
wor kt abl es, cabi net s,
and ut i l i t y t r ucks .
E. D. P . Super vi sor ' s Of f i ce
Funct i on

Thi s ar ea accommodat es
t he super vi sor
r esponsi bl e f or t he physi cal pr oduct i on aspect s
of t he E. D. P. oper at i on,
f or qual i t y cont r ol s, and
some
cooper at i ve f unct i ons r el at i ve t o pr ogr am-
i ng.
Occupancy E. D. P . super vi sor
and t wo vi si t or s .
Adj acent Ar eas E. D. P
. machi ne r oom, dat a ent r y
r oom, and dat a del i ver y and pi ckup ar ea
. Con-
veni ent communi cat i on
wi t h t he E. D. P. di r ect or ' s
of f i ce, E. D. P. pr ogr ami ng ar ea, and E. D. P. suppl y
st or age r oom
i s essent i al .
Dat a Del i ver y
and Pi ckup Ar ea
Funct i on

Thi s ar ea ser ves as a r ecei vi ng
st at i on
f or unpr ocessed dat a and
al so as a pi ckup poi nt
f or pr ocessed dat a. Decol l at i ng, bur st i ng,
col l at -
i ng, and bi ndi ng of dat a
f or ms and document s
pr i or t o pi ckup ar e done i n t hi s ar ea.
Occupancy One per son.
Adj acent Ar eas Dat a ent r y r oom, E. D. P
. ma-
chi ne r oom,
andadmi ni st r at i ve cor r i dor . Thi s ar ea
shoul d be vi si bl e and easi l y accessi bl e
f r omt he
E. D. P.
super vi sor ' s of f i ce.
E. D. P
. Ser vi ce Engi neer ' s Room
Funct i on Thi s ar ea f aci l i t at es t he
mai nt enance
and ser vi ce
engi neer i ng act i vi t i es essent i al t o t he
cont i nui ng oper at i on of t he
E. D. P . equi pment .
Adj acent Ar eas

E . D. P . machi ne
r oom.
Occupancy One per son.
E. D. P. Suppl y St or age Room
Funct i on Thi s ar ea pr ovi des r eadi l y
avai l abl e
hol di ng space f or shor t - t er m
i nvent or i es of st an-
dar d and speci al machi nemat ed paper
f or ms
. I t
al so pr ovi des hol di ng f or a smal l
r eser ve of new
magnet i c
t apes, and i n t he case of t he medi um
syst emE. D. P . uni t , a smal l r eser ve
al so of bl ank
car ds . Aone- week suppl y of f or ms i s gener al l y
pr ef er r ed hol di ng.
Occupancy

No per manent per sonnel
.
Adj acent Ar eas

Dat a del i ver y
and pi ckup ar ea
t o be easi l y accessi bl e t o t he dat a ent r y
r oom,
t he E. D. P . machi ne or
t r ansmi ssi on r oom, and t he
admi ni st r at i ve cor r i dor .
Heal t h
By F. CUTHBERT
SALMON, AI A, and CHRI STI NE F. SALMON, AI A
Pl anni ng means t hi nki ng i n t er ms of spat i al
and human i nt er r el at i onshi ps .
The i nt er r el at i onshi ps bet ween t he sever al
ar eas of act i vi t i es ar e var i ed and compl ex ;
add
t o t hese t he pr obl ems of si t e sel ect i on,
consi d-
er at i ons of f i nance, and pr ovi si on f or
f ut ur e
expansi on, and i t becomes
appar ent t hat sound
pl anni ng r equi r es r i gor and t hor oughness . ( See
Fi g. 1 . )
One of t he most basi c pl anni ng pr i nci pl es
i s
or gani zat i on : t he
best or gani zat i on f or t he pur -
pose i nt ended. When t hat pur pose
i s r ehabi l i -
t at i on, one
must t ake i nt o account t he l i mi t ed
mobi l i t y and acut e sensi t i vi t y t o physi cal en-
vi r onment
of t hose f or whomt he bui l di ng i s
i nt ended.
Wi t h l i mi t ed mobi l i t y, t he wheel chai r be-
comes a
basi c
uni t
or modul e of desi gn. The
r ange
of t he di mensi ons of a st andar d wheel -
chai r must be bor ne i n mi nd. Desi gn i s gov-
er ned
not
onl y
by t hese basi c di mensi ons, but
al so by t he di mensi ons of t he pat hs of act i on
of t he chai r
.
Var i at i ons i n di sabi l i t y per mi t
var i abl e l i mi t s of maneuver abi l i t y, and t he
r el at i onshi p of t he wheel chai r t o basi c equi p-
ment must
al so be r ecogni zed i n t he devel op-
ment of t he
pl anni ng dat a.
MEDI CAL
The medi cal ar ea of a r ehabi l i t at i on
cent er pr o-
vi des t he f ol l owi ng ser vi ces
: medi cal eval ua-
t i on, per f or med by t he physi ci an
and hi s st af f ;
physi cal t her apy, i ncl udi ng hydr ot her apy
;
occupat i onal t her apy; speech and
hear i ng
t her apy. I t al so f ur ni shes t he
ser vi ces of a
pr ost het i c and/ or or t het i c appl i ance
shop.
The det ai l ed char act er of t he
medi cal ar ea wi l l
var y wi t h t he pr ogr am
of t he cent er i t sel f .
The emphases i n t he
medi cal pr ogr am wi l l
be det er mi ned
by t he needs of t he pat i ent s and
by al r eady
exi st ent communi t y medi cal f aci l i -
t i es .
The medi cal ar ea
pr ovi des t he basi s f or t he
pat i ent s' t ot al
pr ogr amat t he cent er
.
I t must be
accessi bl e t o al l
ot her ar eas and be wel l i nt e-
gr at ed wi t h t he
admi ni st r at i on and admi ssi ons
ser vi ces . ( See Fi g .
2. )
Thi s sect i on wi l l
cont ai n much speci al i zed
exami nat i on,
t r eat ment , and t her apy equi p-
ment . Some of t hi s wi l l be heavy, r equi r i ng
a
f l oor desi gned t o accommodat e such concen-
t r at ed l oads ; t he
el ect r i cal ser vi ce t o t hese
machi nes i s i mpor t ant .
Pat i ent s wi l l be wear i ng l i ght wei ght exami -
nat i on or t r eat ment gowns her e, and t he heat -
i ng syst emwi l l have t o
compensat e
f or
t hi s .
The r ecor ds f or al l sect i ons of t hi s ar ea ar e ex-
t ensi ve; t her ef or e, adequat e st or age f or t hem
i s
mandat or y. Conf er ences wi t h pat i ent s and
st af f
make f ur t her demands on t he avai l abl e
space.
Many di f f er ent ki nds of
act i vi t i es wi l l be
housed her e and
t he space needs t o be adj ust -
abl e accor di ngl y. Accessi bi l i t y t o al l ot her
ar eas i s al so essent i al f or t he medi cal
ar ea of
act i vi t y.
Physi ci an
Medi cal di agnosi s
i s
t he
basi s f or devel opment
of t he pat i ent ' s
successf ul r ehabi l i t at i on pr o-
gr am.
On admi ssi on, a medi cal exami nat i on i s es-
sent i al , whet her t he pat i ent i s pr escr i bed
a
pr ogr ami n one or sever al of t he cent er ' s
ar eas
of act i vi t y: physi cal medi ci ne, soci al adj ust -
ment , or vocat i onal r ehabi l i t at i on. Anur se
i s
usual l y pr esent dur i ng t he exami nat i on .
Compl et e eval uat i on of t he pat i ent may r e-
qui r e t he ser vi ces of consul t i ng medi cal
spe-
ci al i st s, st af f speci al i st s i n
t he sever al medi cal
t her api es, psychol ogi st s, soci al wor ker s, and
vocat i onal counsel or s . At ot al i nt egr at ed pr o-
gr ami s devel oped f or t he pat i ent , wi t h medi cal
consi der at i ons as t he i ni t i al f r ame of r ef er ence.
Locat i on Wi t hi n
Bui l di ng As al l pat i ent s r ecei ve
medi cal eval uat i on, t he physi ci an' s
uni t shoul d
be near t he cent er ' s mai n
ent r ance.
For pur poses of
admi ssi on, and f or t he keep-
i ng of r ecor ds, l ocat i on of t he uni t near t he
admi ni st r at i ve depar t ment
i s desi r abl e.
I f an i n- pat i ent nur si ng
uni t i s i ncl uded, t he
physi ci an shoul d have, i f
possi bl e, conveni ent
access t o t he nur si ng
uni t .
I n smal l er
cent er s, t he mai n wai t i ng r oomf or
t he bui l di ng may
ser ve as t he wai t i ng ar ea f or
t he physi ci an' s
uni t .
Pl ace t he
uni t i n a qui et zone.
St af f - Pat i ent
Rat i os
The physi ci an- pat i ent
r at i o
wi l l depend ent i r el y on t he
nat ur e
of t he
pr o-
gr am. Cent er s accommodat i ng i n- pat i ent s wi l l
necessar i l y need a gr eat er
amount of
physi ci an
ser vi ce per pat i ent t han
t he out - pat i ent t ype of
cent er .
Physi ci an- pat i ent r at i os can be est abl i shed
onl y on an i ndi vi dual basi s .
Or gani zat i on of Space The physi ci an' s uni t
shoul d f or ma sel f - cont ai ned ar ea, wi t h access
t o t he consul t at i on r oomand t he medi cal ex-
ami nat i on r oomby means of a subcor r i dor , i f
possi bl e.
To make f ul l use of t he physi ci an' s t i me,
t her e shoul d be t wo exami nat i on r ooms f or
each consul t at i on r oom.
Recommended f or t he ar ea i s a t oi l et de-
si gned f or wheel chai r occupancy, accessi bl e
f r omt he exami nat i on r oom.
Fi g.
f

I at er t el at i ons of mai n el ement s of space of e r ehabi l i t at i on cent er . Act i vi t i es may be gr ouped accor di ng t o
r el at i ve
noi se l evel s .
Heal t h
and occupat i onal
t her apy, as wel l as f or act i vi -
t i es of dai l y
l i vi ng, shoul d be i n cl ose pr oxi m-
i t y, as many pat i ent s
wi l l r ecei ve t r eat ment and
t r ai ni ng i n al l t hr ee ar eas .
Ar r ange t he ar eas so t hat
schedul ed pat i ent s
may pr oceed
di r ect l y t o physi cal t her apy wi t h-
out i nt er f er i ng
wi t h ci r cul at i on t o ot her depar t -
ment s.
As physi cal
t her apy may t ake advant age of
cer t ai n out door
act i vi t y, pl ace t he exer ci se
r oomor gymnear t he out door s
.
As physi cal t her apy
i nvol ves some noi sy
act i vi t y, t hi s ar ea shoul d be r emoved
f r omqui et
zones, such as t he pl ace wher e speech
and
hear i ng
t her apy i s
admi ni st er ed, or t he nur si ng
uni t . ( See
Fi g. 5. )
The ar ea shoul d be conveni ent
t o t he cent er ' s
physi ci an and t he nur si ng uni t
( i f pr ovi ded) .
St af f - Pat i ent Rat i os One physi cal t her api st
can
t r eat an aver age of 10 t o 15 pat i ent s per
day.
cubi cl es ;
wher eas t he wet ar ea i ncl udes al l
hydr ot her apy
t r eat ment , t anks, pool s, and
r el at ed f aci l i t i es .
Hydr ot her apy equi pment shoul d be gr ouped
i n one ar ea, separ at e
f r om, but adj acent and
accessi bl e t o ot her t r eat ment ar eas .
Space
consi der at i ons f or a physi cal t her apy
depar t ment must t ake
i nt o account ci r cul at i on
ar eas
f or
pat i ent s
and st af f . Si t uat e t he equi p-
ment f or ef f i ci ent
and saf e use, and pr ovi de
st or age space f or equi pment
and suppl i es.
Fl exi bi l i t y and expansi on of f aci l i t i es shoul d
be consi der ed
i n
basi c
pl anni ng t o meet
changes i n r equi r ement s
.
I t i s advi sabl e t o
consul t wi t h t he chi ef physi -
cal t her api st , t he cent er ' s
di r ect or , and t he
cent er ' s physi ci an t o det er mi ne
equi pment
needs and t he pr ogr amof act i vi t y
f or t hi s de-
par t ment .
Locat i on Wi t hi n Bui l di ng The pl ace f or physi cal
Al t hough a cl i ni cal scal e i s essent i al equi p-
ment f or t he exami nat i on r oom, a wheel chai r
pat i ent ' s scal e const r uct ed
f r om a modi f i ed
pl at f or mscal e i s ver y desi r abl e. These scal es
shoul d be conveni ent l y accessi bl e f r om t he
ot her par t s of t he bui l di ng and may be pl aced
i n t he physi ci an' s uni t , or near t he physi cal
t her apy exer ci se r oomor gymnasi um.
Wai t i ng Room Ar r ange t he f ur ni t ur e t o al l ow
space f or wheel chai r pat i ent s . Al so, i ncl ude
coat hangi ng f aci l i t i es .
Secr et ar y I ncl ude i n t he f ur ni shi ngs a secr e-
t ar y' s desk, wr i t i ng t abl e, and l et t er si ze f i l e
cabi net s .
As cer t ai n r ecor ds must be avai l abl e t o de-
par t ment heads i n ot her ar eas of t he cent er ,
pl acement of such f i l es i n t he cent r al r ecor ds
r oomof t he admi ni st r at i ve ar ea i s t he usual
pr act i ce. However , some cent er s pr ef er t o keep
medi cal r ecor ds i n t he physi ci an' s uni t . A
physi ci an' s r ecor ds ar e t r adi t i onal l y pr i vi l eged
communi cat i ons, and, i f kept i n t he cent r al
r ecor ds
r oom, shoul d be made avai l abl e onl y
t o t he r esponsi bl e pr of essi onal per sonnel .
Consul t at i on Room i ncl ude
i n
t he
f ur ni shi ngs
f or t he physi ci an' s of f i ce and consul t at i on
r oom an execut i ve
desk and chai r , book-
shel ves, and f i l m
i l l umi nat or . Al l owspace f or
t wo
vi si t or s' chai r s and a wheel chai r . Pr ovi de
a
conveni ent coat cl oset . ( See Fi g. 3 . )
Exami nat i on Room I ncl ude i n t he f ur ni shi ngs
f or t hi s r ooman exami nat i on t abl e wi t h cl ear -
ance on al l si des, an exami nat i on l i ght , a l ava-
t or y and mi r r or , cl i ni cal scal es, a f i l m i l l umi -
nat or , an i nst r ument and suppl y cl oset , a smal l
el ect r i c pr essur e st er i l i zer ( i f no l abut i l i t y
r oomi s pr ovi ded) , and a chai r . St andi ng bar s
ar e opt i onal equi pment .
Lab- Ut i l i t y Room

i f a l abut i l i t y r oomi s pr ovi ded,
equi p i t wi t h a pr essur e st er i l i zer , si nk, pl ast er
car t , wor k count er , and st or age cabi net s .
Radi ol ogy
Radi ol ogy i s usual l y pr ovi ded f or
r ehabi l i t at i on cent er s
by x- r ay depar t ment s
of hospi t al s, cl i ni cs, and
ot her i nst i t ut i ons .
I f
r adi ol ogy i s t o
f or ma par t of t he cent er ' s
ser vi ces, st andar d pr act i ce
i n
t he
desi gn and
const r uct i on of t he depar t ment shoul d be
f ol l owed. ( See Fi g. 4. )
Physi cal Ther apy
Physi cal t her apy i s
admi ni st er ed under medi -
cal
super vi si on and per f or med by gr aduat es of
a school or cour se
appr oved by t he Counci l
on Medi cal Educat i on and
Hospi t al s of t he
Amer i can Medi cal Associ at i on.
The obj ect i ves of physi cal t her apy ar e t o cor -
r ect or al l evi at e bone and j oi nt or neur omuscu-
l ar di sabi l i t i es . Thi s ent ai l s a concer n wi t h al l
t ypes of physi cal di sabi l i t i es, such as neur o-
l ogi cal di seases, ar t hr i t i s, amput at i on, par al -
ysi s, spast i ci t y, st r uct ur al and post ur al mal -
al i gnment s, cr i ppl i ng acci dent s, post sur gi cal
condi t i ons, et c . Measur es ar e used t o r et ai n
or r eest abl i sh ci r cul at i on, muscl e t one, coor di -
nat i on, j oi nt mot i on l endi ng t o mobi l i t y, am-
bul et i on, end act i vi t i es of dai l y l i vi ng.
I n car r yi ng out hi s ai m, t he t her api st wi l l
make use of heat , col d, wat er , l i ght , end el ec-
t r i ci t y as wel l as t he t r ai ni ng ef f ect s of act i ve,
passi ve, r esi st i ve, and r eeducat i on exer ci ses .
Or gani zat i on of Space
Ther e shoul d be t wo maj or
t r eat ment ar eas,
dr y
and wet . The dr y ar ea i n-
cl udes t he exer ci se r oomor gymand t r eat ment
Heal t h
Gr oup ser vi ces may
i ncr ease t hi s t o 20 a day.
I f t he physi cal
t her api st i s assi st ed by non-
pr of essi onal s and i f t he wor k space and sched-
ul i ng ar e
wel l pl anned, a maxi mumst af f - pat i ent
r at i o may be achi eved . Nonpr of essi onal assi s-
t ant s, pai d or vol unt eer , can be t r ai ned t o pr e-
par e
pat i ent s f or t r eat ment s, at t end t o equi p-
ment , and t r anspor t pat i ent s, i f necessar y.
Ther e ar e many var i abl es i nvol ved i n st af f -
pat i ent r at i os .
Tr eat ment Cubi cl es Di vi de t he cubi cl es wi t h
cur t ai n t r acks f or
easy access
by wheel chai r
and st r et cher
pat i ent s and f or f l exi bi l i t y i n use
of
space, as f or i nst r uct i onal act i vi t y or gai t
t r ai ni ng.
Cur t ai ns shoul d not ext end t o t he
cei l i ng or f l oor , so t hat when dr awn, t hey may
not i nt er f er e wi t h vent i l at i on. ( See Fi g. 6. )
Equi p
cubi cl es wi t h a t r eat ment t abl e wi t h
adequat e wor k space on each si de and at t he
head. Tr eat ment t abl es wi t h dr awer s or shel v-
i ng
pr ovi de conveni ent st or age space f or
sheet s and ot her r equi r ement s .
Pr ovi de i n t he cubi cl es a pl ace f or t he pa-
t i ent ' s out er cl ot hi ng, such as hooks or l ocker s .
Pr ovi de a l avat or y conveni ent f or t he t her a-
pi st ' s use.
Heal t h
The most f r equent l y used i t ems of
equi pment
ar e: exer ci se mat s ( somet i mes r ai sed
24 i n.
of f t he f l oor f or t he conveni ence
of t her api st s
and wheel chai r or cr ut ch pat i ent s- i f
ar ea i s
of suf f i ci ent si ze, mat s may r emai n
i n pl ace) ,
shoul der wheel , shoul der
over head and wal l
wei ght s, shoul der l adder , st eps,
cur bs, r amps,
st al l bar s, par al l el bar s, post ur e
mi r r or , st a-
t i onar y bi cycl e, count er bal anced
and i ndi vi d-
ual wei ght s, sand bags, and par af f i n
bat h.
Some of t hi s equi pment may be made
by a
ski l l ed car pent er r at her t han
pur chased. Pur -
chased equi pment shoul d be
accompani ed by
sat i sf act or y r epai r and mai nt enance
ser vi ce.
Cer t ai n equi pment r el at i onshi ps
shoul d be
mai nt ai ned. Pl ace t he post ur e mi r r or
4 f t f r om
t he end of t he par al l el bar s . When
mat s and
ot her movabl e equi pment ar e
r emoved, t her e
shoul d be suf f i ci ent space f or gai t
t r ai ni ng, al so
r el at ed t o a post ur e mi r r or .
Door s t o t he exer ci se ar ea
shoul d be wi de
enough t o accommodat e not
onl y pat i ent s but
al so equi pment . Doubl e door s,
each 3 f t wi de,
ar e r ecommended .
The l ayout shown suggest s
a mi ni mumex-
er ci se ar ea f or a physi cal t her apy
depar t ment
wi t h one t her api st andan ai d .
For anexpansi on
f i l es, and a desk wi t h a di ct at i ng
machi ne.
Par t i t i on t he of f i ce so t hat i nt er vi ews may
have acoust i cal pr i vacy.
Si t uat e i t near t he pat i ent s' ent r ance
t o t he
physi cal t her apy depar t ment and desi gn i t t o
pr ovi de maxi mum super vi si on of act i vi t i es .
Apat i ent schedul i ng boar d and wr i t i ng sur -
f ace ar e r ecommended
.
Locat e
t hem conve-
ni ent l y f or al l physi cal t her api st s .
St af f l ocker s and dr essi ng r ooms
( separ at e
f r ompat i ent s) shoul d be near t hi s
depar t ment .
Exami ni ng Room The r oom
shoul d be conveni ent
t o t he ent r ance of t he
physi cal t her apy depar t -
ment .
Equi p i t wi t h an exami nat i on
t abl e, l avat or y,
and space f or exami nat i on
equi pment .
Pr ovi de f l oor - t o- cei l i ng
par t i t i ons f or pr i vacy.
The
r oommay be used f or speci al t est s and
measur ement s,
or f or t r eat ment when pr i vacy
i s desi r abl e.
Scal es
f or wei ghi ng pat i ent s ( i ncl udi ng pa-
t i ent s i n
wheel chai r s) ar e somet i mes pr ovi ded
i n t hi s r oom.
Exer ci se Ar ea Thi s ar ea shoul d
be a f l exi bl e,
cl ear space f or i ndi vi dual and gr oup
exer ci se
act i vi t i es . ( See Fi g. 7. )
Equi pment
f or
t hi s depar t ment
may i ncl ude
i nf r ar ed and
ul t r avi ol et l amps, di at her my, hot
pack and el ect r i cal
st i mul at i on appar at us,
ul t r asoni c equi pment , suspensi on
appar at us
( Gut hr i e- Smi t h) , el ect r i cal di agnost i c appar a-
t us,
moi st heat equi pment , sand bags, powder
boar ds, powder ,
oi l or l ot i on, al cohol , and
l i nen.
I n
many
cases
pat i ent s wi l l be l yi ng ont hei r
backs dur i ng t r eat ment s .
Cei l i ng l i ght i ng
shoul d be i ndi r ect or
semi - di r ect t o avoi d gl ar e.
Ther api st s maki ng t est s or
exami nat i ons r e-
qui r e shaded or nongl ar e spot l i ght s .
Wai t i ng Ar ea
Pr ovi de space f or wheel chai r
and ambul ant pat i ent s ;
and i f t her e i s a nur si ng
uni t , space al so
f or a st r et cher .
Pl ace t he t her api st ' s
of f i ce near t he wai t i ng
ar ea f or cont r ol .
Fr om t he
wai t i ng ar ea, t he pat i ent shoul d
be abl e t o go t o t he exer ci se
r oom, hydr ot her -
apy, or t r eat ment cubi cl es wi t h a
mi ni mum
i nt er f er ence of act i vi t i es .
Ther api st ' s Of f i ce Ther e shoul d be st af f of f i ce
space
f or i nt er vi ewi ng pat i ent s and at t endi ng
t o
admi ni st r at i ve dut i es, as wel l as space f or
Heal t h
REHABI LI TATI ON
CENTERS
and t o ar ouse i nt er est i n t he
cent er ' s pr ogr am.
For t hi s pur pose, t he gymnasi um
shoul d be
easi l y accessi bl e t o t he
publ i c .
To make maxi mumuse
of t hi s mul t i pur pose
r oom, i t i s i mpor t ant t hat
act i vi t i es be con-
t r ol l ed t o avoi d
conf l i ct i ng schedul es .
Hydr ot her apy The space
f or hydr ot her apy i s
f r equent l y
t he
most expensi ve ar ea of t he
cent er ; consequent l y, i t shoul d be
pl anned wi t h
consi der abl e
sel ect i vi t y.
Whi r l pool t anks f or ar m, f oot , hi p,
and l eg
i mmer si on
ar e consi der ed i nadequat e by
many
cent er s
ser vi ng mul t i pl e di sabi l i t i es
unl ess
augment ed wi t h f aci l i t i es f or
compl et e body
i mmer si on. ( See Fi g.
8. )
Al most al l exer ci ses and t r eat ment s can
be
conduct ed wi t h a Hubbar d t ank and a wadi ng
pool and t ank. Combi nat i ons of Hubbar d
t anks
wi t h wadi ng f aci l i t i es ar e avai l abl e wher e
space
i s l i mi t ed .
Ther apeut i c pool s ar e
expensi ve t o con-
st r uct ; consequent l y, t hey ar e
usual l y consi d-
er ed onl y f or l ar ger cent er s .
Al l hydr ot her apy act i vi t i es
r equi r e l i nen
and t owel st or age. Al so pr ovi de a
wr i nger and
dr yer f or bat hi ng sui t s and a st or age
apace
f or wet and dr y bat hi ng sui t s of bot h
st af f
and
pat i ent s .
Tank and pool ar eas r equi r e st or age space
f or wheel chai r s and st r et cher s, adequat e
ser ves a var i et y of uses, such as
i ndi vi dual
and gr oup exer ci ses, r ecr eat i onal pr ogr ams,
and meet i ngs.
The gymnasi umwi l l augment
t he pr ogr amof
t he physi cal t her apy exer ci se r oom,
per mi t t i ng
t he t her api st t o conduct gr oup
wheel chai r and
mat cl asses . The r oom shoul d be
f ur ni shed
wi t h par al l el bar s, wal l bar s, st ai r s, cur bs,
gr adi ent s, wal l mi r r or s, et c . ,
f or i ndi vi dual
i nst r uct i on.
The r oomwi l l al so be used f or r ecr eat i onal
act i vi t y such as gr oup vol l eybal l , basket bal l ,
movi ng pi ct ur es, and wheel chai r squar e
danci ng. Ami ni mumcl ear cei l i ng hei ght of
14 f t i s r ecommended. I f t he gymnasi um
meet s
st andar d space r equi r ement s, r ent al
of i t s use
t o communi t y at hl et i c or gani zat i ons
wi l l be
f aci l i t at ed. Pr ovi di ng a r ecr eat i onal
pr ogr am
i s par t i cul ar l y i mpor t ant
wher e i npat i ent s
ar e i nvol ved.
The gymnasi umwi l l al so be used
by t he
soci al gr oup wor ker i n t he soci al
adj ust ment
pr ogr amof some pat i ent s .
As t he
gymnasi umi s a mul t i pur pose r oom,
equi pment and f ur ni t ur e
wi t hi n t he ar ea shoul d
be movabl e. Pr ovi si on f or i t s st or age i s
essen-
t i al .
As a
meet i ng r oom t o be used by sel ect ed
gr oups wi t hi n t he communi t y, t hi s f aci l i t y pr o-
vi des an excel l ent oppor t uni t y t o acquai nt
t he
publ i c wi t h t he pr obl ems of r ehabi l i t at i on
of t he
exer ci se ar ea see " Gymnasi um" i n t hi s
sect i on.
The exer ci se ar ea may be
di vi ded by open
par t i t i ons whi ch al l owf or t he at t achment
of
equi pment and subdi vi di ng of
act i vi t i es, yet
whi ch per mi t ci r cul at i on of ai r and easy
super -
vi si on of
t he t ot al ar ea.
An obser vat i on cubi cl e wi t h
oneway vi si on
gl ass may somet i mes be used t o
advant age i n
or der
t hat vi si t or s wi l l not i nt er f er e
wi t h pa-
t i ent s'
act i vi t i es .
Rei nf or ce t he wal l s f or i nst al l at i on
of exer -
ci se
equi pment , such as st al l bar s .
Pr ovi de st or age f or equi pment
not i n use.
Toi l et s shoul d be accessi bl e t o
t he pat i ent s
and
desi gned f or t hose who ar e
conf i ned t o
wheel chai r s .
Awal l cl ock i n t he r oomf or t i mi ng
exer ci ses
i s r ecommended.
Vi nyl wal l cover i ng t o a
mi ni mumhei ght of
5 f t wi l l pr ot ect wal l s and ease
mai nt enance.
Ther e shoul d be adequat e
vent i l at i on . Fr esh
ai r wi t hout dr af t s i n t he
exer ci se and t r eat ment
cubi cl es i s ver y i mpor t ant .
Ai r condi t i oni ng of
t hi s
ar ea i s hi ghl y desi r abl e.
Wi ndows or r oom exposur e
shoul d be de-
si gned t o pr ovi de pr i vacy wi t hi n t he
exer ci se
r oom
.
Gymnasi um
I n l ar ger cent er s or cent er s
wi t h
i npat i ent s, a
gymnasi umi s r ecommended
. I t
Heal t h
REHABI LI TATI ON
CENTERS
r ecommended. For chi l dr en
t he shal l ow end
shoul d be 2 f t deep, f or adul t s, 3 f t . The deep
end of t he pool shoul d be 5 f t
.
Ther e shoul d be a cont i nuous gut t er
ar ound
t he pool f or t he use of t he pat i ent s and
f or t he
pur pose of at t achi ng pl i nt hs .
Apor t i on of t he f l oor sur r oundi ng t he pool
may be depr essed t o f or man obser vat i on ar ea
f or t he t her api st .
Occupat i onal t her apy i s admi ni st er ed under
medi cal super vi si on and per f or med by gr ad-
uat es of school s of occupat i onal t her apy
appr oved by t he Counci l on
Medi cal Educat i on
and Hospi t al s of t he Amer i can
Medi cal Asso-
ci at i on
.
The obj ect i ves of occupat i onal
t her api st s
ar e t o assi st i n t he ment al and physi cal
r est or a-
t i on of t he di sabl ed per son, enabl i ng
hi m t o
adj ust t o hi s di sabi l i t y, i ncr ease hi s wor k
capaci t y, and t o want t o become a pr oduct i ve
member of hi s communi t y.
I n addi t i on, t he occupat i onal t her api st i s
concer ned wi t h t he t r ai ni ng of
pat i ent s i n t he
act i vi t i es of dai l y l i vi ng
.
To achi eve t hese goal s, occupat i onal
t her apy
ut i l i zes, on an i ndi vi dual basi s,
r emedi al
act i vi t i es whi ch ar e f ound i n cr eat i ve ski l l s
and manual ar t s . ( See Fi g. 9. )
si nk or l avat or y i s
r equi r ed i n t he cubi cl e f or
dr ai nage of t he uni t .
Pr ovi de space
f or chai r , t abl e, and a st ool of
adj ust abl e
hei ght
.
I n smal l cent er s
wher e hydr ot her apy equi p-
ment consi st s onl y of
whi r l pool t anks, pl ace
t hemnear t r eat ment cubi cl es
and near t he exer -
ci se r oomf or easy super vi si on by t he
t her api st .
Tank Room At r eat ment t abl e
wi t h st or age
space i s an essent i al r equi r ement .
Al l owspace f or wheel st r et cher s
and pr ovi de
44- i n. - wi de door s . ( A
56- i n. - wi de openi ng i s
necessar y t o i nst al l
combi nat i on t r eat ment
and wadi ng t ank. )
Al l ow space f or st r et cher
and wheel chai r
st or age.
Shower s and Dr essi ng
Rooms Di r ect l y r el at ed t o
t he
ef f i ci ent
use
of
a
hydr ot her apy pool i s t he
pr ovi si on of adequat e dr essi ng r oomf aci l i t i es .
Dr essi ng
f aci l i t i es do not necessar i l y have a
si ze r el at i onshi p t o t he pool i ndi cat ed. For
exampl e, some pr ogr ams wi l l r equi r e sever al
dr essi ng t abl es i n or der t o accommodat e
t he
pat i ent s .
Hydr ot her apy
Pool Many var i at i ons i n si ze ar e
possi bl e.
The dept h of t he pool shoul d be gr aduat ed.
Var i at i ons of dept h i n 5- i n. i ncr ement s ar e
dr essi ng
cubi cl es, or dr essi ng r ooms t o per mi t
maxi mumuse of pool , shower s, and t oi l et
f aci l i t i es .
As hydr ot her apy i s a moder at el y noi sy
act i vi t y, i t shoul d be r emoved f r omar eas r e-
qui r i ng sound cont r ol .
Fl oor s shoul d be of ungl azed cer ami c t i l e
wi t h dr ai ns f or spi l l ed wat er and t ank over f l ow.
As equi pment i s heavy when f i l l ed wi t h
wat er , a st r uct ur e must be desi gned f or t hese
addi t i onal
l oads .
Over head
monor ai l s wi t h l i f t mechani smar e
essent i al f or ef f i ci ent use of Hubbar d t anks
end wader s.
Cei l i ngs shoul d be a mi ni mumof
9 f t 6 i n. The l ocat i on of t he monor ai l wi t h
pr oper r el at i onshi p t o equi pment i s essent i al .
Al l pi pes f or hydr ot her apy shoul d be acces-
si bl e but conceal ed. Wast e l i nes shoul d be
adequat e f or r api d changes of wat er .
Al l hydr ot her apy equi pment shoul d have
t her most at i cal l y cont r ol l ed mi xi ng val ves .
Adequat e pr essur e and an ampl e sour ce of
160' F. wat er ar e essent i al .
Humi di t y r educt i on i s a maj or concer n
i n
pl anni ng t he hydr ot her apy depar t ment . Ade-
quat e ai r condi t i oni ng i s essent i al f or t he com-
f or t of pat i ent s and st af f .
Whi r l pool s Thi s i ncl udes equi pment f or t he
t r eat ment of ar ms, hi ps, and l egs .
Somemodel s
ar e avai l abl e as movabl e uni t s,
i n whi ch case a
Heal t h
REHABI LI TATI ON
CENTERS
Cer t ai n
occupat i onal t her apy act i vi t i es, such
as t hose char act er i st i c
of dai l y l i vi ng, may be
conduct ed out of door s i n
f avor abl e weat her .
I t i s r ecommended t hat ,
i f possi bl e, access
t o an out door ar ea be pr ovi ded.
The ar ea shoul d be accessi bl e t o t he
cent er ' s
physi ci an, t he soci al
adj ust ment ar ea, and t he
vocat i onal counsel i ng
ar ea. As occupat i onal
t her apy i nvol ves coor di nat i on
wi t h t he nur si ng
uni t ( f or dr essi ng
and t oi l et i ng par t i cul ar l y) ,
t he occupat i onal
t her apy depar t ment shoul d
be conveni ent l y r el at ed t o i t .
Locat i on Wi t hi n Bui l di ng
occupat i onal t her apy
shoul d be adj acent t o t he
physi cal t her apy
depar t ment , si nce
many pat i ent s wi l l use bot h
ar eas .
Locat e t he ar ea so t hat
schedul ed pat i ent s
may pr oceed di r ect l y t o
wi t hout i nt er f er i ng wi t h t he
ci r cul at i on of ot her
depar t ment s .
As some phases of
i nvol ve noi sy act i vi t y, t hi s
ar ea shoul d be r e-
moved f r omqui et zones i n t he
bui l di ng, or pr o-
vi si on shoul d be
made f or acoust i c cont r ol .
St af f - Pat i ent Rat i os one occupat i onal
t her api st
can t r eat ei ght t o f i f t een pat i ent s
per day. The
number of pat i ent s depends upon t ypes
of
di sabi l i t i es and t he sever i t y of t he cases
.
Wher e hi ghl y i ndi vi dual t r eat ment s
ar e r e-
qui r ed, t he
dai l y l oad wi l l decr ease. Al so,
i f
t he
t her api st i s r el i eved of admi ni st r at i ve
r e-
sponsi bi l i t i es and assi st ed by
nonpr of essi onal
per sons, t he
dai l y l oad wi l l i ncr ease.
For or t hopedi c pat i ent s, speci al equi pment
must
f r equent l y be devi sed under cl ose super -
vi si on of t he
occupat i onal t her api st .
Ther e ar e
many var i abl es appl i cabl e t o st af f -
pat i ent r at i os .
Ot ganj 2at i an of Space
The act i vi t y ar ea may be
so pl anned t hat
each act i vi t y has a separ at e
uni t , or i t may be
pl anned t o separ at e qui et
f r omnoi sy
and dust y f r omcl ean act i vi t y. The
uni t syst em
f aci l i t at es assi gnment of speci al
i nst r uct or s t o
speci al act i vi t i es and i s al so
a mor e
or der l y ar r angement of t he space. How-
ever , t hi s met hod
i ncr eases t he number of st af f ,
makes super vi si on mor e
di f f i cul t , and can be
consi der ed onl y i n l ar ger
depar t ment s .
The act i vi t i es of dai l y
l i vi ng ( ADL) ar ea,
whi ch i s used t o t each t he
pat i ent howt o l i ve
sel f - suf f i ci ent l y i n hi s
home envi r onment ,
shoul d be cl osel y r el at ed t o
t he mai n occupa-
t i onal t her apy t r eat ment r oom.
As t he occupat i onal
t her api st wor ks cl osel y
wi t h t he soci al adj ust ment st af f
and t he voca-
t i onal counsel or s, hi s of f i ce
shoul d be near
t hei r ar eas .
Act i vi t i es of Dai l y Li vi ng

The act i vi t i es whi ch ar e
i ndi cat ed
i ncl ude most si t uat i ons f ound i n t he
home ( see Fi g. 10) .
Some t r ai ni ng,
par t i cul ar l y bat hr oom and
Heal t h
bedr oom act i vi t i es, wi l l r equi r e
cooper at i on
wi t h physi cal t her api st s
. Consequent l y, t he
ADLar ea shoul d be easi l y
accessi bl e f r omt he
physi cal t her apy depar t ment .
Agadget boar d cont ai ni ng
numer ous i t ems
of har dwar e, l i ght swi t ches, f aucet s, and
ot her
i t ems f r equent l y used shoul d be i ncl uded. The
boar d shoul d be adj ust abl e i n hei ght .
The bat hr oom shoul d be ar r anged t o ac-
commodat e
wheel chai r pat i ent s ( see " I npa-
t i ent s" ) .
The ki t chen pl an may i ncl ude, i n addi t i on
t o t he t ype i l l ust r at ed f or wheel chai r use,
st andar d count er and cabi net ar r angement s
t o t est t he pat i ent ' s abi l i t y t o cope wi t h
" nor -
mal " si t uat i ons . Count er s of adj ust abl e
hei ght
may be used t o advant age i n t r ai ni ng pat i ent s
.
Af r ont l oadi ng washer and dr yer , as i l l us-
t r at ed, i s desi r abl e f or wheel chai r pat i ent s .
Cont r ol s at t he f r ont of t he r ange ar e r ecom-
mended. However , t he pur pose of t hi s
t r ai ni ng
i s t o showt he pat i ent howhe may use,
i f pos-
si bl e, appl i ances t hat ar e st andar d i n hi s com-
muni t y.
Ast andar d cl ot hes cl oset i s r ecommended
as a par t of t he t r ai ni ng i n dr essi ng.
Abr oomcl oset , vacuum cl eaner , and ad-
j ust abl e i r oni ng boar d shoul d al so be i ncl uded.
Tabl e space shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t r ai ni ng
i n eat i ng and f or use as a wr i t i ng sur f ace.
Ar ug can al so be used t o t est t he pat i ent ' s
abi l i t y t o cope wi t h t hat t ype of f l oor cover i ng.
Speech and Hear i ng
The speech and hear i ng uni t ser ves t hose
wi t h di sabi l i t i es of deaf ness, st ut t er i ng, or de-
l ayed speech and voi ce di sor der s whi ch may
r esul t f r om var i ous basi c abnor mal i t i es,
di s-
eases, or i nj ur i es .
Awi de var i et y of pr ogr ams i s possi bl e
.
Some pr ovi de f or t r eat ment of post oper at i ve
di sor der s r esul t i ng f r om t onsi l l ect omi es and
ear oper at i ons, cer ebr al pal sy, meni ngi t i s,
cl ef t pal at e, hemi pl egi a, vocal cor d anomal i es .
Ser vi ces may r ange f r omt est i ng and t r eat -
i ng of al l condi t i ons t o emphasi s on di sor der s
associ at ed wi t h cer t ai n speci f i c di sabi l i t i es .
The cent er may i ncl ude speech t her apy onl y
or audi ol ogi cal t est i ng as wel l .
The pr ogr ammay ser ve adul t s or chi l dr en,
or bot h.
The cent er may i ncl ude a t eachi ng and r e-
sear ch pr ogr ami n speech and hear i ng.
St af f - Pat i ent Rat i os

Al t hough r at i os var y wi del y
wi t h di f f er ent pat i ent s, an appr oxi mat i on of
st af f - pat i ent r at i os i s as f ol l ows :
1 . For audi omet r i c scr eeni ng: one audi o-
met r i c t echni ci an may scr een one pat i ent ever y
f i ve t o ei ght mi nut es .
2. For audi omet r i c t est i ng: t he audi ol ogi st
may t est f our t o ei ght pat i ent s per day dur i ng
t he i ni t i al scr eeni ng pr ocess . For a compl et e
t est f or hear i ng ai d eval uat i on, t hr ee hour s
i s needed per pat i ent , and t he t est i s usual l y
conduct ed i n t wo vi si t s .
3. For i ndi vi dual t her apy : one t her api st f or
si x t o t en pat i ent s per day ( one hal f - hour t o
one- hour per i ods) . The audi ol ogi st may al so
act as t her api st .
4. For gr oup t her apy: f i ve t o ei ght per sons
per t her api st ; one t her api st f or t went y- f our
pat i ent s per day.
Or gani zat i on of Space Pat i ent s' t oi l et f aci l i t i es
and coat r acks shoul d be accessi bl e f r om t he
wai t i ng r oom. I t i s r ecommended t hat t he
sound cont r ol r oom, t est r oom, and audi o-
met r i c t est i ng r ooms be l ocat ed on a subcor r i -
dor of f t he wai t i ng r oom i n or der t o r educe
noi se . I n a chi l dr en' s pr ogr am, a pl ay and ex-
f or ot her i t ems of equi pment . Condui t s be-
t ween t he j acks shoul d be i nst al l ed i n a manner
t hat avoi ds
sound t r ansmi ssi on
.
For compl et e
di agnost i c
ser vi ce, a gal vani c
ski n
r esponse audi omet er may be used i n t he
t est r oom. For di agnost i c t est i ng, del ayed
audi t or y f eedback equi pment may be used .
For a chi l dr en' s pr ogr am, chi l dr en' s f ur ni t ur e
and t oys shoul d be par t
of
t he
t est r oom.
The t est
r ooms
shoul d be acoust i cal l y
t r eat ed t o achi eve an
over al l r esi dual noi se
l evel
of
not
mor e
t han
30
deci bel s on t he " C"
scal e. Thi s r equi r es car ef ul l y super vi sed con-
st r uct i on of a " f l oat i ng r oom. " I n newconst r uc-
t i on t he subf l oor
maybe
depr essed t o el i mi nat e
t he hi gh st ep or r amp at t he ent r ance t o t he
t est r oom. I f bui l t on gr ade, t he f l oat i ng sl ab
f or t he r oom may be pl aced on a sand bed.
To achi eve t hi s degr ee of acoust i c cont r ol ,
i t i s essent i al t hat t he f l oat i ng r oom have ade-
quat e " mass" and t hat al l necessar y pr ecau-
t i ons ar e t aken t o avoi d t he conduct i on of
sound.
Pr oper ai r
ci r cul at i on i s
a
f r equent pr obl em.
Or t het i c and/ or
Pr ost het i c
Appl i ance Shop
Or t het i c appl i ances ar e medi cal l y pr escr i bed
f or t he suppor t of weakened par t s of t he body
and
t o
i ncr ease
or
cont r ol t hei r f unct i on.
Pr ost het i c appl i ances ar e medi cal l y pr escr i bed
ar t i f i ci al subst i t ut es f or a mi ssi ng body par t .
Such devi ces ar e const r uct ed by or t het i st s
and pr ost het i st s i n cooper at i on wi t h t he physi -
ci an, t he physi cal t her api st , and t he occupa-
t i onal t her api st . ( See Fi g. 13. )
The t ype of f aci l i t y f or or t het i c and pr os-
t het i c ser vi ces wi l l var y wi del y wi t h r ehabi l i t a-
t i on cent er s and i s di ct at ed at t i mes by t he
avai l abi l i t y of commer ci al ser vi ces .
Fr equent l y, ar r angement s ar e made f or a
r epr esent at i ve of a
commer ci al f i r m t o vi si t
t he cent er . For t hi s pur pose a f i t t i ng r oom
i s r ecommended as a
mi ni mum f aci l i t y, al -
t hough an
of f i ce
or
t r eat ment cubi cl e i s some-
t i mes used and mi nor adj ust ment s and r epai r s
t o appl i ances ar e made i n t he occupat i onal
t her apy depar t ment .
However , a smal l shop( as i l l ust r at ed) wi t hi n
t he cent er pr ovi des cl ose l i ai son bet ween t he
pat i ent , t he medi cal t eam, and t he or t het i st or
pr ost hat i st . I n such a shop, smal l devi ces such
as f eeder s and page t ur ner s may be f abr i cat ed
and adj ust ment s and r epai r s made t o wheel -
chai r s, br aces, l i mbs, and cr ut ches .
I f a mi ni mumf aci l i t y i s est abl i shed, consi d-
er at i on shoul d be gi ven t o i t s f ut ur e expansi on,
not onl y i n t er ms of space, but wi t h r espect t o
el ect r i cal ser vi ces,
vent i l at i on, gas suppl y, et c .
ami nat i on r oomnear t he t est r oom i s r ecom-
mended.
Audi omet r i c
Test i ng The audi omet r i c t est i ng
r oom
( or , i n some cases, boot hs) i s a f aci l i t y
f or pur e- t one t hr eshol d
t est i ng and shor t f or m
hear i ng scr eeni ng t est s ( see Fi g. 11) .
Space shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t he audi -
ol ogi st ' s desk wi t h an audi omet er and one pa-
t i ent ' s chai r or wheel chai r . Fur ni t ur e shoul d
be ar r anged so t hat t he audi ol ogi st may f ace
t he pat i ent and oper at e t he audi omet er . Pr ovi de
st or age and shel vi ng.
The r oomshoul d be t r eat ed acoust i cal l y f or
an over al l r esi dual noi se l evel of not mor e
t han 40 deci bel s as measur ed ont he " C" scal e.
Thi s i nvol ves t he t r eat ment of wal l s, cei l i ngs,
and
f l oor s . ( See Fi g . 12. )
Cont r ol RoomandTest Room

Thi s
f aci l i t y i s essen-
t i al f or an audi ol ogy pr ogr am.
I t i s pr ef er abl e t o pl ace t hese
r ooms of f t he
subcor r i dor or hal l , and t o cont r ol t he act i vi t y
i n
sur r oundi ng r ooms i n or der t hat ext r aneous
noi ses be el i mi nat ed.
For a chi l dr en' s pr ogr ami t i s hi ghl y desi r abl e
t hat , out si de t he t est r oom, a pl ay and exami na-
t i on r oombe pr ovi ded t o accust om
t he chi l d
t o hi s envi r onment and t o make t he t r ansi t i on
t o t he t est r oomas easy as possi bl e. Thi s r oom
shoul d be equi pped wi t h chi l dr en' s f ur ni t ur e
and t oys .
Equi pment f or t he cont r ol r oomwi l l i ncl ude
a wor k sur f ace f or t he audi omet er , ear phones
and mi cr ophone, t ape r ecor der , and t ape and
r ecor d st or age, and may i ncl ude ot her equi p-
ment such as a Bekesy
audi omet er .
I f hear i ng ai d eval uat i on i s par t of
t he pr o-
gr am, pr ovi de st or age space f or
hear i ng ai ds
ei t her i n t he t est r oom or t he cont r ol r oom
.
The cont r ol r oom shoul d be
t r eat ed acous-
t i cal l y t o achi eve anover al l r esi dual noi se l evel
of not mor e t han 40 deci bel s on t he " C" scal e.
An obser vat i on wi ndowappr oxi mat el y 18 by
20 i n. i s r equi r ed. For adequat e cont r ol of
sound t r ansmi ssi on, t hr ee pi eces of gl ass of
di f f er ent t hi cknesses and nonpar al l el i n con-
st r uct i on ar e r ecommended. One- way vi si on
gl ass i n t he cont r ol r oomi s opt i onal .
Equi pment f or t he t est r oom
i ncl udes a
speaker , mi cr ophone, and headphone.
Mi cr o-
phone and headphone
j acks shoul d be l ocat ed
near t he pat i ent ' s
chai r . Addi t i onal auxi l i ar y
wal l - or cei l i ng- mount ed
speaker s ar e some-
t i mes pr ovi ded,
par t i cul ar l y f or t he
t est i ng of
chi l dr en . These
speaker s shoul d be separ at el y
swi t ched. Al l t hi s
equi pment i s wi r ed t o t he
audi omet er . Addi t i onal
spar e j acks i n bot h t he
cont r ol and t he t est r oom
ar e r ecommended
Heal t h
REHABI LI TATI ON
CENTERS
4. I n- ser vi ce t r ai ni ng of psychol ogi st s
and
par t i ci pat i on i n psychol ogi cal r esear ch.
The mi ni mumr ecommended psychol ogi cal
f aci l i t i es woul d i ncl ude a psychol ogi st ' s
counsel i ng r oomand t est r oom.
Soci al Ser vi ces i ncl ude t he f ol l owi ng :
1 . Soci al st udy and eval uat i on, i ncl udi ng
t he col l ect i on of r el evant i nf or mat i on f r om
t he pat i ent , hi s f ami l y, and
ot her agenci es,
and t he appr ai sal of such
i nf or mat i on wi t h
r espect t o t he pat i ent ' s r ehabi l i t at i on
pot ent i al
2. Soci al casewor k, wher e
t he soci al wor ker
( medi cal soci al wor ker or
psychi at r i c soci al
wor ker ) wor ks wi t h t he pat i ent t o
i mpr ove
at t i t udes t owar d sel f - suppor t
and mot i vat i on
t owar d t r eat ment and wor k
3. Soci al gr oup wor k, i ncl udi ng t he
cor r ec-
t i on
of abnor mal l i vi ng pat t er ns by
usi ng
pl anned gr oupact i vi t i es, r ecr eat i onal
i n nat ur e
but
t her apeut i c i n val ue. I t may i ncl ude
hobby
act i vi t i es, gr oup di scussi ons, and
act i vi t i es
of an
adul t educat i on nat ur e .
Psychi at r i c Ser vi ce=
Fr equent l y t he psychi a-
t r i st i s empl oyed on a
par t - t i me basi s and i s
pr i mar i l y cal l ed upon
t o pr ovi de t he f ol l owi ng
ser vi ces :
1 . Psychi at r i c
scr eeni ng t o di agnose emo-
t i onal pr obl ems
2. St af f
consul t at i ons on howt hese pr ob-
l ems shoul d be
managed i n r el at i on t o t he
pat i ent ' s t ot al r ehabi l i t at i on pr ogr am
3.
I n- ser vi ce st af f t r ai ni ng f or t he pur pose
of devel opi ng
gr eat er under st andi ng of t he
psychol ogi cal
f act or s i n di sabi l i t y
Psychol ogi cal
Ser vi ces i ncl ude:
1 . Psychol ogi cal eval uat i on,
accompl i shed
by means of
var i ous psychol ogi cal t est i ng
pr ocedur es and i nt er vi ews
whi ch eval uat e
t he pat i ent ' s i nt el l i gence and per sonal i t y
2. I nt er pr et at i on of cl i ni cal
f i ndi ngs
t o
mem-
ber s of t he st af f
3. Counsel i ng ( t her apy) on ei t her an
i ndi vi d-
ual or a gr oup basi s, usual l y
car r i ed
out
wi t h
t he psychi at r i st and soci al ser vi ce st af f
The f abr i cat i on of maj or
appl i ances r equi r es
much
heavy and noi sy equi pment . I sol at i on of
such a shop i s
essent i al t o t he cont r ol of noi se
and r educt i on of
t he f i r e hazar d .
As t he or t het i c and/ or
pr ost het i c appl i ance
shop wi l l ser ve out pa-
t i ent s
r equi r i ng mi nor adj ust ment s or r epai r s
t o t hei r
devi ces, t he uni t shoul d be easi l y
accessi bl e
t o ent r ances .
The uni t shoul d be l ocat ed i n a noi sy zone,
and,
i f possi bl e, near t he gymnasi um, so t hat
t he pat i ent
may t r y out hi s pr ost heses or
br aces .
The f i t t i ng r oom, however , may be
made
suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge f or t hi s pur pose.
SOCI AL ADJ USTMENT
Soci al adj ust ment
r equi r es psychi at r i c and
soci al ser vi ces
f or t he t r eat ment of soci al and
emot i onal pr obl ems .
Locat i on Wi t hi n Bui l di ng The ser vi ces shoul d be
admi ni st er ed i n a qui et ar ea of t he bui l di ng.
As most i ncomi ng pat i ent s wi l l r ecei ve
some
ser vi ces i n t hi s ar ea, i t
shoul d be r eadi l y ac-
cessi bl e f r omt he mai n ent r ance of t he bui l di ng.
I f t he pr ogr am i nvol ves l ar ge number s
of
chi l dr en, t he psychol ogi cal t her apy r oomf or
chi l dr en shoul d be i n t he chi l dr en' s t r eat ment -
t r ai ni ng uni t .
( See Fi g. 14
. )
Or gani zat i on of Space The f l ow pat t er n
f or
pat i ent s wi t hi n t hi s ar ea wi l l var y
consi der abl y.
A t ypi cal pat t er n f or t he
eval uat i on of a new
pat i ent woul d have t he sequence of r ecept i on-
i st , wai t i ng r oom, soci al wor ker ( f or case
hi s-
t or y of pat i ent ) , medi cal eval uat i on ( f or al l i n-
comi ng pat i ent s) , psychol ogi cal t est i ng, and
psychi at r i c scr eeni ng. The t wo l at t er ser vi ces
ar e not needed
by
al l
pat i ent s .
Vocat i onal counsel i ng,
and appr ai sal of t he
pat i ent ' s empl oyment
pot ent i al i n t he voca-
t i onal eval uat i on uni t may al so be i ncl uded
i n t he i ni t i al eval uat i on. Al so f or
t hi s pur pose,
audi omet r i c scr eeni ng and speech eval uat i on
ar e of t en hel pf ul .
St af f - Pat i ent Rat i os As psychi at r i c scr eeni ng
and psychol ogi cal t her apy wi l l var y wi del y wi t h
i ndi vi dual pat i ent s, no appr oxi mat i on of st af f -
pat i ent r at i os i s possi bl e.
For psychol ogi cal t est i ng a r ecommended
aver age
i s t wo pat i ent s a day per psychol ogi st
f or br i ef psychol ogi cal eval uat i ons . Thi s i n-
cl udes t he t i me r equi r ed f or i nt er pr et at i on and
wr i t i ng r epor t s . Ext ensi ve psychol ogi cal
eval uat i on r equi r es one wor k day per pat i ent ,
i ncl udi ng t i me f or pr epar at i on of t he r epor t .
Ot her act i vi t i es such as t r ai ni ng, r esear ch, and
t her apy wi l l det r act f r omt hese aver ages . Thi s
does not pr ovi de f or eval uat i on of vocat i onal
ski l l s, apt i t udes, and i nt er est s, whi ch i s a f unc-
t i on of vocat i onal ser vi ces .
For soci al casewor ker s, t he number of cases
per wor ker wi l l var y wi t h t he number of i nt ake
st udi es and t he number r ecei vi ng cont i nui ng
ser vi ce. Wher e t her e i s a bal ance bet ween
t hese t wo t ypes of ser vi ce, an i ndi vi dual case-
wor ker may handl e a casel oad of f r om25 t o
35 pat i ent s .
Wai t i ng Room i f t he pr ogr am i s of
suf f i ci ent
scope, pr ovi de a separ at e wai t i ng ar ea
wi t h a
r ecept i oni st f or t he
psychol ogi cal - soci al uni t .
I n smal l er cent er s, t hi s
f aci l i t y may be i n-
cor por at ed i n t he mai n wai t i ng r oom
f or t he
cent er .
The r ecept i oni st schedul es pat i ent
i nt er -
vi ews wi t h t he psychol ogi cal - soci al st af f
.
Access t o i nt er vi ewandt est
r ooms by means
of a subcor r i dor wi l l pr ovi de pr i vacy
and r e-
duce ext r aneous noi se f r om t he r est of t he
bui l di ng .
Psychol ogi cal Tr ai ni ng and Resear ch Pr ogr ams For
a t r ai ni ng pr ogr am, pr ovi de obser vat i on f aci l -
i t i es i n t he chi l dr en' s pl ay t her apy and act i vi t y
gr oup r ooms, such as obser vat i on cubi cl es
wi t h oneway vi si on gl ass or , pr ef er abl y, t el e-
vi si on
camer as wi t h scr eens i n a cent r al vi ew-
i ng r oom
. ( See Fi g. 15. )
Pr ovi de a separ at e of f i ce f or each psychol og-
i cal t r ai nee.
Resear ch pr ogr ams ar e of a wi de var i et y .
Some i nvol ve much equi pment ; ot her s, no
equi pment . Pr ovi de a separ at e
ar ea
f or
t hi s
f aci l i t y .
VOCATI ONAL
The vocat i onal ar ea of a r ehabi l i t at i on cent er
pr ovi des t he f ol l owi ng ser vi ces : counsel i ng,
Heal t h
REHABI LI TATI ON
CENTERS
Heal t h
REHABI LI TATI ON
CENTERS
eval uat i on, t r ai ni ng, and pl acement
; t he shel -
t er ed wor kshop ( or r ehabi l i t at i on
wor kshop)
i s par t
of t hi s ar ea, and i n some
cases, cer t ai n
aspect s
of speci al educat i on
wi l l be i ncl uded.
The vocat i onal pr ogr ami s
det er mi ned by t he
needs
of t he pat i ent s and t he
needs and oppor -
t uni t i es
of busi ness and i ndust r y
i n t he com-
muni t y ser ved by t he cent er . Thi s
pr ogr am i s
a
most i mpor t ant par t of t he
pat i ent ' s t ot al
r ehabi l i t at i on pr ocess . ( See
Fi g. 16 . )
Thi s
ar ea has t he r esponsi bi l i t y of
acquai nt -
i ng t he
pat i ent wi t h si t uat i ons i n
i ndust r y or
i n busi ness
and of pr epar i ng hi m
f or j ob com-
pet i t i on
. Real i st i cal l y desi gned
wor kshops
and
of f i ces wi l l be r equi r ed t o
cr eat e a j ob
si t uat i on
at mospher e f or t he pat i ent
.
Thi s ar ea shoul d pr esent t o
t he pat i ent a
ver y
wi de r ange of j ob possi bi l i t i es
. Fewcen-
t er s
wi l l cont ai n an ext ensi ve number
of j ob
si t uat i ons
; some may have none i f
t hi s need
has been
sat i sf i ed t hr ough
t he cooper at i on
of a t r ade school
or some ot her
agency. Pa-
t i ent s
shoul d not be t r ai ned f or j obs
whi ch
t hey cannot obt ai n
l at er .
Changi ng t ypes
and t echni ques i n
i ndust r y
make i t
essent i al t hat t hi s ar ea have
maxi mum
f l exi bi l i t y,
especi al l y i n heat i ng,
vent i l at i ng,
pl umbi ng,
l i ght i ng, el ect r i cal i nst al l at i ons,
and equi pment
pl acement . The vocat i onal
ar ea
must of f er
t r ai ni ng i n smal l segment s
of a j ob
oper at i on
and pr esent advanced t ypes
of voca-
t i onal
oppor t uni t i es .
Vocat i onal
counsel i ng pr ovi des
an oppor -
t uni t y
f or t he pat i ent t o obt ai n an
under st and-
i ng of hi s vocat i onal abi l i t i es
and pot ent i al ,
and t o l ear n t he scope of t hei r
possi bl e appl i -
cat i on. The cent er may choose
t o wor k wi t h
cooper at i ng counsel or s al r eady
est abl i shed
i n t he communi t y, i f i t does
not pr ovi de t hi s
ser vi ce wi t hi n t he cent er .
Somet i mes counsel -
or s ar e l oaned t o cent er s by
t he St at e Voca-
t i onal
Rehabi l i t at i on Agency
and conduct t hei r
wor k at
t he cent er .
Vocat i onal eval uat i on i s t he pr ocess
of col -
l ect i ng and appr ai si ng dat a on
t he pat i ent ' s
i nt er est s, apt i t udes, and abi l i t y
i n wor k si t ua-
t i ons
. Thi s sect i on needs t o be
qui t e br oad
i n
scope i n or der t o f i nd t he
vocat i on best
sui t ed
and most sat i sf yi ng t o
t he di sabl ed
per son
. Thi s sect i on of t he cent er ' s
pr ogr am
i s f r equent l y
r ef er r ed t o as a
pr evocat i onal
uni t .
Vocat i onal t r ai ni ng pr ovi des
t he di sci pl i ne
necessar yf or t he pat i ent t o at t ai n
hi s j ob pot en-
t i al
est abl i shed i n vocat i onal
eval uat i on. Voca-
t i onal
t r ai ni ng r equi r es car ef ul l y
super vi sed
i nst r uct i on
i n vocat i ons best
ser vi ng t he
pat i ent ' s needs
wi t h f ul l r egar d t o
empl oyment
possi bi l i t i es .
Shel t er ed
wor kshop pr ovi des
empl oyment
f or di sabl ed per sons
wi t hi n t he cent er
. Thi s i s
pr oduct i ve
wor k f or whi ch wages
ar e pai d;
t he wor k
i s usual l y obt ai ned on cont r act
or sub-
cont r act
basi s . I n t hi s ar ea, f ur t her
vocat i onal
eval uat i on and t r ai ni ng ar e possi bl e
.
Speci al
educat i on wi l l be f ound
i n t hi s ar ea
when enough
pat i ent s have
di f f i cul t i es wi t h
cer t ai n
ar eas of academi c or
vocat i onal achi eve-
ment
. I f chi l dr en need t hi s
ser vi ce, i t may be
l ocat ed
i n t hei r ar ea. Fr equent l y,
t hi s i s pr o-
vi ded t hr ough cooper at i on
wi t h t he publ i c
school s .
Pl acement ser vi ce i s t o be
of f er ed when t he
number of j ob pl acement s and
cont act s war -
r ant s i t ; ot her wi se t hi s
ser vi ce i s per f or med
by
ot her agenci es. I n smal l er
cent er s pl ace-
ment s
may be handl ed by t he
vocat i onal cour n-
sel or . Pl acement
may mean t he
pat i ent ' s r et ur n
t o hi s f or mer j ob,
f ul l empl oyment by
sel ect i ve
pl acement
or par t i al or speci al
empl oyment
ei t her at
home or i n t he shel t er ed
wor kshop.
must meet t he st andar ds of qual i t y and
guar -
ant ee del i ver y of t he
r equi r ed quant i t i es on
t i me schedul es . I t
must pr ovi de payment f or
ser vi ces
r ender ed and r ewar ds i n t er ms of
i ndi vi dual gr owt h and devel opment .

The shel t er ed
wor kshop
shoul d be conveni ent l y r el at ed t o t he ot her
ar eas of vocat i onal ser vi ces
. I t may be a de-
t ached or semi det ached
uni t wi t h a separ at e
pat i ent ent r ance, as
pat i ent s engaged i n t he
shop usual l y wor k
an ei ght - hour - day pr ogr am
end no l onger
r equi r e t he i nt ensi ve ser vi ces of
t he medi cal depar t ment .
Dependi ng upon i t s cl oseness
t o
t he
medi cal
depar t ment of t he cent er , t he shop
may r equi r e
a f i r st - ai d r oom. I n t he l ar ger wor kshop a f ul l -
t i me nur se may be r equi r ed.
As wor k wi t hi n t he
shop may be noi sy,
separ at i on f r omqui et
ar eas
i n t he
cent er i s
r ecommended .
For del i ver y
and shi pment of goods, i t i s es-
sent i al t hat t he uni t be adj acent
t o
a
l oadi ng
ar ea .
Or gani zat i on
Of Space
Thi s
ar ea wi l l cl osel y r e-
sembl e i ndust r i al
space end wi l l house i ndus-
t r i al
oper at i ons
.
The heat i ng, vent i l at i ng, and
dust col l ect i on
syst ems wi l l need t o be pl anned
accor di ngl y,
wi t h f l oor s desi gned f or adequat e
l oads
and an el ect r i cal syst emt o meet many
di f f er ent ki nds of
demands .
The t ype of wor k
car r i ed out i n t he shop wi l l
be subj ect t o f r equent
change
.
Fl exi bi l i t y i n
or gani zi ng t he space i s, t her ef or e, essent i al :
t he ar ea shoul d have a hi gh cei l i ng and
be f r ee
of col umns . Fl oor s shoul d
be
desi gned
t o t ake
heavy l oads of equi pment and st acked
mat e-
r i al s . Much of t he wor k
under cont r act i n t he
shop wi l l be of an
assembl y
l i ne
nat ur e
.
How-
ever , t he pr oduct s may mer el y r equi r e wor k
sur f aces f or t hei r assembl y or t hey may r equi r e
speci al equi pment ( f r equent l y
suppl i ed t o t he
cent er by t he cont r act i ng f i r m i f i t i s f or a par -
t i cul ar j ob) . I n l ayi ng out equi pment i n t he
shop,
i t i s advi sabl e t o obt ai n exper t i ndust r i al
advi ce
i n or der t o assur e ef f i ci ent f l owpat t er ns and
si mpl i f i ed handl i ng and st or age of mat er i al s
and pr oduct s .
Some wor k sur f aces shoul d
be adj ust abl e
i n hei ght and al l shoul d be desi gned f or t he
use
of wheel chai r pat i ent s .
El ect r i cal power out l et s shoul d be f r equent l y
spot t ed al ong bench wal l s and/ or t he cei l i ng
gr i d. Fl oor out l et s f or power t ool use i n t he
cen-
t r al ar ea of t he shop ar e
r ecommended. Wi r i ng
shoul d be si zed
t o t ake a var yi ng power de-
mand.
Adequat e gener al
i l l umi nat i on shoul d be
pr ovi ded wi t h
i ncr eased i nt ensi t y al wor k st a-
t i ons as di ct at ed
by t he t ask.
At i me cl ock f or
t he pat i ent s' use i s some-
t i mes pr ovi ded i n t he
wor kshop t o encour age
punct ual i t y and t o
det er mi ne t he pat i ent s' pr o-
duct i on r at e.
Al l necessar y
saf et y pr ecaut i ons shoul d be
t aken t o pr ot ect t he
pat i ent f r ompower t ool
hazar ds, f i r e hazar ds, f al l s, and ot her
mi shaps .
Apot ent i al hazar d exi st s when t her e i s
i nsuf f i -
ci ent space f or t he st or age of mat er i al s
and
pr oduct s . Ampl e st or age space shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded f or t he or der l y, saf e ar r angement
of
bul ky i t ems . Aspr i nkl er syst em i nst al l ed
i n
t he shop wi l l r educe f i r e r i sk .
St or age i s a maj or pr obl emand
i s r el at ed t o
t he vol ume of i t ems handl ed
.
The
space f or
st or age wi l l var y f r om15 per cent t o 50 per cent
of t he wor k ar ea.
Recei vi ng, shi ppi ng,
and handl i ng of bul k
i t ems r equi r e addi t i onal space. Thi s space
Ther e f ol l ows
a sampl i ng of some of t he
vocat i onal t r ai ni ng f i el ds t hat t he ar chi t ect
may be cal l ed upon t o pl an
f or :
1
.
Commer ci al
2. Tai l or i ng
3. Dr af t i ng
4. Wat ch
r epai r
5. Shoe r epai r
6 . Fur ni t ur e r epai r and uphol st er i ng
7. Machi ne
shop
oper at i on
8. Radi o, t el evi si on, and appl i ance r epai r
( See Fi g. 18 . )
Shel t er ed Wor kshop
The shel t er ed wor kshop pr ovi des addi t i onal
oppor t uni t i es f or f ur t her eval uat i on, t r ai ni ng,
and event ual empl oyment of t he handi capped
i ndi vi dual . The shel t er ed wor kshop was once
t hought of as a pl ace f or t er mi nal empl oyment
of t hose who coul d not benef i t f r om f ur t her
t r ai ni ng. Today t hi s concept has changed, and
i t i s est abl i shed as one of t he st eps i n t he r e-
habi l i t at i on pr ocess . Ther e wi l l , per haps,
al ways be some pat i ent s who, because
of
ex-
t ensi ve or compl i cat ed di sabi l i t i es, r equi r e t he
envi r onment of t he shel t er ed wor kshop as t he
onl y means of per manent empl oyment .
The shel t er ed wor kshop i s never an i sol at ed
uni t i n t er ms of pr ogr am, but i s par t of t he t ot al
vocat i onal ar ea whi ch i n t ur n i s an i nt egr al par t
of t he cent er . For sel ect ed pat i ent s, i t i s t he
best means of devel opi ng wor k t ol er ance, wor k
habi t s, conf i dence, and ski l l . I t al so pr ovi des a
means f or t he devel opment of i ndust r i al quan-
t i t y st andar ds . The added i ncent i ve of pay f or
wor k done i s of t en t he mot i vat i on needed t o
hel p t he di sabl ed per son car r y t hr ough hi s r e-
habi l i t at i on pr ogr am. Thi s wor k i s most f r e-
quent l y secur ed f r omi ndust r y or ot her sour ces
on subcont r act basi s .
Thi s wor k must be done wi t hi n t he most
busi nessl i ke at mospher e and f r amewor k, yet
wi t hout undue pr essur es of t i me ; however , i t
Super vi sor s wi l l
be i n char ge of t he separ at e
uni t s of t hi s ar ea
and wi l l be r esponsi bl e f or
i nt egr at i ng t hei r
uni t wi t h t he t ot al vocat i onal
ef f or t .
The di r ect or
wi l l be i n char ge of t he t ot al
vocat i onal
ar ea and r esponsi bl e f or i nt egr at i ng
t hi s ar ea wi t h
t he r est of t he r ehabi l i t at i on
cent er pr ogr am.
Vocat i onal
Tr ai ni ng
Vocat i onal t r ai ni ng i s pr escr i bed af t er eval ua-
t i on of t he pat i ent ' s abi l i t i es, i nt er est s, and j ob
t r ai ni ng
has begun.
The
vocat i onal t r ai ni ng uni t pr ovi des oppor -
t uni t y f or gr owt h i n abi l i t y and assur ance i n
act ual j ob si t uat i ons
or exper i ences as cl ose
t o r eal i t y
as possi bl e . Dur i ng t hi s per i od of
t r ai ni ng,
t he pat i ent may cont i nue t o r ecei ve
ser vi ces
f r omt he medi cal uni t , t he soci al ad-
j ust ment
uni t , or any ot her par t of t he r ehabi l i -
t at i on cent er . ( See Fi g. 17 . )
Di f f er ences i n di sabi l i t i es and t he nat ur e
of t he communi t y wi l l di ct at e di f f er ences i n
t he ki nd of t r ai ni ng pr ogr amt o be empl oyed.
I n addi t i on
t o wor ki ng wi t h l ocal i ndust r y,
t he
l ocal t r ai ni ng r esour ces wi l l suppl ement
t he cent er ' s t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams whenever pr ac-
t i cabl e
and sui t abl e. Tr ade school s may accept
onl y t he mor e capabl e candi dat es who do not
have emot i onal or medi cal pr obl ems, and i n
some cases, t hey may not be abl e t o gi ve t he
per sonal at t ent i on needed . The r ehabi l i t at i on
cent er deal s wi t h compl ex pr obl ems and di s-
abi l i t i es ; t her ef or e, i t s
vocat i onal t r ai ni ng
uni t wi l l need t o gi ve gr eat er
emphasi s t o
l i mi t ed t r ai ni ng obj ect i ves
whi ch ar e of t en
mor e sui t abl e t o t he r est r i ct ed
educat i onal and
cul t ur al backgr ounds
of many of i t s pat i ent s .
Tr ai ni ng i n
a
r ange
of vocat i ons shoul d be
of f er ed t o accommodat e
sever al l evel s of abi l -
i t i es, ski l l s,
and i nt er est s . I n addi t i on, t he
changi ng
per sonnel needs of i ndust r y make a
r epr esent at i ve r ange i mpor t ant
.
Heal t h
. Woodwor k Tr ades :
i ) pat t er nmaker s;
i i ) cabi net maker s ;
i i i ) f ur ni t ur e r epai r men.
Pl ast i cs Pr oduct i on:
i ) bench gr i nder s ;
i i ) hand f i l er s;
i i i ) dr i l l pr ess oper at or s ;
i v) assembl er s .
Heal t h
REHABI LI TATI ON
CENTERS
11. Ski l l ed and Semi ski l l ed
A. Sewi ng and Tai l or i ng
i )
spr eader s ;

vi i )
t ai l or s;
i i ) mar ker s;

vi i i ) pr esser s ;
i i i ) cut t er ;

i x) hand sewer s ;
i v) t r i mmer s ;

x) sewi ng machi ne oper at or s;
v) pat t er n maker s ;

xi ) weave- bac speci al i st s ;
vi ) pat t er n
gr ader s ; xi i ) chai r cover maker s .
vi i i ) bank t el l er s
;
i x) t i cket agent s;
x) r ecept i oni st s ;
xi ) shi ppi ng and r ecei vi ng cl er ks ;
xi i ) f i l e cl er ks ;
xi i i ) sal es cl er ks .
I . Commer ci al
i ) t ypi st s;
i i ) secr et ar i es;
i i i ) bookkeeper s ;
i v) t el ephone oper at or s ;
v) cashi er s ;
vi ) busi ness machi ne oper at o
vi i ) copy r eader s ;
Ski l l ed and Semi ski l l ed
D. Ar t s and Cr af t s:
i ) cer ami cs;

i v) weavi ng;
i i ) l eat her ;

v) j ewel r y;
i i i ) met al
wor k;

vi ) el ect r opl at i ng.
C. Commer ci al Ar t :
i ) l ayout men
;
i i ) i l l ust r at or s ;
i i i ) l et t er er s ;
i v) wi ndowdi spl ay ar t i st s ;
v) showcar d l ayout .
B. Dr af t i ng:
i ) el ect r i cal dr af t smen;
i i ) aut omot i ve dr af t smen;
i i i ) ar chi t ect ur al dr af t smen;
i v) mechani cal dr af t smen.
F . El ect r i c Li ght , Power , and El ect r oni cs:
i ) met er r eader s ;
i i ) met er men;
i i i ) assembl er s;
i v) i nspect or s and t est er s;
v) r adi o,
t el evi si on, el ect r oni c ma-
chi ne r epai r men
.
E. Repai r men:
i ) busi ness machi nes;
i i ) wat ch r epai r i ng;
i i i ) assembl er s;
i v) t ool shar peni ng
;
v) camer a r epai r i ng;
vi ) shoe r epai r i ng.
G. Bui l di ng Tr ades :
i ) car pent er s;
i i ) pai nt er s ;
i i i ) pl umber s ;
i v) masons;
v) el ect r i ci ans.
Heal t h
Heal t h
pr ogr am, f aci l i t i es f or
snacks- r ef r i ger at or ,
hot pl at e, and si nk- ar e
i ndi cat ed. Or l ocat e
t hi s f aci l i t y wi t hi n t he
chi l dr en' s t r eat ment
and t r ai ni ng ar ea t o ser ve t he
nur ser y as wel l
as t he occupat i onal t her apy r oom.
Ext er i or ci r cul at i on
i nvol ves bot h vehi cul ar
and pedest r i an t r af f i c . Buses,
t axi s, aut omo-
bi l es, and ser vi ce t r ucks must be
consi der ed.
Par ki ng spaces shoul d be l ocat ed
so t hat
nei t her pat i ent s nor vi si t or s need
cr oss dr i ve-
ways
t o ent er t he bui l di ng. Separ at e ar eas
of
t he par ki ng space shoul d be
desi gnat ed f or
pat i ent , st af f , and vi si t or use. Appr opr i at e
di r ect i onal si gns shoul d be consi der ed f or t he
ef f i ci ent cont r ol of t r af f i c. I n some
cent er s
wher e many out pat i ent s dr i ve t hei r own
car s,
a car por t desi gned f or wheel chai r pat i ent s i s
a consi der abl e conveni ence. ( See Fi g.
20. )
Al l
cent er s wi l l r equi r e a ser vi ce ar ea f or t he
del i ver y of
equi pment , suppl i es, andf uel . How-
ever , cent er s wi t h ki t chen f aci l i t i es, vocat i onal
t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams, and a shel t er ed wor kshop
wi l l have a gr eat l y i ncr eased ser vi ce pr obl em;
and t he ser vi ce ar ea and i t s r el at i on t o
ot her
t r af f i c
must be st udi ed accor di ngl y.
Adequat e
mai nt enance shop f aci l i t i es ar e
essent i al . The shop
not onl y wi l l ser ve gener al
mai nt enance pur poses, but
f r equent l y wi l l be
used f or t he r epai r , modi f i cat i on,
or f abr i cat i on
of f ur ni t ur e and
equi pment used i n t he cent er .
Tr eat ment cubi cl e r equi r ement s ar e t he same
f or chi l dr en as
adul t s ; equi p t hemwi t h t r eat -
ment t abl es
and cei l i ng- mount ed mi r r or s
above.
Rel at e
t he
ar ea
t o out door t her apy f or out -
door exer ci ses .
Pr ovi de a si nk f or t he t her api st ' s and chi l -
dr en' s use.
Toi l et f aci l i t i es f or chi l dr en shoul d be i m-
medi at el y
conveni ent t o t he exer ci se r oom
and
out door t her apy.
Speci al equi pment
may have t o be desi gned
f or
i ndi vi dual cases . Fi gur e 19 i l l ust r at es a
movabl e
st al l bar and par al l el bar s adj ust -
abl e
i n hei ght and wi dt h f or chi l dr en of var yi ng
ages .
Equi pment shoul d be se-
l ect ed f or t he chi l d' s physi cal and ment al age
l evel
. The pl an i ndi cat es anar ea st af f ed by
one
t her api st
.
Pl ace t oi l et
f aci l i t i es conveni ent t o t he t her -
apy r oom.
Rel at e t he
r oomt o t he out door s so t hat some
act i vi t i es may be conduct ed out si de.
Al t hough speci al equi pment may be r equi r ed
f or
i ndi vi dual cases, equi pment i ndi cat ed i n-
cl udes
st andi ng t abl es, t ypi ng t abl es, wor k
t abl es ( al l wi t h
adj ust abl e hei ght s) , l oom, easel ,
and wor kbench.
Pr ovi de a si nk
wi t hi n t he r oomf or t he chi l -
dr en' s and t her api st ' s use.
As t r ai ni ng i n eat i ng may
f or ma par t of t he
shoul d be r el at ed t o e l oadi ng dock and t r uck
ser vi ce
ar ea. The ser vi ce ar ea shoul d be
pl anned so t hat i t does not i nt er f er e wi t h ot her
vehi cul ar or pedest r i an ci r cul at i on.
As pat i ent s wor ki ng i n t he shop wi l l usual l y
wor k an ei ght - hour day, f aci l i t i es f or t hei r com-
f or t shoul d not be over l ooked. I f t he cent er has
no di ni ng f aci l i t i es, a l unchr oom conveni ent
t o t he shop i s r ecommended, as some pat i ent s
wi l l br i ng t hei r l unches wi t h t hem. Pr ovi si on of
a caf et er i a i s al so consi der ed a desi r abl e f aci l -
i t y wher e t he number of pat i ent s war r ant s i t .
Most st at es have speci f i c r equi r ement s f or
r est ar eas f or men and women. These r equi r e-
ment s shoul d be
checked car ef ul l y bef or e pl an-
ni ng l ounges,
t oi l et f aci l i t i es, and l ocker s f or
t he pat i ent s i n t he
wor kshop.
Asmal l
of f i ce f or t he wor kshop super vi sor
shoul d be
pr ovi ded, and so desi gned t hat t her e
i s maxi mum
super vi si on of t he shop act i vi t y
f r om
t he of f i ce. Addi t i onal of f i ce space wi l l be
r equi r ed
f or r ecor ds, cost account i ng, end est i -
mat i ng
. The si ze of t hi s ar ea wi l l be det er mi ned
essent i al l y by t he vol ume of wor k and number
of
cont r act s handl ed by t he wor kshop.
Physi cal Ther apy
Exer ci se Room

The r equi r ement s
her e ar e
si mi l ar t o t hose needed i n t he exer ci se
r oom f or adul t s, except t hat
t he equi pment
i s sel ect ed
f or t he chi l d' s si ze and i nt er est s .
( See Fi g. 19. )
The space i ndi cat es a
mi ni mumexer ci se ar ea
st af f ed
by one t her api st .
cal , end sur gi cal ser vi ces mi ght be pr ovi ded
by t he gener al hospi t al . Ar r angement s need
onl y
be made t o ensur e avai l abi l i t y
end r eady
accessi bi l i t y f or pat i ent s i n t he ment al heal t h
cent er .
To be t r ul y compr ehensi ve, t he ment al heal t h
cent er must be r esponsi bl e f or t he adequacy
of ser vi ces pr ovi ded t o per sons wi t h speci al
pr obl em ment al di sor der s or t o popul at i ons
f aci ng unusual l y chr oni c and sever e emot i onal
st r ess and who ar e al i enat ed f r omt hei r com-
muni t y or t he br oader communi t y' s suppor t i ve
soci al syst ems. I t may not be f easi bl e f or t he
cent er t o pr ovi de al l of t he cl i ni cal ser vi ces nec-
essar y i n managi ng t he di f f i cul t bi ol ogi cal and
soci al pr obl ems pr esent ed by dr ug depen-
dency, al cohol i sm, agi ng, del i nquency, ment al
r et ar dat i on, or t he many ot her speci al pr obl ems
i ncl uded among t he ment al di sor der s or i n
whi ch ment al di sor der i s suspect ed of pl ayi ng
a si gni f i cant par t . The cent er shoul d, however ,
i dent i f y t he popul at i on at r i sk f or each of t he
speci al pr obl ems and pl an a pr ogr amt o pr ovi de
pr event i ve, di agnost i c, t her apeut i c, r ehabi l i t s-
t i vk, or suppor t i ve ser vi ces f or each of t hese
popul at i ons . I t shoul d i dent i f y t he communi t y' s
most l i kel y agent s f or ear l y i nt er vent i on t o
assi st or suppor t i ndi vi dual s i n each of t hese
popul at i ons or i dent i f y agent s who ar e pr ovi d-
i ng t her apeut i c and r ehabi l i t at i ve car e. The
pr ogr amshoul d i ndi cat e t he ways i n whi ch t he
cent er woul d be most usef ul t o t hese com-
muni t y agent s .
The
r esponsi bi l i t y f or t he
ment al heal t h
needs of a popul at i on i mpl i es t hat
t he
ment al
heal t h cent er
shoul d hel p
var i ous soci al sys-
t ems of
t he
communi t y f unct i on
i n
ways
t hat
devel op and sust ai n ef f ect i veness of
i ndi vi d-
ual s par t i ci pat i ng i n t hese syst ems
. The cent er
shoul d ai d t hese syst ems i n t hei r suppor t of
per sons wi t h ment al di sor der . The i mpl i cat i ons
f or pr event i on, di agnosi s, t r eat ment , and r e-
habi l i t at i on ar e obvi ous ; t he r eci pi ent of ment al
heal t h ser vi ces i ncl udes t he pat i ent but t he
ser vi ces
ext end t o
hi s
f ami l y
and t o a var i et y of
soci al syst ems . Consul t at i on and educat i on
i n
t he communi t y ar e i mpor t ant f unct i ons of any
cent er . I n t hese ways t he cent er r esponds
t o t he communi t y' s need f or i nt er l ocki ng,
st r engt heni ng, and expansi on of al l i t s r e-
sour ces t hat have a bear i ng on ment al heal t h.
Communi t y consul t at i on and educat i on of f er
possi bi l i t i es f or i nf l uenci ng ment al heal t h
beyond t he conf i nes of hospi t al s and of f i ces
and t hus cont r i but e t o t he pr event i on of ment al
di sor der .
To del i ver t hi s br oad r ange of ser vi ces, a
f l exi bl e or gani zat i on wi t h a mul t i di sci pl i nar y
st af f i s r equi r ed. I n addi t i on t o t he usual pr o-
f essi onal st af f of psychi at r i st s, psychol ogi st s,
soci al wor ker s, nur ses, and act i vi t y t her api st s,
t her e may be a var i et y of nonpr of essi onal per -
sonnel , vol unt eer s, and soci al sci ent i st s
t o add newper spect i ves t o t he cent er . St af f
may be or gani zed by ser vi ces ( pr event i on,
di agnosi s, i nt ensi ve t r eat ment , ext ended t r eat -
ment , r ehabi l i t at i on, et c. ) , by pr ogr ams f or
speci f i c popul at i on gr oups ( chi l dr en, adol es-
cent s, t he aged, al cohol i cs, ment al l y r et ar ded,
et c . ) , or bygeogr aphi c ar eas of t he communi t y
ser ved. Regar dl ess of t he or gani zat i on, t her e
SI XTYPES OF PSYCHI ATRI CFACI LI TI ES
Communi t y Ment al Heal t h Cent er s
The communi t y ment al heal t h cent er r epr e-
sent s t he f or mal r ef l ect i on of t he pr of essi onal
obj ect i ves of pr ovi di ng compr ehensi ve ser -
vi ces and cont i nui t y of car e f or t he pr event i on,
ear l y det ect i on, t r eat ment , and f ol l ow- up car e
of ment al di sor der wi t hi n a desi gnat ed popul a-
t i on. The compr ehensi ve cent er i s essent i al l y
a pr ogr amr at her t hen a bui l di ng compl ex ; i t
i s a pr ogr amt hat seeks t o pl an and coor di nat e
t he r ange of ment al heal t h ser vi ces r equi r ed t o
meet t he ment al heal t h needs of a popul at i on.
I t i s a combi nat i on of ser vi ces ei t her under
a
si ngl e admi ni st r at i on i n a di scr et e
physi cal en-
t i t y, under a si ngl e admi ni st r at i on i n mul t i pl e
physi cal f aci l i t i es, or under var i ous
admi ni s-
t r at i ons whi ch,
by
cont r act s
end/ or agr ee-
ment s, ar e or gani zed t o pr ovi de t he cont i nui t y
of
ser vi ces not ed above.
Acent er
may
be
under gover nment al , phi l an-
t hr opi c, or pr i vat e auspi ces,
or
i t
may be sup-
por t ed by a combi nat i on of r esour ces . I f i t
i s
t o be an ef f ect i ve agency, however , t he com-
muni t y ser ved by t he cent er shoul d par t i ci pat e
i n est abl i shi ng t he maj or needs, goal s, end
pr i or i t i es of t he ment al heal t h cent er . The
communi t y and t he st af f of t he ment al heal t h
cent er must def i ne t he goal s and est abl i sh
a pr i or i t y syst emf or t he at t ai nment of t hese
goal s . The communi t y i s ul t i mat el y
r esponsi bl e
f or i dent i f yi ng
r esour ces end needs, obt ai ni ng
suf f i ci ent f i nanci al suppor t t o assur e adequat e
number s of compet ent per sonnel ,
adequat el y
pai d
end gi ven
an adequat e physi cal pl ant t o
i mpl ement t he pr ogr ams t o achi eve t he st at ed
goal s .
As a mi ni mum, t he cent er must pr ovi de out -
pat i ent , i npat i ent , par t i al hospi t al i zat i on ( i n-
cl udi ng day car e) ser vi ces, communi t y consul -
t at i on and pr of essi onal educat i on f or ot her
t han t he st af f of t he cent er , and cl i ni cal di ag-
nosi s
and
t r eat ment on an emer gency basi s .
I t i s al so desi r abl e t hat i t par t i ci pat e i n publ i c
educat i on t o pr omot e
or
conser ve
ment al
heal t h r esear ch t o i ncr ease t he body of knowl -
edge about ment al i l l ness
andt he ef f ect i veness
of ser vi ces
ut i l i zed, home car e and f ol l ow- up,
nur si ng home car e, vocat i onal
r ehabi l i t at i on,
gui dance f or
t he f ami l i es of emot i onal l y di s-
t ur bed per sons, and ot her wi se cont r i but e t o
mai nt ai ni ng t he
opt i mal f unct i oni ng of i ndi vi d-
ual s wi t h
r esi dual sequel se or compl i cat i ons
of
ment al di sor der s . Ser vi ces of t he cent er
shoul d be easi l y
accessi bl e and wi del y pub-
l i ci zed t o t he
communi t y ser ved.
To pr ovi de
compr ehensi ve ser vi ces and con-
t i nui t y
of car e, t he communi t y ment al heal t h
cent er
shoul d have easy r el at i onshi ps wi t h
ot her " peopl e- ser vi ng" agenci es, and par t i c-
ul ar l y wi t h t he publ i c psychi at r i c
hospi t al
ser vi ng t he ar ea. Pat i ent
car e must be coor di -
nat ed bet ween
t he cent er and ot her agenci es,
end pat i ent s
must move f r omone el ement of
ser vi ce t o anot her wi t hi n t he cent er wi t h ease,
as t r eat ment needs i ndi cat e. For exampl e, i n
ment al heal t h cent er s t hat ar e par t of or cl osel y
r el at ed t o gener al hospi t al s, t he necessar y i n-
pat i ent , di et et i c, l abor at or y, phar macy, medi -
The Physi cal Pl ant
The physi cal pl ant shal l pr ovi de a saf e and
sani t ar y envi r onment wi t h adequat e di agnos-
t i c and t her apeut i c r esour ces .
The desi gn and const r uct i on of t he physi cal
pl ant shoul d be appr opr i at e t o t he t ype of ser -
vi ces i t houses, t o t he st af f i ng and or gani za-
t i onal pat t er n of t he f aci l i t y, and t o l ocal geog-
r aphyand
st yl e
.
I t
wi l l , t her ef or e, be uni que
f or
each f aci l i t y, but i t must be saf e and must make
a posi t i ve cont r i but i on t o t he ef f i ci ent at t ai n-
ment of t he f aci l i t y' s goal s . I t must sat i sf y t he
physi ol ogi cal as wel l as t he psychol ogi cal
needs of pat i ent s and st af f .
Sl eepi ng uni t s f or pat i ent s
ar e
desi gned t o
pr omot e comf or t end di gni t y and t o ensur e
pr i vacy
consi st ent wi t h t he pat i ent s' wel f ar e.
I n t he absence of ot her st at e or l ocal r equi r e-
ment s, t her e i s a mi ni mumof 90 sq f t of f l oor
space i n si ngl e r ooms and 70 sq f t of f l oor
space per per son i n mul t i pl e pat i ent r ooms.
I t i s desi r abl e t hat mul t i pl e pat i ent r ooms be
desi gned t o accommodat e no mor e t han si x
pat i ent s, but pr ef er abl y f our . Ther e may be a
need f or appr opr i at e secur i t y measur es i n-
cor por at ed i nt o t he physi cal desi gn of some
war ds .
Ther e i s a mi ni mumof one l avat or y f or each
si x pat i ent s, one t oi l et f or each ei ght pat i ent s,
one t ub or shower f or each f i f t een pat i ent s,
and one
dr i nki ng f ount ai n
on each
war d. A
l avat or y i s i nst al l ed i n each t oi l et ar ea.
Appr o-
pr i at e pr ovi si ons ar e made t o ensur e pr i vacy
i n t oi l et and bat hi ng ar eas .
Si nce psychi at r i c pat i ent s
ar e
gener al l y
ambul at or y and need t o associ at e wi t h ot her
pat i ent s
and
wi t h st af f , t her e
i s pr ovi si on
f or
day r ooms and r ecr eat i onal ar eas
.
At l east 40
sq f t of f l oor space per pat i ent i s r equi r ed f or
dayr ooms . Ther e ar e al so usual l y sol ar i a, a
di ni ng r oomor caf et er i a wher e many pat i ent s
t ake t hei r meal s, a vi st or s' r oom, a gymnasi um,
an exer ci se
ar ea i n t he bui l di ng or per haps on
t he gr ounds, and r ooms f or speci al t r eat ment ,
i nt er vi ewi ng
of
pat i ent s,
gr oup and
i ndi vi dual
t her apy, et c . Ot her f aci l i t i es
f or
pat i ent s mi ght
i ncl ude a l ocker r oomor i ndi vi dual l ocker s i n
t he sl eepi ng uni t s, a smal l l aundr y r oom, a
snack ki t chen on each war d, and a cof f ee shop,
cl ot hi ng shop, and cosmet i c shop f or pat i ent s
as wel l as empl oyees .
Of f i ces
ar e pr ovi ded f or physi ci ans, psychol -
ogi st s, soci al wor ker s, nur si ng admi ni st r at or s,
di et i t i an, and ot her
st af f member s, and t hese
ar e conveni ent l y
l ocat ed t o encour age ef f ect i ve
communi cat i on
wi t h pat i ent s and ot her st af f .
Nur ses' st at i ons
shoul d be cent r al l y l ocat ed t o
per mi t f ul l vi ewof r ecr eat i on ar eas and i m-
medi at e access t o pat i ent s and t o t r eat ment
ar eas . Appr opr i at e
conf er ence r ooms ar e al so
pr ovi ded, and t her e
ar e sui t abl e ar r angement s
f or cl er i cal st af f
f or each depar t ment or uni t .
v
St andar ds f or Psychi at r i c Faci l i t i es, The
Amer i can Psychi at r i c Associ at i on, Washi ng-
t on, DC. , 199
Heal t h
MENTAL HEALTHCENTERS
Heal t h
MENTAL
HEALTHCENTERS
must be adequat e qual i f i ed l eader shi p, admi n-
i st r at i ve
and cl i ni cal , t o assur e t hought f ul
super vi si on,
pl anni ng, eval uat i on, and coor di -
nat i on r equi r ed
t o bl end t he ar r ay of avai l abl e
t al ent s and
r esour ces i nt o an ef f ect i ve cent er
of ser vi ces .
Responsi bi l i t y
and commensur at e aut hor i t y
shoul d be del egat ed
t o ensur e opt i mal ut i l i za-
t i on of each
per son' s ski l l s, r espect i ng pr i n-
ci pl es of
ul t i mat e l egal and cl i ni cal r esponsi -
bi l i t y. As st at ed
el sewher e by t he APA, " The
need f or cooper at i vel y
def i ni ng t he ar ea of
act i vi t y and
r esponsi bi l i t y f or pr of essi onal s
who par t i ci pat e i n t he car e
of pat i ent s r equi r es
t hat physi ci ans
or t hei r desi gnees be r ecog-
ni zed as havi ng t he ul t i mat e
r esponsi bi l i t y f or
pat i ent car e . They, and t hey
al one, ar e t r ai ned
t o assume t hi s r esponsi bi l i t y.
I n t he publ i c
i nt er est , ot her pr of essi onal s
or nonpr of es-
si onal s, when cont r i but i ng
t o pat i ent car e,
must r ecogni ze and r espect
t hi s ul t i mat e
r esponsi bi l i t y. '
Psychi at r i c Out pat i ent Cl i ni cs
I n
a
psychi at r i c out pat i ent cl i ni c, a
psychi at r i st
assumes
r esponsi bi l i t y f or pr ovi di ng di agnos-
t i c,
consul t i ng, and t her apeut i c
ser vi ces f or
out pat i ent s
wi t h t he hel p of a pr of essi onal
st af f t hat i ncl udes
at l east t he di sci pl i nes of
psychi at r y,
psychol ogy, and soci al wor k . Thi s
st af f nucl eus may be
suppl ement ed as needed
by r epr esent at i ves of
r el at ed di sci pl i nes, such
as pedi at r i cs,
i nt er nal medi ci ne, neur ol ogy,
ment al heal t h
nur si ng, speech t her apy, r eme-
di al t echni ques,
physi cal and occupat i onal
t her apy,
and r ehabi l i t at i on.
Member s of
t he var i ous di sci pl i nes not onl y
wor k on t he st af f but al so
f unct i on on t he t eam
i n dai l y
pr act i ce, coor di nat i ng t hei r
ski l l s t o
meet t he needs
of pat i ent s . The psychi at r i st
who ser ves as
di r ect or sees t hat t hi s coor di na-
t i on i s
ef f ect i ve. He assumes r esponsi bi l i t y f or
al l cl i ni cal
f unct i ons and i s on dut y suf f i ci ent
t i me, on a r egul ar l y
schedul ed basi s, t o ade-
quat el y di schar ge
hi s r esponsi bi l i t y. He as-
sur es adequat e eval uat i on of
al l newpat i ent s,
super vi si on of t he st af f , and
sust ai ned di r ec-
t i on of t he t ot al pr ogr am of
ser vi ces . The
psychi at r i st - i n- char ge r et ai ns
over al l aut hor i t y,
but may del egat e admi ni st r at i ve,
as di st i nct
f r om cl i ni cal ,
r esponsi bi l i t y t o a nonmedi cal
execut i ve or admi ni st r at or
.
I n addi t i on t o di agnosi ng
and t r eat i ng pa-
t i ent s, t he cl i ni c
pr ovi des t r ai ni ng f or pr of es-
si onal psychi at r i c
per sonnel and t hose of ot her
di sci pl i nes as wel l as educat i on
f or t he publ i c ;
i t par t i ci pat es i n var i ous
communi t y endeavor s
r el at ed t o t he ment al l y i l l and
car r i es out r e-
sear ch. The met hods of
i mpl ement at i on and
t he pr opor t i onat e emphasi s
gi ven t o t he var i -
ous
f unct i ons di f f er accor di ng t o
l ocal ci r cum-
st ances, communi t y needs, and cl i ni c
pol i cy.
The cl i ni c may ser ve pat i ent s
f or whom
appr opr i at e psychi at r i c assi st ance
i n a con-
veni ent out pat i ent cl i ni c may pr event
mor e
pr ol onged i l l ness, t hose r ecover i ng
f r om a
st age of i l l ness t hat r equi r ed
hospi t al i zat i on
and who may need f ur t her out pat i ent
car e as
t hey r esume a r egul ar way of l i f e,
t hose who
ar e
r ef er r ed f ar pr ehospi t al i zat i on
eval uat i on,
and
t hose who can benef i t f r om
t empor ar y
t her apeut i c i nt er vent i on t o
over come a l i f e
cr i si s .
' Pr i nci pl es Under l yi ng
I nt er di sci pl i nar y Re-
l at i ons Bet ween t he
Pr of essi ons
of
Psychi at r y
and Psychol ogy- APosi t i on St at ement
by t he
Counci l of t he Amer i can Psychi at r i c Associ a-
t i on, Febr uar y 1964.
Admi ssi on
pol i ci es f or out pat i ent cl i ni cs
var y. Many
cl i ni cs have an " open door , "
or
" wal k- i n, " pol i cy,
i ndi cat i ng t hat t hey accept
bot h sel f - r ef er r al s and
r ef er r al s f r om com-
muni t y agent s
. Ot her s accept onl y t hose cases
t hat have been
r ef er r ed by anot her pr of essi onal
sour ce. Some
cl i ni cs speci al i ze i n t he di agnosi s
and t r eat ment
of chi l dr en, adul t s, or
speci al
popul at i ons, such
as peopl e wi t h al cohol
pr ob-
l ems . Each cl i ni c
has a wr i t t en pl an i ndi cat i ng
t he scope of i t s
admi ssi on pol i cy and r ef er r al
pl an, and t he pl an i s
wel l known t o al l r ef er r i ng
sour ces .
The ser vi ces of a
cl i ni c may be of f er ed on
ei t her a f ul l - or par t - t i me
basi s, accor di ng t o
l ocal ci r cumst ances
. What ever i t s ar r ange-
ment , t he cl i ni c shoul d
be accessi bl e t o t he
member s of t he communi t y
i t ser ves . For ex-
ampl e, a cl i ni c ser vi ng an ar ea
wher e many
wor ki ng peopl e ar e pai d by
t he day or hour
wi t h l i t t l e or no pr ovi si on
f or
si ck
l eave shoul d
be opensome eveni ngs or weekends
so as not
t o di scour age or penal i ze
t hose who woul d
have t o t ake a l oss i n pay t o begi n
or cont i nue
t r eat ment .
The cl i ni c' s par t i ci pat i on i n
communi t y ser -
vi ce pl ans i s
an i mpor t ant r esponsi bi l i t y.
Some
i ndi vi dual s may have a pr obl emt hat can best
be
r emoved or al l evi at ed by anot her
agency,
and t he cl i ni c
cooper at es wi t h ot her communi t y
r esour ces
wher ever possi bl e. Some pat i ent s
need hel p
f r omsever al sour ces, and t he
pr o-
f essi onal s
i nvol ved must cl ar i f y t he needs
and
out l i ne
ar eas i n whi ch each can be most ef f ec-
t i ve.
Wor ki ng r el at i onshi ps wi t h
sur r oundi ng
i npat i ent
f aci l i t i es ar e mai nt ai ned t o
achi eve
easy
f l owof pat i ent s i n and out of i npat i ent
ser vi ces and t o avoi d admi ni st r at i ve
del ays
and
f ai l ur e of communi cat i on about
pat i ent s .
The cl i ni c may be af f i l i at ed wi t h a
medi cal
school , hospi t al , wel f ar e or publ i c
heal t h de-
par t ment ,
or ot her appr opr i at e
pr of essi onal
or gani zat i ons
f or t he exchange of ser vi ces,
sci ent i f i c
advancement , and pr of essi onal
and
admi ni st r at i ve suppor t
. I f not , i t achi eves t hese
ai ms t hr ough
t he use of qual i f i ed consul t ant s
or by est abl i shi ng
a pr of essi onal advi sor y
boar d of appr opr i at el y
qual i f i ed per sons .
The
psychi at r i c out pat i ent cl i ni c i s of t en
asked t o f ur ni sh an
eval uat i ve r epor t r egar di ng
a pat i ent . The cont ent of
a r epor t i s det er mi ned
by t he pur poses of
t he agency f or whi ch i t i s
pr epar ed and i t i s i n
keepi ng wi t h et hi cal pr ac-
t i ce.
Psychi at r i c Ser vi ces
i n Gener al Hospi t al s
Al l gener al hospi t al s shoul d have a wel l -
known pl an f or r ecei vi ng, management , and
di sposi t i on of psychi at r i c pat i ent s . I f t he
gener al hospi t al has a psychi at r i c ser vi ce
or depar t ment , t her e must he a qual i f i ed
psychi at r i st i n char ge,
wi t h appr opr i at e
al l i ed per sonnel ,
par t i cul ar l y nur si ng per son-
nel who have had
t r ai ni ng i n t he management
of psychi at r i c pat i ent s .
Ever y gener al hospi t al must
t hi nk t hr ough i t s
r esponsi bi l i t i es f or
t he per son pr esent i ng hi m-
sel f wi t h psychi at r i c sympt oms,
i n or der ei t her
t o admi t t he pat i ent or t o assi st
i n qui ckl y r e-
f er r i ng hi mt o t he near est
t r eat ment r esour ce
capabl e of pr ovi di ng pr ompt
di agnosi s and
t r eat ment f or t he par t i cul ar case.
The f easi bi l i t y
of est abl i shi ng a psychi at r i c
ser vi ce i n a gen-
er al hospi t al as a par t of
t he net wor k of t he
t ot al communi t y heal t h pr ogr am
wi l l depend
upon many f act or s, i ncl udi ng
l ocal needs, t he
avai l abi l i t y of ot her f aci l i t i es,
t he avai l abi l i t y
of st af f , and t he or i ent at i on of
t he medi cal
pr of essi onal i n t he hospi t al
and communi t y.
Whet her a separ at e
psychi at r i c ser vi ce can
or cannot be pr ovi ded, i t i s f r equent l y
possi bl e
t o use some gener al medi cal ,
mi ni mal car e,
or
ot her beds f or psychi at r i c
pat i ent s and t o
secur e
t he ser vi ces of a consul t ant psychi at r i st
.
Al l good
gener al hospi t al s have a pl an
f or
handl i ng
psychi at r i c emer genci es, such as
acut e t oxi c r eact i ons, sui ci de at t empt s, and
acut e behavi or al di st ur bances . Smal l hospi t al s
may
have t wo or mor e r ooms f or such pat i ent s,
pendi ng t hei r t r ansf er t o a hospi t al wher e spe-
ci al
psychi at r i c f aci l i t i es ar e avai l abl e. I t i s ad-
vi sabl e t hat no
pat i ent wi t h sui ci dal t endenci es
be r el eased
wi t hout psychi at r i c consul t at i on
i f a psychi at r i st i s
avai l abl e.
When t he gener al
hospi t al has a psychi at r i c
ser vi ce,
t he ser vi ce pr ovi des f or t he car e and
t r eat ment of pat i ent s
admi t t ed f or psychi at r i c
di sor der s and al so
f or t hose pat i ent s who, i n
t he cour se of
hospi t al i zat i on f or anot her
r eason, exper i ence
a psychi at r i c i l l ness . Most
pat i ent s ar e admi t t ed
vol unt ar i l y, al t hough
occasi onal l y t he
hospi t al seeks l egal aut hor i t y
f or det ai ni ng one who i s ver y
di st ur bed. Any
l i mi t at i ons on admi ssi ons, such as
t hose i m-
posed by t he physi cal const r uct i on
of t he uni t
or by t he t r ai ni ng and exper i ence of
i t s st af f ,
ar e cl ear l y st at ed i n t he pl an of t he hospi t al
.
Because of t he smal l si ze of t he
psychi at r i c
uni t i n most gener al hospi t al s, t he uni t
usual l y
f ocuses
on i nt ensi ve shor t - t er m t her apy and
di agnost i c ser vi ces . Some gener al
hospi t al s
have, however , f ound i t possi bl e t o devel op
sui t abl e f aci l i t i es and st af f i ng t o admi t
end
t r eat psychi at r i c pat i ent s who
ar e expect ed t o
r emai n over 30 days . Somehospi t al s
al so have
pr ovi si on f or par t i al hospi t al i zat i on,
i n addi t i on
t o r ound- t hecl ock ser vi ces, and
f or out pat i ent
ser vi ces t o f or mer pat i ent s and
ot her s who do
not need f ul l - t i me hospi t al i zat i on
.
Exper i ence has i ndi cat ed t hat ,
expr essed as
a per cent age of t he bed capaci t y of
t he hos-
pi t al , t he number of psychi at r i c beds r equi r ed
wi l l var y f r om3 t o 15 per cent , t he
most usual
f i gur e bei ng about 10 per cent of t he t ot al
beds.
Acapaci t y
of 20 t o 26 beds i n one nur si ng uni t
seems
t o be most ef f i ci ent . When a hospi t al
i s
capabl e of
suppor t i ng mor e t han t hi s number
of beds, t hey ar e
usual l y pr ovi ded i n t wo or
mor e nur si ng uni t s . Exper i ence has shown
t hat
menandwomen maybe t r eat ed i n one uni t
i f adequat e
f aci l i t i es ar e avai l abl e.
Si nce t he
psychi at r i c ser vi ce oper at es as an
i nt egr al par t of
t he hospi t al , many of i t s f unc-
t i onal ser vi ces ar e
pr ovi ded by t he hospi t al ad-
mi ni st r at i on
. These mi ght i ncl ude most of t he
gener al
pr of essi onal ser vi ces : i . e. , medi cal ,
sur gi cal ,
and dent al ; di et et i c,
l abor at or y, x- r ay,
phar macy, l i br ar y, chapl ai ncy, and medi cal
r ecor ds ; and
admi ni st r at i ve and mai nt enance
ser vi ces .
Pr i vat e Psychi at r i c Hospi t al s
Pr i vat e psychi at r i c hospi t al s ar e
nongov-
er nment al speci al t y hospi t al s . Li ke
gener al
hospi t al s, t hey may be oper at ed on ei t her
a
nonpr of i t or f or - pr of i t basi s . They have
t he
r esponsi bi l i t y of pr ovi di ng t r eat ment pr ogr ams
wi t h
def i ni t i ve goal s f or t he wel f ar e of t he
pat i ent ,
wi t h t he r eal i zat i on t hat t he per i od
of
hospi t al i zat i on may be onl y a segment of
t he
t ot al
t r eat ment pl an .
The medi cal st af f shoul d make
use of t he op-
por t uni t y pr ovi ded by a hi gh r at i o of
medi cal
st af f t o
pat i ent s t o r egul at e t he t her apeut i c
pr ogr am
and t o obser ve t he pr ocesses of
i l l -
ness and
t he r esponse t o t her apy . The most
advanced appr oaches
t o t r eat ment , and i ndi vi d-
ual i zat i on of pr ogr am
t o meet each pat i ent ' s
Heal t h
MENTAL HEALTHCENTERS
needs, shoul d be empl oyed. The hospi t al
shoul d t ake advant age of ar ound- t hecl ock
obser vat i ons by many t r ai ned obser ver s, and
mul t i di sci pl i nar y vi ews i n conf er ence, i n t he
eval uat i on of t her apy and t he i nt egr at i on of
t heor y and pr act i ce. Ther e shoul d be a per i odi c
eval uat i on of t he ef f ect i veness of t he hospi t al
t her apeut i c pr ogr am. Al t hough t he pr i mar y
f unct i on of t he hospi t al i s t o mai nt ai n excel -
l ence i n psychi at r i c t r eat ment , t he pr of essi onal
and
admi ni st r at i ve st af f
shoul d be encour aged
t o ut i l i ze t he uni que
oppor t uni t i es
f or educat i on
and r esear ch
.
Most pr i vat e psychi at r i c hospi t al s ser ve t hei r
geogr aphi c communi t i es- l ocal , st at e, and
r egi onal - al t hough a number of t hem, because
of
t hei r speci al or uni que t r eat ment pr ogr ams
f or speci f i c cat egor i es of pat i ent s, r ecei ve
r ef er r al s f r om wher ever i n t he wor l d t hese
pat i ent s come.
Pr i vat e psychi at r i c hospi t al s, t her ef or e, ver y
gr eat l y. Each f ol l ows t he pr ogr amdet er mi ned
by i t s medi cal
st af f , i t s
appr oach t o t r eat ment
and i t s goal s . Each pr i vat e psychi at r i c hospi t al
must
have est abl i shed wr i t t en pr ocedur es by
whi ch i t wi l l ei t her
admi t
a pat i ent or qui ckl y
r ef er hi m t o t he near est , most appr opr i at e,
t r eat ment
f aci l i t y. A qual i f i ed psychi at r i st
must be r esponsi bl e
f or t he t r eat ment
of
t he
pat i ent , and t her e must be ot her ment al heal t h
pr of essi onal s, i ncl udi ng
nur si ng
per sonnel
wi t h t r ai ni ng i n psychi at r i c nur si ng.
The l engt h
of st ay
i n
a
pr i vat e psychi at r i c
hospi t al shoul d be commensur at e wi t h t he
goal s of t her apy and t he pat i ent ' s i l l ness .
I n
keepi ng wi t h t he cur r ent concept s t hat ear l y
and ef f ect i ve i nt er vent i on may r esul t i n t he r e-
t ur n of t he pat i ent t o hi s communi t yaf t er a ver y
shor t per i od of hospi t al i zat i on, t he aver age
l engt h of st ay i s l ess t han 60 days i n t hr ee-
f our t hs of t he pr i vat e psychi at r i c hospi t al s .
To
meet
t he ul t i mat e needs of t he pat i ent , many
hospi t al s mai nt ai n medi um- or l ong- t er mi nt en-
si ve
t r eat ment pr ogr ams as wel l . The pr i mar y
goal of hospi t al t r eat ment i s not t he shor t est
possi bl e st ay but t he most ef f ect i ve t her apy.
Wi t hi n t he l i mi t s of t her apeut i c goal s, t he hos-
pi t al shoul d pr ovi de t he t ype and amount of
t r eat ment t hat wi l l r esul t i n t he pat i ent ' s r e-
sumpt i on of heal t hy
f unct i oni ng.
Publ i c Psychi at r i c Hospi t al s
Apubl i c psychi at r i c hospi t al i s def i ned as an
i nst i t ut i on pr ovi ded by t he communi t y-
whet her
ci t y, count y, st at e, pr ovi nci al , or f ed-
er al
gover nment - f or t he di agnosi s, t r eat ment ,
and car e of pat i ent s
wi t h psychi at r i c and
neur ol ogi cal di sor der s . Most hospi t al s
i n t hi s
gr oup
ar e st at e or pr ovi nci al hospi t al s . They
pr ovi de bot h shor t - t er m and l ong- t er m t r eat -
ment andadmi t
pat i ent s bot h vol unt ar i l y and by
l egal
commi t ment .
Whi l e i t i s r ecogni zed t hat var i at i ons i n t he
usual t ype of st at e hospi t al
or gani zat i on ar e
sui t abl e
i n cer t ai n l ocal i t i es, t he essent i al
pr of essi onal ,
di agnost i c, t r eat ment , andadmi n-
i st r at i ve and
mai nt enance ser vi ces descr i bed
i n t he pr ecedi ng sect i on on gener al st andar ds
can be appl i ed t o al l publ i c hospi t al s by i ndi vi d-
ual i nt er pr et at i on
. Each publ i c hospi t al has an
i mpor t ant f unct i on t o per f or m i n pr ovi di ng
necessar y psychi at r i c ser vi ces t o i t s com-
muni t yand i n pr omot i ng psychi at r i c educat i on
and r esear ch. Recogni zi ng t he advant ages of
af f i l i at i on
wi t h medi cal school s and ot her med-
i cal cent er s i n t hei r ar eas, many publ i c hospi -
t al s
have est abl i shed f or mal pr ogr ams of par t i -
ci pat i on i n cooper at i veeducat i onal and r esear ch
ef f or t s .
Whet her t he t ot al t r eat ment pr ogr am
of t he
hospi t al i s separ at ed i nt o
di scr et e uni t s
de-
pends upon i t s si ze,
i t s
t ype of or gani zat i on,
and t he medi cal admi ni st r at i ve phi l osophy.
However , pat i ent s have i ndi vi dual and di f f er -
i ng needs, and t he t r eat ment pr ogr am, however
admi ni st r at i vel y or gani zed, seeks t o ser ve
t hese var i ous needs .
The hospi t al shoul d be l ar ge enough t o meet
t he communi t y' s needs f or psychi at r i c ser -
vi ces, but not so l ar ge as t o compr omi se i t s
abi l i t y t o meet t he needs of each pat i ent f or
i ndi vi dual t r eat ment . Opt i mal si ze mi ght be
descr i bed as t he
most ef f i ci ent
and
ef f ect i ve
bal ance bet ween t he f aci l i t y' s
abi l i t y
t o meet
t he uni que needs of t he communi t y and i t s abi l -
i t y t o meet t he uni que needs of each pat i ent .
One met hod t hat has been devi sed t o achi eve
t hi s bal ance i s t he uni t syst em.
Lar ger hospi t al s may oper at e under t hi s sys-
t em, wi t h sever al semi aut onomous pat i ent
car e uni t s maki ng up t he compl ex . The t r eat -
ment pr ogr ams ar e or gani zed i nt o separ at e
uni t s of si mi l ar si ze, st af f i ng, and t ypes of
pat i ent s . Regar dl ess of howl ong he st ays, each
pat i ent i s admi t t ed, t r eat ed, end di schar ged
wi t hi n t he same uni t . Hi s t r eat ment i s t he r e-
sponsi bi l i t y of t he same gr oup of st af f mem-
ber s f r omadmi ssi on t o di schar ge and af t er -
car e. I n some i nst ances, t he uni t s r epr esent
speci f i c geogr aphi cal ar eas ; t hi s enabl es t he
pr of essi onal st af f t o wor k cl osel y and cont i nu-
ousl y wi t h pr of essi onal and l ay communi t y
agenci es f r omt hat r egi on. Ot her f aci l i t i es do
not f i nd t hi s
geogr aphi c admi ssi on pl an pr ac-
t i cal and pr ef er t o admi t pat i ent s t o each uni t
i n r ot at i on. Regar dl ess of howadmi ssi ons ar e
handl ed, t he goal of each uni t i s appr opr i at e
t r eat ment f or each pat i ent at t he most appr o-
pr i at e
si t e
.
The
t r eat ment
pr ogr am
may
i ncl ude
separ at e
war ds f or cer t ai n t ypes of pat i ent s wi t h speci al
t r eat ment , educat i onal , and r ehabi l i t at i on
needs, such as chi l dr en, adol escent s, al cohol -
i cs,
pat i ent s wi t h t uber cul osi s, and
ot her s
who
r equi r e i nt ensi ve medi cal t r eat ment i n addi t i on
t o psychi at r i c car e.
I ncr easi ngl y, publ i c hospi t al s ar e f ol l owi ng
t he ment al heal t h cent er concept s of compr e-
hensi veness of ser vi ce and cont i nui t y of car e.
They ar e, t her ef or e, devel opi ng a r ange of
ser vi ces, i ncl udi ng pr ogr ams of var yi ng de-
gr ees of par t i al hospi t al i zat i on, out pat i ent ser -
vi ces, r ehabi l i t at i on, vocat i onal gui dance, and
af t er car e i n addi t i on t o t he i nt ensi ve i npat i ent
t r eat ment pr ogr ams . Apr oper bal ance of t hese
ot her pr ogr ams al l ows f or t he mor e ef f i ci ent
use of t he i npat i ent ser vi ces .
The concept of t he " open door " has been
appl i ed t o t he maj or i t y of war ds i n most psy-
chi at r i c hospi t al s . The open hospi t al encour -
ages ear l y t r eat ment by emphasi zi ng t he vol un-
t ar y nat ur e of hospi t al i zat i on and t he expr essed
conf i dence of t he st af f t hat t he pat i ent can
accept r esponsi bi l i t y f or hi s own management .
Fr eedomof movement enabl es pat i ent s t o do
manyt hi ngs f or t hemsel ves t hat mi ght have t o
be done by st af f member s under ot her condi -
t i ons, and t hus al l ows mor e st af f t i me avai l abl e
f or t he pr omot i on of act i ve t r eat ment . I t i s
necessar y f or some f aci l i t i es t o mai nt ai n a
cl osed war d or war ds, however , f or t hose
pat i ent s who may be l i kel y t o endanger t he
saf et y and wel f ar e of t hemsel ves and/ or ot her s .
Conf i dence i n t he f aci l i t y can best be mai n-
t ai ned i f appr opr i at e pr ecaut i ons ar e t aken t o
pr ot ect t he communi t y f r om t he except i onal
pat i ent who has i n t he pest caused i t concer n.
The hospi t al encour ages and par t i ci pat es i n
communi t y pl anni ng f or t he devel opment of
appr opr i at e al t er nat i ve r esour ces and f aci l i t i es
t o deal wi t h soci al pr obl ems t hat have i n t he
past of t en been assi gned t o t he publ i c psy-
chi at r i c hospi t al
due t o
t he
l ack of
avai l abl e
al t er nat i ves . The
most appr opr i at e and
ef f i ci ent
use of scar ce psychi at r i c r esour ces r equi r es
t hat al l possi bi l i t i es f or secur i ng t he best t r eat -
ment andcar e f or each i ndi vi dual pat i ent be ex-
pl or ed by t he pat i ent ' s f ami l y, t he f ami l y
physi ci an, andcommuni t y soci al agenci es, and
t hat a br oad r ange of r esour ces be avai l abl e
i n t he communi t y t o meet t he mul t i pl i ci t y of
needs .
The hospi t al encour ages communi t y pr o-
vi si on f or di agnost i c, t r eat ment , r ehabi l i t at i on,
and educat i onal
and
pr event i ve ment al hygi ene
ser vi ces f or f or mer pat i ent s, and f or t hose f or
whom hospi t al i zat i on may be aver t ed, t o
ensur e a compr ehensi ve net wor k of ment al
heal t h car e ser vi ces . Wi t hi n t hi s net wor k some
ser vi ces may be pr ovi ded by t he hospi t al ' s
ment al heal t h cl i ni c, whi ch f unct i ons on a
r egul ar , schedul ed basi s, ei t her i n a f i xed l oca-
t i on or on a t r avel i ng basi s . The cl i ni c assi st s
i n t he r ehabi l i t at i on
of
f or mer hospi t al pat i ent s,
advi ses t hose about t o ent er t he hospi t al , of f er s
t r eat ment t o t hose who do not need hospi t al i za-
t i on, end di agnoses and/ or t r eat s chi l dr en wi t h
behavi or al or educat i onal pr obl ems . The st af f
of t he cl i ni c i ncl udes as a mi ni muni a psychi a-
t r i st , a soci al wor ker , and a psychol ogi st , and,
i f t he hospi t al has adopt ed t he uni t syst em,
t he same t eam f ol l ows t he pat i ent f r om pr e-
admi ssi on i nt er vi ewt o di schar ge andf ol l ow- up
car e. The
ser vi ces of t he cl i ni c al so i ncl ude
f ol l ow- up
counsel i ng, eval uat i on of adj ust ment
af t er
di schar ge, and medi cal super vi si on of
dr ug
dosage .
Ser vi ces
f or t he Ment al l y Ret ar ded
The
past t en year s or mor e have br ought about
a dr amat i c change of basi c concept s r egar di ng
t he car e and t r eat ment
of
per sons wi t h t he
ment al r et ar dat i on
syndr ome. Consequent l y,
r equi r ement s of car e and t r eat ment have
shi f t ed t o an ext ent t hat t he newl y devel oped
or devel opi ng
f aci l i t i es can no
l onger
be con-
si der ed as one compat i bl e gr oup of " hospi t al s
and
school s f or ment al def ect i ves" as was
t he
case i n ear l i er year s .
Fi r st of al l , t he car e, t r eat ment , educat i on
and t r ai ni ng of ment al l y r et ar ded per sons i n
t he l ow bor der l i ne and educabl e r ange have
shi f t ed si gni f i cant l y f r omr esi dent i al f aci l i t i es
t o day school s . Tr ai ned or qual i f i ed educat or s
al ong wi t h ot her speci al i st s ( medi ci ne, audi -
ol ogy, speech, and physi cal t her apy) pr ovi de
meani ngf ul and adequat e ser vi ces wi t hi n t he
publ i c school syst emor i n school s oper at ed by
af f i l i at es of t he Nat i onal Associ at i on f or Re-
t ar ded Chi l dr en.
Secondl y, t he car e, t r eat ment , and t r ai ni ng
f or mor e sever el y r et ar ded chi l dr en ( t r ai nabl es)
ar e bei ng pr ovi ded i n many communi t i es i n a
manner si mi l ar t o t hat i n whi ch t hese ser vi ces
ar e r ender ed f or t he youngst er s who ar e ed-
ucabl e.
As a t hi r d obser vat i on, i t must be acknowl -
edged t hat , f or some year s now, t her e has been
an obser vabl e t r end f or t hose per sons who
suf f er f r omt he r at her sever e t o sever est de-
gr ees of r et ar dat i on
( decer ebr at i on syndr ome)
t o out number
ei t her t he educabl e or
t he t r ai n-
abl e r et ar dat es i n st at e i nst i t ut i ons . Thei r de-
mand upon t he avai l abi l i t y of t ot al l i f el ong
car e has become a domi nant f act or .
Thus, i t i s no l onger possi bl e t o est abl i sh
meani ngf ul st andar ds based upon t r adi t i onal
concept s . Anewappr oach i s i ndi cat ed t hat
t akes i nt o consi der at i on f act ual changes and
cont i nued t r ansi t i on.
The compl exi t i es of needed ser vi ces can beat
Heal t h
MENTAL HEALTH
CENTERS
t i onal
pr ogr ams be avai l abl e at t he appr opr i at e
t i me
.
Whet her such a pr ogr am i s par t of a
publ i c
school syst emor an i nt egr al par t of a
pr i vat e or publ i c
r esi dent i al car e f aci l i t y, i t
must
meet
t he
l i censi ng and cer t i f i cat i on r e-
qui r ement s of t he st at e and/ or
f eder al gover n-
ment . Under t he cur r ent l egal
def i ni t i on, a
ment al l y
r et ar ded
youngst er capabl e of r ehabi l -
i t at i on, as i nt er pr et ed by t he
Di vi si on of Voca-
t i onal Rehabi l i t at i on, qual i f i es at age
si xt een
t o par t i ci pat e i n t hi s pr ogr am.
Adequat e day car e pr ogr ams and/ or
domi -
ci l i ar y f aci l i t i es must meet t he pr ogr amneeds
of t he cl i ent s . Al so, t hey must meet l i censi ng
or cer t i f i cat i on r equi r ement s of each l i censi ng
body ( depar t ment of heal t h, depar t ment of
l abor , depar t ment of educat i on, t he
f i r e mar -
shal , depar t ment of i nsur ance, et c . ) .
The Young Adul t and t he Adul t By t he t i me a
r e-
t ar ded per son i s ei ght een year s of age,
hi s
f ut ur e r ol e i n our soci et y can be assessed f ai r l y
accur at el y, i n most i nst ances . The need may
r ange f r om l i vi ng mor e or l ess i ndependent l y
i n t he
communi t y or i n a super vi sed gr oup-
l i vi ng pr ogr am ( host el , shel t er ed wor kshop)
t o r esi dence
i n a l i censed boar di ng home, a
l i censed nur si ng home,
or i n an i nst i t ut i on f or
chr oni cal l y
di sabl ed or i l l per sons .
Cor r espond-
i ngl y, he may be economi cal l y
i ndependent ,
par t i al l y sel f - suppor t i ng, or
r ecei ve publ i c
suppor t t hr ough
Medi car e, Medi cai d, Soci al
Secur i t y, or ai d t o t he per manent l y
and t ot al l y
di sabl ed.
I n any event , adequat e l egal
and soci al pr o-
vi si ons must be made t o pr ot ect
t he per son
wi t h t he ment al r et ar dat i on syndr ome
agai nst
physi cal , emot i onal , soci al , or economi c
ex-
pl oi t at i on and abuse. Al so,
r egar dl ess of
wher e t he r et ar ded adul t l i ves, he must have
adequat e access t o al l communi t y
r esour ces
t hat he may need at any gi ven t i me
i n hi s l i f e
span . Thi s wi l l r equi r e pr ogr ammed super -
vi sor y ser vi ces t hat can be i ncl uded i n an
ade-
quat e pr ot ect i ve mechani sm ( Guar di anshi p
Act ) .
qui r e a br oad r ange of var yi ng ser vi ces :
Chi l dr en who ar e ambul at or y
and wi t hout
si gni f i cant adj ust ment pr obl ems
ar e, gener al l y,
ent er ed i nt o nur ser y school s wi t h subsequent
pr omot i on i nt o subpr i mar y and
appr opr i at e
gr ades of t he publ i c school syst em.
St at e
l i censi ng pr ocedur es est abl i sh necessar y st an-
dar ds f or per sonnel and f aci l i t i es .
Chi l dr en who ar e not ambul at or y or
who
have
maj or adj ust ment pr obl ems t hat cannot
be deal t
wi t h i n t he publ i c school syst emor t he
pr i vat e home may
r equi r e i n- r esi dence f aci l i -
t i es t hat pr ovi de speci al
or t hopedi c or psy-
chi at r i c ser vi ces or
ser vi ces t o t he bl i nd, deaf ,
or ot her s . Al l chi l dr en
i n t hi s cat egor y wi l l be
gi ven t he r equi r ed addi t i onal
di agnost i c, t r eat -
ment , r ehabi l i t at i ve,
and educat i onal ser vi ces
t hat ar e needed t o assi st t hem
t o devel op t hei r
opt i mal pot ent i al . Such pr ogr ams
must be mul -
t i di sci pl i nar y, under qual i f i ed
medi cal di r ec-
t i on. Thus, t hey must meet
t he r equi r ement s
of t he J oi nt Commi ssi on on
Accr edi t at i on of
Hospi t al s .
As t he pr ocess of t r eat ment
and r ehabi l i t a-
t i on pr ogr esses, a di f f er ent i at i on of each
chi l d' s
l ong- r ange needs wi l l become
evi dent . I t may
l ead t o di schar ge i nt o t he
communi t y and r ef er -
r al t o a chi l d gui dance
cl i ni c and t o t he publ i c
speci al school syst em
. I t may r equi r e pr o-
l onged hospi t al i zat i on because
of speci f i c med-
i cal r equi r ement s .
Or , i t may r esul t i n pr ovi d-
i ng l i f el ong pr ot ect i ve car e
i n an accr edi t ed
i nst i t ut i on f or t he chr oni cal l y
i l l ( ext ended car e
uni t ) , a l i censed nur si ng
home, or a l i censed
boar di ng home. I n any event , l ocal ,
st at e, end/
or f eder al l i censi ng r equi r ement s must
be met
and t he f aci l i t y shoul d be
accr edi t ed by t he
J oi nt Commi ssi on on Accr edi t at i on
of Hospi -
t al s i f i t i s el i gi bl e.
The Pr ogr essi ng Pr eadol escent s and Adol escent s
Most of t he ment al l y r et ar ded
youngst er s i n
t he educat i onal and t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams
wi l l
r each t he l i mi t of t hei r academi c
pot ent i al be-
f or e t he age of si xt een. Ther ef or e, i t i s neces-
sar y t hat meani ngf ul and adequat e
pr evoca-
be deal t wi t h by pr oj ect i ng var i ous l i f e- span
r equi r ement s as known t o us . However , we
shal l not at t empt t o make speci f i c r ecom-
mendat i ons f or t hose ser vi ces t hat ar e non-
medi cal i n nat ur e.
The I nf ant and Smal l Chi l d Most ment al l y r e-
t ar ded chi l dr en ar e r et ar ded at bi r t h ( pr enat al
and
par anat al r et ar dat i on) , al t hough i t may not
be evi dent at t he t i me. They r equi r e di agnost i c,
pr ognost i c, and t r eat ment ser vi ces .
The
pr e- school - age medi cal cl i ni c may op-
er at e as an
i ndependent agency, a par t of a
gener al hospi t al , or
a par t of t he st at e hospi t al -
t r ai ni ng school syst em
. I n any event , ut i l i zat i on
of exi st i ng
ser vi ces and ef f or t s at i nt egr at i on
i n r egi onal ar eas wi l l be
made and st andar ds
must be est abl i shed and mai nt ai ned
t o meet
exi st i ng needs .
I t i s desi r abl e t hat t he
di r ect or of t he cl i ni c
be a wel l - qual i f i ed pedi at r i ci an
. He wi l l have
medi cal consul t ant s
on hi s st af f ( neur ol ogi st ,
chi l d psychi at r i st ,
opht hal mol ogi st , dent i st ,
physi st r i st , nut r i t i oni st s, publ i c
heal t h nur ses,
and ot her s as
needed) . Essent i al ar e f ul l - t i me or
par t - t i me qual i f i ed soci al wor ker s, cl i ni cal
or devel opment al psychol ogi st s, audi ol ogi st s,
speech, occupat i onal , end physi cal
t her api st s
and medi cal secr et ar i es . The number of
st af f
empl oyed must cor r espond t o t he needs of t he
pat i ent s r ef er r ed t o t he cl i ni c .
The cl i ni c must have adequat e space t o f unc-
t i on. I t must have avai l abl e al l di agnost i c t ool s
and pr ocedur es t hat ar e necessar y t o est abl i sh
an i ncl usi ve and compr ehensi ve di agnosi s,
such as r oent genol ogy, cl i ni cal and anat omi c
pat hol ogy, bi ochemi st r y, genet i cs, and el ect r o-
encephal ogr aphy.
Al l per sonnel must meet l i censi ng and/ or
cer t i f i cat i on r equi r ement s of t hei r r espect i ve
pr of essi ons . The cl i ni c, i f i t i s el i gi bl e, must
meet
t he st andar ds of t he J oi nt Commi ssi on on
Accr edi t at i on of Hospi t al s .
The Younger School - Age Chi l d Ment al l y
r et ar ded
chi l dr en, once pr oper l y di agnosed, wi l l r e-
Heal t h
MENTALHEALTHCENTERS
SPATI ALNEEDS OF PROGRAM
ELEMENTS
NOTE: Desi gn of
al l spaces shoul d be noni nst i t u-
t i onal . The f ol l owi ng ar esuggest i ons f or consi der -
at i on
i n al l pr ogr amel ement needs i ndi cat ed be-
l ow:
Opener s i n space- pl anni ng
Li ve pl ant s
Desi gn f or gr oupi ngs of 4t o 8 per sons
Comf or t abl e l i ght l evel ( nat ur al l i ght , desk
l amps, i ncandescent s i nst ead of neon, et c. )
Fr eedom
f or hangi ng pi ct ur es
War msur f ace f i ni shes i n nat ur al mat er i al s
Vi ews out si de
Cont act wi t h out door s
Vi sual access t o mai nst r eamof act i vi t y.
The f ol l owi ng does not assume t hat al l ser vi ces
must be l ocat ed under one r oof ( see Locat i on
of Ser vi ces) .
1. I npat i ent Uni t
Thi s i s a shor t - t er m r esi dent i al
f aci l i t y f or l i vi ng
under asuper vi sed t her apeut i c pr ogr am, r equi r i ng
a domest i c or
col l ege- dor mi t or yr at her t han a hos-
pi t al at mospher e. Ar chi t ect ur al Sect i on, NI MH,
r ecommends t hi s
ar ea be
cl assi f i ed r esi dent i al oc-
cupancy( NFPANo . 101) wher eper mi t t ed by l ocal
aut hor i t i es.
Pat i ent Needs
Pr i vacy f or sl eepi ng, dr essi ng, and bat hi ng.
Pr ovi si on f or per sonal gr oomi ng needs.
As f ewr egul at i ons f or use of f aci l i t y as possi -
bl e.
Pat i ent s shoul d be abl e t o r ear r ange f ur ni t ur e,
hang pi ct ur es on wal l , et c.
Pat i ent bel ongi ngs shoul d not be out of
r each- l ockabl e st or age
space shoul d be
pr ovi ded i n each
pat i ent ' s bedr oom
unl ess
speci f i cal l y pr ohi bi t ed by pr ogr am.
Domest i c
Needs t o So Pr ovi ded Laundr y and
snack ki t chen f or use by each l i vi ng gr oup ( 16-
24 pat i ent s) .
Soci al i zat i on Ar eas

Avar i et y of set t i ngs i s nec-
essar y:
Space f or smal l
conver sat i onal gr oupi ngs or
qui et i ndi vi dual use ( 2- 4 per sons) . Exampl e:
smal l l i vi ng space i n a sui t e of t wo or f our
bedr ooms .
Act i vi t y spaces f or games, danci ng,
musi c,
gr oup l i vi ng ( 16- 24 per sons) . Two l i vi ng
ar eas ar e desi r abl e t o al l ownoi sy and qui et
act i vi t i es
t o occur
si mul t aneousl y.
Qui et ac-
t i vi t y space coul d al so be used f or gr oup
t her apy. Exampl e: a l ar ge l i vi ng r oom as
t he f ocus of l i vi ng gr oup act i vi t i es wi t h a
smal l er , comf or t abl y f ur ni shed l ounge adj a-
cent .
Vi si t i ng Ar ea

Space shoul d be pr ovi ded f or pr i -
vat e
vi si t i ng wi t h f ami l y
and
f r i ends
. Exampl e:
an out - of - t he- way al cove f or 6 per sons, l ocat ed
near t he ent r ance t o t he uni t and t he nur se' s
st at i on, al l owi ng vi sual and conver sat i on l evel
acoust i cal
pr i vacy
.
NOTE: each gr oup of 16- 24 pat i ent s r equi r es
t he above spaces . Desi gn shoul d al l ow nat ur al
gr oupi ngs of 4- 8 per sons.
Physi cal Pl anni ng Gui del i nes
f or Communi t y
Ment al
Heal t h
Cent er s,
Cl yde H. Dor set t , AI A, Ar chi t ect ur al Con-
sul t ant , Nat i onal I nst i t ut e of
Ment al Heal t h,
Bet hesda,
Md. , 1978.
2. Emer genci es
Emer gency can occur i n any el ement of ser vi ce
of
any t i me
. Most common:
l . wal k- i n
2. escor t ed emer gency
Wal k- i n: ar r i vi ng at any el ement of ser vi ce f or
t he f i r st t i me t o get hel p. Thi s per son maycome
i n al one or wi t h ot her s . He [ or she] i s ambul ant
and f unct i oni ng.
Escor t ed emer gency: ambul ant but not f unc-
t i oni ng.
Physi cal
Space
f or
Wal k- i n:
I nvi t i ng ent r ance
Must have i mmedi at e r el at i onshi p
t o
out si de
whi l e pat i ent i s i n wai t i ng- r ecept i on ar ea
Pr i vacy wi t h r ecept i oni st i n st at i ng hi s [ her ]
needs
NOTE: al l spaces f or wal k- i n i nt er vi ewand i ni t i al
t r eat ment , admi t t i ng of wal k- i n emer gency can
be t hose used
by
out pat i ent s
.
Escor t ed emer gency
Wi l l ut i l i ze al l st af f and space i n
emer gency
sui t e of gener al hospi t al .
Addi t i onal spaces may be needed i n gener al
hospi t al emer gency.
Space:
I nt er vi ew space t hat pr omot es communi ca-
t i on
bet ween pat i ent and physi ci an
.
Hol di ng space- wai t i ng bed space- f or pa-
t i ent t o wai t whi l e
di sposi t i on
f or t r eat ment
i s consi der ed ( i . e. , sedat ed pat i ent ) .
Ent r ance avai l abl e di r ect l y t o i nt ensi ve car e
ar ea f or escor t ed emer genci es.
NOTE: desi gn and l ocat i on shoul d mot i vat e i nt er -
act i on and communi cat i on bet ween al l agenci es
and el ement s of ser vi ce ut i l i zi ng t he f aci l i t y.
3. Out pat i ent
Admi t t i ng Of f i ces Shoul d be conveni ent t o r e-
cept i oni st
Anci l l ar y Ser vi ces
Wai t i ng ar eas
Secr et ar i al space
Publ i c and st af f t oi l et s, l ounge ( cof f ee, si nk,
r ef r i ger at or ) , and l i br ar y- wor kr oom
Wai t i ng Ar eas
Li mi t ed t o 8- 12 pat i ent s
Di st r i but ed t hr oughout of f i ce ar eas
Recept i oni st by f r ont door - open, f r i endl y, en
cour age cont act bet ween r ecept i oni st
and
pat i ent
Recr eat i on- physi cal exer ci se

Space i n t he f or m
of an exer ci se r oom, gymnasi um, or out door space
( especi al l y i n war mcl i mat es) shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Exampl e: smal l exer ci se r oom
f or gr oup set t i ng-
up
exer ci se pr ogr amwi t h agr eement t o use hi gh
school gymandpl ayi ng f i el ds l ocat ed wi t hi n easy
wal ki ng di st ance.
St af f needs
Lounge ar ea
St or age f or per sonal pr oper t y
St af f t oi l et
Ar ea f or char t i ng/ pr i vat e di scussi on wi t h t her a-
pi st s
Secur i t y f or dr ugs
Mul t i use pat i ent
i nt er vi ew
space, f ami l y di scus-
si on, et c.
Mi ni mal
bar r i er s t o
i nt er act i on wi t h
pat i ent s .
Exampl e: desks ar e pr ef er abl e t o gl azed
nur si ng st at i ons .
Housekeepi ng Needs
Domest i c housekeepi ng:
Li nens- i n pat i ent s' bedr ooms or l ocat e f or
cent r al di st r i but i on
Each bedr oomuni t t o have own l i nen suppl y
Bat hr oomand per sonal
i t ems
Cent r al j ani t or ' s cl oset
Di et ar y ser vi ces :
Snacks, pat i ent s' act i vi t i es i n ki t chen
Feedi ng- hospi t al caf et er i a and ki t chen
ser vi ce on uni t s ; st or age f ar di shes, l i nens,
et c.
I cemaker s
Compl et e domest i c ki t chen- exhaust syst em
must
be adequat e
I nt ensi ve can
Acoust i cal pr i vacy
Soci al spacef or cont act wi t h st af f and f r eedom
t o l eave conf i ned r oom
Cl ose super vi si on by st af f
Cont r ol l ed access t o t oi l et , war dr obe, l i ght
swi t ches out si de pat i ent ' s r oom
Secur i t y
Tamper pr oof equi pment andf i xt ur es wi t hi n pa-
t i ent ' s r oom and t oi l et ( but not obvi ousl y
t amper pr oof t o pat i ent )
Temper ed
pl at e
gl ass or r emovabl e- t ype det en-
t i on scr eens
Tr eat ment r oom- f i r st
ai d,
emer gencyphysi cal
exami nat i on i t ems f or speci al pr ogr ams such
as dr ugs, al cohol , et c.
Labor at or y wi t h st or age
Di r ect access f r om nur se' s st at i on and f r om
emer gency r ooms i n gener al hospi t al s
Audi o communi cat i ons bet ween nur se' s st at i on
and
pat i ent ' s r oom
Pat i ent r ooms maybe used f or medi cal car e
when needed.
Necessar y equi pment not r emovabl e
f r om
t he
r oommust be l ockabl e and
conceal abl e
.
Wer ecommend occupancyf or t hi s ar ea be i nst i t u-
t i onal .
Of f i ce space Conf er ence and i nt er vi ew
Meet i ngs ( wi t h consul t at i on
and
educat i onal ser vi ce)
Pl ay t her apy
I ndi vi dual
Fami l y
Gr oup t her apy"
St af f conf er ences
I nt er agency pr of essi onal gr oups
Lar ger gr oups
Communi t y gr oups
Gener al meet i ngs
" Gr oup t her apy r ooms t o be ut i l i zed
t hr ough t ot al pr ogr ams
Heal t h
MENTALHEALTHCENTERS
Cont act wi t h St af f

St af f per sons ( vol unt eer s, sec-
r et ar i es) shoul d be l ocat ed t o
be vi si bl e t o per sons
movi ng i n ci r cul at i on pat t er n of bui l di ng. Exam-
pl e: secr et ar y f or out pat i ent of f i ces l ocat ed i n
al cove wi t h chai r s f or wai t i ng adj acent t o ci r cul a-
t i on space.
Pr ovi de i nf or mal soci al ar eas as par t of ci r cul a-
t i on space l eadi ng t o meet i ng r ooms, par t i al hos-
pi t al i zat i on, et c. pl aces wher e number s of peopl e
congr egat e, and al so at " nodes" i n ci r cul at i on
syst empl aces wher e peopl e ar e l i kel y t o pause.
Exampl e: gat her i ng space wi t h ar ea f or coat s,
bat hr ooms out si de communi t y meet i ng r oom.
Wai t i ng f or out pat i ent appoi nt ment s shoul d be
adj acent t o out pat i ent st af f of f i ces. Di r ect or of
Cent er shoul d be l ocat ed adj acent t o ot her st af f
of f i ces t o encour age i nt er st af f cont act .
2.
Or i ent at i on
Use of vi ews out door s and nat ur al l i ght - cl ear
i nsi de/ out si de ci r cul at i on .
Cl ear r el at i on of pr ogr amspaces t o f r ont door :
go her e f or out pat i ent , go t her e f or day
pr ogr am, go ar ound cor ner f or i npat i ent .
Pr i vacy or separ at i on pr ovi ded by si ngl e t ur n
i n cor r i dor or by scr eens- mi ni mumof cl osed
door s.
St af f per son t o gr eet ar r i val t o pr ogr amar ea-
secr et ar y f or out pat i ent ar ea, nur se or
vol unt eer
l ocat ed by ent r ance t o
i npat i ent
uni t , et c.
Use st af f and desi gn of ci r cul at i on spacer at her
t han bar r i er s ( l ocked door s) f or cont r ol
.
3. Ti me use
Locat e communi t y meet i ng ar eas near f r ont
door f or ni ght - t i me use- l ock of f r est of
f aci l i t y.
Par t i al hospi t al i zat i on/ i npat i ent sect i on coul d
have i t s own ent r ance f or day/ ni ght use.
4.
Var i et y
Ci r cul at i on spaces shoul d cont r ast l i ght , dar k, out -
si de, i nsi de, nar r ow, wi de, f r ee, cont r ol l ed, st i mu-
l at i ng ( war mcol or s) , subdued ( cool col or s) t o pr o-
vi de cl ues t o ki nd of act i vi t i es associ at ed wi t h
near by
pr ogr amspaces and
t o mai nt ai n
or i ent a-
t i on. Exampl e: cor r i dor out si de day pr ogr amar ea
wi dens
t o
al l ow i nf or mal soci al i zat i on and use
of l ocker s l ocat ed agai nst one wal l and i s l i t by
skyl i ght .
5. Zoni ng
Pr ogr amel ement s shoul d be r el at ed
t o :
Publ i c accessi bi l i t y
Acoust i cal separ at i on
Heavy ci r cul at i on/ noi sy act i vi t i es
Qui et / pr i vat e act i vi t i es
Schedul ed use/ nonschedul ed use
Fr equency of use
Day/ ni ght use
Uni que or common use
Sol e st af f use
Sol e pat i ent use
J oi nt use by st af f and pat i ent s
Rel at i on t o ot her pr ogr amspaces
Rel at i on t o f r ont door
Need f or out door space and nat ur al l i ght
Need f or pr i vacy/ cont r ol l ed access
NOTE: The pr eval ent di chot omy bet ween ci r cul a-
t i on/ ser vi ce spaces and
pr ogr amspaces shoul d
be mi ni mi zed wher e possi bl e.
Chi l dr en' s
Tr eat ment Adj acent t o ent r ance and
chi l d t her api st ' s of f i ce
Pr ovi de f or obser vat i on
Pr ovi de f or wor k si nk ( as par t of " messy
ar ea" ) ,
and l ocked st or age
Pr ovi de f or separ at e t oi l et
avai l abl e
t o chi l -
dr en; separ at e wai t i ng ar ea, wi t h possi bi l i t y
of obser vat i on by par ent ; out door pl ay
space; scal ed f or chi l dr en; cl eanabl e sur f aces
Of f i ce Space Shoul d mot i vat e communi cat i on
bet ween pat i ent and t her api st , shoul d cont ai n
doct or ( st af f ) and at l east f our or mor e pat i ent s
and be f l exi bl e i n ar r angement of f ur ni t ur e.
Conf er ence Spaces
Suf f i ci ent t o accommodat e 16 peopl e
Sui t abl e f or audi ovi sual pr esent at i ons, st af f
meet i ngs,
st af f wor k ar ea
Accessi bl e t o mai n ent r ance and/ or of f i ce
spaces and r est r ooms
Sui t abl e f or gr oup t her apy
Pr ovi des st or age cl oset
St af f
Lounge

Shoul d be comf or t abl e f or 8 peo-
pl e adj acent t o st af f t oi l et s, st or age, and smal l
ki t chenet t e
( cof f ee- maki ng, l unch, r ef r i ger at or ) ;
al so adj acent t o st af f l i br ar y and wor kr oom.
Need f or l ar gemeet i ng r oomdepends on avai l -
abi l i t y of space i n t he communi t y. Such a r oom
needs audi ovi sual f aci l i t i es, st or age space, and
suf f i ci ent t oi l et ar eas; i t shoul d be l ocat ed be-
t ween cent r al f aci l i t i es and communi t y.
4. Par t i al Hospi t al i zat i on
Day Car e Thi s r equi r es a pr i mar y soci al ar ea
( l i vi ng- r oom- t ype space)
1. St af f needs
Of f i ce space f or day pr ogr amdi r ect or
Wor k
ar ea f or st af f
Medi cat i ons
Nur ses' l ocker s and t oi l et
( Al l l ocat ed i n posi t i on f or i nf or mat i on and
cont r ol f or par t i cul ar hospi t al
pr ogr am)
2. Pat i ent ' s needs
St or age f or wr aps and f or per sonal ar t i cl es
Tel ephone, dr i nki ng f ount ai n
Toi l et s
Ki t chen sui t abl e f or soci al gr oups and
t her -
opy

Thi s consi st s of qui et and
noi sy
act i vi t i es
and depends
on t he pr ogr am. The
most f l exi bl e desi gn r equi r es at l east t wo r ooms
of
cl assr oomsi ze
wi t h
t wo
ki nds of st or age: f or
pat i ent s' pr oj ect s and mat er i al s and f or equi p-
ment .
The
of f i ce
f or t he
pr ogr am
di r ect or
i s
most l y
pr ogr amspace f or pat i ent occupat i onal t her apy
act i vi t i es wi t h t he occupat i onal t her api st as par t
of t he t her apy t eam. I t may be wi t hout st af f of -
f i ces and consi st of
l ar ge
r ooms di vi ded by
mov-
abl e st or age cabi net s.
Recr eat i onal Ther apy Soci al r ecr eat i onal t her -
apy has t he f ol l owi ng r equi r ement s:
Lar ge soci al space
Out door t er r ace f or gar deni ng, out door games,
and an i nact i ve out door ar ea f or qui et
T. V. - musi c
Qui et i ndoor space
Movi es
Ki t chen,
cant een- t ype
Li br ar y ( qui et )
Qui et soci al
ar ea
Not mi ni mal but desi r abl e ar e a swi mmi ng
pool wi t h i t s own dr essi ng r ooms and t oi l et s; and
t abl e games.
St r uct ur ed r ecr eat i onal t her apy pr ogr ams r e-
qui r e a smal l gym, f or 8- 12 pat i ent s at one
t i me,
wi t h i t s own shower s, dr essi ng r ooms, andl ocker s.
One
shoul d
i nvent or y
t he
communi t y
f aci l i t i es t hat
can be used: YMCA, school s, shoppi ng cent er s,
publ i c par ks, publ i c pool s, and
ot her ment al -
heal t h r el at ed pr ogr ams i n t he communi t y. An
act i ve out door ar ea
must
be
avai l abl e wi t h
a
pl ayi ng f i el d, l ar ge space f or act i ve games, et c.
The R. T. of f i ce can be same as f or O. T. Week-
endand ni ght - eveni ng pr ogr amconbe hel d wi t hi n
t he same space as t he i npat i ent
pr ogr am.
S. Chi l dr en' s
Day Car e
Gener al needs i ncl ude a st af f of f i ce, a cent r al
r ecept i on r oom- gat her i ng pl ace, and cl assr ooms.
The pr ogr amcoul d ut i l i ze t he adul t gym. Toi l et s
and a smal l snack ki t chen
shoul d be avai l abl e.
( They coul d be used f or ot her par t s of t hecent er ' s
pr ogr am. )
Cl assr ooms need an ar ea f or messy ( wet ar ea)
wor k ( si nk, et c. ) , an out door ar ea, a t eacher ' s
wor k ar ea wi t h a desk ( no desk i n cl assr oom) ,
and al so, f or pr obl emki ds, qui et st udy; t hi s cl ass
i s separ at ed f r ommai n cl assr oomar ea by a cur -
t ai n. Chi l dr en' s out door pl ay space must be sepa-
r at ed f r om adul t out door ar eas.
6. Admi ni st r at i on
Recept i on- wai t i ng ar ea
Di r ect or ' s of f i ce- meet i ng r oomnear by
Of f i ces f or pr ogr amdi r ect or s
Vol unt eer s and
par t - t i me
of f i ce and l ounge-
wi t h l ocker s and t oi l et s
Conf er ence r oom
Li br ar y- wor kr oomst af f l ounge
Busi ness- secr et ar i al
pool
Cent r al r ecor ds f or al l ser vi ce el ement s
7. Consul t at i on and Educat i on
Meet i ng r ooms and of f i ce spaces ar e l ocat ed ad-
j acent t o or wi t hi n cent r al of f i ce gr oupi ngs. Cent er
con mul t i use spaces f or ot her el ement s of pr ogr am
f or t hi s pur pose. ( Basi s of oper at i ons f or CBS i s
out
i n t he
communi t y and
wi l l
use
f aci l i t y
onl y
t o conduct busi ness and f or meet i ngs . )
CI RCULATI ON
1. Use f or Soci al i zat i on
Ci r cul at i on spacecan be
used
f or mor e t han
t r ans-
por t at i on f r omone ar ea t o anot her . I nf or mal con-
t act s, pausi ng al ong t he way t o l ook at vi ews,
st oppi ng
f or a cup of cof f ee at a cof f ee bar
ar e act i vi t i es t hat al so encour age soci al
cont act.
Ent r y- Wai t i ng Ar ea Ent r ance t hr ough t he f r ont
door t o
al l
pr ogr amel ement s l ocat ed i n t he f aci l -
i t y shoul d be possi bl e. Ar r i vi ng per sons shoul d
be gr eet ed by a st af f
per son out
i n
t he open.
Exampl e: vol unt eer behi nd adesk l ocat ed i n si ght
of
f r ont
door
.
Wai t i ng ar eas shoul d be smal l -
gr oups of 4t o 6- i nsi ght of r ecept i oni st . Wai t i ng
ar ea al l ows vi ew
of
mai nst r eamof act i vi t y,
but
i s l ocat ed i n wel l - def i ned ar ea out of mai n t r af f i c
pat t er n.
Dr i nki ng f ount ai n, t oi l et s, and pay t el ephone
ar e adj acent t o ent r y- wai t i ng ar ea. Acof f ee pot
i s pr ef er abl e t o vendi ng machi nes .
Heal t h
NURSI NG
HOMES
Rv WI I I I AMRRFd: FR

AI A
Cur r ent t hi nki ng i n heal t h pl anni ng emphasi zes
t he concept of pr ovi di ng a spect r umof car e
whi ch ser ves t he heal t h needs of t he ent i r e
communi t y. Thi s spect r um i ncl udes gener al
medi cal and sur gi cal f aci l i t i es, ment al , r ehabi l i -
t at i on, and t uber cul osi s hospi t al s, and l ong-
t er m car e f aci l i t i es, her eaf t er r ef er r ed t o as
LTC, whi ch pr ovi de car e beyond acut e, shor t -
t er mmedi cal and nur si ng car e and may be i n
ei t her chr oni c hospi t al s or nur si ng homes.
Whi l e t he f unct i ons of a chr oni c hospi t al ar e
r el at i vel y cl ear , what i s under st ood by a nur s-
i ng home can be somewhat ambi guous . For our
pur poses, an LTCmay be def i ned as a f aci l i t y
whi ch i s oper at ed ei t her i ndependent l y or i n
connect i on wi t h a hospi t al and pr ovi des nur s-
i ng car e and medi cal ser vi ces under t he gen-
er al di r ect i on of per sons l i censed t o pr act i ce
medi ci ne or sur ger y. Fur t her mor e, unl i ke t he
chr oni c hospi t al , t he LTCgener al l y does not
have r esi dent physi ci ans and l i mi t s i t s medi cal
ser vi ces t o mi nor t r eat ment , di agnost i c x- r ay,
and mi nor l abor at or y anal ysi s . Al t hough good
medi cal pr act i ce shoul d be avai l abl e wher ever
and whenever a pat i ent needs i t , t he f act i s
t hat maj or
medi cal and sur gi cal t r eat ment s
ar e al most al ways per f or med i n ot her f aci l i t i es .
Ei ght cat egor i es of LTCf aci l i t i es ar e r eadi l y
i dent i f i abl e : gener al hospi t al s wi t h l ong- t er m-
car e beds, vol unt ar y chr oni c hospi t al s, l ocal
gover nment chr oni c hospi t al s, publ i c home
i nf i r mar i es, conval escent homes, vol unt ar y
nur si ng homes, pr opr i et ar y nur si ng homes,
and i nf i r mar i es or homes f or t he aged. Ot her
nomencl at ur e f or t he cat egor i es l i st ed above
ar e ext ended car e f aci l i t i es, i nt er medi at e car e
f aci l i t i es, shel t er homes f or t he
aged,
ger i at r i c
homes f or t he aged, and l ong- t er m- car e f aci l -
i t i es, homes f or adul t s, f ost er homes, boar di ng
homes, et c .
Each t ype has i t s own cr i t er i a f or admi ssi on
based f or
t he
most par t on t he t ype of car e r e-
qui r ed; but r ei mbur sement , whet her t hr ough
pr i vat e payment , pr i vat e medi cal i nsur ance,
Medi car e or Medi cai d, at e. , may as wel l be a
det er mi ni ng f act or i n pat i ent pl acement . What -
ever pr obl ems ar e i nvol ved, t he f act i s t hat
pat i ent s
of t en r equi r e
a
wi de r ange
of
ser vi ces
beyond i ni t i al acut e medi cal car e, and t hese
ser vi ces
maycr oss sever al
" i nst i t ut i onal
l i nes, "
f r omi nt ensi ve nur si ng and r ehabi l i t at i ve car e
t hr ough l esser degr ees of nur si ng car e t o per -
haps si mpl y conval escent at t ent i on.
SOCI AL PLANNI NG CRI TERI A
The basi c cr i t er i on used i n det er mi ni ng t he
needs f or al l heal t h car e f aci l i t i es i s t he r at i o
of
beds
t o
t he
popul at i on ser ved. Gener al l y,
wef i nd t hat t her e ar e appr oxi mat el y 13. 2 beds
Hospi t al st at i st i cs f r omHeal t h and Hospi t al
Pl anni ng Counci l of Sout her n NewYor k, 1970
and Long- Ter mCar e, ( LTC) Pr oj ect i on, 1973
I l l ust r at i ons f r omMi chael B. Mi l l er and Wi l l i am
N. Br eqer , " Howt o Pl an f or Ext ended Car e
Ser vi ce '

Moder n Hospi t al , Oct ober 1966
per t housand popul at i on. A char act er i st i c
di st r i but i on
of t hese beds i s shown i n Fi g. 1 .
Thus, t he char act er i st i c
di st r i but i on of LTC
i n al l cat egor i es i s 4. 8 beds per
t housand, and,
equal l y i mpor t ant , i s t he under st andi ng t hat
t he most si gni f i cant
si ngl e char act er i st i c of
t hi s pat i ent popul at i on i s t hat t hey ar e el der l y.
Thei r age char act er i st i cs ar e i ndi cat ed i n Fi g.
2.
r equi r e speci f i c management t echni ques . Fi f -
t een t o t went y per cent of t he pat i ent popul a-
t i on wi l l pr esent si gni f i cant vi sual def i ci t s,
andt her e wi l l be appr oxi mat el y t he same num-
ber wi t h audi t or y def i ci t s . Ot her or gan syst em
i nvol vement i n t he same pat i ent i s t he r ul e
r at her t han except i on, such as gast r oi nt est i nal ,
pul monar y, neur ol ogi cal , and met abol i c di s-
or der s . Mul t i or gan pat hol ogy i n t he chr oni cal l y
aged i s a di st i ngui shi ng char act er i st i c of di s-
abi l i t y i n cont r ast t o ot her age gr oups .
The ut i l i zat i on r at e di f f er s as wel l . Ext ended
car e f aci l i t i es, bot h i ndependent and at t ached
t o gener al hospi t al s, have an aver age t ur nover
of 7 t o 8 pat i ent s per year per bed, or appr oxi -
mat el y 40 t o 50 day st ays, and t her e ar e l ess
r api d t ur nover s f or ot her LTCf aci l i t i es ( pr opr i -
et ar y nur si ng homes, 1 . 17; vol unt ar y nur si ng
homes, 1 . 69; vol unt ar y chr oni c hospi t al s, 1 . 30;
publ i c home i nf i r mar i es, 0. 91; aver age of al l
LTCf aci l i t i es, 1 . 43 per year ) .
One can concl ude as wel l bot h f r om t he
demogr aphi c changes i n a soci et y t hat i s pr o-
por t i onat el y
gr owi ng el der l y and t he soci et al
changes of pl aci ng t he el der l y member s of
soci et y i n medi cal l y or i ent ed f aci l i t i es t hat t he
LTCf aci l i t y woul d have a gr eat er per cent age of
beds al l ot t ed t o i t pr opor t i onat el y i n t he f ut ur e
and t hat t hi s ar ea of heal t h concer n woul d
exper i ence r eal as wel l as pr opor t i onal gr owt h.
Anot her aspect of soci al pl anni ng i s t he
t r ansl at i on of soci al dat a i nt o t he ar chi t ect ur al
pr ogr am. We have f ound t hat t he i deal met hod
of det er mi ni ng t he physi cal f aci l i t i es of t he
bui l di ng i s i n t er ms of t he pr oposed pat i ent
popul at i on r at ed by t hei r capaci t i es t o per f or m
act i vi t i es, i ncl udi ng dai l y l i vi ng, bot h i n t er ms
of t hei r physi cal capabi l i t i es and t hei r behav-
i or al capaci t i es . Tabl es 1 t o 4 descr i be t he
cl i ni cal nat ur e of t he pat i ent popul at i on under
st udy and gi ve some i ndex of t he per cent age of
pat i ent popul at i on i n each gr oup. At t he concl u-
si on, we wi l l i ndi cat e t he physi cal conf i gur a-
t i on of t he nur si ng uni t s t hat each gr oup
gener at es .
Gr oup I - Physi cal l y Di sabl ed
( 15- 25 per cent ) 2
Pat i ent s havi ng si gni f i cant physi cal di sabi l -
i t i es but wi t h emot i onal and i nt el l ect ual i nt act -
ness and t he abi l i t y
t o
soci al i ze i n an
open,
unsuper vi sed
envi r onment . ( See Fi g. 3. )
Gr oup I I - Ment al l y and Physi cal l y Di sabl ed
( 25- 30 per cent )
Pat i ent s wi t h sever e physi cal di sabi l i t i es wi t h
super i mposed subst ant i al handi caps of or gani c
br ai n
di sease, t hus r equi r i ng t ot al
nur si ng
car e
f or physi cal di sabi l i t i es and maj or super vi si on
f or soci al act i vi t i es . ( See Fi g. 4. )
Gr oup I I I - Cust odi al
( 15- 25
per cent )
Pat i ent s pr esent i ng moder at e or no physi cal
handi caps wi t h ei t her no or mi ni mal emot i onal
or soci al di sabi l i t i es, t hus abl e t o f unct i on i n
an uncont r ol l ed soci al mi l i eu. However t hey
I Based on 1, 050 pat i ent sur vey by W, Br eger
at Col umbi a School of Publ i c Heal t h and Hos-
pi t al Admi ni st r at i on, 1970.
Fi g. 2 Age char act er i st i cs of pat i ent
popul at i on.
As Dr . Mi chael Mi l l er says, ' st udi es of t hi s
agi ng popul at i on i n t er ms of t hei r char act er -
i st i cs f r oma medi cal vi ewpoi nt have i ndi cat ed
t hat t er mi nal cancer i s seen i n onl y 3 t o 5 per -
cent of t he pat i ent popul at i on . Var yi ng degr ees
of or gani c br ai n syndr ome, as mani f est ed by
memor y, i nt el l ect ual , and j udgment al def i ci t s
associ at ed wi t h conf usi on and di sor i ent at i on,
wi t h or wi t hout l ocomot i on di sabi l i t y, con-
st i t ut e at l east 70 t o 75 per cent of t he pat i ent
popul at i on. Recent st udi es i ndi cat e t hat 20 t o
30 per cent of a nur si ng home popul at i on may
be expect ed t o have exper i enced a si gni f i cant
psychi at r i c decompensat i on i n t he pr e- aged
per i od
. Of t he whol e, 40 t o 50 per cent wi l l
demonst r at e si gni f i cant car di o- r enal - vascul ar
di sease i n var yi ng degr ees of decompensat i on.
Ar t hr opat hi es ar e vi r t ual l y a uni ver sal occur -
r ence, al t hough onl y 20 t o 30 per cent may
" ' Synt hesi s
of a Ther apeut i c Communi t y
f or t he Aged I l l , "
publ i shed i n Ger i at r i cs, vol .
21, pp. 151- 163,
August 1966
Fi g. 4

Gr oup I I , ment al l y and physi cal l y di sabl ed.
ease ( seni l i t y) t hese pat i ent s ar e essent i al l y
t ot al l y and per manent l y di sabl ed. ( See
Fi g.
6. )
DESI GNCRI TERI A
The desi gn pr obl ems uni que i n t hi s f aci l i t y
mai nl y i nvol ve t henur si nguni t s and suppor t i ve
f aci l i t i es t hat ar e r equi r ed i n t er ms of t he pr o-
j ect ed pat i ent popul at i on. The pr obl ems i n-
f unct i on best i n a pr of essi onal l y super vi sed
envi r onment . ( See Fi g. 5. )
Gr oup I V- Ment al l y Di sabl ed ( 30- 50 per cent )
Pat i ent s havi ng mi ni mal t o mi l d physi cal di s-
abi l i t i es wi t h maj or emot i onal and soci al di s-
abi l i t i es, who t her ef or e r equi r e mi ni mal nur s-
i ng car e on a pur el y physi cal l evel but because
of t he advanced degr ee of or gani c br ai n di s-
Heal t h
NURSI NG HOMES
her ent
i n
di et ar y,
mechani cal mai nt enance,
and gener al and bui l di ng st or age f aci l i t i es
ar e f ai r l y uni f or mr egar dl ess of t he t ype of
pr oj ect ed pat i ent popul at i on and have a basi c
si mi l ar i t y t o medi cal f aci l i t i es of t he same si ze,
such as gener al hospi t al s, t uber cul osi s hos-
pi t al s, et c . I t shoul d be not ed t hat suppl y
st or age f aci l i t i es, l i nens, equi pment , et c. ,
woul ddepend t o some ext ent on t he pr oj ect ed
pat i ent popul at i on.
Gr oup I pat i ent s suf f er sever e physi cal handi caps but ar e
emot i onal l y and physi cal l y i nt act .
Fi g. 3 Gr oup 1, physi cal l y di sabl ed. Symbol s r epr esent t he f ol l owi ng f aci l i t i es : CR, communi t y r oom;
NS, nur si ng st at i on; T, t oi l et ; S, ser vi ces ( i . e . , ut i l i t y r ooms, t r eat ment , bat hi ng, pant r y, nonpot i ent st or age) ;
P. eaner v. E. out door envi r onment. ( Thi s l i st aeal i es t o Fi at . 3- 6. 1
Gr oup I I
pat i ent s suf f er sever e physi cal
and behavi or al
di sabi l i t y . Ther ef or e
t hey r equi r e t ot al
nur si ng car e as wel l
as maj or super vi si on of soci al act i vi t i es .
TABLE t

Gr oup I Faci l i t i es*
TABLE 2

Gr oup I I Faci l i t i es*
Ar ea Desi gn r equi r ement s
Communi t y r oom . . . . Unsuper vi sed
Physi cal t her apy . . . . . . . Combi ned wi t h communi t y
l i vi ng
Ext er i or envi r onment . . . . . Unsuper vi sed
Bedr ooms . . . . . . . . . . . Suf f i ci ent ar ea f or wheel -
chai r s, wal ker s, cr ut ches ;
hal f of r ooms wi t h bed-
si de
f l ush t oi l et s
Toi l et s
. . . . . . . . . . . .
20- 22 i n . f r om f l oor
Bat hi ng . . . . . . . . . . . . Near nur ses' st at i on,
must
be
super vi sed
Ut i l i t y r oom. . . . . . . . . . Near nur ses'
st at i on
Pant r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . Super vi sed, near nur ses'
st at i on
St or age ar ea, per sonal . . . Li mi t ed ver t i cal st or age;
i ncr ease
i n hor i zont al
st or age
Nonper sonal st or age
. . .
.
. Li mi t ed ver t i cal st or age;
i ncr ease i n hor i zont al
st or age
Tr eat ment r oom . . . . . . . Near nur ses'
st at i on
Fami l y counsel i ng . . . . . . Near nur ses' st at i on
Nur ses' st at i on . . . . . . . . Locat ed f or conveni ence of
nur ses
Communi t y
r oom . . . . . . . Super vi sed
Physi cal t her apy . . . . . . . Combi ned wi t h communi t y
l i vi ng
Ext er i or envi r onment . . . . . Super vi sed
Bedr ooms . . . . . . . . . . . Suf f i ci ent ar ea f or wheel -
chai r s, wal ker s, cr ut ches ;
hal t of r ooms wi t h bed-
si de f l ush t oi l et s
Toi l et s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20- 22 i n. f r om f l oor
Bat hi ng . . . . . . . . . . . . Near nur ses' st at i on, must
be super vi sed
Ut i l i t y r oom. . . . . . . . . . Near nur ses' st at i on
st at i on
St or age ar ea, per sonal . . . Li mi t ed ver t i cal st or age;
st or age
Nonper sonal st or age. . . . . Li mi t ed ver t i cal st or age;
st or age
Tr eat ment r oom . . . . . . . Near nur ses' st at i on
Nur ses' st at i on . . . . . . .
conveni ence
.
Locat ed f or
of nur ses
Heal t h
NURSI NG HOMES
of
heal t h
car e, code
r equi r ement s, si t e l i mi t a-
t i ons ; and, f i nal l y, t he ki nd of oper at i on as f or e-
seen by t he admi ni st r at or or nur si ng home
oper at or
. The
nur si ng uni t i s
a pr i me f act or
i n oper at i onal
cost ,
and t hus t he si ze of t he
f aci l i t y i s usual l y a mul t i pl e of
t he number of
nur si ng uni t s . Because of t he cost of oper at i on
of f eedi ng, t her apy, and admi ni st r at i on, t he
l ar ger t he f aci l i t y, usual l y t he mor e econom-
i cal l y ef f i ci ent i t wi l l be, al t hough t oo l ar ge a
uni t mi ght not al l owf or adequat e pat i ent ser -
vi ce f unct i ons . The aver age si ze i n 1970 was 80
beds,
and t he
pr esent
r ecommendedcr i t er i on i s
t hat i t shoul d not be l ess t han 120 beds . I n hi gh-
oper at i onal - cost ar eas, economi cal l y vi abl e
nur si ng homes r equi r e a mi ni mumof 200 beds .
Once
t he
number of beds has been det er mi ned,
oper at i onal car e coul d be i mpr oved even i n
t he
uni f or mnur si ng uni t i f t he desi gn wer e de-
t er mi ned t o a gr eat er ext ent by an awar eness
of t he pr oposed pat i ent popul at i on.
Regar dl ess of what over vi ewdeci si ons ar e
made, t he desi gn of t he t ypi cal LTCi s basi cal l y
concer ned wi t h ( 1) t he r el at i onshi p of ar ea
si ze t o t he dai l y census i n t he f aci l i t y, ( 2) t he
anal ysi s of t hese ar eas i n t er ms of t he di f f er ent
f unct i ons, and ( 3) t he cr i t er i a used i n di scer n-
i ng t he nur si ng uni t l ayout and suppor t i ve
f aci l i t i es .
1 . I n most i nst ances t he pr ogr amdel i neat es
t he si ze of t he LTCf aci l i t i es . I t i s det er mi ned
by such f act or s as avai l abl e money f or con-
st r uct i on; t he need wi t hi n a communi t y as
det er mi ned by demogr aphi c f act or s or met hods
Because, gener al l y speaki ng, nur si ng home
admi ni st r at or s cannot det er mi ne pat i ent pop-
ul at i on bef or ehand- or t hey choose because of
admi ni st r at i ve and economi c pat t er ns t o have
a wi de mi x of pat i ent s, t he common i nt er pr et a-
t i on of t he st r uct ur e i s t o have t he nur si ng
and act i vi t y
f unct i ons not f l exi bl e. Thi s t ype of
bui l di ng i s i n a gr eat degr ee det er mi ned by t he
r el evant codes and t he most economi cal means
of const r uct i on. I t has been our exper i ence,
however , t hat t he cr i t er i on of
i ni t i al l owcon-
st r uct i on cost r esul t s i n hi gh admi ni st r at i ve,
mai nt enance, and oper at i onal cost s, and as
bui l di ng cost s ar e a ver y smal l per cent age of
whet t he pat i ent
pays, a debt ser vi ce of $2. 50
t o $5. 00 a day, i t appear s
a f al se economy.
Anot her f act or t hat shoul d be expl or ed i s t hat
Fi g. 6 Gr oup I V, ment al l y di sabl ed.
TABLF 3 Gr oun I I I Faci l i t i es'
Communi t y r oom. . . . . . . Unsuper vi sed
Physi cal t her apy . . . . . . . Not i ndi cat ed
Ext er i or envi r onment . . . . .
Unsuper vi sed
Bedr ooms . . . . . . . . . . . Convent i onal
Toi l et s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Convent i onal
Bat hi ng . . . . . . . . . . . .
May be l ocat ed conve-
ni ent l y; nonsuper vi si on
per mi ssi bl e
Ut i l i t y r oom. . . Not i ndi cat ed
Pant r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unsuper vi sed, near com-
muni t y r oom
St or age ar ea, per sonal . . . I ncr ease i n ver t i cal st or -
age; convent i onal hor i -
zont al st or age space
Nonper sonal st or age . . . . . I ncr ease i n ver t i cal st or -
age ; convent i onal hor i -
Tr eat ment r oom . . . . . . . Not i ndi cat ed
Nur ses' st at i on . . . . . . . . Locat ed f or conveni ence of
nur ses
' Gr oup I I I pat i ent s r equi r e l i t t l e super vi si on because
t hey
pr esent no, or ver y moder at e, physi cal and emot i onal
and soci al
di sabi l i t y.
TABLE
4
Gr oup I V Faci l i t i es"
Ar e
a
Desi gn r equi r ement s
Communi t y r oom . . . . . . . Super vi sed
Physi cal t her apy
. . . . .
. Not i ndi cat ed
Ext er i or envi r onment . . . . . Super vi sed
Bedr ooms . . . . . . . . . . . Convent i onal
Toi l et s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convent i onal
Bat hi ng . . . . . . . . . . . . Super vi sed, but l ocat ed
conveni ent l y f or pat i ent
Ut i l i t y r oom. . . . . . . . . . Not i ndi cat ed
st at i on
St or age ar ea, per sonal . . . I ncr ease i n ver t i cal st or -
age ; i ncease i n hor i -
Nonper sonal st or age. . . . . I ncr ease i n ver t i cal st or -
age; i ncr ease i n hor i -
Tr eat ment r oom . . . . . . . Not i ndi cat ed
Nur ses' st at i on . . . . . . . . Locat ed t o per mi t cont r ol
of pat i ent ar eas
On
t he
pur el y physi cal l evel , pat i ent s i n Gr oup
I V
need
l i t t l e nur si ng car e but
r equi r e maxi mumsuper vi si on because
of emot i onal di sabi l i t y.
Heal t h
NURSI NGHOMES
t her apeut i cal l y. Feedi ng i s accompl i shed i n
f i ve di f f er ent met hods i n medi cal f aci l i t i es
:
( 1) I nt r avenous i nf usi ons, noso- gsst r i c t ube
f eedi ng, gast r ost omy f eedi ng; ( 2) wi t h t r ays
i n bed ; ( 3) at t abl es i n pat i ent r ooms ; ( 4) wi t h
t r ays i n a cont r ol l ed r ecr eat i on r oomon t he
pat i ent f l oor ; and ( 5) f ami l y st yl e i n a cont r ol l ed
dayr oom, i n t he nur si ng uni t , or on a
separ at e
f l oor . I t i s under st andabl e t hat met hods
4 and
5 wi l l be f avor ed and used mor e f r equent l y
i n t he LTC. Her e t he soci al dynami cs of gr oup
si t uat i ons
can be devel oped, and i t i s al so a
mor e ef f i ci ent
way of pr ovi di ng pat i ent di ni ng.
Many have hel d t hat f eedi ng i nt r avenousl y or
wi t h t r ays i n bed ar e undesi r abl e i n t er ms
of
an
LTCf aci l i t y, but t hey ar e occasi onal l y used,
dependi ng
on pat i ent condi t i ons . Feedi ng
at
t abl es i n pat i ent r ooms i s
used mor e of t en
because i t i s possi bl e
t o cont r ol behavi or al
pr obl ems i n t hi s di ni ng
cont ext . The si ze of t he
f aci l i t y, however , i s smal l er , as
t he number of
empl oyees i s much l ower t han
i n a gener al
hospi t al .
6 . St or age Faci l i t i es I n t he r ecent past consi d-
er abl e t hought has been gi ven t o ways of r e-
sol vi ng t he st or age pr obl ems of LTCf aci l i t i es .
For mer l y l ar ge pat i ent st or age ar eas, as much
as 25 eq f t per pat i ent , wer e r equi r ed, andt her e
wer e mi ni mal r equi r ement s f or househol d
suppl i es, l i nen, and f ur ni t ur e. However , t he
i dea of t he pat i ent br i ngi ng possessi ons t o
t he
LTCt o be st or ed i s consi der ed anachr oni st i c,
and t he cr i t er i on used i n desi gni ng st or age
ar eas t oday i s about 5 sq f t per
pat i ent f or
per sonal st or age and 5 sq f t f or gener al hospi -
t al suppl i es and goods . The l at t er i s l ess t han
what i s al l ot t ed i n a gener al hospi t al , because,
as pr evi ousl y ment i oned, t he t ype of car e r e-
qui r ed i n a nur si ng home does not demand
as manyl i nens, phar maceut i cal s, and suppl i es .
However , t he el ement s of hospi t al st or age
shoul d be pr ovi ded, and t he i mpor t ance of
ensur i ng t he f l exi bi l i t y of t he compar t ment s
f or t hi s cannot be over emphasi zed .
7 . Wor k Ar ea and Mai nt enance Ar eas
I n gener al
t hese ar e qui t e si mi l ar t o t hose of t he
com-
muni t y hospi t al s, except t hat t her e i s a
mi ni -
mumof medi cal equi pment t o
mai nt ai n and
t hat , al t hough t he number of pat i ent s
may
be si mi l ar t o t he gener al hospi t al , t he
t ot al
amount of equi pment i n t he LTC
r equi r i ng
mai nt enance or r epai r i s consi der abl y l ess
.
We have f ound a si ngl e l ar ge r oomt o be mor e
t han adequat e i n t hese ar eas f or most
LTC
f aci l i t i es.
6 . St r uct ur al and Mechani cal Fact or s Dur i ng
t he
l ast f ewyear s, t he LTCf aci l i t y has been de-
si gned t o meet t he st r uct ur al and mechani cal
st andar ds of
t he gener al hospi t al . As i n most
ot her medi cal
f aci l i t i es, pr obl ems, par t i cul ar l y
of f i r e saf et y, have r equi r ed f i r epr oof bui l d-
i ngs, of t en wi t h spr i nkl er pr ot ect i on, smoke
det ect or s, zoned f l oor ar eas, and r i gi d st an-
dar ds of f i r e r esi st ance i n t er ms of f l oor i ng,
sur f aces, and mat er i al s used. I t i s, of cour se,
a f act
t hat f i r e saf et y i n a bui l di ng housi ng
many pat i ent s wi t h behavi or al pr obl ems ( of t en
i nvol vi ng car el essness and di sor i ent at i on)
i s one of
t he maj or , i f not t he maj or f act or
i n const r uct i on. Whi l e t hi s appear s evi dent ,
t her e ar e al so ot her aspect s of mechani cal
equi pment cr i t er i a t hat ar e somewhat di f f er ent
t han t hose f or t he shor t - t er mgener al hospi t al :
a.
Li ght i ng

I t has been
our exper i ence t hat
t he l evel of i l l umi nat i on
r equi r ed f or t he
LTC, bear i ng i n mi nd t he
el der l y pat i ent
popul at i on and t hei r r educed
sensor y
awar eness and per cept i on, i s
somewhat
hi gher t han t hat r equi r ed
i n t he pat i ent
one l i censed pr act i cal nur se per 20 pat i ent s,
and one ai de
per pat i ent s . ' These ar e usual l y
f emal e, wher eas ot her empl oyees, such as
por t er s and ki t chen wor ker s, ar e mi xed. Gen-
er al l y speaki ng, LTCf aci l i t i es have ' ' A t o 1
empl oyee
per pat i ent , and 80 per cent of t hem
ar e
f emal e.
The f aci l i t i es needed ar e l ocker r ooms, t oi l et
and shower f aci l i t i es, and di ni ng r oom
. Ther e
i s some quest i on as t o t he l ocat i on of t hese
f aci l i t i es- whet her t hey shoul d be gr ouped
i n a separ at e
ar ea or di st r i but ed on each nur s-
i ng f l oor
wi t h
a
smal l er cent r al gr oupi ng. Ther e
shoul d be a
cent r al l ounge, and i t shoul d be
empl oyees' di ni ng r oom.
3. Publ i c Faci l i t i es The t ype
and si ze of t he
publ i c f aci l i t i es depend t o some
ext ent on t he
t ype of sponsor shi p of t he LTCf aci l i t y ; but one
f act or i s const ant : t he number of vi si t or s i n
t he LTCf aci l i t y i s much smal l er per pat i ent
t han i n an acut e gener al hospi t al . Thi s i s of t en
r ef l ect ed i n par ki ng cr i t er i a and i nt er nal vi si t -
i ng ar eas . Wher e t he gener al hospi t al may r e-
qui r e
one vi si t or par ki ng space per bed, t he
LTC
f aci l i t y r equi r es one vi si t or par ki ng space
f or bet ween 3 and 20 beds . Ar chi t ect ur al
f eat ur es
t hat ar e desi r abl e ar e a vi si t or s' l ava-
t or y on each
nur si ng f l oor and, when t he bui l d-
i ng i s l ar ge enough, a smal l l obby wi t h per haps
a snack
and gi f t shop. When an LTCf aci l i t y
i s communi t y
sponsor ed, a var i et y of publ i c
f unct i ons may be pr ovi ded f or i t , but t hese
woul d be
si mi l ar t o what i s pr ovi ded i n a com-
muni t y
suppor t ed gener al hospi t al .
4. Medi cal , Tr eat ment , and
Mor gue Faci l i t i es

As we
have ment i oned, bot h l egi sl at i ve r equi r ement s
and medi cal pr act i ce r equi r e t hat maj or t r eat -
ment of t he acut el y i l l pat i ent i n t he LTCbe
avai l abl e wi t hi n gener al medi cal and sur gi -
cal hospi t al s .
Thi s gi ves t he communi t y an
economi cal use of bot h
st af f i ng and f aci l i t i es .
Somet i mes chr oni c hospi t al s
i n nonur ban ar eas
pr ovi de as par t of t hei r
f aci l i t i es i nt ensi ve
medi cal and sur gi cal uni t s ; but wi t h
t he not i on
of r egi onal heal t h
car e, t hi s i s not consi der ed
by most heal t h
pl anni ng agenci es t o be desi r -
abl e t oday. The f aci l i t i es
i n t he LTCwhi ch
ar e pr ovi ded, wher e
t he l aw per mi t s, ar e a
di agnost i c x- r ay uni t , a
l abor at or y f or hema-
t ol ogy, bi ochemi st r y, et c . , and,
usual l y
as
par t
of t he nur si ng uni t , t r eat ment
r ooms . I t i s de-
si r abl e t hat spaces f or dent i st r y,
podi at r y, and,
on occasi on, opt omet r y, be pr ovi ded i f t he
pat i ent popul at i on cansuppor t t hem. However ,
al l t hese oper at i ons
can usual l y
be
car r i ed
out
i n compar at i vel y smal l ar eas.
The r equi r ement s f or a mor gue f aci l i t y have
var i ed wi t h di f f er ent l ocal i t i es and di f f er ent
r egul at i ons . I t i s ul t i mat el y a pr obl emof oper a-
t i on whet her t hey shoul d be pr ovi ded or not ,
but i f r equi r ed because of geogr aphi c or ad-
mi ni st r at i ve r easons, t he mor gue i s at best a
smal l ar ea used f or st or age of bodi es f or a
f ewhour s or a dayor t wo at most .
The
aut opsy
pr ocedur e i s a
hospi t al f unct i on.
5. Di et ar y Faci l i t i es

I n t he LTCas i n t he gener al
hospi t al , t he di et ar y r equi r ement s and t he
space and equi pment r equi r ed t o suppor t t hem
ar e ext ensi ve and t he basi s f or i nvol ved r e-
sear ch and anal ysi s .
Feedi ng
i s r equi r ed f or nour i shment and
as a pat i ent act i vi t y, and, qui t e under st andabl y,
t he soci al f unct i ons of di ni ng ar e i mpor t ant
' Anot her way of i nt er pr et i ng st af f r equi r e-
ment s i s by
usi ng t he NewYor k St at e Code
whi ch r equi r es of
st af f i ng t i me one hour of
nur si ng car e
f or ambul at or y pat i ent s, t wo
hour s of nur si ng car e
f or t he semi ambul at or y,
and f our hour s per
day f or t he bedr i dden or
wheel chai r - conf i ned
pat i ent .
t he ar eas of t he bui l di ng can be cal cul at ed,
bear i ng i n mi nd such f act or s as t he car e gi ven,
t he st i pul at i on of si ngl e- bedded or mul t i -
bedded r ooms, and t he communi t y f aci l i t i es
pr ovi ded. Agai n, i n t he t ypi cal f aci l i t y at
pr esent , wher e communi t y f unct i ons ar e non-
exi st ent or mi ni mal and wher e t he number of
si ngl e- and mul t i - bedded r ooms ar e det er mi ned
by code or FHAr egul at i ons, et c . , t he si ze var i es
bet ween a t ot al bui l di ng ar ea of 250 and 400
sq f t per bed.
2. Al t hough, as pr evi ousl y not ed, i t i s de-
si r abl e t hat t he i nt er - end i nt r econf i gur at i on be
det er mi ned
by t he medi cal and soci al pat t er ns
of pat i ent car e,
t her e ar e common f aci l i t i es
t hat ar e r equi r ed f or oper at i on by codes and
publ i c agenci es. Thus, i n an over al l sense, t he
desi gn of al l i ndependent
l ong- t er mcar e bui l d-
i ngs
wi l l
cont ai n t he f ol l owi ng component
par t s :
1. Admi ni st r at i ve f aci l i t i es
2. St af f f aci l i t i es
3. Publ i c f aci l i t i es
4. Medi cal , t r eat ment , and mor gue f aci l i t i es
5. Di et ar y ser vi ce
6. St or age ar eas
7. Wor k ar ea and mai nt enance ar eas
8. Mechani cal f aci l i t i es such as boi l er ,
ai r condi t i oner , pump
9. Pat i ent , st af f and vi si t or ci r cul at i on
pat t er ns .
10. Nur si ng uni t s i ncl udi ng anci l l ar y f aci l i -
t i es- i . e. , nur ses' st at i on, nur si ng uni t dayr oom
11. Suppor t i ve and r ehabi l i t at i ve
f aci l i t i es
f or pat i ent s, such as r ecr eat i on, di ni ng, t her apy
ar eas
The component par t s l i st ed above, except
f or i t ems 10 and 11- t he nur si ng uni t and sup-
por t i ve f aci l i t i esar e si mi l ar t o t hose of
gen-
er al hospi t al s, and t hus cr i t er i a
devel oped f or
gener al medi cal f aci l i t i es, as i ndi cat ed
i n t he
sect i on on " Hospi t al s, " may be appl i ed t o
t he
LTCf aci l i t i es . Some
i ndi cat i on of t he ways i n
whi ch t he ar eas of t he LTCdi f f er f r om
t hose of
t he gener al hospi t al ar e l i st ed bel ow
.
1
.
Admi ni st r at i ve Faci l i t i es Al t hough t her e has
been a gr eat i ncr ease
i n st af f i ng pat t er ns i n
r ecent year s nur si ng home
admi ni st r at i on
f aci l i t i es st i l l r equi r e si gni f i cant l y l ess ar ea
and have f ewer empl oyees
t han
do
gener al
medi cal f aci l i t i es . The r easons f or t hi s ar e
t hat
nur si ng homes pr ovi de f ewer medi cal , sur gi -
cal , and l abor at or y ser vi ces ;
pr obl ems ar e r educed by t he l ower t ur nover of
pat i ent s ( l ess r ecor d keepi ng and bi l l i ng) ; and,
usual l y, t her e ar e f ewer vi si t or s per
pat i ent
per day, al t hough t her e may be mor e f ami l y
counsel i ng. The admi ni st r at i ve empl oyees i n
a nur si ng home woul d number bet ween 5 and
10 per 200 pat i ent s, and t he ar ea r equi r ed
woul d be about 150 sq f t per empl oyee. How-
ever , wi t h t he admi ni st r at i ve and bookkeepi ng
pr obl ems i nvol ved i n gover nment ai d pr ogr ams
and ot her f undi ng, t her e has been a r emar kabl e
i ncr ease i n t he r equi r ed ar ea f or admi ni st r at i ve
pur poses i n r ecent year s, and i t i s expect ed t hat
t hi s t r end wi l l cont i nue. Gener al l y speaki ng,
t her e ar e t he f ol l owi ng ar eas : a busi ness of f i ce;
a l obby and i nf or mat i on cent er ; an admi ni st r a-
t or ' s of f i ce ; an admi t t i ng and medi cal r ecor ds
ar ea ; an admi ni st r at i ve st af f t oi l et r oom, super -
vi si ng nur ses' ar eas ; soci al ser vi ce of f i ce;
and st af f conf er ence r oom.
2. St af f Faci l i t i es As st at ed above, t he r educed
medi cal ser vi ces pr ovi ded, as wel l as t he usual
absence of
st af f physi ci ans, r esul t s i n
a con-
comi t ant r educt i on of st af f i n an LTCf aci l i t y
as compar ed
wi t h s
gener al hospi t al .
Of t en
t he st af f i ng i s det er mi ned by pat i ent popul at i on
and i s i ndi cat ed i n admi ni st r at i ve codes, such
as at l east t wo r egi st er ed nur ses per f aci l i t y,
Heal t h
NURSI NG HOMES
ar eas of t he gener al hospi t al . Fur t her -
mor e, t he pr obl ems o1 saf et y r equi r e t hat
al l
el ect r i c l amps and f i xt ur es be f i r ml y
connect ed t o a sur f ace t o avoi d t i ppi ng.
b. Heat i ng and Cool i ng An i mper at i ve
deci si on t hat has concer ned t he
LTC
admi ni st r at or has been t he
met hod of
heat i ng and/ or cool i ng . I t i s gener al l y
f ound t hat t he el der l y ar e f ar mor e l i kel y
t o compl ai n of bei ng t oo col d t han of
bei ng t oo war m. Ther ef or e, i n t er ms of
t he pat i ent popul at i on, t he pr ovi si on of
adequat e heat wi t hout pr ovi si ons f or cool -
i ng has been consi der ed sat i sf act or y.
Anot her f act or i s t hat t he conf used
pat i ent cannot be expect ed t o r el i abl y
per cei ve or cont r ol hi s envi r onment .
Pr esent l y, t he t hi nki ng i s t hat t he use of
ai r - condi t i oni ng f aci l i t i es i s desi r abl e,
i deal l y wi t h i ndi vi dual cont r ol s . However ,
even her e t her e ar e pr obl ems f or t he
pat i ent s i n mul t i - bedded r ooms .
c . Vent i l at i on Achar act er i st i c o1 many
LTCf aci l i t i es, because of t he behavi or al l y
di f f i cul t pat i ent , i s t he pr obl emof vent i l a-
t i on and t he cont r ol of odor s . I t i s a much
mor e ser i ous pr obl em, at l east f or t he
st af f and publ i c,
i n
t hi s f aci l i t y t han i n t he
gener al hospi t al
and
must be r esol ved by
pr oper vent i l at i on met hods, t he use of
sur f ace mat er i al s t hat do not r et ai n odor s,
and t he use of pl umbi ng and f ur ni t ur e
t hat al l owf or easy moppi ng andcl eani ng.
The pr of essi onal l i t er at ur e on t hi s subj ect
i s ext ensi ve,
and t hi s
aspect of
mechani -
cal equi pment shoul d be t hor oughl y r e-
sear ched bef or e t he LTCf aci l i t y i s de-
si gned.
9. Ci r cul at i on Pat t er ns

The movement of peopl e,
goods and equi pment i n t he LTCi s f or t he most
par t si mi l ar i n nat ur e, i f not i n i nt ensi t y, t o t hat
i n gener al hospi t al s . The one speci al pr obl em
i s t he need of adequat e cont r ol f or t he ci r cul a-
t i on of t he behavi or al l y di f f i cul t pat i ent , f or
of t en t he need t o cont r ol t he movement
of
t hi s t ype
of pat i ent comes i nt o conf l i ct wi t h t he
need t o pr ovi de f r ee movement i n t er ms of f i r e
depar t ment r egul at i ons . The use of mechani cal
devi ces
such as
buzzer s
at t ached t o
f i r e
door s,
t he shor t eni ng of cor r i dor s, t he vi sual cont r ol
of el evat or door s, and cont r ol l ed exi t s f r om
t he bui l di ng ar e some of t he f act or s t hat can
hel p cont r ol t he t r af f i c pr obl ems i nvol ved
wi t h t hi s pat i ent popul at i on.
10. Nur si ng Uni t s and Suppor t i ve
Faci l i t i es An
al most semi nal pr act i ce i n t he
desi gn of LTC
f aci l i t i es i s t he pl acement of pat i ent s i n no-
l onomous nur si ng uni t s, as i t i s bel i eved t hat
t he cont r ol and management of pat i ent s can
best be achi eved i n t hi s manner . Thi s nur si ng
uni t can be def i ned i s a sel f - cont ai ned gr oup-
i ng
of
r ooms, suppor t i ve f aci l i t i es wi t h uni f i ed
cont r ol , al l on one l evel .
A
basi c
deci si on i s
t he si ze of t he nur si ng uni t , and whi l e i deal l y
t he si ze of t he uni t wi l l have a di r ect r el at i on-
shi p
t o
t he
degr ee
and t ype
of
pat i ent
car e pr o-
vi ded i n t he uni t , nur si ng home codes and gov-
er nment al r egul at i ons gener al l y set t he number
of pat i ent s car ed f or i n a nur si ng uni t bet ween
30 and60. I n pr i nci pl e, t he r ange coul d be even
gr eat er , as t he spect r um of pat i ent s i n LTC
f aci l i t i es i s so var i ed. Thus as Tabl e 3 shows,
pat i ent s i n Gr oup I I I ( cust odi al pat i ent s) coul d
be i n uni t s of up t o 100 beds, whi l e pat i ent s
i n Gr oup I I ( ment al l y and physi cal l y di sabl ed
pat i ent s) mi ght be i n uni t s of 20 beds .
Concomi t ant wi t h t he deci si on as t o t he num-
bar of beds per nur si ng uni t i s t he det er mi na-
t i on of t he number of beds per r oom. Her e t he
gui del i nes ar e medi cal oper at i onal cr i t er i a,
hospi t al and admi ni st r at i ve codes, and f i nan-
ci al mechani sms. But al so a ver y i mpor t ant
consi der at i on i s t he aest het i c and soci al val ues
t hat t he pat i ent may have, and, even mor e
i mpor t ant , t hose of t he peopl e pl aci ng hi mi n
t he home. Thus, of t en pat i ent s wi t h mi ni mal
cogni t i ve
awar eness,
r equi r i ng as much gr oup
suppor t
as possi bl e,
may
be
er r oneousl y
housed i n si ngl e r ooms because of soci al pr es-
sur es.
Most
t hi nki ng
t oday i s t hat t he t wo- bedded
r oomwi t h adj oi ni ng or pr i vat e bat h shoul d
be t he
basi c r oompat t er n r egar dl ess of nur si ng
uni t si ze or t ype of car e r equi r ed, and t hat t her e
shoul d be a cer t ai n number
of si ngl e r ooms
as
wel l wi t hi n t he
uni t f or medi cal and be-
havi or al pr obl ems
.
Codes r equi r e
at
l east
one si ngl e r oomper
pat i ent uni t
as an i sol at i on sui t e wi t h i t s own
t oi l et , but of t en t he r equi r ement s ar e
t hat si ngl e
r ooms be avai l abl e f or 10- 33 per cent of
t he pat i ent s . However , t he pr obl em of t he
si ngl e
or
t he
mul t i - bedded r oom, as wel l as
t he ot her f unct i ons of t he nur si ng uni t , shoul d
( once t he mi ni mumcode r equi r ement s ar e r e-
sol ved) be det er mi ned by t he cr i t er i on of what
pat i ent popul at i on woul d be ser ved i n t he pr o-
gr amgi ven t o t he ar chi t ect , and, as poi nt ed
out above, t he cr i t er i a can r ange f r ommi ni mum
r equi r ement s t o aest het i c and soci al val ues .
Suppor t i ng t he i dea of t he aut onomy of t he
nur si ng uni t ar e t he t ypes of anci l l ar y f aci l i t i es
t hat ar e par t of i t . The f unct i ons t hat must
be pr ovi ded ar e t he
cont r ol of t he uni t f r om
t he nur ses' st at i on, t he pr epar at i on of medi -
ci nes, t he cl eani ng and pr ovi di ng of t he ent i r e
r ange of suppl i es necessar y f or t he pat i ent s,
t he suppl yi ng of suppl ement ar y f ood, and
what ever bat hi ng, r ecr eat i on, di ni ng, and t r ai n-
i ng f aci l i t i es ar e r equi r ed. The quest i on o1
whet her pat i ent t r eat ment ( e. g. , sur gi cal dr ess-
i ngs, et c . ) shoul d be done i n t he r oomor i n a
separ at e t r eat ment r oom depends on t he
choi ces t hat t he nur ses make. Al l of t hese f unc-
t i ons ar e usual l y t r ansl at ed i nt o r epr esent a-
t i ve
ar eas as det er mi ned by t he r el evant codes
.
Li st ed i n Tabl es 1 t hr ough 4 i s an anal ysi s of
t he t ypes of ar eas, t he r equi r ed equi pment ,
t he mi ni mum
si ze,
t he f unct i on, and t he r el a-
t i onshi ps t hat seemt o be gener i c i n t er ms
of
r egul at i ons
.
The f act , of cour se, i s t hat ,
dependi ng on t he pr oj ect ed pat i ent
popul at i on,
t he t ypes and si zes of t hese f aci l i t i es woul d
var y. Thus,
i n Gr oup 111, medi cal pr epar a-
t i on end t r eat ment mi ght be el i mi nat ed
and
t he
pant r y mi ght be made much l ar ger t han f or
ot her pat i ent popul at i ons. However , most
codes do al l ow, i f not f l exi bi l i t y i n t he t ype of
f unct i on r equi r ed, a f ai r l y wi de r ange i n t er ms
of t he si ze r equi r ed.
The essent i al t hr ust i n t he desi gn of t he LTC
i s ul t i mat el y i n t he conf i gur at i on o1 t he nur si ng
uni t , and, as ment i oned, t he genesi s of t he
choi ces avai l abl e f or t hi s i s i n t he oper at i onal
pr ogr am i ni t i al l y pr esent ed t o t he ar chi t ect ,
or , even mor e sal ut ar y, when devel oped wi t h
t he ar chi t ect . I n t he over whel mi ng per cent age
of bui l di ngs, as has been st at ed, most of t he
pl ans ar e
made
f or a var i abl e pat i ent popul a-
t i on, i deal l y wi t h a cent r al
nur si ng
st at i on
adj acent t o
anci l l ar y nur si ng f unct i ons t hat t he
nur se di r ect l y uses, wi t h vi sual cont r ol of
t he
pat i ent cor r i dor s, r ecr eat i on ar ea, and means
of ent r ance and egr ess .
The
si ze of
t he uni t s,
bot h
f or
economy of st r uct ur e and oper at i on,
i s as l ar ge as t he r el evant code woul d al l ow
.
However , as has been poi nt ed out , t her e i s
r eal l y l i t t l e di f f er ence bet ween t hi s nur si ng uni t
and a gener al hospi t al nur si ng uni t , despi t e t he
f act t hat one i s meant f or an aver age 5- day st ay
and t he ot her f or an aver age 400- day st ay. On
a t heor et i cal basi s, Fi gs . 3 t o 6 i l l ust r at e t he
cor r el at i on of possi bl e uni t conf i gur at i ons
based on t he pat i ent popul at i on. Whi l e t hese
desi gns woul d obvi ousl y be modi f i ed by code,
medi cal pr act i ce, economy, and a di f f i cul t
pr obl emof det er mi ni ng
t he pr oj ect ed
pat i ent
popul at i on, we bel i eve t hey ar e val uabl e as
abst r act i ons i ndi cat i ng t he cor r el at i on of car e
and pl anni ng.
11. Rehabi l i t at i ve Faci l i t i es Rehabi l i t at i on and
physi cal medi ci ne i s t he pr i mar y medi cal di s-
ci pl i ne i nvol ved i n LTCf aci l i t i es . Pr esent t hi nk-
i ng i s t hat , i n t er ms of t he aged pat i ent popul a-
t i on, r ehabi l i t at i on shoul d pr oper l y be bot h
a physi cal and behavi or al t her apeut i c pr ocess .
For t he most par t , t hi s t her apy i s not cent er ed
on maki ng t he pat i ent oper at i onal i n soci et y
but r at her on pr ovi di ng adj ust ment s f or t he
pat i ent s t o l i ve wi t h t hei r di sabi l i t i es . J ust as
di f f i cul t an
aspect of
t hi s
adj ust ment as
t he
physi cal l y based pr obl ems ar e t hose pr obl ems
gener at ed by behavi or al
di sabi l i t i es . Whi l e,
br oadl y
speaki ng, spaces f or t her apy have
meant f aci l i t i es
f or physi ot her apy, hydr ot her -
apy, and heat t her apy, t he f act i s t hat f aci l i t i es
f or soci al t her apy or f aci l i t i es f or devel opi ng
soci al gr oupi ngs shoul d be par t of t he over -
al l pl anni ng.
The ar eas f or physi cal l y based
r ehabi l i t a-
t i on
ar e r equi r ed by code, but t he t ype
of
medi cal car e gi ven i n t hese spaces i s usual l y
det er mi ned by t he medi cal st af f and admi ni s-
t r at i on. Of t en, physi ot her apy, bot h i n exer ci se
and mani pul at i on, has been consi der ed suf f i -
ci ent f or t he pat i ent popul at i on, and t he l oca-
t i on of t hi s space has been bot h i n separ at e
r ooms and as par t of t he dayr oom, as t hi s
woul d i nduce a gr eat er
i ncent i ve f or t he i n-
di vi dual pat i ent t o per f or mi n t er ms of a peer
gr oup. Whet her t hi s ar ea i s separ at e or
par t of
ot her ar eas, t he f act
r emai ns t hat t he use of
such appar at us as par al l el
bar s, exer ci se
wheel s, et c . , under pr oper
super vi si on, i s a
vi t al par t of t he pat i ent s' car e.
The
need
f or
hydr o and heat t her api es i n
t he LTCf aci l i t y
has of t en been quest i oned. Ul t i mat el y,
t he
deci si on t o use t hese l at t er t her api es i s ei t her
an admi ni st r at i ve or
gover ni ng r egul at i on .
Recr eat i onal spaces ar e needed
f or t he be-
havi or al l y based t her api es or what i s
some-
t i mes cal l ed occupat i onal t her apy, whi ch can
be consi der ed bot h physi cal and
behavi or al
t her apy. Wher eas a cent r al ar ea i s desi r ed,
of t en t he act ual t her apy t akes pl ace wi t hi n
t he nur si ng uni t dayr oom.
Of t en consi der ed t he best behavi or al l y based
t her apy i s par t i ci pat i on i n a soci al
communi t y,
wher eby, as i t has been
demonst r at ed, many
of t he anxi et i es and much
of t he l onel i ness
t hat i s a
concomi t ant of t he agi ng pr ocess
can be r educed. These
gr oup si t uat i ons may
t ake t he f or ms of r el i gi ous
ser vi ces, l ect ur es,
gr oup games, gr oup t eas ;
even a bar has been
used. However , t he most
i mpor t ant aspect t hat
gener at es one of t he most di f f i cul t
pl anni ng de-
ci si ons i s t he devel opment of
a communi t y
wi t hi n t he LTC, wher eby pat i ent s wi l l be pr o-
vi di ng suppor t f or ot her s . I n t er ms of ar chi -
t ect ur al conf i gur at i ons, spaces f or t hi s
act i vi t y
have been ar r anged so t hat sl eepi ng
r ooms
open
di r ect l y ont o l i vi ng r ooms, or t hey have
been pr ovi ded by el i mi nat i ng hal l s and havi ng
spaces
open i nt o l ar ge communi t y ar eas . I t
i s
t hr ough t he expl or at i on of t hi s pr obl em
t hat
ar chi t ect ur al pl anni ng may be
consi der ed
an ai d of
t her apy as wel l . The si ze of
t hese
Heal t h
NURSI NG
HOMES
TABLE 5 Typi cal Regul at or y
Requi r ement s f or LTCFaci l i t i es
Nur si ng uni t
Type and si ze of
r oom Act i vi t y
Equi pment and si zes
Rel at i onshi p
Comment s
Si ngl e ( 125 sq
f t ) Depends on
pat i ent Beds ) usual l y
gat ch t ype) wi t h si de r ai l s, 36
by Not mor e t han 120
f t f r om See pl ans; desi r abl e
di st r i but i on
Mul t i - bedded
1100 sq i t popul at i on
. 86 i n. ;
over bed t abl es f usual l y not r equi r ed) ;
bed- nur ses' st at i on
shoul d be based an
admi ni st r e-
per bed) ,
cubi cl e
si de cabi net ,
18 by 20 i n. ; chai r s, st r ai ght beck
l i ve pr act i ces
cur t ai ns
r equi r ed Wi l l ser ve
f or bot h sl eepi ng and ar ms l et
l east one chai r per bed)
and gener al
act i vi t y, and
may al so i ncl ude
di ni ng, St or age Space:
r ecr eat i on, and t her apy
Ver t i cal st or age -
r obes, out door cl ot hi ng i n
cl oset s or war dr obes,
1 f t 8 i n. wi de by 1 f t 10 i n
.
deep, shoul d
cont ai n shoe r ack and shel f
Hor i zont al st or agecabi net s
or bui l t - i n dr awer s,
1 f t 6 i n. deep
( Not e: I deal l y, ver t i cal st or age ar eas
shoul d be i n-
cr eased
f or ambul at or y pat i ent s
and hor i zont al
st or age i ncr eased f or nonambul at or y
pat i ent s
. )
Opt i onal Equi pment :
Smal l t abl e,
i deal l y r ound wi t h a heavy
pedest al
base;
pl at f or mr ocki ng chai r s, wher e
pat i ent condi -
t i ons per mi t
; l avat or y; cabi net f or st or i ng
pat i ent
t oi l et r i es
( Not e
: Wher epr i vat e t oi l et i s used,
l avat or y may be
pl aced i n
t oi l et
. )
Toi l et ( 3
by 6 f t )
Requi r ed:
Toi l et and
l avat or y
Gr ab
bar s, t oi l et r y cabi net and/ or space
f or
( 3
by B f t and/ or
t oi l et r i es,
mi r r or
6 by 5 i t I
( Not e :
l avat or y shoul d be accessi bl e t o
wheel chai r
pat i ent s . )
Opt i onal :
Di ver t - a- val ve,
bed
p
an washer
Nur ses' st at i on
Cont r ol of nur si ng
uni t Pat i ent char t s 19 by
12 i n. - May be movabl e
or
( mi ni mum 6
t i n f t char t i ng
communi cat i ons, set i nt o
t he desk) , char t r ack f or 40 char t s 14
f t
of count er
wi t h st or age of suppl i es
and wi de by 16
i n. deep) , wr i t i ng desk, l egal f i l es,
access
space an nur ses'
per sonal ef f ect s cabi net st or age
ar ea, out l et s f or nur ses' cal l
bot h si des l
syst em, t el ephones
Nur ses'
t oi l et r oom
Toi l et ,
l avat or y, t oi l et r y cabi net , mi r r or
Conveni ent t o
nur ses' Al t hough not
desi r abl e, of t en
( 5
f t by 4
f t 6 i n
. )
st at i on
used as vi si t or s' t oi l et as
wel l
Cl ean wor kr oom
St or age and
assembl y of 12- f t - mi ni mum wor k
count er wi t h back spl ash,
No mor e t hen
120 f t f r om
( mi ni mum8
by 6 f t l cl ean suppl i es such as
i nst r ument
st er i l i zer , 2 si nks, dr awer and
pat i ent s' r ooms
i nst r ument s, et c.
cabi net st or age
Medi ci ne r oom,
St or age and pr epar at i on of
Si nk, r ef r i ger at or , l ocked st or age
Adj acent
t o nur ses' st at i on May
be a desi gnat ed ar ea
1 f t 6 i n. by 5 f t
medi ci ne
( Not e: Faci l i t i es f or pr epar at i on
of medi cat i on can
wi t hi n cl ean
wor kr oomi f sel f -
cabi net ( medi pr ep
i n medi pr ep uni t
. )
cont ai ned cabi net i s pr ovi ded
uni t l
Soi l ed
wor kr oom
Cl eani ng of suppl i es and Cl i ni cal
si nk- bedpan f l usher , wor k
count er , wast e No
mor e t han 120 f t f r om
I mi ni mum8
by
6 f t )
equi pment and
soi l ed l i nen r ecept acl es
pat i ent s'
r ooms
Encl osed
st or age space Cl ean l i nen
st or age
May be a
desi gnat ed ar ea
wi t hi n t he cl ean
wor kr oom
( 4by
4f t )
Nour i shment st at i on
Suppl ement al f ood f or St or age
ar ea, st ove, si nk,
r ef r i ger at or
May ser ve
mor e t han one
5
t i n f t of count er pat i ent s
dur i ng nondi ni ng
nur si ng
uni t
and wor k space
i n hour s
Opt i onal :
f r o nt
I cemaker ,
cof f eemaker
Equi pment st or age
r oom St or age of
i nt r avenous
14
by 6 f t )
st ands, ai r
mat t r esses,
wal ker s, si mi l ar
bul ky
equi pment
Pat i ent bat hs I shower s
One shower
st al l or bat ht ub f or each
15 beds not
At l east one
bat ht ub i n each
not l ess t han 4sq
f t )
i ndi vi dual l y ser ved,
gr ab bar s at bat hi ng
f i xt ur es,
nur si ng uni t
r ecessed
soapdi shes
Heal t h
NURSI NG
HOMES
ar eas f or
soci al r ooms i s of t en del i neat ed by
r el evant
codes and aver age about 30 sq 1t per
pat i ent , but usual l y t he codes al l owt he di st r i -
but i on i n ei t her a nur si ng uni t dayr oom, f l oor
l ounges, or a common LTCdayr oam
t o be done
i n t er ms of t he admi ni st r at i ve
pr ogr am. Agai n,
t he onl y r ul e we can r ecommend woul d be t o
ar r i ve at t hi s t hr ough t he anal ysi s of t he par t i c-
ul ar pat i ent popul at i on of t he pr oposed
f aci l -
i t y. Li st ed i n Tabl e 5, i n t er ms of t he usual
codes and r egul at i ons, ar e t he t ypi cal pat i ent
act i vi t y
ar eas, t hei r si ze, t he equi pment t hey
usual l y
cont ai n, and t hei r r el at i onshi ps .
CONCLUSI ON
Ment i oned above have been
onl y t he r ough
pl anni ng dat a of t he desi gn
of LTCf aci l i t i es .
Mi cr oscopi c anal yses
based on t he ki nd of
har dwar e pat i ent s
wi t h r educed mani pul at i ve
abi l i t y
can use, t he t ypes of f ur ni t ur e ( such as
seat i ng t hat woul d al l oweasy access wi t hout
st r ai n, beds t hat woul d be suf f i ci ent l y pr o-
t ect i ve, and t abl es t hat woul d be suf f i ci ent l y
st ur dy) , t he ki nd of pl umbi ng f i xt ur es t hat
t he el der l y pat i ent needs, and t he ki nds
of
i n-
t er i or sur f aces ar e par t of t he
l i t er at ur e of
pr of essi onal magazi nes
and shoul d be ex-
ami ned i n det ai l
. The essent i al basi s, t hough,
f or under st andi ng
t hese aspect s of t he LTC
i s t he under st andi ng of
t he pat i ent .
Nor i s i t our i nt ent i on t o di scuss t he maj or
pr obl emof aest het i c val ues i n t er ms of t hi s
pat i ent popul at i on. The r ange of what aest het i c
an LTCf aci l i t y shoul d gener at e, whet her t he
cr i t er i on shoul d be what soci et y want s, what
t he empl oyees want , what t he chi l dr en of t he
pat i ent want , or what t he pat i ent s
want i s a
quest i on t hat i ndi vi dual deci si ons must
r e-
sol ve, and t hese
can, i t i s hoped, be based
on some empi r i cal dat a. I t i s bel i eved as wel l
t hat t he ext ended car e LTCpr ogr am shoul d
gener at e a bui l di ng t hat emphasi zes t he qual i t y
of space r equi r ed f or a l onger pat i ent st ay and
t hat t hi s qual i t y shoul d be di f f er ent f r omt hat
of t he communi t y hospi t al i n bot h pl an and
f or m, vi sual l y and f unct i onal l y. Fi nal l y, we
shoul d ar r i ve at an ar chi t ect ur al expr essi on
f or t hi s space t hat woul d be a r ej ect i on of i nst i -
t ut i onal f or ms, such as l ong hal l ways, st er i l e
col or schemes, mechani st i c f ur ni t ur e, pur el y
ut i l i t ar i an f i ni shes, and an accept ance of t he
f act t hat sunl i ght , casual ness, and comf or t not
onl y ar e desi r abl e pat t er ns but al so ar e par t of
t he t her apy and wel l - bei ng of t he LTCpat i ent .
The
t ask of r esol vi ng t hi s f undament al soci al
pr obl emof pr ovi di ng suppor t f or t he i l l aged
i s
a soci al act i on t hat we have j ust begun t o
expl or e
and t o whi ch ar chi t ect s can make a
most meani ngf ul cont r i but i on .
TABLE 5 Typi cal Regul at or y Requi r ement s f or LTC
Faci l i t i es ) Cont i nued)
Nur si ng uni t
( cont ' d)
Type
and si ze of r oom Act i vi t y Equi pment
and si zes Rel at i onshi p
Comment s
St r et cher and
Open space
Easi l y accessi bl e f r omhal l ,
wheel chai r par ki ng
near exi t and ent r ance of
ar ea 18 by 5 f t
) nur si ng uni t
J ani t or ' s cl oset St or age and cl eani ng of
Housekeepi ng suppl i es and equi pment , f l oor r ecep-
Lar ger cl eani ng ar ea desi r abl e
house equi pment f or
or ser vi ce si nk
wi t h gar bage and l i nen chut es
i n ver t i cal - t ype bui l di ngs
Nur s i ng u ni t and pat i ent act i vi t y
ar eas
Oayr oom; Cont r ol l ed and
mul t i gr oup Uphol st er ed sof as and ar mchai r s, pr ef er abl y wi t h Requi r ed f l oor day r oom
Gener al l y nur si ng uni t dayr oom
t ot al ar ea f or pat i ent act i vi t i es, r el i gi ous
ser vi ces, st r ai ght backs and desi gned f or abi l i t y of pat i ent s i deal l y t o be cont r ol l ed
by i s 15 sq f t per pat i ent ; common
act i vi t i es, 30 sq f t per
l ect ur es, gr oup games, t o si t and get
up;
st r ai ght chai r s si mi l ar t o t hose nur ses' st at i on; di f f er ent
day and di ni ng r oomi s 15 sq f t
pat i ent . gr oup t eas, di ni ng
( most i n pat i ent r ooms ; r ocki ng chai r s si mi l ar t o t hose i n medi cal pr ogr ams gener at e
per pat i ent
Mi ni mum si ze, f r equent l y t hi s
i s combi ned pat i ent r ooms ; t abl es wi t h f i r m suppor t s and r ound di f f er ent r el at i onshi ps
300 sq f t wi t h t he dayr oam, but i t
or r ounded edges, accessi bl e t o and of a hei ght f or
can be separ at e) Recr e-
wheel chai r pat i ent s ( pr ef er abl y wi t h pedest al sup-
at i onal t her apy of t en
por t s and r ound t ops) ; t el evi si on set s on l ow
combi ned wi t h
t hi s ar ea t abl es or cei l i ng- mount ed l ect er n
Physi ot her apy
Cent r al t o LTCci r cul at i on
mi ni mum 300 sq f t ,
f r omnur si ng uni t s
appr oxi mat el y 3 sq f t
per pat i ent )
a. Exer ci se space
Exer ci si ng, t r eat ment and Par al l el
bar s, exer ci se wheel , ambul at i on
t r ack
St r uct ur al r ei nf or cement neces-
t r ai ni ng
i n ambul at i on, shoul der l adder , conver t i bl e exer ci se
st eps sar y f or cei l i ng mount ed
st ai r - cl i mbi ng, and
ambul at i on t r ack and wal l -
act i vi t i es
of dai l y l i vi ng
mount ed exer ci se wheel s
b. Exami nat i on and Mani pul at i ons and
Tr eat ment t abl es wi t h pads ( 3
by
6 f t )
massage space massagi ng
Hydr a and heat t her apy Use
of
wat er
movement and Mobi l e st ands, hydr ocol l at er
( 2
by 3 f t hi gh) , i nf r a-
Not usual l y r equi r ed by code
ar ea may be cam- heat as massage
r ed l amp, whi r l pool s ( par t i al and f ul l - i mmer si on
bi ned wi t h physi o-
t anksl , par af f i n bat h, pat i ent l i f t , ul t r asoni c gen-
t her apy. Si ze
er at or , mi cr owave di at her my uni t
i ncl uded i n ar ea
abo v e
Occupat i onal
or Soci al and physi cal suppor t Hand l ooms, pot t er ' s
wheel , pai nt i ng equi pment , Si ze
of r oom
var i es dependi ng
r ecr eat i onal
t her apy i n t er ms at cr eat i ve easel s, l eat her wor ki ng t ool s, woodwor ki ng
t ool s, on wher e act i vi t y i s done . Of t en
act i ons sewi ng machi nes
ar ea i s used pr i mar i l y
as a
st or age f aci l i t y and f or f i xed
equi pment
( i . e. , ki l n, et c . l .
Heal t h
CHI LDHEALTH
STATI ON
CHI LDHEALTH
STATI ON
The di agr am
( Fi g. 1) shows t he
desi r abl e space
or gani zat i on f or a chi l d
heal t h st at i on.
Pr ef er r ed l ocat i on f or t he
car r i age shel t er i s
wi t hi n t he bui l di ng i f
space per mi t s . I f t he shel t er
must
be out si de, i t shoul d be pl aced
i n t he l ee
of t he bui l di ng.
The
var i ous r ooms shal l have
space f or t he
f ol l owi ng equi pment :
N. Y.
CH
. A. Memo t o Ar chi t ect s.
Wai t i ng Room
Desk and chai r at cont r ol
poi nt bet ween wai t i ng
r oom and
ent r ance t o wei ghi ng
and undr essi ng
r oom, et c . ; movabl e chai r s,
wi t h ampl e space be-
t ween
and ar ound t hem;
demonst r at i on t abl e;
pl ay pen, wi t hi n t he
wai t i ng r oom, mi ni mumar ea
60 sq
f t ; smal l chai r s and t abl e;
bookshel ves,
36
i n hi gh.
Publ i c Toi l et
Locat ed
of f wai t i ng r oom.
Pr ovi de one nor mal -
si zed t oi l et , and one
chi l d' s t oi l et , one
l avat or y,
set
28 i n f r omf l oor .
Wei ghi ng, Undr essi ng,
and Dr essi ng
Room
Tabl e;
Bench- t ype cl ot hes hamper
; 25 cubi cl es ;
sl op si nk .
Ant er oom
t o Doct or s' Of f i ces
Chai r s .
Doct or s' Of f i ces
I n each of f i ce:
desk; t wo chai r s ; l ar ge
t abl e;
smal l er
t abl e; l avat or y ( st andar d
apar t ment t ype) .
Ut i l i t y Room
Tabl e;
r ef r i ger at or ; f our - bur ner gas
r ange; combi -
nat i on
si nk and l aundr y t r ay
( st andar d apar t ment
t ype)
.
Nur se' s
Of f i ce
Locat ed adj acent t o t he
wai t i ng r oom, i t can
be
used al so f or i sol at i on space.
I t wi l l need a desk
and a chai r .
St af f Room
Tabl e and chai r s .
St af f Toi l et
Lavat or y and
t oi l et .
Consul t at i on Room
Desk, t wo chai r s,
t abl e, and t hr ee f i l e
cabi net s .
Sl op Si nk Cl oset
Must have space f or cl eani ng
equi pment .
COAT

CLOSET
- ~'

COAT CLOSET
DOCTOR' S DOCTOR' S
STAFF TOI LET
OFFI CE
OFFI CE
UTI LI TY ROOM
STORAGE
J ANI TOR' S CLOSET
~C o
R R 1 0 0
R~~
ANTE ROOM
( TO DR. ' S OFFI CES )
~I ~
COAT CLOSET
WEI GHI NG,
UNDRESSI NG
NURSE' S
AND

STAFF
OFFI CE
RE- DRESSI NG

ROOM
ROOM
CONSULTATI ON
PUBLI C

ROOM
TOI LET
WAI TI NG
ROOM
- PLAY PEN
O
vEST
.
CARRI AGE
SHELTER
CHI LD
HEALTH STATI ON
SPACE
ORGANI ZATI ON
Fi g. 1

Fr omNewYor k Ci t y
Housi ng Aut hor i t y, N. KCH. A.
Memo t o Ar chi t ect s.
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
shoul d be
conveni ent t o bot h t he medi cal
l i br ar y
and t eachi ng l abor at or i es . The medi cal
i l l ust r at i on
ar ea shoul d be l ocat ed f or nor t h
l i ght i f
possi bl e.
Locat i ng t he cl i ni cal sci ence f aci l i t i es i n con-
nect i on wi t h t he
ci r cul at i on cent er pr ovi des
access
t o
t he
common- use f aci l i t i es ment i oned
above.
These cl i ni cal sci ence f aci l i t i es, si mi l ar
t o t hose pr ovi ded
i n t he basi c sci ence depar t -
ment s,
consi st of f acul t y r esear ch and of f i ce
space,
si nce t hi r d- and f our t h- year st udent s
ar e t aught i n t he
hospi t al . I ndi vi dual depar t -
ment s
shoul d be on t he same f l oor s as t he
pat i ent - car e uni t s whi ch t hey ser ve i n t he ad-
j oi ni ng hospi t al . St udy cubi cl es f or t hi r d- and
f our t h- year st udent s and house of f i cer s can be
pr ovi ded i n t he t eachi ng hospi t al .
Lect ur e
r ooms shoul d be pl aced near t he
ci r cul at i on
cent er f or gr eat er f l exi bi l i t y
of use.
The ar r angement s and
r el at i onshi ps of t he
el ement s of t he depar t ment s i n bot h t he basi c
and cl i ni cal sci ences ar e gener al l y si mi l ar .
Faci l i t i es f or an i ndi vi dual depar t ment
shoul d
be ont he same f l oor i nsof ar as possi bl e. Teach-
i ng l abor at or i es and t hei r auxi l i ar y spaces i n
basi c sci ence depar t ment s shoul d be separ at e
f r om but
near f acul t y of f i ces and r esear ch
l abor at or i es
.
El ement s such as f l oor ani mal r ooms and
col d
r ooms, whi ch ar e f ound i n each depar t -
ment , shoul d be st acked f or economy. These
f aci l i t i es, t oget her wi t h l ect ur e r ooms, shoul d
be si zed i ni t i al l y
and l ocat ed t o t ake car e of
l at er
expansi on.
Toi l et f aci l i t i es shoul d be desi gned t o ac-
commodat e expansi on. I f l ocat ed on a ci r cul a-
t i on cent er t hey wi l l be accessi bl e t o adj acent
depar t ment s . Separ at e el evat or s f or pas-
senger s and suppl i es ar e r ecommended.
Pr ogr amAssumpt i ons
Because
of t he var i at i ons whi ch exi st among
pr esent
school s and pr ogr ams, i t i s appar ent
t hat space
r equi r ement s f or a newschool can-
not be
st at ed dogmat i cal l y. Ther e i s gr eat need,
pr ovi ded
; r ecent st udi es i ndi cat e t hat 120
acr es
may be r equi r ed. I t shoul d be
l ocat ed
f or
conveni ent t r anspor t at i on t o and f r omt he
ani mal
quar t er s .
Funct i onal Rel at i onshi ps
Of pr i me i mpor t ance i n
pl anni ng medi cal
school s i s t he r el at i onshi p
of i t s t hr ee maj or
component s : t he basi c sci ence
f aci l i t i es, t he
cl i ni cal sci ence f aci l i t i es, and t he
t eachi ng
hospi t al . For t he most ef f i ci ent
movement of
st udent s, f acul t y, pat i ent s, and
suppl i es, t he
t hr ee shoul d be i nt er connect ed,
but f or maxi -
mumf l exi bi l i t y i n
expansi on each shoul d be an
i ndependent
el ement . Fi g. 1 i l l ust r at es t hi s
r el at i onshi p.
The
basi c sci ence and t he cl i ni cal t eachi ng
and r esear ch f aci l i t i es,
i n t ur n, shoul d be at -
t ached t o t he
hospi t al t o per mi t easy access
t o pat i ent uni t s
and ot her hospi t al f aci l i t i es .
The di agr amal so
shows t he possi bi l i t y of ex-
pansi on i nher ent
i n t hi s r el at i onshi p.
I n t he basi c
sci ence f aci l i t i es, t he depar t -
ment s can be st acked
above each ot her wi t h
t eachi ng l abor at or i es,
f acul t y, r esear ch and
of f i ce space, and
l ect ur e r ooms f or each depar t -
ment l ocat ed on t he same f l oor . The
cadaver
pr epar at i on and st or age depar t ment
i s usual l y
l ocat ed on a f l oor accessi bl e
t o gr ade f or con-
veni ence i n handl i ng cadaver s
. Cent r al ani mal
quar t er s ser ve t eachi ng and
r esear ch ar eas
f or bot h basi c sci ence
and cl i ni cal depar t ment s.
Al ocat i on wi t h di r ect
connect i on t o t he ci r cul a-
t i on cent er and
at gr ade l evel f or access t o a
del i ver y
ent r ance f or ani mal s i s i mpor t ant .
Ot her common- use
ar eas shoul d be l ocat ed
wher e t hey ar e
accessi bl e t o bot h t he basi c
sci ence and cl i ni cal
depar t ment s . Thus, a base-
ment l ocat i on f or such
f aci l i t i es as t he r adi oi so-
t ope l abor at or y
and t echni cal shops i s accept -
abl e.
Admi ni st r at i ve f aci l i t i es, school post
of f i ce, snack bar ,
st udent l ounge, and book-
st or e shoul d
be accessi bl e f r oma ci r cul at i on
cent er and ar e
gener al l y pl aced on t he f i r st
f l oor . St udy cubi cl es f or
basi c sci ence st udent s
SI TE ANO
PLANNI NG CONSI DERATI ONS
Si t e
The moder n
medi cal cent er i s so l ar ge and so
compl ex
t hat i t shoul d be l ocat ed on t he edge
of t he uni ver si t y
campus r at her t han wi t hi n i t .
Thi s l ocat i on wi l l
emphasi ze t he f act t hat t he
medi cal cent er
i s a sat el l i t e i n t he uni ver si t y
or bi t , but has a
degr ee of aut onomy. I t i s i m-
por t ant t hat st udent s
and st af f i n t he medi cal
cent er have
easy access t o t he mai n uni ver si t y
campus, andt hat t he
medi cal cent er be accessi -
bl e t o al l
ar eas of t he uni ver si t y.
The
si t e shoul d be l ar ge enough t o accom-
modat e gr owt h
of t he school pr ogr ams and
concur r ent
par ki ng f or at l east 20 year s . The
mi ni mum si ze r ecommended f or a
medi cal
cent er i ncl udi ng a t eachi ng hospi t al i s
50 acr es,
and 50 t o 150 acr es i s pr ef er abl e.
Bui l di ngs
shoul d be pl aced on t he si t e so t hat
addi t i ons
can be made as pr ogr ams devel op and as en-
r ol l ment i ncr eases.
The ser vi ce f unct i ons of t he medi cal
school
i nvol ve
pat i ent car e i n hospi t al s and out pat i ent
cl i ni cs
. Gr owt h of r esear ch and ser vi ce r espon-
si bi l i t i es
f r equent l y l eads t o t he devel opment
of speci al i zed
hospi t al s, such as chi l dr en' s,
vet er ans' ,
psychi at r i c, chr oni c di sease, r ehabi l -
i t at i on,
or ot her s . The si t e shoul d per mi t l oca-
t i on of t hese
f aci l i t i es i n r el at i on t o t he maj or
t eachi ng
hospi t al so t hat st af f and st udent s
can be wi t hi n
a f i ve- t o t en- mi nut e wal k. The
t eachi ng hospi t al and cl i ni cal
sci ence f aci l i t i es
shoul d be pl aced on
t he si t e so t hat t he educa-
t i onal f unct i ons
r el at e t o and connect wi t h t he
basi c sci ence
f aci l i t i es . Out door f aci l i t i es f or
r ehabi l i t at i on
of pat i ent s r el at ed t o t he cl i ni c
and
r ecr eat i on f aci l i t i es f or st udent s r el at ed
t o housi ng
shoul d be pr ovi ded. The ext ent of
t hese
f aci l i t i es var i es wi del y among school s .
Adequat e space f or housi ng shoul d be pr o-
vi ded near by.
Apar t ment - t ype housi ng wi t h
pl ay ar eas f or
chi l dr en, wi t hi n f i ve mi nut es'
wal ki ng
di st ance of t he hospi t al , i s pr ef er abl e
.
Adequat e par ki ng
f aci l i t i es shoul d be pr o-
vi ded f or st udent s,
st af f , pat i ent s, and publ i c
conveni ent t o
each el ement of t he medi cal
cent er i ncl udi ng
housi ng. Thi s may t ake t he
f or m
of di vi ded shoppi ng- cent er - t ype par ki ng,
pr ef er abl y wi t h t r ees, var i ous t ypes of paved
sur f ace par ki ng,
or mul t i l evel par ki ng gar ages .
I f possi bl e,
t he si t e shoul d be sl opi ng so t hat
mor e t han one l evel of ent r ance t o t he bui l di ngs
can be obt ai ned and hor i zont al movement
of
suppl i es can t ake pl ace at one l evel wi t hout
conf l i ct i ng wi t h hor i zont al movement of
peopl e
at anot her l evel .
The
di r ect i on of pr evai l i ng wi nd shoul d be
st udi ed so t hat bui l di ngs can be pl aced i n r e-
l at i on t o each
ot her and t o t he campus and
communi t y
t o avoi d wi ndbl own odor s f r om
cooki ng
and i nci ner at i on of ani mal wast e and
t r ash, bact er i a
f r omi nf ect ed pat i ent s, chemi cal
f umes, and l ow
l evel s of r adi oact i ve i sot opes .
The si t e
f or t he ani mal f ar m i s not usual l y
cont i guous
t o t he medi cal cent er . However ,
a mi ni mum
si t e of about 25 acr es shoul d be
Medi cal School Faci l i t i es,
Publ i c Heal t h Ser -
vi ce, U. S. Depar t ment
of Heal t h, Educat i on,
and Wel f ar e, Washi ngt on,
D. C. , 1964.
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
r hess
ar e usual l y al coves, pr ef er abl y adj acent
'. o
wi ndows, each equi pped wi t h a desk,
r ead-
ng l i ght ,
end chai r . They shoul d be pr ovi ded
at t he r at e of one f or each
t en st udent s . How-
ever , f ewer may be r equi r ed i f i ndi vi dual st udy
: ubi cl es f or
st udent s ar e pr ovi ded el sewher e.
Ot her
r ooms of t en associ at ed wi t h t he st ack
ar ea
ar ea mi cr of i l mst or age and vi ewi ng r oom
and a r oom
f or t he st or age of mot i on- pi ct ur e
f i l ms and sl i des .
Ar el at i vel y soundpr oof r oom
f or
phot odupl i cat i on f aci l i t i es i s necessar y.
An ar ea
f or gener al r eadi ng and openshel f
r ef er ence wor k may be
suppl ement ed by a
number of smal l er r eadi ng ar eas, r ooms, or
al coves
. The mai n r eadi ng ar ea shoul d be near
t he
mai n cat al og and ci r cul at i on desk. I f i n-
di vi dual
st udent st udy cubi cl es ar e not pr o-
vi ded i n t he school ,
st udent r eadi ng ar eas i n
t he l i br ar y shoul d accommodat e
f r om25 t o 50
per cent of t he t ot al enr ol l ment
of t he medi cal
school and st udent s
f r omot her pr ogr ams who
, squi r e
access t o t he
col l ect i on. St udent s
seat ed at t abl es
r equi r e a mi ni mumof 25 sq
f t of space each.
Addi t i onal seat i ng al l owance
shoul d be made
f or f acul t y and r esear ch st af f
and ot her user s.
Asepar at e al cove
wi t h shel ves, or a sect i on
of shel vi ng i n t he mai n
r eadi ng ar ea, shoul d be
TABLE 2

Net ar ea ( i n Squar e Feet )
of
Faci l i t i es Requi r ed f or a Medi cal School Li br ar y
of
100, 000 Vol umes and 1, 600 Per i odi cal s
however ,
f or
some
benchmar k f or pl anni ng
a newschool .
I n t hi s sect i on, i t i s assumed
t hat t he basi c
sci ence f aci l i t i es, cl i ni cal sci ence
f aci l i t i es,
and t eachi ng hospi t al ar e cont i guous .
The space consi der at i ons and r equi r ement s
pr esent ed i n t hi s sect i on ar e
f or t wo hypot het i -
cal school s i ncl udi ng basi c
sci ence f aci l i t i es,
cl i ni cal sci ence f aci l i t i es, end a t eachi ng
hos-
pi t al . The f i r st i s School
A, wi t h an ent er i ng
cl ass of 64st udent s anda hospi t al of
500 beds ;
t he second i s School B, wi t h an
ent er i ng cl ass
of 96 st udent s and a hospi t al of
700 beds .
School
A
1 . I s af our - year uni ver si t y- based
school .
2. Pr ovi des space t o house an
ent er i ng
cl ass
of 64 medi cal st udent s, wi t h a pl anned
expansi on t o an ent er i ng cl ass of 96
st udent s .
Enr ol l ment
i n t hi r d- and f our t h- year cl asses
wi l l be 60,
wi t h f ut ur e expansi on t o 90.
3. Pr ovi des
of f i ce and l abor at or y space f or
a f ul l - t i me f acul t y
of 35 i n t he basi c sci ence
depar t ment s and
60 i n t hecl i ni cal depar t ment s.
4.
Pr ovi des spacef or 40 gr aduat e st udent s
and post doct or al
f el l ows i n t he basi c sci ence
depar t ment s and
30 i n t hecl i ni cal depar t ment s.
5. Pr ovi des
ei t her convent i onal or mul t i -
di sci pl i ne t eachi ng
l abor at or i es f or t he basi c
sci ences .
6. Has
i t s own l i br ar y, wi t h ul t i mat e
capaci t y of 100, 000
vol umes.
7. Has i t s
own t eachi ng hospi t al of 500
beds .
9.
Has i t s ownt echni cal and mai nt enance
shops, but
heat i s suppl i ed f r om a cent r al
sour ce.
10. Does not
pr ovi de space f or t eachi ng
st udent s i n ot her heal t h
pr of essi ons such as
dent i st r y or nur si ng.
School B
1. I s af our - year
uni ver si t y- based school .
2. Pr ovi des space t o
house an ent er i ng
cl ass of 96 medi cal st udent s
wi t h t hi r d- and
f our t h- year enr ol l ment of 90
per cl ass.
3. Pr ovi des of f i ce and l abor at or y
space f or
a f ul l - t i me f acul t y of 50 i n t he basi c
sci ence
depar t ment s and 85 i n t he cl i ni cal
depar t ment s.
4. Pr ovi des apace f or 55 gr aduat e
st udent s
and post doct or al f el l ows i n t he basi c sci ence
depar t ment s and40 i n t he
cl i ni cal depar t ment s.
5 . Pr ovi des ei t her convent i onal or
mul t i -
di sci pl i ne t eachi ng l abor at or i es f or t he basi c
sci ences .
6.
Has i t s own l i br ar y wi t h ul t i mat e ca-
paci t y of 100, 000 vol umes.
7. Has i t s own t eachi ng hospi t al of 700
beds.
9. Has i t s own t echni cal and mai nt enance
shops,
but heat i s suppl i ed f r om a cent r al
sour ce.
10.
Does not pr ovi de space f or t eachi ng
st udent s
i n ot her heal t h pr of essi ons such as
dent i st r y
or nur si ng.
GENERAL ADMI NI STRATI ONAND
SUPPORTI NG FACI LI TI ES
Gener al Admi ni st r at i on
The dean of t he medi cal school i s r esponsi bl e
f or t he
f or mul at i on and execut i on of pol i ci es
of t he
t eachi ng pr ogr ams and f or t he gener al
admi ni st r at i on of t he basi c sci ences, t he cl i ni -
cal sci ences,
and t he t eachi ng hospi t al . Be.
cause of t he magni t ude
and compl exi t i es of
t hese pr ogr ams, t he
dean wi l l r equi r e assi s-
t ance f r omcompet ent
per sons i n t hese f i el ds .
Tabl e 1 gi ves t he
net ar ea f or admi ni st r at i on.
Medi cal School Li br ar y
The medi cal school l i br ar y i ncl udes t he
of f i ces,
wor k ar eas, st acks, car r el s,
vaul t s, r eadi ng
r ooms, al coves, conf er ence r ooms,
audi ovi sual
r ooms, and ot her r el at ed spaces
r equi r ed by
t he mai nt enance and ser vi ce
r esponsi bi l i t i es
connect ed wi t h t he car e and use
of r ecor ded
medi cal i nf or mat i on.
I n pr ogr ami ng and desi gni ng t he
medi cal
school l i br ar y, consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven
t o t he pr obabl e i mpact of f ut ur e r egi onal
br anches of t he Nat i onal Li br ar y of
Medi ci ne
and
t he comput er - based bi bl i ogr aphi c r et r i eval
and publ i cat i on syst em cal l ed MEDLARS-
Medi cal Li t er at ur e Anal ysi s and Ret r i eval
Syst em.
The medi cal school l i br ar y shoul d be l ocat ed
so
t hat i t s r esour ces ar e qui ckl y avai l abl e t o
st udent s,
r esear ch wor ker s, f acul t y member s,
hospi t al st af f , and pr act i ci ng physi ci ans . Un-
l ess
t her e ar e l ar ge medi cal r esear ch col l ec-
t i ons near by,
t he l i br ar y shoul d be equi pped
t o
accommodat e 100, 000 vol umes and 1, 600
sci ent i f i c
per i odi cal s .
Tabl e 2 gi ves t he net
ar ea f or amedi cal school
l i br ar y of
100, 000 vol umes and 1, 600 per i odi -
cal s . Si nce medi cal
l i br ar y col l ect i ons l end
t o i ncr ease r api dl y, t he l i br ar y
shoul d be
pl anned f or f ut ur e expansi on
.
I n desi gni ng t he l i br ar y,
maxi mumf l exi bi l -
i t y shoul d be a pr i meconsi der at i on
wi t h neces-
sar y di vi si ons i n t he f or mof
par t i t i ons whi ch
can be moved.
Shel vi ng, whet her i n st acks or
i n r eadi ng
ar eas, shoul d be st andar d
l i br ar y equi pment ,
wi t h st andar d i nt er changeabl e
par t s. St andar d
sect i ons, usual l y 3 f t
l ong, shoul d be used
t hr oughout , wi t h onl y such
except i ons as f l oor
l ayout maydemand. Those
f or medi cal books
have a shel f dept h of 10 i n.
One 3- f t - l ong si ngl e-
f aced sect i on wi l l accommodat e
appr oxi mat el y
100 vol umes.
Ser vi ce ai sl es bet ween st acks
shoul d not be
l ess t han 3 f t wi de.
Mai n ai sl es shoul d be at
l east 3 f t 6 i n. wi de. I f bookst acks
ar e on mor e
t han one l evel , or ar e not on t he
l evel wher e
books ar e r ecei ved, ver t i cal
t r anspor t at i on
must
be pr ovi ded.
St udent s
and f acul t y member s shoul d have
f r ee access t o st ack ar eas, whi ch shoul d
be
pr ovi ded wi t h car r el s f or wor k and st udy
.
TABLE 1 Net Ar ea f or Gener al
School A School B
l ent er i ng ( ent er i ng
cl ass of 64 cl ass of 96
Type of
f aci l i t y st udent s) st udent s)
Squar e f eet
Tot al . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3, 900 4, 700
Dean' s of f i ce . . . . . . . . . .
400 400
Assi st ant dean' s of f i ce . . . . 200 12) 400
Secr et ar i es' of f i ces . . . . . .
450 600
Conf er ence r oom. . . . . . . . 500 500
Busi ness
of f i ces
. . . . . . . .
400 500
Regi st r ar and al umni . . . . . 250 300
Post gr aduat e of f i ce . . . . .
250 300
Schol ar shi p and gr ant s . . . .
250 400
Recor ds . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200 300
Publ i c i nf or mat i on and
publ i cat i ons . . . . . . . . . . 200
200
Publ i c t oi l et s . . . . . . . . . . 200
200
Wai t i ng r oom. . . . . . . . . . 500
500
St or age . . . . . . . . . . . .
100 100
A
and
School ;
H
Type of f aci l i t y ( ent er i ng
' buses of
64 and96
st udent s)
SqPar e
f et
Tot al net ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
29, 560
Publ i c ser vi ces :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
24, 950
Vest i bul e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
100
Recept i on ar ea
and
di spl ay - - - - - - - - - - - - -
400
Char gi ng andr eser ve ar eas- - - - - - - - - - - - -
450
Car d cat al og ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
150
I nf or mat i on andr ef er ence ar ea- - - - - - - - - 400
Br owsi ng col l ect i on- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
150
Mai n r eadi ng ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6, 070
Mi cr or eadi ng ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200
Pagi ng- r eadi ng ar ea ________- __. - - - - - -
- 400
Per i odi cal s ar ea
i ncl udi ng i ndexes_______ 1, 200
Semi nar - st udvar ea___- - __. . . - . - _- - - - -
1, 350
Hi st or i cal col l ect i on r oom______. - __
. . - - 630
Sounddemonst r at i on r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - 450
Sl i des and movi er oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 450
Hookst ack ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. - _- - - . 10 . 000
Unencl osed
car r el s
____- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1, 200
Cl osed
car r el s- - - - - - - -
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200
. Audi oyi sual st or age- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
400
Mi cr of i l mst or age- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200
Food vendi ng machi ne ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - -
300
Publ i c t oi l et s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. - _- _- - . I 250
_
Wor k Br -
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- ___- __
4, 610
Recei vi ng and
mai l i ng r oom- - - - - - - - . - - - ,
5170
. 4cqni si t i ons depar t ment __.
. - - - - - - - - - - - 600
Cat al ogi ng depar t ment _
_ __ .
__ _
___ - - - - - 520
Pr epar at i on r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
150
I ' hot odupl i cat i on- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Soo
Bi ndi ng and mendi ng- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 210
Ser i al s wor k
ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
~, 2110
Chi ef l i br ar i an' s of f i ce__ ____. - - - - - - - - - - I 2110
Recept i on- secr et ar y' s
of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200
Aasi st ant l i br ar i ans' of f i ces____- _- _- - - - -
120
Hi st or i cal
l i br ar i an' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - -
120
Of f i ce st or age. _ . - - - - - - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fo
St af f r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
400
St af f t oi l et s andl ocker s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
240
Housekeepi ng__________ .. _ . __________
240
and soapdi spenser . Avest i bul e at t he ent r ance
t o a bl ock of r ooms wher e t he at t endant can
change cl ot hes
and shoes
i s r ecommended
t o
hel p
r educe i nf ect i on
.
The const r uct i on of ani mal quar t er s shoul d
be f i r e r esi st ant ,
ver mi n- and i nsect - pr oof ,
and
above al l easy t o cl ean. Recesses, cr acks,
and pocket s shoul d
be avoi ded. Bases shoul d
be coved. Speci al at t ent i on shoul d
be
gi ven
t o
such openi ngs
bet ween r ooms as pi pes, con-
dui t , end
t el ephone wi r i ng. Door si l l s wi l l pr e-
vent
wat er f r oml eaki ng i nt o t he cor r i dor when
f l oor s ar e washed down, but ar e not as con-
veni ent f or movi ng cage r acks i n and out of
r ooms .
Wel l sur f aces shoul d be smoot h, har d, and
easi l y cl eaned. Cer ami c t i l e i s of t en used but i s
easi l y damaged by cage r ocks . For pr ot ect i on
of wal l sur f aces f r om such damage, a
6- i n
.
cur b may be pr ovi ded. Ci nder . or concr et e.
bl ock wal l s must
be l ai d up
wi t h t i ght j oi nt s
and cover ed wi t h
a moi st ur e- r esi st ant mat e-
r i al .
Door s shoul d be 3 f t
6
i n. wi de t o per mi t
easy passage of cage
r acks,
and al l har dwar e
shoul d be r ecessed.
Fl oor s must be
abl e t o r esi st t he di si nt egr a-
t i ve act i on
of
t he
or gani c sal t s and aci ds i n ani -
mal ur i ne. Quar r y t i l e wi t h aci d- r esi st ant
j oi nt s
i s sat i sf act or y but
shoul d not be used i n t he
cor r i dor because
of t he noi se cr eat ed by cage
car t s as t hey bump al ong t he
j oi nt s . Concr et e
f l oor s, wel l
compact ed and t r owel ed, ar e al so
sat i sf act or y.
Asphal t , r ubber , and
vi nyl
t i l e
f l oor s ar e not r ecommended
.
Fl oor dr ai ns
ar e suggest ed f or monkey and
dog r ooms . These shoul d be 6 i n. i n di amet er
of t he f l ushi ng t ype wi t h speci al hai r t r aps
t o avoi d cl oggi ng. Use of f l oor dr ai ns i n smal l er
ani mal r ooms wi l l depend on whet her t he
r ooms ar e hosed down r egul ar l y or swept and
wet - mopped.
needs of r esear ch bet t er t han an ani mal f aci l -
i t y at gr ade l evel . The f l oor s of t he vi ver i um
shoul d communi cat e wi t h t hose of t he adj oi n-
i ng st r uct ur e so t hat ani mal r ooms ar e hor i -
zont al l y cont i guous t o t he r esear ch and t each-
i ng l abor at or i es usi ng t hemand so t hat ani mal s
can be t r ansf er r ed t o t he l abor at or i es wi t hout
t r aver si ng cor r i dor s of ot her ar eas . I f a vi var -
i umi s pr ovi ded, ani mal - hol di ng r ooms ar e not
usual l y r equi r ed wi t hi n r esear ch ar eas .
Ani mal quar t er s ar e composed of a number
of di f f er ent ki nds of ar eas . Each has i t s own
r equi r ement s i n t er ms of space and l ocat i on.
I n ani mal ar eas, pr ovi si on must be made f or
t he r ecept i on, quar ant i ne, and i sol at i on of i n-
comi ng ani mal s near t he ani mal ent r ance
;
f or
housi ng di f f er ent speci es ; f or exer ci si ng ani -
mal s ; and f or speci f i c r esear ch pr oj ect s . I sol a-
t i on r ooms f or i nf ect ed ani mal s, each wi t h a
vest i bul e cont ai ni ng f aci l i t i es f or gowni ng
and
scr ubbi ng, ar e
r equi r ed.
Tabl e
3 gi ves t he net ar ea f or ani mal quar -
t er s .
Ani mal r ooms
shoul d be i sol at ed f r omeach
ot her wi t h
no connect i ng openi ngs and ar -
r anged t o separ at e cl ean and
cont ami nat ed
f unct i ons . Aser vi ce
cor r i dor may be pr ovi ded
i n addi t i on t o t he
mai n access cor r i dor t o al l ow
t he r emoval of soi l ed beddi ng
and ot her mat e-
r i el at t he r ear
of a
r ange
of cages r at her t han
t hr ough t he
mai n cor r i dor . Bor r owed l i ght i n
cor r i dor par t i t i ons and
bet ween r ooms shoul d
be avoi ded si nce l i ght bot her s some ani mal s .
Wi ndows, i f used, shoul d be pl aced at l east 6
f t above t he f l oor so
t hat ani mal cages can f i t
bel owt hem.
Each r oomshoul d have a si nk
pr ovi ded f or unbound j our nal s . I f sl opi ng di s-
pl ay shel ves ar e used f or cur r ent i ssues of
j our nal s, openshel vi ng under neat h f or housi ng
unbound ear l i er i ssues ar e mor e conveni ent
t han cl osed compar t ment s .
A
r oomwi t h pagi ng f aci l i t i es may be pr o-
vi ded f or t he use of t hose on cal l . Smal l st udy
r ooms f or gr oup conf er ences of f our t o si x
per sons each shoul d al so be i ncl uded. An ar ea
shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he l obby or near t he
r ef er ence desk cont ai ni ng nont echni cal books
f or br owsi ng. Af i l m- and sl i depr oj ect i on r oom
and a sound- t ape r oom, each t o accommodat e
16 st udent s and an i nst r uct or , may be r equi r ed
dependi ng ont he pr ogr am. Bot h r ooms
shoul d
be soundpr oof ed and desi gned so
as not t o
di st r act r eader s i n ot her ar eas . A mi cr of i l m
r eadi ng r oomi s necessar y. A
medi cal hi st or y
r oommay be r equi r ed
and may be a combi ned
medi cal hi st or y end r ar e
medi cal book r oom,
i n whi ch case
pr ot ect ed wi ndows, door s wi t h
l ocks, a
f i r epr oof vaul t , and speci al ai r condi -
t i oni ng wi l l
be r equi r ed . Wel l - l i ght ed exhi bi t
cases shoul d
be pr ovi ded adj acent t o t he en.
t r ance
t o t he l i br ar y and i t s mai n l anes of t r af -
f i c . Publ i c t oi l et s, r est
r ooms, coat r ooms,
and j ani t or ser vi ces
shoul d be conveni ent t o
t he r eadi ng ar eas .
The book char gi ng desk,
l ocat ed near t he
ent r ance, shoul d cont r ol t he
exi t s f r omr ead-
i ng ar eas, wor kr ooms,
and st acks t o mi ni mi ze
book l oss . The car d cat al og
shoul d be cl ose
t o t he mai n
ent r ance and near t he ci r cul at i on
desk and t he
acqui si t i on and cat al ogi ng r ooms.
I n t he st af f wor kr ooma
si nk shoul d be pr o-
vi ded. Pr ovi si ons
shoul d be mode so t hat noi se
gener at ed
by act i vi t i es at t hese ar eas does
not di st r act
r eader s
.
One
wor kr oomsubdi vi ded i nt o al coves by
doubl e- f aced
bookshel ves may be pr ovi ded,
i nst ead of separ at e wor kr ooms, f or
acqui si t i on
and cat al ogi ng. These r ooms
shoul d be near
t he publ i c cat al og and
shoul d have di r ect
access t o t he st ackr oom; 100 aq
f t shoul d be
al l owed f or each st af f member .
The r ecept i on- secr et ar y' s
of f i ce shoul d be
adj acent t o t he head l i br ar i an' s of f i ce
.
A
depar t -
ment al conf er ence r oommay
be r equi r ed. The
head l i br ar i an' s of f i ce
shoul d be accessi bl e
bot h t o t he st af f wor kr ooms
and l i br ar y cl i en-
t el e.
The r ecei vi ng
r oom i s best l ocat ed on t he
gr ound f l oor wi t h access
t o an unl oadi ng pl at -
f or m. Awor k
t abl e, shel vi ng, and shi ppi ng
equi pment
shoul d be pr ovi ded. Li f t ser vi ce,
pr ef er abl y an
el evat or whi ch wi l l hol d l oaded
book
car t s, bet ween t he r ecei vi ng r oomand t he
acqui si t i ons depar t ment shoul d be pr ovi ded
wher e t hese
ar eas ar e ondi f f er ent f l oor s . Vend-
i ng machi nes
f or f ood and dr i nk shoul d be
l ocat ed
out si de t he l i br ar y pr oper and be pr o-
vi ded wi t h space f or
t abl es .
Ani mal Quar t er s
The need f or cont r ol l ed car e of
ani mal s t o meet
t eachi ng and r esear ch
r equi r ement s i s r ef l ect ed
i n t he pr ovi si on of a cent r al
ani mal ser vi ce i n an
i ncr easi ng number of
medi cal school s .
The l ocat i on
of ani mal quar t er s on t he
gr ound f l oor , wher e
di r ect - connect ed out door
ani mal r uns and
t r uck unl oadi ng f aci l i t i es can
be pr ovi ded
wi t h compl et e separ at i on f r omany
ot her f r - nct i on,
has many advant ages . A sep-
ar at e ent r ance
t o ser ve t he ani mal quar t er s i s
essent i al .
Pr ovi si on shoul d be made f or expan-
si on i n t he
i ni t i al pl anni ng.
However , a vi var i um
i n an adj acent wi ng
wi t h i t s own
ver t i cal t r anspor t at i on f or ani mal s,
ani mal suppl i es, and per sonnel
may ser ve t he
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
Depar t ment al Of f i ces
Each basi c sci ence and cl i ni cal sci ence depar t -
ment f acul t y member r equi r es of f i ce space
f or hi s depar t ment al act i vi t i es and l abor at or i es
f or r esear ch. The head of each depar t ment
r equi r es an of f i ce wi t h a desk, r ef er ence t abl e,
and space f or a conf er ence
of
sever al per sons
l ocat ed near hi s
r esear ch l abor at or y and adj a-
cent t o a secr et ar y' s
of f i ce ( see Fi g . 2) .
The
conf er ence r oom, whi ch wi l l be used f or
meet i ngs of gr oups of st udent s, shoul d accom-
modat e about 20 per sons . Shel vi ng f or depar t -
ment al books and per i odi cal s and st or age
space f or sl i de pr oj ect or s, model s, and ot her
vi sual - ai d
equi pment , chal k boar ds, and r ol l -
up pr oj ect i on scr eens shoul d be pr ovi ded. I n
t he cl i ni cal depar t ment s, x- r ay vi ewboxes ar e
r equi r ed.
The secr et ar y' s of f i ce may handl e t he secr e-
t ar i al wor k f or t he ent i r e depar t ment and
shoul d
be si zed f or t he ul t i mat e expansi on of
t he depar t ment .
For space est i mat i ng, a uni t of si xt een
modul es may be used as t he pr i mar y uni t f or
each
depar t ment . The
bal ance of t he st af f can
be housed i n addi t i onal ei ght - modul e uni t s
each accommodat i ng f i ve or si x peopl e and pr o-
vi di ng l abor at or y, of f i ce space, and suppor t i ng
f aci l i t i es . An addi t i onal t wo- modul e space
i s
r equi r ed f or each addi t i onal f acul t y member
.
Resear ch Faci l i t i es
Resear ch l abor at or i es shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or
f acul t y member s, post doct or al f el l ows, and
gr aduat e
st udent s i n each depar t ment
.
TABLE 3 Net Ar ea f or Ani mal Quar t er s
School A
School B
Type of f aci l i t y
( ent er i ng ( ent er i ng
cl ass of 64
~
cl ass of 96
st udent s)
st udent s)
Squar e
f eet
Tot al net ar ea _ _ _ _
11, 980 14, 860
Ani mal r ooms:
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9. 730
11, 830
Col dbl ooded ani mal s and
aquar i um_- - - - - - - - - - _- _. 140
200
Gui nea pi gs, r abbi t s, ham-
st er s, r at s, and mi ss
1,
800
' _, 700
Pr i mat e ____. 280 400
Cat s _- - - -
. . -
. . . .
. . .
250 370
Dogs _ _ _ _ . . _
2, 100 3, 000
Ani mal r ceept i no- quar ant i ne_ ( 3) 3011 ( 3)
300
Cage
washi ng
m, d st er i l i za-
t i on . _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . 350
350
Cage st or age- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 280 2811
Beddi ng st or age- - - - - - - - - __
300 ; 300
Food et ur eg, and pr eper a-
t i on- - - - __ 7, 50 750
S- r ay and f l uor oscope___. _. 400
400
St er i l e i sol at i on_. - - - - - - ( : I ) ( : I ) 600 ( : 3) 600
Rout i ne l abor at or v
- - - - - - - - 200 200
Vet er i nar i an' s r esear ch l ab-
or at or y 630 6311
Vet er i nar i an' s of f i ce_ 250 250
I sol at i on - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2311 230
Aut opsy- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
300 300
Ani mal mor gue_- - - - - - - - - _ 70
70
I nci ner at or . ____. . - - . 220 2211
Keeper sl ocker - -
. _
. . . _. _. . .
260 280
Ani mal sur ger y r ooms :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
2, 250 3, 030
Oper at i ng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 3)
900 ( 5) 1. 500
Scr ubup- - - - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - I SO 360
Recover - - - - - - - - - - - _ . . . . . . 200 2011
Cl eanup . - . _ 300
3011
I nat r umcnt _ _ ___ 270 270
Cent r al st er i l i zi ng- _ ____ 400 400
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
The
use of modul es i n pl anni ng
l abor at or y
f aci l i t i es
per mi t s f l exi bi l i t y i n
ut i l i zat i on of
space wher e
changes i n space
r equi r ement s
ar e common
. Ut i l i t i es and duct
connect i ons
shoul d be so pr ovi ded t hat when
space i s
changed ut i l i t i es ar e avai l abl e wi t hout
undue
pi pe r uns or
per f or at i ons of wal l s or
cei l i ngs .
The equi pment of r esear ch
l abor at or i es wi l l
var y
wi t h t he ki nd of act i vi t y
per f or med i n
t hem. I t
shoul d be possi bl e t o r ear r ange
wor k
count er s, mi cr oscope benches,
and si nks,
and t o var y t he si ze of t he r oom
as r equi r ed
wi t hout undue l abor , i nconveni ence,
or ex-
pense. Thi s i s most easi l y
accompl i shed i f al l
ut i l i t i es and duct s ar e pr oper l y
si zed and l o-
cat ed so as t o make t hem
avai l abl e t o al l
par t s
of t he l abor at or y
wi ng. Thi s i ncl udes space
not
desi gned
or i gi nal l y f or l abor at or y use.
Some possi bl e ar r angement s
of r esear ch
l abor at or i es ar e shown
on Fi g. 3. The f ume
hood i s shown on t he
cor r i dor wal l f or con-
veni ent r el at i on t o t he duct
space.
Count er hei ght s wi l l var y- 31
i n. f or si t -
down wor k and 37 i n. f or st andup
wor k ar e
most
commonl y used. The choi ce of
a peni n-
sul a or i sl and count er i n
l ar ger l abor at or i es
may var y wi t h t he r esear ch
pr oj ect . I sl and
count er s can be used onal l
si des but ar e mor e
expensi ve t o i nst al l
and al t er ; peni nsul a count -
er s ar e mor e f l exi bl e
wi t h r espect t o ai r ,
vac-
uum, wat er , gas,
dr ai nage, and
el ect r i cal
ser vi ces r equi r ed.
An addi t i onal t wo- modul e
space adj acent
t o
t he l ar ge l abor at or y can
be di vi ded t o pr ovi de
an of f i ce f or an
i nst r uct or and a speci al
i nst r u-
ment or st or age
r oom. At wo- modul e
apace
may be used f or
f our st udy cubi cl es f or post -
doct or al f el l ows
.
Col d
r ooms ar e r equi r ed i n
t he l abor at or y
wi ng of each depar t ment
. They ar e r ef r i ger at ed
r ooms f or
sever al wor ker s who do pr ocedur es
at l owt emper at ur es
. Acount er wi t h
si nk, un-
der count er cabi net s,
and shel vi ng ar e
usual
equi pment .
El ect r i cal , ai r , and vacuum
connec-
t i ons ar e
r equi r ed. Al l saf et y f eat ur es
such as
saf et y door
l at ches and war ni ng l i ght s
shoul d
be i nst al l ed.
The t er m
" ani mal - hol di ng r oom"
i s used t o
desi gnat e ar eas
wi t hi n a basi c sci ence
or cl i ni -
cal depar t ment
wher e smal l ani mal s
ar e hel d
f or a shor t t i me.
These hol di ng r ooms,
l ocat ed
cl ose t o an el evat or
whi ch al so ser ves
t he cen-
t r al
ani mal quar t er s, el i mi nat e t he
haul i ng of
ani mal cages t hr ough publ i c
cor r i dor s . The
ani mal s ar e assi gned t o a st af f
member con-
duct i ng st udi es r equi r i ng cl ose,
per i odi c ob-
ser vat i on or
exper i ment at i on over a
shor t t i me
f or a l i mi t ed
number of ani mal s .
These r ooms
may al so be
avai l abl e t o medi cal
st udent s per -
f or mi ng ani mal exper i ment s
. Space i s
r equi r ed
f or r acks of cages,
of t en pl aced back
t o back
i n t he
cent er of t he r oom, wi t h a
si ngl e l i ne
of
r acks pl aced agai nst t he wal l s .
Ani mal oper at i ng and r ecover y
r ooms shoul d
be l ocat ed i n cent r al ani mal quar t er s
. Wher e
vi var i a ar e pr ovi ded on each
f l oor adj acent t o
depar t ment s, t hey shoul d
subst i t ut e f or ani mal -
hol di ng r ooms.
I f pr oper l y l ocat ed and
pr ovi ded wi t h
t he
necessar y ut i l i t i es, st or age
r ooms can be
used
f or expanded r esear ch
act i vi t i es . Those
shown
on t he accompanyi ng
space di agr ams
ar e l o-
cat ed and si zed t o al l ow
f or expansi on.
Af our -
modul e cent r al equi pment r oom
shoul d be pr o-
vi ded i n each
depar t ment .
Audi t or i umand Lect ur e
Rooms
The audi t or i umand
l ect ur e r ooms ar e
i mpor -
t ant t eachi nq
f aci l i t i es f or al l t he
medi cal
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
school
depar t ment s and t he t eachi ng hospi t al .
They
shoul d be l ocat ed f or conveni ent use by
f acul t y and st udent s f r omt he cl i ni cal depar t .
ment s, t he t eachi ng hospi t al , t he basi c sci ence
f aci l i t i es, and by out si de gr oups .
Audi t or i um The hospi t al audi t or i um i s
neces-
sar y t o any medi cal educat i on
pr ogr am. I t i s
used f or demonst r at i ng pat i ent s
t o st udent s
and shoul d be at t ached t o t he
t eachi ng hos-
pi t al so as t o pr ovi de
maxi mumconveni ence
and t he l east movement
of pat i ent s . Ramps
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or br i ngi ng
i n wheel chai r
and st r et cher
pat i ent s .
The mi ni mumseat i ng capaci t y
r equi r ed f or
t eachi ng i n a uni ver si t y hospi t al
audi t or i umi s
equal t o t he t ot al number
of st udent s i n t he
t hi r d- and f our t h- year cl asses pl us
50 per cent
addi t i onal seat s .
A second audi t or i um
or addi t i onal l ect ur e
r ooms may be r equi r ed si nce
pr ol onged use of
t he l ect ur e f aci l i t i es
may conf l i ct wi t h r egul ar
under gr aduat e
t eachi ng schedul es.
For audi t or i ums,
most aut hor i t i es pr ef er
f i xed seat s wi t h
dr opl eat t abl et ar ms, ar r anged
i n
t heat er f ashi on wi t h a sl opi ng f l oor . The
audi t or i um shoul d have a l owst age t o f aci l i -
t at e t he demonst r at i on of pat i ent s end shoul d
be equi pped f or t he i nst al l at i on of cl osed- ci r -
cui t t el evi si on. Pr oj ect i on f aci l i t i es f or sound
f i l ms and sl i des, l i ght i ng cont r ol s, chal kboar ds,
publ i c- addr ess syst ems, and cl osed- ci r cui t
t el evi si on f or doct or s' pagi ng shoul d be pr o-
vi ded.
Lect ur e Rgbt ee Asi gni f i cant
por t i on of t he i n-
st r uct i on i n a medi cal
school i nvol ves t he use
of l ect ur e r ooms
.
Ami ni mum
of
t hr ee
l ect ur e r ooms shoul d
be pr ovi ded i n t he
basi c sci ence f aci l i t i es as
f ol l ows
: t wo sl opi ng or st epped- f l oor l ect ur e
r ooms of 120- 150
seat s each f or use pr i mar i l y
i n basi c sci ence
cour ses, and one sl opi ng or
st epped- f l oor l ect ur e r oom of 80 seat s f or
gr aduat e- st udent i nst r uct i on, cont i nuat i on ed-
ucat i on, and ot her pr ogr ams . Tabl e
15 gi ves
t he
ar ea f or l ect ur e r ooms f or a
hypot het i cal
basi c sci ence f aci l i t y.
Two 150- seat l ect ur e r ooms of sl opi ng
or
st ep- f l oor t ype shoul d be pr ovi ded as par t
of
t he
cl i ni cal depar t ment f aci l i t i es and t he t each-
i ng hospi t al .
Lect ur e r ooms i ncl uded i n t he
t abl es ar e
si zed
t o accommodat e a cl ass of 96 st udent s,
wi t h 25 per cent addi t i onal seat s. Al t hough
a
cl ass si ze
of l ess t han 96 st udent s may be con-
t empl at ed i n
t he i ni t i al pl anni ng of a newmedi -
cal
school , i t wi l l be advant ageous t o const r uct
l ect ur e r ooms on t he basi s of t he maxi mum
cl ass
si ze.
The
mai n ent r ances t o l ect ur e r ooms shoul d
be l ocat ed at t he r ear , al t hough cor r i dor
access
t o t he demonst r at i on ar eas of l ect ur e
r ooms
i s essent i al f or br i ngi ng i n t abl es and
ot her
l ar ge equi pment .
Ami ni mumdi st ance of 10 t o 12 f t shoul d be
pr ovi ded bet ween t he f i r st r owof seat s and
t he back wal l of t he demonst r at i on space.
Fi xed seat s wi t h dr opl eaf t abl et ar ms ar e
gener al l y pr ef er r ed f or l ect ur e r ooms. Such
seat s ar e usual l y 26 i n. i n wi dt h and
r equi r e a
mi ni mumback- t o- back spaci ng of 36 i n. For a
r ough est i mat e of
l ect ur e- r oom seat i ngar ea
si ze, i ncl udi ng ai sl es and cr ossover s, 10 sq
1t per per son may be used.
Demonst r at i on ar eas i n al l l ect ur e r ooms
shoul d be equi pped wi t h chal kboar d, x- r ay f i l m
i l l umi nat or s,
and r ol l - up pr oj ect i on scr eens .
Al avat or y may be necessar y f or t he
demon-
st r at i on ar eas .
Apr oj ect i on ar ea wi t h
pl at f or m, pr oj ect or
t abl e, and conveni ent
el ect r i cal out l et s shoul d
be pr ovi ded i n each
l ect ur e r oom. Sound ampl i -
f i cat i on
equi pment wi t h condui t s f or l oud-
speaker s f or sound movi es shoul d be i nst al l ed.
Pr oj ect or s
ar e noi sy and some soundabsor -
bent
baf f l i ng may be r equi r ed i f a separ at e
boot h i s not pr ovi ded.
Auxi l i ar y spaces whi ch may be
r equi r ed f or
t he use of t he l ect ur e r ooms,
such as st or age
r ooms f or vi sual ai ds and
por t abl e equi pment ,
coat - r ooms, t oi l et r ooms, and t el ephone
boot hs, wi l l be det er mi ned by t he
i ndi vi dual
school . Publ i c t oi l et s
t o l ect ur e r ooms .
St udy Cubi cl es

Consi der at i on
shoul d be gi ven
t o t he use of st udy
cubi cl es wi t hi n t he basi c
sci ence and cl i ni cal
depar t ment s f or post -
doct or al f el l ows, and
i n t he t eachi ng hospi t al
f or t he house st af f .
Cubi cl es f or medi cal
st udent s i n t he f i r st t wo
year s shoul d be
l ocat ed i n t he basi c sci ence
ar ea. For t hi r d-
and f our t h- year st udent s,
cubi cl es shoul d
be
i n
t he t eachi ng hospi t al .
Tabl e 15 gi ves
t he net ar ea f or cubi cl es f or
hypot het i cal
school s .
Each
cubi cl e cont ai ns a desk wi t h dr awer s on
one
si de ; a cabi net above t he desk f or books
wi t h a bui l t - i n
f l uor escent st udy l i ght under -
neat h; and a
l ocker whi ch, i n addi t i on t o hang-
i ng
cl ot hes, may be used f or mi cr oscope
st or age. A
dupl ex out l et i s necessar y t o at t ach
t he mi cr oscope
.
The
l ocker not onl y pr ovi des
pr i vacy by
f or mi ng a bar r i er , but al so el i mi -
nat es t he necessi t y f or
separ at e l ocker r ooms.
An al l owance
of 50 sq i t per cubi cl e i s ade-
quat e. Thi s
i ncl udes desk, l ocker , chai r space,
and adj acent ai sl e. I f
ai sl es ar e doubl e l oaded
( cubi cl es on ei t her
si de) , pr i vacy f or t he st udent
may be obt ai ned
by st agger i ng t he cubi cl es so
t hat desks ar e
not di r ect l y opposi t e each ot her .
I t
i s desi r abl e t o have a l ounge ar ea near by
wher e di scussi ons among smal l gr oups can
be hel d wi t hout di st ur bi ng st udent s i n t he
st udy cubi cl e. Chal kboar ds and t ackboar d
shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t hi s ar ea and vendi ng
machi nes shoul d be avai l abl e.
I f t he st udy cubi cl e- cl ot hes l ocker
combi na-
t i on i s not used, separ at e st udent l ocker r ooms
f or mal e and f emal e st udent s shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded. To conser ve st udent s' t i me
and t o ease
el evat or t r af f i c, l ocker r ooms shoul d be l ocat ed
cl ose t o t he l i ne of t r avel t o t eachi ng
ar eas .
The pr oxi mi t y of t he hospi t al shoul d det er mi ne
t he necessi t y f or separ at e l ocker r ooms
f or
t hi r d- and f our t h- year st udent s .
At oi l et r oom shoul d
be connect ed t o each
l ocker r oomor st udy cubi cl e
ar ea and shower s
shoul d be pr ovi ded i n
t he basi c sci ence ar ea.
I f st udy cubi cl es
wi t h l ocker s ar e i nst al l ed,
a dr essi ng r oomi s r equi r ed
adj acent t o t oi l et
and shower r oom
i n t he basi c sci ence f aci l i t i es .
Ar est r oomf or
women shoul d be i ncl uded.
St udent Act i vi t y
Faci l i t i es
Lounge

Space may be pr ovi ded f or such
act i v-
i t i es as pi ngpong, bi l l i ar ds,
and car d pl ayi ng.
Ar ecessed or scr eened
ar ea wi t h vendi ng
machi nes i s desi r abl e . Aki t chenet t e f or
pr e-
par i ng cof f ee and snacks i s pr ovi ded i n
some
school s . Shel vi ng f or books and cur r ent
maga-
zi nes, an aer i al f or TV, and a st or age
cl oset
adequat e f or car d t abl es, phonogr aph
r ecor ds,
and ot her equi pment
shoul d be pr ovi ded. Pub-
l i c and house t el ephones
Tabl e 4 gi ves
net ar ea f or var i ous st udent
act i vi t y f aci l i t i es
. Faci l i t i es shoul d al so be pr o-
vi ded f or out door r ecr eat i on .
Act i vi t i es Of f i ce

Ast udent act i vi t i es of f i ce near
t he st udent l ounge may ser ve as headquar t er s
f or such act i vi t i es as st udent or gani zat i ons,
honor medi cal soci et i es, st udent publ i cat i ons,
and st udent counci l , and may
be
t he
cent er of
i nqui r y r egar di ng
at hl et i c, r ecr eat i onal , and
soci al
event s . Ther e shoul d be space f or t ype-
wr i t er desks, f i l e cabi net s, and shel vi ng. I f
t he act i vi t i es of f i ce i s t o ser ve as an i nf or ma-
t i on cent er , a ser vi ce count er and bul l et i n
boar d woul d be desi r abl e. I f t he of f i ce i s t o be
used f or
st udent publ i cat i ons, space f or dup-
l i cat i ng machi nes wi l l be r equi r ed.
Laundr y Col l ect i on The medi cal st udent of t en
wear s mor e t han one coat per day i n t he basi c
sci ence cour ses . To mai nt ai n a suppl y of cl ean
l i nen, a l aundr y col l ect i on st at i on conven-
i ent t o t he st udent l ounge or l ocker r oom
shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h a pi ckup and del i ver y
count er .
Bookst or e The bookst or e, al t hough pr i mar i l y
f or st udent s, shoul d be avai l abl e t o al l per sons
usi ng t he bui l di ng
. I t s l ocat i on on a mai n f l oor
of t he medi cal school i s pr ef er abl e.
Heal t h Of f i ce

Ast udent heal t h of f i ce wi l l ser ve
t he ent i r e f our - year st udent body, hal f of whi ch
wi l l be st udyi ng i n t he basi c sci ence ar eas, t he
ot her hal f i n t he hospi t al . Locat i ng t he heal t h
of f i ce adj acent t o medi cal school admi ni st r a-
t i ve of f i ces may be desi r abl e i f t hey ar e near
t he hospi t al . Ot her wi se, a hospi t al l ocat i on i s
suggest ed.
The heal t h of f i ce shoul d have a wai t i ng ar ea,
an of f i ce ar ea, and an exami ni ng r oomand
shoul d pr ovi de space f or a medi cal cabi net , a
smal l domest i c r ef r i ger at or f or st or i ng phar -
maceut i cal s, an exami ni ng t abl e, a por t abl e
exami ni ng l i ght , wei ghi ng scal es, st or age
cabi net f or i nci dent al s, a cl ot hes r ack, and a
l avat or y.
Medi cal I l l ust r at i on Ser vi ce
The demand i n medi cal school s f or vi sual
mat er i al t o i mpl ement t eachi ng, r esear ch,
and
pat i ent - car e pr ogr ams i s
so gr eat t hat a cent r al -
i zed medi cal i l l ust r at i on
ser vi ce f or t he pr o-
duct i on of such mat er i al
i s r equi r ed.
Space r equi r ed
wi l l depend on t he ext ent of
act i vi t i es and number of per sonnel . The
act i vi -
t i es of a medi cal i l l ust r at i on
ser vi ce ar e di vi ded
i nt o gr aphi c ar t s, pl ast i c ar t s, and phot ogr aphy.
Cl osed- ci r cui t t el evi si on as a t eachi ng ai d
i s
usual l y a separ at e ser vi ce
but may
be
a par t of
t he medi cal i l l ust r at i on
ser vi ce.
The
medi cal
i l l ust r at i on ser vi ce
usual l y i s r esponsi bl e f or
TABLE
4 Net Ar ea f or St udent Act i vi t i es
School A School B
( ent er i ng ( ent er i ng
Ty
p
e of f aci l i t y st udent s) st udent s)
Squar e f eet
Tot al . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 850 2, 400
Lounge and t oi l et s . . . . . . 1, 000 1, 200
St udent act i vi t i es of f i ce . . . 200 200
Laundr y col l ect i on. . . . . . 200 400
Bookst or e 450 600
Heal t h of f i ce and
exami nat i on ar ea'
' May
be i n hospi t al or pan of gener al uni ver si t y heal t h
ser vi ce .
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
r acks f or bar end pl at e st ock, t ool
cabi net s
and r acks, and a machi ni st ' s bench
wi l l al so
be
r equi r ed. The woodwor ki ng
shop needs
space
f or a t abl e saw, a t hi ckness
pl aner , a
j oi nt er , a wood l at he, and a dr i l l pr ess
. Aheavy
wood bench,
l umber r acks, and t ool
cabi net s
shoul d al so be
i ncl uded. The gl assbl owi ng
and el ect r oni cs
shops may be si mi l ar t o
t hose
descr i bed f or t he
depar t ment of bi ochemi st r y
but on a l ar ger scal e.
Each t echni cal shop
shoul d have space f or
a desk andf i l es t o r ecor d
st ock pur chases and
mai nt ai n r equi si t i ons f r om
i ndi vi dual depar t -
ment s . The ar ea f or
t echni cal shops i s gi ven
i n Tabl e 15.
Ser vi ce Faci l i t i es
Tabl e 6 gi ves t he ar ea
f or ser vi ce f aci l i t i es .
Tel ephone Faci l i t i es The
t eachi ng hospi t al wi l l
need swi t chboar ds . I f t he
medi cal school i s
cl ose by, a cent r al t el ephone
syst em may be
advant ageous . Combi ni ng t he
swi t chboar d
and i nf or mat i on cent er i s not r ecommended
f or a medi cal school compl ex . The
swi t chboar d
i n t her ef or e best l ocat ed i n an ar ea i naccessi bl e
t o t he publ i c. Adoct or s' cel l syst emwi l l be
r equi r ed i n t he hospi t al .
Post al Faci l i t i es
Apost al f aci l i t y i n t he medi cal
school may assume t he nor mal dut i es of a post
of f i ce andhandl e t he di st r i but i on of i nt er of f i ce
cor r espondence. I f t he l eechi ng hospi t al i s
adj acent , a cent r al f aci l i t y of t hi s t ype
wi l l r e-
duce dupl i cat i on of mai l handl i na and
del i ver y.
same t one as t he wal l
wi t h a 3- i n. - r adi us cove
at t he base
of t he wal l t o pr event a st r ong l i ne
of demar cat i on
bet ween t he f l oor and wel l i n
f ul l - l engt h st udi es .
Ahei ght scal e on t he wal l
at one
si de of t he backgr ound ar ea i s desi r abl e.
El ect r i c out l et s
shoul d be pr ovi ded at ei t her
si de of t he pat i ent ar ea
f or f l oodl amps and
ot her por t abl e l i ght i ng
equi pment . An adj acent
pat i ent s' dr essi ng cubi cl e and a
l avat or y wi t h
wr i st - act i on val ves ar e necessar y
. The door
f or admi t t i ng pat i ent s t o t he st udi o shoul d
be
at l east 44 i n. wi de.
For maki ng 16- mm. mot i on pi ct ur es, about
35 f t bet ween backgr ound end camer a
i s r e-
qui r ed t o pr event di st or t i on. However , i t i s pos-
si bl e t o back t he camer a i nt o an adj acent wor k
ar ea
t o at t ai n t hi s di st ance. Somet i mes a dr aw
cur t ai n i s
pr ovi ded bet ween t he mai n st udi o
and t he " cl oseup" st udi o t o f aci l i t at e t hi s
ar r angement .
Asepar at e r oomf or phot omi cr ogr aphy per -
mi t s t he phot ogr apher t o wor k i n t he dar k,
whi ch i s f r equent l y necessar y; per mi t s hi mt o
l eave
t he equi pment set up; and mi ni mi ze$
dust .
The
r oom
shoul d be near a dar kr oom.
Copyi ng char t s
and dr awi ngs i s f r equent l y
done i n t he mai n st udi o .
Copyi ng r adi ogr aphs,
however , r equi r es
a smal l r oomt hat can be
dar kened. Bot h t ypes of
copywor k can be done
i n t hi s r oom.
The smal l est phot ogr aphi c
sect i on wi l l r e-
qui r e t wo dar kr ooms, one
f or f i l ms andonef or
cont act pr i nt s, enl ar gement s,
and l ant er n
sl i des. I f col or f i l ms ar e t o
be pr ocessed, a
speci al dar kr oomf or t hi s
pur pose shoul d be
pr ovi ded. The vol ume of col or
pr i nt i ng wi l l
i ndi cat e
whet her a speci al dar kr oom f or t hi s
pur pose i s
war r ant ed. Dar kr ooms shoul d have
a si nk al ong one
wel l and a bench al ong t he
ot her , wi t h 3 I t
of wor k space bet ween t hemf or
one occupant or
4f t f or 2. Fi l mand pr i nt dr i er s
may be l ocat ed i n any open
wor k ar ea near t he
dar kr ooms .
A r oom f or l oadi ng f i l m hol der s
r educes
t r af f i c . Asmal l , wel l - vent i l at ed r oom,
wi t h a
si nk f or chemi cal mi xi ng, i s necessar y t o pr o.
t ect equi pment and mat er i al s agai nst chemi cal
f umes .
I t i s desi r abl e t o pr ovi de a smal l r oomf or
mot i on- pi ct ur e f i l medi t i ng and t i t l i ng,
and f or
bi ndi ng sl i des . Ot her f i ni shi ng oper at i ons such
as spot t i ng, t r i mmi ng, and mount i ng may al so
be
done i n t hi s r oom. I f pr oj ect i on equi pment
i s
i ncl uded, mot i on pi ct ur es and sl i des may
be checked.
Ast or age r oomf or suppl i es shoul d be pr o-
vi ded . At l east one r ef r i ger at or shoul d be
i ncl uded f or st or i ng col or mat er i al .
Ast or age r oomshoul d al so be pr ovi ded i n
t he
gener al st or age ar ea of t he bui l di ng f or
t he
ser vi ce
.
Some of t he mat er i al handl ed may
be a f i r e hazar d
and pr ot ect i ve pr ovi si ons
shoul d be made.
Techni cal Shops
Cent r al t echni cal shops ar e r equi r ed as a sup-
por t i ve f aci l i t y t o al l depar t ment s of a medi cal
school .
However , speci al i zed shops may be
r equi r ed i n some depar t ment s . The use of
shops
el sewher e on t he uni ver si t y campus
i s not usual l y
sat i sf act or y f r omt he st andpoi nt
of
t i me or accur acy.
Techni cal shops usual l y i ncl ude separ at e
ar eas
f or met al wor k, woodwor k, gl assbl owi ng,
and el ect r oni cs. Amet al wor ki ng shop usual l y
r equi r es a met al
l at he, a dr i l l pr ess, t wo mi l -
l i ng machi nes ( one
hor i zont al andone ver t i cal ) ,
a met al - cut t i ng band
saw, a bench gr i nder ,
and a uni ver sal t ool and cut t er
gr i nder . St or age
' 2 of f i ces and secr et ar i es .
' Cent r al st or age spaces f or
each depar t ment ar e l i st ed
on t he
depar t ment
t abl es
. However , ar eas f or t hi s st or age
ar e
gr ouped
her e
.
Act i vi t i es t o be consi der ed i n pl anni ng t he
phot ogr aphi c sect i on of t he depar t ment ar e
phot ogr aphi ng pat i ent s, bot h st i l l and t i ne,
phot omi cr ogr aphy,
copyi ng, f i l m pr ocessi ng
and pr i nt i ng, f i l m
and pr i nt dr yi ng, f i l m l oad-
i ng,
chemi cal mi xi ng, pr i nt and sl i de f i ni shi ng .
Phot ogr aphi ng
human and ani mal speci mens
i s a r egul ar act i vi t y
of a phot ogr aphi c sect i on,
but ,
because of t he hazar ds i nvol ved i n han-
dl i ng f r esh
speci mens, t hi s wor k shoul d be
done i n or near
t he aut opsy r ooms.
A
st udi o
f or phot ogr aphi ng pat i ent s i s r e-
qui r ed ; t wo
ar e pr ef er abl e- a mai n st udi o f or
f ul l - l engt h st udi es
and a " cl oseup" st udi o f or
pht ogr aphi ng t he
head, ext r emi t i es, eyes,
and mout h. Thewal l of t he
mai nst udi o ser vi ng
as a backgr ound shoul d have a
pl ai n, smoot h
sur f ace f or at l east
12 f t of i t s wi dt h. The ad-
j acent f l oor space or pat i ent ar ea
shoul d be t he
mai nt ai ni ng t he sl i de and movi e pr oj ect or s
used t hr oughout t he school
and f aci l i t i es f or
r epai r and st or age of such equi pment
shoul d
be pr ovi ded. ( See Tabl e 5 . )
Act i vi t i es t o be consi der ed
i n pl anni ng t he
gr aphi c ar t sect i on i ncl ude dr awi ng, pai nt i ng,
andai r br ush wor k, dr af t i ng f or char t s andt ech-
ni cal di agr ams, mechani cal l et t er i ng, and gen-
er al ar t wor k r equi r ed
i n pr epar i ng di spl ays or
sci ent i f i c exhi bi t s . Al ar ge, wel l - l i ght ed r oom,
subdi vi ded i nt o wor k
ar eas, i s usual l y sat i s-
f act or y. I f possi bl e, t he ar ea
wi t h nat ur al
nor t h l i ght .
The act i vi t i es of
t he pl ast i c ar t sect i on i n-
cl ude t he ski l l ed oper at i ons
r equi r ed t o pr o-
duce t hr eedi mensi onal
model s of t heor gans of
t he body. These act i vi t i es r equi r e
a r oomf or
wor ki ngwi t h t hepat i ent i n addi t i on t o t he
mai n
wor k st udi o . Si nce
t he act i vi t i es i nvol ve cl ose
col or mat chi ng, bot h t he
st udi o and pat i ent
r oomshoul d have
nor t h l i ght .
TABLE 6 Net Ar se f or Ser vi ce
Faci l i t i es
School A
School B
Type of f aci l i t y ( ent er i ng ( ent er i ng
cl an of 64
cl awof 96
st udent s) st udent s)
Squar e f eet
Tot al net
ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
13, 700 16, 050
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6, 000
3, 350
Tel ephone equi pment r oom_- 300 1,
100
Post of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 550
1, 000
Per sonnel and pur chasi ng
1_- 400 400
Empl oyees' l ocker s andt oi l et
f aci l i t i es - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2, 000
3, 000
Mai nt enanceshops- - - - - - - - - -
900 1, 100
Pl ant engi neer - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - 150
150
I f - k- pi ng- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 600
am
l l upi i - r i ng- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 400
Snack her ____. . . . . ___. . _. _. 400 600
r Cent r al st or age:
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7, 700 7, 700
Basi c sci ence depar t -
ment s:
Anat omy- - - - - - - - - -
1, 000 1, 000
Bi ochemi st r y_______
500 500
Physi ol ogy- - - - - - - - - - Soo 500
Mi cr obi ol ogy______. 500
500
Pat hol ogy____. . . . . .
1, 500 1, 500
Phar macol ogy______ 5W Soo
Cl i ni cal depar t ment s:
Medi ci ne- . - - - - - - - - -
Soo 500
Sur ger y___________ 5oo SW
Pedi at r i cs - - - - - - - - - . _ SW
500
Obst et r i cs- gyne-
col ogy- - - - - - - - . . . . Soo
500
Psychi at r y- - - - - - - _.
300 300
Radi ol ogy_____Wo 600
Pr event i ve medi ci ne_ 300
300
TABLE 5 Net
Ar ea f or Medi cal I l l ust r at i on
School A
School B
l ent er i ng
( ent er i ng
Type of f aci l i t y st udent s)
st udent sl
Squar e f eet
Tot al net ar ea . . . . . 2, 020 3, 170
Admi ni st r at i on:
Tot al . . . . . . . . . . . 370
370
Chi ef ' s of f i ce . . . . . . . 140
140
Secr et ar y and f i l es . . . . 140
140
Equi pment and suppl y
r oom. . . . . . . . . . . .
90 90
Medi cal i l l ust r at i on
: Ar t i st s'
wor k ar ea. . . . . . . . . . .
600 950
Phot ogr aphy:
Tot al . . . . . . . . . . .
1, 050 1, 050
Phot o st udi o and
dr essi ng . . . . . . . . . 420
420
Phot omi cr ogr aphy
r oom . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
90
Li ght l ock . . . . . . . . . . 50
50
Oar kr oams . . . . . . . . . 121 140 ( 2)
140
Loadi ng r oom. . . . . . . . 30
30
Mi xi ng r oom . . . . . . . . 60
60
Labor at or y . . . . . . . . 190
190
Fi ni shi ng r oom. . . . . . . 70
70
Audi ovi sual : TVst udi o l i n-
cl udi ng cont r ol ar ea)
800
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
Cent r al St or age St or age spaces wi t hi n t he de-
par t ment ar e di scussed under ot her headi ngs,
but , i n addi t i on, separ at e st or age space shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or each depar t ment el sewher e i n
t he bui l di ng. The amount of space f or depar t -
ment s shoul d be det er mi ned by t hei r needs
and desi gned f or expansi on.
Agener al st or age r oomnear mai nt enance
shops shoul d be pr ovi ded f or f i xt ur es and
equi pment r equi r ed f or bui l di ng mai nt enance
and oper at i on.
Each depar t ment
shoul d have a par t i t i oned
space f or
bul k
st or age
.
Because
of var i abl e
l oads of st or ed i t ems, i t i s pr ef er abl e t o l ocat e
st or age ar eas on a basement
f l oor t o avoi d
speci al f l oor l i ve l oads .
Cent r al ar eas f or st or age
and di spensi ng of
bul k
suppl i es of gases such as acet yl ene,
ar gon, and hydr ogen, and f l ammabl e l i qui ds
such as al cohol , acet one, and xyl ene,
r equi r e
speci al l y desi gned
space r eadi l y accessi bl e
t o l oadi ng pl at f or ms end r ecei vi ng ar eas . These
ar eas must compl y wi t h
appl i cabl e codes .
Locker and Toi l et Faci l i t i es Locker and t oi l et
f aci l i t i es shoul d be pr ovi ded f or mal e and
f emal e ser vi ce per sonnel conveni ent t o t he
empl oyee ent r ance.
Snack Bar vendi ng machi nes f or f ood and
dr i nk ser ve as a conveni ent t ype of snack bar .
Anot her t ype
i ncl udes f aci l i t i es f or shor t -
or der f oods,
a ser vi ce count er wi t h st ool s,
a
t abl e seat i ng
ar ea, and a pr epar at i onst or age
r oom. Al l ocat i on
of apace f or a cashi er count er
end vendi ng machi nes may be desi r abl e. The
snack bar shoul d be conveni ent t o t he cent er
of act i vi t y.
Mai nt enance Shop$

Mai nt enance shops r equi r ed
by t he medi cal school and hospi t al usual l y
i ncl ude a mechani cal and pl umbi ng shop, an
el ect r i cal shop, a car pent r y shop, and a pai nt
shop. Wher e t he medi cal school and hospi t al
: r ounder one r oof or i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y, a
si ngl e set of mai nt enance shape may ser ve
bot h.
The pl ant engi neer usual l y has t he r esponsi -
bi l i t y f or coor di nat i ng mai nt enance and r epai r
act i vi t i es . He r equi r es an of f i ce wi t h space f or
s desk and cor r espondence f i l es, a secr et ar y' s
of f i ce sui t abl e f or one secr et ar y, f i l es, and wai t -
i ng space, and usual l y needs a separ at e dr af t -
i ng r oomwi t h t abl es and pl an- f i l i ng
f aci l i t i es.
Dupl i cat i ng
Room
Acent r al dupl i cat i ng
f aci l i t y
may
be r equi r ed
i f
each depar t ment does not
have dupl i cat i ng f aci l i t i es wi t hi n t he depar t -
ment . Some school s have set up a pr i nt shop
i n addi t i on.
BASI CSCI ENCE
FACI LI TI ES
I deal l y, basi c sci ence, cl i ni cal sci ence, and
t eachi ng hospi t al f aci l i t i es ar e cont i guous be-
cause of t he cl ose i nt er r el at i onshi p of t hei r
f unct i ons i n t he t eachi ng of cl i ni cal medi ci ne.
Convent i onal and Mul t i di sci pl i ne
Labor at or i es
Basi c sci ence depar t ment s have cer t ai n com-
mon el ement s, t he most out st andi ng
of whi ch
ar e t he t eachi ng l abor at or i es . Two t ypes of
l abor at or i es ar e i n use i n medi cal school s
t oday : convent i onal
l abor at or i es, wher e each
depar t ment has
i t s own l abor at or i es or shar es
l abor at or i es wi t h anot her depar t ment r equi r i ng
si mi l ar f aci l i t i es and st udent s move f r omone
l abor at or y t o anot her ; and mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or i es wher e st udent s ar e assi gned
wor k spaces and al l di sci pl i nes except gr oss
anat omy ar e t aught i n t hi s l abor at or y.
Wi t h t he except i on of gr oss anat omy, t he
basi c sci ences may be t aught i n ei t her conven-
t i onal or mul t i di sci pl i ne l abor at or i es .
Convent i onal Labor at or i es

I f convent i onal l abor a-
t or i es ar e used, t he f ol l owi ng consi der at i ons
must be t aken i nt o account :
. Labor at or i es ar e usual l y si zed t o accom-
modat e an ent i r e ent er i ng cl ass . They ar e
somet i mes ar r anged f or di vi si on, by means of
f ol di ng par t i t i ons, i nt o gr oups usual l y of 16
st udent s ( Fi gs . 4 and 5) . One l abor at or y i s usu-
al l y assi gned t o each of t he di sci pl i nes i n t he
basi c sci ences, al t hough i n some i nst ances
sever al depar t ment s- f or exampl e, physi ol ogy
and phar macol ogy,
and pat hol ogy and mi cr o-
bi ol ogy- may use t he same
l abor at or y.
- Labor at or i es ar e gener al l y r ef er r ed t o as
si t - down or st andup l abor at or i es . Si t - down
l abor at or i es ar e pr ovi ded f or mi cr obi ol ogy,
mi cr oanat omy and neur oenst omy, and pat h-
ol ogy. I n physi ol ogy, phar macol ogy, and bi o-
chemi st r y, most of t he wor k i s done st andi ng
up. I n si t - down l abor at or i es, however , some
st andup wor k i s done, and i t i s cust omar y t o
pr ovi de st andup count er s f or speci al i nst r u-
ment s and r eagent s whi ch may be shar ed by
gr oups of st udent s .
- Auxi l i ar y r ooms ar e r equi r ed. These i n.
cl ude pr epar at i on and i ssui ng r ooms, gl ass-
war e pr ocessi ng r ooms, st or age r ooms, and
medi a- pr epar at i on r ooms. Some school s pl ace
l ar ge and noi sy pi eces of equi pment shar ed
by gr oups of st udent s i n a separ at e i nst r u-
ment r oom.
" Gr aduat e st udent s usual l y use t he same
l abor at or i es as medi cal st udent s f or cl ass-
r oom l abor at or y wor k. I f separ at e f aci l i t i es
ar e pr ovi ded, t hey ar e l ocat ed cl ose t o t he
auxi l i ar y r ooms.
The
desi gn
i s si mi l ar but si ze
wi l l
var y wi t h t he t eachi ng pr ogr am.
Mul t i di sci pl i ne
Labor at or i es
The mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or y i s si zed t o t ake t he number of
st udent s assi gned t o one t eacher ,
usual l y
16 st udent s, al t hough some school s assi gn
24.
Except f or di ssect i on, t he st udent
wi l l do al l
hi s l abor at or y wor k i n t hi s r oom; t her ef or e,
bot h si t - down count er s, 31 i n. hi gh, and st and-
up count er s, 37 i n. hi gh, ar e r equi r ed.
I n
addi -
t i on, movabl e t abl es 37i n. hi gh ar e r equi r ed f or
ani mal wor k f or physi ol ogy ( Fi gs . 6 and 7) .
Tabl e 7 gi ves t he ar ea f or mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or i es .
Each st udent i s assi gned a space cont ai ni ng
about 4f t of st andup count er end t he
same
l engt h of si t - down count er opposi t e.
Ut i l i t i es, st or age, si nks, and gener al desi gn
and f i ni shes of bot h st andup and si t - down
space
wi l l
be
si mi l ar t o t hat f or convent i onal
l abor at or i es
.
Chal kboar ds
shoul d be vi si bl e
f r om each st udent space. Bul l et i n boar ds
near t he ent r ance.
An equi pment r oom i s pr ovi ded
adj acent
t o or bet ween each pai r of
mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or i es i n some desi gns . Equi pped
wi t h a
f ume hood, count er space wi t h ut i l i t i es
and
cabi net space, i t houses equi pment r equi r ed
f or t he wor k i n adj oi ni ng l abor at or i es . Equi p-
ment such as cent r i f uge, f r eezer s, and r ef r i ger -
at or s ar e avai l abl e t o mor e
t hen one l abor a-
t or y.
The
l abor at or y manager ' s
of f i ce, secr et ar y' s
of f i ce,
end
of f i ce space
f or one or t wo assi s-
t ant s shoul d be pr ovi ded. I n
addi t i on, a r eady
st or age r oom, a st udent i ssui ng and suppl y
r oom, a chemi cal st or age r oom, col d
r oom,
and gl asswashi ng r oomar e r equi r ed. I f medi a
pr epar at i on or sl i de pr epar at i on ar e t o be done
her e, space f or t hese shoul d be pr ovi ded.
TABLE 7
Not Ar ea t ot Hypot het i cal Mul t i di sci pl i ne Labor at or i es
Type of f aci l i t y School A( ent er i ng School B ( ent er i ng
cl ue of 64st udent s) cl ass of 96 st udent s)
Squar e f eet
Tot al . . . - . . . . . . . . - - . . . - - . - - - - . . . . - . - . . - - - - - . - . - - - - - - . . - - - . . 22, 500 29, 960
Gr oss di ssect i ng r ooms ( 4st udent s/ t abl e) :
Medi cal st udent s- . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - - - . - - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - 2, 560 3, 840
Gr aduat e st udent s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 720 720
Ut i l i t y r oom- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . - . - - . - . - - . - . . . - - - - - - - - - - - 160 160
St or age r oom. - . - . . . . . . . . . . .
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
250
250
Neur oanat omy- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 290 290
Mul t i di sci pl i ne l abor at or i es :
l ot year medi cal st udent s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 4 @940) 3, 760 ( 6 @940) 5, 640
" I nt er l ab" equi pment r ooms. . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . ( 2 ( y 400) 800 ( 3 400) 1, 200
2d year medi cal st udent s- - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - - - - - - . . . - - - - - - - - - ( 4 @940) 3, 760 ( 6 940) 5, 640
" I nt er l ab" equi pment r ooms . . . - - . - - - . . - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2
Ga
400) 800 ( 3 400) 1, 200
Anci l l ar y t eachi ng f aci l i t i es :
Col d r ooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 200) 400 ( 2 200)
400
Regul at ed t emper at ur e
r ooms- - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 2 410) 820 ( 2
410) 820
Human exper i ment s l abor at or y.
. - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . . - . - . . . . - . . - - - - - - 780 780
Gl ass washi ng, st er i l i zi ng, and st or age- - - - - - . - . . . - . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - 630 630
Medi a pr epar at i on r oom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 280
Cl i ni cal pat hol ogy t i ssue r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 570 570
Bal ance r ooms . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - . - . - . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2

100) 200 ( 3 100)
300
Cal cul at i ng and dr af t i ng r ooms- - - - -
. . - - - . . . . - - - - . . - - . . - - . . - - . - - -
( 2 Q280) 560 ( 2 280)
560
Ani mal r ooms. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - ( 4 410) 1, 640 ( 6 410) 2, 460
Conf er ence r ooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . - - ( 4 350) 1, 400 ( 6 350)
2, 100
St ockr ooms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2 @410) 820 ( 2 410)
820
Labor at or y management :
Labor at or y manager ' s
of f i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
210 210
Secr et ar y' sof f i ce
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
210 210
Assi st ant manager s' of f i ces- -
. . - - - . - - - . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2
@140) 280 ( 2 140) 280
Labor at or y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 410 410
Col d r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - 100 100
Ani mal r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 100
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
Fi g. 4

Layout f or a convent i onal t eachi ng l abor at or y
wi t h si ngl e- f aced benches.
Fi g. 5

Layout f or a convent i onal t eachi ng l abor at or y wi t h doubl e- l aced benches.
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
each si xt een st udent s, a bank of f our t o ei ght ,
shoul d be l ocat ed f or easy vi ewi ng by a gr oup.
Chal kboar ds l ocat ed f or easy vi ewi ng by each
si xt een- st udent gr oup shoul d al so be pr ovi ded.
St or age f or f i xed speci mens and model s
used i n demonst r at i ons and f or x- r ay f i l m
shoul d be
pr ovi ded. Cabi net s i n a connect i ng
ar ea,
such
as a ut i l i t y r oom, may suf f i ce.
The uoht y r oom, whi ch may ser ve as a
di ener ' s wor k r oom, shoul d have a f l ushi ng-
r i m ser vi ce si nk accessi bl e t o t he di ssect i ng
ar ea. The si nk shoul d have f l ush val ve and
wr i st - oper at ed val ves .
Gr aduat e- st udent di ssect i ng r oom. I t
shoul d be adj acent t o auxi l i ar y r ooms of t he
medi cal st udent s' di ssect i ng r oom. Fi xed
equi pment and
mechani cal f aci l i t i es shoul d
be si mi l ar
t o t hose f ur ni shed t he medi cal
st udent .
Mi cr oneur oanat omy Teachi ng Labor at or y
A
convent i onal st udent t eachi ng l abor at or y
f or
mi cr oanat omy and neur oanat omy i nst r uc-
t i on usual l y r equi r es a demonst r at i on ar ea wi t h
a t abl e, chal kboar d, pr oj ect i on scr een, and si t -
down l abor at or y
benches t o accommodat e al l
t he
st udent s of ei t her cour se. Benches shoul d
seat f our st udent s on t he same si de t o f ace
i n
t he same di r ect i on f or an unobst r uct ed vi ew
of t he demonst r at i on ar ea.
Each bench posi t i on shoul d have knee space,
dr awer s, and a cabi net f or st or i ng sl i des and
mi cr oscope case. Wat er , ai r , gas, el ect r i cal
out l et s, and vacuumshoul d be pr ovi ded at
each posi t i on. Li qui d
wast e r ecept or s
i n
bench
t ops may
be ei t her l ead cup si nks or cont i n-
uous dr ai n
t r oughs wi t h st one end si nks .
Bench t op
mat er i al shoul d be r esi l i ent and
al cohol - and
st ai n- r esi st ant .
I n
addi t i on t o si t - down benches, some st and-
up bench
space shoul d be pr ovi ded f or each
si xt een
st udent s . Bul l et i n boar ds and t ack
boar ds shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Gr aduat e- st udent
t eachi ng l abor at or y. I t
shoul d
be adj acent t o auxi l i ar y r ooms of t he
medi cal
st udent s' mi cr oneur oanat omy t eachi ng
l abor at or y.
Fi xed equi pment and mechani cal
f aci l i t i es
shoul d be si mi l ar t o t hose f ur ni shed
t he medi cal st udent .
Gr oss Neur oanat omy
Room
.

Thi s r oomi s a
suppl ement ar y t eachi ng
ar ea.
Usual l y t he ar ea
ser ves al so as a depar t ment al st or age cent er
f or speci mens, i n whi ch
case
adj ust abl e shel v-
Tabl es
shoul d be ar r anged t o al l ow
ampl e
wor k space on al l si des . Addi t i onal
space t o
accommodat e one or t wo
por t abl e t abl es f or
use i n
demonst r at i ons or by speci al st udent s
may be r equi r ed. I f di ssect i ng t abl es ar e
mov-
abl e, a f ol di ng par t i t i on may be i nst al l ed
t o
pr ovi de a
scr een behi nd whi ch t he t abl es
may
be st acked
dur i ng of f - semest er s, f r eei ng t he
r oomf or ot her uses .
Handwashi ng
f aci l i t i es f or st udent s shoul d
be pr ovi ded i n t he di ssect i ng r oom. Sur gi cal
scr ubup si nks, t hr ee f or each si xt een st udent s,
wi t h wr i st -
or f oot - act i on val ves or i ndust r i al -
t ype f i xt ur es
ar e r ecommended . Count er uni t s
shoul d
have r eagent l edges, knee spaces, and
under - count er
dr awer s and cabi net s f or st or -
age of st udent ' s di ssect i ng equi pment and
demonst r at i on mi cr oscopes . El ect r i cal ser vi ce
out l et s f or mi cr oscope i l l umi nat or s shoul d be
pr ovi ded. Count er t ops shoul d have r esi l i ent
sur f aces .
Wal l - mount ed x- r ay i l l umi nat or s, one f or
Addi t i onal unassi gned conf er ence r ooms
si zed
t o accommodat e 20 per sons may be
pr ovi ded i n t he
basi c sci ence f aci l i t i es f or
use by unschedul ed gr oups.
Basi c
Sci ence Depar t ment s
Anat omy

Fi gur e 8 shows a space di agr amf or a
mi ni mum depar t ment of anat omy. Tabl e 8
pr ovi des a l i st of net ar eas f or an anat omy
depar t ment .
Di ssect i ng Room. The
t eachi ng ar ea f or
gr oss anat omy i s usual l y one l ar ge r oomwi t h
st andup hei ght di ssect i ng t abl es t o
accom-
modat e al l t he st udent s i n t he cour se. Conveni -
ence f or f acul t y and st udent s and pr oxi mi t y
of el evat or ser vi ce t o be used f or t r anspor t i ng
cadaver s ar e i mpor t ant
consi der at i ons i n t he
l ocat i on. Pr ovi si ons shoul d be made
t o pr e-
vent vi ewi ng
of di ssect i on pr ocedur es by un-
aut hor i zed
per sons
.
One di ssect i ng t abl e f or
each f our st udent s i s
usual l y r equi r ed.
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
at t achi ng cover gl asses
and l abel s, a si t - down
count er wi t h knee space
and dr awer s i s sat i s-
f act or y. Hand- washi ng f aci l i t i es
shoul d be pr o-
vi ded. Count er - t op sur f aces shoul d
be r esi l i ent
and st ai n and al cohol r esi st ant .
The sl i de st or age- and- i ssue
ar ea r equi r es
st andar d mi cr oscope sl i de f i l e
cabi net s, and
cabi net s f or st or age
of boxed set s of sl i des .
Mi cr oneur o
Pr epar at i on. To pr epar e mi cr o-
scope sl i des used i n t he neur oonat omy
cour se,
a mi cr oneur o pr epar at i on
uni t i s r equi r ed si m-
i l ar i n desi gn and equi pment t o
t he t i ssue
st ai ni ng and embeddi ng uni t
f or mi cr oanat omy.
The head t echni ci an' s of f i ce
shoul d have
access t o t he uni t and t o t he
cor r i dor .
El ect r on Mi cr oscopy. I n t he
pr epar at i on-
r oom, st andup and si t - down
count er s and a
f ume hood ar e r equi r ed. Ai r ,
gas, vacuum,
and el ect r i cal out l et s shoul d be
avai l abl e. A
r ef r i ger at or i s necessar y f or
chemi cal st or age.
The el ect r on mi cr oscope shoul d
be l ocat ed
away f r om el ect r i c mot or s, el evat or s,
f ans,
and ot her equi pment t hat may gener at e
vi br a-
t i on and st r ay magnet i c f i el ds . The r oom
shoul d
be
shi el ded t o mi ni mi ze dust , and t he r oom
shoul d be
wi ndowl ess .
El ect r on
mi cr oscopy r equi r es a dar kr oom
next t o
t he mi cr oscope r oom. Tabl e 9 gi ves
t he ar ea
f or an el ect r on mi cr oscope sui t e.
Cadaver Pr epar at i on and
St or age.

The uni t
shoul d be so l ocat ed and desi gned
t hat no un-
aut hor i zed per sons
may ent er . I t s l ocat i on
r el at i ve t o t he di ssect i ng
and aut opsy r ooms
shoul d not r equi r e t r anspor t at i on
t hr ough any
publ i c ar eas. I t shoul d be
l ocat ed at gr ade wi t h
a r ecei vi ng ent r ance accessi bl e
t o a l owl oad-
i ng pl at f or m. Wher e desi gn
per mi t s, t he pl at -
f or m may al so ser ve t he
ani mal - r ecei vi ng
ent r ance.
The mor t i ci an' s wor k ar ea or
embal mi ng
r oomshoul d per mi t wor ki ng on
al l si des of t he
embal mi ng t abl e and handl i ng by
st r et cher
car t , por t abl e l i f t , or ot her means
. An em-
bal mi ng t abl e wi t h bui l t - i n si nk et
one end
i s
gener al l y pr ef er r ed. Acombi nat i on
i nst r u-
ment and scr ub si nk wi t h knee- or
f oot - oper -
at ed val ve, ser vi ce si nk,
and a f l oor dr ai n
shoul d be pr ovi ded. Fl oor and
wal l mat er i al s
shoul d be washabl e .
Aconnect ed st or age r oom
f or suppl i es and
equi pment i s necessar y. Shower
and dr essi ng
f aci l i t i es f or use of t he mor t i ci an
shoul d be
pr ovi ded. Amor t i ci an' s of f i ce
shoul d be adj a-
cent
t o t he ar ea.
Cadaver st or age shoul d be adj acent
t o t he
embal mi ng r oom. Ther e ar e sever al
met hods
of
st or i ng cadaver s, some mor e demandi ng of
space
t han ot her s . An ef f i ci ent met hod i s
st or age on
i ndi vi dual t r ay shel ves on bot h
si des
of a ser vi ce ai sl e. Thi r t y- f i ve
t r ey posi t i ons
ar e usual l y adequat e f or a school
wi t h a 64-
i ng f or suppor t i ng a number of
j ar s of f or mal i n
i s
r equi r ed.
The demonst r at i on t abl e,
l ocat ed at t he
cent er
of t he r oom t o accommodat e
f our
st udent s
on each si de, i s usual l y
pr ovi ded
wi t h a
st ai nl ess- st eel t op wi t h r ai sed
edge and
an
i nt egr al si nk at one end.
Li ght i ng shoul d
be desi gned f or cl ose
obser vat i on at t abl et op
l evel .
Hand- washi ng f aci l i t i es, an x- r ay
f i l m
i l l umi nat or ,
and a chal kboar d shoul d be pr o-
vi ded.
St or age f or f or mal i n shoul d be consi d-
er ed.
Ti ssue St ai ni ng and
Embeddi ng. Thi s uni t
may be subdi vi ded i nt o a head
t echni ci an' s
of f i ce, an embeddi ng ar ea,
a sect i oni ng and
t i ssuest ai ni ng ar ea, and a sl i de
st or age- and-
i ssue ar ea wi t h access t o t he
t eachi ng l abor a-
t or y, pr ef er abl y by way of a
dut ch door f or
i ssui ng sl i des and mat er i al s.
I n t he embeddi ng r oomsmal l t i ssue speci -
mens ar e pr epar ed, pr ocessed
t hr ough a num-
ber of
sol ut i ons by hand or i n an
aut omat i c
t i ssue- pr ocessi ng
machi ne, t hen embedded i n
smal l cubes of
par af f i n or col l oi di n. Pr epar i ng
t he speci mens r equi r es t he use of a r ef r i ger -
at or f or gr oss
t i ssue st or age and a si t - down
count er wi t h si nk
.
For pr ocessi ng
speci mens and mi xi ng sol u-
t i ons, a
st andup count er wi t h si nk, under -
count er cabi net s
f or equi pment , and wal l cabi -
net s f or chemi cal s
and r eagent s ar e usual l y
suf f i ci ent
. For embeddi ng pr ocedur es, an
i sl and bench of
st andup hei ght wi t h par af f i n
oven at or near
one end shoul d be pr ovi ded .
Cabi net s
wi t h dr awer s f or par af f i n mol ds
and
mount i ng bl ocks and f or f i l i ng embed-
ment s i n
f r equent use shoul d be pr ovi ded .
Ast or age r oom
f or embedment s and f or f i xed
gr oss t i ssue
speci mens not f r equent l y used
shoul d be pr ovi ded i n
t he gener al st or age ar ea
of t he
bui l di ng. Gl azed par t i t i ons may be i n-
st al l ed t o
separ at e sect i oni ng and mount i ng
act i vi t i es
f r omt he st ai ni ng pr ocedur es .
Sect i oni ng
and mount i ng act i vi t i es r e-
qui r e si t - down
count er s wi t h knee space and
dr awer s f or st or i ng
sl i des end equi pment .
Count er s f or t i ssue
st ai ni ng and st ai n mi xi ng
shoul d be of si t - down hei ght
. Each wor k posi -
t i on shoul d have a si nk, knee space, cabi net s
f or
equi pment , and chemi cal st or age.
For
' For t ot al net ar ea f or
mul t i di aci pl i ne l abor at or i es, see Tabl e 7
For cent r al
st or age ar eas, see Tabl e 6 .
TABLE 9
Net Ar ea f or El ect r on
Mi cr oscope
Sui t e"
School A
( ent er i ng
Type
of suppor t i ng ar ea
cl ass of 64
st udent s) ,
squar e f eet
Tot al .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
610
El ect r on
mi cr oscope r ooms . . . . . . . . . . ( 2)
230
Dar kr oom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
Pr epar at i on
ar ea . . . . . . . . . . . . .
280
Ent r
y
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 30
See depar t ment s of anat omy,
mi cr obi ol ogy, and
pat hol ogy
.
TABLE
8 Net Ar ea f or a Depar t ment of
Anat omy
School A
School B
( ent er i ng cl ass of 64 st udent s) ( ent er i ng cl ass of 96 st udent s)
wi t h
Wi t h Wi t h
convent i onal mul t i di aci pl i ne
t i di aci pl i ne
depar t ment al
l abor at or i es or at or i es
l abor at or i es
7L7
Assumed si ze of
f acul t y_. _______________________- -
7 7 10
Number of
gr aduat e st udent s and post doct or al f el l ows_
7 10
Squar e f eet
Tot al net
ar ea________- _______. __. _. ______. _ 19, 330
( 1 ) 22, 950 ( 1 )
Facul t y of f i ces,
r esear ch l abor at or i es, and r el at ed
f aci l i t i es :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11, 640 11, 510
12, 660 12, 530
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
210 210
210 210
Secr et ar y' s ci t i es - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280 280
280
Conf er ence
r oom. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
350 350
350 350
Facul t y of f i ces - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 4) 560 ( 4) 560 ( 4)
560 ( 4) 560
Post doct or al
f el l ows' of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 200 200
200 200
Dat a r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280 280 280
Speci al - pr oj ect s
r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280 280
280
Resear ch l abor at or i es :
Depar t ment al ________. . -
. ____. _______. ___ 610 610
6l 0 610
Gener al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 3) 1, 830 ( 3) 1, 830
( 4) 2, 440 ( 4) 2, 440
Gr aduat e st udent s
- - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2) 400 ( 2) 400
( 3) 600 ( 3) 600
Speci al
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2)
400 ( 2) 400 ( t ) 200 ( 1) 200
El ect r on mi cr oscopy r ooms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
610 610
610 610
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280
280 280 280
Ti ssuest al ni ngandembeddi ngandt echni ci an' sof ce- 1,
140 1, 140 1, 140 1, 140
Mi cr oneur o
pr epar at i on and t echni ci an' s of f i ce___
570 570 570
570
Speci al
i nst r ument st or age- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200
200 200
Col dr oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200
200 200
Ani mal r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 1) 410 ( 1)
410 ( 2) 820 ( 2) 820
Gr ouneur oanst omy andneur ol ogi cal st or ager oom
.
410
280 410
280
Cadaver st or age
r ooms ( 60 bodi es) and com-
pr essor r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2)
720 ( 2) 720 ( 2) 720 ( 2) 720
Embal mi ng r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
560 560 560
560
Embal mi ng r oomst or age- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
160 160
160 160
Cr emat or y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200
200 200 200
Mor gue
( pat hol ogy) __________________________ 210
210 210 210
Mor t i ci an' s
of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140 140
140
Ur n st or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
430 430 430
430
Depar t ment al cent r al st or age
r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Convent i onal t eachi ng :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7, 690 ( 1 )
10, 290 ( ' )
Gr oss
di ssect i ng r ooms ( 4st udent s/ t abl e)
Under gr aduat e st udent s___________________
2, 560 3, 840
. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gr aduat e st udent s- - - - - - - - -
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 720 - . - - - - - - - -
720 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ut i l i t y
r oom_____________________________ 160
_ ____-
.
. . . . . 160 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
St or age
r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 250
_ - - - - - - - - 250 __
. - - _______
Mi cr onewoanat omy t eachi ng Labor at or i es :
Under gr aduat e st udent s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- _ 3, 000 - - - - - - - 4, 320
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gr aduat e st udent s
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 720 _ . . - . ______
720 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Conf er ence
r oo- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2S0
. - - - -
- - - - - - - - - 280 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
shoul d be
pr ovi ded as st or age space f or ani -
mal boar ds . Aser vi ce
i sl and may be pr ovi ded
wi t h gas, el ect r i cal ,
ai r , and vacuumout l et s .
Di st i l l ed
wat er shoul d be pi ped i nt o one pl ace
i n each l abor at or y
or pr epar at i on ar ea and
car boys shoul d
be used at wor k st at i ons . A
f l oor dr ai n shoul d
be i nst al l ed bet ween each
pai r of ser vi ce i sl ands .
A4- f t f ume hood shoul d suf f i ce f or ei ght
st udent s . Space f or i ncubat or s shoul d be con-
si der ed unl ess t hey can be pl aced on count er s .
Chal kboar ds, a bul l et i n boar d, and a r et r act -
abl e pr oj ect i on scr een shoul d be f ur ni shed
si mi l ar i n si ze and number t o t hose i n ot her
t eachi ng l abor at or i es . Space f or an i nst r uct or ' s
t abl e at t he f r ont
of
t he l abor at or y i s
r equi r ed.
Gr aduat e St udent Teachi ng Labor at or y. I t
shoul d be l ocat ed adj acent t o auxi l i ar y r ooms
of t he t eachi ng l abor at or y. Fi xed equi pment
and mechani cal f aci l i t i es shoul d be si mi l ar t o
t hose f ur ni shed t he medi cal st udent .
St udent Resear ch Labor at or y. Fur ni t ur e
and mechani cal f aci l i t i es may be si mi l ar t o
t hose of a t ypi cal r esear ch l abor at or y.
Equi pment St or age.

An equi pment st or age
ar ea, adj acent t o t he t eachi ng l abor at or y, i s
needed, as i s
desk space f or a st ock cl er k and
t echni ci an. A31- i n. - hi gh pount er wi t h gas, ai r ,
vacuum, and el ect r i cal out l et s and cabi net s
shoul d be i nst al l ed f or t est i ng and pr epar i ng
equi pment . An i ssue wi ndowor door openi ng
i nt o t he t eachi ng l abor at or y i s desi r abl e. Space
f or assembl y of equi pment t o be i ssued and
f or gl assbl owi ng and sol der i ng shoul d be
pr ovi ded.
Shi el ded Room.

I f r equi r ed by t he pr ogr am,
a
shi el ded
r oomdi st ant
f r omobvi ous el ect r o-
st at i c i nt er f er ence
must
be pr ovi ded.
i ng
l abor at or y. Fi xed equi pment and
mechani -
cal f aci l i t i es
shoul d be si mi l ar t o t hose f ur -
ni shed t he medi cal
st udent .
Pr epar at i on
Room. A pr epar at i on r oom
adj acent
t o t he t eachi ng l abor at or y i s used f or
mi xi ng r eagent s
and f or st or i ng chemi cal s and
gl asswar e
.
I t
may be di vi ded by par t i t i ons i nt o
al coves f or
separ at i ng i ssue, st or age, and
pr epar at i on. These
al coves shoul d have l abor a-
t or y benches, si nks, and
cabi net s f or use as a
r esear ch ar ea. The
st or age of gl asswar e, chem-
i cal s, and ot her
st ocked i t ems r equi r es ad-
j ust abl e
shel vi ng. The i ssui ng ar ea r equi r es
cabi net s wi t h smal l dr awer s and an i ssue wi n-
dow
or door openi ng i nt o t he l eachi ng l abor a-
t or y.
Gl asswar e Washi ng and St or age.

Commer -
ci al gl ass
washi ng and dr yi ng machi nes ar e
of t en
empl oyed. I n addi t i on, a l ar ge si nk wi t h
dr ai nboar ds
i s r equi r ed, wi t h space f or gl ass-
war e car t s,
a wor kt abl e f or gl asswar e sor t i ng,
and
shel ves f or st or age.
Physi 010gy Fi gur e 10 shows a space di agr am
f or a mi ni mumdepar t ment of physi ol ogy.
Tabl e
11 gi ves t he net ar ea f or a physi ol ogy
depar t -
ment .
Teachi ng Labor at or y.

Aconvent i onal t each-
i ng l abor at or y may be used by mor e t han one
depar t ment . The l abor at or y descr i bed her e i s
a convent i onal l abor at or y desi gned f or speci f i c
use by t he depar t ment of physi ol ogy. Wi t h onl y
mi ni mal addi t i onal equi pment t hi s l abor at or y
i s sui t abl e f or phar macol ogy t eachi ng.
Many ani mal s ar e used i n physi ol ogy
t each-
i ng and st and- upt abl es 37 i n. hi gh wi t h cast er s
t o accommodat e f our st udent s, t wo on each
si de, ar e suggest ed. A shel f under t he
t op
st udent
ent er i ng cl ass ; pr ovi si on shoul d be
made i n t he or i gi nal pl anni ng f or appr oxi mat el y
60 t r ay
posi t i ons t o accommodat e enr ol l ment
i ncr eases
up t o 96 st udent s .
A
cr emat or y, i f pr ovi ded, shoul d be l ocat ed
i n t he cadaver pr epar at i on and st or age
uni t .
The depar t ment
wi l l r equi r e st or age space
f or t i ssue
embedment s and gr oss or gans . The
same t ype st or age
as t hat descr i bed f or pat h-
ol ogy shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Bi Ochel l l i l i t y

Fi gur e 9
shows a space di agr am
f or a mi ni mum
depar t ment of bi ochemi st r y.
Tabl e 10 gi ves
t he ar ea f or t he depar t ment
f or t he 64- and
96- st udent cl ass hypot het i cal
school s .
Teachi ng
Labor at or y. The
convent i onal
t eachi ng l abor at or y
i s si mi l ar t o t hose of ot her
basi c sci ences.
I sl and- t ype l abor at or y benches
f eet l ong wi l l accommodat e
ei ght st udent s, f our on
ei t her ai de. The bench
shoul d have a st one si nk
at one or pr ef er abl y
bot h ends and a
cont i nuous dr ai n t r ough
or
cupsi nks ( one f or each t wo
st udent s) , a cont i n-
uous r eagent shel f , and
i ndi vi dual ser vi ce out -
l et s f or each st udent .
Ser vi ces r equi r ed ar e gas,
ai r , vacuum, col d wat er ,
and el ect r i ci t y. Bench
t ops shoul d be st one
or aci d- r esi st ant compo-
ai t i on sur f aces.
Al ar ge chal kboar d, smal l er chal kboar ds f or
each 16 st udent s, a r et r act abl e pr oj ect i on
scr een, and a bul l et i n boar d shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded. Ani nst r uct or ' s t abl e of desk hei ght
wi t h
knee space, cabi net s, cup
si nk, el ect r i cal out -
l et s, col d wat er , and
gas shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or demonst r at i on t o t he
cl ass .
The t eachi ng
l abor at or y shoul d be adj acent
t o auxi l i ar y r ooms of t he medi cal st udent t each-
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
Audi o Room.

I f an audi o r oomi s pr ovi ded,
i t shoul d consi st of a t est r oomand a
cont r ol
r oomwi t h a t r i pl e- gl azed cl ear - gl ass obser va-
t i on wi ndowbet ween and wi t h acoust i cal
t r eat -
r TTent , i ncl udi ng r educt i on of
f l oor vi br at i on.
The t est r oom shoul d have
a mi cr ophone
and a speaker cabi net .
The cont r ol r oomshoul d
have a
si t - down
count er
wi t h cabi net s l ocat ed
on t he obser vat i on
wi ndowsi de.
Physi o- opt i cs Room. I f t he st udent cur -
r i cul um i ncl udes exer ci ses i n physi o- opt i cs,
a speci al r oomwi l l be needed wi t h 20- f t separ a-
t i on
bet ween t he subj ect and t he vi si on char t .
Asi nk f or hand washi ng and a si t - down coun-
t er
f or r ecor di ng ar e necessar y.
Tr eadmi l l andGas Anal ysi s .

Ar oomcl ose
t o
t he l abor at or y i s pr ef er abl e. The r oom
shoul d al so cont ai n a cot
and t abl e f or r ecor d-
i ng.
Suppl y Room.
Thi s
r oom
shoul d be near
t he t eachi ng l abor at or y.
Shel vi ng and r acks
f or vol at i l e sol vent st or age shoul d
be wi t hi n
a
f i r e- r esi st i ve cl oset of f t he mi xi ng and i ssue
ar eas .
Count er t ops, 37 i n. hi gh, wi t h gas, ai r ,
vacuum,
and el ect r i cal out l et s, cabi net s wi t h
var yi ng si zed dr awer s, and a si nk ar e r equi r ed
f or
mi xi ng sol ut i ons and pr epar at i ons f or
st udent use.
Gl asswar e washi ng and st or age
r equi r e a l ar ge si nk, dr ai nboar ds, pr ovi si on
f or di st i l l ed
wat er , and base cabi net s f or gl ass-
war e.
An
i ssue
wi ndowi s suggest ed. Space
shoul d be al l ocat ed f or sol ut i on car t s and
assembl y of mat er i al s t o be i ssued. Ahead
t echni ci an' s
of f i ce may
be
r equi r ed depend-
i ng on t he quant i t y of mat er i al handl ed .
Depar t ment Shop.
A mi ni mum machi ne
shop shoul d cont ai n a dr i l l
pr ess, a met al l at he,
a mi l l i ng machi ne,
and
wood
and met al band-
saws . Awor kbench, st ock
r acks, and t ool bi n
ar e r equi r ed.
I n t he el ect r oni cs ar ea, a si t - down wor k
count er wi t h el ect r i cal out l et s of appr opr i at e
vol t ages, dr awer s, and l ocked st or age cabi -
net s f or el ect r oni c equi pment and space t o
br i ng i n f l oor - mount ed equi pment f or t est i ng
wi l l be r equi r ed. Noi se and vi br at i on as-
soci at ed wi t h t echni cal shops shoul d be con-
si der ed i n t hei r r el at i on t o ot her ar eas .
Const ant Temper at ur e Rooms . Const ant -
t emper at ur e r ooms shoul d have access t o t he
cor r i dor and t o a wor k ar ea . Door s f r om t he
cor r i dor shoul d accommodat e beds or ani mal
TABLE
10 Net Ar ea f ar a Depar t ment of
Bi ochemi st r y
School A School B
( ent er i ng cl ass of 64st udent s) ( ent er i ng
cl ass of 96 st udent s)
wi t h wi t h wi t h wi t h
convent i onal mul t i di sci pl i ne eonvent i onRl mul t i di sci pl i ne
depar t ment al
l abor at or i es ~ depar t ment , d l abor at or i es
l abor at or i es I ebor at or L-
Amumedsi ze of f acul t y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 6 9 9
Number
of gr aduat e st udent s aDd post doct or al f el l ows_ 10 10 14
14
Squar e f eet
Tot al net ar ea_____________________________ 12, 240 ( ' ) 14, 980
( 1 )
Facul t y
of f i ces, r esear ch l abor at or i es, and r el at ed
f aci l i t i es :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8, 670 1 8, 6- 10
10, 0901 10, 090
l
1
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce______________________________ 210 210 - _- 010
210
Secr et ar y' s of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 280 280 280
280
Conf er ence
r oom_____________________________
350 350 350
350
Facul t y
of f i ces________ _ ___ ___________
( 3) 420 ( 3) 420 ( 3) 420 1 ( 3) 420
Post doct or al
f el l ows' of f i ces
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 2)
400
( 2) 400 ( 2) 4011' ( 2)
400
Dat a r oom___________________________________ 280
280 280 280
Speci al - pr oj ect s r oom_________________________
280 280 280 280
Depar t ment al ____________________ _____ _ 610 610 610
610
Gener al _________________________________ 610 610 ( 3) 1, 830
( 3) 1, 830
Post doct or ai f el l o- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200 200
2u0
Gr aduat e st udent a- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 4) 800 ( 4) 800 ( 5) 1, 000 ( 5)
1, 000
St or age r oom( f ut ur e l abor at or y) _______________
610 610
6, 0
0111
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280 2811 280
t aasswar e wa6hi washi ng and st or age_________________ 410 410
410 ! 410
Col d r oom_- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200 200 `00
Speci al - equi pment r oomF______________________ 430 430
430 430
Cent r i f uge r oom2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
410 410
410 410
Dar kr ooms 2- - - - - - - - - - __- _______ __ . _ - _ __ ( 2) 200 ( 2) 200 ( 2) 200 ( 2)
200
Count i ng
r oomt ______________________________ 280 280
280 280
Depar t ment al shop____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280 280
280
Ani mal r oom_________________________________
410 410 410 ' ] 410
Gr aduat e st udent s' t eachi ng
l abor at or y__________ 720 720 720 : 720
Depar t ment al st or age F- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __________
__________ ________ __
Convent i onal
t eachi ng :
Tot al ____________________
_______________ 3, 570 ( 1)
4, 890
( 1)
Teachi ng l abor at or y__________________________
3, 000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4, 320
Pr epar at i on
r oom_____________________________
570 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 570 ______________
' For t ot al net ar ea f or mul t i di sci pl i ne l abor at or i es, see Tabl e 7.
Speci al r ooms wi l l var y wi t h t ype of r esear ch .
For cent r al st or age ar eas, see Tabl e 6 .
DARK
PO. r . ULTRA
AM
*
100 6ul f URE COLD GRAD
.
S7uDEXT!
j
DEPT.
LAB
.
L
A[ . W. POi S
PO. I
S GRA, 6T XT
B!
f Tpl " 6E YI I YAL
AM.
CENTRI FUGE
WASHI NG
"
AM
.
i LI CNI XG LA6
610
61,
200 200 200
610 410
RY.
0, 0
DARK
STDI r pE 100 TLO
,
" AM,
" 410 I
100 I
FACULTY
SPECI AL
FAG.
I
PROr SEGY. CONFERENCE OFr I ES D" T" 111 PROJ ECTS O( I T. 5 . 7 . ROY" 70GRAM7 RY. " VNTI XG RY OFr
PREP ROOM
TEACHI NG LABORATORY ) 000
210 260 3) 0 140 140 2f 0
RFA
260 160 4) 0 280 NO 570
I NEDI CAL
STUDENTS]
16 MODULES
6 MODULES 6 MODULES 6 YODUL. I !
40DULE5
" 511. 10 S111 Or FACULTY
N0.
GR10u11E STUDENTS 6 -
PosT DOCTOR" , FELLOWS " w
*SPECI ALROOMS WLL VARYWI TH
TYPE of RESEARCHPROGRAM.
NET 11111 - 1196010 I T
Fi g . 9 Di agr am f or a depar t ment of
bi ochemi st r y.
r acks. Fl oor and wal l sur f aces shoul d be si mi -
l ar t o t hose suggest ed f or ani mal quar t er s .
The wor k ar ea associ at ed wi t h t hese r ooms
shoul d have 31- i n. - hi gh wor k count er s, a si nk,
and gas, ai r , vacuum, and el ect r i cal out l et s.
Mi cr obi ol ogy Fi gur e 11 shows a space di agr am
f or a mi ni mumdepar t ment of mi cr obi ol ogy .
The net ar ea f or a mi cr obi ol ogy depar t ment i s
gi ven i n Tabl e 12.
Teachi ng Labor at or y. The convent i onal
t eachi ng l abor at or y i s
usual l y desi gned t o
accommodat e t he
second- year cl ass. Sat i sf ac-
t or y
r esul t s can be obt ai ned wi t h t he use of an
i sl and- t ype
l abor at or y bench t o posi t i on f our
st udent s al l ont he same si de f aci ng demonst r a-
t i ons.
Labor at or y benches may be 31 i n. hi gh f or
si t down wor k wi t h mi cr oscopes. Each st udent
shoul d have knee space, dr awer s f or suppl i es,
and a cabi net f or mi cr oscope st or age. Bench
ser vi ce out l et s shoul d be wat er , gas, ai r ,
vacuum, and el ect r i cal f or each posi t i on . Acup
si nk at each posi t i on, or cont i nuous dr ai n
t r ough, and a shel f f or st or i ng bot t l es above
ar e r equi r ed. Bench t ops shoul d be r esi l i ent
and st ai npr oof .
I n addi t i on t o i sl and benches, i t i s desi r abl e
t o have count er s 37 i n. hi gh, wi t h r eagent
shel ves
equi pped wi t h gas, ai r , vacuum, el ec-
t r i cal out l et s,
and si nks wi t h wr i st - act i on
val ves
f or hand washi ng.
Achal kboar d, a bul l et i n boar d, a r et r act abl e
pr oj ect i on
scr een, and space f or t he i nst r uc-
t or ' s desk at t he f r ont of t he l abor at or y ar e
r e-
qui r ed. Space i n t he
t eachi ng
l abor at or y may
be r equi r ed f or i ncubat or s and r ef r i ger at or s.
Onedomest i c r ef r i ger at or per si xt een st udent s
and onest at i onar y i ncubat or per
ei ght
st udent s
shoul d be pr ovi ded. Ast at i onar y cent r i f uge,
one per si xt een st udent s, may be pr ovi ded
dependi ng on t he cur r i cul um.
Faci l i t i es shoul d be avai l abl e t o mai nt ai n and
obser ve such smal l ani mal s as r abbi t s, gui nea
pi gs, and mi ce cl ose t o t he t eachi ng l abor a-
t or i es .
Gr aduat e St udent Teachi ng Labor at or y.
I t shoul d be adj acent t o auxi l i ar y r ooms of
t he
t eachi ng l abor at or y. Fi xed
equi pment
and
mechani cal f aci l i t i es shoul d be si mi l ar t o t hose
f ur ni shed t he medi cal
st udent .
Resear ch Labor at or i es The mi cr obi ol ogy
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
- WOaa AREA I
oc`1oA4~
a1i
GOAD. Mut t
p, s . " YDOFos sr ò1. E
1so
TREAWI LL I
r 3 .awLr sl s
TLQi , uD
STUDENT
i i i ua -"10e .
Au
D
I
CI I AO. STUDENTS I
su" !i oxN
t
- _- _
- _
-
_____J
T
- - T
. UOI OxY
" NOI . 4EG
T
r ANFENENCI
210
240 ] SO
FA- T7
OFF
E! D
. TA
1A0 1b 210
. CTSRCI . L
MI OUt OT!!
Y!0
4O
AI .
WNI ELDEO
ZI O
FNYl 10" 0" TI C4
!Y. 2i 0
FAC. F K
OFF. MF
NO I " 0
OAl l x NY M" T SNO"
210
240
EOUI " . 57011
. 1. E
TEAC. I N. LA40 " ATOAY 1. 00
550 ( Y[ OgAL STUOI
1! YOOULES " YO
U S
! YOOULES ! YO. UL15 !
I
NODULES
. SSUYEOSI ZE Or FACULTY
" {
r OOFGRADUATE STUDENTS I S
Po5T DOCTORAL
FELLOWS " 4
NET AREA. o950 SOFT
Fi g. 10 Di agr am
l ot
a depar t ment of physi ol ogy.
TABLE 11 Net Ar ea f or a Depar t ment of Physi ol ogy
_ _
School A
School
S
( ent er i ng Cl ass of 04 st udent s) Cent er i ng cl ass of 96 st udent s)
I
R' i t h Wi t h ' i (
. h '
Wi t h
r ouvr nt i onel
~
mul l i di sci pdi e, coLycut i ooal unl l ci di , l " 11~l i nc
dopnr t nl ei i t al l abor at or i es depar t i neut al l abor at or i es
l abur at or i r , 1abor at or i r s
_____. ________- . - -
L
Assumed
si ze of f acul t y- 6 l -
S I 8
Number
of gr aduat e st udeut s andpost doct or al f cl i , r . , " 6 6 S 4
Squar e f eet
Tot al Let ar ea__. . .
- . . - _ -
- - - - - - 12, 12, 230 1, ( 1) I d, I GO
t 1)
Facul t y of f i ces, r esear ch l abor at or i es, and r el at ed I
f ar dl t l es' 1
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6, 040 6, 740 7, 550 7, 550
pr of essor ' sof f i ce
- ________________ . _ 2111 1 210
1
21( ) 210
Secr et ar y' sof f i ce
' - _- _______________. __________
211
, 2411' 24( 1 2, 111
Conf er ence r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - 350
350
35( 1 350
Facul t y
of f i ces
_- - ___. __. _________. ___. ________I ( 4) 560 ( 4) 5611 ( 4) 560 ( 4) 5( 10
Post doct or el f el l ows of f i ce - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 21r t ) 2110 211u
2
110
Dot s r oom 2,
I 1
2111 2~t l
_1
. 0
Sl x" ci al - pr oj ect s r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 2111 2111 2i t 11 2111
__
. _________I Depar t ment al _______________ 6111 610 6111 f i l l
Gener al - - - - - - - - - - - -
_________ f i l 0 1 610
Gr aduat est udent s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2) 41111 ( 2) 400 ( 2)
4141
( ' 2J +1111
St or age
r oom( f ut ur e l abor at or y) - - - - - - - 610 1. 1( 1 1 6111 6111
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2, 11 25( 1 2J 1) 2511
Const ant - t emper at ur e r ooms ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2) 2411
( ' 2)
240
( 2)
2411 ( 2) 240
Shi el ded r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 210 ' 1111
.
210 210 210
Dar k r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
,
210 210 ' 1111' 210
Depar t ment al shop- - - - - - - - - - __- - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
2811 25( 1 210 250
Ani mal r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 410 41111 411) 410
Col d To- - - - - - - - - - - -
_
- - - - - - - - - - - 260
2( 10
200 200
Gr aduat e st udent s t eachi ng l abor at or y__________ 720 721
720
7' 30
Depar t ment al cent r al st or age' __________________ _____________ _____. _____________________ ________- - _-
Convent i onal t eachi ng .
Tot al - . _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __. 5, 290 ( 1) 6, 610
( I )
Teachi ng l abor at or y
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3, 000 4, 3' 20 I ______________
Equi pment st or age r oom_______________________ 350 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3. 50 3
: 50 ______________
Suppl y
r oom_____ ______ __ __ _ _ ____ 610 _
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
610
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - St udent r - car ch l abor at or v and wor k ar ea______- - - . ___-
5. 0
Audi o r oom- - - __. . ___. ________________________ 90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 _ _____. ______
Physi o- upt i csr oom _______- ________ _. - ____. ____~i 26( 11 __- _____ 260
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tr eadmi l l and gas anal ysi s r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I
410 ' _ _____. ____ 410
1 For t ot al net ar ea f or mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or i es see Tabl e 7.
' For cent r al st or age ar ea, see Tabl e
f i
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
r esear ch l abor at or i es wi l l , i n many i nst ances,
be si mi l ar i n equi pment and desi gn t o l abor a-
t or i es i n ot her basi c sci ences . However , l abor a-
t or i es used f or bact er i ol ogi cal
and vi r us r e-
sear ch have addi t i onal r equi r ement s . Gl ass-
war e of an unusual l y l ar ge si ze i s of t en used.
One si nk i n each l abor at or y shoul d be si zed
t o wash t hi s gl asswar e.
Separ at e ani mal r ooms ar e pr ovi ded i n t he
mi cr obi ol ogy depar t ment t o pr event cr oss-
cont ami nat i on. I f hi ghl y cont agi ous mat er i al
i s t o be handl ed, a vest i bul e may be needed
at t he ent r ance t o mi cr obi ol ogy ani mal r ooms
t o per mi t t he at t endant t o change cl ot hes and
shoes t o r educe i nf ect i on andcr oss- cont ami na-
t i on.
El ect r on Mi cr oscopy.

Faci l i t i es f or t hi s pur -
pose woul d be si mi l ar t o
t hose descr i bed f or
t he depar t ment
of
anat omy.
Medi a Pr epar at i on
. Medi a pr epar at i on
ar eas shoul d be adj acent t o
t eachi ng ar eas and
desi gned t o el i mi nat e t hr ough t r af f i c t o pr event
dr af t s and
t he i nt r oduct i on of cont ami nat i ng
or gani sms . Amedi a ki t chen
r equi r es a r ange,
or por t abl e hot pl at es ona
count er 37 i n. hi gh,
f or cooki ng t he mat er i al . Count er - t op
si nks
and cabi net s wi t h dr awer s r angi ng i n wi dt h
f r om6 i n. t o 2 f t 6 i n. and wal l cabi net s
wi t h
shel ves f or st or age ar e desi r abl e. Count er s
shoul d have ai r , gas, vacuum, and el ect r i cal
out l et s . Di st i l l ed wat er shoul d be
pi ped t o one
l ocat i on over a si nk and di st r i but ed
i n car boys .
Af t er t he unst er i l e l i qui d cul t ur e
medi a has
been pr epar ed i n bul k quant i t i es,
i t i s di s-
pensed i nt o t est t ubes or pl at es .
Thi s r equi r es
count er space si mi l ar t o t he medi a
ki t chen,
i ncl udi ng wal l and base cabi net s
and ser vi ce
out l et s .
An aut ocl ave i s r equi r ed f or st er i l i zi ng pr e-
par ed
cul t ur e medi a af t er i t i s pour ed i nt o pr e-
vi ousl y st er i l i zed
pet r i di shes . Af l ushi ng- r i m
si nk near t he aut ocl ave i s
desi r abl e f or di sposal
of
spoi l ed
medi a.
The i ssue
r oom
wi l l cont ai n gl asswar e and
equi pment st or age,
shel vi ng and cabi net s f or
gl asswar e and
equi pment , and an i ssue wi ndow
openi ng i nt o t he l abor at or y.
Gl asswar e Washi ng and St or age
. I f t hi s
i s t o be done as a cent r al uni t
f or t he depar t -
ment , i t shoul d be di vi ded
i nt o st er i l i zi ng,
st er i l e st or age, gl asswar e washi ng,
and cl ean
gl ass st or age.
An aut ocl ave t o
st er i l i ze gl asswar e pr i or
t o washi ng, a si nk and
dr ai nboar d ar ea, and
space f or
chemi cal j ar s and f or soaki ng ext r a
di r t y gl asswar e ar e
r equi r ed. Commer ci al gl ass
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
washer s
and dr yer s may be
empl oyed and
space
f or t hese shoul d be
pr ovi ded besi de t he
si nk
. Space shoul d be
avai l abl e at si nk and
washer
ar ea f or gl asswar e and pet r i
di sh car t s
and
car t st or age .
St or age ar eas shoul d be f ur ni shed
wi t h ad-
j ust abl e
shel vi ng, as some gl asswar e
may be
except i onal l y
l ong or hi gh. An i ssue
wi ndow
or
door f r omst er i l e st or age t o
cor r i dor shoul d
be pr ovi ded
.
Chemi cal St or age. Bul k st or age
of chem-
i cal s
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or i n
basement ar eas .
Pat hol ogy
Fi gur e 1 2shows a space di agr amf or
a mi ni mum
depar t ment of pat hol ogy. Tabl e 13
gi ves t he net ar ea f or
a pat hol ogy depar t ment .
Teachi ng
Labor at or y.

A
convent i onal t each-
i ng l abor at or y
si mi l ar t o t hat descr i bed
f or
mi cr o- and
neur oanat omy i s usual l y
adequat e
f or t eachi ng t he
second- year pat hol ogy
cour se.
Gr aduat e
St udent Teachi ng
Labor at or i es .
These shoul d
be adj acent t o auxi l i ar y r ooms
of t he
medi cal st udent s' pat hol ogy t eachi ng
l abor at or y
.
Ti ssue St ai ni ng
and Embeddi ng, Techni -
ci an' s Of f i ce. A
uni t si mi l ar i n desi gn
and
equi pment
t o t he t i ssue st ai ni ng and
embed-
di ng uni t
descr i bed f or mi cr oanat omy
shoul d
be pr ovi ded
.
Cl i ni cal
Pat hol ogy Pr epar at i on
Uni t . Thi s
uni t
usual l y has a head t echni ci an' s of f i ce
and
a pr epar at i on r oomwi t h di r ect
access t o t he
t eachi ng l abor at or y, pr ef er abl y
by a dut ch
door . For pr epar i ng some t ypes
of speci mens
as wel l as st ai ns and r eagent s
f or di r ect i ssue,
a st andup count er 37 i n. hi gh
i s desi r abl e. For
ot her
t ypes of speci mens,
par t i cul ar l y t hose
such
as bl ood and bone
mar r ow, a si t - down
count er 31 i n. hi gh i s
mor e conveni ent . Bot h
count er s
shoul d have r eagent shel ves,
count er -
t op si nks, ai r , gas, vacuum, and
el ect r i cal
ser vi ce out l et s, knee spaces,
cabi net s f or st or -
i ng equi pment
and chemi cal s and
r eagent s .
Wor k
sur f aces shoul d be al cohol -
and st ai n-
r esi st ant
and r esi l i ent t o mi ni mi ze
gl ass br eak-
age . A
r ef r i ger at or f or st or age
of cl i ni cal
mat er i al
and a l avat or y wi t h wr i st - act i on
val ves
f or
handwashi ng ar e necessar y .
Space f or
par ki ng
a speci men car t shoul d be
pr ovi ded.
Aut opsy Room. Thi s shoul d
be l ocat ed
conveni ent bot h t o t he t eachi ng
hospi t al and
t o t he pat hol ogy depar t ment and
ar r anged
so as
t o pr event unnecessar y cont act
of un-
aut hor i zed per sons wi t h aut opsy
pr ocedur es.
I f t he
basi c sci ence bui l di ng i s
separ at ed f r om
t he
t eachi ng hospi t al , aut opsy f aci l i t i es
shoul d
' For t eachi ng r esponsi bi l i t y onl y.
r
For t ot al net ar ea f or mul t i di sci pl i ne l abor at or i es
see Tabl e 7 .
For cent r al st or age ar eas, see Tabl e 6
Not e. - These ar eas do not pr ovi de f or t he
per manent pr of essi onal or r esi dent st af f s per f or mi ng ser vi ces f or cl i ni cal
pat hol ogy i n t he t eachi ng hospi t al .
TABLE 13 Net Ar ea
f or a Depar t ment of Pat hol ogy
School A
School 11
( ent er i ng cl ass
of 64 st udent s) ( ent er i ng cl ass
of 96 st udent s)
Wi t h Wi t h Wi t h
Wi t h
convent i onal
ui ul t i di sci pl i ne convent i onal mul t i di sci pl i ne
depar t ment al
l abor at or i es depar t ment al
l abor at or i es
l abor at or i es
l abor at or i es
Assumed si ze of
f acul t y' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 6 - _
9
- - 9
Number of gr aduat e st udent s, post doct or al f el l ows
and r esi dent s_________________ _________________
6 6
8
8
Squar e f eet
Tot al net ar ea______________________________
14, 100
( ) 17, 390 i
( r )
Facul t y of f i ces, r esear ch
l abor at or i es, and associ at ed
f aci l i t t ea :
Tot al ___________ _________________________
11, 100 11, 1001
13, ( 1701 13, 070
Pr of essor ' s
of f i ce______________________________
210 210 210
210
Secr et ar y' s
of f i i ces_____________________________ ( 2) 560 ( 2)
560 ( 2) 560 ( 2)
560
Conf er ence r oom_______________
_____________ 350
350 350 350
Facul t y of f i ces_______
_____________________
_ ( 3) 420 ( 3) 420
( 3) 420 ( 3) 420
Post doct or al f el l ows'
of f i ce_____________________
130 130
200 200
Dat a r oom- - _________ m- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280 2511
280
Speci al - pr oj ect s r oom- - - - - - - - - -
_- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 280
280 280
2811
Resear ch
l abor at or i es :
Depar t ment al
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
610 610 610
160
Gener al ____
___________________________ ( 2) 1, 099
( 2) 1, 090 ( 3) 1, 830 ( 3)
1, 830
Gr aduat e st udent s________________________
200
200 200
200
Speci al __________
_______________________
200
200 2011 200
Resi dent s'
l abor at or i es - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2)
400 ( 2) 400 ( 3)
530 ( 3) 530
El ect r on
mi cr oscope__________________________
610 610 6111
610
St or age r oom__- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280
280 280
Ti ssue
st ai ni ng and embeddi ng
and t echni ci an' s
of f i ce___
__________________________________
1, 290 1, 290
1, 290 1, 290
Cl i ni cal pat hol ogy
pr epar at i on__- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
570 570
570 570
Recor d st or age__
____________________________ 21) 0
200 410
410
Aut opsy r ooms
____________________
_________ 410
410 ( 2) 820 ( 2) 820
Dar kr oom_
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
100 100
100 100
Ut i l i t y
r oom_________________________________
300 300 300
300
Phot o
r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
110 110 110
110
Aut opsy and
X- r ay- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
410
410 410 410
Gr oss pat hol ogy
conf er ence r oom_______________
310 310
310 310
Di ct at i on r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140 140
140
Shower s, l ocksmand t oi l et s
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 310
310 310
310
Mor gue ( see depar t ment
of anat omy) ___________
______________- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ani mal r oome____________________
___________
910 410 ( 2)
820
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 2) 820
Col d
r ooms______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200 200
200
Gr aduat e
st udent s t eachi ng
l abor at or y__________ 720
720 720
720
Depar t ment al cent r al
st or age _____ __________
_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ConvenConvent i onal t eachi ng :
___________
_____
- - - - - - - -
Tot al _____________ _
_____________________ 3, 000
( s)
______________I
4, 320
( r )
Teachi ng l abor at or y
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3, 000 -
4, 320
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
and odor s di r ect l y at
t hei r sour ce, wi t h an
i nt egr al si nk at one end of
t he t op, and ser vi ce
out l et s, i s gener al l y pr ef er r ed
. Pr ovi si on shoul d
be made f or f oot - oper at ed
di ct at i on equi pment
.
Acei l i ng- mount ed 35- mm
. st i l l camer a shoul d
be l ocat ed over t he t abl e
f or i n si t u phot o-
gr aphs dur i ng
t he aut opsy. The same mount
may pr ovi de f or
TVt o r emot e moni t or s .
Space t o accommodat e
a por t abl e obser va-
t i on st and opposi t e
t he t abl e f or conveni ent
vi ewi ng of
aut opsy pr ocedur es by
st udent s
and house
st af f shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Fl oor
and wal l s shoul d be of wat er - r esi st ant
mat er i al , and a
f l oor dr ai n shoul d be i nst al l ed
.
Aut opsy and
X- Ray Room. Amobi l e
x- r ay
machi ne
shoul d be pr ovi ded. X- r ay pr ot ect i on
shoul d be i n
accor dance wi t h t he r ecommends-
l i ons of t he appl i cabl e
handbooks of t he Na-
t i onal Bur eau of
St andar ds .
Ut i l i t y and
Cl eanup Room. Thi s r oom
shoul d be l ocat ed bet ween
t wo aut opsy r ooms
wi t h di r ect access
t o each and t o t he cor r i dor
.
Equi pment f or
t hi s ar ea i ncl udes a si nk
wi t h
dr ai nboar d; a f l ushi ng- r i m
ser vi ce si nk; pr o-
vi si ons
f or st or age of gl ass j ar s, f or mal i n, and
al cohol ; wal l
cabi net s f or f i xed speci men
st or age; and an
i nst r ument washer - st er i l i zer
unl ess pr ovi ded
i n each aut opsy r oom.
Phot o Room
. The phot o r oom
shoul d ad-
j oi n t he aut opsy
r oom.
Fi xed
equi pment i n a phot o r oom
usual l y
i ncl udes a
st andup count er wi t h
si nk and
el ect r i cal out l et s,
a cabi net f or i nst r ument s
and suppl i es,
and shel ves f or phot ogr aphi c
accessor i es .
For phot ogr aphi ng
gr oss speci mens, a 3- f t -
squar e l i ght box i s
used. El ect r i c out l et s f or
t abl e and f l oodl amps
shoul d be 30 amper es .
Dar kr oom.

Wet and
dr y ar eas of t he dar k-
r oomshoul d be
separ at ed. Ar ef r i ger at or f or
st or i ng col or f i l m
and
wat er suppl y at al l
pr ocessi ng si nks i s r e-
qui r ed.
Bench t ops shoul d be chemi cal l y
i ner t ,
wat er t i ght , and wear r esi st ant . Fl oor
sur f aces
shoul d be wat er pr oof , r esi st ant t o chemi cal s,
r esi l i ent f or f oot comf or t , and
not sl i pper y
when wet .
Col d Room.

Acol d r oom
separ at e f r omt he
r esear ch col d r oombut adj acent
t o t he aut opsy
ar eas f or hol di ng t i ssue and
or gans f or l at er
st udy i s r equi r ed . Adeep- f r eeze
uni t and ad-
j ust abl e met al shel vi ng may be
pr ovi ded f or
pr eser vat i on of f r esh gr oss mat er i al f or
cl ass
use
. St andup count er s wi t h si nks and
ai r ,
vacuum, and el ect r i cal ser vi ce out l et s
ar e r e-
qui r ed.
Fl oor sur f ace shoul d be smoot h,
wat er -
pr oof ,
and wear r esi st ant .
be l ocat ed i n
t he hospi t al t o avoi d t r anspor t i ng

and
gl azed door s f or st or i ng i nst r ument s ;
bodi es f r omone
bui l di ng t o anot her .

a
wal l - mount ed f our - bank x- r ay f i l m i l l umi -
Each aut opsy r oomshoul d
be equi pped wi t h

nat or ; and a
chal kboar d . An i nst r ument st er i l -
a scr ubup si nk wi t h knee- or
f ool - act i on val ve;

i zer and a
st or age cabi net f or f i xed speci mens
a si nk wi t h dr ai nboar ds,
col d- wat er mani f ol d,

shoul d al so be
pr ovi ded i f t hey ar e not avai l abl e
and gas andel ect r i cal
ser vi ce out l et s ; an adj a-

i n an adj oi ni ng
ut i l i t y or cl eanup r oom.
cent wor k count er wi t h dr awer s
and cabi net s

Wat er and ac el ect r i cal
ser vi ce out l et s wi t h
f or st or age of suppl i es ; a
f l ushi ng- r i m cl i ni cal

wat er pr oof caps ar e
r equi r ed. At abl e wi t h
si nk ; wal l cabi net s wi t h
adj ust abl e shel ves

downdr af t t op
f or r emoval of cont ami nat i on
TABLE 14 Net Ar ea
f or a Depar t ment of
Phar macol ogy
School A School
B
( ent er i ng cl ass of 64st udent s)
( ent er i ng cl awof 96 st udent s)
Wi t h
eonvent l onal
i nul t i di aci pl i ne convent i onal ni ul t i di sci pl i ne
depar t ment al
l abor at or i es
depar t ment al l abor at or i es
l abor at or i es
l abor at or i es
Assumed ai mof f acul t y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 5~
7 7
Number of
gr aduat e st udent s and post doct or al
f el l ows_ 5 5 7 7
Squar e f eet
Tot al net ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11, 520
( ' ) 13, 450
Facul t y of f i ces,
r esear ch l abor at or i es, and associ at ed
f aci l i t i es :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7, 700
7, 700 8' 310 8, 310
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce __. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
210
-
210
210 21( 1
Secr et ar y' s
of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280
280 280
Conf er ence r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
350
350 350 350
Facul t y of f i ces ____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 4)
560 ( 4) 560 ( 4) 560 ( 4)
560
Post doct or al f el l ows' of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200
200 200
Dat a r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280
280 280
Speci al - pr oj ect s r oom_- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280
280 280 280
Resear ch
l abor at or i es :
Depar t ment sl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
610
610 610
610
Gener al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
610 610 ( 2) 1, 220
( 2) 1, 220
Gr aduat e st udent s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 2)
400 ( 2) 400 ( 2)
4( K) ( 2) 400
St or age
r oom( f ut ur e l abor at or y) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
610
610 610 610
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - - - - - - -
280 280 280
280
Suppl y r oom_________________________________
430 430
430 430
Gl asswar e washi ng and st or age
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
560 560
560 560
Anest hesi a st or age__________
_________________
90 90
90 9u
Dar kr oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
l i b 110
110 110
Ani mal
r ooms- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 2) 820
, 2 _1 820 ( 2) 820 ( 2) 820
Col d r oom- - - - - - - - -
. _______. ____________
. ____
200 200 200
200
Gr aduat e st udent s t eachi ng l abor at or y. - - - - - - - - -
820
820 820
820
Depar t ment al cent r al st or age t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
_____________
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. - ___ _- ___. _
Convent i onal t eachi ng :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . __. ________________
3, 820 ( 1
) 5, 140 ( r )
Teachi ng l abor at or y- - - - - - - - - -
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3, 000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4, 320 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pr epar at i on r oom__
m- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 330 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
330 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
St udent s
r esear ch l abor at or y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
490 __. _______
. . __ 490
__- ___________
' For t ot al net ar ea f or mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or i es, see Tabl e 7.
For cent r al st or age ar eas, see Tabl e 6.
end r adi ol ogy. Pat hol ogy, al t hough usual l y
consi der ed a basi c sci ence depar t ment , never -
t hel ess has many of t he char act er i st i cs of a
cl i ni cal depar t ment and, t her ef or e, f unct i onal l y
and st r uct ur al l y, usual l y br i dges bot h.
Space di agr ams f or t he depar t ment s of med-
i ci ne, sur ger y,
pedi at r i cs, obst et r i cs- gynecol -
ogy, psychi at r y,
and pr event i ve medi ci ne ar e
shown i n Fi gs .
14t hr ough
19
f or a hypot het i cal
school wi t h an ent er i ng cl ass of 64 st udent s
( 60 i n t he t hi r d and f our t h year )
.
Tabl es 16
t hr ough
21 gi ve t he not
ar ea
f or a mi ni mum
f aci l i t y f or each cl i ni cal depar t ment
f or
hypot het i cal school s wi t h ent er i ng cl asses
of 64 and 96 st udent s . Tabl e 22 gi ves a sum-
mar y of space est i mat es f or al l cl i ni cal sci ence
depar t ment s .
For conveni ence of oper at i on, cl i ni cal depor t -
ment f aci l i t i es shoul d be l ocat ed bet ween,
and connect i ng wi t h, t he basi c sci ence bui l d-
i ng and t he t eachi ng hospi t al . Thi s al l ows f or
j oi nt use of t eachi ng, r esear ch, and suppor t -
i ng f aci l i t i es pr ovi ded i n t he basi c sci ence
bui l di ng and makes i t conveni ent f or t he med-
i cal st af f t o t ake car e of t hei r hospi t al r e-
sponsi bi l i t i es. Depar t ment s shoul d be l ocat ed
on t he some f l oor or f l oor s as t he pat i ent - car e
uni t s t hey ser ve.
Resear ch f aci l i t i es i n t he f or mof l abor at or i es
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or each depar t ment mem-
ber .
Teachi ng act i vi t i es
of
al l
depar t ment s
wi l l be
car r i ed out , f or
t he most par t , i n common l ec-
t ur e r ooms, on t he
wor ds of t he hospi t al ,
and i n
t he out pat i ent depar t ment .
Medi ci ne The depar t ment of medi ci ne con-
si st s of physi ci ans speci al i zi ng i n i nt er nal
medi ci ne and i ncl udes t he subspeci al t i es of
al l er gy, car di ol ogy, der mat ol ogy, gast r oent er -
ol ogy, hemat ol ogy, i nf ect i ous di seases
end
i mmunol ogy, met abol i sm, neur ol ogy,
end
pul monar y di seases . The member s of t he de-
par t ment wi l l hews r esponsi bi l i t y f or t he car e
of hospi t al i zed pat i ent s, f or ambul at or y pa-
t i ent s i n t he medi cal cl i ni cs of t he out pat i ent
depar t ment , and f or medi cal consul t at i ons on
pat i ent s under t he car e of ot her cl i ni cal ser -
vi ces .
They wi l l have maj or
t eachi ng dut i es
f or second- , t hi r d- ,
and
f our t h- year medi cal
st udent s,
i nt er ns, r esi dent s,
and cl i ni cal
f el l ows .
Sur ger y
The depar t ment of sur ger y consi st s
of physi ci ans speci al i zi ng i n gener al sur ger y or
i n one
of
t he sur gi cal speci al t i es, whi ch i ncl ude
anest hesi ol ogy,
opht hal mol ogy, ot ol ar yn-
gol ogy, or t hopedi cs,
neur osur ger y, pl ast i c
sur ger y, t hor aci c sur ger y, and ur ol ogy. The
member s of t hi s
depar t ment wi l l have r esponsi -
bi l i t y f or t he car e of
pat i ent s who ar e hospi t al -
i zed on t he sur gi cal ser vi ce; who vi si t t he
sur gi cal cl i ni cs of t he out pat i ent depar t ment ;
and who r equi r e sur gi cal consul t at i on whi l e
on some
ot her ser vi ce. Of t en t he emer gency
ser vi ce of a hospi t al i s under
t he di r ect i on of
t he depar t ment of sur ger y, as may be
t he pr o-
f essi onal aspect s of di sast er
pl anni ng. The
depar t ment of sur ger y wi l l have
t eachi ng r e-
sponsi bi l i t i es f or second- , t hi r d- , and f our t h-
year medi cal st udent s, i nt er ns,
r esi dent s, and
sur gi cal f el l ows . Each f ul l - t i me member of
t he
depar t ment may be expect ed t o engage
i n
r esear ch .
Pedi at r i cs
The
depar t ment of
pedi at r i cs con-
si st s of physi ci ans speci al i zi ng i n t he devel op-
ment al
aspect s of
physi ol ogi cal pr ocesses and
expr essi ons of di sease. They
ar e as concer ned
about t he l ong- t er m heal t h ef f ect s of ear l y
di sease and wi t h t hei r pr event i on, as wi t h t he
i mmedi at e
car e of
i nf ant s and chi l dr en. I n most
si mi l ar t o t hose f ur ni shed t he medi cal
st udent .
St udent Resear ch Labor at or y. A
st udent r e-
sear ch l abor at or y, i f pr ovi ded, shoul d cont ai n
f aci l i t i es si mi l ar t o t hose i n t ypi cal
phar -
macol ogy r esear ch
l abor at or i es
.
Wher e pos-
si bl e, i t shoul d be l ocat ed wi t hi n t he
t eachi ng
ar ea but
adj acent t o r esear ch ar eas .
Gl asswar e Washi ng and St or age. Gl ass-
war e washi ng and st or age f aci l i t i es
si mi l ar
t o t hose i ndi cat ed f or t he
bi ochemi st r y depar t -
ment
ar e adequat e i n t he
phar macol ogydepar t -
ment ; t hey shoul d be l ocat ed near t he
t each-
i ng l abor at or y.
Pr epar at i on
Room
.

Thi s
shoul d be adj acent
t o t he phar macol ogy t eachi ng
l abor at or y.
Anest hesi a St or age.

An
anest hesi a st or age
r oom
shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h cyl i nder st or age
r acks t o l ock cyl i nder s i n an upr i ght posi t i on
and shel vi ng f or pr essur e gauges end ot her
anest het i c equi pment . Space at gr ound l evel
shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or bul k st or age of cyl i n.
der s
.
Suppl y Room
. A
suppl y r oom i n phar -
macol ogy
may
be di vi ded i nt o t wo ar eas : one
f or
i nst r ument s and gener al suppl i es and t he
ot her f or chemi cal s used i n r esear ch.
Some i nst r ument s r equi r e f l oor space whi l e
ot her s shoul d be pl aced on shel vi ng. Adesk-
hi gh count er wi t h dr awer s and f i l e cabi net i s
needed. Si nce some i nst r ument s may be used
her e, el ect r i cal out l et s shoul d be pr ovi ded.
I f nar cot i cs ar e t o be st or ed, a bui l t - i n saf e
Space must be pr ovi ded f or t he car e of ani .
mal s used i n exper i ment al wor k i n phor .
macol ogy.
Asummar y of space est i mat es f or al l basi c
sci ence f aci l i t i es i s gi ven i n Tabl e 16.
Cl i ni cal Sci ence Faci l i t i es
The depar t ment s gener al l y i ncl ude i nt er nal
medi ci ne, sur ger y, pedi at r i cs, obst et r i cs and
gynecol ogy, psychi at r y, pr event i ve medi ci ne,
Asepar at e r oomf or st or i ng gr oss pat hol ogi -
cal speci mens shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Gr oss Pat hol ogy Conf er ence Rooms. A
st andup t abl e wi t h si nk at one end and cl own-
dr af t t op si mi l ar t o t hat descr i bed f or t he gr oss
neur oanst omy r oom i s appr opr i at e. Ot her
equi pment i ncl udes adj ust abl e shel vi ng, x- r ay
f i l m i l l umi nat or s, bul l et i n boar d,
and scr ub
si nk wi t h knee or f oot
cont r ol s . Wher e pos-
si bl e, t hi s ar ea
shoul d have di r ect access t o
t he col d r oom
.
Di ct at i ng Room. Thi s
i n
a
smal l r oom
equi pped wi t h
desk and equi pment f or wr i t i ng
or di ct at i ng
aut opsy r ecor ds .
Recor d St or age.
Open- f aced shel vi ng wi t h
shel f di vi der s desi gned
f or ver t i cal st acki ng
of t he r ecor ds
wi t h
a
r ef er ence t abl e and chai r s
shoul d be pr ovi ded. Ast or age r oomf or r ecor ds
of l ess f r equent r ef er ence shoul d be pr ovi ded
i n basement st or age.
The pat hol ogy depar t ment r equi r es
ar eas f or
st or age of embedment s, f i xed
t i ssue, gr oss
or gans, mi cr oscope sl i des,
and pr ot ocol
r ecor ds not i n f r equent use. Ti ssue i n
sol ut i on
i s kept i n gl ass j ar s, par af f i n
seal ed, and st or ed
on wood shel vi ng desi gned
f or j ar hei ght .
Mi cr oscope
sl i des ar e usual l y cont ai ned i n
met al sl i de f i l es, and t hi s ar ea shoul d be sepa-
r at ed f r om ar eas wher e f or mal i n vapor s ar e
pr esent . Pr ot ocol r ecor ds ar e
of t en bound and
pl aced on shel vi ng or i n l egal - si ze f i l e cabi net s .
Phar macol ogy Fi gur e 13 shown a space di a.
gr am f or
a mi ni mum depar t ment of phar .
macol ogy. Net ar ea f or a phar macol ogy depar t .
ment i s gi ven i n Tabl e 14.
Teachi ng Labor at or y. The convent i onal
phar macol ogy t eachi ng l abor at or y may be si m-
i l ar t o t he
physi ol ogy t eachi ng l abor at or y.
Gr aduat e
St udent Teachi ng Labor at or y.
Thi s shoul d
be adj acent t o auxi l i ar y r ooms of
t he medi cal
st udent t eachi ng l abor at or y. Fi xed
equi pment
and mechani cal f aci l i t i es shoul d be
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
TABLE 15

Summer y of Space Est i mat es f or Basi c Sci ence Faci l i t i es f or Hypot het i cal 4- Year Medi cal
School s wi t h Ent er i ng Cl asses of 64and 96 St udent s'
I Thi s t abl e does not i ncl ude t he suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es whi ch ar e a necessar y par t of bot h t he basi c sci ence and cl i ni cal
sci ence f aci l i t i es
.
' To comput e gr oss ar ea, i t i s est i mat ed t hat 65 per cent of t he t ot al gr oss ar ea i s avai l abl e as usabl e space, and t he
r emai ni ng 35 per cent wi l l pr ovi de space f or ext er i or wel l s, par t i t i ons, cor r i dor s, st ai r s, el evat or s, and duct ways and chases
f or mechani cal and el ect r i cal r equi r ement s .
' Space f or ser vi ce f unct i ons i n t he t eachi ng hospi t al i s not i ncl uded.
" St udy cubi cl es f or 3d- end 4t h- year st udent s and f or house of f i cer s i n t eachi ng hospi t al .
' Opt i onal .
School A School B
( ent er i ng cl ass
of
64
st udent s) ( ent er i ng cl awof 96 st udent s)
Wi t h
convent i onal mul t i di sci l 9i uu convent i onal mul t i di sci pl i ne
depar t ment al l abor at or i es depar t ment al
l abor at or i es
l abor at or i es l abor at or i es
Squar e f eet
Tot al gr oss squar e f eet ( r ounded) . - - - - . . . - - . 152, 000 135, 000 183,
000
158, 000
Tot al ni , t squar e f eet ( r ound- - d) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99, 000 88, 000 119, 000
103, 000
Depar t ment al f aci l i t i es.
. Anat omv. - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 19, 330 11, 510 22, 950 12, 530
Bi ochemi st r y. - . . . - - . -
. _- - - ____- . . . . . . . _. . . __- 12, 240 5, 670 14, 950 10, 090
Physi ol ogy
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12, 230 6, 94( 1 14, 160 7, 550
Mi cr obi ol ogy- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12, 240 8, 970 14, 170 9, 580
Pat hol ogy +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - . - . - - . . 14, 100 11, 10( ) 17. 390 13, 070
Phar macol og- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11, 520 7, 700
13, 450 8, 310
Nl ul t i di sci pl i nc l abor at or i es and adj unct i ve ar eas . . . . . . - . - -
. - -
22, 500 - - - - - - - -
29, 960
Lect ur e r ooms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 3, 780 3, 750
3, 780 3, 780
Unassi gned conf er ence r ooms - - - - - - - - . - - . . . . - - - - - - - - ( 2
350) 700
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 3( x} 350) 1, 050
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
St udy cubi cl es $- . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6, 110
( ' )
9, 400 ( ' )
Techni cal shops - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - -
1, 500 1, 500 2, 000 2, 000
I ) epar t ment al cent r al st or agc- - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - . __ 4, 5011 4, 500 4, 500 4, 500
Toi l et s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . .
. . . . . . . . . .
1, 200 1, 200 1, 2011
1, 200
ASSUMEDSI ZE OF FACULTY

4
POST DOCTORAL
FELLOWS

2
NET AREA- 4120 SOf T
Fi g. 18

Di agr amf or a depar t ment of pr event i ve medi ci ne.
ASSUMED SI ZE OF
FACULTY
" a
POST DOCTORAL FELLOWS " I
MET AREA- 4120 S0. FT.
Fi g. 17

Di agr amf or a depar t ment of obst et r i cs- gynecol ogy.
ASSUMEDSI ZE OF FACULTY . S
POST DOCTORAL FELLOWS " s
MET AREA- 4120 SOFT.
Fi g.
16

Di agr amf or a depar t ment of pedi at r i cs .
T .

-
GENERAL
SURGERY
ASSUMEDSI ZE OF FACULTY

15
POST DOCTORAL FELLOWS

5
NET AREA- EGADSOFT .
Fi a. 15

Di aar em
f or a depar t ment of sur ger y.
ORTHOPEDI CS

CENT
UROLOGY

ANESTHESI OLOGY
NCUROSURGERY
0- WF
M" OOC1- r u~ws

-
. I T I . I . I I I - w11
Fi g. 14

DI BGFemf or a depar t ment of medi ci ne.
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
ASSUYEOSI ZE OF FACULTY

" 10
POST OOGTORAL
FELLOWS

e
14( T
AREA
- 5440 50 FT
Fi g. 19

Di agr amf or a depar t ment
of psychi at r y.
TABLE 16

Net Ar ea f or a Depar t ment of Medi ci ne
f or Hypot het i cal School s wi t h Ent er i ng Cl asses
of 64
end
96
St udent s
r
Chai r man of
depar t ment .
School School I s
Sei mol ASchool l b
( ent er - ( ent er -
( cut er -
( eut er -
Subspeci al t y and t ype of
f aci l i t y i ngcl ass i ngel aes
ubsl x" ci al l y and t ype of f aci l i t y i ugcl aas ' . . cl ans
of 64
of
96
of 89 of 96
Assumed si ze of f acul t y
t - - __
.
_- - - - - -
18 2,
Squar e f eet
Post doct or al f el l ows- . - __
8 11
Facul t y f ucdi t i es- C' ont mucd
- Met abol i sm:
Squar e f eet
' r ot al
___
4J U
t , 90
Facul t y of f i ces__ . . . . ( _' ) 280 ( 2) 2SO
} ' ar ul t y f aci l i t i es :
l . abor at on- __- - - ' 200
410
Tot al net ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - -
- _ 13, 430 15, 49( 1
- -
Gener al
i nt er nal medi ci ne:
Al l er gy:
Tot al Tot al Tot al __. . - - - - - - . - - - - - - ' 2, 400 3, 150
Tot al - __- - - - . . --- - - - - -
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce r - - - - - - - - - - 210
210
Facul t y of f i ces - - - - - - - - - . . . ( 2) - I SO ( ' : ) ' , 0
Secr et ar i es' of f i ce_
_- _ _ _ 280 280
Labor at or y__ __ _ 610
610
Conf er ence r oom- - - - - - - - - - -
3. 50 350
Der l l l
Facul t y of f i ces
- - - - - - - - -
- _ _ 140 ( 2) 280
' 1
' t
ol t al
. . . . . . .
. 42U l . 0, A)
Post doct or al f el l ows' of f i ce__ . 200 200
Depar t ment al l abor at or y- __. 610
610
' s of f i ce_. - - - - - - - - - - 170
140
Addi t i onal l abor at or i es . . . __.
610
( 2) 1'
20
:
ecr SeCTeet 8l ar Y
y' ' e of f i ce . . - __ 140
110
Fecul t yof f i cc- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - 111) 140
Car di ovascul ar - r enal :
Labor at or y__
G10
Tot al
___- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1, 030 1, 170
Pr of essor ' s
of f i ce
. _
110
140
Hemat ol ogy:
- - - - - - - -
_
Secr et ar y' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - 140 140
Tot al . _. . . . - . - . . - - - - - 440
' 4f 1
Facul t y
of f i ces
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 ( ' 2) 280
of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I a0
140
Labor at or y__- -
_ . _______
-
610 610
Labor a
Lf t bor a
t or y . _. . __
. W 200
Gnr t r oi nt est i nal :
Common- use f aci l i t i es :
Tot al
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1, 170 1,
170
Tot al
- - - -
. - - - - - - - - - - - . . . 4. 314 4, 710
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140
y- - - - - - - - -
- 600 ( ' 10
Secr et ar y' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - -
Facul t y of f i ces - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140
( - ) 280
140
( 2) 280
. Ppeci al l abor at or y
Conf er enceer oom- -
s' of r t cee. _ 200
130 350
( 2 ; 4- 10
Labor at or y 610 610
Conf er ence - - - - - - - - - -
21
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
St eno P_
. __. . . . . . . _ . 10 _l U
Dat a
r oom
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
280
Neur ol ogy:
Speci al - pr oj ect s r oom- - - - - - - 250
_50
0
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 . 170 1, 810
St or age r oom ( f ut ur e l ab-
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140
or at or y) _- - - - - - - . - - - - - - - -
St or age
r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - -
.
410
2SO
410
280
Secr et an' eof f i ce_
. - - - - - - - - -
140 140
Car di ac cat het er sui t e 210
810
Facul t y of f i ces - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 ( ' 2) 290
. . . . . . .
Pat i ent s' col d - r oom_- - - - - - - -
( 2) 250 250
Of f i ce __ .
- - -
140
FEGr ooms r oome__. . . _. . - . -
. __. ( 2) 220
( 2)
( 2) 220
Labor at or y . - - - - - - - - -
. _____ 610 610
Col d r oom__- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200
Chest
:
_
Ani mal r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
410 410
Tot al ___- _
. . . _. _. _. _. . . _ 1, 030 1, 030
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce- - - - . - - - - - - - 140
140
140 140
Facul t y of f i ces_____________
140 140
Labor at or y- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
_ 610 610
Heal t h
MEDI CAL SCHOOLS
TABLE 17

Net Ar ea f or a Depar t ment of Sur ger y
Chai r man of depar t ment .
TABLE
20

Net Ar ea f or a Depar t ment
of
Pr event i ve
Medi ci ne
TABLE 19

Net Ar ea f or a
Depar t ment of
Obst et r i cs- Gynecol ogy
TABLE 18

Net Ar ea
f or a Depar t ment of
Pedi at r i cs
' For t eachi ng
r esponsi bi l i t y onl y.
'
For t eachi ng
r esponsi bi l i t y onl y
.
' For t eachi ng r esponsi bi l i t y
onl y.
School ASchool B
School ASchool B
( ent er . ( ent er -
( ent er - ( ent er -
Subspeci al t y
and t ype of f aci l i t y i ngcl ass i ng
cl ean Subspeci al t y and t ype of f aci l i t y i ng
cl ass I ng cl aw
of 64 of 96
of 64 of 96
st udent s)
st udent s)
Assumed si ze of f acul t y I - - - - - - - - - - - -
15
5
21
7
Squar e f eet
Poet doct or al f el l ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eye, ear , nose, and t hr oat
( EENT)
Squar e f eet
Tot al - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1, 090
1, 230
Facul t y f aci l i t i es :
Pr of cssor ' sof f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - -
!,
140 140
Tot al net ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8, 840
11, 120
Facul t y of f i ces ___- _. _- _
. .
I
140 ( 2) 280
Labor at or y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
610 610
Gener al sur ger y:
Labor at or y__- - - - - - - - - - 200 200
Tot al
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 2, 740 4, 300
Anest hesi ol ogy:
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce 3____- - - - - -
210 210
Tot al - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - 340
690
Secr et ar y' s of f i ce
- - - - - - - - - - -
280
280
Conf er ence r oom- - - - - - - - - - - 350 350
Facul t y of f i ces - - - - - - - - - - -
. '
- _. . ~
140
200
( 2) 280
410
Facul t y of f i ce&
. . . . . . . . - - - - - ( 2) 280 ( 3) 420
Labor at or y - - - - - - - - - - - -
Post doct or al f el l ows'
of f i ces__ ( 2) 400 ( 3) 600
Depar t ment al
l abor at or y____ 610 610
Neur mur ger y :
Addi t i onal
l abor at or i es_____. 610 ( 3) 1, 830
Tot al - - - - - . _. . . ___. . ___ 340 690
Or t hopedi cs :
Facul t y of f i ces- - - - - - - - - _ _ .
- ~i 140 ( 2) 280
Tot al
. __. . . - _.
. - - - - - - - - - -
550 690
Labor at or y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 200
410
Facul t y of f i ces - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 ( 2) 280
Common- use
f aci l i t i es :
Labor at or y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
410 410
Tot al ______. __. _______- - i 2, 950 2, 690
Ur ol ogy:
Conf er ence r ooms - - - - - - - - -
_ 350 ( 2) 700
Tot al
830 830
St eno pool - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . .
210 210
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . .
Dat a r oom_____________- . . - I ,
280 280
Pr of essor s of f i ce - - - - .
140 140
Speci al - pr oj ect s r oom
. . __. . . 280
140 140
St or age r oom( f ut ur e
l abo-
Facul t y of f i ce - - - - - _
. . . __ 140 140
r at or y) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0I 0 - - - - - - - .
Labor at or y __. . - - - - - . . - - -
410 410
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _
280
Sur gi cal l abor at or y- __. . . . . . 610
610
Col d r oom- - - - - . - . ________
. i 200 200
Ani mal r oom___. - - - - - - - - - - -
410 410
School A School
B
Type
of f aci l i t y ( ent er i ng ( ent er i ng
cl awof 84 cl ass of 96
st udent s)
st udent s)
Assumed
si ze of f acul t y I - - - - - - - - 5 8
Pmt doct or al f el l ows__. _. _. ______ 3 I
4
Squar e f eet
Tot al net ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - 4, 260
5, 010
Facul t y
f aci l i t i es :
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2, 680 3, 430
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce
- - - - - - - - - - - - 210 210
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - . . __ 140,
140
Secr et ar y' s of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - -
280 280
Conf er ence r oom- - - - - - - - - 350 350
Facul t y of f i ces__________ __
( 2) 280' ( 3) 420
Post doct or al
f el l ows' of f i ce___ 200 200
Depar t ment al
l abor at or y____ 610 610
Addi t i onal l abor at or i es_____- 6101
( 2) 1, 220
Tot al
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1, 380 1, 580
Dat a r oom- - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140
Speci al
pr oj ect s r oom__ . _ _ __ 280 280
St or age r oom( f ut ur e l abor s-
t or y) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
410 410
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140
Col d r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200
Ani mal r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 410 1, 410
1
School A
( ent er i ng
cl amof 64
st udent s)
School
B
cl ass
( ent er i ng
of 96
st udent s)
Assumed si ze of f acul t y I - - . - - - - -
3 I , 4
Post doct or al f el l ows - - - -
- _- - - - - - - 1 1
_ _ . l ucr e f eet
Tot al net ar ea. - - - - - - - - - - - 4, 390 4, 390
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- - - -
2, 311)
2, 540
Pr of essor ' sof f i ce_. . - _
. . ____. I _- 210 210
Secr et ar y' s
of f i e _ . . .
- - -
__ 280 2 " 0
Conf er ence r oom. - - - - . _- . - _ 350
V0
Facul t y of f i ces - - - - - _- - - - -
/ 1)
280 ( 2)
240
Post doct or al
f el l ows'
of f i ce__
. ~ 200 200
Depar t ment al l abor at or y
_ _ . .
610 1 6 10
Addi t i onal l abor at or y_
. _. __- 610 610
Conuuuu- use
f aci l i t i es : - - -
Tot al _ . ___. . . _. . __ ___ 1 . 350 1, g50
Dat a r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140
Speci al - pr oj ect s r oom_ . - - - - - -1 80
St or age r oom( f nt nr c I nbor n-
t or y) - - - - . _. ____. ______
. _' 410 410
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
410 410
Col d
r oom- - - - - - -
. . - ___. . . . ! 200 200
. l ul mal r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
410
i
410
School A School B
Type of f aci l i t y ent er i ng
cSewof 64
( ent er i ng
cl ass of 96
st udent s)
st udent s)
Assumed
si ze of f acul t y' . . . . . . . . 4
6
Poet doct or al f el l ows - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 3
Squar e f eet
Tot al net ar ea____________
4, 260 4, 870
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2, 340 2, 050
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce- _- - - - - - - - 210
210
Secr et ar y' s of f i r e - - - - - - - - - - -
280 280
Conf er ence
r oom
- - - - - - - - - - -
350
350
Facul t y of f i cw- - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2)
280 ( 2) 280
Post doct or al f el l ows' of f i ce
- - - 200 200
Depar t ment al l abor at or y_ . _ . 610
610
Addi t i onal l abor at or i es__. ___
410 ( 2) 1, 020
Common- use f acl l i l i cs
:
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1, 920
1, 920
Dat a r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
140 140
Speci al - pr oj cet sr oom
- - - - - - - 280
`s80
St or age r oom ( f ut ur e I abo.
, st or y) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
610 610
St or age
r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
230
280
Col d r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
200 200
Ani mal
r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
410 410
i cal depar t ment . Usual l y t hi s depar t ment
con-
f i nes i t s t eachi ng act i vi t i es t o st udent s i n
one
or bot h of t he t hi r d and f our t h year s . Teachi ng
act i vi t i es mayexpand t o i ncl ude such
cour ses
as r epr oduct i ve bi ol ogy. I n addi t i on, t her e
ar e
t eachi ng r esponsi bi l i t i es f or r esi dent s
and
f el l ows. I nt er ns ar e gener al l y not
assi gned t o
t hi s ser vi ce except as par t
of a r ot at i ng pr o-
gr am. St udent gr oups may be
smal l er t han i n
some ser vi ces and, t her ef or e,
t eachi ng space
shoul d be si zed
accor di ngl y.
Psychi at r y The depar t ment of psychi at r y con-
si st s of speci al i st s concer ned wi t h t he f unc-
t i ons and di sf unct i ons of t he mi nd and emo-
t i ons .
Of f i ces f or member s of t he
depar t ment of
psychi at r y may be used f or
somewhat di f f er -
ent pur poses t han
st af f of f i ces of ot her cl i ni cal
depar t ment s . For
exampl e, not onl y do psy-
chi at r i st s use t hei r of f i ces f or
desk wor k,
st udy, and conf er ences
wi t h st udent s and
ot her s, but t hey
may al so use t hemas i nt er -
vi ewr ooms f or
psychi at r i c pat i ent s . Cl ear l y,
t hi s wi l l
have an ef f ect upon t he desi gn of t he
psychi at r i c
depar t ment al of f i ce sui t e i n t hat
i t may
be necessar y t o i ncor por at e wai t i ng
r ooms f or pat i ent s and space f or t he admi ni s-
t r at i ve cont r ol of pat i ent s i n addi t i on t o t he
usual
depar t ment al admi ni st r at i ve space,
t eachi ng space, conf er ence r ooms, and r ef er -
ence l i br ar i es .
Consul t at i on r ooms connect ed by a oneway
vi ewi ng scr een or TVwi t h an adj oi ni ng obser -
vat i on ar ea ar e f r equent l y r equi r ed.
I n
gener al , st udi es i nvol vi ng psychi at r i c
pat i ent s ar e best car r i ed out i n r esear ch f aci l -
i t i es associ at ed wi t h t he psychi at r i c bed ar ea,
and
l abor at or y st udi es not i nvol vi ng pat i ent s
ar e
best car r i ed out i n depar t ment al r esear ch
l abor at or i es .
Pr event i ve
Medi ci ne I n gener al , however , t he
di sci pl i ne
of pr event i ve medi ci ne compr i ses
physi ci ans
who ar e concer ned wi t h t he nat ur al
hi st or y
of di sease and t he f act or s i n t he en-
vi r onment whi ch have anef f ect upon mor bi di t y
and mor t al i t y
. They ar e i nt er est ed i n r educi ng
t he
i nci dence of avoi dabl e di sease and
pr ema-
t ur e deat h t hr ough cont r ol of t hose f act or s
whi ch may cont r i but e
t o
di sabi l i t y
and i n-
capaci t y.
Ther e i s usual l y a cl ose r el at i onshi p bet ween
t he st af f s of pedi at r i cs, medi ci ne, obst et r i cs-
gynecol ogy, psychi at r y, and pr event i ve
medi -
ci ne, and t hi s shoul d be bor ne i n mi nd i n t he
l ocat i on and assi gnment
of
of f i ce
space .
Obst et r i cs and Gynecol ogy Obst et r i cs concer ns
i t sel f wi t h t he
pr ocesses of concept i on, gest a-
t i on, and del i ver y i n
women, wher eas gynecol -
ogy deal s wi t h t he speci f i c di seases of t he
f emal e r epr oduct i ve t r act .
Requi r ement s of t he
depar t ment of ob-
st et r i cs and
gynecol ogy f or admi ni st r at i ve
of f i ce, t eachi ng and
r esear ch space ar e not es-
sent i al l y di f f er ent f r om
t hose of any ot her cl i n-
TABLE 22

Summar y of Space Est i mat es f or
Cl i ni cal Sci ence Faci l i t i es f or
a Hypot het i cal
Four - Year Medi cal School "
Uni ver si t y
hospi t al s, t he age r ange ext ends
t o t he f our t eent h or si xt eent h year . Pedi at r i cs
i s a nonsur gi cal speci al t y. Consequent l y, sur -
ger y on pat i ent s i n t he pedi at r i cs age i s gener -
al l y handl ed by t he depar t ment of sur ger y.
As
i n i nt er nal medi ci ne, a number of subspeci al -
t i es gener al l y based on or gan syst ems such as
car di ol ogy, neur ol ogy, and endocr i nol ogy ar e
usual l y r epr esent ed i n t he depar t ment of
pedi at r i cs .
The gener al r equi r ement s f or depar t ment al
of f i ces, t eachi ng spaces, and l abor at or i es
ar e
t he same i n pedi at r i cs as i n ot her
cl i ni cal de-
par t ment s . Teachi ng i s gener al l y
concent r at ed
wi t hi n one or bot h of t he l ast t wo cl i ni cal year s .
I n addi t i on, t her e ar e t eachi ng r esponsi bi l i t i es
f or i nt er ns, r esi dent s, and
post doct or al f el l ows
i n pedi at r i c t r ai ni ng.
Heal t h
MEDI CAL
SCHOOLS
TABLE 21

Net Ar ea f or a Depar t ment of
Psychi at r y
' For t eachi ng
r esponsi bi l i t y onl y.
' Thi s t abl e does not i ncl ude t he suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es
whi ch ar e a necessar y par t of bot h t he basi c sci ence
and
cl i ni cal sci ence f aci l i t i es .
t To comput e t he gr oss ar ea, i t
i s est i mat ed t hat 65
per cent of t he t ot al gr oss ar ea
i s avai l abl e as usabl e space,
whi l e t he r emai ni ng 35 per cent wi l l pr ovi de
space f or
ext er i or wal l s, par t i t i ons,
cor r i dor s, st ai r s, el evat or s, and
duct ways and chases f or mechani cal
and el ect r i cal r e-
aul r ement s .
$ I n t he t eachi ng
hospi t al .
Pr ecl i ni cal
pat hol ogy i s t aught i n t he basi c sci ence
f aci l i t i es . Space f or cl i ni cal
pat hol ogy may be pr ovi ded
i n t he t eachi ng hospi t al .
School A School 8
( ent er i ng
l ent er i ng
cl ass of 64 cl ass of
96
Type of f aci l i t y st udent s)
st udent s)
Squar e
f eet
Tot al gr oss ar eat
( r ounded)
. . . . . . 69, 000 80, 000
Tot al net ar ea
( r ounded) -
. . . . . . ' 45, 000
i
52, 000
Depar t ment al
f aci l i t i es :
Medi ci ne. . . . . . . . . . .
13, 440 15, 490
Sur ger y. . . . . . . . . . . .
8, 840 11, 120
Pedi at r i cs
. . . . . . . . . 4, 260 I 5, 010
Obst et r i cs
and
gynecol ogy . . . . . .
4, 390 4, 390
Psychi at r y . . . . . . . .
5, 480 6, 660
Pr event i ve
medi ci ne . . . . . 4, 260 4, 870
Audi t or i um$
Lect ur e
r ooms*
Cent r al
st or age . . . . . . 3, 200 3, 200
Toi l et r ooms
. . . . . . . . . 1, 200 1, 200
Radi ol ogy*
Anest hesi ol ogy*
Pat hol ogy j
School
A School S
Type of f aci l i t y ( ent er i ng ( ent er l ng
cl amof
64 camof 96
Assumed si n of f acul t y
' - - - - - - - -
10
14
Post doct or al f el l ows - - - - - - - - - - - - - a 10
Squar e f eet
Tot al net ar m- - - - - - - - - - - 5, 480 6, 660
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5, 000 6, 100
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - -
210 210
Pr of essor ' s of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 140
Secr et ar y' s or at e- - - - - - - - - - - 280 280
Conf er ence r oom- - - - - - - - - - -
350 350
Facul t y of f i ces- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 3) 420 ( 5) 700
Post doct or al f el l ows' of f i ces- - ( 2) 400 ( 2) 400
I nt er vi ewof f i ces - - - - - - - - - - - -
( 2) 280 ( 2) 280
Psychol ogi st s' of f i ces
.
-
. - - - - -
( 2)
280
( 2) 280
Depar t ment al l abor at or y- - - - 610
610
Addi t i onal l abor at or i es- - - - - - ( 3) 1, 830 ( 4) 2, 440
Speci al l abor at or y- - - - - - - - - - 200 410
Tot al - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 480 560
Dat a r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 140
Speci al - pr oj ect s r oom- - - - - - - 140
140
St or age r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 200 280
SELECTI NG
THE SI TE
Pr ef er r ed Locat i ons
i mpl i cat i ons
of t hi s change f or t r af f i c
pat t er ns
wi t hi n t he school
.
Basi c
Sci ence and Pr ecl i ni cal Labor at or i es
.
The
act i vi t i es of f r eshmen and sophomor es ar e
l ar gel y
conf i ned t o t hese ar eas ; by l ocat i ng
t hemi n
r easonabl e pr oxi mi t y, wi t h ot her
f aci l -
i t i es used by t hese
st udent s near by, t r af f i c
wi t hi n t he school coul d be
mat er i al l y r educed.
However , si nce
l abor at or y sessi ons ar e nor -
mal l y schedul ed
f or
a
f ul l hal f day, wi t h st u-
dent s shi f t i ng bet ween
l abor at or i es onl y once
a day, l ocat i ng
t hese ar eas on separ at e f l oor s
or i n separ at e wi ngs may wel l
r esol ve a par t i c-
ul ar school ' s pr obl ems of space
ar r angement .
ADesi gn whi ch Cont r ol s Tr af f i c Fl ow
Fi gur e 1 i s a space di agr amshowi ng t he r el a-
t i onshi ps bet ween and wi t hi n t he cl i ni cal and
pr ecl i ni cal dent al sci ence ar eas of a school
whi ch wi l l l ocat e i t s basi c sci ence f aci l i t i es
i n anot her wi ng or on anot her f l oor .
Al l st udent f aci l i t i es ar e l ocat ed cl ose t o : hei r
maj or ar eas of act i vi t y. Not e t he
pr oxi mi t y of
st udent l ounges and l ocker r ooms t o t he t each-
i ng f aci l i t i es used by t he st udent s .
Fr eshmen
and sophomor e l ocker r ooms ar e
adj acent t o
t he
pr ecl i ni cal l abor at or i es, whi l e l ocker
r ooms
f or
j uni or and seni or s ar e cl ose t o t he
cl i ni c .
Locker r ooms f or bot h gr oups adj oi n t he st u-
dent l ounge and bookst or e and ar e l ocat ed
near t he st udent ent r ance. Lect ur e r ooms, used
by bot h pr ecl i ni cal and cl i ni cal
st udent s, ar e
r eadi l y accessi bl e f r omal l st udent
ar eas .
par ki ng) as a gui de i f par ki ng l ot s ar e t o be
used. Par ki ng l ot s, however , ar e l i kel y t o be-
come
desi r abl e bui l di ng si t es, and
mul t i l evel
gar ages
or under gr ound par ki ng may pr ove
a
mor e
per manent sol ut i on t o t he par ki ng
pr obl em.
SPACE
RELATI ONSHI PS
The Ef f ect of Tr af f i c
Pat t er ns
The ar r angement of t he many
el ement s of a
school i s det er mi ned l ar gel y by
t he movement
of st udent s, f acul t y,
pat i ent s, and mat er i al s .
Cl i ni cs .
The most common and ef f ect i ve way
of r educi ng t r af f i c wi t hi n t he school i s by
physi cal separ at i on of t he cl i ni cal f aci l i t i es
f r omt he r emai nder of t he school . St af f ed by a
separ at e f acul t y andvi si t ed dai l y by l ar ge num-
ber s of pat i ent s whose pr esence el sewher e
i n
t he school coul d be di sr upt i ve, t he
cl i ni cal
f aci l i t i es ar e l ogi cal l y a physi cal
ent i t y. For
t hi s r eason, physi cal separ at i on
wi l l cont i nue
t o be advi sabl e even t hough ef f or t s t o
br eak
down t he r i gi d separ at i on whi ch exi st s be-
t ween t he cl i ni cal and basi c sci ence t eachi ng
pr ogr ams ar e successf ul .
However , i f t hey ar e successf ul , t her e pr ob-
abl y wi l l be a need t o l ocat e cer t ai n
cl i ni cal
ar eas so t hat st udent s can move bet ween
t he
cl i ni cs and t he basi c sci ence ar eas wi t hout
di st ur bi ng t he cl i ni cal r out i ne. Pl anni ng
com-
mi t t ees shoul d t her ef or e consi der t he possi bl e
Dent al educat or s
gener al l y pr ef er cer t ai n l oca-
t i ons f or a dent al school
. The obvi ous choi ce,
a uni ver si t y campus, has
i mpr essi ve advan-
t ages . I t of f er s
st udent s and f acul t y a r i cher
cul t ur al l i f e and
of t en a mor e pl easant envi r on-
ment . Adequat e
housi ng and st udent f aci l i t i es
may be
mor e r eadi l y avai l abl e t han i n ot her
l ocat i ons .
I f t he uni ver si t y al so has a medi cal
school on campus,
st udent s and f acul t y can
enj oy a cl ose
associ at i on wi t h ot her heal t h pr o-
f essi ons .
Locat i on i n a heal t h
cent er i s al so advan-
t ageous,
si nce i t of f er s access t o a compl ex
of heal t h f aci l i t i es
and pr ovi des day- t o- day
oppor t uni t y f or cl ose
cooper at i on bet ween
t he heal t h
pr of essi ons . Amet r opol i t an l oca-
t i on gener al l y
assur es t he school an ampl e
suppl y of pat i ent s
f or t eachi ng cl i ni cs .
The
Si t e I t sel f
Topogr aphy
and Di mensi ons . Hi gh gr ound
wi t h nat ur al
dr ai nage i s desi r abl e, but
t he
el evat i on shoul d not be
so hi gh t hat appr oach
on f oot i s di f f i cul t
. Apat i ent ent r ance at
gr ound
l evel and a ser vi ce
dr i ve t o t he basement ar ea
shoul d be f easi bl e
. Agent l y sl opi ng l ot has
advant ages, si nce i t
of f er s ent r ances on t wo
l evel s ; t r af f i c i n and out of t he
bui l di ng i s aut o-
mat i cal l y di vi ded bet ween t hem, and
t he move-
ment of peopl e and suppl i es can
mor e easi l y
be di ver t ed over separ at e r out es
wi t hi n t he
bui l di ng. The si t e sel ect ed shoul d be of
suf f i -
ci ent si ze t o per mi t
l at er expansi on .
Wher e l and cost s ar e
f avor abl e and wher e
par ki ng f aci l i t i es ar e pl anned,
a bui l di ng si t e
cover i ng a mi ni mumof 10
t o 12 acr es i s ad-
vi sabl e.
Ut i l i t i es . Sewer age, wat er ,
el ect r i ci t y, t el e-
phone, and gas must be avai l abl e
on t he si t e
or be ext endi bl e t o i t at r easonabl e
cost . Ut i l -
i t i es must al so have adequat e capaci t y
.
Tr anspor t at i on and Par ki ng
.

Conveni ent pub-
l i c t r anspor t at i on i s a necessi t y
. Runs shoul d
be f r equent , wi t h adequat e
peak- hour ser vi ce.
Good publ i c t r anspor t at i on
mat er i al l y r educes
t he par ki ng pr obl em. I t al so
makes i t easi er
f or t he school t o secur e and r et ai n
ser vi ce and
cl er i cal empl oyees . Even
wi t h good publ i c
t r anspor t at i on, f i r st - cl ass r oads
shoul d con-
nect t he school di r ect l y wi t h
l ocal t r af f i c
ar t er i es.
The si t e shoul d per mi t
adequat e par ki ng
ar eas f or st udent s, f acul t y,
and pat i ent s . Gen-
er al l y, one par ki ng pl ace
f or each f ul l - t i me
f acul t y member and one f or
ever y t wo par t -
t i me member s i s advi sabl e.
Asi t e i n a subur -
ban ar ea shoul d al so al l ow
t wo par ki ng pl aces
per ent er i ng cl ass st udent
( ECS) f or st udent s,
i f possi bl e, and anot her t wo pl aces per
ECSf or
cl i ni c pat i ent s .
I n det er mi ni ng howmuch l and
wi l l be needed
f or
par ki ng, al l ow130 car s per acr e ( f or
45'
Publ i c Heal t h Ser vi ce, U. S.
Depar t ment of
Heal t h, Educat i on, and
Wel f ar e, 1962 . Fi g. t

Space r el at i onshi ps :
pr ecl i ni cal and cl i ni cal dent al sci ence ar eas.
SECTI ONTHRUOFFI CE UNI T
Fi g. 2 Bui l di ng
modul e.
er at or i es, l abor at or i es, of f i ces, andot her smal l
r ooms ar e not l ocat ed al ong t he ext er i or wal l s .
BASI CSCI ENCE FACI LI TI ES- I NGENERAL
Fewdeci si ons made i n t he i ni t i al
st ages of
pr ogr ammi ng wi l l have
a gr eat er i nf l uence on
t he space and
st r uct ur al r equi r ement s of t he
dent al school t han
t hose r eached i n def i ni ng
t he
school ' s t eachi ng and r esear ch obj ect i ves
i n t he basi c sci ences .
Depar t ment al
Faci l i t i es
The head
of ever y depar t ment needs a pr i vat e
of f i ce wi t h
space enough t o accommodat e
smal l st af f or st udent conf er ences . An adj oi n-
Modul ar desi gn
pr ovi des a basi s f or det er -
mi ni ng t he wi dt h
of l abor at or i es and of f i ces .
I n est i mat i ng
dept h, at l east 24or 25 f t shoul d
be al l owed. I n Fi gur e 18 t he bay dept h i s 28 f t
- t he equi val ent of si x modul es
; a suf f i ci ent
al l owance when ut i l i t y shaf t s
ar e l ocat ed al ong
t he cor r i dor wal l .
Caut i on shoul d be used i n
f ol l owi ng modul ar
pl anni ng f or
ot her el ement s of t he dent al
school .
Wher e l ocat i on of col umns i s i mpor -
t ant , st r i ct adher ence
t o
t he
sel ect ed pl anni ng
modul e
may r esul t i n obst acl es i n ai sl es and
ot her ar eas . Thi s i s a
par t i cul ar pr obl emi n t he
cl i ni cs, wher e chai r
l ayout may be adver sel y
af f ect ed by
a l ack of coor di nat i on wi t h t he
st r uct ur al and mechani cal
f eat ur es of t he bui l d-
i ng. I n t he cl i ni c ar ea,
modul ar desi gn i s of
l esser i mpor t ance i n
t hose pl ans i n whi ch op-
The need f or a l ocat i on as f r ee of vi br at i on as
possi bl e makes t he basement t he pr ef er r ed si t e
f or t he el ect r on mi cr oscope sui t e, f or exampl e,
t hough t hi s l ocat i on i s sel domconveni ent f or
user s of t he l abor at or y. Faci l i t i es whi ch wi l l
be used af t er nor mal school hour s- audi t or -
i um, l i br ar i es, and st udy ar eas- pr ovi de an-
ot her exampl e. I deal l y, t hey shoul d be l ocat ed
so t hat t hey can be l ef t open af t er t he r emai nder
of t he school i s l ocked.
THE PHYSI CAL PLANT
:
DESI GNANDSTRUCTURE
Modul ar Pl anni ng
f or Fl exi bi l i t y and Ef f i ci ent
Use
of Space
Modul ar pl anni ng i s par t i cul ar l y adapt abl e t o
t he desi gn
of school s, hospi t al s, and ot her
bui l di ngs i n whi ch r epet i t i ve el ement s l end
t hemsel ves t o t he syst emat i c and uni f or m
spaci ng of cer t ai n st r uct ur al f eat ur es . The
modul e shoul d be a mul t i pl e of t he basi c 4- i n.
modul e r ecommended by t he Amer i can St an-
dar ds Associ at i on
Pr oj ect A62.
Many bui l di ng component s
ar e pr ef abr i cat ed
on t hi s basi s, and t he
f l oor pl ans i n t hi s sec-
t i on ar e based on modul ar
desi gn, usi ng a
modul e of 4 f t 8 i n.
I n
Labor at or y and Of f i ce Pl anni ng I n t he dent al
school , modul ar desi gn i s par t i cul ar l y appl i -
cabl e t o t he pl anni ng of r esear ch l abor at or i es
and of f i ces . Fi gur e 2 shows a
sect i on of a t ypi -
cal basi c
sci ence l abor at or y based on t he 4- 1t
8- i n.
modul e
.
I t i s a t wo- modul e l abor at or y,
appr oxi mat el y 9 f t i n
wi dt h. When al l owances
ar e made f or t he
equi pment and l abor at or y
benches ext endi ng
i nt o t he r oomf r omt he wal l ,
t he t wo- modul e uni t i s t he
smal l est si ze pr ac-
t i cal but yet adequat e f or i t s
f unct i on.
Exampl es of Modul ar Pl anni ng When
modul ar
pl anni ng of ar eas i s combi ned wi t h
modul ar
pl anni ng of ut i l i t i es, var i ous
combi nat i ons of
of f i ces, l abor at or i es, and st or age space
ar e
pr act i cal . ( See Fi g. 3. )
Fi gur e 3b i s a sect i onal
dr awi ng of
a
r e-
sear ch f l oor of a school . Fi gur e 3c i s a par t i al
pl an of t he
cor r i dor wal l . Col umns ar e l ocat ed
at ever y f i f t h modul e. Ver t i cal ut i l i t y shaf t s,
whi ch suppl y t he
l abor at or i es wi t h wat er ,
dr ai nage,
gas, and ot her ut i l i t i es, ar e l ocat ed
at ever y f our t h modul e.
Fi gur e 3a shows t he ar r angement s of l abor a-
t or i es, of f i ce, and equi pment st or age ar eas
possi bl e wi t h t hi s desi gn. For exampl e, i f a
ser i es of l abor at or i es of f our - modul e wi dt h i s
desi r ed, ei t her i ndex Aor B can be f ol l owed.
I ndex Ahas t he l abor at or y bench at t he si de
wal l s, whi l e i ndex B
shows a cent er i sl and or
peni nsul a t ype
of l abor at or y. I f an of f i ce and
equi pment
r oomi s desi r ed wi t h each l abor a-
t or y, t hese
can be subst i t ut ed f or al t er nat e
l abor at or i es .
I ndexes
Cand Di l l ust r at e smal l er l abor a-
t or i es sui t abl e f or one or t wo r esear cher s . I n-
dex Ci s a ser i es of l abor at or i es onl y, and i ndex
Di s a combi nat i on of t wo- modul e l abor at or i es,
of f i ces, and equi pment st or age r ooms. One
or mor e f our - modul e
l abor at or i es can easi l y
be pr ovi ded i n combi nat i on
wi t h
t wo- modul e
l abor at or i es
.
Advant ages and Li mi t at i ons Modul ar desi gn can
be appl i ed t o st r uct ur es i n whi ch ut i l i t i es ar e
l ocat ed at or i n t he ext er i or wal l s. I t can al so
be used, and wi t h per haps gr eat er f l exi bi l i t y,
i n r esear ch l abor at or i es i n
whi ch
a cent r al
ut i l i t y cor e i s ut i l i zed. ( Fi g. 4. )
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
Fi g. 4

Pl an f or a
basi c sci ence ar ea ut i l i zi ng acent r al
ut i l i t y cor e.
Fi g. 3

Modul ar pl anni ng of r esear ch ar eas.
LEGEND
M- Modul e
~
LoOOr or or y
Of f i ce
of f i ce
aEOr ' " bmoat
St or age
WW- Wsl
Bal l - Dl i l i l i es
Ff ume Duel
( b) SECTI ON
( a) I NDEXOF
MODULARUSE
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
DENTAL SCHOOLS
i ng of f i ce shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t he depar t -
ment secr et ar y. Aconf er ence r oomand a semi -
nar r oomaccommodat i ng a 16- st udent gr oup
shoul d al so be pr ovi ded. I n addi t i on t o chal k-
boar ds and bookshel ves, each r oom shoul d
be equi pped wi t h or adapt abl e t o t he use of
sl i de and f i l mpr oj ect or s and ETV. Bot h can be
used f or st af f or st udent conf er ences, or f or
f or mal but unschedul ed cl asses or semi nar s .
Adat a pr ocessi ng r oomf or use bot h by f acul t y
and gr aduat e st udent s i s al so an advant age.
Speci al equi pment need not be el abor at e, and
may i ncl ude an addi ng machi ne, a cal cul at or ,
and a t ypewr i t er .
Ast or age r oom easi l y accessi bl e t o st af f
of f i ces and r esear ch f aci l i t i es i s a maj or con-
veni ence. Pr oper l y pl anned, i t can al ways be
conver t ed i nt o of f i ce space- a much- needed
i nsur ance agai nst event ual over cr owdi ng.
Ever y f ul l - t i me f acul t y member and gr aduat e
st udent wi l l need of f i ce and r esear ch l abor at or y
space. I n addi t i on, an unassi gned r esear ch
l abor at or y shoul d be consi der ed f or each de-
par t ment .
Labor at or i es
The t r adi t i onal ar r angement f or basi c sci ence
t eachi ng pr ovi des a l abor at or y of cl ass si ze f or
ever y depar t ment . Thi s cal l s f or a separ at e
l abor at or y f or anat omy, bi ochemi st r y, phys-
i ol ogy,
mi cr obi ol ogy, pat hol ogy, and phar -
macol ogy.
Consi der abl y l ess space wi l l be needed f or
under gr aduat e t eachi ng i f mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or i es ar e used, and dent al school s have
gener al l y f ound t hat mor e t han one di sci pl i ne
can easi l y be schedul ed f or a si ngl e l abor at or y.
School s whi ch use i nt egr at ed syst ems of i n-
st r uct i on or whi ch need t o assur e a mar ked
degr ee of f l exi bi l i t y
wi l l necessar i l y pl an mul t i -
di sci pl i ne l abor at or i es .
I f t hey ar e equi pped wi t h movabl e par t i t i ons
and f our - or ei ght - man posi t i on benches, bot h
depar t ment al and mul t i - di sci pl i ne l abor at or i es
of cl ass si ze
ar e easi l y di vi ded i nt o smal l er
uni t s t o accommodat e
r esear ch pr oj ect s or
smal l - gr oup t eachi ng.
Many educat or s, how-
ever , l ook wi t h i ncr easi ng
f avor on t he l abo-
r at or y desi gned speci f i cal l y f or t he smal l er
number of st udent s . Fi gur e 5 i s a
f l oor pl an
showi ng howi t ems of equi pment ar e pl aced
.
Sophomor e l abor at or i es have no
anat omy
t abl e but ar e ot her wi se si mi l ar .
Uni t l abor at or i es accommodat i ng a
l ar ger
number of st udent s and desi gned f or t each-
i ng onl y t he basi c sci ence di sci pl i nes ar e
mor e
wi del y f avor ed. Fi gur e 6 i s a f l oor pl an of a 16-
st udent l abor at or y i n whi ch physi ol ogy,
bi o-
chemi st r y, and phar macol ogy
ar e t aught . Mor e
det ai l ed i nf or mat i on on
t he ar r angement and
equi pment of t eachi ng
l abor at or i es, and t he
speci al f aci l i t i es associ at ed
wi t h t hem wi l l
be f ound i n a f ol l owi ng
sect i on . Suggest ed
space al l owances ar e shown i n Tabl e
1 .
BASI CSCI ENCE LABORATORY
FACI LI TI ES
Thr ee t eachi ng l abor at or i es- t wo
mul t i di s-
ci pl i ne and one si ngl e
di sci pl i near e de-
scr i bed i n t hi s sect i on. Toget her , t he
t hr ee
can accommodat e al l of t he basi c
l abor at or y
sci ences t aught i n a dent al school
.
Each of t he mul t i di sci pl i ne l abor at or i es
de-
scr i bed may be l ai d out as a ser i es
of sel f -
cont ai ned uni t s accommodat i ng smal l
gr oups
of st udent s, or r et ai ned as a cl ass- si ze l abor s-
t or y and equi pped wi t h f ol di ng
par t i t i ons t o
per mi t di vi si on of t he r oom
i nt o smal l er uni t s .
The anci l l ar y and speci al f aci l i t i es
r equi r ed
by t he di f f er ent di sci pl i nes
usi ng t hese l abor a- Fi g . 6

Si xt een- man t eachi ng l abor at or y.
CORRI DOR
Fi g. 5

Layout and equi pment of uni t l abor at or y f or bot h basi c
and pr ecl i ni cal
sci ences.
TABLE
1

Summar y Space
Al l ocat i ons- Ten Hypot het i cal School s
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
t or i es
ar e gener al l y descr i bed, and t hey ar e
subst ant i al l y t he
same whet her smal l - gr oup
or cl ass- si ze
l abor at or i es
ar e
ut i l i zed .
Low- Bench
Di sci pl i nes
Teachi ng Labor at or y

The di sci pl i nes whi ch shar e
t he l owbench t eachi ng
l abor at or y ar e t hose
empl oyi ng mi cr oscopy as
t hei r pr i nci pal t ech-
ni que- hi st ol ogy ( t he mi cr oscopi c st udy
of
nor mal t i ssue) , pat hol ogy ( t he mi cr oscopi c
st udy of di seased t i ssue) ,
and mi cr obi ol ogy
( t he st udy of mi cr oor gani sms)
.
Labor at or y Benches and
Ar r angement . Lab-
or at or y benches ar e usual l y 30 t o 32
i n . hi gh t o
per mi t st udent s t o si t comf or t abl y
f or l ong ses-
si ons at t he mi cr oscope. St ool s have back r est s
and adj ust abl e seat s . Ei t her si ngl e or doubl e-
wi dt h benches may be used. However , because
al l st udent s si t al ong one si de of si ngl e- wi dt h
benches, t hese can be mor e easi l y ar r anged t o
per mi t al l st udent s t o f ace t he demonst r at i on
ar ea. A f our - posi t i on bench i s par t i cul ar l y
desi r abl e i n t he cl ass- si ze l abor at or y, si nce
i t per mi t s t he di vi si on of t he cl ass i nt o gr oups
of 16 or l ess wi t hout spl i t t i ng t he gr oup at any
bench. I f doubl e benches ar e used, t he ei ght -
posi t i on bench i s pr ef er r ed.
Cl ear ances of 3 f t bet ween si ngl e- wi dt h
benches and 4 f t 6 i n. bet ween
doubl e- wi dt h
benches ar e r equi r ed. Si de ai sl es, cent er
ai sl e,
and mai n cr oss ai sl e shoul d be 6 f t wi de
.
Wor k St at i on at t he Bench. Each
posi t i on at
t he bench shoul d be at l east 42 i n. wi de
t o
al l owbot h adequat e knee space and r oomf or a
base cabi net cont ai ni ng dr awer s f or st or i ng
sl i des and suppl i es and a cupboar d f or st or i ng
a
mi cr oscope. Wat er , gas, and el ect r i ci t y
shoul d be
avai l abl e at each posi t i on. The need
f or an ai r out l et i s
l i mi t ed, and a vacuumi s
sel domused
. Al ead cup si nk et each posi t i on
( or a bench- l ong dr ai n t r ough wi t h a si nk at one
end) i s necessar y.
Bench Tops . Bench- t op sur f aci ng shoul d be
r esi l i ent , t o mi ni mi ze sl i de br eakage, as wel l
as st ai n and al cohol r esi st ant . Bench t ope
shoul d be as f r ee of j oi nt s as possi bl e.
St andup Wor k Ar eas . Wal l count er s ( 37 i n .
hi gh) ar e l ocat ed al ong t he si des of t he l abor a-
t or y ar ea. These pr ovi de bench space of st and-
up
hei ght , wher e st udent s may set up por t abl e
equi pment ,
conduct exper i ment s wi t h ani mal s,
or t ake par t i n ot her assi gned pr oj ect s . Count -
er t op handwashi ng mi nks wi t h knee- or
f oot -
oper at ed val ves shoul d be i nst al l ed and sup-
pl i ed wi t h hot and col d r unni ng wat er . Gas, ai r ,
and
el ect r i ci t y out l et s wi l l al so be needed . One
set of out l et s
f or ever y f our wor k st at i ons at
t he count er i s
adequat e.
Demonst r at i on.
The demonst r at i on ar ea
shoul d have a t abl e,
r et r act abl e pr oj ect i on
scr een, and a
chal kboar d at l east 4 f t hi gh
and as l ong as t he suppor t i ng
wal l per mi t s .
Addi t i onal smal l
chal kboar ds- 3 by 4f t - shoul d
be avai l abl e t hr oughout
t he l abor at or y. At l east
one f or ever y 16 st udent s
and al l chal kboar ds shoul d
have adequat e
i l l umi nat i on. Abul l et i n
boar d i s al so advi s-
abl e. Because smal l - gr oup
l abor at or i es easi l y
accommodat e demonst r at i ons,
no separ at e
ar eas ar e needed
f or t hi s pur pose i n school s
empl oyi ng t he uni t
ar r angement . Each of t he
smal l - gr oup l abor at or i es
wi l l r equi r e i t s own
pr oj ect i on scr eens,
chal kboar ds, end a bul l et i n
boar d.
St at i onar y
Equi pment. One noncor r osi ve
f ume hood shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or ever y 16
st udent s . St at i onar y
cent r i f uges i n t he same
r at i o ar e desi r abl e f or mi cr obi ol ogy.
Space
wi l l be needed f or i ncubat or s- one
f or ever y
ei ght st udent s- and f or
r ef r i ger at or s- one
f or ever y 16 st udent s .
Anci l l ar y Faci l i t i es
Each di sci pl i ne shar i ng t he
l owbench t eachi ng l abor at or y
must have cer -
t ai n anci l l ar y f aci l i t i es avai l abl e.
Space f or t he pr epar at i on of
mi cr oscope
sl i des i s necessar y f or any l abor at or y
i n whi ch
hi st ol ogy and pat hol ogy ar e t aught .
Pr ef er abl y,
t hi s ar ea consi st s of t wo
i nt er connect i ng
r ooms. I n one, t he embeddi ng r oom, t i ssue
i s
pr ocessed and embedded i n par af f i n.
Thi s
r oom shoul d have t wo count er s,
31 i n. i n
hei ght , one t o be used as a wor kbench
f or
pr epar i ng end pr ocessi ng speci mens
and t he
ot her f or mi xi ng sol ut i ons . Pi eci ng
a pl ai n
wor kt abl e at one end of t he par af f i n oven
pr o-
vi des an ef f i ci ent ar r angement f or t he
embed-
di ng pr ocedur es . For easy access f r omei t her
si de, t he wor kt abl e shoul d be l ocat ed near
t he cent er of t he r oom. Wal l cabi net s f or
st or i ng sol ut i ons and ot her suppl i es shoul d
be
pr ovi ded.
The second r oomi s used f or sect i oni ng,
st ai ni ng, and st or i ng t he compl et ed sl i des .
Count er s 31 i n. hi gh and 2 f t wi de shoul d be
pr ovi ded i n t hi s r oom. Each wor k st at i on et t he
count er shoul d have knee space of suf f i ci ent
wi dt h and a base uni t wi t h dr awer s f or st or i ng
bl ank sl i des . Al l of t he count er t ops i n t hese
sl i de pr epar at i on r ooms shoul d be r esi l i ent
and st ai n- r esi st ant .
For mi cr obi ol ogy, a medi a pr epar at i on r oom
shoul d be pr ovi ded adj acent t o t he t eachi ng
l abor at or y. Usual l y t he wor k of a t r ai ned t ech-
ni ci an, medi a pr epar at i on r equi r es space f or
sever al i t ems of equi pment , i ncl udi ng a r ange
or hot pl at es f or cooki ng t he mat er i al , an aut o-
cl ave f or st er i l i zi ng t est t ubes and medi a, a
r ef r i ger at or f or st or age of cul t ur e medi a, end
of t en an i ncubat or f or t est i ng
t he st er i l i t y of
medi a
pr i or t o use. Thi s ar ea shoul d be dust -
f r ee. Wal l count er s 37
i n. hi gh, equi pped wi t h
base cabi net s and ai r , gas,
di st i l l ed wat er end
Type of Ar ea
112
I n school s wi t h f aci l i t i es f or
al l basi c sci ences
96 BO 64
Si ze of ent er i ng cl ass
I n school s wi t h
f aci l i t i es f or
cl i ni cal l y
or i ent ed basi c sci ences onl y
48 112 96 80 64
48
Net squar e f eet - al l ar eas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215, 545 186, 875 165, 205 141, 135 122, 175 156, 220 134, 400 120, 230
104, 700 89, 510
Basi c sci ence f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 600
53, 750 47, 200 39, 350 35, 500 11, 250 9, 900 8, 750
7, 850 6, 650
Teachi ng l abor at or y and anci l l ar y f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . 22, 600
19, 950 17, 300 14, 550 12, 200 5, 900 5, 100 4, 400 3, 700 3, 000
Speci al l abor at or y f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 900
1, 900 1, 900 1, 900 1, 900 700 700 700 700
700
Facul t y of f i ces and r esear ch l abor at or i es . . . . . . . . . .
17, 100 14, 400 12, 300 9, 000 8, 100 2, 100 1, 800 1, 500 1, 200 900
Gr aduat e st udy and r esear ch ar eas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 100
5, 400 4, 600 3, 400 2, 800 750 600 450
450 450
Ot her depar t ment al f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 900
12, 300 11, 100 10, 500 10, 500 1, 800 1, 700 1, 700 1, 800 1, 600
Cl i ni cal l and pr ecl i ni cal l f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 375 73, 585
67, 425 59, 685 51, 205 88, 375 73, 585 67, 425 59, 685
51, 205
Oper at or i es and anci l l ar y f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 475 44, 385
40, 325 36, 865 32, 305 53, 475 44, 385 41, 325 38, 865 32, 306
Labor at or i es and anci l l ar y f aci l i t i es . . . . . : . . . . . . . . 18, 800 16, 400
14, 000 11, 400 8, 800 18, 800 16, 400 14, 000 11, 400 8, 800
Facul t y of f i ces and r esear ch ar eas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 200 10, 600
10, 600 9, 400 8, 200 13, 200 10, 600 10, 000 9, 400 8, 200
Gr aduat e st udy end r esear ch ar eas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 900 2, 200
2, 100 2, 000 1, 900 2, 900 2, 200 2, 100 2, 000 1, 900
Common f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 31, 570 28, 440
23, 780 19, 820 16, 870 24, 395 22, 615 19, 455 16, 985 14, 556
Lect ur e r ooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 100 6, 200 4, 900 4, 000
3, 100 5, 300 4, 600 3, 700 3, 000 2, 300
Li br ar y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10, 780 9, 950
9, 120 8, 290 7, 560 10, 780 9, 950 9, 120 8, 290 7, 580
ETV
end vi sual ai ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4, 790 4, 590 3, 880 2, 830 2, 510
4, 190 4, 090 3, 260 2, 520 2, 320
ETV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2, 650 2, 550 2, 200 1, 650 1, 500
2, 550 2, 550 2, 200 1, 650 1, 500
Vi sual ai ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2, 140 2, 040 1, 460 1, 180 1, 010
1, 640 1, 540 1, 060 870 820
Speci al
suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es f or l abor at or i es
and
cl i ni cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 900 7, 700 6, 100 4, 700 3, 500
4, 125 3, 975 3, 375 3, 175 2, 375
Ani mal quar t er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6, 900 5, 700 4, 700 3, 500 2, 500
2, 525 2, 375 2, 275 2, 175 1, 575
Techni cal shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2, 000 2, 000 1, 400 1, 200 1, 000
1, 600 1, 600 1, 100 1, 000 800
Gener al suppor t i ng
f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 000 30, 900 26, 800
22, 300 18, 800 32, 200 28, 300 24, 800 20, 400 17, 100
Admi ni st r at i on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5, 700 5, 300 4, 900 4, 300
3, 800 5, 500 5, 100 4, 700 4, 100 3, 600
Speci al
f aci l i t i es f or st udent s and f acul t y . . . . . . . . . . 13, 600 12, 100 10, 300 8, 700
7, 300 12, 000 10, 700 9, 100 7, 700 6, 500
Gener al
mai nt enance and bui l di ng ser vi ces . . . . . . . . . 15, 700 13, 500 11, 600 9, 300
7, 700 14, 700 12, 500 10, 800 8, 800 7, 000
el ect r i cal out l et s, ar e needed bot h i n t he
ki t chen ar ea and i n t he ar ea wher e medi a ar e
t r ansf er r ed t o t est t ubes. I n t he l at t er , bur et t e
st ands ar e nor mal l y pl aced on t he count er l op.
Af ai r l y l ar ge ar ea f or gl asswar e washi ng and
st er i l i zat i on shoul d adj oi n t he t eachi ng l abor a-
t or y. Commer ci al gl asswashi ng and dr yi ng
machi nes, an aut ocl ave, and of t en a hot ai r
st er i l i zer must be accommodat ed, as wel l as
si nk and dr ai nboer ds, space f or st or i ng t he
car t s whi ch car r y gl asswar e and Pet r i di shes
t o and f r omt he ar ea, anda wor kt abl e f or gl ass-
war e st or age.
St or age r ooms f or chemi cal s, gl asswar e,
equi pment , and ot her mat er i al s ar e necessar y.
Among t he i t ems of por t abl e equi pment whi ch
may be used and
wi l l r equi r e space f or st or age
ar e wat er bat hs, i ncubat or s, and
spect r opho-
t omet er s .
Anani mal hol di ng
r oomwher e smal l ani mal s
may be hel d f or obser vat i on or exper i ment at i on
compl et es t he l i st of t he l ar ger
anci l l ar y ar eas
r equi r ed
i n conj unct i on wi t h t hi s l abor at or y
.
Speci al Faci l i t i es
Addi t i onal
f aci l i t i es whi ch ar e
of speci al val ue f or r esear ch
and t eachi ng i n
t he l owbench di sci pl i nes i ncl ude
a col d r oom
and el ect r on mi cr oscope set up.
The col d r oom i s essent i al l y a r ef r i ger at or
r oom. I t cont ai ns count er space and si nk f or
wor k t hat must be done at l ow
t emper at ur es .
Saf et y door l at cl
as
and war ni ng
l i ght s ar e
mandat or y f eat ur es .
Anel ect r on mi cr oscope uni t r equi r es at l east
t hr ee r ooms : one t o house t he
mi cr oscope
i t sel f , anot her f or sl i de pr epar at i on,
anda
t hi r d
- a
dar kr oom- f or
devel opi ng, enl ar gi ng, and
pr i nt i ng el ect r on mi cr ogr aphs
.
Hi gh- Bench Di sci pl i nes
Teachi ng Labor at or y

The di sci pl i nes whi ch
shar e
t he hi gh- bench t eachi ng
l abor at or y
ar e
t hose
f or whi ch l abor at or y
wor k r equi r es t hat t he
st udent st and and
move about t o
per f or m
ex-
per i ment s. These i ncl ude physi ol ogy ( t he st udy
of t he pr ocess of l i vi ng or gani sms) , phar ma-
col ogy
( t he
sci ence of dr ugs) , and
bi ochemi st r y
( t he st udy of t he chemi cal compounds and
pr ocesses occur r i ng i n or gani sms) .
Labor at or y Benches and Ar r angement . Labo-
r at or y benches
ar e usual l y 37 i n.
hi gh .
St ool s
of adj ust abl e hei ght ar e
pr ovi ded. Except
f or
t hei r hei ght , benches may be si mi l ar i n desi gn
and ar r angement t o t hose i n t he l owbench
l abor at or y. The f our - posi t i on bench has par t i c-
ul ar mer i t because much of t he wor k, espe-
ci al l y i n physi ol ogy, consi st s of speci al pr oj -
ect s
under t aken by a t eamof f our st udent s .
Wor k St at i on at t he Bench. The st udent ' s
wor k st at i on i s al so si mi l ar t o t hat i n t he l ow-
bench l ab. Each st at i on shoul d have a base
cabi net wi t h bot h dr awer and cupboar d space.
Adequat e knee
r oomshoul d be pr ovi ded, even
t hough st udent s
st and a goodshar e of t he t i me.
Hot , col d, and di st i l l ed wat er shoul d be avai l -
abl e at each bench
posi t i on. Gas and el ect r i ci t y
ar e al so r equi r ed . I n
addi t i on, l ow- vol t age
di r ect cur r ent and cont r ol ci r cui t s
shoul d be
avai l abl e f r oma cent r al panel .
Bench Tops . Bench t ope shoul d be of
st one
or of aci d- r esi st ant composi t i on
st one because
of t he r eagent s used i n bi ochemi st r y
.
Si t - down Wor k Ar ea
.
Low
count er s, wi t h
r esi l i ent count er t ops, and
under - count er cabi -
net s ar e pl aced al ong one or mor e of
t he l abor a-
t or y wel l s . Gas, hot and col d wat er , ai r , and
el ect r i c out l et s wi l l be needed,
and count er -
t op si nks shoul d be
equi pped wi t h knee. or
f oot - oper at ed val ves
f or handwashi ng. St ool s
wi t h adj ust abl e seat s
shoul d
be
pr ovi ded.
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
Demonst r at i on Ar ea. The demonst r at i on
space and equi pment ar e
l i ke t hat of t he l ow.
bench l ab.
I n addi t i on, physi ol ogy t eachi ng
makes ext ensi ve use of el ect r i c
pol ygr aphs
and t he Van Sl yke machi nes, of t en t o t he ext ent
of one t o each f our
st udent s . I f t he uni t l abor a-
t or y i s used, no
demonst r at i on ar ea i s neces-
sar y si nce each uni t can easi l y
accommodat e
demonst r at i ons .
St at i onar y Equi pment . Fume hoods- one t o
ever y 16 st udent s- shoul d be pr ovi ded . Be-
cause f l ammabl e and expl osi ve chemi cal s ar e
used, t he hoods shoul d be i nst al l ed a saf e di s-
t ance f r omf i r e exi t s . Bur et t e st ands, appr oxi -
mat el y 5 f t i n l engt h, ar e used by bot h bi ochem-
i st r y and phar macol ogy st udent s . One t o ever y
16 st udent s i s an accept ed r at i o .
Movabl e Equi pment . A gr eat var i et y of
movabl e
equi pment may
be
used. Af ewmov-
abl e t abl es of st andup hei ght
may
be
r equi r ed
f or some
of
t he exper i ment s i n phar macol ogy
and physi ol ogy
i nvol vi ng ani mal s . Tabl e t ops
ar e of l ami nat ed wood wi t h
a st ai n r esi st ant
f i ni sh, and
a shel f i s
pr ovi ded f or st or i ng ani mal
boar ds . I n addi t i on, a deep- f r eeze
uni t , cent r ,
t ogas, r ef r i ger at or s, i ncubat or s,
and much
of t he el ect r oni c appar at us used
i n physi ol ogy
ar e par t of t he movabl e equi pment
used i n t he
l abor at or y f or whi ch space i s r equi r ed
. Fi r st
ai d ki t s and
bl anket s
ar e necessar y, al t hough
t hese gener al l y
occupy no
f l oor space but ar e
mount ed on t he wal l
.
Anci l l ar y Faci l i t i es Bot h bi ochemi st r y and phar -
macol ogy r equi r e a pr epar at i on r oomadj acent
t o t he t eachi ng l abor at or y f or mi xi ng r eagent s
and st or i ng chemi cal s and gl asswar e. St or age
and washi ng f aci l i t i es ar e i ncl uded i n t hi s
r oom. Wal l count er s si mi l ar t o t hose i n t he
t eachi ng l abor at or y and wal l cabi net s per mi t
t hi s r oomt o be used as a r esear ch ar ea dur i ng
of f per i ods .
Each di sci pl i ne r equi r es st or age and suppl y
ar eas, some of t hemspeci al i n nat ur e. Speci al
pr ovi si ons must be made, f or exampl e, f or
st or i ng anest het i cs . Al t hough onl y a l i mi t ed
suppl y of cyl i nder s hol di ng oxygen or anes-
t het i cs shoul d be kept her e ( addi t i onal st or age
shoul d be al l ot t ed at gr ound l evel ) , t he st or age
ar ea shoul d be l ocat ed al ong an ext er i or wal l ,
wi t h f l oor and cei l i ng l ouver s i nst al l ed t o pr o-
vi de gr avi t y vent i l at i on. The r oom shoul d be
l ocked. For chemi cal
st or age ar eas, f i r e haz-
ar ds must
be
mi ni mi zed. Nar cot i cs r equi r e
l ocked st or age .
Gener al l y, r ooms used t o st or e
i nst r ument s and equi pment
shoul d be ampl y
suppl i ed wi t h el ect r i cal out l et s so t hat equi p-
ment can be used
wi t hout bei ng r emoved f r om
t he r oom
.
Ani mal r ooms and col d r ooms ar e among t he
ot her f aci l i t i es
used
r egul ar l y i n conj unct i on
wi t h t he t eachi ng pr ogr amof
t he hi gh- bench
l abor at or y.
Speci al Faci l i t i es
Many of t he speci al f aci l i t i es
used f or r esear ch and t eachi ng i n t he hi gh-
bench di sci pl i nes r equi r e unusual const r uct i on
or saf et y
f eat ur es .
The
chr omat ogr aphy r oomi s a bi ochemi st r y
r esear ch l abor at or y
wher e var i ous pr ocesses
ar e empl oyed t o
separ at e or gani c subst ances .
I n l abor at or i es
wher e paper or col umn chr oma-
t ogr aphy
i s per f or med, f ume hoods capabl e of
exhaust i ng t oxi c or
i nf l ammabl e vapor s ar e r e-
qui r ed, and t he l abor at or y must be mai nt ai ned
under negat i ve ai r pr essur e t o
pr event t he
spr ead of vapor s
.
Wher e gas
chr omat ogr aphy
i s used,
i t
must al so be possi bl e
t o seal of f t he
l abor at or y
i n t he event
of
f i r e. Some i nst r u-
ment s used
i n
t hi s
l abor at or y depend upon
r adi oact i vi t y as
an i oni zat i on sour ce; i f t hese
ar e i nst al l ed, saf eguar ds must be pr ovi ded,
even t hough t he r adi oact i vi t y l evel i s l ow.
I n t he ul t r acent r i f uge r oom, anot her smal l
l abor at or y of t en used i n bi ochemi st r y r esear ch,
t he sel ect i on of
equi pment wi l l l ar gel y det er -
mi ne t he r equi r ement s . Dependi ng
upon i t s
ant i ci pat ed use, t he ul t r acent r i f uge
may be
ei t her el ect r i cal l y power ed or ai r dr i ven
. At
l east par t of t he housi ng f or t hi s equi pment
i s
of heavy ar mor pl at e. Addi t i onal
cool i ng may
be needed i n t he r oomt o of f set heat
pr oduced
by oper at i on of t he equi pment .
Const ant - t emper at ur e r ooms, or
cont r ol l ed-
t emper at ur e r ooms, as t hey ar e somet i mes
cal l ed, ar e usod t o house smal l ani mal s under
const ant t emper at ur e and humi di f y condi t i ons .
The wor k ar ea i n t hi s r oom usual l y consi st s
of 31- i n. - hi gh count er s, wi t h a si nk and out l et
f or gas, ai r , and el ect r i ci t y. Space may be
needed
f or
count er - t op
f ood st or age. At l east
one
f l oor dr ai n wi l l
be
r equi r ed so t hat t he r oom
may be compl et el y washed down
.
The
space al l ot t ed
f or t he r adi oi sot ope l ab-
or at or y shoul d be di vi ded i nt o t wo r ooms, t he
r adi oi sot ope l abor at or y pr oper ( r adi ochemi st r y
l abor at or y) and t he upt ake- measur i ng r oom
( count i ng r oom) .
The r adi ochemi st r y l abor at or y i s t he r oom
wher e
shi pment s
of
r adi oi sot opes ar e r ecei ved
and st or ed. Her e, t oo, speci mens ar e made
r eady f or exami nat i on, and dosages ar e pr e-
par ed and
admi ni st er ed. I t ems cont ami nat ed
wi t h r adi oi sot opes ar e ei t her cl eaned, hel d
f or decay of r adi oact i vi t y, or st or ed pr i or t o
di sposi t i on.
I n t he count i ng r oom, t he upt ake of t he r adi o-
act i ve subst ance i s pr epar ed and t he r adi o-
act i ve cont ent
of speci mens i s accur at el y
det er mi ned.
I f t he count i ng r oomi s separ at ed
f r omt he
r adi ochemi st r y l abor at or y by a cor -
r i dor , t he possi bi l i t y t hat st or ed i sot opes wi l l
i nt er f er e wi t h count i ng can be subst ant i al l y
r educed
.
The l ocat i on of t he r adi oi sot ope l abor at or y
some di st ance away f r om x- r ay equi pment
pr event s
i nt er f er ence wi t h measur ement s of
r adi oact i vi t y
. The basement i s usual l y t he best
l ocat i on, si nce
i t si mpl i f i es pr ovi si ons f or
wast e di sposal
and shi el di ng. I n most school s,
a basement l abor at or y
wi l l al so be conveni ent
t o t he cent r al ani mal quar t er s, and t hi s i s hi ghl y
desi r abl e. I f
t he mai n r adi oi sot ope l abor at or y
i s some di st ance
away f r om t hese ani mal
quar t er s, school s may want a separ at e and
speci al l y desi gned r adi oi sot ope l abor at or y
wi t hi n t he ani mal
quar t er s
.
Saf et y f eat ur es
and
speci al devi ces ar e es-
sent i al t o guar d agai nst r adi at i on cont ami na-
t i on.
Wal l shi el di ng i s a necessar y saf eguar d
agai nst r adi oact i ve penet r at i on, and t he aver -
age bui l di ng
par t i t i on wi l l not usual l y suf f i ce
f or t hi s pur pose. Pl ast i c, wood, or ot her l i ght
mat er i al i s adequat e
shi el di ng agai nst bet a
r adi at i on. Sol i d concr et e or
sol i d br i ck wel l s
wi l l be necessar y f or
pr ot ect i on agai nst gamma
r ays .
I nt er i or wel l sur f aces shoul d
al ways be of a
smoot h, nonpor ous
mat er i al . Hi gh- gl oss
enamel pai nt i s best sui t ed
f or t hi s pur pose. To
f aci l i t at e decont ami nat i on,
st r i ppabl e vi nyl
pl ast i c or r epl aceabl e wal l
panel s ar e i nst al l ed
near si nks and ot her cr i t i cal
ar eas .
The f l oor i n a r adi oi sot ope
l abor at or y
i s
usu-
al l y a concr et e sl ab. The sl ab must
have a pr o-
t ect i ve cover i ng or coat i ng t o pr event
r adi o-
act i ve cont ami nat i on f r omspi l l age.
The f l oor
shoul d al ways have a
heavy
wax
coat i ng, whi ch
wi l l f i l l cr acks and ser ve as
wat er pr oof i ng.
Count er l ops shoul d be st ai nl ess
st eel , wi t h
spl ashback
t r i ms
. Si nks shoul d
be made of
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
OBSERVATI ON CONTROL
[ ANnsCAVE SCREEYI NO&OBSCURE OLASS
Fi g. 7

Layout of anat omy l abor at or y of cl ass
si ze.
st ai nl ess
st eel and equi pped wi t h f oot or knee
cont r ol s . Each si nk shoul d have t wo
dr ai n-
boar ds
.
Hol di ng t anks must be pr ovi ded f or t he col -
l ect i on of l ar ge amount s of r adi oact i ve
mat e-
r i al s or smal l amount s of t he mor e
danger ous
i sot opes
.
Speci al r adi o- chemi cal f ume hoods
ar e
necessar y
. Because of t he danger s of ai r r oove-
ment ,
hoods shoul d never be pl aced near wi n-
dows, door s, or vent i l at or s .
Adel uge shower wi l l al so be needed.
Anat omy
The
Di ssect i on Room Di ssect i on
t abl es ar e t he
basi c l abor at or y equi pment
. They ar e appr oxi -
mat el y 24 by 78 i n . Ai sl es
at t he t abl e si des
shoul d be 5 f t wi de and t hose
at t he ends 3 f t
f i i n.
Di ssect i on r ooms ar e, as
a r ul e, pl anned t o
accommodat e f ul l cl asses.
Though cl ass si ze
l ar gel y det er mi nes r oom
si ze, space shoul d
be al l owed t o accommodat e
a f ewaddi t i onal
t abl es f or use by gr aduat e
st udent s and f or
demonst r at i ons . ( See Fi g. 7 . )
Good t abl e l i ght i ng i s
essent i al . Of t en, ad-
j ust abl e l i ght i ng f i xt ur es ar e at t ached
t o bot h
si des of each t abl e . I f t abl es ar e
on cast er s,
cl eani ng of t he r oom wi l l be
consi der abl y
easi er .
The di ssect i on r oom shoul d be
equi pped
wi t h
an adequat e number of hand
basi ns .
Round,
i ndust r i al si nks ar e a good choi ce,
si nce
t hey accommodat e mor e st udent s si mul -
t aneousl y
t han t hose of st andar d desi gn . One
si nk f or ever y f our
t abl es i s an accept ed r at i o .
The di ssect i on r oomshoul d i ncl ude count er
uni t s wi t h dr awer s and cupboar ds f or st or i ng
st udent s'
i nst r ument s. St or age space shoul d
al so
be
pr ovi ded f or such suppl i es as wood
bl ocks,
mal l et s, ar mr est s, embal mi ng f l ui ds
Because of
t he
odor
of t he pr eser vi ng f l ui ds,
ai r
condi t i oni ng wi t h a 100 per cent ai r exhaust
shoul d be
pr ovi ded i n t he di ssect i on r oom.
As t he
anat omy di ssect i on r oom i s f r e-
quent l y washed down, dur abl e, wat er pr oof
f l oor i ng i s r equi r ed. pr ovi di ng st or age space
f or
t he di ssect i on t abl es wi l l make i t possi bl e
t o uset he di ssect i on r oomf or ot her pur poses .
Anci l l ar y Faci l i t i es
Sever al addi t i onal r ooms ei t her near or
adj a-
cent t o t he di ssect i on r oomar e r equi r ed.
St or -
age space f or cadaver s must be pr ovi ded and
bone st or age space wi l l al so be needed.
I f
neur oanat or nyi s t aught i n t he di ssect i on
r oom,
st or age f or gr oss speci mens must be
avai l -
abl e, t oo.
Gener al l y, school s wi l l need
suf f i ci ent st or -
age capaci t y f or 1 . 5 cadaver s f or ever y f our
ECS. I f t he school pol i cy i s t o hol d cadaver s
f or
one year pr i or t o use, st or age r equi r ement s
wi l l doubl e. Cadaver s ar e commonl y st or ed i n
l ar ge wal k- i n r ef r i ger at or s . Because t he
met hod of pr eser vat i on and st or age af f ect s
anci l l ar y space r equi r ement s,
t he syst emt o be
used shoul d be
det er mi ned ear l y i n t he pr o-
gr ammi ng st age, and
speci f i cs shoul d be
wor ked out wi t h t he ai d
of qual i f i ed consul -
t ant s.
Ar oomequi pped f or embal mi ng i s of t en
pr o-
vi ded,
t hough dent al school s wi t h access t o
medi cal school f aci l i t i es wi l l pr obabl y
need
onl y a mi ni mumof space f or t hi s pur pose.
As f or f i nal di sposal , cadaver s ar e usual l y
cr emat ed. The dent al school can ei t her
pr ovi de
i t s own cr emat or y f or t hi s pur pose,
shar e
f aci l i t i es wi t h a medi cal school , or
ar r ange
per i odi c t r ansf er of cadaver s t o publ i c
f aci l -
i t i es f or cr emat i on.
Because i t shoul d never be necessar y
t o
move cadaver s t hr ough publ i c ar eas,
f aci l i t i es
f or cadaver st or age and embal mi ng
shoul d be
as near as possi bl e t o t he di ssect i on r oom,
andal l t hr ee shoul d be l ocat ed at
gr ound l evel .
Wher ever pr act i cal , l oadi ng
pl at f or ms shoul d
open di r ect l y i nt o t he cadaver st or age
ar ea t o
f aci l i t at e del i ver y and r emoval .
PRECLI NI CAL FACI LI TI ES
The Pr ecl i ni cal Labor at or y

The
pr ecl i ni cal l abor a-
t or y i s desi gned t o
accommodat e t he ent i r e
cl ass of f r eshman or sophomor e
st udent s i n a
si ngl e sessi on. ( See Fi g. 8. )
Though i t i s not of t en so- cal l ed,
t he pr e-
Heal t h
DENTAL
SCHOOLS
Fi g. 8

Pr ecl i ni cal l abor at or y of 96
st udent posi t i ons ut i l i zi ng cl osed- ci r cui t t el evi si on f or demonst r at i ons,
cl i ni cal l abor at or y i s act ual l y a mul t i di sci pl i ne
l abor at or y, f or al l t he pr ecl i ni cal dent al
sci ence
cour ses ar e t aught her e: t he i nst r uct or s of
t he
sever al subj ect s t ake over t he l abor at or y i n
t ur n whi l e t he st udent s r emai n
i n
t hei r
as-
si gned pl aces .
Seat i ng, i n t he ar r angement most common
t o pr ecl i ni cal l abor at or i es, st udent s si t on
each si de of a bench, t hei r backs t o t hose of
st udent s at t he next r owof benches . The ai sl es
separ at i ng t he r ows ar e at l east 4 f t 6 i n. wi de,
so t hat t he i nst r uct or may move easi l y bet ween
t he benches as he i nspect s t he st udent s' wor k .
I n some of t he newer l abor at or i es, benches
ar e ar r anged so t hat al l st udent s f ace i n one
di r ect i onusual l y t owar d t he i nst r uct or ' s
podi um. The ai sl es bet ween benches- - a 3 f t
mi ni mum i s
sat i sf act or y ar e
r i ot as wi de
as
t hose r equi r ed f or back- t o- back seat i ng .
On t he ot her hand, back- t o- back seat i ng i s
economi cal . I t conser ves f l oor space and r e-
duces t he cost of bench wor k ar i d ut i l i t i es .
I n ei t her of t he t wo seat i ng pl ans, hi gh or l ow
benches
can be used, but t he l owbench- - 32
i n. i n
hei ght - - - wi l l per haps be t he mor e sat i s-
f act or y . Wi t h l owbenches, a st andar d adj ust -
abl e t ypi ng chai r on cast er s can be used and
i s l ess cost l y t han t i r e l abor at or y st ool . Al l
benches shoul d be equi pped wi t h gas, ai r , ar i d
dupl ex el ect r i cal r ecept acl es . Each st udent at e-
t i on at t he bench shoul d be at l east 3 f t wi de,
ar i d 3 f t 6 i n. i s act ual l y mor e sat i sf act or y. I f
t he l at t er f i gur e i s used, an over - al l al l owance
of 36
sq f t per st udent posi t i on wi l l pr ovi de
adequat el y f or t i r e t eachi ng f aci l i t i es .
Ever y pr ecl i ni cal t echni c l abor at or y shoul d
pr ovi de t he i nst r uct or wi t h a t abl e or desk,
equi pped wi t h gas, ai r , and el ect r i ci t y f or
demonst r at i on pur poses . I n l ar ge cl asses
whi ch r equi r e mor e t han one i nst r uct or , each
shoul d be al l ot t ed desk space.
Anci l l ar y
Faci l i t i es .

To r educe t he t r acki ng of
pl ast er f r om t he l abor at or y
i nt o t he publ i c
cor r i dor s,
t he pr ocessi ng r oom, whi ch i s used
f or pour i ng wax f or ms, mol ds, i mpr essi ons,
ar i d f l asks f or dent ur e pr ocessi ng, can be
l ocat ed adj acent t o t he pr ecl i ni cal t echni c
l abor at or y. Al so near by shoul d be a smal l
st or er oom.
ETVi n t he Pr ecl i ni cal Labor at or y Fi gur e e shows
a
pr ecl i ni cal dent al t echni c l abor at or y of 96
st udent posi t i ons t oget her wi t h an adj oi ni ng
pr ocessi ng r oom. Demonst r at i ons wi t hi n t he
l abor at or y ar e gi ven
wi t h cl osed- ci r cui t
t el e-
vi si on . Ther e ar e 16 st udent s per moni t or .
The moni t or s ar e al so coupl ed t o t he t el evi si on
st udi o of
t he
school .
Thi s l ayout i s al so adapt abl e t o
t he moni -
t or i ng of st udent s' wor k by cl osed- ci r cui t t el e-
vi si on . I n such a syst eni , t he pi ct ur e i s r el ayed
t o t he consol e at t he demonst r at i on posi t i on .
Whi l e t he pr i nci pal medi ur n of demonst r at i on
i s ETV, f aci l i t i es f or chal k t al ks ar i d f or pr oj ec-
t i on of mot i on pi ct ur es or sl i des ar e pr ovi ded .
Di spl ay cases, some of whi ch per mi t vi ewi ng
f r ombot h si des, shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or
model s
and exampl es of st udent wor k. The l abor at or y
shown has t he equi pment used i n common
by st udent s, such as l at hes, model t r i mmer s,
si nks, ovens ar i d cast i ng machi nes, l ocat ed
at t he per i met er wal l s .
THE CLI NI CS: FUNCTI ONANOOPERATI ON
I n t he cl i ni cs, dent al st udent s gai n exper i ence
i n t he cor r ect i on and cont r ol of dent al di seases
and di sor der s . Her e, t oo, t he
connnuni t y
f i nds
an addi t i onal sour ce of dent al ser vi ces, some
of whi ch ar e f r equent l y unobt ai nabl e out si de
t he
dent al school .
Pat i ent Movement i n t he Cl i ni cs
Fi gur e 9 i l l us-
t r at es pat i ent r novement t hr ough
t he cl i ni cs
.
The newpat i ent f i r st r epor t s t o t he i nf or mat i on
desk l ocat ed i n t he l obby or mai n wai t i ng r oom
of t he cl i ni c ar ea. He t hen pr oceeds t o t he r egi s-
t r at i on desk, wher e a case r ecor d i s opened f or
hi m. At t he appoi nt ment desk, hi s
next st op,
he i s schedul ed
f or
an
or al exami nat i on.
The pat i ent t hen under goes,
ei t her on t he
i ni t i al vi si t or a subsequent one,
a scr eeni ng
exami nat i on
. Thi s pr ocedur e enabl es t he
school t o sel ect pat i ent s
wi t h var i ed dent al
pr obl ems .
Fol l owi ng t he scr eeni ng
exami nat i on, t he pa-
t i ent goes t o t he r adi ol ogy cl i ni c f or
f ul l - mout h
r oent genogr ams ar i d t hen t o t he di agnost i c
cl i ni c f or a t hor ough or al exami nat i on,
per -
f or med by a dent al st udent wor ki ng under t he
di r ect i on of an i nst r uct or . When t he exami na-
t i on i s compl et ed, t he pat i ent
r et ur ns t o t he
appoi nt ment desk wher e t i e i s r ef er r ed
f or sub-
sequent vi si t s ei t her t o t he gener al dent al
cl i ni c
or t o one of t he speci al cl i ni cs . On l at er
vi si t s,
t he pat i ent r epor t s di r ect l y t o t he wai t i ng r oom
of t he cl i ni c wher e l i e wi l l r ecei ve t r eat ment .
Recept i on and Scr eeni ng Ar ea The r ecept i on ar ea
i n t he mai n wai t i ng r oomi s t i r e cont r ol cent er
of t he cl i ni cs, coor di nat i ng t he f l owof
pat i ent s
ar i d r ecor ds t o cl i ni cs i n t he t r eat ment ar ea.
I n addi t i on, t he wor k of t i r e appoi nt ment desk
i s cl osel y coor di nat ed wi t h t hat of t he
cl i ni c
Fr equent l y t he i nf or mat i on. r egi st r at i on,
ar i d appoi nt ment desks ar e combi ned, but
t hey
may be separ at e i n l ar ge school s, or i nf or ma-
t i on and r egi st r at i on may be handl ed at one
desk whi l e appoi nt ment s ar e made at a second
.
Si mi l ar l y, one or mor e of t hese desks may be
l ocat ed ei t her i n t he mai n wai t i ng r oomor i n
adj acent r oor ns .
The r ecept i on ar ea wi l l r equi r e a r ecor ds
of f i ce. The conveni ence wi t h whi ch r ecor ds
can I r e di spat ched t o t he cl i ni cs i s an i mpor t ant
consi der at i on i n t he l ocat i on of t he ar ea. How-
ever , st or age space f or i nact i ve r ecor ds need
not be pr ovi ded her e, as t hese ar e f r equent l y
mi cr of i l med or moved af t er t wo year s t o st or -
age r ooms i n ot her ar eas of t he school .
Fi g.
10
Radi ol ogy cl i ni c .
Heal t h
DENTAL
SCHOOLS
nat i on r ooms,
a cl i ni cal di agnost i c l abor at or y,
and a t r eat ment
pl anni ng and consul t at i on
r oom
. Facul t y of f i ces and f acul t y r esear ch
ar eas shoul d be
pr ovi ded near by.
Al t hough
mul t i pl e- chai r r ooms ar e some-
t i mes used
f or exami nat i ons, a ser i es of si ngl e-
chai r r ooms assur es
pr i vacy f or t he r ecor di ng
of pat i ent s' case
hi st or i es. Each posi t i on
shoul d be equi pped
wi t h an x- r ay vi ewer . Est i -
mat i ng t hat 16 pat i ent s can be
accommodat ed
dai l y i n each chai r , an ei ght - chai r
f aci l i t y coul d
handl e over 120 pat i ent s each
day. I n addi t i on
t o dent al chai r s, t he exami nat i on
r ooms shoul d
be f ur ni shed wi t h desks f or t he
conveni ence
of t hose st udent s who ar e
r ecor di ng case
hi st or i es.
The cl i ni cal di agnost i c
l abor at or y i s used
f or hemat ol ogi cal and ot her
di agnost i c pr o-
cedur es. I t i s equi pped wi t h
l abor at or y benches
si mi l ar t o t hose used f or t he
l owbench basi c
sci ence di sci pl i nes, but
si nce st udent s ar e
assi gned her e i n bl ocs, ei ght
posi t i ons ar e
usual l y suf f i ci ent . Ai r , gas,
and el ect r i ci t y
shoul d be avai l abl e at each
posi t i on, and bot h
hot
and col d wat er ar edesi r abl e
. Ahand wash-
i ng si nk shoul d al so be pr ovi ded
. One st andup
l abor at or y benchshoul d be
l ocat ed at t heout er
wal l . Because pat i ent s seen
i n t hi s l abor at or y
ar e r ef er r ed di r ect l y f r omt he di agnost i c
cl i ni c,
no wai t i ng r oom
i s needed.
The t r eat ment
pl anni ng and consul t at i on
r oom, wher e st udent s
and i nst r uct or s meet
t o di scuss cases,
shoul d be equi pped
wi t h a
chal kboar d,
demonst r at i on t abl e, pr oj ect i on
scr een, and x- r ay vi ewer ,
i n addi t i on t o a dent al
chai r and uni t . The r oom
can al so be used f or
smal l - gr oup demonst r at i ons .
Radi ol ogy Cl i ni c Because
r oent genogr ams ar e
made f or ever y i ncomi ng
pat i ent , t he r adi ol ogy
f aci l i t i es i s mor e l i kel y t o assur e
t hat t he r ooms
ar e not pr eempt ed f or
some ot her pur pose.
Exami nat i on, Di agnosi s,
and Tr eat ment
Pl anni ng Ar ea
I t i s i n t hedi agnost i c and
r adi ol ogy cl i ni cs t hat
t he i ncomi ng
pat i ent ' s need f or dent al car e
i s det er mi ned and a pl an
of t r eat ment f or -
mul at ed.
The
Di agnost i c Cl i ni c

Essent i al
f aci l i t i es i n t he
di agnost i c cl i ni c i ncl ude oper at or i es or
exami -
Fi g. 9
Dent al cl i ni c f l ow
di agr am.
Scr eeni ng.

For t hescr eeni ng of newpat i ent s,
an exami nat i on r oom separ at e f r om
t he di ag-
nost i c cl i ni c i s desi r abl e. Thi s r oom
shoul d
be equi pped wi t h dent al chai r s . Dent al
uni t s
ar e not necessar y unl ess
t he r oomwi l l al so
be used f or emer gency t r eat ment
.
Emer gency t r eat ment r ooms
f unct i on as a
par t of t he r ecept i on and scr eeni ng ar ea.
Ei t her
a
ser i es of si ngl e- chai r r ooms or a l ar ge
r oom
wi t h t wo or t hr ee dent al chai r s i s pr act i cal
.
Al t hough emer gency t r eat ment r ooms ar e
somet i mes i ncl uded i n each of t he cl i ni cs i n
t he t r eat ment ar ea, t he pr ovi si on of cent r al
Heal t h
DENTAL
SCHOOLS
cl i ni c i s i ncl uded i n t he exami nat i on and di ag-
nost i c ar ea. However , t he r adi ol ogy cl i ni c al so
ser ves al l t he ot her cl i ni cs, and pat i ent s under -
goi ng t r eat ment ar edi r ect ed her e f or addi t i onal
r oent genogr ams .
Shi el di ng Agai nst Radi at i on.

Rooms cont ai n-
i ng x- r ay machi nes must
be shi el ded
t hr ough
t he use of l ead- l i ned wal l s and par t i t i ons or
appr opr i at e bui l di ng mat er i al s of an adequat e
t hi ckness. I n addi t i on, cont r ol s f or x- r ay ma-
chi nes shoul d be l ocat ed behi nd shi el ded
par t i t i ons .
I n gener al , shi el di ng shoul d be suf f i ci ent t o
l i mi t t he exposur e of per sonnel t o a mi ni mum
amount of r adi at i on, cer t ai nl y no mor e t han 0. 1
r oent gen per week. I n r ooms equi pped wi t h 90
kvp x- r ay machi nes, f or exampl e, t he wal l s
shoul d be shi el ded wi t h 1 . 2- mmsheet l ead ( 3
I b per squar e f oot ) t o a hei ght of 7 f t . St one
concr et e at l east 3 i n. t hi ck shoul d be used f or
cei l i ng and f l oor .
The Layout of t he Cl i ni c . Fi gur e 10 shows
t he component s and equi pment of t he r adi ol -
ogy cl i ni c . Thi s pl an i ncl udes ei ght r ooms
wher e t he r oent genogr ams ut i l i zed i n r out i ne
or al exami nat i ons ar e t aken, and one ext r aor al
r adi ol ogy r oom.
I n t he r adi ol ogy r ooms, t he machi ne i s
l ocat ed behi nd t he dent al chai r and up t o 20
degr ees t o ei t her si de, t he r ecommended posi -
t i on. Obser vat i on of t he pat i ent i s made
t hr ough a l ead gl ass vi ewi ng wi ndowwhi ch
has a speaki ng sl ot . Each of t he r ooms i s
equi pped wi t h a smal l chal kboar d, i l l umi nat or ,
l avat or y, and shel f . Room A, sl i ght l y l ar ger
t han t he ot her s, has a4- f t - wi de openi ng t o f aci l -
i t at e handl i ng of wheel chai r and st r et cher
pat i ent s .
The ext r aor al r adi ol ogy r oomi s of sl i ght l y
gr eat er dept h t han t he i nt r aor al , because a
l ong- f ocus f i l m di st ance i s r equi r ed f or t he
f aci al - pr of i l e r oent genogr am.
Each of t heser ooms i s l ead- shi el ded, and t he
x- r ay machi ne cont r ol s ar e l ocat ed behi nd
l ead- pr ot ect ed par t i t i ons .
Fi l mPr ocessi ng. Asui t e of r ooms f or f i l m
pr ocessi ng i ncl udes a dar kr oom, over si zed t o
per mi t gr oup i nst r uct i on, a wet vi ewi ng and
dr yi ng r oom, and a mount i ng r oom. Af r amed
openi ng i n t he wal l bet ween t he dr yi ng and
mount i ng r ooms i s used f or passage of f i l m.
The mount i ng r oom accommodat es ei ght
st udent s . Each st udent posi t i on has a 14- by
17- i n. vi ewbox bui l t i nt o t he sur f ace of t he
bench.
Ai r condi t i oni ng i n t he dar kr oom and wet
vi ewi ngr oomi s desi r abl e not
onl y f or t he
com-
f or t of per sonnel but f or t he pr ot ect i on of
exposed f i l m. Mai nt ai ni ng ai r at posi t i ve pr es-
sur e wi l l pr event dust f r om ent er i ng ar ound
wi ndows and door s.
Anci l l ar y Faci l i t i es. The speci al demonst r a-
t i on r oom,
whi ch
accommodat es 16
st udent s,
has pr ovi si ons f or movi e and sl i de pr oj ect i on
and
cl osed- ci r cui t
t el evi si on moni t or s. An
exodont i st ' s chai r ,
a mobi l e
x- r ay uni t , and
a
mobi l e l ead scr een ar e avai l abl e f or demonst r a-
t i ons. I f ETVi s used ext ensi vel y f or demonst r a-
t i ons, t hi s r oomcoul d be conver t ed t o a f i l m
l i br ar y .
The depar t ment al r esear ch ar ea i ncl udes
a smal l dar kr oom
. A
conf er ence r oom, sui t abl e
f or semi nar s and equi pped wi t h chal kboar d,
pr oj ect i on equi pment , and an i l l umi nat ed
vi ewer , and a gr oup of f acul t y of f i ces compl et e
t he
r adi ol ogy cl i ni c .
Tr eat ment Ar ea
TheGener al Cl i ni c

Because
t hegener al cl i ni c i s
t ypi cal l y t he l ar gest and busi est of al l t he
cl i ni cs, t he mai n wai t i ng r oom and cont r ol Fi g. 11

Or al
sur ger y depar t ment .
desks and many of t he ot her el ement s al r eady
descr i bed ar e consi der ed a par t of i t .
Tr eat ment component s i ncl ude oper at or i es,
t r eat ment pl anni ng and consul t at i on r ooms,
suppl y and di spensi ng ser vi ces, and st er i l i za-
t i on
and st er i l e suppl y
f aci l i t i es . St udy and
l abor at or y
ar eas f or t he use of gr aduat e st u-
dent s shoul d adj oi n
.
Theoper at or i es, or wor k st at i ons,
i nt o whi ch
al l t he cl i ni cs ar e di vi ded,
consi st
of
dent al
chai r s and uni t s, i nst r ument cabi net s, st er i l i za-
t i on uni t s, and ot her necessar y equi pment .
Each st at i on shoul d be l ar ge
enough
t o accom-
modat e t he pat i ent , t he st udent who i s t r eat i ng
hi m, t he super vi si ng i nst r uct or , and f r equent l y
a dent al assi st ant . Sever al f ul l y par t i t i oned
wor k st at i ons shoul d be pr ovi ded t o accom-
modat e pat i ent s whose emot i onal r eact i on t o
dent al car e makes pr i vacy mandat or y.
The Speci al Cl i ni cs The speci al
cl i ni cs- per i o-
dont i c- endodont i c,
or t hodont i c, and ot her s-
ar e di f f er ent i at ed pr i mar i l y by t he t ype of t r eat -
ment r ender ed. One, however , i s di st i ngui shed
by t he t ype of pat i ent t r eat ed- t he
chr oni cal l y
i l l , t he ment al l y di st ur bed, and ot her s who ar e
unabl e t o r ecei ve t r eat ment under r egul ar
cl i ni cal condi t i ons.
The same depar t ment al f aci l i t i es and most
of t he t r eat ment f aci l i t i es r equi r ed i n t he gen-
er al cl i ni c ar e needed f or each of t he speci al
cl i ni cs. Ever y speci al cl i ni c shoul d have at
l east one f ul l y par t i t i oned wor k st at i on. Gen-
er al l y, each wi l l have a smal l wai t i ng r oom
wi t h cont r ol desks separ at e f r om t he mai n
wai t i ng r oom. However , r el at ed speci al t i es
such as pedodont i cs and or t hodont i cs of t en
shar e a wai t i ng r oom.
Speci f i c Requi r ement s . Except f or some
var i at i ons i n t he desi gn of t he i nst r ument cabi -
net , t he basi c equi pment of t he speci al cl i ni cs
i s t he same as t hat of t he gener al cl i ni c . Most
of t he speci al cl i ni cs ar e equi pped wi t h st an-
dar d
dent al chai r s and uni t s. The pedodont i c
cl i ni c, however , r equi r es a smal l er chai r and
t he or al sur ger y cl i ni c speci al chai r s or oper at -
i ng
t abl es .
And
a f ewof
t he speci al cl i ni cs r e-
qui r e addi t i onal
component s
and hi ghl y spe-
ci al i zed equi pment . Cl i ni cs
wher e gener al
anest het i cs ar e admi ni st er ed must have r e-
cover y
r ooms and
t oi l et s. A
cer ami cs l abor a-
t or y i s somet i mes mai nt ai ned i n t he cr own
and br i dge cl i ni c .
The or t hodont i c cl i ni c
r equi r es a number of
speci al f aci l i t i es . Among t hese ar e a measur e
r oom, a r ecor d r oom, a
t r aci ng
r oom
wi t h a
l i ght t abl e f or r out i ne t r aci ng, and an of f i ce
f or t echni cal per sonnel . Thi s
cl i ni c usual l y
cont ai ns t wo or mor e r ooms wi t h
speci al i zed
equi pment . At l east one dent al chai r whi ch
can be used when gener al
anest het i cs
ar e
ad-
mi ni st er ed
i s r equi r ed.
Fr equent l y f aci l i t i es
f or per i odont i c and
endodont i c
t r eat ment and f or or al medi ci nes
ar e combi ned
i n one cl i ni c . I f x- r ay machi nes
ar e pr ovi ded,
t he cl i ni c must be shi el ded i n
t he same
manner as t he r adi ol ogy cl i ni c or a
l ead- l i ned
par t i t i on pr ovi ded ar ound t he x- r ay
machi nes .
Or al Sur ger y Cl i ni c
:
A
Speci al Case.

Per haps
t he gr eat est var i at i on
i n t he component s and
equi pment i s f ound i n t he or al sur ger y cl i ni c .
Fi gur e 11 i l l ust r at es
an or al sur ger y depar t -
ment pl anned
t o accommodat e bl ocs of ei ght
st udent s . Ei ght
of i t s ni ne oper at or i es ar e
equi pped f or sur ger y r equi r i ng l ocal anest he-
Heal t h
DENTAL
SCHOOLS
st udent wor ks al one. The si ze ( 7 f t 6 i n
.
by
7
I t 6 i n. ) and t he ar r angement of
t he cubi cl e
i n Fi g . 15a, wi t h t he i nst r ument panel
at t he
r i ght of t he oper at or , i s sat i sf act or y f or t he
dent al st udent wor ki ng al one.
The cubi cl es i n Fi g. 15h and c ar e pl anned
f or ut i l i zat i on of assi st ant s . The cubi cl e i n Fi g.
156, whi ch i s 6 f t 9 i n. by 9 f t 2 i n. , i s
sl i ght l y
nar r ower and deeper t han t he one i n Fi g. 15a
.
The added dept h of t he cubi cl e i n
Fi g. 15h per -
mi t s t he l ocat i on of t he i nst r ument
cabi net and
si nk at t he r ear of t he cubi cl e, conveni ent t o
t he
oper at or and t he assi st ant . Fi gur e 15c
i s an-
ot her var i at i on, adapt abl e t o t he 4f t 8 i n. pl an-
ni ng modul e.
Acubi cl e cl i ni c desi gned f or ut i l i zat i on of
CLI NI CS: SPACE ALLOCATI ONS AND
RELATI ONSHI PS
Dent al educat or s t oday f avor t he adopt i on of
t he cubi cl e cl i ni c . The pr i vacy of t he cubi cl e,
a f act or appr eci at ed by pat i ent s as wel l as st u-
dent s, and t he over al l at mospher e of t he
cubi cl e cl i ni c engender sel f - conf i dence and
ef f i ci ency on t he par t of t he st udent . ( See Fi gs .
12 and 13. )
Pl anni ng t he Cubi cl e Cl i ni c
I nf l uence of
Dent al Assi st ant s Cubi cl es accom-
modat i ng t he
st udent - assi st ant t eam must be
nar r ower
and deeper t han t hose i n whi ch a
si cs . Si x of t hese, gr ouped i n t hr ees, ar e semi -
encl osed. Fol di ng par t i t i ons make f ul l encl o-
sur e possi bl e.
Of t he t hr ee r emai ni ng oper at or i es, t he
l ar gest i s equi pped wi t h an x- r ay machi ne.
Cent r al l y l ocat ed t o t he ot her oper at or i es, t hi s
r oot " i s l ead- l i ned. The demonst r at i on oper a-
t or y i s equi pped f or cases r equi r i ng gener al
anest hesi a as wel l as l ocal . So i s t he adj acent
oper at or y ( upper r i ght ) . I n addi t i on, t he cl et non-
st r at i on oper at or y i s desi gned f or cl osed-
ci r cui t t el evi si on. Agl ass- encl osed gal l er y can
be used f or obser vat i on of t r eat ment pr oce-
dur es, or as a cont r ol boot h f or t el evi si on.
Bot h of t he oper at or i es equi pped f or gener al
anest hesi a ar e l ocat ed adj acent t o t hei r sup-
por t i ng f aci l i t i es . Ascr ubup ar ea i s pr ovi ded
at
t he
ent r ances . Near by i s t he r ecover y ar ea
cont ai ni ng bunks
and t oi l et f aci l i t i es . Agl ass-
par t i t i oned nur se' s st at i on per mi t s obser vat i on
of
pat i ent s. Al so conveni ent l y l ocat ed ar e t he
st er i l i zi ng and st er i l e
suppl y r ooms, whi ch
ser ve onl y t hi s cl i ni c. Of t he t wo r ooms pr o-
vi ded f or st or age of medi cat i on, one i s used f or
nar cot i cs and ot her medi ci nes whi ch must be
kept l ocked.
Anci l l ar y Faci l i t i es . St udent f aci l i t i es i ncl ude
a l ocker r oot " wi t h t oi l et , l ocat ed near t he
secondar y exi t f r omt he mai n oper at i onal ar ea.
The combi nat i on gr aduat e st udent st udy ar ea
and l abor at or y accommodat es
f our st udent s .
I t cont ai ns desks, l ocker s, and a l abor at or y
bench wi t h a si nk and el ect r i cal out l et s . Lo-
cat i ng t he t wo admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces at t he
ent r ance t o t he cl i ni c per mi t s gr eat er cont r ol
and
accessi bi l i t y. Adepar t ment al r esear ch
l abor at or y i s pr ovi ded, as
i n ot her cl i ni cal
depar t ment s .
A pat i ent wai t i ng r oom
seat i ng 16 peopl e
woul d be adequat e i n a cl i ni c of
t hi s t ype. Toi l et
r ooms shoul d be pr ovi ded near by. Al t hough
pat i ent s
woul d nor mal l y ent er and l eave t he
cl i ni c
t hr ough t he mai n wai t i ng r oom, a second-
ar y exi t i s pr ovi ded f or t hose r equi r i ng assi s-
t ance af t er sur ger y.
Suppor t i ng Faci l i t i es
Cent r al Suppl y and Di spensi ng Ser vi ces Al t hough
each cl i ni c i n t he t r eat ment ar ea wi l l have i t s
own smal l suppl y f aci l i t i es, cent r al i zed ser vi ce
i s necessar y f or t he r ecei vi ng and di st r i but i on
of bul k suppl i es . Locat i ng t he cent r al ser vi ce
near t he cl i ni cs wi l l per mi t gr eat er ef f i ci ency .
I n a mul t i st or y bui l di ng, st acki ng t he smal l er
uni t s on di f f er ent f l oor s wi l l si mpl i f y t he pl ace-
ment of ser vi ce el evat or s and dumbwai t er s .
Cl i ni cal Labor at or i es Most school s t oday bel i eve
t he pr ovi si on of t wo l ar ge gener al l abor at or i es
of f ul l - cl ass si ze- one f or t he j uni or s, one f or
t he seni or s- t o be t he most ef f ect i ve. Smal l
separ at e l abor at or i es i n each of t he speci al
cl i ni cs ar e al so a possi bi l i t y. School s shoul d
make ever y ef f or t t o see t o i t t hat each j uni or
and seni or st udent i s pr ovi ded wi t h assi gned,
i ndi vi dual l y l ocked cupboar ds and suppl y
dr awer s .
I f t he f ul l - cl ass l abor at or y f or each of t he
upper cl asses can be pr ovi ded,
t he
desi gn
and l ayout wi l l be appr oxi mat el y t he same as
t hat of t he f r eshman- sophomor e pr ecl i ni cal
l abor at or i es . Though no speci al demonst r at i on
posi t i on need be set asi de, f aci l i t i es f or ETV
shoul d be i ncl uded.
The pr ocessi ng l abor at or y, whi ch cont ai ns
speci al equi pment such as heavy dut y ovens,
boi l out t anks, and packi ng and cur i ng uni t s,
must be l ar ge enough t o accommodat e
not onl y
st udent s but t he dent al l abor at or y t echni ci ans
empl oyed by t he school . Fi g. 13

Var i at i on of cubi cl e cl i ni c .
9240
sq . f t . ( 96. 3
Sq
. f f / CNAI R) CLEAR
SPAN- NOCOLUMNS
9360 sq . f t . ( 975 sq f f / CNAi R) CENTERROWOF COLUMNS
Fi g. 12

Cubi cl e cl i ni c .
auxi l i ar y per sonnel i s i l l ust r at ed by Fi g. 14
.
The
l ocat i on of t he mai n and secondar y ai sl es per -
mi t s t he i nst r uct or t o move f r om one wor k
st at i on t o anot her wi t hout r et r aci ng hi s st eps.
Cubi cl e Di mensi ons Cubi cl es i n exi st i ng dent al
school s
r ange i n si ze f r om
6
f t 4i n. by 7 f t t o
7 f t
a
i n. by 9
f t
6
i n. Wher e dent al assi st ant s
wi l l be used, a cubi cl e of 6 f t 9
i n.
by 9
f t
6
i n.
i s desi r abl e. For st udent s wor ki ng al one, a
cubi cl e of 7 f t 6 i n. by 7 f t 6 i n. i s adequat e.
Cubi cl es may be ei t her par t i al l y or f ul l y en-
cl osed. Apar t i t i on hei ght of appr oxi mat el y 5
f t i s r ecommended f or most cubi cl es . Thi s pr o-
vi des pr i vacy, yet al l ows f or super vi si on and
gi ves an i mpr essi on of speci ousness . A4- f t
par t i t i on t opped by a 1- f t - hi gh t r ansl ucent
pl ast i c panel may be used . Al l owi ng an open
space bet ween par t i t i on and f l oor f aci l i t at es
cl eani ng. However , one or t wo f ul l y encl osed
cubi cl es ar e desi r abl e i n ever y cl i ni c .
Det er mi ni ng t he Number of
Cl i ni c Posi t i ons
For t he cl i ni cs as a
whol e, at l east t wo oper at -
i ng posi t i ons shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or ever y
ent er i ng cl ass st udent - - one
i n t he gener al
cl i ni c and one i n
t he gr oup of speci al cl i ni cs.
Ever y school
shoul d al so pl an addi t i onal
cl i ni c posi t i ons f or
i t s gr aduat e and post gr ad-
uat e
st udent s. The equi val ent of one st udent
modul e i s desi r abl e
i n t he gener al cl i ni c f or
even a modest pr ogr am of advanced
st udy.
Addi t i onal posi t i ons
wi l l al so be needed i n t he
speci al cl i ni cs, wi t h t he
number dependent
upon t he goal s of t he school and t he par t i cul ar
dent al speci al i t i es emphasi zed
i n
i t s
gr aduat e
cur r i cul um.
Est i mat i ng Space Requi r ement s
Space al l owances f or each oper at i ng posi t i on
wi l l al so var y i n t he di f f er ent cl i ni cs .
The di ag-
nost i c cl i ni c wi l l r equi r e 85 sq f t per posi t i on,
an al l ot ment al so suf f i ci ent f or or al sur ger y
.
Fi g. 14

Cubi cl e cl i ni c
f or
ut i l i zi ng
dent al auxi l i ar y per sonnel .
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
I n t he r adi ol ogy cl i ni c, 115
sq f t per posi t i on
shoul d be al l owed, and i n
t he cl i ni c f or t he
chr oni cal l y i l l and handi capped, 125 sq
f t . For
ot her cl i ni cs, an al l owance of
100 sq f t per
st udent posi t i on shoul d be adequat e
.
Space al l owance f or some of
t he suppor t -
i ng f aci l i t i es of
t he cl i ni cal depar t ment s wi l l
be f ai r l y st andar d
. For demonst r at i on op-
or at or i es, f or exampl e, a
uni f or m al l owance
of 200 sq f t each may be
used.
I NSTRUCTI ON
ROOMS, STUDY AREAS,
ANDLI BRARY
FACI LI TI ES
Semi nar s
The semi nar i s e r oomespeci al l y pl anned t o
accommodat e smal l - gr oup i nst r uct i on f or 16
st udent s or l ess, usual l y at an advanced l evel
of t r ai ni ng .
I n most school s, one or mor e semi nar r ooms
wi l l be needed f or t heuse of each basi c sci ence
depar t ment - - at l east one f or i nst r uct i on and
per haps one f or depar t ment al conf er ences.
I n t he cl i ni cal f aci l i t i es of most school s,
each of t he speci al cl i ni cs wi l l need one semi -
nar r oomf or t r eat ment pl anni ng and consul t a-
t i on, and t he gener al cl i ni c wi l l need mor e
t han
one. I n pr ogr ammi ng, a r easonabl e st andar d
f or t he gener al cl i ni c woul d al l owf our r ooms
f or a cl ass si ze of 96, i ncr easi ng or decr eas-
i ng t he number by one f or each 16- st udent
modul e added or subt r act ed.
Al l owa mi ni mumof 300 sq f t f or each semi -
nar r oom, wi t h i ncr ement s of 75 sq f t f or ever y
f our st udent s beyond t he 16 accommodat ed
i n t he st andar d r oom.
Seat i ng ar r angement s i n semi nar r ooms ar e
a mat t er of choi ce. Usual l y t he i nst r uct or and
hi s st udent s si t ar ound a cent r al t abl e, but
sor t i e semi nar r ooms ar e f ur ni shed wi t h st an-
dar d t abl et - ar m chai r s . Uni t i zed f ol di ng t abl es
and f ol di ng chai r s per mi t maxi mumf l exi bi l i t y
i n seat i ng ar r angement s, however , and t hei r
use i s i ncr easi ng, especi al l y i n t he semi nar
r oom used f or showi ng sl i des, 16mmf i l ms,
and ot her vi sual ai ds . I f i t i s so used, a smal l
adj oi ni ng r oomf or st or age of vi sual ai d mat e-
r i al s i s al so hel pf ul . Asemi nar , l i ke any ot her
i nst r uct i on r oom, shoul d be equi pped wi t h a
chal kboar d.
Lect ur e Rooms
Al t hough t hey accommodat e a mi ni mumof 50
Peopl e, al l l ect ur e
r ooms need not have t he
same capaci t y.
The
smal l est
shoul d, however ,
sent at l east a f ul l cl ass, pl us an
over r un of 20
per cent . I f t he school expect s a l at er expansi on
i n cl ass si ze, l ect ur e r ooms
shoul d be pl anned
f r omt he begi nni ng t o
accommodat e i t , and t he
20 per cent over r un al l owance
shoul d al so
be based on t he l ar ger
f i gur e.
Agood r ul e of t humb i s t o
pr ovi de seat i ng
capaci t y f or one addi t i onal 16- st udent
modul e
beyond cl ass si ze i n school s
wi t h 96 ECS. An
al l owance of 12 sq f t per seat
( r oughl y 200 sq
f t f or a st udent modul e of 16) i s
suf f i ci ent t o
per mi t an adequat e ai sl e on
ei t her si de of t he
seat i ng ar ea and,
i n
a l ar ge
l ect ur e r oom, a
cent er ai sl e as wel l .
A
mi ni mumof t hr ee l ect ur e r ooms shoul d
be
pr ovi ded,
one
f or use of t he basi c sci ence
depar t ment s and l ocat ed near
t hor n, one f or
cl i ni cal and
pr ecl i ni cal i nst r uct i on and accessi -
bl e t o t he cl i ni cs, and one f or
speci al cour ses
or f or mul t i pl e use. I n t he school
whi ch wi l l
have no audi t or i um, t he
mul t i pl e- use l ect ur e
r oot " mi ght be desi gned t o pr ovi de
2' / , posi -
t i ons per ECS. Al l l ect ur e r ooms shoul d
be
l ocat ed so as t o mi ni mi ze noi se
and t r af f i c con-
gest i on i n t he cor r i dor s.
Layout .

I t maybe di f f i cul t t o deci de whet her
t he l ect ur e r oomshoul d be l ong and r el at i vel y
nar r ow, l i ke t he usual hal l , or wi der and shal -
l ower , l i ke an amphi t heat er . Because of i t s
wi de vi ewi ng angl e, t he
amphi t heat er i s not
par t i cul ar l y sui t abl e f or t he showi ng of sl i des
andf i l ms. On t he ot her hand, i nst r uct or s
f avor -
Fi g . 15

( a) Cubi cl e f or st udent
wor ki ng al one. ( b) Cubi cl e f or st udent and assi st ant . ( c) Var i at i on f or st udent -
assi st ant t eam,
i ng t he
chal k t al k t echni que of t en di sl i ke a l ong
r oom. Tel evi si on moni t or s can be used i n ei t her
t ype.
Ever y l ect ur e r oomshoul d be equi pped wi t h
a l ar ge chal kboar d ; a mi ni mumof 12 l i n f t i s
r ecommended. I f , because of t he
si ze of t he
r oom, a r ai sed pl at f or mi s pr ovi ded, i t shoul d
be l ong enough t o ext end 2 f t
beyond each end
of t he chal kboar d
. Pr oj ect i on scr eens whi ch
can be aut omat i cal l y
l ower ed and r ai sed may
al so
be
a
par t of t he per manent equi pment .
The
f l oor s of l ect ur e r ooms shoul d be sl oped
or
t er r aced sl i ght l y t o pr ovi de a good vi ew
of t he
chal kboar ds and pr oj ect i on scr een.
Some
l ar ger l ect ur e r ooms ar e spl i t l evel or
have
a bal cony. Whenever possi bl e, st udent s
shoul d ent er f r omt he
r ear
.
Fur ni shi ngs .
Fi xed or movabl e t abl et - ar m
chai r s, or
audi t or i um seat s equi pped wi t h
t abl et ar ms, ar e commonl y f ound i n l ect ur e
r ooms . I f
t he l at t er ar e used, t he ai sl e seat at
t he l ef t of each r owcan be f i t t ed wi t h an out -
si de t abl et ar mf or t he use of l ef t - handed st u-
dent s . Wr i t i ng count er s wi t h i ndi vi dual seat s
ar e al so f r equent l y used.
Audi t or i ums . For school s t hat have r eady
access t o t hem, audi t or i ums somet i mes ser ve
as l ect ur e or exami gat i on r ooms . As a r ul e,
however , pr ogr ammi ng commi t t ees wi l l
f i nd i t
di f f i cul t t o j ust i f y a l ar ge audi t or i um sol el y
f or t he use of a dent al school , si nce i t i s gen-
er al l y mor e economi cal t o r ent a hal l f or occa-
si ons such as gr aduat i ons whi ch r equi r e l ar ge
seat i ng
capaci t y.
I f an audi t or i umi s pl anned, i t shoul d be l o-
cat ed on a gr ound f l oor . Di r ect ent r y f r omt he
out si de i s necessar y, because t he audi t or i um
wi l l of t en be used by t he publ i c when t he r e-
mai nder of t he school i s cl osed. Seat i ng ca-
paci t y shoul d be suf f i ci ent t o accommodat e
st udent s enr ol l ed i n ever y pr ogr am of t he
school as wel l as t he t ot al f acul t y.
Audi t or i ums must have publ i c t oi l et s and
cl oakr ooms ; a smal l l ounge of f t he f oyer i s ad-
vi sabl e. Ar eas f or t he pr epar at i on and st or age
of demonst r at i on mat er i al s shoul d be pr ovi ded
backst age, as shoul d a t oi l et r oom.
Ar eas f or St udy, Ref er ence, and Resear ch
St udy Ar eas Pl aces f or f i r st - and second- year
st udent s shoul d pr obabl y be l ocat ed near t he
basi c
sci ence l abor at or i es, and t hose f or t hi r d-
and f our t h- year st udent s near t he cl i ni cs . I f
possi bl e, t hey shoul d be so si t uat ed t hat st u-
dent s wi l l have access t o t hem at al l t i mes,
even when t he r est of t he school i s cl osed.
Space. About 19 sq f t per ECS shoul d be al -
l owed i n pl anni ng st andar d st udy pl aces f or a
school pr ovi di ng one st udy pl ace f or ovar y t wo
st udent s
.
Thi s t ype of st udy pl ace can be i n a
common
r oom, and i s usual l y unassi gned.
However ,
some school s may pr ef er t he par -
t i al l y par t i t i oned cubi cl e. Requi r i ng appr oxi -
mat el y
4e sq f t per st udent posi t i on, t he cubi -
cl es ar e f ur ni shed wi t h a desk and chai r , a coat
l ocker , and st or age space f or books, mi cr o-
scopes, and school suppl i es . Because a cubi -
cl e i s per manent l y assi gned t o each st udent ,
space r equi r ement s ar e based on t he t ot al
enr ol l ment
.
Li br ar y
Faci l i t i es
The
f ol l owi ng
gui del i nes,
t hough gener al , may be hel pf ul
.
Readi ng andSt udy Rooms .

The
mai n r eadi ng
r oomshoul d accommodat e f r om
25 t o
50
per -
cent of t he t ot al number of
st udent s . Read-
i ng r oom exi t s shoul d be cont r ol l ed
by book
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
char ge- out or l oan desks, and t he car d cat al og
and ci r cul at i on desk shoul d be near by.
Car r el s. Unencl osed desk ar eas of about
12
sq f t ar e usef ul f or i ndi vi dual st udyand shoul d
be avai l abl e i n t he r at i o of one f or
ever y
10
st udent s . Smal l st udy r ooms r eser ved f or
gr aduat e and post doct or al st udent s ar e al so an
advant age. Ei t her t hey shoul d be soundpr oof ed
or l ocat ed f ar enough away f r omt he mai n r ead-
i ng r oomt o per mi t st udent s t o use t ypewr i t er s
wi t hout di st ur bi ng ot her s .
Mi cr of i l m. Auxi l i ar y f aci l i t i es such as a
mi cr of i l mr eadi ng r oom, a sound t ape r oom,
and a r ar e book r oomar e al so desi r abl e.
St acks. St acks shoul d be ar r anged t o f aci l i -
t at e bot h st or age and use of books. The st acks
shoul d be l ocat ed as cl ose t o r eadi ng r ooms as
possi bl e, pr ef er abl y at or bel owt he l evel of
t he mai n
r eadi ng r oom.
St ack ar ea
var i es i n pr opor t i on t o vol umes.
Gener ous al l owances shoul d al ways be
made
f or f ut ur e expansi on
.
St ack
sect i ons ar eusual l y
3 f t i n l engt h and 7 f t 6i n . i n hei ght ,
wi t h a shel f
dept h of at l east 10 i n. Onesi ngl e- f aced sect i on
3 f t l ong wi l l accommodat e appr oxi mat el y 100
vol umes. Ser vi ce ai sl es bet ween st acks shoul d
be at l east 3f t wi de, and t he mai n ai sl es at l east
3 f t 8 i n. wi de. Ami cr of i l mr oom
f or pr ocessi ng
and st or age may be associ at ed wi t h t he st ack
ar ea.
Ot her Faci l i t i es . Acqui si t i on and cat al og
r ooms shoul d be near t he publ i c car d cat a-
l og and have di r ect access t o t he st acks .
Of f i ces shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t he head
l i br ar i an and an assi st ant , wi t h t he head l i br ar -
i an' s of f i ce accessi bl e bot h t o st af f r ooms and
t o r eader s. St or age space f or of f i ce suppl i es
Al i br ar y st ocked wi t h 25, 000 vol umes and
ampl y suppl i ed wi t h space f or r eadi ng r ooms
and auxi l i ar y f aci l i t i es woul d r equi r e appr ox-
i mat el y 10, 000 sq f t f or a school wi t h 96 ECS.
Fi g. 16

ETVand vi sual ai ds depar t ment s .
Vi sual Ai ds Depar t ment
The i ncr easi ng use of ETVhas not
el i mi nat ed
t heneed f or a compl et e vi sual ai ds depar t ment ,
but has i ncr eased
i t . Fi gur e 16 shows a vi sual
ai ds depar t ment . I n l ar ger school s,
18 t o 20 sq
f t per ECSwoul d pr ovi decent r al i zed
vi sual ai ds
f aci l i t i es f or bot h t he basi c
sci ences and t he
dent al sci ence di vi si ons.
Gr aphi c Ar t s.

Dr af t i ng t abl es, pl an
f i l e cabi -
net s, anda si nk or l avat or y shoul d be
pr ovi ded .
Anot her r oom i s needed f or
pr oduct i on of
t he t hr eedi mensi onal model s . Awor kbench
wi t h si nk and ut i l i t i es i s r equi r ed.
Phot ogr aphy. The r oom pr ovi ded
f or t he
phot ogr aphi c sect i on shoul d be l ar ge
enough
t o per mi t t he phot ogr aphi ng of pat i ent s,
phot o-
mi cr ogr aphy, copyi ng, f i l m pr ocessi ng
and
pr i nt i ng, and pr i nt and sl i de f i ni shi ng . I t mi ght
al so i ncl ude equi pment f or pr epar i ng and
pr o-
j ect i ng pr i nt ed pages and si mi l ar opaque mat e-
r i al s. The st udi o shoul d be not l ess t han 12 f t
wi de and appr oxi mat el y 35 f t l ong f or maki ng
16
mmmot i on pi ct ur es andf or t hei r pr oj ect i on
.
Di st r i but i on and St or age of Vi sual Ai ds .
Admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces ar e r equi r ed f or t he
mai nt enance
of f i l es and cat al ogi ng of mat er i al ,
cont r ol of di st r i but i on and t he r equi si t i oni ng
of
vi sual ai ds mat er i al s, and adequat e space
shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or st or age of sl i des and
f i l ms and f or t he st or age, mai nt enance,
and
oper at i on of al l pr oj ect or s .
SUPPORTI NGSERVI CES FOR
LABORATORI ES
ANDCLI NI CS
The Feasi bi l i t y of Cent r al i zed Labor at or y Suppl y
Ser vi ces
Fi gur e 17i s an exampl eof a
r easonabl e pl an f or
a f ul l y cent r al i zed
l abor at or y
ser vi ce. Si nce t he
oper at i on of f our - st udent l abor at or i es f or
al l
EDUCATI ONALTELEVI SI ONANDOTHER
VI SUAL AI DS
The l ocat i on of t he ETVdepar t ment shoul d be
car ef ul l y chosen t o hol d di st r i but i on di st ances
t o a mi ni mum. At op f l oor or pent house woul d
be a l ogi cal l ocat i on. Pr ef er abl y, t he vi sual
ai ds depar t ment shoul d be near by. The st udi o
shoul d not be l ess t han 1, 300 sq f t , compl et el y
vi si bl e f r om t he cont r ol r oom. The cei l i ng
hei ght of t he st udi o ( 13 t o 14 f t ) i s anot her
f act or t hat must be consi der ed i n pl anni ng . One
ar ea of t he st udi o shoul d cont ai n a dent al
oper at or y set up, wi t h chai r , uni t , and i nst r u-
ment cabi net . Amovabl e ( on cast er s) l abor a-
t or y demonst r at i on bench wi l l be r equi r ed f or
demonst r at i ons
of
exper i ment s i n t he basi c
sci ences . The t el evi si ng of anat omi cal di s-
sect i on wi l l r equi r e a l ar ge over head mi r r or .
Asmal l er bench f or dent al t echni c demonst r a-
t i on, chal kboar ds, f l i p st and, and t ack boar ds
ar e addi t i onal r equi r ement s . Ampl e maneuver -
i ng
ar ea
f or
t he t el evi si on camer as
and
oper a-
t or s must al so be pr ovi ded.
Fi gur e
16 shows
an
ETV
depar t ment of
appr oxi mat el y
2, 500 sq
f t .
The cont r ol r oom shoul d be el evat ed and
bui l t as cl ose t o t he cei l i ng as possi bl e f or
maxi mumvi si bi l i t y . Ent r y i nt o t he cont r ol r oom
shoul d be possi bl e wi t hout goi ng t hr ough t he
st udi o .
Pr ovi si on shoul d be made f or a f i l m chai n
i nst al l at i on r equi r i ng a r oom appr oxi mat el y
12 by 15 f t . Ki nescope r ecor der s and vi deo-
t ape r ecor der s shoul d be pl anned f or i n ar eas
adj oi ni ng t he cont r ol r oom.
The amount of pr op st or age space r equi r ed
wi l l var y wi t h t he emphasi s pl aced on t el e-
vi si on and on t he avai l abi l i t y of ot her st or age
ar eas.
The di r ect or and assi st ant di r ect or wi l l r e-
qui r e of f i ce ar eas.
Heal t h
DENTAL
SCHOOLS
cei vi ng of ani mal s i s si mpl i f i ed and t he possi -
bi l i t y of t hei r escape mi ni mi zed. The pr ef er r ed
l ocat i on i s on t he gr ound l evel or i n a pr oper l y
ai r - condi t i oned basement ar ea.
Techni cal Shops The t echni cal shops ar e r e-
sponsi bl e f or t heupkeepandr epai r of t he mor e
compl ex equi pment and devi ces empl oyed by
t he var i ous school depar t ment s. They al so
desi gn and f abr i cat e uni que appar at us r equi r ed
f or r esear ch and exper i ment at i on.
Though smal l er shops of t hi s t ype ar e at -
t ached t o one of t hebasi c sci ence depar t ment s,
t he ser vi ces of t he cent r al t echni cal shops,
wi t h t hei r l ar ger st af f s and mor e ext ensi ve
equi pment , shoul d be avai l abl e t o al l depar t -
ment s, i ncl udi ng t he basi c sci ences, of t he
dent al school .
Even school s whi ch do not r equi r e t hese
speci al i zed t echni cal act i vi t i es wi l l need t o pr o-
vi de t he modest f aci l i t i es r equi r ed f or t he r ou-
t i ne mai nt enance and r epai r of st andar d dent al
equi pment , such as engi nes, l at hes, and dent al
chai r s . Because maj or r epai r s of t hi s t ype ar e
or di nar i l y made under cont r act , onl y l i mi t ed
equi pment i s necessar y.
FACULTYFACI LI TI ES
Of f i ce Faci l i t i es
Auni f or mal l owance of 200 sq f t f or each f ul l -
t i me f acul t y member wi l l pr ovi deenough space
t o assur e an i ndi vi dual of f i ce f or
each
t eacher
wi t h t her ank of i nst r uct or or above as wel l as
suf f i ci ent addi t i onal space f or depar t ment
heads and ot her s wi t h admi ni st r at i ve r esponsi -
bi l i t y.
Space r equi r ement s f or f acul t y r esear ch ar e
par t i cul ar l y di f f i cul t t o ant i ci pat e. An al l owance
of 100 sq f t f or each f ul l - t i me f acul t y member
r epr esent s t he equi val ent of one smal l l abor a-
t or y f or each t wo
t eacher s .
Funct i on and Locat i on
Facul t y f aci l i t i es
ar e
usual l y i ncl uded i n t he
ar ea of maj or
dent al school
act i vi t i es,
a
l oca-
t i on wi t h obvi ous
f unct i onal advant ages
( Fi g .
18) . I f t hey ar e housed separ at el y f r omunder -
gr aduat e
ar eas, however , f ut ur e
expansi on
of
of f i ces and r esear ch space i s si mpl i f i ed
.
Al so,
i f f acul t y f aci l i t i es
ar e gr ouped
t oget her i n a
separ at e ar ea and t hei r assi gnment s cont r ol l ed
by
t he
of f i ce of t he dean, r at her t han by t he
depar t ment , t he
pr obl emof
t r ansf er r i ng as-
si gned
f aci l i t i es f r om one act i vi t y or f acul t y
t o anot her wi l l be si mpl i f i ed. The r el at i ve
mer i t
of separ at e
or depar t ment al l y
i nt egr at ed f aci l -
i t i es shoul d be car ef ul l y wei ghed bef or e f i nal
deci si ons on exact l ocat i ons ar e made
.
GRADUATE ANDPOSTGRADUATE FACI LI TI ES
I n t he basi c sci encedepar t ment s, an al l owance
of 150 sq f t per st udent wi l l per mi t a t wo-
modul e of f i ce anda f our - modul e l abor at or y f or
each f our gr aduat e st udent s . I n t he cl i ni cal
depar t ment s, anal l owanceof 100 sq f t per st u-
dent wi l l per mi t one smal l combi nat i on st udy
and r esear ch
ar ea
f or
each
f our st udent s . Addi -
t i onal oper at or i es wi l l al so be needed.
Gr aduat e pr ogr ams shoul d al so be ade-
quat el y pr ovi ded wi t h st udy cubi cl es and r e-
ser ved l i br ar y st udy r ooms f or t he speci f i c
use of t hei r st udent s .
basi c sci encedepar t ment s r equi r es t hat
equi p-
ment and suppl i es be i n t he i ndi vi dual l abor a-
t or i es pr i or t o t he begi nni ng of a schedul ed
exper i ment , t he cent r al ser vi ce f aci l i t i es make
del i ver y by pl aci ng each l abor at or y' s equi p-
ment andsuppl i es on t r ays. The t r ays ar e t hen
pl aced on car t s whi ch ci r cul at e bet ween t he
l abor at or i es on r egul ar del i ver y r ounds .
Ser vi ces Requi r i ng Bot h Depar t ment al and
Cent r al Faci l i t i es
Ani mal Quar t er s Al t hough hol di ng r ooms f or
smal l ani mal s adj oi n r esear ch and t eachi ng
ar eas, a dent al school must st i l l pr ovi de one
l ar ge and cent r al l y l ocat ed ani mal ar ea.
To avoi d t he possi bl e spr ead of di sease, di f -
f er ent speci es of ani mal s shoul d never be
housed i n t he same r oom. I deal l y, t hen, t he
cent r al ani mal ar ea shoul d consi st not of one
l ar ge r oom but of a number of smal l er ones .
No r oomshoul d be l ar ger t han 600 sq f t - a
si ze
whi ch wi l l ampl y accommodat e 32 l ar ge
dog cages.
Space r equi r ement s f or smal l er ani mal s
var y, andt hef ol l owi ng t abl epr ovi des exampl es
of t he net f oot age needed:
Mi ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 per sq f t
Gui nea pi gs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 per sq f t
Rat s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Per
sq
f t
Rabbi t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Per
2 sq f t
I n addi t i on t o t hi s net space, al l owance must
be made
f or cor r i dor s and vest i bul es wi t hi n
t he quar t er s, as wel l as f or st or age.
St or age pl aces no maj or
demand upon avai l -
abl e space. Adequat e f aci l i t i es per mi t t he st or -
age of beddi ng, housekeepi ng suppl i es, and
enough f ood f or
one day
near t he cent r al hol d-
i ng r ooms. Bul k st or age i s
not necessar y.
Anci l l ar y f aci l i t i es of t he cent r al quar t er s
wi l l , however , occupy subst ant i al amount s of
space. These
shoul d
i ncl ude a r ecei vi ng
or
i sol at i on r oom wher e ani mal s can be hel d
f or obser vat i on dur i ng
l abor at or y
t est s,
and at
l east one adj oi ni ng smal l l abor at or y and per -
haps mor e, dependi ng upon t he si ze of
t he
school ' s r esear ch pr ogr am.
Ther e shoul d be a smal l r oomf or pr epar i ng
f ood f or t he ani mal s, and a much l ar ger
ar ea
f or washi ng
and st er i l i zi ng cages.
Thewasher s
and st er i l i zer s used her e must be bi g enough
t o accommodat et he l ar gest cage. ( Fi xed cages,
whi ch must
be washed
wi t hi n t he hol di ng
r ooms, ar e so ar r anged t hat r ef use can be
washed
i nt o
a
gut t er and t hen i nt o a f l ushi ng
dr ai n. )
Ot her f aci l i t i es f ound
i n
t he
l ar ger ani mal
quar t er s i ncl ude ani mal sur ger y r ooms,
equi pped wi t h t hei r own anci l l ar y f aci l i t i es
f or i nst r ument
and
st or age, r e-
cover y r ooms, an aut opsy r oom, an i nci ner at or
r oom, and a r ef r i ger at ed st or age ar ea
. Of f i ces
f or a vet er i nar i an and f or an ani mal keeper ar e
al so pr ovi ded.
The pl anni ng of t he cent r al ani mal ar ea
shoul d not be under t aken wi t hout
t hor ough
consi der at i on of such f act or s as i nsect and
pest
cont r ol ,
t he
r educt i on of noi se and odor s,
and t he sani t ar y di sposal
of r ef use. Ani mal
quar t er s shoul d not be
vi si bl e t o t he publ i c,
and t hey shoul d be ar r anged so t hat
t he
r e-
AUXI LI ARY
PERSONNEL
Tr ai ni ng
Faci l i t i es f or Dent al Hygi eni st s
Dent al
hygi ene st udent s may shar e cl assr oom
space,
f aci l i t i es of t he x- r ay depar t ment , and
t he l i br ar y,
f or exampl e, wi t h dent al st udent s .
I f ampl e
l abor at or y space i s avai l abl e i n t he
dent al school ,
t hi s, t oo, may be shar ed, al -
t hough a separ at e
l abor at or y f or hygi ene st u-
dent s f aci l i t at es
cl ass schedul i ng f or cour ses
l i ke dent al anat omy
and pr ophyl axi s t echni cs,
whi ch have heavy cl ock- hour
l abor at or y r e-
qui r ement s
. The l abor at or y shoul d be equi pped
wi t h l ow
benches havi ng el ect r i ci t y, gas, and
ai r out l et s
. Suf f i ci ent l abor at or y posi t i ons t o
accommodat e an
ent i r e cl ass ar e needed . A
space al l ot ment of 600
sq f t per 16- st udent
modul e shoul d be adequat e.
The cl i ni c space
f or t he dent al hygi ene pr o-
gr ammay be ei t her i n a
sect i on of t he mai n
cl i ni c or i n a separ at e cl i ni c .
I f any i ncr ease
i n enr ol l ment s i s pl anned f or
a l at er dat e, enough
space shoul d be al l ocat ed
or i gi nal l y and ut i l i t i es
i nst al l ed t o pr ovi de f or
t he added st udent s,
even t hough al l space i s
not i mmedi at el y
equi pped.
Hygi eni st s wi l l r equi r e
l ounge, l ocker , and
t oi l et f aci l i t i es . I n some
school s, t hey wi l l shar e
t hese f aci l i t i es
wi t h
ot her
women.
The car ef ul l ocat i on of a
hygi ene cl i ni c i s
one wayof
pr ovi di ng f l exi bi l i t y i n school pl an-
ni ng. I f , at some l at er dat a, i t shoul d become
necessar y t o expand t he school ' s cl i ni cal f aci l -
i t i es, t he dent al hygi ene cl i ni c can be r el ocat ed
and i t s f or mer f aci l i t i es i ncor por at ed i nt o ot her
cl i ni cs
.
ADMI NI STRATI VE FACI LI TI ES
Oneof t he f ocal poi nt s of dent al school act i vi t y
i s t he admi ni st r at i ve ar ea. Though i t shoul d
be
r eadi l y accessi bl e t o vi si t or s, i t need not be
Fi g. 18

Depanment al of f i ce and r esear ch ar ea.
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
i n a pr edomi nant l ocat i on. I n some school s,
i t i s l ocat ed
on
an upper f l oor , conveni ent t o
an el evat or or st ai r way.
I n gener al
most dent al school s wi l l t o some
ext ent under t ake
dut i es whi ch f al l i nt o t hr ee
br oad
cat egor i es- academi c pol i cy, st udent
af f ai r s, and busi ness
and per sonnel manage-
ment
.
Academi c Of f i ces
I n pl anni ng t he of f i ce of
t he dean, space must
be al l ot t ed f or t hedean' s
pr i vat e st udy and f or
hi s secr et ar y- wi t h due
r egar d pai d t o t he need
f or bookshel ves, f i l i ng
space, and of f i ce sup-
pl y st or age. Aconf er ence
r oom
may
al so be
necessar y. I n addi t i on, of f i ces wi l l
be r equi r ed
f or an assi st ant or
associ at e dean and hi s
secr et ar y
. Whet her or not t he dean' s of f i ces
shoul d be gr ouped so t hat t he
secr et ar i al st af f
mayshar e a l ar ge si ngl e
of f i ce i s a deci si on f or
t he i ndi vi dual school .
I n pr ogr ammi ng, appr ox-
i mat el y 1, 500 sq f t shoul d be
adequat e f or
t hese r ooms. I n l ar ger
school s, an of f i ce f or
anot her assi st ant dean may be
needed.
Wher e t he pr ogr ams war r ant
i t , gr aduat e and
post gr aduat e di vi si ons
wi l l have t hei r own
of f i cer s and of f i ces, and
ext ensi ve r esear ch
act i vi t y wi l l r equi r e a r esear ch
coor di nat or ,
who wi l l al so need an
of f i ce. School s t r ai ni ng
dent al hygi eni st s or dent al
assi st ant s wi l l need
of f i ce accommodat i ons f or t he
di r ect or of t hese
pr ogr ams . Some school s al so
i ncl ude an of f i ce
f or par t - t i me f acul t y member s
i n t he achni ni s-
t r at i ve ar ea . I n pr ogr ammi ng, al l ow
200 sq f t
f or each of f i ce and 300 sq
f t f or each conf er -
ence r oomr equi r ed i n connect i on
wi t h t hese
pr ogr ams .
St udent Af f ai r s
School s whi ch do not depend upon
t he uni ver -
si t y f or such ser vi ces wi l l r equi r e a r egi st r ar ' s
of f i ce t o pr ocess appl i cat i ons f or admi ssi on,
t o super vi ser egi st r at i ons, and t o mai nt ai n st u-
dent r ecor ds.
Many school s al so of f er act i ve pr ogr ams
of st udent assi st ance, i ncl udi ng counsel i ng
and advi sor y ser vi ces, and of f i ce space i s r e-
qui r ed
f or t he pr of essi onal per sonnel who con-
duct
t hem. I n some school s, of f i ces ar e pr o-
vi dedf or t hechapl ai ns appoi nt ed t o ser ve t hei r
st udent s . Al l school s wi l l pr obabl y need space
t o
houseexpandi ng schol ar shi p and l oan act i v-
i t i es, and, i n some, addi t i onal space wi l l be
needed t o handl e
st udent housi ng ser vi ces .
I n smal l school s or
i n school s wi t h ver y l i mi t ed
r esponsi bi l i t i es f or di r ect i ng st udent af f ai r s,
t hese act i vi t i es
wi l l pr obabl y be combi ned wi t h
t hose of a busi ness or
per sonnel of f i ce.
Busi ness and Per sonnel Management
Sor t i e school s have l i t t l e mor e
t han a cashi er ' s
of f i ce and a mi ni mumof cl er i cal
hel p. Ot her s
mai nt ai n a compl ex account i ng and
f i scal
oper at i on, headed by t he of f i ce
of t he bur sar .
Apubl i c r el at i ons depar t ment ,
per sonnel
of f i ces, and st enogr aphi c- di ct aphone
pool s
mayal so be needed i n l ar ger i nst i t ut i ons
. Ade-
quat e spacef or st ock r ooms and
r ecor ds i s al ways essent i al . The
advi sabi l i t y
of empl oyi ng an admi ni st r at i ve
di r ect or of
cl i ni cs shoul d be consi der ed, and some
school s
t odayst r engt hen t hi s ser vi ce byaddi ng a
soci al
wor ker .
I n some act i vi t i espr i nt i ng and
publ i cat i ons
i s one- t he t ype of equi pment l ar gel y det er -
mi nes spaceneeds. Of f set pr i nt i ng pr esses
wi l l
be desi r abl e i n some school s ; ot her s need l i t t l e
mor e t han mi meogr aph machi nes, and
t hei r
space r equi r ement s wi l l var y
accor di ngl y.
Mai l r ooms whi ch consi st ent l y
handl e bul k
mai l i ng r equi r e a speci al
space al l ot ment .
The act ual al l ocat i on of space f or t he var i ous
busi ness f unct i ons and f or t he admi ni st r at i on
Heal t h
DENTAL SCHOOLS
l ocker r ooms. Locker
r ooms shoul d at l east be
conveni ent t o t he par t of t he school
wher e t he
st udent spends most of hi s academi c
day-
near t he basi c sci ence and
pr ecl i ni cal t echni c
l abor at or i es f or f r eshmen and
sophomor es,
near t he cl i ni cs and associ at ed cl i ni cal
l abor a-
t or i es f or j uni or s and seni or s.
The l ocker r oomar ea r equi r ed f or mal e st u-
dent s can be est i mat ed at 1, 800 sq f t f or an
ent er i ng cl ass of 48 ( or t hr ee 16- st udent
mod-
ul es) ;
t hi s amount shoul d be i ncr eased by 500
sq f t f or each addi t i onal gr oupof 16 st udent s .
As t o
t he l ocker s t hemsel ves, t he t ypes
chosen shoul d dependon
t heuset o whi ch t hey
ar e put . I f dent al st udent s ar e expect ed t o keep
t hei r i nst r ument cases i n cl ot hi ng l ocker s,
t he si ze of t he case
shoul d be est abl i shed ande
pr ot ot ype made so
t hat t he sui t abi l i t y of t he
l ocker s can be t est ed
bef or e t hey ar e pur -
chased. The l ocker s chosen
shoul d al so be
l ar ge enough t o
accommodat e ot her dent al
equi pment .
avai l abi l i t y of si mi l ar f aci l i t i es el sewher e
on
t he campus does not , i n t hi s case, r educe
t he
need f or a l ounge i n t he dent al school i t sel f
.
The
l ounge i s t he st udent s' soci al cent er .
Al t hough t he number of women enr ol l ed i n
under gr aduat e dent al school s i s smal l , school s
shoul d
pr ovi de separ at e l ounges f or t hei r con-
veni ence.
I n some school s, women dent al
st udent s
wi l l be abl e t o shar e t he l ounges pr o-
vi ded f or
st udent dent al hygi eni st s end dent al
assi st ant s
.
I n pr ogr ammi ng, t he commi t t ee shoul d
est i mat e
l ounge space at 23 sq f t per ECS f or
a cl ass si ze of
96. For cl asses of di f f er ent si zes,
200 eq
f t shoul d be added or subt r act ed f or
each gr oup of 16
st udent s . These amount s
per mi t si mul t aneous
occupancy by appr oxi -
mat el y 25 per cent of t he
t ot al enr ol l ment .
Locker Rooms
Adj oi ni ng t he l ounge ar eas
shoul d be adequat e
t oi l et f aci l i t i es and- i f
f easi bl e- t he st udent
of st udent af f ai r s
wi l l var y wi del y. For
t he
aver -
age school , however , t ot al space needs f or
t hese t wo gr oups
of f unct i ons wi l l pr obabl y
be adequat el y met by an al l owance of 25 sq
f t
per ECS.
STUDENT FACI LI TI ES
Bookst or es
For most school s, an al l owanceof
f r om
8
t o 10
sq f t per ECS- wi t h a mi ni mumof 500 sq
f t -
i s a good pr el i mi nar y est i mat e of bookst or e
apace. Thi s wi l l pr ovi de r oom enough bot h
f or
open
di spl ays and f or some st or age.
I f
possi bl e, t he st or e shoul d be l ocat ed near t he
st udent l ounge or
t he caf et er i a.
St udent Lounges
The

st udent l ounge

i s

i mpor t ant
- per haps
i ndi spensabl e- t o a dent al school , and
t he
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
I NTRODUCTI ON
Thi s sect i on
deal s wi t h desi gn f or t he f ol l ow-
i ng nur si ng pr ogr ams,
r espect i vel y: t he di p-
l oma, associ at e
degr ee, baccal aur eat e and
gr aduat e degr ees,
and pr act i cal nur si ng. I n
each sect i on, a descr i pt i on
i s pr esent ed of spe-
ci al aspect s of
each pr ogr am. Ahypot het i cal
school has
been descr i bed and space r equi r e-
ment s det er mi ned
. No at t empt was made t o
compar e t he
space r equi r ement s of one
pr o-
gr amwi t h
anot her , si nce each has i t s speci al
needs,
pr ecl udi ng a common basi s f or com-
par at i ve
pur poses. For exampl e, each pr ogr am
di f f er s
i n pur pose, cur r i cul um, and gr aduat i on
r equi r ement s
.
The
second hal f of t hi s chapt er set s
f or t h
pl anni ng
consi der at i ons whi ch wi l l af f ect
t he
ar chi t ect ur al
desi gn of a f aci l i t y.
No at t empt
i s
made t o out l i ne f i ni shed pl ans
si nce t hi s
shoul d be t hedeci si on of t he i ndi vi dual
school ,
af t er
a car ef ul eval uat i on of var i ous
al t er na-
t i ves. Mor eover , bef or e t he ar chi t ect
begi ns
t o devel op hi s pl ans, t he school must f i r st
est abl i sh
i t s educat i onal pr ogr am.
DI PLOMA
NURSI NGPROGRAMS
Thedi pl oma
nur si ng pr ogr ami s conduct ed by
a
si ngl e- pur pose
school and may be ei t her
hos-
pi t al - sponsor ed or i ndependent l y
i ncor por at ed.
Thi s pr ogr amser ves t he i nt er est s
and needs
of qual i f i ed hi gh school gr aduat es
who want
( 1) an educat i oncent er ed i n
a hospi t al , and ( 2)
an ear l y end cont i nui ng
oppor t uni t y t o be wi t h
pat i ent s and wi t h
per sonnel who pr ovi deheal t h
ser vi ces . ( See Fi g .
1 and Tabl e 1 . )
Pr ogr amChar act er i st i cs
Di pl oma pr ogr ams emphasi ze
t he basi c sci en-
t i f i c pr i nci pl es of nur si ng
car e and of r ecogni z-
i ng i ndi cat i ons
of di seases, di sabi l i t i es, and
pat i ent needs. The
cur r i cul um i s pl anned t o
equi p gr aduat es wi t h t he ski l l s
necessar y t o
or gani ze and i mpl ement a
nur si ng pl an t hat
wi l l meet t he i mmedi at e needs of
one or mor e
pat i ent s, t o be r esponsi bl e f or
t he di r ect i on of
ot her member s of t he nur si ng
t eam, and, t o t he
degr ee possi bl e, t o pr omot e t he
r est or at i on of
t he pat i ent ' s heal t h.
Some gr aduat es of
di pl oma pr ogr ams may
wi sh t o f ul f i l l r equi r ement s f or
a baccal aur eat e
degr ee i n nur si ng. Admi ssi on
i s gr ant ed i n
accor dance wi t h t he admi ssi on
pol i ci es of t he
par t i cul ar col l ege or uni ver si t y
t hey wi sh t o
at t end.
THE ASSOCI ATE DEGREE
NURSI NGPROGRAM
The associ at e degr ee nur si ng
pr ogr ami s gen-
er al l y est abl i shed as
a di vi si on or depar t ment
of a communi t y
j uni or col l ege, al t hough some
ar e i n f our - year
col l eges or uni ver si t i es . Thi s
pr ogr ami s desi gned
t o f ul f i l l t he educat i onal
Nur si ng
Educat i on Faci l i t i es, Publ i c Heal t h
Ser vi ce,
Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on,
and
Wel f ar e, Washi ngt on, D. C. ,
1964
.
needs of qual i f i ed hi gh
school gr aduat es who
want ( 1) t o pr epar e t o
pr act i ce nur si ng as r egi s-
t er ednur ses, and ( 2)
t o st udy i n acol l ege wher e
t hey mayshar e
r esponsi bi l i t i es and pr i vi l eges
as wel l as i nt el l ect ual and
soci al exper i ences
wi t h st udent s i n ot her
educat i onal pr ogr ams .
( See Fi g. 2 and Tabl e
2. )
The f ol l owi ng
char act er i st i cs i dent i f y as-
soci at e degr ee
nur si ng pr ogr ams :
1. The
col l ege cont r ol s, f i nances, and ad-
mi ni st er s t he pr ogr am
.
2. The
pr ogr amconf or ms wi t h t he over al l
st andar ds
and pol i ci es of t he col l ege and
op-
er at es wi t hi n t he
f r amewor k of i t s or gani zat i on,
admi ni st r at i on,
i nt er di sci pl i nar y cur r i cul um
commi t t ees,
and t he st udent per sonnel
pr o-
gr am.
3.
The
pol i ci es and pr ocedur es pr omul gat ed
f or
f acul t y i n ot her col l ege depar t ment s
al so
appl y t o t he
nur si ng f acul t y.
4. Member s
of t he nur si ng f acul t y pl an,
or gani ze,
i mpl ement , and t each t he nur si ng
cour ses. They
sel ect , gui de, and eval uat e al l
l ear ni ng
exper i ences i ncl udi ng t hose i n t he
pat i ent
car e ar eas.
5. The
col l ege, by means of wr i t t en agr ee-
ment s wi t h
hospi t al s and ot her agenci es i n t he
communi t y, pr ovi des cl i ni cal f aci l i t i es
essent i al
t o nur si ng
educat i on.
6. St udent s meet t he r equi r ement s
of t he
col l ege and i t s nur si ng depar t ment
f or admi s-
si on, cont i nuat i on of
st udy,
and
gr aduat i on.
7. The nur si ng pr ogr am
i s or gani zed wi t hi n
t he f r amewor k of t he
communi t y j uni or col -
l ege cur r i cul umpat t er n l eadi ng
t o an associ at e
degr ee.
Gr aduat es of t he
associ at e degr ee nur si ng
pr ogr amar e pr epar ed
t o gi ve pat i ent - cent er ed
nur si ng car e i n
begi nni ng gener al - dut y nur se
posi t i ons. They
ar e pr epar ed t o dr awupon a
backgr ound
f r omt he physi cal , bi ol ogi cal , and
soci al
sci ences i n admi ni st er i ng nur si ng car e
t o
pat i ent s
.
They r el at e wel l wi t h peopl e and
ar e sel f - di r ect i ve
i n l ear ni ng f r omexper i ence
as pr act i ci ng
nur ses . They ar e pr epar ed t o
co-
oper at e
and shar e r esponsi bi l i t y f or t he pa-
t i ent s' wel f ar e
wi t h ot her gener al - dut y
nur ses,
head
nur ses, super vi sor s, at t endi ng
physi -
ci ans,
and ot her s. As al l ot her begi nni ng pr ac-
t i t i oner s, t hese gr aduat es need
t o be or i ent ed
t o newwor k si t uat i ons
and gi ven t i me and
oppor t uni t y t o become
i ncr easi ngl y ef f ect i ve
i n t he pr act i ce of nur si ng.
The pr ogr ami s compl et e f or
i t s pur pose.
Some gr aduat es f r om
associ at e degr ee pr o-
gr ams may l at er wi sh
t o
f ul f i l l
r equi r ement s
f or a baccal aur eat e
degr ee i n nur si ng .
BACCALAUREATE ANDGRADUATE NURSI NG
PROGRAMS
Under gr aduat e Pr ogr ams

Anur si ng pr ogr am
l ead-
i ng
t o a baccal aur eat e degr ee i s conduct ed
by
an educat i onal uni t i n nur si ng ( depar t ment ,
di vi si on, school , or col l ege) t hat i s an
i nt egr al
par t of a col l ege or uni ver si t y and
i s or gani zed
end cont r ol l ed i n
t he same way as ot her uni t s
i n t he
i nst i t ut i on. ( See Tabl e 3. )
The
baccal aur eat e degr ee pr ogr am
i s de-
si gned t o
ser ve t he needs and pur poses of
per sons who want
( 1) t o l ear n and pr act i ce t he
humani st i c
and sci ent i f i c bases f or car e
of
pat i ent s, ( 2)
t o pr epar e f or nur si ng at t he bac-
cal aur eat e
l evel , ( 3) t o shar e wi t h st udent s
pr e-
par i ng
f or ot her occupat i ons al l t he
gener al
advant ages of a col l ege or uni ver si t y pr epar a-
t i on, and
( 4) t o acqui r e a baccal aur eat e
educa-
t i on as a
pr er equi si t e f or gr aduat e st udy
t o
pr epar et o pr act i ce i n such speci al t i es as
t each-
i ng,
admi ni st r at i on, or r esear ch.
Gr aduat es of baccal aur eat e
pr ogr ams ar e
pr epar ed f or nur si ng posi t i ons i n communi t y
heal t h ser vi ces and may advance
wi t hout
f ur t her f or mal educat i on t o posi t i ons,
such as
head nur se and t eaml eader , whi ch
r equi r e ad-
mi ni st r at i ve ski l l s . Gr aduat es
al so have a
f oundat i on f or cont i nui ng
per sonal and pr of es-
si onal devel opment and f or
gr aduat e st udy i n
nur si ng.
Some gr aduat es of associ at e
degr ee and
di pl oma pr ogr ams i n nur si ng maywi sh t o
f ul -
f i l l r equi r ement s f or a baccal aur eat e
degr ee i n
nur si ng . Admi ssi on r equi r ement s var y
wi t h
di f f er ent col l eges and uni ver si t i es .
Gr aduat e P( egr ams

Agr aduat e
nur si ng pr ogr am
i s or gani zedsi mi l ar t o ot her
gr aduat e pr ogr ams
wi t hi n t he uni ver si t y. Wi t h
onl y f ewexcept i ons,
t hese ar e of f er ed i n
conj unct i on wi t h a bac-
cal aur eat e nur si ng pr ogr am. ( See
Tabl e 4. )
The gr aduat e
pr ogr ami s desi gned t o pr epar e
nur ses f or l eader shi p
posi t i ons i n t eachi ng and
admi ni st r at i on i n al l
t ypes of educat i onal pr o-
gr ams. Such a
pr ogr amal so pr ovi des an oppor -
t uni t y t o st udy f or
super vi sor y and admi ni st r a-
t i ve posi t i ons i n
nur si ng ser vi ce. Consul t ant s,
cl i ni cal speci al i st s,
and r esear ch wor ker s
al so r equi r e
gr aduat e st udy.
( See Fi g. 3. )
PRACTI CAL NURSI NG PROGRAMS
Sevent y- f i ve per cent of t he
st at e- appr oved
nur si ng pr ogr ams l eadi ng t o a pr act i cal
nur se
cer t i f i cat e ar e cont r ol l ed
by educat i onal i nst i -
t ut i ons or agenci es . The
maj or i t y ar e under
st at e and l ocal boar ds of educat i on. The
r e-
mai nder ar e most l y under t he cont r ol of
hos-
pi t al s, wi t h t he except i on of
about
si x whi ch
ar e under ot her communi t y
agenci es . ( See
Tabl es 5 and 6and Fi gs . 4
and 5. )
The pr act i cal nur si ng
pr ogr amwhi ch l eads
t o e cer t i f i cat e or di pl oma i s usual l y
one year
i n l engt h, sel f - cont ai ned,
compl et e, and sat -
i sf act or y f or i t s own
pur pose, pr ovi di ng pr ep-
ar at i on excl usi vel y f or pr act i cal
nur si ng.
( Cal i f or ni a and Texas
cal l t hese pr ogr ams
' ' Vocat i onal
Nur se Pr ogr ams" and l i cense t he
gr aduat es as
Li censed Vocat i onal Nur ses . )
Thi s
pr ogr am' s obj ect i ve i s t o pr epar e a needed
wor ker i n
nur si ng ser vi ce who wi l l shar e i n
gi vi ng di r ect car e t o pat i ent s
. Gr aduat es of
pr act i cal nur si ng
pr ogr ams per f or mt wo maj or
f unct i ons
:
Heal t h
NURSI NG
SCHOOLS
TABLE 1

f or a 3- Year Di pl oma Pr ogr am
wi t h a Tot al Ent er i ng
Cl ass of 84and
a
Tot al Enr ol l ment of 148
Nur si ng educat i on
ar ea j
Spaces
Number Cr oup Tot al
I
Remar k,
of si ze, net
r ooms each
ar ea
r oom ( s ( I . f t . )
__
Teachi ng- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
i t , 330
Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r oom - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 75 1, '
. 140
Cl assr ooms- . ___. . . - _
.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Conf er ence
r ooms- - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - -
. _-
. - - - -
2
3
38
16
1, 370
!) OO Addi t i onal squi r ed
i n hospi t al .
Mul t i pur pose r oomwi t h
st or age and ut i l i t y
r oom
1 -
2, 0009beds .
_______.
. - - - -
__- . - .
. _______
Sci ence Sci encel abor at or i es__
. . . . . . __
-
opt i onal ,
St or age- Leachi ng ai ds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Li br ar y
- - - - - - - - - - - .
- - - - -
. . . . .
1
1
-
-
120 '
3, 000
3, 000books ; 1, 0o01t ouudpf
" r i odi cal vol nnn" s.
" Facul t y.
. ___
- - - - - - -
. . - _- .
. - - - - - - - - -
151
=- - ~-2.
Of f i ces. . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . __. - . _- ___. _
1 20
1
1
377
Conf er ence r oom- - - - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lounge___
.
- - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..
1
- 300
Shar ed wi t h admi ni st r at i ve
st af f .
Washr ooms, t oi l et s- - - - - - - - - - - - - __. - - - - - - - -
1 -
100 1 wat cr doset
f t ud' 2l aeat or i os .
Locker s- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - _.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
==-
1, 660'
Admi ni st r at i on_____- - - -
. - . . . . ________ -
Lobby- r ecept i on ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . - - 1 -
100
i
Gener al of f i ce__. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
_ 1 400
Secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st
.
Cl er k- t ypi st s.
St or age ar ea__. . - . -
. . - . _________. __- - . . _ 1
- 120
Dupl i cat i ng ar ea. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.
Di r ect or ' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I
1
-
-
1110
340 Wi t h coat
cl oset and t oi l et .
Di r ect or ' s secr et ar y of f i ce- . . - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - -
1 1
100
Assi st ant di r ect or ' s
of f i ce _ . . - ____ _
. - - - -
- _
Regi st r ar ' s of f i ce andadmi ssi ons of f i ce. . . . . .
1
l
1
-
120
10
Combi ned f unct i on
.
St udent s'
counsel or ' s
of f i ce - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - -
St udent s' heal t h ser vi ce - - - - -
- - -
- -
1
-
1
-
160
-
Shan" d wi t h
hospi t al empl oyees' heal t h
- - - - - - - -
a, r ei ce,
St af f l ounge
- __
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- __.
. - - - - - -
- -
- Shar ed wi t h f acul t y
.
Vi si t or s' t oi l et s:
Men
. _________. . . ________. . . . . - __. - 1 -
40 1 wat er cl oact ,
I l avat or y.
Women. . . . . . . __. - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 40
1 wat cr cl oset , I l avat or y.
- - - - 1, 580
Suppor t i ng___. _. __. _. _____
. __- _. _. -
St udent s' t oi l et s:
Men
Men- - - - - - - - - . . _. _. _. . ______
-
1 - 120
1 wat cr cl oset , ) l avat or y,
i ncl udi ng 10
f ul l -
f ul l -
.
si ze
l ocker s.
Women_.
_ __ _
- - - - - . .
1 -
290 7 wat er cl oact s, 7 l avat or i es.
St udent a' l ounge. - - _
. . . - _. _- _- . - - - - - - -
Locker s . .
1
- 300
240
: 30 f ul l - si zol ockr r s .
- - - - - - -
J ani t or s' cl oset s-
. __- . - - - - - - - - _- . _- _- - _. __ I
- 40 1 Or as r equi r ed
.
Coat al coves- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . __. ___- - - - - - -
- - -
As r equi r ed.
Vendi ng machi nes- -
. __________- __. . ____ _ - -
- As r equi r ed.
Tel ephone boot hs___. __. _. - - - - . - - - - - - -
. - - _ - - -
As r equi r ed.
\l i nhnumof 4- r ccvssedor asr equi r ed
.
Dr i nki ng f ount ai ns - - - - . - - - - - - - -
. _. .
Gener al st or age- - - - - - -_ . - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . - . . . - 1 -
000
14, 947 Not ar ea.
9,
9119 For wal l s, par t i t i ons, cor r i dor s,
st ai r s, and
mechani cal span" .
24, 745 Tot al gr oss ar ea.
167, 2 Ar ea per enr ol l ed
st udent .
I t t he sci ences ar e
t aught i n t he home
school , add t he f ol l owi ng:
Teachi ng- - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- 4, 368 -
Cl assr ooms
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . _- _
1 38 648
shoul d be added i f t he sci ences
ar e
Sci ence l abor at or i es
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 -
3, 6011
~Thcec
ar e t aught i n
t he home school .
St or age and pr epar at i on r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 120
Facul t y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - 5oo
Of f i ces- - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - -
5 1 500
19, 215
Tot al net ar ea.
12, 910 For wal l s, par t i t i ons,
cor r i dor s, st ai r s, and
mechani cal space.
32, 025
Tot al gr oss ar ea .
216. 4 Ar ea per enr ol l ed st udent .
Assembl y r oom_____
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
200 3, 000 Fl at f l oor .
22,
215 Tot al net ar ea.
14, 810 For
wal l s, par t i t i ons, cor r i dor s,
st ai r s, and
mechani cal apace
.
37, 025 Tot al gr oss ar ea
.
250. 2 Ar ea per enr ol l ed
st udent.
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
Fi g . 1

Space r el at i onshi ps i n t he di pl oma
pr ogr am.
1 . Under t he di r ect i on
of a r egi st er ed nur se
or physi ci an,
t hey admi ni st er nur si ng car e i n
si t uat i ons r el at i vel y f r ee of sci ent i f i c com-
pl exi t y.
2. I n a cl ose
wor ki ng r el at i onshi p, t hey as-
si st r egi st er ed nur ses i n pr ovi di ng nur si ng
car e i n mor e
compl ex si t uat i ons .
ARCHI TECTURAL CONSI DERATI ONS
The physi cal
essent i al s of t he var i ous spaces
r equi r ed f or any t ype of pr ogr am
of nur si ng
educat i on ar e br i ef l y
descr i bed i n t hi s sect i on.
Al l t he spaces not ed, however , ar e not neces-
sar i l y r equi r ed f or al l pr ogr ams . Mor eover ,
many of t he spaces may be used i n conj unct i on
wi t h ot her depar t ment s of a communi t y col -
l ege, a uni ver si t y, or i nst i t ut i on t o whi ch t he
nur si ng educat i on pr ogr am i s r el at ed. Wher e
possi bl e, var i at i ons ar e not ed.
The di agr ams of t eachi ng spaces ar e onl y
suggest i ve of one met hod of ar r angi ng t hese
spaces . The f i nal scheme used by a nur si ng
educat i on pr ogr amwi l l depend on i t s par t i cul ar
needs expr essed i n t he wr i t t en pr ogr am. The
degr ee t o whi ch t he ar chi t ect can ef f ect i vel y
desi gn a f aci l i t y depends l ar gel y on howt hor -
oughl y t he f unct i onal pr ogr amof t he pr oposed
f aci l i t y was
pr epar ed.
Al t hough each nur si ng educat i on f aci l i t y wi l l
f i nd
i t necessar y t o det er mi ne i t s own space
r equi r ement s i n l i ght
of i t s own needs, t he
spaces
r equi r ed by most school s mi ght be
gr ouped under
seven cat egor i es . These cat e-
gor i es i ncl ude t eachi ng spaces, r esear ch
f aci l -
i t i es, f acul t y of f i ces,
admi ni st r at i ve uni t ,
st udent s'
f aci l i t i es, suppor t i ng ar eas, and con-
t i nui ng educat i on.
Teachi ng
Spaces
Lect ur e- Demonst r at i on
Rooms
The
i eci nr e- cl en, on-
st r at i on r oom( Fi g.
8)
i s
used f or t he pur pose
i mpl i ed i n i t s nar ne
.
Fact or s
t o be consi der ed i n
det er mi ni ng
physi cal di mensi ons ar e r equi r e-
ment s f or t he f ol l owi ng: ( 1) t eachi ng st at i on,
( 2) demonst r at i on ar ea,
( 3)
seat i ng ar ea, ( 4)
pr oj ect i on space or r oom, and ( 5)
st or age
cl oset s . A br i ef descr i pt i on
of each f ol l ows :
Teachi ng St at i on. The t eachi ng
st at i on
shoul d be
equi pped wi t h chal kboar ds, t ack
boar ds, pr oj ect i on scr eens, and map r ai l s
above t o
suppor t
di agr ams and char t s .
Demonst r at i on Ar ea. The demonst r at i on
ar ea i n f r ont of t he t eachi ng st at i on shoul d
be l ar ge enough t o per mi t t he use of equi p-
ment such as an adul t - si ze bed or movabl e sec-
t i onal count er uni t s whi ch have l ocki ng wheel s .
These uni t s, whi ch have st or age space under -
neat h, pr ovi de gr eat er f l exi bi l i t y t han f i xed
count er s, si nce
t hey can be
assembl ed i nt o any
ar r angement
or
l engt h
and can be
st or ed el se-
wher e when not i n use .
Al avat or y wi l l
be needed
i n t he l ect ur e-
der nonst r at i on ar ea f or use whenever a pat i ent
car e demonst r at i on i s pr esent ed . The door s
i nt o
t hi s
r oomshoul d be a
mi ni mum
of 3
f t
8 i n. wi de t o pr ovi de an adequat e passageway
f or a bed and ot her equi pment used dur i ng a
demonst r at i on.
Seat i ng Ar ea . Si nce good vi si bi l i t y of t he
i nst r uct i on and demonst r at i on ar ea shoul d be
assur ed f r omal l seat s, a st epped f l oor shoul d
be consi der ed. St eps shoul d be so desi gned
t hat each si ght l i ne mi sses t he r owahead by
4i n. Fi xed seat s equi pped wi t h hi nged or r e-
movabl e t abl et suppor t s f or wr i t i ng ar e r ecom-
mended. Ten per cent of t he seat s shoul d be
f or
l ef t - handed st udent s
.
Pr oj ect i on Room.
A pr oj ect i on r oom
separ at ed f r omt he cl assr oom i s
desi r abl e be-
cause i t el i mi nat es such
di st ur bi ng f act or s
as noi se and l i ght . However , cer t ai n
di sadvan-
t ages
of a separ at e pr oj ect i on r oomsuch
as
t he need f or an oper at or and
f or communi cat i on
f aci l i t i es bet ween t he oper at or
and t he i nst r uc-
t or shoul d be consi der ed.
I n l i eu of a pr oj ect i on
r oom, a consol e f or
pr oj ect i on equi pment i s a good
compr omi se.
Thi s
consol e wi l l cont ai n al l
l i ght i ng and
pr oj ect i on cont r ol s and wi l l have l ocked
st or -
age
space f or equi pment when not
i n use.
I f
such a r oom i s pr ovi ded, i t may al so
be
used f or edi t i ng and st or i ng
mat er i al t o be pr o-
j ect ed . Pr ovi si on, t her ef or e,
shoul d be made f or
count er s wi t h st or age space under neat h
. One
of t he
count er s shoul d have a si nk.
Open
shel ves or
wel l cabi net s wi t h gl azed door s may
be pr ovi ded
above t he count er s .
The pr oj ect i on wal l shoul d have t wo
smal l
wi ndows
so t hat t wo pr oj ect or s can show
t wo
i mages on
t he scr eens si mul t aneousl y.
The
wi dt h of
t he scr een shoul d be
appr oxi mat el y
equal
t o onesi xt h of t he di st ance
t o t he l ast
r owof seat s . Pr oj ect i on scr eens
can be t he r ol l -
up t ype, ei t her manual l y
or mechani cal l y op-
er at ed, or
t he f i xed t ype.
Mechani cal oper at i on,
al t hough
noi sy, pr event s
acci dent al damage
t o t he
scr een.
St or age
Cl oset s . St or age
cl oset s wi t h
st andar d- hei ght door s may be
pr ovi ded.
Among
ot her t hi ngs, skel et ons
and f ul l - scal e
model s
of t he human body may be
st or ed her e
i f t her e i s no cent r al i zed st or age.
Cl asar oor ei

The cl assr oom( see Fi g. 7) shoul d
pr ovi de an opt i mum
set t i ng f or communi cat i on
bet ween t he
i nst r uct or and t he st udent s .
The r oom' s
shape and si ze shoul d
per mi t
easy vi si bi l i t y of
wr i t t en mat er i al on t he chal k-
boar d as wel l as
t he pr oj ect ed i mage on
t he
scr een. The need t o
mai nt ai n as cl ose a
ver bal
di st ance as possi bl e
bet ween st udent s and t he
i nst r uct or shoul d
al so be consi der ed.
Acoust i cal
t r eat ment t o suppor t ver bal com-
muni cat i on and
sound i nsul at i on t o pr event t he
penet r at i on of
out si de noi ses must
be con-
si der ed i n
sel ect i ng st r uct ur al and
f i ni sh mat e-
r i al s .
I n
addi t i on t o t he f l oor ar ea r equi r ed
f or
seat i ng, space
shoul d be al l ocat ed f or t each-
i ng and
demonst r at i on and f or mount i ng a
pr oj ect or .
I f cent r al st or age
of such t eachi ng ai ds as
skel et ons
and f ul l - scal e model s of t he human
body
i s not pr ovi ded, st or age cl oset s wi l l be
r equi r ed
i n cl assr ooms .
Al avat or y shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he r oom
near t he
t eachi ng st at i on so t hat i t wi l l be
easi l y
accessi bl e
f or use whenever pat i ent car e
i s
bei ng demonst r at ed.
The cl assr oom
door shoul d be a mi ni mum
of
3 f t 8 i n . wi de t o
per mi t easy t r anspor t at i on
of an
adul t - si ze bed whi ch may be r equi r ed f or
demonst r at i on
.
Equi pment
whi ch wi l l be needed f or cl ass-
r ooms
i ncl udes chal kboar ds, l ack
boar ds,
and
pr oj ect i on scr eens . x- r ay f i l m
i l l umi nat or s,
ei t her por t abl e or
wal l mount ed, may al so
be
used.
Mul t i pur pose Room
The mul t i pur pose r oom( see
Fi g. 8)
may be used f or st udent pr act i ce of
pat i ent
car e as wel l as f or cl assr oom
f unct i ons .
Thus, t he r oot " shoul d
accommodat e:
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
TABLE 2

Space
Requi r ement s f or a 2- Year
Associ at e Degr ee Pr ogr ami n a
Communi t y Col l ege wi t h
an Ent er i ng Cl ass
of 64and a Tot al Enr ol l ment of
104
Spaces
Nur si ng educat i on ar ea
Number Gr oup Tot al
of
si t e,
net
I ~
r ooms each ar ea
r oom ( sq . f t . )
Remar ks
Teachi ng
. . - - __ - - - - - - - - - . _- _.
. - - - -
- - 6, 120
Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 104 2,
300
Cl asar ooma- - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
_ _
Conf er ence r ooms
_ _
- - - - - - . - - - - - - - -
1 44
3 16
9011 1
900 Addi t i onal r equi r ed i n hospi t al
.
Mul t i pur pose r oom
wi t h st or age and ut i l i t y
2, 000 1,
moms
1 -
9 beds .
- - - - - - - __ - _. . . _ . . . . _
. ___. _.
St or age- t eachi ng
ai ds- . .
- - - - -
l - 120
.
;
I n t he col l ege .
Sci ence l abor at or i es- -
- -
- I n t he
col l ege .
Li br ar y- - _
- _. - .
_ . - _ - - - -
__. . . _. .
. - - - - -
Facul t y_. . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- 1, 590
of cee. . . . - - - - - - - - -
. . . - - - __. . . . - ____. . . _
10 1
1, 000
Conf er ence r oom. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . . . - - - -
1 20
-
_
400
I n t he col l ege.
ashr oomand t oi l et s_-
Vunge
. ___. . - . _______. _. - . _- . - _. . . . . . - __
I SO
,
_ . . . _. __. . . - . __ .
840 1
Lobby- r ecept i on
. . . . __ . . - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I 100 100
Gener al of f i ce .. . _____. . . . - - - - - __ . . .
. . _. - t -
320
Secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
I
Cl er k- t ypi st a- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
3
_
90
St or age ar ea
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - . - . .
I -
Dupl i cat i ng ar ea - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I
340 Wi t h coat el oset andt oi l et
.
Regi st r ar ' s of f i ce- - -
.
- - - - - - - - - - -
. - - . . - -
- I n t he
col l ege .
Admi ssi ons
of f i ce_. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
' - I n t he col l ege .
I n t he col l ege
.
St udent counsel or ' s
of f i ce__.
- -
- I n I n t he col l ege.
St udent . ' heal t h ser vi ce . -
_
- - - - - - -
St af f l ounge- - - washr oom
and t oi l et _. - - - - - - - -
- I n
t he col l ege.
Vi si t or s' t oi l et s :
Men_
. .
. - - - - - - - - - -
I nt hecol l ege.
Women . . - - - - - -
-
_ . - - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - -
I n t he col l ege
.
31111 1
1 Suppor t i ng. . _ _ - _.
I
" 4211
St udent s' t oi l et s . - ___ . .
>I en' at oi l et - -
-
-
1 wat er cl oset . 1 l a~nt ar y,
l ur i nal .
Wunu' n' e t oi l ct s . . ____. . . - - - -
- - -
S wnl e" r cl uscl s, 5l ar at or i cs .
Sl ode' nt s' l ounge
. . . __
- - - - - -
Locker s_- . - . . . - - - - - - . - - - - . - - - - -
_ - 24( 1'
hocat ed
i u col l cgr .
1111 f ul l - si ze l ocker s .. ( Addi t i onal may
be
_ neexl ed i l l
t he
hospI t al . )
J anuor s' cl oset s - - - - - - - - . . . . . - - - . . . . . . - - __
I l r l l a r equi r ed.
Cost
akow- .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
As As r egnl r ed
.
Vendi ng machi nes . . - - - - - - - -
As As r c" ( pdr d.
Tel epl l or u" boot hs
. 4s r equi r ed.
Mi ni mumof : 3
. .
r ecessed
or as r egwr ed.
Dr i nki ng f ount ai ns . - . . .
Gener al st or age_ . -
- _ . .
- _
=. - I
I
- II
611( i
1
1
9. 840
5r t ar ea.
6, 560 For mal l s, par t i t i ons,
mechani cal space.
l
i
16, 400
'
Tot al
gr oss ar ea.
_
1577
. .
i
Ar ea per enr ol l ed st udent .
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
1 . Adul t - si ze beds whi ch may be separ at ed
by cur t ai ns suspended f r om cei l i ng cur t ai n
t r acks .
2. Amedi ci ne pr epar at i on ar ea i ncl udi ng
movabl e sect i onal count er uni t s and f i xed
count er s l ocat ed at t he wal l , wi t h
si nk and
st or age cabi net s under neat h and
wal l cabi -
net s wi t h gl azed door s above.
3. A handwashi ng demonst r at i on uni t and
a mi ni mumof t hr ee l avat or y basi ns,
wi t h f oot ,
wr i st , or knee cont r ol .
4. Dr essi ng cubi cl es . One
met hod f or pr o-
vi di ng pr i vacy i s t hr ough t he
use of cur t ai ns
suspended f r omcei l i ng cur t ai n
t r acks .
5. St or age
cl oset s f or smal l equi pment ,
l i nen,
char t s, and di agr ams . These
cl oset s
shoul d have a f ul l - si ze door and shoul d
be
l ar ge
enough t o st or e skel et ons and
f ul l - si ze
model s of t he human body, i f necessar y.
6 . Chal kboar ds, t ack boar ds, pr oj ect i on
scr eens .
7.
Seat i ng ar ound t abl es f or semi nar - t ype
l ect ur es f or 16 st udent s .
6 .
Space f or pr oj ect or mount i ng.
X- r ay
f i l m i l l umi nat or s may be
used i n
al l t eachi ng ar eas . They can be ei t her wal l
mount ed
or por t abl e. I f por t abl e, st or age space
shoul d be al l ocat ed f or t hemwhen not i n
use .
Ut i l i t y Room. The ut i l i t y r oom can ei t her
be a par t
of t he mul t i pur pose demonst r at i on
r oom
or may be separ at ed by a sol i d par t i t i on.
Al t hough each f aci l i t y must det er mi ne i t s
own
speci f i c equi pment needs, t he f ol l owi ng
bui l t - i n f eat ur es
ar e r ecommended:
1 .
Acount er wi t h si nk and
st or age under -
neat h
wi t h wal l cabi net s above
2. Roughed- i n pl umbi ng t o
accommodat e
f ut ur e f i xt ur es
St udent s' Conf er ence Rooms ( Teachi ng)

St udent con-
f er ence r ooms wi l l be r equi r ed i n al l
pr ogr ams .
( See Fi g. 7 . ) The number of
such r ooms wi l l
depend on t he ant i ci pat ed enr ol l ment
. Maj or
pl anni ng consi der at i ons i ncl ude
:
" Seat i ng
ar r angement at t abl es
f or gr oup
di scussi ons
or l ect ur es
"
Pl acement of chal kboar ds
and t ackboar ds
"
Adequat e sound i sol at i on
f r omone r oom
space
t o anot her
Sci ence
Labor at or i es St udent s enr ol l ed i n as-
soci at e and baccal aur eat e degr ee pr ogr ams
i n
nur si ng at t end sci ence cour ses wi t h
ot her
under gr aduat es
. The t r end i n di pl oma
pr o-
gr ams i s
t o pur chase i nst r uct i on i n t he
sci -
ences
f r oma l ocal j uni or col l ege, a col l ege,
or a
uni ver si t y.
To avoi d t he unnecessar y
dupl i ca-
t i on of
expensi ve f aci l i t i es, di pl oma
pr ogr ams
shoul d pl an sci ence l abor at or i es
onl y i f such
f aci l i t i es
ar e not avai l abl e f r om ot her i nst i t u-
t i ons . ( See Fi g.
9. )
Li br ar y
Li br ar y f aci l i t i es ar e r equi r ed
i n al l
nur si ng
educat i on pr ogr ams . Wher ever
f easi -
bl e, a l i br ar y
may be shar ed wi t h ot her t ypes
of
pr ogr ams
; however , t he di pl oma
school wi l l
usual l y
have i t s own l i br ar y. An exampl e
of
l i br ar y
f aci l i t i es f or a di pl oma pr ogr am
i s
shown i n Fi g.
10.
The i nf or mat i on pr esent ed i s consi der ed
mi ni mumf or t he needs of a nur si ng educat i on
f aci l i t y whet her i t i s par t of a l ar ger l i br ar y or
an i ndependent l i br ar y. I n any event , f ut ur e
expansi on shoul d be a maj or pl anni ng consi d-
er at i on.
Pr i nci pal el ement s t o be consi der ed i n de-
si gni ng a l i br ar y i ncl ude ( I ) t he l i br ar y
r oom
;
( 2) t he l i br ar i an' s of f i ce; ( 3) t he l i br ar i an' s wor k-
r oom; and ( 4) t he st or age ar ea f or audi ovi sual
equi pment and model s .
Li br ar y Root n
Ref er ence and St udy Ar ea. St udy
space
shoul d accommodat e a mi ni mumof one- t hi r d
of t he t ot al st udent body. Ref er ence
t abl es may
be pr ovi ded f or one- hal f of
t hese st udent s and
car r el s f or t he ot her
hal f . Teachi ng machi nes
may be used i n
car r el s .
The r ef er ence and st udy
ar ea shoul d occupy
55 t o 60 per cent of t he
t ot al f l oor space of t he
l i br ar y r oom.
Ser vi ce Ar ea. Car d
cat al og and ci r cul at i on
act i vi t i es shoul d
be l ocat ed near t he l i br ar y
ent r ance and
r eadi ng ar ea.
St or age Ar ea.

Al l nur si ng pr ogr ams shoul d
have an
adequat e amount of space f or st acks
t o accommodat e
necessar y t i t l es and bound
vol umes of per i odi cal s .
Appr opr i at e f i l i ng
ar r angement s shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or r epor t s,
pamphl et s, bul l et i ns,
mi cr of i l ms, mi cr ocar ds,
and pr ogr ammed
mat er i al
f or
t eachi ng ma-
chi nes . For t he di pl oma
pr ogr am, st acks shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or a mi ni mumof 3, 000 t i t l es
and
1, 000 bound per i odi cal vol umes .
TEACHI NGSPACES
l . CLASSROOM
2 .
MULTI PURPOSE
DEMONSTRATI ONROOM
3. PROJ ECTI ON
ROOM
4. LECTURE
DEMO. ROOM
5- 7 .
STUDENTS' CONE.
SUPPORTI NGSPACES
8 . U77WTYROOM
9 . STORAGE ROOM
10 . MEN' S ROOM
11 .
WOMEN' S TOI LETS
l 2
.
MECH. EQUI P. ROOM
13 . A. &V,
STORAGE ROOM
ADMI NI STRATI ON
SPACES
14. LOBBY
15 . GENERAL
OFFI CE
16 . DI RECTOR' S
OFFI CE
17 . TOI LET
18 . CLOSET
19 . J ANI TOR' S CLOSET
FACULTY
SPACES
20- 29. FACULTYOFFI CES
30 . FACULTYCONF. ROOM
31. COFFEE PREP. AREA
Heal t h
NURSI NG
SCHOOLS
TABLE 3

Space
Requi r ement s f or a 4- Year Basi c
Baccal aur eat e Nur si ng Pr ogr am
wi t h an Ent er i ng
Cl ass of 96 and a Tot al
Enr ol l ment of 240
Li br ar i an' s
Of f i ce
The l i br ar i an' s of f i ce shoul d be separ at ed
f r om
t he l i br ar y r oomby a gl azed
wal l par t i -
t i on or a
vi ewwi ndowt o enabl e t he
l i br ar i an
t o over see
act i vi t y i n t he l i br ar y
.
The
of f i ce
shoul d be
suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge t o
accommodat e
sever al peopl e
f or an i nf or mal conf er ence
and
shoul d be
equi pped wi t h necessar y
f ur ni t ur e
i ncl udi ng
bookshel ves, desk, and t ypewr i t er
st and.
Li br ar i an' s
Wor kr oom
The wor kr oom
shoul d be adj acent t o t he
l i br ar yr oom
and t o t hel i br ar i an' s of f i ce. Di r ect
access
shoul d be pr ovi ded i nt o t he cor r i dor
t o per mi t easy del i ver i es
by ei t her a 3- f t 8- i n
.
cl ear openi ng or doubl e door s
.
The
r oomshoul d i ncl ude:
" Count er
wor kt op wi t h si nk
and st or age
cabi net s under neat h; par t of t he
count er shoul d
have
knee space under neat h
"
St or age shel ves or wal l cabi net s
above
" Adequat e number of
el ect r i cal out l et s
" Space
al l ocat i on f or desk,
wor kt abl es,
movabl e
book car t s
Ref er ence
Readi ng Room
Nur si ng educat i on
pr ogr ams whi ch use adj a
cent l i br ar y
f aci l i t i es may need onl y a
smal l
r ef er ence- r eadi ng
r oomi n t he
nur si ng educa-
t i on
f aci l i t y. St andar d r ef er ences and
pr of es-
si onal
per i odi cal s shoul d be kept i n t hi s
r oom,
wher e
st udy space shoul d al so
be pr ovi ded.
Equi pment
such as shel ves, st or age
cabi -
net s,
r ef er ence t abl es, andseat s
ar ound t abl es
f or 16
peopl e shoul d be pr ovi ded.
St or age
Ar ea
Some
nur si ng educat i on pr ogr ams
may wi sh
t o cent r al i ze
al l t eachi ng ai ds under
t he l i br ar -
i an' s super vi si on
. Such a cent er i s
somet i mes
r ef er r ed t o as t he
I nst r uct i onal
Mat er i al s Cen-
t er ( I MC) . I f
pr ovi si ons f or st or i ng
skel et ons
end f ul l - scal e model s
of t he human body
ar e
not made
el sewher e ( i . e. , l ect ur e- demonst r a-
t i on r oom, cl assr ooms,
or mul t i pur pose
dem-
onst r at i on r oom) , s
cent r al st or age
f aci l i t y
. Thi s r oom
shoul d be
pl aced cl ose t o
t he l i br ar y and
shoul d be
equi pped wi t h st ur dy
open shel vi ng
t o hol d
heavy equi pment .
I n pl anni ng t he space
t o be
space.
Number
Gr oup Tot al Remar ks
of si ze,
net
r ooms each ar ea
r oom
( sq. f t . )
Teachi ng- - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . - - - - - - - - - - - -
14, 1164
Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r ooms_
_. .
. - - - - - - - - - -
2 120 4, 608
Cl assr ooms- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Conf er ence r ooms- _ _____.
. ___- _- . . . . - - - - - 1
2
6
60
25
2, 200
3, 696
Addi t i onal r equi r ed i n t he
hospi t al .
Mul t i pur pose
r oomwi t h st or age, ut i l i t y, and
obser vat i on r ooms. . .
_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -
3, 0011 8beds.
Sci ence l abor at or i es- - - - - - . .. __- - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
I n t he col l ege.
St or age- t eachi ng ai de-
. __. . __. _. _. . __. __. .
1 - I 6o
Ref er ence r eadi ng r oom- - - - - . . _. - - - -
. . . __. 1 16
400
Li br ar y
-
- - I n t hecol l ege
.
Facul t y
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- 3, 980
Of f i ces
__. - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . _. . - - - - - - - - _. . _
. 27 1 2, 700
Resear ch space added
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . - - - -
- Dependi ng on t he pr ogr am,
Gr aduat e assi st ant s' of f i ce __
. - _______. __. _ I
I
4
40
240
720
Conf er ence r oom. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lounge. . _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
t - 320
320 Shar ed wi t h admi ni st r at i ve
st af f - wi t h 5
I
l ocker s.
Admi ni st r at i on. - - - - - - . ___. _. __
. ____ - - - 1, 500
Lobby- r ecept i on- - - - - . __. _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - Coo ,
Gener al
of f i ce - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
9 720
Secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st .
Cl er k- t ypi st s.
St or age ar ea. . - - - - - - - - __
. __- . __. . _. ____ 1 -
80
Dupl i cat i ng
ar ea . - - -
Mean' s
of f i ce
.
. - - - - - - - - - - - -
- _
. - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 -
1 -
so
so
340 Wi t h coat cl oset
and t oi l et .
Mean' secr et ar y' s of f i ce - - - - - - - - - . - - - - -
- __ I I 100
Regi st r ar ' s of f i ce
_- - - -
. . . . . . . __- . . _. . _. . _.
I n t he col l ege
Admi ssi ons of f i ce_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - -
- -
I n t he col l ege.
St udent
counsel or ' s of f i ce
I n t he col l ege.
St udent s' heal t h cent er - -
. _- . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - -
I n t he col l ege.
Vi si t or s' t oi l et s.
bt en_. . . . . . _. . - - - - - - - -
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
40 1 wst er cl oeet , 1 l avat or y.
R' omen . . . . . . . . .
4~1 1wat er cl oset , 1l avat or y.
-
Suppor t i ng__. - - - - - - - -
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1, 940
st udent s , t oi l et s
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . __ - - 660
1 l svat or y.
Men- - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . _
1 - - 1
wat er r l oset ; l ur i nal .
Women
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
13 wat er cl oset a; 13l avat or i ee.
St udent s'
l ounge- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- I n
t he col l ege.
Locker s__- _
-
2I
-
600 2. 50 f ul l - si ze l ocker s or an r equi r ed.
J ani t or s'
cl oset s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Coat al coves_. . _ __ ____
. . _. _. _. . _. _. __. . -
-
-
80
-
As r equi r ed.
As r equi r ed.
Vendi ng machi nes . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . _. . - _ -
- - As
r equi r ed.
Tel ephone boot hs
- - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
' As r equi r ed.
Dr i nki ngf ount ai ns_. _. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - Mi ni mum
of 7- r ecessed or as r equi r ed.
Gener al
st or age___. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . _. __' 1 -
600
Cont i nui ng
educat i on- - - - - - - - - - - . . _. - -
2, 560
Assembl y r oom- - - - - - - - -
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1110
1, 600 Fol di ng par t i t i ons t o di vi de t he r oom
i nt o 4
spaces ( opt i onal ) .
Conf er ence r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- Opt i onal .
Lounge andr ecept i on ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
700
Toi l et s.
Men- . - - - - - - . __. - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 130
1 wnt er cl obet ; 1 ur i nal ; I l avat or y,
Women- - - - - -
. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -
130 1 wat er cl oset ; 2l avat or i es
.
Dr i nki ng f ount ai ns- - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - -
. . . ___ -
_ _
24, 044
Tot al net ar ea.
16, 029 For wal l s, par t i t i ons,
mechani cal space.
40, 073
Tot al gr oaa ar ea.
166
. 97 Ar ea per enr ol l ed st udent , appr oxi mat el y
167sq . f t .
Heal t h
NURSI NGSCHOOLS
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TEACHI NGSPACES
1. CLASSROOM
2. MULTI PURPOSE ROOM
3. LECTURE DEMONSTRATI ONROOM
4- 5. STUDENTS' CONFERENCE ROOM
6.
REFERENCE
READI NGROOM
7. STORE ROOM-
TEACHI NGAI DS
8. UTI LI TYROOM
9, STORE ROOM
FACULTYSPACES
10- 14. FACULTY
OFFI CES
SUPPORTI NGSPACES
15 . STUDENTS' LOCKERROOM
16 . STUDENTS' LOUNGE
17
.
J ANI TOR' S CLOSET
18.
VENDI NGMACHI NES
19. TELEPHONE BOOTHS
20. M. TOI LETS &WASHROOM
21. W. TOI LETS &WASHROOM
ADMI NI STRATI ONSPACES
22 . DI RECTOR' S OFFI CE
23. LOBBY- RECEPTI ONAREA
Fi g. 4

Space r el at i onshi ps of a pr act i cal nur si ng pr ogr ami n a vocat i onal school .
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
TABLE 4

Space Requi r ement s f or a 2- Year
Gr aduat e Nur si ng Pr ogr ami n
Conj unct i on wi t h a Basi c
Baccal aur eat e Pr ogr amwi t h a Tot al Ent er i ng Cl ass of 30 and a Tot al Enr ol l ment of 60
Nunr i ng educat i on ar ea
Space. Number Gr oup Tot al
Remar ks
of si ze, net
r ooms each ar ea
r oom
( sq. f t
. )
Teachi ng. - - - - - - - _- ______- __ ______ - - 1, 280 I
Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 - j Shar ed wi t h under gr aduat e pr ogr am.
Cl assr ooms- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 - Shar ed wi t h under gr aduat e
pr ogr am.
Semi nar
r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. 4 12 880 !,
Ref er ence- r eadi ng
r oom
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 16
400
Li br ar y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - j Shar ed wi t h col l ege.
Resear ch l abor at or i es- . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7, 735
Behavi or al sci ence- - __ __- - - - - - _- - - - _- - - - -
Wai t i ng ar ea- - . . - - - - - - - - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nur ser y. _ - - _ __. - - - - - - - - - _- - - _ - - -
Obser vat i on r oom- - - ___- - - - - - - - - - __- - _- - - _ - - - -
I nt er vi ew
r ooms__- _- __- - - - __- - - ___- - _- - _.
Conf er ence r oom__- _____- ___- - _- - - - _- - - _-
Dat a anal ysi s r oom- _- - __- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mul t i pur pose pr oj ect s r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Facul t y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __ - - 2, 726
of f i ces- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 1 1, 500
Resear ch space added- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ - -
Dependi ng on pr ogr am.
Gr aduat e assi st ant ' s of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 8 576
Secr et ar i es' of f i ce. . . . . __- _- ___- - - - - - - _- _
1 5 4( X)
Toi l et s,
Men___ _ _ __- _- _- __- - - - - - - _ 1 - 100 1 wat er
cl oset ,
l
ur i nal , 1 l avat or y.
Women- - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 1 - 150 3wat er cl oaet e, 3l avat or i es.
Suppor t i ng - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- _ . __
.. . . . . . . . . - - Shar ed wi t h under gr aduat e pr ogr am.
11, 741
j
Tot al net ar ea.
7, 827 For wal l . , par t i t i ons, cor r i dor s, st ai r s,
and
mechani cal apace.
10, 568 Tot al gr oss
ar ea.
326
. 1 Ar ea per enr ol l ed st udent.
Heal t h
NURSI NGSCHOOLS
TABLE 5

Space Requi r ement s f or a 1- Year Pr act i cal
Nur si ng Pr ogr ami n a Vocat i onal School wi t h
an Ent er i ng Cl ass and Enr ol l ment of 64
TEACHI NGSPACES
l . CLASSROOM
2 . MULTI PURPOSE ROOM
3 . LECTURE DEMONSTRATI ONROOM
4- 5. STUDENTS' CONFERENCE ROOM
5. REFERENCE READI NG ROOM
7 . STORE ROOM- TEACHI NGAI DS
8 . UTI LI TY ROOM
9 . STORE
ROOM
FACULTYSPACES
10- 14. FACULTYOFFI CES
SUPPORTI NGSPACES
15 . STUDENTS' LOCKER
ROOM
16 .
STUDENTS' LOUNGE
17 . J ANI TOR' S CLOSET
18
. VENDI NGMACHI NES
19. TELEPHONE BOOTH
20 . M. TOI LETS &WASHROOM
21. W. TOI LETS &WASHROOM
22 . MECHANI CALEQUI PMENT
ROOM
ADMI NI STRATI ONSPACES
23. STAFF LOUNGE
24. ADMI SSI ON&
REGI STRAR' S OFF.
25. FI LES &
STATI ONERYSTORE ROOM
26
. DI RECTOR' S OFFI CE
27. LOBBY- RECEPTI ONAREA
Fi g. 5

Space r el at i onshi ps of a pr act i cal nur si ng pr ogr ami n a hospi t al .
Spaces Number Gr oup Tot al
Remar k.
of si ze, net
r oom. each ar ea
r oom ( nq. f t . )
Teachi ng_ - - - - - - - - -_ . - - - - - - - - - - - -
_ - - 5, 368
Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r oom_
_ _ _ _ _ _. . . 1 64 1, 600
Cl assr oom
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
_ 1 36 1
648
Conf er ence r ooms- - - - . - - - - - - -
2 16 600 Addi t i onal r equi r ed i n hospi t al .
Mul t i pur pose r oomwi t h st or age and ut i l i t y
r ooms .. _
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 2, 000 8 beds .
St or age- t eachi ng si de- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - '
120
Ref er ence- r eadi ng r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 16 400
Li br ar y- - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
_-
-
Shar ed.
Facul t y- - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
500
Of f i ces- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . _- - - -
5 1 500
Lounge
____- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - -
- - - School f acul t y l ounge.
Toi l et s and l ocker s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i -
- Shar ed.
Admi ni st r at i on_. __- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
580
Recept i on and gener al of f i ce- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 2 160
St or age ar ea-
____. __________. ___. _______. I - 80
Dupl i cat i ng ar ea- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. _____ - - - Shar ed.
Di r ect or ' s
of ce. __ . __-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1
1 340 Wi t h coat cl oset and t oi l et .
Regi st r ar ' sof f i ce- - - - - .
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - Shar ed.
Admi ssi ons of f i ce - - - - - - - . - _______________ - -
- Shar ed.
St udent
counsel or ' s
of f i ce. . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - Shar ed.
St udent s' heal t h ser vi ce- - - - - _ . . . . __. - ____ - - -
Shar ed.
St af f
l ounge
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . _ - - - Shar ed.
Washr oom, t oi l et s, and l ocker s_
Shar ed.
Vi si t or s t oi l et s :
Men . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Shar ed.
Women- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - Shar ed
.
Suppor t i ng______________________ _ - - 1, 825
St udent s' t oi l et s :
Men- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.
. - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 180 2 wat er cl oset s,
2 ur i nal s, 2 l avat or i es .
Women- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -
180 4wat er cl oset s, 4l avat or i es .
St udent s' l ounge- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - -
1 - 400
Locker s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 400
1 f ul l - si ze l ocker f or each newst udent and
each st af f
member
.
J ani t or s' Cl oset s - - - - - - - - - - - - . . _- _- - - - - - - - - 1 -
40 Or as r equi r ed.
Coat al coves - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. ___ - - 25 Or as
r equi r ed.
Vendi ng machi nes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___. ___
A. r equi r ed.
Tel ephone boot hs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
As r equi r ed.
Dr i nki ng f ount ai ns - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. __ Mi ni mumof 2r eces
. edor asr equi r ed.
Gener al st or age- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. ______. l - 600
- 8, 273 Tot al net ar ea.
5, 515 For wal l . , par t i t i ons,
cor r i dor s, st ai r . , and
mechani cal space.
215 . 4 Ar ea per enr ol l ed st udent
.
Fi g. 6

Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r ooms.
pr ovi ded f or st or i ng char t s and di agr ams, con-
si der at i on shoul d be gi ven t he need f or easy
i dent i f i cat i on and accessi bi l i t y.
Ful l - scal e skel et ons
and model s of t he
human body, pr ef er abl y
mount ed on a smal l
car t f or
easy t r anspor t at i on, shoul d be st or ed
i n
f ul l - si ze cl oset s . Smal l model s of par t s of
t he human body
maybe st or ed
i n wal l
cabi net s
wi t h gl azed door s f or
easy i dent i f i cat i on. I t
may
be pr ef er abl e t o st or e cer t ai n audi ovi sual
i t ems wi t hi n
t he r oom
i n
whi ch t hey ar e used .
I n addi t i on, a gener al st or age ar ea or r oomi s
r equi r ed, and pr ovi si on f or st or i ng t eachi ng
machi nes shoul d be made.
Abui l di ng wi t h mor e t han one st or y wi l l
need at l east one ser vi ce el evat or f or t r ans-
por t i ng heavy
equi pment .
Resear ch f aci l i t i es wi l l be r equi r ed onl y by t he
baccal aur eat e and gr aduat e nur si ng educat i on
pr ogr ams . Typi cal l abor at or y ar r angement s
ar e shown i n Fi g . 11.
I n some i nst ances, nur si ng educat i on pr o-
gr ams
wi l l need t o devel op r esear ch f aci l i t i es
ei t her f or gr aduat e st udent s or f acul t y mem-
ber s . The amount of l abor at or y space r equi r ed
depends upon t he t ype of r esear ch pr ogr am
of f er ed. Ther ef or e, bef or e ar chi t ect ur al
pl ans
ar e devel oped, t he needs shoul d be car ef ul l y
eval uat ed and def i ned by t he f acul t y member s
and ot her s who wi l l use t he l abor at or y f aci l i -
t i es .
The bui l di ng pr ogr amf or r esear ch f aci l i t i es
wi l l var y among school s si nce i t must be
based
on each school ' s i ndi vi dual
r equi r ement s . Re-
sear ch f aci l i t i es may
i ncl ude:
" Bi ol ogi cal sci ence l abor at or i es
" Behavi or al sci ence l abor at or i es
" The dat a anal ysi s
r oom i ncl udi ng of f i ces
and conf er ence r oom
" Mul t i pur pose pr oj ect
r oom( s)
Bi ol ogi cal Sci ence
Labor at or i es

Bi ol ogi cal sci ence
l abor at or i es wi l l
need t he f ol l owi ng spaces :
" Separ at e
of f i ces f or each r esear cher
" St or age or suppl y
pr epar at i on r oom t o
ser ve sever al
l abor at or i es, f or equi pment ,
gl asswar e, and
suppl i es
" Del uge shower
and eye bat h f or emer -
genci es
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
Heal t h
NURSI NGSCHOOLS
Fi g. 6 ) cont
. )
Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r ooms.
Fi g . 7 St udant - ( acui t y ar eas.
TABLE 6

Space Requi r ement s f or a 1- Year Pr act i cal
Nur si ng Pr ogr ami n a Hospi t al wi t h an Ent er i ng
Cl ass and Tot al Enr ol l ment of 64
Heal t h
NURSI NGSCHOOLS
Nur si ng educat i onar ea
space. Number Cr oup Tot al
Remar ks
of si ze,
net
r ooms each ar ea
r oom ( sq. f t . )
Teachi ng- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - 5, 368
Lect ur e- demonst r at i on r oom- - - - . - - - - - - - - - -
1 64 1, 600
Cl assr ooms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __. . __ - 1 36 648
Conf er ence r ooms- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 16 600 Addi t i onal r equi r ed i n hospi t al .
Mul t i pur pose r oomwi t h st or age and ut i l i t y
r ooms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . ________ __ 1 -
2, 000 8 beds .
St or age- t eachi ng
ai de____________________ 1 - 120
Ref er ence- r eadi ng r oom- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ I
16 400
Li br ar y_____
_____________________ - - - Shar ed
wi t h ahospi t al .
Facul t y___. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 500-
Of f i ces- - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 500
Admi ni st r at i on_
. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 780
Lobby- r ecept i on
ar ea_____________________ 1 2 160
St or age ar ea- - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I so
Dupl i cat i ng ar ea____. ___________
. ________
_
_
_
Shar ed wi t h hospi t al .
Di r ect or ' a of f i ce___ _ _ _. . . . __. 1 340
1
Wi t h
coat cl oset andt oi l et .
St af f l ounge andwashr oom. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 200
Toi l et s and l ocker s_ __. __________. . . -
_ _
Suppor t i ng- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1, 1, 265
St udent s' t oi l et s :
M- - - - - - - - .. . _ _ _ _ __. _ __. _ _
_- 1 - 180 2 wat er cl oset s, 2 ur i nal s, 2 l avst or i m.
Women___________________________ 1 - 180 4wat er cl oset a, 4l avat or i es
.
St udent s' l ounge- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -
1411
Locker s__
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100
J ani t or s , cl oset s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 40 Or Wr equi r ed.
Coat al coves_
. . _
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - 25 Or ee r equi r ed.
Vendi ng machi nes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
As r equi r ed.
Tel ephoneboot hs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - As r equi r ed.
Dr i nki nI f ount ai ns
- - - -
.
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
Mi ni mumof 2r eceaeedor asr equi r ed.
Gener al
st or age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 600
7, 913 Tot al net ar ea.
5, 275 For wal l s, cor r i dor s, par t i t i ons, st ai r s, and
mechani cal space.
206.
06 Ar ea per enr ol l ed st udent .
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
Desi gn f act or s t o be consi der ed f or t hese
l abor at or i es ar e :
" Count er s of di f f er ent hei ght s wi t h knee
space under neat h and r eagent shel f . These
may be l ocat ed al ong t he wal l s or , i f t he space
per mi t s, an i sl and- t ype count er si mi l ar t o
ot her s shoul d be pr ovi ded .
"
Chemi cal - r esi st ant si nks wi t h hot and col d
wat er .
" Gas, ai r , and el ect r i cal
out l et s .
" Fumehoods
wi t h adequat e exhaust syst em
and spr i nkl er heads.
" Ar ef r i ger at or or f r eezer may be
needed
f or t hese l abor at or i es
.
I t i s
assumed t hat t he ani mal s needed f or
r esear ch
wi l l be suppl i ed f r oma cent r al l oca-
t i on, si nce i t woul d not be economi cal l y f easi -
bl e t o const r uct speci al ani mal housi ng f aci l -
i t i es wi t hi n t he nur si ng educat i on uni t .
Behavi or al Sci ence Labor at or y The pr i mar y r e-
qui r ement i n t he behavi or al sci ence l abor at or y
i s t hat t he human subj ect be obser ved un-
obt r usi vel y
by t hest udent s . ( See Fi g . 12 . ) Thus,
t he f ol l owi ng desi gn f act or s shoul d be consi d-
er ed :
1
.
The l abor at or y
t o accommodat e a bed and var i ous pat i ent
car e act i vi t i es . Space i s al so needed f or r e-
sear ch per sonnel and equi pment .
2. An adj acent obser vat i on r oomwi t h a one-
way
vi ewi ng gl ass par t i t i on wi l l pr ovi de an
over al l vi ew of t he
l abor at or y. The oneway
vi ewi ng
gl ass par t i t i on shoul d be doubl e gl azed
wi t h seal ed ai r space
bet ween t he gl ass t o en-
sur e sound i sol at i on bet ween
t he t wo r ooms.
The vi ewi ng scr een shoul d be unobt r usi ve
f l oor - t o- cei l i ng panel s r at her t han a vi ewwi n-
dowwhi ch i n i t sel f
may suggest i t s pur pose.
Not al l panel s need be t wo- way gl ass- onl y
t hose necessar y
f or vi ewi ng.
3. The obser vat i on r oomshoul d accommo-
dat e 16 st udent s . Ast epped seat i ng pl at f or m,
ei t her per manent or t empor ar y, mi ght be con-
si der ed t o assur e al l t he par t i ci pant s a good
over al l vi ewof act i vi t i es wi t hi n t he l abor at or y.
Si nce t he subj ect shoul d not I >e di st ur bed
whi l e bei ng obser ved, obser vat i on r ooms
shoul d be car pet ed and shoul d have sound-
absor bi ng mat er i al s on wal l s and cei l i ngs .
4. Pr ovi si on shoul d be made f or communi -
cat i on f aci l i t i es bet ween t he t wo r ooms as wel l
as f or conceal ed r ecor di ng and audi o and
physi ol ogi cal f act or moni t or i ng equi pment .
5. Bot h t he behavi or al sci ence l abor at or y
r oom and t he obser vat i on r oom shoul d be
equi pped wi t h a di mmer swi t ch t o cont r ol
t he i l l umi nat i on l evel . Temper at ur e and humi d-
i t y cont r ol s ar e al so i mpor t ant .
6
.
Faci l i t i es whi ch shoul d be di r ect l y acces-
si bl e f r om t he behavi or al sci ence l abor at or y
i ncl ude :
" Toi l et r oomwi t h l avat or y f or handwashi ng
" Ki t chenet t e or al cove wi t h ki t chen accom-
modat i ons
" St or age r oomf or st or i ng equi pment such
as chi l dr en' s t oys
I n conj unct i on wi t h behavi or al sci ence l ab-
or at or i es, t he f ol l owi ng shoul d be consi der ed:
1. Wai t i ng r oomor ar ea, sui t abl y f ur ni shed
f or adul t s
or adul t s wi t h chi l dr en.
2. Pl ay
nur ser y f or chi l dr en wi t h pr ovi si on
t o over seet he
act i vi t i es f r omt he wai t i ng r oom.
Speci al at t ent i on
shoul d be pai d t o acoust i cal
t r eat ment of
t hi s r oomand i t s decor .
3. I nt er vi ewi ng
r ooms, wi t h adj acent ob-
ser vat i on r oom,
separ at ed by oneway gl ass
vi ewi ng par t i t i on. ( I t ems 2- 5 ci t ed above al so
appl y her e. )
Facul t y Of f i ces
Facul t y
of f i ces may be gr ouped t oget her t o
f or m
t he f acul t y of f i ces sui t e. I n pr ogr ams
havi ng a
smal l f acul t y, admi ni st r at i ve and busi -
ness of f i ces may
be gr ouped t oget her wi t h
f acul t y
of f i ces f or mi ng a uni t t hat i s separ at e
i n char act er
f r om t he t eachi ng spaces . ( See
Fi g . 7. )
I n addi t i on t o of f i ces f or each f acul t y
member , one
or mor e of f i ces mi ght be pr o-
vi ded f or guest
l ect ur er s or vi si t i ng
f acul t y.
The f acul t y of f i ces
sui t e shoul d i ncl ude:
" I ndi vi dual of f i ces
f or each f acul t y member .
Each of f i ce shoul d have
ampl e space f or f ur ni -
t ur e, bookcases or shel ves,
and f i l es.
" Conf er ence r oomor r ooms. The si ze
of t he
conf er ence r oom depends on t he number
of
peopl e
t o be accommodat ed. Chal kboar ds
and
t ack boar ds ar e necessar y i n t hese r ooms
.
" Facul t y l ounge. An al cove or
smal l r oom
of f
t he l ounge may be pr ovi ded t o
accom-
modat e a ki t chenet t e uni t and a count er
wi t h
si nk and st or age cabi net s under neat h
.
" Toi l et f aci l i t i es i ncl udi ng a
washr oom
and l ocker r oom or l ocker s, l ocat ed
i n pr ox-
i mi t y t o t he l ounge or adj oi ni ng
i t . An al cove
of f t he washr oomor smal l r oom
accommodat -
i ng asof a, cot , or ot her sui t abl e
f ur ni t ur e mi ght
be
consi der ed.
" Gr aduat e assi st ant s' of f i ce.
Thi s r oom
shoul d be
f ur ni shed wi t h desks
f or use of
t eachi ng
assi st ant s or gr aduat e
assi st ant s .
I n addi t i on t o
t he t eachi ng machi nes
l ocat ed
el sewher e
i n t heschool f or st udent s' use, some
t eachi ng
machi nes maybe needed i n t hef acul t y
of f i ce sui t e
f or use by member s of t he
f acul t y
who
may
be engaged i n devel opi ng pr ogr amed
mat er i al s.
Fi g. 10

Li br ar y f aci l i t i es f or a di pl oma nur si ng pr ogr am.
Dat a Anal ysi s Room

The dat a
anal ysi s r oomwi l l
r equi r e space f or cal cul at i ng machi nes, t abl es,
and
of f i ce- t ype f ur ni t ur e. Ar ea al l ocat i on
shoul d be made
f or st or i ng dat a. Ot her r equi r e-
ment s i ncl ude i ndi vi dual of f i ces and a
conf er -
ence r oomt hat can
be used by r esear ch per son-
nel .
Of f i ces and Anci l l ar y Suppor t i ng
Ar eas Requi r e-
ment s f or of f i ce space
and f or suppor t i ng ar eas
and ser vi ces
wi l l var y f r om school t o school
.
Each pr ogr am,
t her ef or e, shoul d det er mi ne i t s
par t i cul ar needs.
Some of t he spaces t o be
consi der ed
i ncl ude:
1 .
A
l obby and r ecept i on ar ea wi t h an i n-
f or mat i on
desk as a poi nt of cont r ol . The i n-
f or mat i on
desk or count er maybe i ncor por at ed
i n t he
gener al of f i ce. I n smal l school s t he l obby
or r ecept i on
ar ea may al so be t he secr et ar y' s
of f i ce
and t he secr et ar y may al so be t he r ecep-
t i oni st .
Toi l et f aci l i t i es f or vi si t or s shoul d
be conveni ent l y
l ocat ed.
2.
Gener al of f i ce i ncl udi ng space f or secr e-
t ar i al st af f . The
amount of space needed wi l l
be based on t he r at i o of
secr et ar i es t o f acul t y
member s est abl i shed by
t he school ' s pol i cy.
3. Space f or f i l i ng
cabi net s f or t he st udent s'
act i ve r ecor ds. Thi s may
be ei t her a par t of
t he gener al of f i ce
or
a
smal l r oomdi r ect l y ac-
cessi bl e f r om t he
gener al of f i ce. Ast or age
ar ea shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or i nact i ve f i l es . Pr o-
gr ams
or gani zed under hospi t al cont r ol must
pr ovi de space
f or per manent st or age of st udent
and school r ecor ds
.
4. Space f or dupl i cat i ng
equi pment i ncl ud-
i ng a count er wi t h si nk and
st or age cabi net s
under neat h. Thi s spacemaybe
ei t her an al cove
i n t he gener al of f i ce or a
smal l r oom di r ect l y
accessi bl e f r omt he gener al
of f i ce.
5. St or age r oom f or st at i oner y
di r ect l y
accessi bl e f r omt he gener al
of f i ce.
6. Smal l r oom f or
r ecei vi ng, di spat chi ng,
anddi st r i but i ng mai l and packages .
Thi s r oom
al so mayser ve as a message cent er
f or f acul t y
member s.
7
.
An
i nt er communi cat i on cont r ol
syst em
( swi t chboar d) wi t hi n t he gener al of f i ce.
I nt er -
communi cat i on
bet ween t he r ooms
wi t hi n t he
f aci l i t y f or
nur si ng educat i on i s hi ghl y
desi r -
abl e.
Out si de cal l s shoul d be handl ed
by one
per son who woul d t r ansf er t hem
t o t he par t y
concer nedor , whennecessar y, t ake messages .
8. Wal l space
shoul d be al l ocat ed
f or of -
f i ci al bul l et i n boar ds ei t her i n t he l obby wai t -
i ng ar ea or out si de t he gener al of f i ce.
9. St or age r oom
f or mi scel l aneous of f i ce
equi pment or f ur ni t ur e.
10. An of f i ce
f or t he dean or di r ect or . The
of f i ce shoul d be
l ar ge enough t o accommodat e
sever al peopl e f or smal l conf er ences. Apr i vat e
t oi l et
r oomwi t h handwashi ng f aci l i t i es and a
coat
cl oset adj acent t o t hi s of f i ce i s hi ghl y
desi r abl e.
( See Fi g. 7. )
11. An of f i ce f or a secr et ar y adj oi ni ng
or
accessi bl e
t o t he of f i ce of t he dean or di r ect or
.
12. Of f i ce
or of f i ces f or assi st ant s or asso-
ci at es
of t he dean or di r ect or . These of f i ces
shoul d
ei t her be adj acent or i n pr oxi mi t y t o
t he
of f i ce
of t he dean or di r ect or .
13. Of f i ce f or r egi st r ar wi t h ampl e space f or
f i l i ng
cabi net s .
14. Of f i ce
f or admi ssi ons of f i cer wi t h
ampl e
space f or
f i l i ng cabi net s .
15. St udent s' heal t h
ser vi ce and obser va-
t i on ar ea.
16. Of f i ce f or
st udent s' counsel or , i ncor -
por at i ng wai t i ng ar ea
.
17 . Of f i ce f or
gr aduat e assi st ant s and f el -
l ows, each
of whomshoul d have a desk.
18 . J ani t or s'
cl oset s and st or age space
of
housekeepi ng suppl i es
.
St udent s'
Faci l i t i es
Pr ovi si on of st udent f aci l i t i es shoul d
be gov-
er ned by such f act or s as
enr ol l ment and t he
school ' s physi cal set t i ng. Whet her
t he f aci l i t y
i s a sel f - cont ai ned uni t or i s a par t
of a l ar ger
educat i on compl ex i s an
i mpor t ant consi der a-
t i on
. The needs shoul d be
eval uat ed and est ab-
l i shed i ndi vi dual l y f or each
pr ogr am.
Spaces f or t he f ol l owi ng
shoul d be
consi d-
er ed:
" Toi l et r oom and washr oom
f or women
st udent s
wi t h adj oi ni ng r oom or
al cove t o
accommodat e
a sof a or cot .
" Toi l et r oom and washr oomf or
mal e st u-
dent s,
i f any.
"
Locker r ooms or l ocker s
i n cor r i dor s .
" Ast udent l ounge maybe
f ound desi r abl e,
Heal t h
NURSI NG
SCHOOLS
Fi g. 11

Typi cal r esear ch l abor at or y ar r angement s.
Heal t h
NURSI NG SCHOOLS
Fi g. 12

Behavi or al sci ence l abor at or y f or e nur si ng gr aduat e pr ogr am.
par t i cul ar l y i f no ot her l ounges
i n t he f aci l i t y
ar e
avai l abl e t o nur si ng st udent s .
Al ounge
may be pr ovi ded i n t he st udent s'
r esi dence,
whi ch may be physi cal l y connect ed
wi t h t he
nur si ng educat i on f aci l i t y. I n
some f aci l i t i es,
st udent s' l ounge or
l ounges ar e pr ovi ded,
ei t her i n t he st udent uni on
bui l di ng or el se-
wher e on t he col l ege or
uni ver si t y campus.
Suppor t i ng Ar eas
Li st ed bel owar e
pl anni ng consi der at i ons f or
suppor t i ng
ar eas :
" The pr ovi si on of coat al coves
i n cor r i dor s
may
be desi r abl e.
" Theneed f or gener al st or age. r ooms shoul d
be
det er mi ned by each pr ogr am.
" Housekeepi ng and mai nt enance
r ooms,
i ncl udi ng j ani t or s' cl oset s and st or age
ar eas
f or housekeepi ng suppl i es and
equi pment ,
wi l l be needed.
" Space shoul d be al l ocat ed f or
vendi ng
machi nes ei t her i n al coves of
cor r i dor or cen-
t r al i zed i n one r oomassi gned f or
t hi s pur pose.
" An adequat e number of publ i c
pay t el e-
phone boot hs shoul d be l ocat ed
i n st r at egi c
l ocat i ons i n al coves of f cor r i dor s so
t hat t r af f i c
wi l l not
be obst r uct ed.
" An adequat e number of dr i nki ng f ount ai ns
or wat er cool er s shoul d be pl aced i n al coves
of f cor r i dor s or r ecessed i n t he wel l so t hat
t r af f i c f l owwi l l not be obst r uct ed
.
Cont i nui ng Educat i on
Cont i nui ng
educat i on i s usual l y a par t of t he
over al l school
f aci l i t y. However , f or t he pur -
poses of
nur si ng educat i on, i t woul d have t he
f ol l owi ng
el ement s :
" Assembl y
r oomt o seat a l ar ge gr oup
" Conf er ence r ooms
"
Lounge r oomand space f or cof f ee ser vi ce
" Recept i on
and r egi st r at i on ar ea
" Men' s and women' s t oi l et s
" I f war r ant ed,
of f i ces f or t he cont i nui ng
educat i on di r ect or and st af f
Assembl y ROOM The number
of peopl e t o be
accommodat ed i n t he assembl y
r oomwi l l de-
pend upon t he
i ndi vi dual f aci l i t y. I n gener al ,
pr ovi si on shoul d be
made f or 100 or mor e per -
sons, seat ed al ong r ows
of t abl es or gr oups of
sect i onal t abl es . A
movabl e pl at f or mt o el evat e
t he speaker shoul d be consi der ed
.
I f f ound desi r abl e, t hi s r oom
may be sub-
di vi ded i nt o f r om
t wo t o f our conf er ence
spaces by means
of f ol di ng par t i t i ons whi ch
shoul d pr ef er abl y st ack up
i n a wal l al cove de-
si gned f or
t hi s pur pose. They shoul d be se-
l ect ed
f or maxi mumsound- r el ar dant
pr oper t i es
t o l i mi t t he
passage of sound f r omone space
t o t he
ot her . Sound r educt i on of at l east 25 t o
30 deci bel s i s consi der ed mi ni mum.
These con-
f er ence spaces shoul d have chal kboar ds
and
t ack boar ds .
Conf er ence Rooms

I n some i nst i t ut i ons i t maybe
desi r abl e not t o subdi vi de t he assembl y r oom,
i n whi ch
case f our or f i ve smal l conf er ence-
t ype r ooms
shoul d be pr ovi ded, each t o accom-
modat e
f r om 20 t o 25 per sons. These r ooms
shoul d have
separ at e ent r ances, shoul d be
equi pped wi t h
chal kboar ds and t ack boar ds,
and shoul d be
ar r anged wi t h seat s ar ound
t abl es f or f ace- t o- f ace
conf er ences.
Recept i on and Regi st r at i on Ar ea Def i ni t e
al l oca-
t i on f or t he r ecept i on and r egi st r at i on
ar ea
shoul d be made. Coat r oom or al cove f or de-
posi t i ng t he out er gar ment s shoul d be
i ncor -
por at ed.
Lounge
Room. Al ounge r oomshoul d be
pr ovi ded l ar ge enough t o accommodat e t he
ant i ci pat ed number of par t i ci pant s i n t he Con-
t i nui ng
Educat i on Pr ogr am. An al cove accom-
modat i ng a ki t chenet t e uni t , count er f or cof f ee
ser vi ce, and vendi ng machi nes maybe consi d-
er ed
desi r abl e.
An adequat e number of t oi l et s shoul d be
u- venl ent t o t hi s ar ea .
Heal t h
NURSI NG
SCHOOLS
Heal t h
ByKennet h Ri cci , Ar chi t ect
BACKGROUND
The r esi dent i al t r eat ment concept has i t s
f oundat i on i n t he hal f way house
pr ogr amor i gi -
nal l y devel oped f or men
r et ur ni ng f r ompr i son
t o t he out si de wor l d.
Resi dence i n t he hal f way
house, as i t s name i mpl i es, was an i nt er medi at e
st age bet ween pr i son and f r eedom, dur i ng
whi ch t he
ex- convi ct coul d r eadj ust t o nor mal
r esponsi bi l i t i es, l ook f or a j ob, and r esume
an i ndependent l i f e, al l wi t hi n t he secur i t y of
t he house. I t was
a t empor ar y si t uat i on pr ovi d-
i ng bed,
boar d, advi ce, and company. Fr omt he
hal f way house t he newl y f r eed man was ex-
pect ed t o begi n an i ndependent , const r uct i ve
l i f e.
The basi c at t r i but e of t he hal f way house was
t hat i t pr ovi ded i ndependence wi t hi n a f r ame-
wor k of emot i onal and f i nanci al secur i t y. The
house was used f or adul t s as wel l as j uveni l e
ex- of f ender s. Per haps t he most f amous house
f or adol escent s i s t he Hi ghf i el ds House, est ab-
l i shed i n NewJ er sey i n 1948. Hi ghf i el ds was
t he model f or vi r t ual l y al l t he i ni t i al j uveni l e
hal f way houses . The concept has spr ead wi del y
because of i t s humane appr oach and i t s r e-
cor ded successes, unt i l pr esent l y t he r esi den-
t i al t r eat ment concept i s bei ng
used
f or nar -
cot i cs t r eat ment ,
yout h of f ender s, pr obat i on
cases, and
soci al ser vi ce shel t er s .
Unl i ke t he or i gi nal hal f way house, whi ch was
a way st at i on bet ween pr i son and t he out si de,
t he r esi dent i al t r eat ment cent er s pr esent l y ar e
oper at ed f or ex- of f ender s as wel l as f or t hose
wi t h no cr i mi nal convi ct i on who ar e r ef er r ed
t o t he pr ogr am. The ef f i cacy of t hi s appr oach
i s consi der ed t o l i e i n t he r esi dent i al ,
as
opposed t o t he i nst i t ut i onal , char act er of
t he
f aci l i t y- maxi mumsi ze i s usual l y bet ween
25
and 30- - and i n t he t r eat ment of
r esi dent s
r at her t han t hei r puni shment or negl ect .
TARGET POPULATI ON
Communi t y- based r esi dent i al
t r eat ment cen-
t er s ar e nowbei ng oper at ed f or
a var i et y of
pr ogr ams . Cor r ect i on, nar cot i cs, and
pr obat i on
agenci es now i ncl ude
r esi dent i al , nei ghbor -
hood- based pr ogr ams
as par t of t hei r t r eat -
ment spect r um. Yout h agenci es,
on bot h mu-
ni ci pal and st at e
l evel s, oper at e pr ogr ams
f or adj udi cat ed yout hs as wel l as yout hs r e-
f er r ed f r omf ami l y cour t as a condi t i on of pr o-
bat i on or r ef er r ed f r om publ i c or pr i vat e
agenci es wi t h par ent al consent .
Pr i vat e agenci es al so oper at e r esi dent i al
f aci l i t i es f or young peopl e r ef er r ed f r omt hei r
f ami l y counsel i ng bur eaus wi t h
at t i t udi nal or
behavi or al pr obl ems . Among pr i vat e
dr ug t r eat -
ment pr ogr ams, t he
" house" concept i s wi del y
used, wi t h many var i at i ons r angi ng
f r om i n-
ci t y pr ogr ams t o monast i c
r et r eat s .
What ever
t he pr ogr am, t he t ar get popul at i on
i ncl udes t hose young peopl e who expr ess a de-
si r e t o i mpr ove
t hei r l i f e ; t hose who can r el at e
t o peopl e- adul t s,
peer s- ei t her negat i vel y or
posi t i vel y, but
who ar e wi l l i ng t o deal wi t h
ot her s ; t hose who
can r ecal l t hei r past and ar e
wi l l i ng t o
di scuss i t ; t hose f i r st of f ender s who
woul d be
br ut al i zed by a l ar ge i nst i t ut i on or
even t hose who
ar e not convi ct ed of cr i me but
need a
r el ease f r om pr essur es i n t he home
envi r onment
.
GOALS
The
basi c goal of t hi s t ype of pr ogr ami s t r eat -
ment , r at her t han puni shment , f or ant i soci al
behavi or . Ot her goal s usual l y ar e cont r ol of
act i vi t y wi t hi n t he f aci l i t y and i n t he i mmedi at e
nei ghbor hood, ser vi ces f or t he r esi dent s ( i
. e
. ,
medi cal , educat i onal , empl oyment , r ecr eat i on) ,
and pr oper admi ni st r at i on of t he t ot al pr ogr am.
The pur pose of t hi s r epor t i s not t o del ve
i nt o t he concept ual f oundat i ons t oo deepl y,
especi al l y si nce t hese var y f r om
agency t o
agency, but t o set f or t h some
gener al goal s
and exami ne howt hese can be t r ansl at ed i nt o
an ar chi t ect ur al appr oach ( see " Ar chi t ect ur al
Consi der at i ons, " bel ow) .
Tr eat ment i n t hese cent er s i s
cur r ent l y
f ocused on peer gr oup i nt er act i on .
Thr ough
t he use of pr essur e
f r ompeer s i n gr oup t her apy
sessi ons, i ndi vi dual s ar e f or ced t o deal wi t h
t hei r behavi or , i t s mot i ves, and i t s conse-
quences . These t her apy gr oups, wi t h no mor e ,
t han 10 t o 12 member s, ar e l ed by st af f mem-
ber s . I deal l y, member s of t he gr oup shoul d
shar e l i vi ng andsl eepi ng ar eas i n t he pr ogr am.
Thi s becomes an i mpor t ant desi gn concer n.
I ndi vi dual counsel i ng i s al so done by var i ous
st af f member s, f r om ex- r esi dent s t hr ough
psychi at r i st s . An i mpor t ant
aspect of
t r eat -
ment comes t hr ough copi ng wi t h t he si mpl e
r out i ne of dai l y l i vi ng wi t h
peer s, nei ghbor s,
empl oyer s,
t eacher s, and st af f
.
Exposur e t o
nonpr of essi onal st af f ,
l i ke t he
women
cook
or cust odi an,
pr ovi des i mpor t ant
l i nks
t o par -
ent al or
bi g- br ot her f i gur es . Of t en t he cook i s
t he onl y woman
accessi bl e t o t he young r esi -
dent
i n
t he f aci l i t y.
Cont r ol i n t he r esi dent i al cent er i s not
appl i ed
as
i t
i s
i n t he pr i son, wi t h wal l s and
bar r i er s, but i nst ead i t i s i mpl i ed t hr ough be-
havi or st andar ds set by t he st af f and peer
gr oup. I n t hi s way, sel f - cont r ol wi l l hopef ul l y
become
i nt er nal i zed and r emai n act i ve whi l e
t he r esi dent i s out of t he
f aci l i t y and especi al l y
I l l ust r at i ve Ar ea Requi r ement s
( Typi cal
Pr ogr amf or 21- bed uni t - i nt ended onl y as a gui de)
' Gr oss =1 . 5 net ; i ncl udes mechani cal equi pment space, cor r i dor s
and st ai r s,
t oi l et s andbat hs, j ani t or ' s cl oset , cust odi an' s r oom, const r uct i on t hi ckness .
Space Ar ea, sq f t
Remar ks
Admi ni st r at i on:
Di r ect or ' s of f i ce . . . . . . . . . 175
Secr et ar y, r ecept i on, f i l es . . . 200 Pr ef er abl y near ent r y
f or cont r ol .
Assi st ant di r ect or 150
I nt er vi ewof f i ces, 2, at 200 For pr i vat e i nt er vi ews
bet ween
100 sq f t each r esi dent and casewor ker
Ki t chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Food st or age, gar bage r oom,
250 Depends on pur chasi ng
pat t er ns
and r ecei vi ng r oom and del i ver y schedul e of
suppl i es .
Di ni ng r oom
I capaci t y
:
30) . . . . . . 600 Fami l y- st yl e ser vi ce. No ser vi ng
count er . St af f and r esi dent s
shar e di ni ng r oom.
Lounge . . . . . . . .
600 Qui et act i vi t i es .
Recr eat i on
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 Act i ve act i vi t i es .
Publ i c t oi l et . . . . . . .
As r equi r ed Men' s and women' s l avat or i es
accessi bl e t o above spaces .
Bedr ooms, 21 at
100 sq f t each . . . . . . . . . . 2, 100
Resi dent s bat hs
. . . . . . . . . As r equi r ed 5 WC. , 5 l avat or i es, 5 t ubs
or shower s.
Counsel or ' s bedr ooms,
2,
at 150 sq f t each . . . . . . . 300
Laundr y
r oom
. . . . . . . . . .
As r equi r ed
Li nen st or age . . . . . . . . . . . . As r equi r ed
Di r ect or ' s apar t ment . . . , . . . . 1, 500 Shoul d have
pr i vat e ent r ance.
Net t ot al . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 025
Gr oss t ot al ' . . . . . . . . 10, 725
Fi g. 1

Ki t chen
pl anni ng concept s i n a
subur ban r esi dence.
I n t hi s enl ar ged pl an of
a ki t chen i t can be seen t hat
l ocat i on near t he ent r y yi el ds sever al
benef i t s : t he cook has f ul l - t i me
vi ewof ent r y and
par ki ng l ot ; ease of del i ver i es
;
i nt er act i on
of woman cook wi t h boys- boys do chor es
i n r et ur n f or snacks
and r ecogni t i on
. Vi sual cont r ol : vi ewof par ki ng
and ent r y. Aur al cont r ol : vendi ng machi ne noi se, door
hi nges t el l of act i vi t y
at door . I nt er per sonal
cont r ol : most boys use ent r y
at ki t chen si de whi l e st af f end secr et ar i es
use ent r y at of f i ce si de. Ki t chen
has mor e act i on,
mor e st at us, mor e snacks .
af t er he has l ef t t he pr ogr am
. Of cour se, audi o
and
vi sual cont r ol ar e
necessar y f or gener al
secur i t y. Ease of super vi si on
shoul d be bui l t
i nt o t he bui l di ng so t hat st af f
can gener al l y
see and hear what i s happeni ng
wi t hout del i b-
er at e snoopi ng.
Access i s usual l y
t hr ough onl y one door ,
and t hi s wi l l have t o be cont r ol l ed
i n or der t o
keep
t r ack of who comes
and goes . El ect r i cal
secur i t y
devi ces i ncl ude r emot e
sensor s f or
door s, cl osed- ci r cui t
t el evi si on, smoke det ec-
t or s, et c . These devi ces ar e used
onl y wi t h ut -
most
di scr et i on, especi al l y t he
t el evi si on eye,
si nce
t hey coul d ser i ousl y compr omi se
t he
t r eat ment appr oach.
Ser vi ces
such as medi cal car e,
educat i on,
empl oyment ,
and r ecr eat i on may be
suppl i ed
by t he
f aci l i t y but shoul d i deal l y
be accessi bl e
i n t he communi t y.
Si nce most pr ogr ams
st r ess
l ear ni ng t o
adj ust t o ' r eal l i f e, "
educat i on,
r ecr eat i on, and empl oyment i n t he
nei ghbor -
hood ar e
encour aged. Lar ger f aci l i t i es may
have t o pr ovi de
t hese ser vi ces ; t he mor e com-
muni t y
ser vi ces ar e avai l abl e, of cour se,
t he
mor e economi cal
and ef f ect i ve t he smal l er
pr o-
gr am wi l l be, i nsof ar
as i t si mul at es home
envi r onment .
var i es accor di ng t o t he f aci l -
i t y. Basi c st af f usual l y
i ncl udes a di r ect or ,
assi st ant
di r ect or , secr et ar y, l i ve- i n counsel or s,
vi si t i ng
counsel or s, andcook . Accor di ng t o
t he
t ype of pr ogr am,
t eacher s, soci al wor ker s,
and
wor k
super vi sor s may be i ncl uded as
opt i onal .
Si nce t her apy
gr oups i ncl ude al l or hal f of
t he
r esi dent s,
t hey ar e usual l y r un by t he
di r ect or
or hi s
assi st ant wi t h t he ai d of t he
counsel or s.
Thi s
mi ni mi zes st af f number s
and maxi mi zes
i nt er act i on
.
Quar t er s ar e of t en pr ovi ded
wi t hi n t he f aci l -
i t y f or
t he di r ect or and/ or assi st ant
di r ect or
( somet i mes
i ncl udi ng f ami l y) as wel l as t he
l i ve-
i n counsel or s
. The di r ect or ' s quar t er s
ought
t o be
di st i nct l y separ at e but adj acent ;
l i ve- i n
counsel or s
r esi de wi t hi n t he f aci l i t y,
adj acent
t o
t hei r r espect i ve gr oups . Li ve- i n
di r ect or s
ar e a
depar t ur e f r om i nst i t ut i onal
pr ecedent s
but ar e qui t e
f r equent i n t hi s t ype of
pr o-
gr am. When st af f and r esi dent s l i ve t oget her ,
conf i dence
and st abi l i t y ar e encour aged .
The
ar chi t ect
shoul d keep i n mi nd t he pr i vacy r e-
qui r ement s of t he f ami l y i n r esi dence
. Si nce
pr ogr ams
ar e l ocat ed i n a
communi t y, i sol a-
t i on of
t he l i ve- i n f ami l y i s l ess a pr obl em
t han
i t
woul d be on t he gr ounds of an
i nst i t ut i on.
Wi t h r egar d
t o t he t abul at ed ar ea r equi r e-
ment s, i t shoul d
be not ed t hat
-
Twent y- one beds i s an ar bi t r ar y si ze, used
her e f or
i l l ust r at i on onl y. Any pr ogr amwi t h a
f ew l ess r esi dent s
wi l l not ef f i ci ent l y ut i l i ze
t he f aci l i t i es
l i st ed; any pr ogr amwi t h a
l ar ger
number of
r esi dent s mi ght l ose t he
r esi dent i al
qual i t y . Nur nber s
wi l l var y f r om agency t o
agency,
but r ul e of t humb put s opt i mum
si ze
bet ween 21 and 30.
The t ot al popul at i on
shoul d
i deal l y be a mul t i pl e
of a t her apy gr oup.
- Maki ng ef f i ci ent
use of admi ni st r at i ve
st af f whi l e maxi mi zi ng
r esi dent i al mi l i eu i s t he
r at i onal e f or t he
seven- bed- uni t appr oach .
Thr ee physi cal l y
separ at e seven- bed uni t s ar e
each r un by a pai r
of housepar ent s, al l under
t he super vi si on
of one admi ni st r at or . Nei ghbor -
hoods appar ent l y
accept seven mor e r eadi l y
t han t went y
or t hi r t y new young
r esi dent s,
especi al l y si nce seven
yout hs pl us t wo house-
par ent s can move r i ght
i nt o an exi st i ng t wo-
f ami l y hor ne. Rent i ng t he home
keeps i t on t he
t ax
r ol l s . One seven- bed uni t was
set up i n an
apar t ment i n a NewYor k Ci t y
housi ng pr oj ect .
The seven- bed uni t oper at es
l i ke a pr i vat e
househol d and has j ust about
t he same t ype
Heal t h
YOUTH
TREATMENT CENTERS
of
r esi dent i al r equi r ement s t hat a
f ami l y of
ni ne has .
" Cer t ai n spaces,
l i ke l ounge or r ecr eat i on
spaces, can be
made accessi bl e t o
communi t y
gr oups f or t hei r
use. These spaces shoul d
have
access di r ect l y
f r oment r y and shoul d adj oi n
publ i c t oi l et s .
Di r ect or s l i ke t o make
t hei r
f aci l i t i es avai l abl e t o
nei ghbor s i n or der t o
bui l d
good r el at i ons .
" The i r r educi bl e
desi gn el ement i n t hi s t ype
of pr ogr ami s t he t her apy
gr oup. The r esi dent s
who shar e t he same
gr oupt her apy sessi ons ar e
usual l y
gr ouped t oget her i n sl eepi ng
ar eas,
so t hat t hr oughout
t he desi gn t he gr oup' s
si ze
and i nt egr i t y ought t o be
r ef l ect ed i n t he l ay-
out of t he var i ous spaces .
SI TE SELECTI ON
The ent i r e
concept of communi t y- based r esi -
dent i al t r eat ment
hi nges on t he l ocat i on
of t he
f aci l i t y i n a
nei ghbor hood set t i ng si mi l ar t o t hat
t o whi ch t he r esi dent
wi l l r et ur n .
Each l ocal e wi l l
have di f f er ent cr i t er i a
f or si t e
sel ect i on . Each wi l l
have speci f i c pr obl ems .
The most common pr obl ems
ar e zoni ng r est r i c-
t i on,
bui l di ng code r est r i ct i ons, andt he opposi -
t i on of l ocal
r esi dent s . Local r esi st ance can
be qui t e
i nt ense i ni t i al l y; one ar chi t ect ur al
r eact i on
t o t hi s pr obl em i s t o
pur chase and
r enovat e an exi st i ng
bui l di ng i n or der t o keep
l ow vi si bi l i t y. For such
pur poses pr ogr ams
shoul d be kept t o
smal l est si ze f easi bl e ( see
t abl e, above, showi ng ar ea
r equi r ement s) , l i ke
t he seven- bed
uni t . Leasi ng a bui l di ng
keeps
i t on
t he t ax r ol l s . Renovat i on can be
a t r ap
i f
t he bui l di ng i s not
sound; exami ne f ounda-
t i ons and f l oor s, and especi al l y
pl umbi ng, el ec-
t r i cal
wi r i ng, and heat i ng. Cl i ent ' s
pat i ence can
be wor n
ver y t hi n and ext r as can
mount on a
bad
choi ce. ( See " Speci al Consi der at i ons"
bel ow. )
Pr ogr ams shoul d
be near t r anspor t at i on
t o
school s, j obs, r ecr eat i on
. The mor e out si de
ser vi ces
ar e accessi bl e t o t he r esi dent s,
t he
l ess ser vi ces t he pr ogr ami t sel f needs t o pr o-
vi de. Li kewi se, pr oxi mi t y t o t r anspor t at i on wi l l
make i t easi er t o at t r act st af f per sonnel and f or
vi si t or s, f ami l y, uni ver si t y consul t ant s,
et c . , t o
r each t he pr ogr am. On- si t e par ki ng
spaces may
be compul sor y i n some subur ban
nei ghbor -
hoods .
Wher e condi t i ons per mi t , an
out si de r ecr ea-
t i on
ar ea i s desi r abl e. I n t he ur ban
f aci l i t y,
t he
r oof t op of a newbui l di ng can be
made t o
f i l l
t hi s f unct i on pr ovi ded t hat i t meet s
l ocal
codes .
Too much l and ar ound a
pr ogr amcan,
however , i sol at e i t f r om t he communi t y
and
r ei nf or ce an i nst i t ut i onal at t i t ude
on t he par t
of
r esi dent s and st af f . The spat i al di st ance
be-
t ween communi t y and f aci l i t y can of t en be
over come by mechani cal means;
t he soci al
di st ance bet ween t he t wo r oust be
over come
by st af f and r esi dent s i n or der t o al l owt he pr o-
gr een
t o bear f r ui t . Maki ng spaces
avai l abl e t o
l ocal
gr oups, f or exampl e, decr eases t he
soci al
di st ance bet ween home and nei ghbor hood.
Pr oper si t e sel ect i on can accompl i sh much
i n
r educi ng
soci al di st ances .
ARCHI TECTURAL
CONSI DERATI ONS
Thi s di scussi on of some
t ypi cal ar eas of t he
bui l di ng desi gned i s
i nt ended t o be i l l ust r at i ve,
not
def i ni t i ve. I t gi ves an i ndi cat i on of t he var i -
ous
i nt er woven consi der at i ons- - - economi c,
behavi or al ,
admi ni st r at i ve- t hat pl ay upon t he
desi gn
pr ocess .
Ter r i t or y and St at us
For t he ar chi t ect , t wo key concept ual
t ool s i n
ar r angi ng spaces i n a f aci l i t y l i ke
t hi s ar e
t er r i t or y and st at us . The pr ovi si on of
cl ear l y
def i ned t er r i t or i al boundar i es pr i vat e,
same-
publ i c,
publ i c- - i n i nst i t ut i onal si t uat i ons
i s an
ai d t o
r esi dent s i n gui di ng t hemsel ves and t hei r
act i ons .
Cer t ai nl y t er r i t or y- one' s r oom,
one' s
den- i s at i ssue even
wi t hi n a f ami l y, and
st i l l
mor e so i n a
pr ogr am, r egar dl ess howi nt i mat e
Heal t h
or smal l - scal e. As
i nt i macy and t r ust i ncr ease,
t he pr essur e t o
def end t er r i t or y seems t o de-
cr ease.
That i s t he poi nt when some pr ogr ams
r emove l ocks
f r om per sonal bel ongi ngs- - t o
t est out
t he gr oup' s at t i t udes .
Li kewi se by shar i ng t er r i t or y, one shar es an
ext ensi on
of onsel f . When t he cook asks r esi -
dent s t o hel p, t o do f avor s, r un
er r ands, she
r et ur ns t he f avor
by shar i ng her t er r i t or y- her
st at us- wi t h t he youngst er s
. By t he same
t oken, some spaces
have no st at us . The not o-
r i ousl y empt y
" l ounges" i n some f aci l i t i es bear
wi t ness t o t hi s, whi l e
young peopl e cr owd i nt o
t he r oomof a
f avor i t e counsel or . The spaces
i n t hese
cases have a cer t ai n val ue because
of t he st at us
of t hei r i nhabi t ant s, whi l e ot her
spaces
have l i t t l e or no st at us . I n so i nt ensel y
soci al a si t uat i on as t he r esi dent i al cent er ,
t he desi gn of
spaces must be modul at ed by
acut e behavi or al
consi der at i ons such as t er r i -
t or y and
st at us
.
Each per son ought t o be abl e
t o easi l y i dent i f y
hi s t er r i t or y r oomand be-
l ongi ngs, of f i ce
or ki t chen- whi l e at t he same
t i me he shoul d
be abl e t o shar e al l or par t of i t
wi t h anot her . Thi s
goes f or bot h st af f and r es-
i dent s . Of t en
st af f use t hei r aut hor i t y t o con-
t r ol or
l ock of f cer t ai n spaces, and i n t he pr o-
cess
t hey convey t he sense of domi nance
so
of t en associ at ed wi t h i nst i t ut i ons . The
ar chi -
t ect cannot cont r ol t he i nhabi t ant s, but
he can
make hi msel f awar e of t he i ssues and
l ear n t o
modul at e t he desi gn of space t o account f or
t hei r r el at i on t o behavi or . These concept s
t er r i t or y
and st at us- - ar e onl y t wo among
many.
Fur t her r ef er ence vect or s ar e f ound
i n ' I nf or mat i on Resour ces, " bel ow.
Ki t chen
I n t he smal l est f aci l i t i es ( seven- bed) , t he
ki t chen i s si mpl y r esi dent i al i n desi gn. Si nce
pr ogr amsi zes var y, i t i s not const r uct i ve t o
enumer at e ki t chen equi pment or ki t chen ar ea.
Gener al per f or mance cr i t er i a f or ki t chens ar e
as f ol l ows :
" Resi dent s al most uni ver sal l y hel p i n t he
ki t chen. Thi s i s par t of t he r esponsi bi l i t y of al l
r esi dent s t o l end suppor t t o t he
house.
Al l
equi pment , f ur ni shi ngs, and
det ai l shoul d
t her ef or e be of ext r a heavy- dut y const r uct i on
si nce i t wi l l be exposed t o har d and i nexper i -
enced per sonnel . Asaf e and easi l y mai nt ai ned
desi gn coul d have t i l ed sur f aces, f l oor dr ai ns,
and met al pan cei l i ngs f or f i r e r et ar dance,
washabi l i t y, and sound dampeni ng .
" Rel at i on t o di ni ng r oomcan be i nf or mal ,
si nce f ami l y- st yl e ser vi ce i s of t en
used .
" The cook, of t en t he one
accessi bl e woman
i n t he f aci l i t y, shoul d not be i sol at ed by t he
ki t chen desi gn. The ki t chen shoul d be, i f not
cent r al , at l east conveni ent l y l ocat ed i n r e-
gar d t o t he common and ent r y ar eas .
"
I n smal l er pr ogr ams t he ki t chen can
be
desi gned as a cont r ol poi nt near t he mai n ent r y
i n or der t o capi t al i ze on t he f ul l - t i me pr esence
of t he cook dur i ng t he day. Thi s i s economi -
cal l y wi se f r omt he st af f i ng vi ewpoi nt . Young
peopl e wi l l gr avi t at e t owar d t he ki t chen f or
avai l abl e
snacks . Fi gur e 1 i l l ust r at es a ki t chen
ser vi ng sever al goal s i n a 20- bed pr ogr am:
f ood pr epar at i on, ent r y super vi si on, and i n-
t er act i on of boys and cook .
Bedr ooms
Si ngl e r oom occupancy
i s usual l y pr e-
f er r ed i n t hese pr ogr ams .
For many r esi dent s
t hi s
wi l l be t he f i r st t i me
t hat t hey have had a
pr i vat e
r oom, pr i vat e t er r i t or y,
of t hei r own.
For
economy, bedr oom
si zes ar e usual l y mi ni -
mal . Whi l e t he val ue of
pr i vacy i s consi der ed
Fi g .
3

Schemat i c pl an - f i r st f l oor .
The f i r st f l oor i s t he hub. Use of t he l ounge by l ocal f ol ks can r educe soci al di st ance bet ween pr ogr amand communi t y,
so
i t i s pl aced near ent r y and t oi l et s. Of f i ce near ent r y has a vi ewof i nsi de and out si de, of upst ai r s and downst ai r s . The eye
and t he ear r epl ace t he f oot f or cont r ol .
Fi g. 4
Schemat i c pl an- bedr oomf l oor .
The concept i l l ust r at es a gr oup of pr i vat e
ar eas or r ooms ar ound a common t er r i t or y,
t he open yar d. Open st ai r wel l gi ves
a
vi ew
down each cor r i dor Acounsel l or
l i ves on each f l oor . The pl an i s open, yet
each t er r i t or y i s def i ned.
Whi l e t he cost per squar e f oot
of maj or r eno-
vat i on can be 20 t o 30 per cent
l ess t han new
const r uct i on, a wel l - pl anned
newf aci l i t y of t en
needs l ess squar e f eet t han an
exi st i ng bui l d-
i ng. Ul t i mat el y t he t ot al cost s of
r enovat i on
and newconst r uct i on
wi l l not be f ar apar t . As
a r ul e of t humb, say t hat
i f r enovat i on cost i s
75 per cent or mor e of compar abl e
newcon-
st r uct i on, newconst r uct i on
i s pr ef er abl e si nce
i t can be compl et ed f ast er ,
wi l l have l ess con-
t i ngency cost s, and can be
desi gned much
mor e ef f i ci ent l y.
Mechani cal Equi pment ( H. V . A. C. ,
el ect r i cal , pl umb-
i ng,
el evat or s) Savi ng exi st i ng
equi pment may
be f al se economy f or t wo
r easons . Fi r st , i t may
i nhi bi t ef f i ci ent , ef f ect i ve
pl anni ng. Second,
t he
or i gi nal equi pment may be
f aul t y. Check
exi st i ng
mai nt enance and expense
r ecor d
i f
avai l abl e ; t hi s wi l l gi ve an
i nkl i ng as t o past
per f or mance. I nst al l i ng new
mechani cal equi p-
ment i n an exi st i ng st r uct ur e i s
cost l i er t han
i nst al l at i on i n a newst r uct ur e ; add 15
per cent
of equi pment cost f or cut t i ng
and pat chi ng.
Code Checkl i st
When consi der i ng t he
r enova-
t i on
pot ent i al of an exi st i ng
buddi ng, some
basi c
f act or s ought t o be consi der ed .
a. Mul t i pl e
dwel l i ng codes and/ or
soci al
ser vi ce
r egul at i ons may pl ace
r est r i ct i ons on
t he number
of occupant s per r oom, r egar dl ess
of r oom si ze
. Check appl i cabl e codes t o de-
t er mi ne
t he bui l di ng' s capaci t y f or
sl eep- i n
occupant s .
b. The r equi r ed
f i r e pr ot ect i on
devi ces
( al ar ms,
smoke or t her mal det ect or s,
spr i nkl er
syst ems)
ar e based on t he const r uct i on
cl assi -
f i cat i on
of t he bui l di ng;
i t s ar ea and hei ght
;
and t he number , age,
and physi cal condi t i on
of
i t s r esi dent s . When
consi der i ng r enovat i on,
check t he ar ea, hei ght ,
cl ass
of your bui l di ng
agai nst t he f i r e pr ot ect i on
r e-
qui r ement s of t he
bui l di ng code as wel l
as
muni ci pal or st at e
soci al ser vi ce r egul at i ons
.
Fi r e pr ot ect i on
r egul at i ons f or publ i c
agenci es
ar e
st r i ct even when
t her e ar e as f ewas
seven
or
ni ne r esi dent s i n a
st andar d
r esi dent i al
dwel l i ng ; cer t ai nl y
t hey ar e f ar st r i ct er
t han
r equi r ement s f or one- f ami l y
dwel l i ngs .
A
newwat er ser vi ce and
spr i nkl er syst ems
can
be expensi ve i n
ur ban ar eas . Addi t i onal
expendi t ur es f or a pump
t o pr ovi de adequat e
wat er
pr essur e may be needed
. I n some ar eas,
a wat er
met er must be
at t ached t o t he spr i nkl er
syst em
by l aw.
c . Egr ess
r equi r ement s ar e
usual l y st r i n-
gent . The
ent i r e bui l di ng ( especi al l y
i f mul t i -
st or i ed)
shoul d have t wo means of
egr ess vi a
f i r e- r at ed
cor r i dor s and openi ngs .
Assembl y
ar eas
( di ni ng, audi t or i um, l ect ur e)
shoul d al so
have
di r ect , unobst r uct ed egr ess
. One egr ess
may be accept abl e
i f pr ot ect ed
by spr i nkl er s,
smoke
or heat det ect or ,
and al ar m syst em.
d. Local
f i r e depar t ment s
may al so have
r ul es cal l i ng
f or speci al equi pment
f or gr oup
occupancy
st r uct ur es : smoke
det ect or s, st ar t "
syst ems,
f i r e ext i ngui sher s,
and per haps per -
sons
t r ai ned i n emer gency
t echni ques .
a.
Roof t op ar eas, especi al l y
i n ur ban si t es,
of t en
have t he pot ent i al f or
excel l ent r ecr eat i on
ar eas when
pr oper pr ot ect i on,
egr ess, and ar ea
r equi r ement s ar e met .
Roof t ops may r equi r e
separ at e cer t i f i cat e
of occupancy.
f . Fl oor s shoul d be
capabl e of car r yi ng
t he
l ar ge l i ve l oads r equi r ed
f or assembl y ar eas
( di ni ng, audi t or i um, r ecr eat i on,
cor r i dor ) . I t
i s
of t en
di f f i cul t t o pr ove l i ve l oad
capaci t y t o a
bui l di ng depar t ment i f
t he or i gi nal pl ans of an
ol d
bui l di ng ar e l acki ng
. Repl aci ng exi st i ng
f l oor s
wi t h capabl e f l oor s i s
t r i cky and expen-
si ve.
si bl e, j ust as a wel l - desi gned
house enabl es
a
mot her t o keep t r ack
of her chi l dr en,
ei t her
i ndoor s or out . The
ar chi t ect has at hi s
di sposal
t hr ee unobt r usi ve
super vi si on met hods : aur al ,
vi sual , and movement
super vi si on . The r el a-
t i on of cor r i dor s,
wi ndows, and key r ooms
l i ke ki t chen and of f i ces,
wi l l enabl e st af f per -
sons t o hear
i f not see t he act i vi t y of t he house.
Open st ai r wel l s
( bui l di ng codes per mi t t i ng)
and cour t yar ds
car r y sounds . Sounds car r y
messages . By l ocat i ng
vendi ng machi nes pr op-
er l y,
t he cook i n t he i l l ust r at ed
ki t chen ( Fi g. 1 )
can keep
t r ack of act i vi t y near
t he door . Vi sual
super vi si on i s t he most
di f f i cul t t o achi eve
wi t hout
r esor t i ng t o l ong
cor r i dor s, vi ew
panel s on
bedr oomdoor s, et c . By
usi ng har d
mat er i al s
i n key ar eas, sounds
can be r ei n-
f or ced and
t r ansmi t t ed . The cont r ol
of move-
ment t hr ough
ar chi t ect ur al desi gn
can en-
hance
super vi si on. J udi ci ous pl acement of
ent r y, ki t chen,
and l ounges- t he nat ur al gr avi -
t at i on poi nt s
of hungr y t een- agar s - - can
ensur e a vi ew
of movi ng peopl e by st af f . A
wi ndowover l ooki ng
a par ki ng l ot or an of f i ce
by a st ai r way ar e ef f ect i ve
means of super -
vi si on
i n a smal l cent er . See accompanyi ng
di agr ams ( Fi gs . 2, 3,
and 4) .
SPECI AL CONSI DERATI ONS
Renovat i ons
Renovat i ons ar e at t r act i ve
t o many agenci es
because of t he publ i c
pr essur e. f or act i on and
t he budget r est r i ct i ons on
capi t al const r uct i on.
Whenoper at i ng wi t h
a t i ght schedul e or a t i ght -
f i st ed compt r ol l er , t he
l ur e of r enovat i on i s
st r ong. Under such
condi t i ons, r enovat i on
shoul d not
be ext ensi ve. Mechani cal , el ect r i -
cal , and
pl umbi ng f aci l i t i es shoul d be i n good
enough condi t i on
t o r emai n, ot her wi se cut t i ng
and pat chi ng
f or
a
newsyst emwi l l dr i ve up t he
cost . Ext ensi ve
r enovat i on i s exceedi ngl y t i me-
consumi ng and
cont r act or s compet ent i n such
wor k
ar e scar ce and
expensi ve. The onl y
r ea-
son t o consi der
r enovat i on on a l ar ge scal e
woul d be i f t he bui l di ng
has speci al hi st or i c
or est het i c val ue t o
t he communi t y or t he pr o-
gr am.
gr eat , i t i s i mpor t ant
t o ar r ange t he i ndi vi dual
r ooms so t hat t he
r esi dent cannot del i ber at el y
i sol at e hi msel f f r om
t he act i vi t i es of t he pr o-
gr am.
" Dor mi t or i es and
f our - man r ooms ar e of t en
used,
whi l e t woman r ooms ar e
of t en di scour -
aged because
of aggr essi on, t ur nover r at es,
and homosexual i t y
. I n t he dor mi t or y si t uat i on,
t he st r ai ns of
dai l y communal l i vi ng ar e
mul -
t i pl i ed.
The suppl y of pr i vat e ' t er r i t or y" i s
at a mi ni mumand
const ant l y subj ect t o aggr es-
si on, t hef t , damage,
et c . I n dor mi t or y desi gn,
t her ef or e, i t i s
i mpor t ant t o gi ve t hought t o pr o-
vi si on of easi l y
i dent i f i ed and def ensi bl e t er r i -
t or y i n t he f or mof
f ur ni t ur e, st or age, shel vi ng,
bed, t ext ur ed or
col or ed f l oor sur f ace or change
i n f l oor l evel s,
cei l i ng hei ght s, et c .
( see
Fur -
ni shi ngs, bel ow) . For
most r esi dent s, t hei r
sl eepi ng ar ea
and bel ongi ngs const i t ut e t hei r
ent i r e wor l dl y
possessi ons ; t her ef or e t he mai n-
t enance of t hese
becomes ver y i mpor t ant . The
di agr am( Fi g. 5)
i ndi cat es an appr oach t o cr eat -
i ng an i mmedi at e
pr i vat e zone ar ound
t he bed,
pr ovi di ng easi l y def i ned
space and l ockabi l i t y
and meet i ng per sonal
st or age needs .
Cont r ol
Resi dent i al ,
communi t y- based
pr ogr ams usu-
al l y r equi r e
no over t physi cal
const r ai nt s on
r esi dent s .
No wal l s . No l ocked
door s . I nst ead
of
physi cal cont r ol , t hese pr ogr ams
ai m i ni -
t i al l y at
devel opi ng a sensi t i vi t y
t o soci al con-
t r ol i n
yout hs and ul t i mat el y at
a sense of
sel f - cont r ol . The mechani sms
f or cr eat i ng
t hese i nt er nal cont r ol s ar e gr oup
t her apy ses-
si ons,
i ndi vi dual counsel i ng,
exposur e t o com-
muni t y
l i vi ng f r om a st abl e,
suppor t i ve r est -
dent i al
base, and a
f r ankness and i nt i macy
among
st af f and r esi dent s .
I n shor t , t he ai m
i s
t o
si mul at e a domest i c envi r onment
wi t h
r esponsi bi l i t i es shar ed by
yout hs and st af f
.
For
t hi s r eason, r esi dent s
must hel p i n
t he
ki t chen, r esi dent s and st af f
eat t oget her , and
st af f
l i ves on t he pr emi ses
( wi t h f ami l y or wi t h-
out ) .
Physi cal
cont r ol s i n t he t r adi t i onal
sense ar e
usual l y
not used. Never t hel ess,
a cer t ai n mea-
sur e of
super vi si on by t he st af f must be
pos-
Heal t h
Fi g. 5

Gr aphi c concept s
of t er r i t or y i n gr oup l i vi ng
.
J ai Undef i ned t er r i t or i es .
Def i ni t i on of t er r i t or y var i es f r omoccupant t o occupant ,
dependi ng on hi s st at us wi t hi n t he peer
gr oup.
( b)
Def i ned
t er r i t or i es . Def i ni t i on of publ i c, semi - pr i vat e, and pr i vat ear eas i s accompl i shed by
usi ng ar chi t ect ur al el e-
ment s . Ther ef or e, si ze and shape of pr i vat e t er r i t or y ar e not
dependent on i ndi vi dual ' s st at us . Pr i vat e ar eas can be
def i ned as zones wi t hi n a dor mi t or y or as i ndi vi dual r ooms al ong
a cor r i dor . See accompanyi ng di agr ams . ( c) Dor mi t or y
wi t h def i ned t er r i t or i es Bed and l ockabl e st or age
uni t s ( see enl ar ged sket ch) f or mpr i vat e t er r i t or y zones al ong semi -
pr i vat e wal kway. Wal kway can be
def i ned by usi ng space t ext ur e, col or .
I dl
Pr i vat e t er r i t or y.
Bui l di ng Codes These
can be f l exi bl e. I f a
par t i cul ar bui l di ng i s wel l sui t ed t o
your needs
and yet cannot be made t o compl y
wi t h l ocal
codes i n cer t ai n cat egor i es,
a r econsi der at i on
may be r equest ed based
on need and on a wi l l -
i ngness t o pr ovi de ext r a saf eguar ds
or conces-
si ons i n ot her cat egor i es
of t he code.
Leasi ng
The l easi ng of
smal l , sound r esi dences r eady
f or i mmedi at e
occupancy has been done f or
seven- bed
uni t s . Thi s i s t he qui ckest and l east
obt r usi ve means
of f i l l i ng t he ar chi t ect ur al
needs of a pr ogr am,
si nce t he housepar ent s
and r esi dent s move
r i ght i n wi t hout di st ur b-
i ng t he physi ognomy
of t he nei ghbor hood.
The deci si on t o l ease or buy
wi l l be made ac-
cor di ng t o
t he agency' s f i nanci al pol i cy. Leas-
i ng keeps t he
pr oper t y on t he l ocal t ax r ol l s ;
t hi s can be a benef i t
when devel opi ng r appor t
wi t h t he
communi t y. The r el at i vel y modest
i nvest ment i n such a
si t uat i on gi ves t he agency
gr eat f r eedomt o cope
wi t h a changi ng nei gh-
bor hood,
changi ng t r eat ment concept s, or bud-
get f l uct uat i ons by
r et ur ni ng t he l ease or al l ow-
i ng i t t o l apse when t he
f aci l i t y i s no l onger
vi abl e.
CONSTRUCTI ON, FURNI SHI NGS, ANDSPECI AL
EQUI PMENT
Const r uct i on
" Gener al l y, sur f aces shoul d be f i ni shed
t o
pr ovi de ease of cl eani ng or pai nt i ng, r esi st ance
t o heavy wear and def acement , f i r e r et ar dance,
end noi se dampeni ng. The gener al st ar kness
of
such
sur f aces i n bedr ooms, cor r i dor s, st ai r
hal l s,
et c . , can be r el i eved wi t h use of chr o-
mat i c col or s
and, i n t he l ounge ar eas ( f or ex-
ampl e) , by use of car pet on f l oor s and wal l s
.
Youngst er s
usual l y r espond t o unusual t ex-
t ur es and
st r ong col or s . Admi ni st r at or s usual l y
Heal t h
YOUTHTREATMENT
CENTERS
Heal t h
YOUTH
TREATMENT
CENTERS
do not . Sound
dampeni ng i ncr eases t he
i nt i -
macy of a r oom
and l essens t he i nst i t ut i onal
f eel i ng.
" Gl ass ar eas shoul d
be kept smal l
; l ar ge
ar eas ought t o be t emper ed
or wi r egl ass .
Wi n-
dowdi mensi ons- openi ng
si ze, hei ght above
f i ni shed f l oor - - shoul d
r ef l ect t he mor e
i nt i -
mat e st el e r equi r ed f or
chi l dr en i n a domest i c
set t i ng
.
"
Har dwar e. The open
nat ur e of r esi dent i al
t r eat ment
usual l y cal l s f or
not hi ng mor e t han
a st ur dy
gr ade of domest i c
har dwar e. Thi s
wi l l
depend on t he
pr ogr amdi r ect or
. Al l i ndi vi dual
bedr ooms
and of f i ces shoul d have
key l ocks ;
pr ovi de a mast er
key f or st af f
per sonnel . Bat h-
r oom pr i vacy i s
kept i nt act nor mal l y,
wi t h
door s on al l t oi l et
st al l s .
Fur ni shi ngs
Domest i c f ur ni t ur e, st ur dy,
ampl e, and col or -
f ul ,
f i l l s t he bi l l f or most
ar eas, i ncl udi ng
di ni ng,
l ounge, and gr oup
r ooms . Bedr ooms
ar e
di scussed bel ow. I n
many pr ogr ams
r esi dent s bui l d t hei r own
f ur ni t ur e as an econ-
omy
measur e. Some
admi ni st r at or s bel i eve
t hat
r esi dent s t ake bet t er car e of
such f ur ni t ur e
and
equi pment t han of
or di nar y i nst i t ut i onal
f ur ni t ur e. Admi ni st r at i ve
ar eas r equi r e f i l e
cabi net s, t ypi ng desks, et c
. , al l of whi ch shoul d
f i t i nt o
t he domest i c scal e.
I ndi vi dual Bedr ooms

These shoul d have a
wr i t i ng
and r eadi ng sur f ace,
cl ot hi ng st or age ( hangi ng
and f ol ded) , sui t case
st or age, seat i ng
f or t wo
or t hr ee, anda
si ngl e bed. St or age ar eas
shoul d
have key l ocks, as
shoul d t he r oom
door s .
Seat i ng and st or age
mi ght be bui l t i n and/ or
i ncor por at ed i n t he
ar chi t ect ur e ( a
wi ndow
seat , f or
exampl e) . Ampl e
t ack boar d and
shel ves
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or
pi nups, post er s,
et c .
For many r esi dent s,
especi al l y young
peopl e,
t hi s wi l l pr obabl y be t he
f i r st t i me t hey
have had a
pr i vat e r oom; t he r oom
i s consi d-
er ed an
i ndi vi dual ' s " t er r i t or y"
end as such
shoul d be
suscept i bl e t o some
r ear r angement
accor di ng
t o hi s/ her i di osyncr asi es- of t en
t he
ar r angement
of a r oomwi l l
gi ve t he st af f an
i ndi cat i on of
t he occupant ' s
char act er .
Gr oup Bedr ooms or
Dor mi t or i es

These shoul d
pr o-
vi de t he same
basi c " t er r i t or i al " needs
as t he
pr i vat e r ooms:
sl eepi ng, si t t i ng,
wr i t i ng/ r ead-
i ng, l ocked st or age,
di spl ay sur f aces
( t ack
boar d, shel ves) .
The necessi t y f or easi l y
i dent i -
f i ed and
def ensi bl e t er r i t or y i s acut e
i n i nst i t u-
t i onal
pr ogr ams, especi al l y i n communal
l i vi ng
ar r angement s, si nce t her e
i s l ess pr i vacy i n
t hese
ci r cumst ances .
Conf l i ct bet ween r esi -
dent s
i s l essened when
per sonal bel ongi ngs
can be
secur el y st or ed. Some
pr ogr ams r emove
l ocks when
t hey f eel t hat i nt r ogr oup
t r ust has
been bui l t up.
The ar chi t ect ur al sol ut i on
t o t hi s
t er r i t or i al quest i on
has an i mpor t ant
i mpact
on gr oup
l i vi ng. I n a dor mi t or y
si t uat i on, com-
pact , f ol daway
t er r i t or y pr ovi des
one t ype of
sol ut i on. See
Fi g . 5.
Speci al Equi pment
( Opt i onal )
" I nt er com
bet ween st af f ar eas
" Emer gency
l i ght i ng and
power syst em
" Cent r al
smoke det ect i on
syst em and/ or
f i r e al ar msyst em
" Cl osed
ci r cui t t el evi si on
and vi deot ape
f aci l i t y f or gr oup
t her apy sessi ons
" Mast er ant enna syst em
" El evat or
" Gar bage di sposal or condenser
I NFORMATI ONRESOURCES
Agenci es
The f ol l owi ng agenci es
ei t her oper at e
com-
muni t y- based, r esi dent i al
t r eat ment cent er s
t hemsel ves or advi se on and
r egul at e t he oper a-
t i on of
such cent er s . Cont act
agenci es of a si m-
i l ar nat ur e
i n your ar ea f or
mat er i al , per mi ssi on
t o
vi si t , and i nt er vi ews wi t h
st af f and admi n-
i st r at i on
. Most pr ogr ams
ar e qui t e ent husi ast i c
about vi si t or s
. Those l i st ed ar e
i nt ended onl y
as
exampl es of such agenci es
. The per sons
named ar e
t hose wi t h whom
t he aut hor has
been i n communi cat i on
.
NewYor k
NewYor k St at e
Di vi si on f or Yout h
2 Uni ver si t y
Pl ace
Al bany, N. Y. 12205
Oper at es r ur al
end ur ban pr ogr ams
r angi ng
f r om7- bad
uni t s t o 60- bed camps .
NewYor k
St at e Depar t ment of
Soci al Ser -
vi ces
1450
West er n Avenue
Al bany,
N. Y. 12203
Responsi bl e
f or desi gni ng and
oper at i ng publ i c
pr ogr ams
and f or r egul at i ng
and l i censi ng
pr i vat e
pr ogr ams of var i ous si zes .
Cal i f or ni a
St at e of Cal i f or ni a
Depar t ment of Cor r ect i ons
Cal i f or ni a Rehabi l i t at i on
Cent er
P . O
. Box 841
Cor ona,
Cal i f . 91720
Oper at es many
t r eat ment
modal i t i es wi t hi n
a l ar ge compound
end has
exper i ment ed wi t h
concept s i n
i nnovat i ve i nst i t ut i onal
l i vi ng.
Fl or i da
St at e
of Fl or i da Di vi si on of
Yout h Ser vi ces
311 Sout h Cal houn
Tal l ahassee, Fl a. 32304
Oper at es yout h
pr ogr ams on a r esi dent i al
scal e at sever al
ur ban end subur ban l ocat i ons
and i s expandi ng
t hese f aci l i t i es r api dl y.
Ohi o
I nt er nat i onal
Hal f way House
Associ at i on
2316
Auber ncr est
Ci nci nnat t i ,
Ohi o 45219
Or gani zat i on
r epr esent i ng hal f way houses
of many modal i t i es,
r un f or many t ypes o
i ndi vi dual s by bot h publ i c
and pr i vat e agenci es
Agood cent r al sour ce
f or l ocat i ng
pr ogr emi
i n pr act i cal l y al l t he st at es
of t he Uni on .
Feder al
Nat i onal
Cl ear i nghouse f or Cr i mi nal
J ust i ce
and
Pl anni ng
Depar t ment
of Ar chi t ect ur e
Uni ver si t y of I l l i noi s
1102 W. Mai n St
.
Ur bane,
111. 61601
Nat i onal
I nst i t ut e sponsor s
i nvent or i es of
cur r ent
cor r ect i onal pr ogr ams,
r esear ch i nt o
cor r ect i onal
modes, end
demonst r at i on
pr oj -
ect s . Cont act
t he I nst i t ut e f or
l i st of pr oj ect s
and
publ i cat i ons .
Publ i cat i ons
Most agenci es
pr oduce many
unpubl i shed
but i nf or mat i ve paper s,
monogr aphs,
mem-
or andums, et c . ,
deal i ng wi t h t hei r
par t i cul ar
appr oach
. Theme ar e val uabl e
and shoul d be
f er r et ed out .
Ar epr esent at i ve sampl i ng
of pub-
l i shed mat er i al f ol l ows
:
Desi gn
f or Change
Model
Tr eat ment Pr ogr am
Br adl ey,
Smi t h, Sal st r om
Nat i onal
Counci l on Cr i me and
Del i nquency
Cr ocker / Ci t i zens Savi ngs Bank
Bui l di ng
Sacr ament o, Cal i f .
Apr oj ect ,
sponsor ed by t he For d
Foundat i on,
whi ch st udi es
t he r est r uct ur i ng
of t he ent i r e
t r eat ment
mi l i eu- st af f , cl i ent s,
admi ni st r a-
t i on,
ar chi t ect ur e.
The
Non- Pr i son
A New Appr oach t o
Tr eat i ng Yout hf ul
Of f ender s
Br uce Publ i shi ng Company
Mi l waukee, Wi s . 1970
I nt r oduct i on
by Ri char d McGee,
Book
ver si on of Model Tr eat ment
Pr ogr am.
Sur vey of Hal f way Houses
i n t he Uni t ed
St at es
Ol i ver J . Kel l er
Cent er f or St udi es i n
Cr i mi nal J ust i ce,
Chi cago, I l l . , 1966.
Yout hf ul Of f ender s at
Hi ghf i el ds : An Eval -
uat i on
of t he Ef f ect s of
Shor t - Ter m
Tr eat -
ment
of Del i nquent Boys .
H. Ashl ey Weeks
Ann Ar bor , Uni ver si t y of
Mi chi gan Pr ess,
Ann
Ar bor , Mi ch. , 1950.
The Hi dden Di mensi on
Edwar d
T. Hal l
Anchor Books, Doubl eday
&Company, I nc . ,
Gar den Ci t y, N. Y. , 1969.
St udy
of pr oxemi cs, t he
di st ance r egul at i ons
i n t he
ani mal wor l d and i n
man' s cul t ur e. A
good,
basi c book on spaces
and t hei r mes-
sages .
On Soci al Cont r ol
and Col l ect i ve
Behavi or
Rober t Ezr a
Par k
Sel ect ed paper s,
edi t ed end wi t h
i nt r oduct i on
by
Ral ph H. Tur ner ,
Uni ver si t y of Chi cago
Pr ess, Chi cago, i l l . ,
ca. 1967 .
A good sampl i ng
of t hi s soci ol ogi st ' s
wor k
and vi ews,
i ncl udi ng concept s of
soci al di s-
t ance and
human ecol ogy, bot h
basi c and vi t al
t o ar chi t ect ur al desi gn
.
Ot her s Basi c r eadi ngs i n
" soci al ecol ogy"
and behavi or can be
f ound i n t he wor ks
o1
Er vi ng Gof f man,
Humphr ey Osmond,
Rober t
Sommer , et al . , bot h
i n book f or m and i n
pe-
r i odi cal s .
Heal t h
MULTI PHASI CHEALTHSCREENI NG CENTERS
GENERAL HI STORY OF MULTI PHASI C
SCREENI NG
Pr esent mul t i phasi c scr eeni ng pr ogr ams coul d
be consi der ed an ext ensi on of t he mass chest
x- r ay pr ogr ambegun
i n
t he 1940s. As t he
i n-
ci dence of t uber cul osi s decl i ned, t he usef ul -
ness of t hese par t i cul ar scr eeni ng uni t s di mi n-
i shed. However , i n t he 1950s wi t h t he cont r ol
of most acut e di seases, t her e was a r enewed
i nt er est i n chr oni c di sor der s and mass- scr een-
i ng f or t hem.
Today, not onl y t he medi cal pr of essi on but
al so busi ness and i ndust r y ar e begi nni ng t o
r eal i ze t he i mpor t ance of pr event i ve medi ci ne.
Some exampl es ar e: t he Kai ser Foundat i on,
an i ndust r y- f ounded t r ust i n Cal i f or ni a, of f er s
comput er i zed scr eeni ng t o i t s 1. 5 mi l l i on mem-
ber s ; t he Met r opol i t an Li f e I nsur ance Company
pl ans t o pr ovi de aut omat ed t est s f or over
50, 000 empl oyees; and t he Canner y Wor ker s'
Uni on i n Cal i f or ni a, whi ch can scr een 20, 000
wor ker s dur i ng t he t hr ee- mont h canni ng sea-
son, makes mul t i phasi c scr eeni ng avai l abl e
t o i t s member s i n t hr ee 60- f t l ong t r ai l er s .
Thi s use of compr ehensi ve scr eeni ng bot h
i n speci al i zed cl i ni cs and i n mobi l e uni t s i s t he
begi nni ng of pr ovi di ng pr event i ve medi cal
car e and
heal t h educat i on f or al l peopl e.
FUNCTI ONAL
ANALYSI S
The f ol l owi ng i s a r esume of t est s t hat coul d
be per f or med i n a mul t i phasi c scr eeni ng uni t .
Some pr ocedur es ar e mor e sophi st i cat ed t han
ot her s and, t her ef or e, mi ght be mor e di f f i cul t
t o adapt t o t hi s si t uat i on. The mor e common
t est s ar e enumer at ed : however , t hi s or der
does not necessar i l y r ef l ect pr oper t est se-
quence. Equi pment necessar y f or t he var i ous
st at i ons has been i ncl uded wi t h t he appr opr i at e
t est descr i pt i on.
The scr eenee pr esent s hi s appoi nt ment car d
t o t he vol unt eer or r ecept i oni st . Thi s may be
i n t he same ar ea as r egi st r at i on or i t maybe i n
a separ at e l ocat i on.
Hi st or y
Asemi encl osed cubi cl e or pr i vat e r oom i s
desi r abl e f or r egi st r at i on i n or der t o obt ai n
an accur at e medi cal hi st or y. The scr eenee
may be r el uct ant t o answer per sonal ques-
t i ons i n an ar ea wher e ot her s may over hear
hi m. One
sol ut i on
t o
t hi s pr obl em
i s t o have
t he scr eenee
f i l l
out a
hi st or y
quest i onnai r e
of home bef or e hi s appoi nt ment ; however ,
t hose
who
do not r ead or speak Engl i sh f l uent l y
and t hose who ar e i l l i t er at e may need
hel p i n
answer i ng t hese quest i ons. Dur i ng r et ur n
appoi nt ment s,
scr eenees shoul d
f i l l
out an
i n-
t er val medi cal hi st or y.
Rel ocat abl e Mul t i phasoc Heal t h Scr eeni ng,
Resear ch andGr aduat e Cent er , School of Ar ch-
i t ect ur e, Texas A&MUni ver si t y, Col l ege St a-
t i on, Texas Heal t h Ser vi ces Resear ch, Feder al
Heal t h Pr ogr ams Ser vi ces .
Dr essi ng Ar ea
Dr essi ng ar eas may be pr ovi ded f or use
be-
f or e or af t er car di opul monar y t est s,
chest
x- r ay, mammogr aphy, t her mogr ophy,
pop-
smear , and pr oct oseopy/ si gmoi doscopy . The
scr eenee r emoves al l cl ot hi ng
t o t he wai st
and dons a r adi ol ucent
di sposabl e gown.
Ant hr opor net r y
At t hi s st at i on, t he
scr eenee' s hei ght , wei ght ,
and t emper at ur e
wi l l be measur ed and r e-
cor ded
. Var i ous ot her body measur ement s
maybe
t aken at t hi s t i me f or ant hr opomet r i cal
r esear ch pr oj ect s . Aski nf ol d t hi ckness t est
( subscapul ar and t r i ceps) i s per f or medt o det er -
mi ne t he degr ee of obesi t y. ( See Fi g. 1. )
Vi si on
The scr eenee
maybe exami ned f or vi sual acui t y
wi t h a Snel l en char t
or var i ous t ypes of st er eo-
scopi c scr eeni ng devi ces
may be used t o t est
f or f usi on, acui t y
l evel , col or and bi nocul ar
vi si on, t hus el i mi nat i ng t he need
f or a Snel l en
char t . ( See Fi g. 2. )
Af t er r ecei vi ng pr opar acai n HCI eye dr ops
or a si mi l ar medi cat i on as a t opi cal anest het i c,
he i s t est ed f or gl aucoma, i ncr eased i nt r aocul ar
pr essur e, by means of a t onomet er . I f t he
el ec-
t r oni c t onomet er i s used, no
dr ops ar e needed.
He i s pr epar ed f or r et i nal phot ogr aphy wi t h
phenyl ephr i ne HCI or si mi l ar
dr ops i n one eye
20 mi nut es bef or e t he
t est t o di l at e t he pupi l .
I f phot ogr aphy i s not used,
he may be ex-
ami ned wi t h an
opht hal moscope; however ,
t hi s r equi r es t r ai ned
per sonnel .
Ret i nal Phot o
Af undus camer a i s
used t o t ake a 35 mm
phot ogr aph of
t he r et i na 20 mi nut es af t er
mydr i al i c
eye dr ops ar e i nst i l l ed t o det ect any
pat hol ogy ( e. g. , di sc
changes, r et i nal ar t er i o-
scl er osi s, hyper t ensi ve
angi opat hy, di abet i c
r et i nopat hy, et c. ) . Dependi ng on
t he t ype and
st r engt h of
mydr i at i c dr ops used,
t he 20-
mi nut e l i mi t
may be exceeded. ( See Fi g .
3. )
Hear i ng
Hear i ng per cept i on i s t est ed t hr ough
measur e-
ment of t one t hr eshol ds . Var i ous f r equenci es
er e t est ed usi ng i ncr easi ng and decr easi ng
t one vol umes. Audi omet r i c t est i ng maybe pr i -
mar i l y sel f - admi ni st er ed by means of a speci al
audi omet er . Qual i t y of t he ear phones i s mor e
i mpor t ant t han t he degr ee of soundpr oof i ng.
( See Fi g. 4. )
Gl ucose I ngest i on
The
scr eenee i s gi ven a 75 gmgl ucose medi um
t o i ngest .
Thi s may be di spensed i n bot t l es
or i n a r ef r i ger at ed car bonat ed bever age uni t .
The t i me of admi ni st r at i on i s r ecor ded
on t he
appr opr i at e car d. At t he end of one
hour ( det er -
mi ned by t he scr eeni ng uni t ) , a bl ood
sampl e
wi l l be dr awn and t est ed f or
gl ucose. Test i ng
exact l y on t he pr edet er mi ned
hour i s vi t al t o
t hi s t est s accur acy.
Heal t h
Besi des
di abet es, numer ous l at ent condi t i ons
mayr esul t i n abnor mal gl ucose
l evel s .
Dent al
Thi s st at i on consi st s of a dent al and sof t t i ssue
exami nat i on. Di sposabl e i nst r ument s may be
used . Teet h ar e not cl eanedor f i l l ed i n t he uni t .
( See
Fi g . 5. )
Car di opul monar y
Vi t al Si gns The scr eenee l i es
down on an ex-
ami ni ng t abl e wher e hi s pul se,
r espi r at or y r at e,
and bl ood pr essur e
ar echecked and r ecor ded .
Wi t h t he moni t or shown,
t emper at ur e may
al so be t aken. Modul ar moni t or i ng
equi pment
i s avai l abl e whi ch measur es and
di gi t al l y di s-
pl ays vi t al si gns, i ncl udi ng t he r espi r at or y r at e.
El ect r ocar di ogr am
An el ect r ocar di ogr am i s
t aken
t o det ect abnor mal car di ac r hyt hm, con-
duct i on di st ur bances, myocar di al damage,
cor onar y i nsuf f i ci ency, and ot her
condi t i ons
whi ch al t er t henor mal el ect r i cal act i vi t y of t he
hear t . The most common met hod of el ect r o-
car di ogr aphy i n t hi s count r y t oday empl oys
t wel ve
l eads ( I , I I , I I I , aVR, aVL, aVF, V1, V2,
V3,
V4, V5, V6) , t aken sequent i al l y. An EKG
may
al so be r ecor ded usi ng a si ngl e obl i que
chest
el ect r ode. Cady has descr i bed a met hod
by whi ch he det er mi ned t hat t he " or der ed
i mpor t ance of st andar d el ect r ocar di ogr aphi c
l eads wer e l eads V6, V2, and I I I . " An
EKG
chai r has been devel oped, but i t i s not yet
i n
pr oduct i on. I t consi st s of an el ect r ocar di o-
gr aph and an or di nar y ar t i f i ci al l eat her r e-
cl i ni ng chai r wi t h l i t hi umchl or i de i mpr egnat ed
el ect r odes . ( See Fi g. 6. )
Gr aded Exer ci se Tol er ance EKG

A
pr el i mi nar y EKG
i s r ecor ded. I f t hi s i s nor mal
and t her e i s no
pr i or hi st or y of si gni f i cant myocar di al
damage
or i schemi a, an exer ci se EKG may be per -
f or med t o hel p det ect cor onar y
i nsuf f i ci ency.
Thi s shoul d r i ot be done wi t hout a physi ci an
pr esent because of compl i cat i ons t hat coul d
ar i se i n per f or mi ng such a t est on ol der
pa-
t i ent s
and member s of ot her hi gh- r i sk gr oups .
Phonocar di agf am

Thi s t est i s done t o r ecor d and
det ect hear t mur mur and abnor mal
hear t
sounds . ( See Fi g. 7. )
Spi r omet r y The scr eenee i s shown howt o use
t he spi r omet er ( or vi t al omet er ) t o det er mi ne
l ung capaci t y. He exhal es i nt o t he di sposabl e
mout hpi ece of a vi t al omet er t ube or i nt o t he
l ar ge doubl e- l umen cat het er of a spi r omet er
.
The amount of exhal ed ai r and t he f l ow r at e
i ndi cat e t he degr ee of r espi r at or y i mpai r ment .
Amor e basi c t est consi st s of measur i ng t he
scr eenee' s chest ci r cumf er ence bef or e and
af t er i nhal at i on. I f i nhal at i on does not i ncr ease
t he di mensi on pr oper l y f or age and sex, t her e
i s some degr ee of r espi r at or y
i mpai r ment .
( See Fi g. 8. )
%- Ray
Chest A70- mmpost er i or - ant er i or chest x- r ay
i s per f or med t o det er mi ne
pul monar y, car di ac,
or neopl ast i c condi t i ons .
Hi gh speed pr oces-
sor s cur r ent l y on t he mar ket can be
used t o
devel op f i l ms i n appr oxi mat el y
90 seconds . I f
70- mm
x- r ay i s used, a r adi ol ogi st f ami l i ar
wi t h such
f i l ms must be used f or t hei r i nt er -
pr et at i on
.
( See
Fi g . 9. )
Fl at
Pl at e of Abdomen

Af l at pl at e x- r ay may be
t aken
t o vi sual i ze any abdomi nal pat hol ogy.
( See
Fi g. 10. )
Fi g. 5

( a) Dent al chai r . ( b) Li ght , i nst r ument t abl e, cuspi dor . ( c) St er i l i zer s.
( d)
Li ght and cuspi dor .
Fi g. 6

( a) Moni t or ( B/ P, pul se, t emper at ur e)
.
( b) El ect r ocar di ogr aph ( connect abl e t o comput er vi a phone)
.
( c) EKG
t abl e. ( d) EKGchai r .
Fi g. 7 Phonocar di ogr aph .
Fi g . 8

( a) Spi r omet er ( por t abl e)
. ( h) Spi r omet er ( connect abl e t o
comput er ) .
Fi g. 13 ( a) Ther mogr ephi c
di spl ay uni t .
( b)
Scanni ng
camer a.
Fi g. 12

Mammogr aphy Uni t .
Fi g. 11

( a) Panor ami c dent al
x- r ay uni t wi t h cont r ol s. ( b) Dent al x- r ay chai r . ( c)
Cont r ol s and wal l - mount ed dent al
x- r ay uni t . ( d) Dent al x- r ay uni t
( por t abl e) .
Fi g. 10

( a)
X- r ay uni t ( 14by 17 i n. ) . ( b)
X- r ay casset t e
hol der ( 14 by 17
i n. ) . ( c) Devel oper ( r api d
pr ocess) .
Fi g. 9

( a) X- r ay
uni t ( 70 mm) .
( b)
Devel oper ( 70 mm) .
Heal t h
MULTI PHASI C
HEALTHSCREENI NG CENTERS
Heal t h
MULTI PHASI C
HEALTHSCREENI NG CENTERS
Fi g. 14

( a) Compact mul t i pl e channel anal yzer . ( b) Bl ood count uni t . ( c) Cent r i f uge.
Fi g . 15 Mi cr oscope. Fi g. 16 J et i nj ect or .
Dent al

Bot h panor ami c and api cal f i l ms of t he
ant er i or i nci sor s may be t aken at t hi s st at i on.
( See. Fi g. 11. )
Mammogr aphy Var i ous x- r ay
vi ews ar e t aken
of each br east t o vi sual i ze neopl ast i c condi -
t i ons i n menopausal women. ( See Fi g. 12. )
Ther mogr aphy
Thi s
t est i s per f or med on menopausal women
t o det er mi ne
t he pr esence of br east t umor s,
whi ch ar e
shown by an i ncr ease i n t her mal
l evel at t he
t umor si t e. I t i s mor e t i me consum-
i ng t han a
mammogr am, si nce a " cool i ng
down" per i od of appr oxi mat el y
10 mi nut es
i s r equi r ed ( i n or der t o obt ai n
accur at e t her mal
pat t er ns of body heat emi t t ed f r om
t he ski n' s
sur f ace) . The scr eenee t hen si t s on a st ool 10
f t f r omt he i nf r a- r ed scanni ng camer a,
i n whi ch
t he nat ur al t her mal r adi at i on f r om t he
br east
i s r ecor ded and conver t ed t o t her mal pat t er ns
on t he cat hode r ay t ube. These pat t er ns may
be phot ogr aphed. Thr ee t her mogr ams ( one
AP
and t wo obl i que) and appr oxi mat el y f i ve i so-
t her ms ( super i mposed pi ct ur es
whi ch map
t her mal l evel s) may be t aken. ( See Fi g. 13 . )
Labor at or y
Test s
Bl ood

Bl ood
chemi st r y t est s can be per f or med
by means of aut omat ed mul t i channel anal yzer s
usi ng a mi ni mumof sampl e. Techni ques such
as
aut omat i c r eagent addi t i on t o sampl e,
synchr onous f l owt echni ques, r eagent - sampl e
mi xi ng by cent r i f ugal f or ce, t une- cont r ol l ed
i ncubat i ons
i n sel f - encl osed pl ast i c packages
cont ai ni ng chemi cal r eagent s, and aut omat i c
pr esent at i on of sampl e pl us r eagent s t o a col or -
i met er or
spect r ophot omet er ar e al l avai l abl e
at
t he cur r ent st at e of t he ar t . Aut omat i c
sampl e
bl anks and r emoval of pr ot ei n or ot her
i nt er f er i ng subst ances by di al ysi s can al so be
accompl i shed . Ther e ar e a l ar ge
number and
var i et y of cl i ni cal t est s avai l abl e
i n di f f er ent
combi nat i ons
and t hese compr i se al most al l
of t he
commonl y r equest ed chemi cal par am-
et er s . Al l mul t i channel devi ces cur r ent l y avai l -
abl e possess t he capabi l i t y of i nt er f aci ng t o
comput er s ei t her di r ect l y or i ndi r ect l y ( paper
or magnet i c t ape, dat a car ds, at e. ) and i nde-
pendent l y pr oduce bar char t or pr i nt ed out put .
CBC( compl et e bl ood count ) and STS ( ser o-
l ogi cal t est f or syphi l i s) shoul d be done on al l
speci mens . Aut omat ed equi pment i s avai l abl e
f or bot h of t hese t est s . The bl ood sampl e may
al so be
checked f or t he pr esence of t he r heu-
mat oi d f act or
( i ndi cat i ve of r heumat oi d ar t hr i -
t i s) by means of l at ex f i xat i on t est . ( See Fi g.
14. )
I l r i nal ySI S The ur i ne speci men i s obt ai ned
i n
t he uni t . Toi l et f aci l i t i es may be pr ovi ded near
t he l ab. I t shoul d be t est ed f or col or , speci f i c
gr avi t y, pH, sugar , al bumi n, acet one,
and
bact er i a.
Par asi t e Det ect i on Dependi ng on t he needs
of t he scr eeni ng gr oup and t he geogr aphi cal
l ocat i on, t est s t o det ect par asi t es may be
necessar y . Gr oss exami nat i ons of t he
f eces
may r eveal t he pr esence of wor ms ;
however ,
a
mi cr oscopi c exami nat i on may be necessar y
t o
det ect par asi t e eggs and smal l wor ms . ( See
Fi g . 1 5. )
I mmuni zat i on
Space may be pr ovi ded f or admi ni st er i ng i m-
muni zat i ons agai nst communi cabl e di seases
Fi g . 17 ( a) Exami nat i on l i ght . ( b) Exami nat i on t abl e. ( c) St ool . ( d) Vagi nal specul um. ( e) Exami nat i on t abl e. ( f )
Pr oct oscopes, si gmoi doscopes,
bat t er y box f or l i ght .
Fi g. 18

Achi l l es r ef l ex met er .
Fi g. 19

Pr essur e t ol er ance set .
Fi g. 22 Wor k f l ow of uni t wi t h 18 st at i ons . Squar e
and di amond symbol s i ndi cat e
cr i t i cal
i nt er dependence
bet ween t est s .
be used t o r ecor d t he t est r esul t s. ( See Fi g .
18. )
Pr essur e Tol er ance

Thi s t est i s per f or med on t he
Achi l l es t endon
t o det er mi ne t hepai n t hr eshol d
of
each scr eenee i n or der t o t est f or neur ol og-
i cal damage. ( See Fi g. 19. )
Psychol ogi cal
Quest i onnai r e
The scr eenee
ei t her f i l l s out a psychol ogi cal
quest i onnai r e
or uses pr epunched car ds,
pl aci ng
t hemi n yes or no, t r ue or f al se
sl ot s
wher e t he
r esul t s may be t abul at ed by com-
put er . Thi s t est maybe per f or med t o
eval uat e
t he
scr eenees ment al pr ocesses ( associ at i on,
i nt el l i gence,
i magi nat i on, emot i on) as wel l as
hi s r esponses t o var i ous st i mul i . Var i ous t est s
can be used.
Heal t h Educat i on
Al l scr eenees shoul d r ecei ve speci f i c heal t h
counsel i ng at each scr eeni ng st at i on dur i ng
or af t er each t est . I n addi t i on, pr ovi si on coul d
be made f or a speci al heal t h educat i on st at i on
at t he end of al l t est i ng pr ocedur es f or ( 1) any
f ur t her quest i ons t hat may have ar i sen, ( 2)
gui dance
r egar di ng t he f ol l ow- up pr ocess, and
( 3) gener al heal t h i nf or mat i on. Thi s i nst r uct i on
coul d be done by per sons such as physi ci ans,
r egi st er ed
nur ses, heal t h educat or s, or t r ai ned
vol unt eer s .
Vi sual Ai ds At t hi s same st at i on, pr ovi si on
shoul d be made f or showi ng heal t h r el at ed
sl i des and f i l ms and usi ng a r ear - scr een pr o-
j ect or .
( See
Fi g.
20. )
Li br ar y

Asmal l l i br ar y ar ea shoul d be pr ovi ded
i n whi ch pr i nt ed heal t h br ochur es ar e t r ade
avai l abl e f or t he scr eenees t o t ake
home.
Heal t h r el at ed magazi nes
as wel l as basi c
books on heal t h and hygi ene shoul d be made
avai l abl e f or r eadi ng i n t he uni t .
Fi l l

20

( a) Sl i de pr oj ect or . ( b) Movi e pr oj ect or ,

16

Fi g. 21

( a) Anenl ar ged dat acol l ect i on sequence f or mul t i pl e heal t h eval uat i on,
usabl e i n ei t her adual aut omobi l e or a
mi n

( c)

Tabl e

model

and

f r eest andi ng

r ear - scr een

smal l t r anspor t abl e uni t ( 12phase)
.
( bl Acompr ehensi ve dat a col l ect i on
sequence f or mul t i pl e heal t h eval uat i on, usabl e
pr oj ect or s .

i n a compl ex t r anspor t abl e uni t ( 17 phase)
.
Such
as di pht her i a,
measl es, pol i o, smal l pox,
t et anus, t yphoi d, and whoopi ng cough
( per t us-
si s) . Those whi ch ar e gi ven
depend on i ndi vi d-
ual , ar ea needs and age gr oups
. ( See Fi g. 16. )
Tuber cul i n Ski n Test i ng
Thi s met hod of t est i ng f or t uber cul osi s
i s
bet t er t han a chest x- r ay f or pr el i mi nar y
case
f i ndi ng i n l ow r i sk gr oups . I f t he
scr eenee
devel ops a posi t i ve r eact i on af t er 48 hour s, he
mayt hen be gi ven an x- r ay t o conf i r mor
r ul e
out act i ve pul monar y TB.
PapSmear
Pap smear s t o det ect cer vi cal cancer
may be
done onal l mar r i ed women, si ngl e
womenover
21, t hose who have been
pr egnant , and t hose
under 21 who have pr oper consent . The
excep-
t i ons ar e t hose i n t he l ast t r i mest er
of pr eg-
nancy. Di sposabl e vagi nal
specul a ar e avai l -
abl e. ( See Fi g. 17d. )
Pr oct oscopy,
Si gmoi doscopy
Exami nat i on of
t he r ect um and t he si gr noi d
( l ower
por t i on of t he descendi ng col on) by
means of a l i ght ed i nst r ument
( scope) may be
done t o det ect pol yps or cancer ous l esi ons.
Di sposabl e si gmoi doscopes ar e nowavai l abl e
whi ch el i mi nat e t he need f or aut ocl avi ng or
( See Fi g. 17f . )
Achi l l somet r y
Achi l l es Ref l ex Thi s i s a t est t o det ect hypo-
t hyr oi di sm. The scr eenee pl aces one knee on a
chai r or st ool wi t h hi s f oot and ankl eext endi ng
over t he edge. Hi s Achi l l es t endon
i s st r uck
wi t h a per cussi on hammer . The
r ef l ex act i on
( pl ant ar r ef l ex and ext ensi on) i s
si mi l ar t o t hat
of t he knee j er k. I t i s exagger at ed
i n upper
mot or neur on di sease
and absent i n l ower
mot or neur on di sease
.
A
phot omot ogr aph may
Heal t h
Fi g. 23

Ci r cul at i on pl an ( a) 12 st at i ons, ( b) 18 st at i ons .
Heal t h
MULTI PHASI C
HEALTHSCREENI NG
CENTERS
Heal t h
MULTI PHASI CHEALTHSCREENI NGCENTERS
Fi r st Ai d
Space f or t hi s st at i on shoul d be pr ovi ded f or
t he physi ci an or RNt o handl e any
emer genci es
t hat mi ght ar i se dur i ng t he scr eeni ng
pr ocess.
Basi c Test Sequences
Basi c pat i ent f l owchar t s ar e
r epr esent ed i n
Fi g. 21a and b. The
i ndi vi dual heal t h eval u-
at i on t est s
ar e gr ouped accor di ng t o t he
ease and conveni ence of
admi ni st er i ng each
one, and accor di ng
t o equi pment si ze and/ or
si mi l ar i t y. Funct i onal
body syst ems wer e gi ven
onl y secondar y
consi der at i on wher e gr oupi ng
of t est s was
concer ned. Each t est i ng gr oupi s
r ef er r ed t o as
a phase, wi t h di f f er ent number s
of phases
compr i si ng a compl et e dat a col l ec-
t i on sequence
. Test i ng sequence was
det er -
mi ned
by conveni ence of ar r angement and by
r equi r ed t i me
i nt er val s bet ween phases,
e. g. ,
20 mi nut es
bet ween i nst i l l i ng mydr i at i c
dr ops
and t aki ng
t he r et i nal phot ogr aph .
Phases
whi ch ar e
heavi l y out l i ned ar e t hose
whose
posi t i on
i n t he dat a col l ect i on
sequence may
not
be al t er ed because of cr i t i cal i nt er depen-
dence wi t h anot her phase. Al l ot her phases
maybe r ear r anged as l ong as t he number
of
phases bet ween t hose mar ked as i nvar i abl e
r emai ns const ant .
( See Fi g. 22. )
Test Dur at i ons
I ndi vi dual t est dur at i ons
have been est i mat ed.
Af t er consul t i ng
t he USPHS, st af f member s of
oper at i onal
mul t i phasi c scr eeni ng uni t s, nur s-
i ng
per sonnel , and medi cal l i t er at ur e, t he f ol -
l owi ng l i st
of assumed t i mes was compi l ed.
Act ual t i mes
wi l l ver y dependi ng on f act or s
such as t he t ype of scr eenee, st af f i ng pat t er n,
and t ype
of equi pment used .
Ent r ance and exi t f or t he scr eenees ar e com-
bi ned, but t he uni t pr ovi des a separ at e per son-
nel ent r ance. The heal t h eval uat i on pr ocess
consi st s of 18 phases . Char act er i st i cs of t hi s
uni t ar e t he separ at e cor r i dor s f or men and
womenand many separ at e scr eeni ng st at i ons
t o use dur i ng t hose t eat s whi ch r equi r e t hei r
wear i ng di sposabl e gowns. Af t er t hese t est s
t hey wi l l under go t he r emai nder of
t he t est
sequence t oget her . The
uni t al so cont ai ns a
consul t at i on r oom. ( See Fi g. 23. )
Test
Assumed Ti me,
mi nut es
Achi l l eomet r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Audi omet r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Dent al exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Dr essi ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
EKG, B/ P, P, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8- 8
Gl ucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Heal t h educat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Hei ght , wei ght . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3- 4
I mmuni zat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Medi cal hi st or y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Mydr i at i c
dr ops ( i nst i l l at i on) . . . . . . . . . 2
Pap smear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .
4- 5
Phonocar di ogr am. . .
. .
.
. . . . . . . . . . 4
Pr oct oscopy, si gmoi doscopy
. . . . . . . . . 12
Psychol ogi cal
quest i onnai r e . . . . . . . . . 24
Regi st r at i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4- 5
Ret i nal
phot ogr aphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 5
Ski nf ol d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 2
Spi r omet r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Temper at ur e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 4
Ther mogr aphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tonomet r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Ur i ne speci men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2- 4
Veni punct ur e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Vi si on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
X- r ay ( chest ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3- 4
X- r ay ( dent al ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 2
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, GENERAL
CHURCHES, LUTHERAN
CHURCHES, UNI TEDMETHODI ST
TEMPLES ANDSYNAGOGUES
CHAPELS
CHURCHSCHOOLS
SS9
S64
570
Sn
St 9
592
pr essi ng) ,
cer emoni al ut ensi l st or age and
cl eani ng, andcandl e
and candl est i ck st or age.
A
si nk i s r equi r ed, as
wel l as st or age cupboar ds
or cl oset s. Thi s r oom
i s beat l ocat ed near
t he
al t ar pl at f or mi f at al l
possi bl e.
Opt i onal Suppor t Faci l i t i es
Choi r Robi ng Room

Dependi ng on t he
si ze of t he
choi r , t hi s r oommayhave t o be
ver y speci ous .
Cl oset
space f or r obes i s essent i al ,
and i t wi l l
ser ve t he coat s of t he choi r al so
. Choi r r obes
shoul d
not be st or ed mor e densel y
t han f our
per f oot
of hangi ng. Pr ovi de a l ockabl e
cl oset
f or women' s handbags .
The choi r r oomcan al so ser veas a
r ehear sal
r oom
i f acoust i c i sol at i on f r om t he
bal ance
of
t he bui l di ng i s pr ovi ded. Api ano or
smal l
el ect r i c
or gan woul d be necessar y.
Chur ch Meet i ng Room

Dependi ng on t he congr e-
gat i on, t he r equi r ement s
f or a meet i ng or con-
f er ence r oomwi l l var y
. Asmal l ki t chenet t e i s
al so desi r abl e.
Expansi on Space
The somet i mes gr eat f l uct ua-
t i ons of at t endance
at wor shi pcanbe over come
by pr ogr ammi ng
f or expansi on space. The r e-
l at i onshi p t o t he
wor shi p ar ea shoul d be
pl annedt o ensur e good
si ght l i nes when i n use
.
I f t he t wo spaces ar e
ut i l i zed f or separ at e f unc-
t i ons at t he same t i me, an
acoust i c separ at i on
i s essent i al .
Pl an Types
Rect angul ar
The most commonl y
ut i l i zed pl an
f or m i s t he
r ect angul ar , wi t h t he al t ar
pl at -
f or m at one
end and t he seat i ng or i ent ed
i n
r ows l ooki ng
t owar d t he si ngl e f ocal
poi nt . A
cent r al ai sl e i s usual
. Thi s pl an i s si mpl e,
and
as l ong an
t he al t ar pl at f or mi s wi t hi n t he
con-
gr egat i onal
vol ume, t her e i s no excessi ve
" per -
f or mance" qual i t y.
The pr i mar y di f f i cul t y ar i ses
when t he
seat i ng capaci t y exceeds 500, be-
cause t he vi ewi ng
di st ance becomes over l y
l ong and
wor shi per s i n t he r ear seat s
expe-
r i ence a
di mi ni shed sense of par t i ci pat i on
.
The i l l ust r at ed pl an
( Fi g. 1a) shows an ent r y
st ai r wi t hi n t he seat i ng f r oman
on- gr ade vest i -
bul e. The r ear pews
ar e on el evat ed st eps f or
good si ght l i nes. The
choi r i n t hi s case i s par t
of t he al t ar ar ea. The
vent i ng r oom i s on t he
vest i bul e f l oor l evel
adj acent t o t he mai n door s.
Whi l e t he pl an i s
ver y si mpl e, t he movement i s
al most i nt o t he mi ddl e of
t he wor shi p space
.
Thi s ar r angement has
some aest het i c i mpact
as wel l as count er act i ng
t he t endency f or wor -
shi per s t o concent r at e at t he
usual l y mor e con-
veni ent r ear seat s.
Cr uci f or m
Pl an f or ms
whi ch have symbol i c
si gni f i cance ar e not
unusual . The al t ar ar ea i s
of t en
i n t he head of t he cr oss
or at t he cr oss-
i ng ( see
Fi g . l b) . Dependi ng on
t he seat i ng
ar r angement wi t hi n t he ar ms of t he
cr uci f or m
pl an,
t her e maybe a l oss of a sense
of congr e-
gat i onal
uni t y.
The
chur ch shown i n Fi g. t b i s
const r uct ed
wi t h gl ass
wal l s l ooki ng i nt o wal l ed
gar dens.
The al t ar pl at f or m
i s at t he t r ansept .
Not e t hat
have an unf or t unat e " per f or mance" aspect .
Li kewi se, pl an f or ms whi ch dest r oy t he one-
ness of t he congr egat i on ar e l ess f avor ed.
Si nceal l f ai t hs pl aceemphasi s on t he spoken
wor d, i t i s i mpor t ant t o consi der t he abi l i t y of
t he pr eacher t o mai nt ai n eye cont act wi t h t he
congr egat i on. " Theat er i n t he r ound' i s not a
r ecommended appr oach f or t hi s r eason. Gr eat
car e must be exer ci sed i f t he st r uct ur e r equi r es
col umns or pi er s wi t hi n t he wor shi p space f or
obvi ous
r easons havi ng
t o
do wi t h t he si ght
l i nes. Al t hough t her e i s no l i t ur gi cal r equi r e-
ment f or seat i ng, t he l engt h of most ser vi ces
r equi r es
t he ut i l i zat i on of a seat i ng devi ce. I t
i s
i n t hi s par t i cul ar aspect t hat t he concept
of
f l exi bl e use col l i des wi t h r eal i t y. The chur ch
pewhas i n i t s f avor i t s r el at i vel y modest cost
and i t s
or der l y appear ance . The much mor e
f l exi bl e i ndi vi dual
chai r gener al l y r equi r es
mor e space per per son and, even
when ganged,
r equi r es st r ai ght eni ng by
cust odi al hel p. The
desi r e of t hecongr egat i on
f or nonwor shi p uses
of t hechur ch wi l l det er mi net he t ype
of seat i ng.
I t i s wor t h not i ng t hat some
chur ch pl ans, wi t h
t he assi st ance of movabl e al t ar pl at f or ms
and
chai r s, per mi t mor e t han one ar r angement of
t he congr egat i on. Thi s i s an at t r act i ve
possi -
bi l i t y f or chur ch gr oups i nt er est ed i n i nnova-
t i on.
Pl an t ypes ar e di scussed bel ow
. Al l ot her
el ement s of t he chur ch bui l di ng ar e
r el at ed t o
t hewor shi par ea. Li st ed bel owar et he r equi r ed
suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es .
Ent r y

The mi ni mumf unct i on of t he
ent r y ar ea
i s as a vest i bul e f r omt he out - of - door s .
How-
ever , t hi s spacemust be si zed i n r el at i on t o t he
number of occupant s, as i t wi l l of t ent i mes act
as a l obby. Coat st or age maybe l ocat ed her e,
as
wel l as any r equi r ed t oi l et f aci l i t i es or
usher ' s r oomand j ani t or ' s cl oset . Pamphl et
r acks, bul l et i n boar ds, and memor i al pl aques
or books ar e wi sel y
l ocat ed her e r at her t han i n
t he
wor shi p r oom.
Vest i ng Roomor Sacr i st y

Al t hough each denomi -
not i on f avor s a
par t i cul ar nomencl at ur e, t he
f unct i on r emai ns t he
same. The cel ebr ant
r equi r es a r oom f or
r obi ng and t he st or age
of vest ment s and
t he cer emoni al ut ensi l s
.
I t i s pr udent t o
consi der a t oi l et connect ed
t o t hi s r oom. Of t en t hi s
r oomwi l l accommo-
dat e a guest speaker
or anot her cl er gyman.
Vest ment s shoul d be
st or ed f l at or hung no
t i ght er t han t hr ee per f oot
.
I t i s i mpor t ant t hat
t hi s r oom be l ocat ed
t hought f ul l y i n r el at i on t o bot h
t he ent r y and
t he
wor shi p space. Whi l e i t i s
conveni ent t o
consi der a posi t i on cl ose t o t he
al t ar pl at f or m,
i t wi l l wor k at a di sadvant age
i f t he wor shi p
cer emony i nvol ves pr ocessi on
t hr ough t he
congr egat i on or i f t he
mi ni st er i s t o gr eet or
bi d
f ar ewel l t o t he congr egat i on at
t he ent r y.
Acol yt es
or al t ar boys al so r equi r e a
vest i ng
space, whi ch
shoul d be near t he
vest i ng r oom
f or super vi si on
.
Wor k Sacr i st y
Thi s r oommay al so
have many
di f f er ent
names, but i t s f unct i on i s t o
pr ovi de
space f or
f l ower ar r angi ng, t he st or age of
al -
t ar cl ot hs
( somet i mes al so t hei r
washi ng and
CHURCHES- BUI LDI NGS
FORWORSHI P
Chur ch desi gn, whi ch f or many
year s f ol l owed
l ongest abl i shed r ul es
gover ni ng t he or gani za-
t i on of t he space, has been af f ect ed
by t he
l i t ur gi cal
r enewal al l denomi nat i ons
ar e cur -
r ent l y
under goi ng . I n f act , each
par t i cul ar
bui l di ng commi t t eei s conf r ont ed by some qui t e
di st ur bi ng
quest i ons and doubt s . Ther e
ar e
t hose who
ask " Why bui l d?" as wel l as
bei ng
concer ned wi t h " f i xi ng t he f or mof
wor shi p, "
so t hat f ut ur e
change i s, at best , di f f i cul t .
Assumi ng t hat
t hese quest i ons ar e sat i sf ac-
t or i l y r esol ved,
t he bui l di ng commi t t ee and
ar chi t ect can
commence devel opi ng a pr ogr am.
The chur ch i s essent i al l y
a gat her i ng pl ace f or
wor shi p and
ot her congr egat i onal act i vi t i es .
Ther e i s a f unct i onal
need not onl y t o pr ovi de
a comf or t abl e envi r onment
but al so a speci al
qual i t y t hat makes wor shi p
possi bl e as wel l as
meani ngf ul . I t i s pr eci sel y t hi s
sear ch f or qual -
i t y whi ch makes chur ch desi gn so
chal l engi ng
t o most ar chi t ect s .
The Si t e
The
" house of wor shi p' i s by i t s
ver y nat ur e
an
i mpor t ant publ i c bui l di ng.
I t speaks t o t he
ent i r e communi t y about t he
bel i ef s and aspi r a-
t i ons
of t he congr egat i on .
Unf or t unat el y, some
congr egat i ons
wor shi p i n chur ches
consi der -
abl y
mor e " t r i umphant " t han t hei r
cr eed, and
i t
i s advi sabl e t o st r i ve f or
si mpl i ci t y and
subt l et y
.
The chur ch' s posi t i on on
t he si t e wi l l be
somewhat
det er mi ned by t hi s
" publ i c i mage, "
but some
f unct i onal consi der at i ons al so
exi st .
On a l i mi t ed
ur ban si t e t he chur ch
may occupy
so much of t he
l and t hat onl y bui l di ng
ent r y and
egr ess ar e
possi bl e . However , i f t her e i s
r oom
on t he si t e f or par ki ng spaces, t hese
wi l l be
usef ul even i f t he maj or i t y of t he
wor shi per s
wal k
. The possi bi l i t y of pul l i ng weddi ng and
f uner al
car s out of t he st r eamof st r eet
t r af f i c
as wel l as
dr oppi ng of f wor shi per s
dur i ng
i ncl ement
weat her i s wor t h i nvest i gat i on
.
The subur ban
or count r y chur ch si t e i s usual l y
l ar ger and,
wi t h a di sper sed congr egat i on, t he
car par ki ng
capabi l i t y i s no l onger opt i onal ,
i t i s
i ndeed essent i al . Ampl e par ki ng ar eas
r eached by
conveni ent dr i veways ar e f unct i onal
necessi t i es
. Ther e i s a st r onger ent r ance r el a-
t i onshi p t o
t he par ki ng ar eas and dr i veways
t han t her emay
be t o t he st r eet . Many ot her wi se
successf ul l y
desi gned chur ches ar e f l awed
by t he f act t hat
most of t he congr egat i on
i s
al ways comi ng
i n t he back door . The mor e gen-
er ous si t e per mi t s t he
consi der at i on of out -
door wor shi p
as wel l as ot her out door act i vi -
t i es . The bui l di ng
pr ogr ammust consi der t hese
possi bi l i t i es ver y
t hor oughl y.
The Pl an
The basi c det er mi nant of t he pl an
i s t he pr o.
gr ammed r el at i onshi p bet ween t he
congr ega-
t i on and t he al t ar ar ea. The emphasi s of
al l
f ai t hs i s on t he i nvol vement of t he
congr egat i on
i n t he
act i on of t he wor shi p ser vi ce .
Pl ans
whi ch suggest
an audi t or i um, wi t h t he al t ar
pl at f or mvi ewed
t hr ough a pr osceni um ar ch,
By MARI AA. BENTEL, AI A,
and FREDERI CK R. BENTEL, AI A,
Bent el a Rent al , Ar chi t ect s, Locust
Val l ey, L. 1.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, GENERAL
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, GENERAL
Fi g. t

( a) Rect angul ar. Chur ch of t he Redeemer ,
Mer r i ck, N. Y. ( h) Cr uci f or m. St . Ant hony, Nanuet ,
N. Y. ( c) Cent r al .
St . J ude' s Chur ch, Napanoch, N. Y
.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, GENERAL
Legend f or Fi g. 1
1 ENTRY
2 WORSHI P
ROOM
3 ALTAR
4 BAPTI SMAL FONT
5
SANCTUARYSEATI N
6 LECTURN
7 SANCTUARY
B
CHOI RSEATI NG
9 ORGAN
10
VESTI NGROOM
11 WORKSACRI STY
12 STORAGE
13 TOI LET
14 OFFI CE
15
LOUNGE
16 BEMA
17 ARK
Fi g . 1 ( cont
. )

( d)
L- shape
- expandabl e. St . J ohn- Yi anney,
Fl ushi ng, N. Y.
( el
Mul t i f or m. Mount
SnowChapel ,
Wi l mi ngt on, Yt . ( f ) Mul t i f ocus
. Thomas Ker k Ref or med Chur ch,
Amst er dam, The Net her l ands. Kar el
Si j mons, Ar chi -
t ect .
( g)
Par al l el
seat i ng. Or t hodox Synagogue, Lakewood,
N. J . Davi s, Br ady, &Wi sni ewski ,
Ar chi t ect s .
Fi g. 2 Possi bl e
l ocat i ons f or t he choi r.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, GENERAL
t her e ar e numer ous ent r ances, whi ch ar e
r el at ed t o par ki ng ar eas.
Af ai r l y l ar ge congr egat i on ( 600) i s accom-
modat ed wi t hout a " gymnasi um" ef f ect or ver y
l ar ge st r uct ur al spans . Many t i mes t he cr uci -
f or mpl an i s chosen l ess f or t he i nher ent syr o-
hol i sr n t han f or t he
smal l er scal e i mpar t ed t o
t he bui l di ng ext er i or
.
Cent r al Pl ans based on
t he concept of an en-
ci r cl i ng congr egat i on ar e t o be f ound i n qui t e
anci ent chur ches
. Li t ur gi cal r eeval uat i on has
gener at ed r enewed i nt er est
i n t hi s concept . I n
addi t i on t o t he pr evi ousl y di scussed pr obl em
concer ni ng l oss of eye cont act
by t he pr eacher ,
cer t ai n nonr el i gi ous act i vi t i es
t aki ng pl ace i n
t he chur ch may al so suf f er . Not al l t he seat s
wi l l have good vi ewi ng angl es f or mot i on pi c-
t ur es or sl i des . Li kewi se, a l ect ur er mayal so
f i nd an audi ence di st r i but ed f or a span of 270
ar ound t he l ect er n an unusual condi t i on
.
Never t hel ess, t he sense of i nt i macy and
one-
ness i s ver y gr eat and mayover come al l obj ec-
t i ons. Whi l e t he accompanyi ng exampl e ( Fi g
.
1c) i s hexagonal , many geomet r i c f or ms ar e
possi bl e. The por t i on of t he space not ut i l i zed
f or seat i ng i n t hi s exampl e i s usedf or suppor t
f aci l i t i es . Ther e i s t he i mmedi at e pr obl emt hat
t he ext er nal f or m i s not i nt er nal l y compl et e,
and t hi s can be a gr ave f aul t . The
ar chi t ect
shoul d be equal l y concer ned about t he del et er -
i ous ef f ect on a cl ear l y expr essed wor shi p
space f or mwhen a mul t i t ude of smal l suppor t
f aci l i t y spaces ar e " t acked on . '
- L"
or " T" Expandabl e As st at ed pr evi ousl y,
t he var yi ng r equi r ement s f or wor shi p space
seat i ng have caused a var i et y of pl ans t hat ar e
expandabl e t o be devel oped. The most compel -
l i ng ar gument f or t hi s t ype of pl an i s t hat t he
space can be t ai l or ed t o t he number of par t i ci -
pant s . Unf or t unat el y, t hi s ar gument has r e-
sul t ed i n t he bui l di ng of many chur ches t hat
ar e f l exi bl e, but i n whi ch t hose who wor shi p
i n t he over f l owar ea f eel l i ke out si der s. The
coi l i ng hei ght , f l oor and wal l f i ni sh, and l i ght -
i ng of t he expansi on space shoul d be i n har -
mony wi t h t hose of t he smal l er wor shi par ea t o
whi ch i t i s
j oi ned. Wor shi per s i n t he expansi on
space
shoul d not get t he f eel i ng t hat t hey ar e
l ooki ng t hr ough a
door way
.
Undoubt edl y t he
best appr oach i s t o
desi gn t he t ot al wor shi p
ar ea
and t hen t o i nt r oduce di vi di ng par t i t i ons .
Fi gur e 1d i l l ust r at es a chur ch f or over 600,
of
whi ch onl y 120 ar e accommodat ed i n t he
per manent chapel . The expansi on space i s
si zed
f or
basket bal l , wi t h a smal l st age pl at -
f or mat one end
. The or i ent at i on of t he seat s
i s del i ber at el y r ever sed f r om per f or mance
t o
wor shi p. The encl osed gar den vi si bl e f r om
t he chapel i s r el at ed
mor e t o t he expansi on
space
t han t o t he chapel . The al t ar i s r ot at ed
dependi ng on t he si ze of t he congr egat i on.
Mul t i f or m Cur r ent i nt er est i s f ocused on a
r at her
r andomdepl oyment of t he, congr egat i on
ar ound t he
al t ar pl at f or m. The pl an t hen r e-
f l ect s t hi s ar r angement by ar t i cul at i ng each
gr oup of pews . Thi s nonr i gi d pl an i s i nf or mal
and i nvi t es i nnovat i on i f a movabl e al t ar pl at -
f or mand seat i ng ar e used .
Fi gur e 1o i s t he pl an of a smal l i nt er f ai t h
chapel wi t h
par ki ng on t wo si des and vest i ng
space f or t he t hr ee
chapl ai ns. Fai r l y conven-
t i onal wood f r ami ng i s suppor t ed
on col umns
so l ocat ed as t o avoi d
i nt er f er ence wi t h vi ewi ng
angl es .
Mul t i f ocuS A
r el at i vel y newl i t ur gi cal i nnova-
t i on has been
i ncl uded i n t he i l l ust r at i ons
si nce i t may devel op i nt o a
si gni f i cant pl an
f or m. Her e t he t hought i s t o
move
t he f ocus
of i nt er est wi t h t he
l i t ur gi cal act i ons ar ound
t he space. Fi xed seat i ng i s
not compat i bl e
wi t h t hi s appr oach, nor i s i t
l i kel y
t o be used
f or
l ar gecongr egat i ons becauseof t he possi bi l -
i t y of conf usi on
.
The Dut ch chur ch
pl an ( Fi g. 1f ) shows t he
seat i ng used
f or pr eachi ng and si ngi ng, wi t h a
l ar ge st andi ng space
about t he communi on
t abl e f or t hat par t of
t he ser vi ce.
Par al l el Seat i ng

Whi l e not ent i r el y uni que i n t he
hi st or y of chur ch
desi gn, par al l el seat i ng i s
not
a
common ar r angement . As i l l ust r at ed i n
t he synagogue
pl an ( Fi g . 1g) , t hi s appr oach i s
wor t hy of t hought f ul
exami nat i on. Thepr obl em
of expansi on
i s al so neat l y sol ved .
Or gan and Choi r Locat i on
For many year s, t he choi r has been l ocat ed
i n
t he chur ch
ei t her i n monast i c- f ashi on bef or e
t heal t ar or i n t he " voi ce of angel s" posi t i on i n
t he
choi r l of t . Due i n no smal l par t t o t he r el oca-
t i on of t he al t ar so t hat
t he cel ebr ant can f ace
t he congr egat i on, t he
choi r l ocat i on i s bei ng
r et hought .
Possi bl y j ust as wor shi pser vi ce
i s l osi ng i t s
per f or mance qual i t y, so
t oo t he choi r i s bei ng
asked t o l ead t he congr egat i on' s
si ngi ng r at her
t han t o per f or mbef or e i t
.
Hence l ocat i ons
of
t he choi r wi t hi n t he congr egat i on ar e bei ng
consi der ed.
I l l ust r at ed ar e f i ve al t er nat i ves :
t . Behi nd al t ar ( Fi g . 2a) , t he choi r i s l ess
vi si bl e but st i l l easi l y hear d. Unf or t u-
nat el y t he member s of t he choi r ar e not
par t of t he congr egat i on and have poor
Oppor t uni t y t o wor shi p pr oper l y or t o
f eel t hat t he ser mon i s al so di r ect ed t o
t hem.
2
.
Bef or e t he
al t ar ( Fi g.
2b)
. Her e, t he choi r
i s segr egat ed but par t of t he congr ega-
t i on.
3
.
Rear of t he chur ch ( Fi g
.
2c)
. The choi r
i s par t of t he congr egat i on, but
t hi s si t ua-
t i on i s not much di f f er ent f r om
t hat i n t he
choi r l of t .
4. Choi r al cove ( Fi g. 2d) . Thi s ar r angement
has many var i ant s, and i t can be ver y ef -
f ect i ve.
5 . Wi t hi n t he pews ( Fi g. 2e) . Asi mpl er
ver -
si on of t he " bef or e t he al t ar "
ar r ange-
ment . The si gni f i cance of t he choi r i s ver y
much r educed.
I t shoul d be emphasi zed t hat i n al l cases t he
or gan wi l l be best l ocat ed wher e t he or gani st
can see t he act i on at t he al t ar as
wel l
as cue
t he si nger s by vi r t ue of bei ng seen when gi vi ng
si gnal s . The or gani st i s a pot ent i al di st r act i on
t o t he r est of t he congr egat i on,
and i t i s t her e-
f or e pr udent t o const r uct l ow wal l s about
t he i nst r ument .
Pi pe or gans ar e t oo expensi ve and t ake t oo
much r oomt o be t r eat ed as an af t er t hought
.
Achur ch whi ch expect s t o i nst al l a pi pe
or gan
must pl an f or t hat i nst r ument , si nce
i nt r o-
duci ng an i nst r ument l at er wi t hout pr oper
pr o-
vi si ons i s al most al ways unsuccessf ul . Whi l e
ot her musi cal i nst r ument s have
been success-
f ul l y used
i n
chur ches, t he advent
of sophi st i -
cat ed el ect r oni c or gans per mi t s even
ver y
smal l
congr egat i ons t o consi der t hei r
use wi t hout
sacr i f i ci ng qual i t y.
Ot her Pl anni ng Consi der at i ons
Acoust i cs Smal l chur ches sel dom have acous-
t i c pr obl ems i f t he space i s ' l i ve" ( i . e. , some-
what r ever ber ant ) . Mor e er r or s ar e commi t t ed
by excessi ve use of sound absor bi ng mat er i al s
t han by r est r ai nt i n t hei r use.
Echoes and " dead spot s' ' wi l l have t o be
ant i ci pat ed i n chur ches si zed f or mor e t han
600, but even t hen r easonabl e pr ecaut i ons wi l l
suf f i ce.
Publ i c addr ess syst ems ar e r ecommended
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES,
GENERAL
Fi g. 4
Fi g. 3
di ct at e hownat ur al l i ght
wi l l be admi t t ed and
what i t i s t o do
.
One
wor d of caut i on : avoi d t he common pi t -
f al l of
f or ci ng t he congr egat i on t o l ook i nt o
t he sun
. I f t he cel ebr ant i s si l houet t ed
agai nst
backl i ght ed
gl ass ( even di f f used or st ai ned) ,
i t wi l l
cr eat e consi der abl e di scomf or t . Al -
t hough most wor shi p ser vi ces ar e
i n t he mor n-
i ng
hour s, t her e wi l l be weddi ngs, et c . ,
whi ch
can make
l ow- l yi ng west er l y sun a gr eat pr ob-
l em.
Ar t i f i ci al Hi gh l i ght l evel s ar e not r equi r ed
i n wor shi p spaces . Thi r t y t o f i f t y f oot candl es
ar e qui t e adequat e f or most vi sual
t asks i n a
chur ch. Hangi ng f i xt ur es i n chur ches
ar e not
mandat or y and ar e pot ent i al l y di st r act i ng
i f
t her e ar e t oo many or i f t hey ar e
t oo or nat e.
I t i s pr udent t o consi der howt he
f i xt ur es wi l l
be
r el ar nped, si nce t he l i f e of an
i ncandescent
l amp i s r el at i vel y shor t and t he
pews make
l adder er ect i on di f f i cul t . Locat e l i ght i ng
con-
t r ol s so t hat pr oper cont r ol i s possi bl e
f or non-
wor shi p uses . Out door l i ght i ng i s
al so i mpor -
t ant , si nce t he chur ch wi l l be ut i l i zed
at ni ght
and t he access pat hs t o t he bui l di ng must
be
def i ned.
Chur ches have been t he t ar get s
f or some of
t he i ncr easi ng vandal i sm al l bui l di ngs
have
exper i enced. Ther ef or e out door
secur i t y l i ght -
i ng, cont r ol l ed by a t i mer , i s r ecommended
.
Si zes
Gr oss
Ar ea For pur poses of est abl i shi ng
pr e-
Fi g. 6
ant i ci pat ed si ze of t he
congr egat i on wi l l det er -
mi ne t he best t ype of syst em
. However , i t i s
i mper at i ve t hat t he ar chi t ect
and hi s consul t ant
gi ve due consi der at i on t o
equi pment and ai r
noi se. Achur ch wi t h a
hi gh backgr ound noi se
gener at ed by poor
equi pment and r egi st er
sel ect i on has f ai l ed t o
pr ovi de a pr oper envi -
r onment f or wor shi p.
Li ght i ng Nat ur al The
i nt r oduct i on of nat ur al
l i ght i nt o a wor shi p ar ea can
ani mat e t he space
and cr eat e t hat sense of
t he uni que whi ch
shoul d be par t of t he
ar chi t ect ' s goal . The
pr ogr ammat i c and l i t ur gi cal
emphasi s wi l l
f or al l but t he smal l est chur ches
. At r ai ned
speaker can usual l y be
ver y wel l hear d, but
ampl i f i cat i on i s a hel p t o t he many unt r ai ned
and unaccust omed
speaker s usi ng t he l ect er n.
I f an ambi t i ous
musi c pr ogr am ( chamber
gr oups or r eci t al s) i s
pr ogr ammed, t hen a com-
pet ent consul t ant i s
r ecommended.
Ai r Condi t i oni ng I n an age when
ever y publ i c
space i s usual l y ai r - condi t i oned,
i t i s i mpr u-
dent t o over l ook t hi s aspect of
pr ovi di ng a com-
f or t abl e envi r onment f or wor shi p
.
The use of
t he chur ch
dur i ng
t he
summer mont hs, t he
hour and l engt h of t he
wor shi p
ser vi ce,
and t he
Al t ar Pl at f ar t n Four t o
si x i nches i n hei ght i s
gener al l ysuf f i ci ent .
I t i s i mper at i ve t o pl an t he
pl at f or mf or t he
f ur ni t ur e and t he movement s
of al l t hose on i t .
Weddi ngs ar e
of t en per f or med on t he pl at -
f or mand space
bet ween t he al t ar and t he pl at -
f or m edge wi l l have
t o accommodat e t he
cl er gymen and t he
nupt i al coupl e ( somet i mes
kneel i ng at a pr i e
di eu or kneel i ng devi ce) .
( See Fi g.
6. )
Conf essi onal

I n
t hose chur ches r equi r i ng t hem,
t he cust omi s
t o
pr ovi de
a space f or t he seat ed
pr i est wi t h t he
peni t ent kneel i ng wi t hi n a smal l
cubi cl e and
speaki ng t hr ough a heavi l y vei l ed
openi ng at t he
pr i est ' s ear . I t i s al so possi bl e
t o use
a
mor e
nat ur al conf er ence r oomset t i ng,
but t he ar r angement must be such t hat t he
conf essor
( pr i est ) cannot see t he peni t ent ,
i n or der t o pr eser ve t he
r equi r ed anonymi t y.
Candl est i cks Candl es var yi ng i n si ze f r om 1 t o
2' /
i n.
and i n l engt h f r om 9' 4 t o 33' h i n. The
hol der can be ont heal t ar or on t he f l oor besi de
t he al t ar.
Over l y t al l candl est i ck and hol der
combi nat i ons
may obst r uct t he vi ew of t he
cl er gyman
.
I t shoul d be ment i oned t hat an ai r -
st r eam
di r ect ed t owar d t he al t ar wi l l cause
annoyi ng
f l i cker i ng of t he candl e f l ame and un-
even wax bur ni ng.
Lect er n of PUl pi t Pr ovi de a sl oped ( adj ust abl e
hei ght )
sur f ace wi t h l i p t o r et ai n a book pl aced
on t he
sur f ace. The pul pi t wi dt h var i es f r om
24 t o 36 i n.
Dept h measur ed hor i zont al l y i s a
mi ni mum
of 16 i n . ( See Fi g.
7. )
Communi on
Rai l I f a r ai l i s r equi r ed, t he hei ght
shoul d
not exceed 36 i n. The communi on r ai l
i s consi der ed
t o be a symbol i c ext ensi on of t he
al t ar
t abl e, and as such i t i s desi r abl e t hat i t
have
a br oad t op( 6 t o 8 i n. ) .
spaci ng wi l l act ual l y
be uncomf or t abl e f or
kneel er use. I t i s wi se
t o pr ovi de st or agespace
f or pr ayer books or
hymnal s on a shel f bel ow
t he seat ahead or mount ed
on t he seat back .
The
f or egoi ng di mensi ons
wi l l hol d t r ue f or
f ol di ng
or st acki ng chai r s
. Al l owspace i n t he
ai sl e f or f uner al cat af al ques
and candl es. ( See
Fi g.
3 . )
Al t ar

Si ze var i es f r om5 f t - 6 i n. t o 8 f t l ong
by
28 t o 48 i n. wi de by 40 i n. hi gh. The al t ar
need
not be r ect angul ar , but i n any event i t s
hi st or i -
cal begi nni ng
was as a t abl e and i t
i s r eason-
abl e t o r et ai n
some of t hat i mage.
( See Fi gs .
4and 5. )
l i mi nar y space
r equi r ement s, al l ow10 t o 12
sq f t per seat . Thi s
woul d i ncl ude moder at e
space f or al t ar
pl at f or m, wor k sacr i st y, vest i ng
r oom, andvest i bul e
. I f onl y t he seat i ng ar ea i s
consi der ed ( i ncl udi ng ai sl es) ,
al l ow8 sq f t per
per son.
Seat i ng I f pews ar e ut i l i zed,
some bui l di ng
codes wi l l gauge capaci t y on t he
basi s of 18 i n.
of pewl engt h per per son.
Act ual l y, t hi s densi t y
wi l l onl y r ar el y be achi eved,
and t he usual
space per per son wi l l be 22 t o
24 i n . Back- t o-
back di mensi on wi l l aver age36
i n . , wi t h a mi ni -
mum
of 33 i n . ( especi al l y i f a kneel er
i s cone
t empl at ed) anda maxi mumof 42 i n. The
wi dest
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES,
GENERAL
Fi g. 7
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, LUTHERAN
By MAURI CE R. SALO, AI A, Consul t i ng Ar chi t ect t o t he
Lut her an Chur ch i n Amer i ca
THE SELECTI ONOF THE SI TE
The sel ect i on
of t he si t e i s t he most i mpor t ant
deci si on t o be made
by t he bui l di ng commi t t ee,
si nce i t set s l i mi t at i ons
f or t he pot ent i al ar ea
and vol ume of t he
pr oposed chur ch st r uct ur e
and pr of oundl y shapes i t s char act er
and det er -
mi nes i t s f ut ur e gr owt h, devel opment ,
and i m-
por t ance t o t he communi t y
and par i sh . The
f ol l owi ng f act or s ar e maj or consi der at i ons :
1 . The char act er and st abi l i t y of t he
envi r ons
of t he si t e
2. Accessi bi l i t y t o t he
si t e f or t he member -
shi p
a. Rel at i onshi p t o
hi ghways and second-
ar y r oads
b. Coor di nat i on i nt o t he
r egi onal pl an and
t r af f i c pat t er n of ar ea
af f ect ed
c . Pr ovi si on of ampl e
par ki ng
ar ea
d. Gener al cont our s of t he pr oper t y
e . Soi l
f . Pr esence
of r ock and l edge out cr op-
pi ngs
g. Pr esence
of wat er pr obl ems
h. Avai l abi l i t y of
ut i l i t i es
The pr act i cal el ement s
and component
spaces r equi r ed by t he chur ch
ar e as f ol l ows :
1 . The chur ch r oom
( l i t ur gi cal cent er ) ar eas
f or i nt i mat el y r el at ed act i vi t i es
a. Nar t hex
( ent r ance vest i bul e)
b. Chancel ( i ncl udi ng al t ar ,
pul pi t , and
l ect er n)
c .
Choi r and or gan f aci l i t i es
d. Bapt i smal f ont and
f aci l i t i es
a. Sacr i st y
f . Mi ni st er ' s st udy
g. Chur ch t ower
2. Admi ni st r at i on
a. Secr et ar y' s
of f i ce
b. Gener al of f i ce
c . Mai l i ng, pr i nt i ng, and r epr oduct i on
r ooms
d. Mi ni st er ' s of f i ce
e. Assi st ant mi ni st er ' s of f i ce
3. Chur ch school
a. Ki nder gar den
b. I nt er medi at e cl asses
c . J uni or cl asses
d. Seni or cl asses
e. Col l ege gr oup f aci l i t i es
f Adul t f aci l i t i es
g. Fami l y counsel i ng f aci l i t i es
h. Vi sual educat i on f aci l i t i es
i . Boy Scout r ooms
j . Br owni e r ooms
k. Li br ar y f aci l i t i es
4. Soci al hal l
a. Audi t or i umwi t h st age
or
dai s
b. Ki t chen f aci l i t i es
c . Coat r ooms
d. Toi l et f aci l i t i es
e. St or age r ooms ( gener ous f or mat e-
r i al s, seat s, and equi pment )
f . Lobby or f oyer
5 . Chur ch par l or wi t h f i r epl ace
6. Ki t chenet t e
7 . Par ki ng
8 . Landscape- - - gar dens and si mi l ar f eat ur es
Not e
: The above f aci l i t i es ar e desi r abl e f or
compl et e chur ch
act i vi t i es . However ,
each
par i sh has i t s own speci al r equi r ement s, whi ch
ar e speci f i ed
i n t he bui l di ng commi t t ee' s
br i ef . Ther e some el ement s can
be omi t t ed and
some ar eas may be assi gned t o mul t i pl e use.
Al l t hese el ement s ar e cr i t i cal i n det er mi ni ng
t he desi gn
and
est abl i shi ng
t he cost of t he
bui l di ng pr ogr am
.
Af t er t he sel ect i on of t he si t e,
t he f ol l owi ng
pr act i cal el ement s and spaces r equi r ed f or a
chur ch st r uct ur e must be
consi der ed by t he
commi t t ee and i ncor por at ed i nt o
t hei r pr o-
gr amor br i ef . ( See Fi g. 1 . ) Admi ni st r at i on i s
cent r al l y l ocat ed
f or cont r ol . Ot her el ement s
ar e r el at ed but adapt ed t o di ct at es
of si t e, t o
t he ar chi t ect ' s
i nt er pr et at i on of t he pr obl em,
and t o suggest i ons of bui l di ng commi t t ee.
THE NARTHEX
The nar t hex i s t he vest i bul e or ent r y i nt o t he
chur ch r oom. I t s shape i s, of cour se,
suggest ed
by t he basi c pl an of t he chur ch
compl ex . I t i s
r ecommended t hat i t be at l east 10 f t wi de t o
per mi t f aci l e movement
of
t he
congr egat i on
and t he usual per sonal
gr eet i ngs t o t he par -
i shi oner s by t he mi ni st er
.
I t i s wel l
t o l ocat e
t oi l et f aci l i t i es, coat r ooms,
and si mi l ar con-
veni ences di scr eet l y
of f
t he nar t hex or
i n ot her
accessi bl e ar eas, si nce t her e i s no
r i gi d r ul e
except
conveni ence t o det er mi ne t hei r di sposi -
t i on.
THE CHURCHROOM
The chur ch r oom on
t he mai n body of t he
chur ch t oday may assume many
f or ms due t o
t he demands of si t e and t he ar chi t ect ' s
i nt er -
pr et at i on of t he
bui l di ng commi t t ee' s br i ef .
Essent i al l y t he space must
have di gni t y and
st r engt h t o car r y out t he spi r i t of
wor shi p and
l ogi cal l y cont ai n t he t wel ve
el ement s out l i ned
subsequent l y i n t hi s ar t i cl e
.
Acent er or di r ect ai sl e f r omt he
seat i ng ar ea
i s essent i al t o per mi t weddi ngs
and si mi l ar
act i vi t i es t o f unct i on pr oper l y. The cent er
ai sl e
shoul d not be l ess t han 5 f t wi de
. Si de ai sl es
shoul d not be l ess t han 3
f t wi de .
Scul pt ur e, pai nt i ng, and st ai ned
gl ass may
be used, but wi t h good t ast e
and pr oper l y
pl aced t o enhance t he r oom
and t o expr ess
i t s speci al char act er . Ar t has
al ways been a
basi c vehi cl e of man t o expr ess
t he beaut y and
l ogi c of t he uni ver se
and f or a moment ' s escape
f r omt he somet i me pr osai c
r eal i t y, and t her e-
f or e, i t i s a f i t t i ng agent t o
br i ng about t he
awar eness of di vi ne
t r ut h .
The chur ch r oom
( l i t ur gi cal cent er ) and ap-
pur t enant ar eas f or i nt i mat el y
r el at ed act i vi t i es
ar e as f ol l ows .
UNI CAMERAL SPACE ( CHANCEL)
The chancel i s t he cl i mact i c poi nt of t he chur ch-
r oom
and t he mai n cent er of l i t ur gi cal
act i vi -
t i es .
Ther ef or e speci al at t ent i on
shoul d
be
gi ven t o al l i t s el ement s and appoi nt ment s
.
The
chancel or uni camer al ar ea i n t oday' s
chur ch i s an
i nt egr al par t of t he chur ch r oom.
Adi st i nct separ at i on of t hese el ement s shoul d
Fi g. 1 Di agr ammat i c r el at i on of el ement s of t he Lu-
t her an chur ch.
be avoi ded
and t he cl ear separ at i on of cel e-
br ant s
and wor shi per s shoul d not be st r essed.
I t f ol l ows t hat t he chancel
space shoul d ext end
as f ar as pr act i cal l i mi t s per mi t
i nt o t he chur ch
r oom, so
t hat al l can equal l y par t i ci pat e i n
cor por at e wor shi p.
I t i s t he pr esent f eel i ng t hat al l
l i t ur gi cal cen-
t er s
ar e equal l y hol y. The hi st or i c l i t ur gi cal
cent er wi t h
i t s concent r at i on of
wor shi pat t he
al t ar and
r er edoes as an essent i al
el ement i n
t he chur ch
r oom, i s changi ng, al t hough
some
Lut her ans
st i l l pr eser ve an at t achment
t o t hi s
t r adi t i onal t r eat ment .
Ther e ar e
gr eat possi bi l i t i es i n t he pl acement
of t he chancel and i t s
el ement s . I t may be l o-
cat ed cent r al l y or asymet r i cal l y as l ong as i t s
act i vi t i es ar e wi t hi n a comf or t abl e
vi si on r ange.
The chancel shoul d be r ai sed
t hr ee st eps,
each of whi ch i s not mor e t han 6 i n.
hi gh, wi t h
t r eads a mi ni mumof 16 i n. wi de.
Acl ear ai sl e
wi t h a mi ni mumwi dt h of 5 f t shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded f or conveni ent ci r cul at i on ar ound
t he
per i met er of
t he
chancel . We
ar e not i l l ust r at i ng
char act er i st i c ar r angement s
si nce t he r ange
of possi bi l i t i es i s t oo gr eat .
However , i n t he
di scussi on of
t he choi r ar r angement s, some
suggest i ons wi l l be
made
.
ALTAR
The al t ar i s t he most sacr ed el ement i n t he
chancel ,
t r adi t i onal l y as wel l as i n t er ms of
t oday' s
wor shi p. I t usual l y r ef l ect s t he concept
of
t he Last Supper and shoul d bear t he char -
act er of a t abl e.
I t s desi gn t r eat ment shoul d
r ef l ect di gni t y and shoul d have
met i cul ousl y
t hought out det ai l s . The speci al
t r eat ment of
t hi s el ement must be t he r esponsi bi l i t y of
t he
ar chi t ect . He must pr oper l y r el at e i t s mat er i al
and char act er t o t he t ot al chur ch
r oomdesi gn.
Fi gur e 2 i s a sket ch of an al t ar , wi t h
di men-
si ons t o be used sol el y as a gui de.
THE PULPI T
The pul pi t i s
t he most act i vel y used el ement i n
t he chancel . I t i s dynami c, as opposed t o t he
mor e st at i c
hol y appoi nt ment s . I t i s a set t i ng
f r omwhi ch t he
pr eacher br i ngs t he Gospel and
t he wor d of
Godt o t he wor shi per s . I t shoul d be
pr omi nent l y pl aced
i n t he chancel wi t hout ob-
scur i ng t he vi ewof
t he al t ar and ot her el ement s
of t he
chancel . The cent r al l y pl aced pul pi t i n
a ci r cul ar r oom, i n
t he aut hor ' s opi ni on, i s not
sound, si nce i t does
not per mi t t he pr eacher t o
be seen by al l .
I t shoul d be comf or t abl y I n-
cat ed, seen by al l , so
t hat t he pr eacher ' s vi sage,
movement , and use of
hands can be vi ewed,
enabl i ng hi mt o
del i ver hi s message f or cef ul l y
and t o have compl et e
communi cat i on wi t h
ever y wor shi per . We suggest
t hat t he pul pi t
be r ai sed t wo or
t hr ee st eps t o r ai se t he pr each-
er ' s st at ur e- - t o gi ve
hi mgr eat er di gni t y- f or
at t hese mor nent s he i s
t he apost l e of God and
mor e t han an
or di nar y man.
The pul pi t must be
pr ovi ded wi t h t he f ol l ow-
i ng el ement s :
1 . Bi bl e r est
2. Shel f under Bi bl e r est
f or not es and
paper s
3. Al i ght over
t he Bi bl e r est f or r eadi ng
pur poses
4. Mi cr ophone- - - wi t h al l
i t s condui t s and de-
vi ces shr ouded
i n t he const r uct i on of t he pul pi t
The desi gn
char act er shoul d be l ef t t o t he
ar chi t ect , as a st andar d
f or m i s not possi bl e
due t o t he
var i abi l i t y of t he chur ch r oomde-
si gn. Mat er i al s
ar e opt i onal , but t hey ar e
r el at ed t o t he
chur ch desi gn and shoul d have
i nher ent di gni t y and st r engt h. Fi gur e 3 i s a
sket ch of a pul pi t wi t h cr i t i cal di mensi ons t o
be used sol el y as a gui de.
THE
LECTERN
The l ect er n
i s
a
smal l er r eadi ng desk and i s an
el ement
i n l i t ur gi cal act i vi t i es. I t i s used i n con-
j unct i on
wi t h t he pul pi t dur i ng ser vi ces .
I t may be
omi t t ed at t he di scr et i on of t he
bui l di ng
commi t t ee. Thi s i s par t i cul ar l y t r ue i n
t he desi gn f or
smal l er chur ches . The f ol l owi ng
el ement s ar e essent i al t o
t he l ect er n:
1 . Bi bl e r est
2. Readi ng l i ght over
t he Bi bl e r est
3. Mi cr ophone ( el ect r i cal
el ement s t o be
conceal ed)
Fi gur e 4 shows t he
l ect er n' s cr i t i cal di men-
si ons, but t hi s sket ch i s not t o be t aken as
a
cr i t er i on f or i t s desi gn.
THE COMMUNI ONRAI L
I n many Lut her an chur ches
t he communi on
r ai l i s omi t t ed and t he communi on el ement s
ar e ser ved di r ect l y f r omt he al t ar
t abl e whi l e
t he communi cant s ar e st andi ng
.
I n such i nst ances
wher e a communi on r ai l
i s desi r ed, i t shoul d
not
be
mor e t han 2' / i t
hi gh and l ocat ed ar ound
t he el ement s of t he
chancel t o
per mi t maxi mum par t i ci pat i on at
one t i me wi t h easy
movement f l owt o t he r ai l
andt o t he pews
. The st epbef or e t he r ai l shoul d
not be l ess t han
2 f t wi de. As i n t he case of t i r e
ot her el ement s
of t he chancel , t he desi gn
shoul d r ef l ect and
be i n char act er wi t h t he de-
si gn i di om of t he chur ch r oom. Fi gur e
5
shows cr i t i cal
di mensi ons, whi ch may be used
as a gui de.
CHOI RANDORGANFACI LI TI ES
The par t i cul ar
l ocat i on of a choi r i s usual l y
det er mi ned by t he
mi ni st er , choi r mast er , and
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHESr LUTHERAN
Fi g. 2

( a)
Schemat i c al t ar el evat i on . ( b)
Schemat i c al t ar pl an.
t he compl et e
separ at i on of t hese f unct i ons
whi ch was char act er i st i c
of t he medi eval
chur ch.
6 . Thi s scheme
f r equent l y f or ces t he l oca-
t i on of or gan pi pes t o be
opposed on t he si de
wal l ,
si nce i t i mpl i es a cent r al r er edos . Musi -
cal l y, t he
or gan shoul d speak di r ect l y t o t he
wor shi pr oom
. Al t hough t hi s si de ar r angement
can be r easonabl y
handl ed, i t woul d be a com-
pr omi se. As st at ed
ear l i er , t hi s scheme i s not
sympat het i c t o t oday' s chur ch
concept . Ther e
ar e ot her appr oaches t o
t he pr obl em whi ch
shoul d be st udi ed f or t hei r
sui t abi l i t y t o t he
congr egat i on bef or e t ype of
choi r pl an i s de-
ci ded upon.
Choi r Cent r al l y Locat ed
The choi r may be l ocat ed
cent r al l y, behi nd t he
al t ar . Theor et i cal l y t hi s i s sound
. Thi s ar r ange-
ment per mi t s a
cent r al posi t i on f or t he or gan
consol e. I t enabl es t he
choi r mast er t o f ace t he
choi r di r ect l y
and
t o
conduct t he musi c pr op-
er l y
. ( See Fi g . 66
. )
However , i t pl aces t he choi r per sonnel be-
hi nd t he
al t ar and t he pul pi t , whi ch can di st r act
f r omt he ser eni t y of t he ser vi ce. A
number of
devi ces can be used t o of f set t hi s
di f f i cul t y.
For i nst ance,
t he choi r st al l s may be l ower ed,
so t hat
si nger s ar e not t oo vi si bl e when
per -
f or mi ng. Anot her possi bi l i t y woul d be t o
use
per f or at ed scr eens t o make
t he choi r ' s move-
ment s l ess conspi cuous
.
The or gan scr een, of
cour se, i s beat l ocat ed
behi nd t he si nger s, so t hat
i t voi ces di r ect l y t o
t he chur ch r oom
. Thi s ar r angement has many
advant ages, but
i t makes t he or gan
conf l i ct
and compet e wi t h t he
al t ar and pul pi t . Wi t h
a di sci pl i ned choi r ,
however , t hi s pl an has
i n-
t er est i ng possi bi l i t i es .
or gani st f or i t s
sui t abi l i t y t o t he r equi r ed ser -
vi ces .
The deci si on on i t s pl acement must be
made by
t he commi t t ee ear l y i n i t s del i ber a-
t i ons and t he
ar chi t ect must be advi sed as soon
as possi bl e,
si nce t he choi r i s a maj or el ement
af f ect i ng t he shape
of t he chur ch r oom.
Ther e ar e f i ve possi bl e
ar r angement s f or t he
choi r and many
i nt er pr et at i ons f or each t ype.
These f i ve basi c
choi r l ocat i ons ar e as f ol l ows :
1 . Spl i t choi r i n t he
chancel
2 .
Choi r cent r al l y l ocat ed behi nd t he al t ar
3 . Asymmet r i cal l y l ocat ed
choi r
pl aced
on
one or t he ot her si de of t he chancel
4. Choi r pl aced i n t he seat i ng ar ea
of t he
chur ch r oom
5 . Choi r i n t he r ear bal cony
An anal ysi s of t he f i ve basi c l ocat i ons of t he
choi r and t hei r r el at i ve mer i t s f ol l ows .
The
Spl i t
Choi r i n t he Chancel
Thi s t ype of choi r
set t i ng ( see Fi g. 6a) i s t r adi -
t i onal , but most chur ches t oday
have f ound
i t t he l east sui t abl e f or
pr esent - day needs .
I t has t he f ol l owi ng advant ages :
1 . The member s of t he
choi r ar e a vi si bl e
par t of t he congr egat i on and
par t i ci pat e i n t he
t ot al wor shi p.
2. The al t ar , pl aced
bet ween t he r anks of t he
choi r pews, has a
domi nant f ocal posi t i on.
3. The ser vi ce i s
enr i ched by t he col or of
t he chor i st er s'
vest ment s, by t hei r t r ai ned
behavi or , and by t hei r or gani zed si ngi ng.
4. Musi cal l y, t hi s
ar r angement cr eat es some
pr obl ems, si nce t he
si nger s cannot be cent r al l y
di r ect ed . The or gani st
needs t he ai d of mi r r or
devi ces t o see t he
si nger s per f or m i n uni son.
5.
I t cr eat es f ur t her a sense of separ at i on
bet ween t he
si nger s, t he pr of essi onal cl er i cal
cel ebr ant s, and t he l ai c
wor shi pper s, r ef l ect i ng
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, LUTHERAN
Fi g. 3

l a)
Schemat i c pl an of pul pi t .
Mi ni mumdi mensi ons . I h)
Schemat i c
sect i on of pul pi t .
Fi g . 4

Schemat i c
l ect er n el evat i on. ( a) Fr ont. 16)
Si de.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHESr
LUTHERAN
Fi g. 6

( a) Spl i t choi r i n chancel . ( b) Choi r cent r al l y
l ocat ed. ( c) Choi r l ocat ed asymmet r i cal l y. ( d)
Choi r
l ocat ed i n seat i ng ar ea. ( a) Choi r
l ocat ed i n bal cony.
( 1) Nar t hex, ( 2) chur ch r oom, ( 3) chancel
or uni camer al space, ( 4) al t ar , ( 5) pul pi t , ( 6) l ect er n, ( 7)
bapt i st r y, ( 8)
choi r space, ( 9) or gan consol e, ( 10) mi ni st er s' r oom, ( 11)
sacr i st y,
( 12)
or gan l of t .
THE BAPTI SMAL
FONT
Thi s uni t i s an
i mpor t ant par t of l i t ur gi cal
act i vi t i es and
must be pl aced i n a pr omi nent
ar ea of t he
chur ch r oom- t hat i s, i n t he chancel
or i n a space
conveni ent l y cl ose t o i t . I t must be
i n t he vi sual r ange
of t he congr egat i on so t hat
al l
can par t i ci pat e i n t he bapt i smal r i t es .
The bapt i smal
f ont may be a f i xed el ement
or
i t can be a movabl e uni t whi ch can be pl aced
conveni ent l y when r equi r ed . I f i t i s a f i xed uni t ,
a pr oper set t i ng must be pr ovi ded.
Fi gur e 7
gi ves some basi c di mensi ons t o be
used as a gui de f or i t s desi gn. The concept can
be si mpl e or
el abor at e, but i t must be r el at ed
i n
char act er t o t he over al l desi gn of t he chur ch
r oom.
THE SACRI STY
The sacr i st y i s a
r ooml ocat ed adj acent t o t he
chancel .
I t i s a pr act i cal space f or f l owar r ange-
ment , f or t he
pr epar at i on of communi on el e-
ment s, and
f or t he st or age of i t ems r equi r ed
f or
t he act i vi t i es
i n t he chancel . I t gener al l y con-
t ai ns a doubl e
si nk wi t h hot and col d wat er , a
r ef r i ger at or ,
and base and wal l - hung cabi net s .
I t s desi gn
may be si mpl e and mat er i al s may be
chosen as
economi cal l y as desi r ed as l ong as
t hey ar e i n
good t ast e.
No i l l ust r at i ve
dr awi ng i s r equi r ed f or t hi s
space si nce i t
var i es i n so many i nst ances,
but i t must
f unct i on smoot hl y. At l east t wo
peopl e r oust be
abl e t o wor k her e at t he same
t i me. I t must have
di r ect acr oss t o t he chancel
and e secondar y
exi t t o a hal l or cor r i dor out -
si de t he chur ch
ar ea
.
MI NI STER' S STUDY
Ami ni st er ' s st udy or
r oomi s adj acent t o t he
chancel , wi t h di r ect
access t o t he chancel and
egr ess t o a hal l or cor r i dor .
Thi s r oomshoul d
pr ovi de space f or a
desk and a number of
chai r s, f i l es, coat
cl oset , t oi l et , and e shower
bot h. I t i s conveni ent f or
l ast - mi nut e r evi ews of
hi s ser mon, guest
speaker s, conf er ences, and
si mi l ar pur poses
.
Thi s r oom shoul d
be a di gni f i ed space and
shoul d have a r ever end
at mospher e. Si nce t hi s
ar ea var i es a gr eat
deal i n i t s f or m- - - - because
i t i s r el at ed t o t he
par t i cul ar chur ch f or m
of whi ch i t
i s a r el at ed el ement - - no sket ches
wi l l be pr ovi ded.
musi ci an' s poi nt of
vi ewsi nce t he di r ect i on of
t he musi c i s good
and t he or gani st can be so
pl aced as t o be
i n per f ect cont r ol of t he si ng-
i ng. The or gan can be
ef f ect i vel y l ocat ed behi nd
t he choi r . Fr omt he
poi nt of vi ew of t he wor -
shi p, t he choi r
i s r emot e f r omt he mai n chur ch
r oomand not vi si bl e.
Thi s ar r angement
wi l l pr ovi de an ef f ect i ve
musi cal backgr ound
f or chur ch ser vi ces, and
many successf ul
exampl es of t hi s scheme
exi st . I t does,
however , conf l i ct wi t h t he pr es-
ent - day concept
of cor por at e wor shi p. The
commi t t ee must deci de t o
what ext ent i t s i deas
on wor shi p conf l i ct wi t h
t hi s musi cal l y excel -
l ent ar r angement .
THE ORGAN
The
or gan i s a maj or el ement i n
t he desi gn of
a chur ch space, and adequat e
vol ume f or i t s
housi ng, ai r suppl y, and el ect r i cal el ement s
must be pr ovi ded.
Of t en t oday, pi pes ar e exposed i n
t he i nt er i or
wal l s of t he chur ch r oomand become
an i nt er -
est i ng
par t of t he chur ch decor .
We not ed
ear l i er t hat an or gan bui l der
must be consul t ed
i n t he ear l i est st age of chur ch pl anni ng
as t he
or gan cannot be i nst al l ed
as an af t er t hought .
The f or m of t he chur ch
must be desi gned t o
ensur e maxi mumpur i t y of t one and
t o pr ovi de
t he pr oper acoust i cs . The
excessi ve use of
soundabsor bi ng acoust i cal
mat er i al wi l l st r i p
t he over t ones of t he var i ous
pi pes- par t i c-
ul ar l y doubl e
r eed sounds, bases, and t ones
i n
t he t r ebl e cl ef .
Choi r Locat ed
Asymmet r i cal l y
Thi s ar r angement ( see Fi g
6c) pl aces t he choi r
f aci l i t i es at t he f r ont of
t he chur ch next t o
t he
chancel ar ea. I t causes t he desi gn
of t he
chur ch i t sel f t o be
asymmet r i cal i n pl an and
vol ume, and i t poses a di f f i cul t
pr obl emf or t he
ar chi t ect who seeks t o devel op
u desi gn of
pr oper r epose wi t h eccl esi ast i cal
di gni t y. Thi s
pl an has t he advant age of
avoi di ng di r ect
compet i t i on bet ween t he choi r and
t he chancel
and pl aci ng al l l i t ur gi cal act i vi t i es
wi t hi n com-
f or t abl e vi si on r ange of t he
congr egat i on.
I t per mi t s
good musi cal di r ect i on and
pr ovi des
a cont r ol posi t i on f or t he consol e and
or gani st .
Choi r Pl aced i n t he Seat i ng Ar ea
of t he Chur ch
Room
Thi s
( see Fi g . 6d) i s a novel depar t ur e f r om
t r adi t i on
. I t has t he advant age t hat t he
choi r
and
par i shi oner s wor shi p i n concer t .
Per haps
i t al so
deemphasi zes t he choi r and i t s
col or f ul
r ol e i n
t he wor shi p r i t ual . The deci si on
f or t hi s
ar r angement
must be based on t he
mi ni st er ' s
at t i t ude
t owar d t he ser vi ce and on t he f eel i ngs
of t he
bui l di ng commi t t ee. The consol e
of t he
or gan can be member ed i nt o
t he pens of choi r
ar ea and so ar r anged t hat t he or gani st
f aces
t he choi r and has compl et e cont r ol
of t he si ng-
i ng. The or gan space and
i t s el ement s must
be cl osel y r el at ed t o t he choi r ' s l ocat i on
.
Choi r i n t he Rear Bal cony
Thi s ( see Fi g. 6e)
ar r angement i s i deal f r omt he
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHESr
LUTHERAN
act er . The mi ni st er ' s
of f i ce shoul d not
be l ess
t han 12 by 20 f t cl ear
and shoul d
cont ai n
cl oset s, bookshel ves,
and t oi l et f aci l i t i es .
CHURCHSCHOOL
Cl assr ooms shoul d not be l ess
t han 24 by 32
f t .
Smal l r ooms ar e t oo
r est r i ct i ve and ar e
not
adapt abl e
t o pr ogr amchanges.
I t i s best t hat
adequat e
nat ur al l i ght be pr ovi ded,
and l i ght
ar eas
shoul d not be
sacr i f i ced f or desi gn
ef f ect s
.
The ki nder gar t en shoul d
pr ovi de 30 sq f t
per
pupi l because of t he
nat ur e of ki nder gar t en
act i vi t i es
The ar chi t ect ur al t r eat ment
shoul d r ef l ect
t he
r hyt hmand char act er of t he
chur ch bui l d-
i ng .
SOCI AL
HALL
Thi s shoul d
pr ovi deseat i ng equal
t o t hat of t he
nave. I t
shoul d be a pl easant
ar ea and wel l
cor r el at ed
t o t he ext er i or l andscape
f eat ur es i f
possi bl e
. The cei l i ng shoul d
not be l ess t han
14 f t
cl ear i f possi bl e.
CHURCHPARLOR
Thi s i s a
ver y desi r abl e space
and ser ves many
f unct i ons.
I t shoul d not be l ess
t han 24 by 14
f t
i n pl an di mensi ons and shoul d
have a cei l i ng
at
l east 12 f t hi gh. The
r oom shoul d have
a
cl ubl i ke
char act er wi t h suggest i ons
of i t s basi c
r el i gi ous r el at i onshi p. I t shoul d
be comf or t abl e
and pl easant l y f ur ni shed
and decor at ed.
PARKI NG
Par ki ng shoul d pr ovi de
one par ki ng space
f or
ever y f i ve per sons i n
t he chur ch r oom
seat i ng .
I t s
ar r angement necessar i l y
i s a f unct i on of
t he
t ot al l andscape pat t er n
.
LANDSCAPI NG
The
l andscape i s an
i nt egr al par t of t he t ot al
ar chi t ect ur al concept and
shoul d pr oper l y r e-
l at e
t o bui l di ng pl ans
and mass . I t i s r ecom-
mended t hat a pr of essi onal
l andscape ar chi -
t ect be consul t ed t o achi eve
t he best r esul t s .
I t does pr ovi de an
oppor t uni t y f or
abst r act
scul pt ur al expr essi on
and keynot es t he
t ot al
spi r i t of t he chur ch
bui l di ng compl ex
. Thi s i s
a
mat t er f or t he
bui l di ng commi t t ee
t o deci de.
We
bel i eve t hat i t i s a
val uabl e devi ce
t o pr o-
cl ai m posi t i vel y
t hat t hi s i s a chur ch
. No
sket ches ar e
pr ovi ded, f or t her e
ar e i nf i ni t e
possi bi l i t i es i n i t s desi gn
. I t has anot her
posi -
t i ve val ue i n t hat
i t can house a car i l l on
.
ADMI NI STRATI ON
Admi ni st r at i on consi st s
of el ement s
out l i ned
ear l i er i n t hi s ar t i cl e
. These r ooms ar e
si zed t o
meet t he speci f i c
r equi r ement s of t he
commi t -
t ee' s br i ef .
Speci al at t ent i on
shoul d be gi ven t o t he
mi n-
i st er ' s
of f i ces, t o gi ve t hem
eccl esi ast i cal char -
CHURCHTOWER
The chur ch t ower ,
t hough not an i nt egr al par t
of t he chur ch r oom i t sel f ,
wi l l be di scussed
her ei n si nce r t i s a symbol of
t he chur ch and
ex-
pr esses t he r el i gi ous
char act er of t he t ot al
chur ch compl ex.
Today i t i s of t en
f el t t hat t he chur ch t ower
i nvol ves an unnecessar y
expense and t hat a
pr oper l y desi gned chur ch
i s suf f i ci ent t o ex-
pr ess t he spi r i t of
Chr i st i an wor shi p. However ,
a
chur ch t ower or campani l e
has l ong been as-
soci at ed wi t h eccl esi ast i cal
st r uct ur es and t o
many i t has asymbol i c
val ue beyond i t s cost or
i t s l ogi c. Per haps i t does
conf l i ct wi t h t he
cr i t er i a of pr esent - day
at t i t udes. But i t i s an
under st andabl e symbol
of wor shi p and an ab-
st r act wi t ness t o t he
Chr i st i an spi r i t ; t her ef or e
i t mayj ust i f i abl y be used
.
Fi g. 7

Schemat i c sect i on
t hr ough
bapt i st r y.
PARKI NG
1 SPACEI 3- 4 PERSONS
ONE ACRE . 160 CARS
SI TE
SI ZE:
CI TY: 1 ACRE +
SUBURB: 3- 5 ACRES
RURAL: 3 ACRES +
î g.
1

Si t e l ocat i on
.
ORGANI ZATI ON
Themai n ent r ance t o t he bui l di ng
shoul d be easi l y
accessi bl e f r omt he par ki ng ar ea, and shoul d be
desi gned wi t h a dr i ve up and
canopy ent r ance.
Thi s per mi t s
cover edaccess t o t he bui l di ng dur i ng
i ncl ement weat her .
The bui l di ng shoul d be or gani zed
so t hat peo-
pl e can easi l y or i ent t hemsel ves
once i nsi de t he
f r ont door s. Akeyf eat ur e i n t hi s ki nd of ar r ange-
ment i s a l ar ge, cent r al l y
l ocat ed nar t hex t hat
ser ves as t he ci r cul at i on hub of t he bui l di ng. A
per son shoul d be abl e t o
pr oceed di r ect l y f r om
t he nar t hex t o t he
sanct uar y, f el l owshi p hal l or
cl assr ooms . For conveni ence, t he
chur ch of f i ces
and r est r ooms coul d
al so be l ocat ed of f t hi s ar ea.
Not
onl y does t hi s make t hemmor e accessi bl e,
but i t al so enabl es t he
secr et ar y t o moni t or t he
mai n ent r ance f r omt he chur ch of f i ce. Fi g. 2 i l l us-
t r at es t hi s ki nd of ar r angement.
SANCTUARY
Basi c
Pr omi ses on Whi ch t he
Recommendat i ons
Ar e Based
I . The pur pose of er ect i ng a bui l di ng
i s t o pr o-
vi de
a pl ace wher e peopl e mayassembl e f or
wor shi p, f el l owshi p, educat i on
and pr epar e
f or ser vi ce
.
I 1. Peopl e and what t hey do ar e t he
maj or con-
cer n of t he
chur ch
.
Thebui l di ng f or ms a back-
gr ound f or t he act i on
and i s secondar y t o
t he gat her ed
congr egat i on and t he l i t ur gy.
I I I . The essent i al el ement s f or wor shi p
consi st of
a pl ace f or
t he pr eachi ng of t he wor d and
t he r i ght enact ment of t he sacr ament s .
I V. The ai mof wor shi p
i s " t o f ocus at t ent i on
and t o
suggest and di r ect appr opr i at e human
r esponses t o t he di vi ne- human encount er . " *
V.
Theol ogy does not di r ect l y i nf l uence ar chi t ec-
t ur e. Theol ogy ( or bel i ef s) does i nf l uence l i t -
ur gy ( what
we do) . Ar chi t ect ur e i s a r esul t
of ef f or t s t o pr ovi de a set t i ng f or t he l i t ur gy.
VI . Our chur ch bui l di ngs
shoul d cel ebr at e t he
convi ct i on t hat God i s pr esent i n our l i ves
i n t hi s age.
WORSHI P ROOM
The wor shi p r oomi s t o be desi gned
t o assi st
t he
l i t ur gy. The l i t ur gy consi st s basi cal l y of pr ovi si ons
f or t he pr eachi ng of t he wor d and t he sacr ament s
of
bapt i sm
and hol y communi on. Si nce t he mi ni s-
t r y of t he wor d and t he sacr ament s ar e of equal
i mpor t ance, t he ar chi t ect ur al
pl an shoul d gi ve em-
phasi s and st r ess t o t he pul pi t , t abl e and f ont .
The wor shi p
r oommayal so be used f or ot her
f unct i ons such as : conf i r mat i on and r ecept i on of
member s, weddi ngs, f uner al s, choi r pr ogr ams,
dr ama, educat i on,
and f el l owshi p. Because of
t hi s, t hepul pi t , t abl e, andf ont shoul d be por t abl e.
* Pr of essor Al ber t C. Out l er , " A
Met hodi st Comment
About Met hodi sm, " Wor shi p and
Chr i st i an Uni t y, Apr i l
19, 1966, p. 2.
Mat er i al s t aken i n par t
f r ompubl i cat i ons of t he Of f i ce
of
Ar chi t ect ur e,
Nat i onal Di vi si on, Boar d of Gl obal Mi n-
i st r i es, t he Uni t ed Met hodi st
Chur ch. For f ur t her i nf or ma-
t i on wr i t e Dougl as Hof f man,
Of f i ce of Ar chi t ect ur e,
Uni t ed Met hodi st Chur ch, 475
Ri ver si de Dr i ve, Room
307,
NewYor k, New
Yor k 10027.
Rel i gi ous
The desi gn and ar r angement
of t he wor shi p
r oomshoul d
r ef l ect t he f act t hat t he mi ni st er and
congr egat i on come t oget her i n a cor por at e
act
of wor shi p. The
pl at f or mon whi ch t he pul pi t ,
t abl e,
and f ont ar e l ocat ed i s a di st i nct
ar ea be-
cause of t he
f unct i ons i nvol ved, but i t shoul d not
be separ at ed f r om t he congr egat i onal seat i ng
space.
Si nce t he maj or emphasi s i s upon
pr eachi ng,
bapt i sm, and communi on,
ar chi t ect ur al f eat ur es
such as
wi ndows, r er edos, or dossal shoul d not
di st r act f r omt he
l i t ur gy. The seat s f or t he
mi ni st er
shoul d al so be l ocat ed so t hat t hey do not com-
pet e vi sual l y wi t h t he mor e l i t ur gi cal cent er s unl ess
used as such.
Ser mon
The pul pi t i s a pl ace desi gned speci f i cal l y f or
t he pr eachi ng and r eadi ng of t he wor d of God.
Thi s does not excl udet he possi bi l i t y t hat i n some
i nst ances t hi s
f unct i on mayt ake pl ace el sewher e
i n t he r oom.
The l ocat i on of t he pul pi t af f ect s t he r el at i on-
Fi g. 4 Ai sl e wi dt hs i n t he sanct uar y: t he mi ni mumr ecommended sanct uar y ai sl e wi dt hs needed
f or t he var i ous l i t ur gi es .
shi p bet ween t he
ser mon and t he congr egat i on.
The mi ni st er must be abl e t o see t he
congr egat i on
and
t he congr egat i on must be abl e t o hear and
see t he mi ni st er .
Li st eni ng t o a ser mon i s a cor por at e act i vi t y.
The mi ni st er must be
awar e
of
t he r esponse of
t he congr egat i on t o t he ser mon even t hough t he
r esponse i s unspoken.
Conver sel y, t he congr ega-
t i on needs t o see t he mi ni st er . They need t o see
hi s f aci al expr essi ons
and hi s gest ur es. Thi s can
be achi eved by el evat i ng t he pul pi t , so t hat even
t hose seat ed
i n back of t he r oomcan see t he
mi ni st er .
The r appor t
bet ween t he mi ni st er and congr e-
gat i on can be dest r oyed, however , i f t he pul pi t
i s r ai sed t oo hi gh or i f i t i s l ocat ed at
t oo gr eat
a
di st ance f r om t he congr egat i on. I f r ai sed
t oo hi gh,
t he vi ewi ng angl e becomes oppr essi ve
f or t hose seat ed near by. I f pl aced t oo
f or f r om
t he
congr egat i on, t he cont act bet ween t he mi ni s-
t er and t he peopl e i s l essened.
Choi r
Thef unct i on of t he choi r i s t o l ead congr egat i onal
si ngi ng ( hymns) , t o si ng
t o t he congr egat i on ( an-
t hem) , and t o si ng on behal f of t he
congr egat i on
( chor al
r esponses) . I n addi t i on, many choi r s of f er
sacr ed concer t s on speci al occasi ons
. The choi r
shoul d be l ocat ed so as t o best f ul f i l l t hese f unc-
t i ons.
The choi r shoul d not be pl aced behi nd t he pul -
pi t or
t abl ef aci ng t he congr egat i on or i n di vi ded
choi r st al l s i n a deep chancel wher e
t hey may
be a
vi sual di st r act i on dur i ng t he ser vi ce. Thei r
t ask i s t o l ead wor shi p, not t o be per f or mer s
of
musi cal act s .
The or gan consol e shoul d
be l ocat ed so t hat
t he
or gani st can di r ect t he choi r . The or gan cham-
ber s shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat
t he or gani st may
bal ance
t he musi c of t he or gan and choi r . The
di r ect or shoul d be easi l y seen by t he
choi r wi t hout
bei ng conspi cuous t o t he congr egat i on.
Space shoul d be al l owed i n t he
desi gn of t he
wor shi p
r oomf or t he use of i nst r ument s or unusu-
al l y l ar ge choi r gr oups on speci al occasi ons.
I f
chai r s i nst ead of
pews ar e used i n t he choi r l of t ,
t hi s space may t hen be used f or t he
pl acement
of musi cal i nst r ument s
.
Congr egat i onal
Space
The wor shi pi ng assembl y shoul d
be si t uat ed so
as t o
suggest
t hei r act i ve r ol e as par t i ci pant s
i n
wor shi p. Wor shi p i s a
cor por at e act i vi t y. I t i n-
vol ves t he mi ni st er , t he choi r , and
t he congr ega-
t i on. I t does not
r epr esent a per f or mer - spect at or
r el at i onshi p.
The si ze, shape, and ar r angement
of t he r oomshoul d emphasi ze t he under st andi ng
t hat
wor shi p i nvol ves t he ent i r e congr egat i on i n
t he ser vi ce. Thi s can be achi eved by br i ngi ng
t he
congr egat i on cl oser t o t he l i t ur gi cal cent er s
and by pl anni ng f or a l evel f l oor .
Conver sel y,
l ong
nar r owr ooms whi ch pl ace a l ar ge number
of t he congr egat i on at a gr eat di st ance
f r omt he
mi ni st er and r ooms whi ch have sl opi ng f l oor s and
bal coni es whi ch emphasi ze t he
spect at or - per -
f or mer
r el at i onshi p shoul d be avoi ded.
I n or der t o pr ovi de as much
f l exi bi l i t y as possi -
bl e
i n adj ust i ng t he seat i ng f or di f f er ent occa-
si ons, ser vi ces, number s of
wor shi per s and f ut ur e
t r ends, chai r s ar e r ecommended i nst ead of pews .
The chai r s shoul d be comf or t abl e,
at t r act i ve, du-
r abl e,
and r easonabl e i n cost . They shoul d be
f i r ml y l i nked t oget her when i n use and
desi gned
t o be st acked when not i n use.
Chai r s ar e r ecommended
f or t he f ol l owi ng r ea-
sons :
1. For some ser vi ces, such as t hose whi ch em-
phasi ze pr eachi ng, t her e may
be advant ages i n
el i mi nat i ng t he cent er ai sl e so t hat t he congr ega-
t i on si t s t oget her as one gr oup,
f ur t her emphasi z-
i ng t he cor por at e aspect s of wor shi p.
2. For t hose
occasi ons when t he at t endance
i s
l ower , t he number of seat s may be r educed,
t he ai sl es
may be made wi der , and t he spaci ng
of t he seat s and r ows i ncr eased.
3.
For some communi on ser vi ces t he chur ch
may desi r e t o pl ace t he communi on
t abl e i n t he
congr egat i onal seat i ng space wi t h t he peopl e
gr ouped ar ound t he
t abl e.
4. The chur ch maydesi r e t o use t he
sanct uar y
f or yout h or adul t
chur ch
school
cl asses. Chai r s
woul d al l owsever al gr oups t o meet
and ar r ange
t hei r seat s i n a ci r cl e or
smal l gr oup.
5. Di f f er ent f unct i ons r equi r e ai sl es of
var yi ng
wi dt hs . For a choi r or
of f er t or y pr ocessi onal , a
5- f t ai sl e i s usual l y suf f i ci ent . Aweddi ng
pr oces-
si onal coul d usea 6- f t
ai sl e, andaf uner al pr oces-
si onal needs a 7- f t ai sl e. ( See Fi g. 4. )
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, UNI TED
METHODI ST
SPACE NEEDS
:
WORSHI P Fi CHANCEL
12 SO. FT. / PERSON
NARTHEX:
2- 3 SO. FT. / PERSON
Rel i gi ous
Or der of Wor shi p
The nor mal ser vi ce f or most chur ches pl aces em-
phasi s on t he spoken wor d- i nvocat i on, pr ayer s,
r eadi ng of t he scr i pt ur es, r esponsi ve r eadi ng, af -
f i r mat i ons, ser mon, and benedi ct i on. The wor shi p
r oomshoul d be desi gned t o pr ovi de t he best pos-
si bl e acoust i cal envi r onment f or t hese f unct i ons .
I t i s i mper at i ve
t hat t he mi ni st er be abl e t o com-
muni cat e di r ect l y wi t h t he congr egat i on wi t hout
havi ng t o r esor t t o ar t i f i ci al ai ds such as a publ i c
addr ess syst em. The si ze and shape of t he r oom
and t he mat er i al s empl oyed shoul d
cont r i but e t o
t he ef f ect i veness of t he spoken wor d.
The Or der f or t he Admi ni st r at i on of t he
Sacr ament of Bapt i sm
The bapt i smal f ont shoul d be l ocat ed so
t hat i t
i s conveni ent f or al l t o see. The cer emony shoul d
be vi si bl e t o t he ent i r e congr egat i on.
The candi -
dat es shoul d be abl e t o appr oach t he f ont i f bap-
t i sm by pour i ng i s desi r ed,
and t her e shoul d
be
suf f i ci ent space f or t he mi ni st er , par ent s andspon-
sor s . The basi n shoul d be suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge t o
make pour i ng possi bl e ( no l ess t han 15 i nches
i n di amet er ) , and t he use of wat er shoul d be vi si -
bl e and audi bl e. The f ont shoul d be of suf f i ci ent
si ze and pr omi nence t o r emi nd peopl e of t hei r
bapt i smand t o suggest t he i mpor t ance of t hi s
sacr ament .
The Or der f or Conf i r mat i on and
Recept i on i nt o t he Chur ch
The
ser vi ce
shoul d
t ake pl ace i n vi ewof t he ent i r e
congr egat i on. I t mi ght be hel pf ul i f t he candi dat es
st ep up i nt o t he r ai sed chancel ar ea so t hat t hey
may be easi l y seen when t hey st and or kneel .
Ther e shoul d be suf f i ci ent space f or a consi der a-
bl e number of candi dat es t o kneel , onl y one
r ow
deep, and space f or t he mi ni st er t o conveni ent l y
l ay hi s hands upon
t hei r
heads whi l e t hey kneel .
The Or der f or t he Admi ni st r at i on of t he
Sacr ament of t he
Lor d' s
Supper
or
Hol y
Communi on
Tr adi t i onal l y, Met hodi st s have ser ved t he el e-
ment s t o t hose who kneel at t he communi on r ai l .
Because of t he t i me t hi s met hod may consume
i f i ndi vi dual t abl e di smi ssal s ar e consi der ed neces-
sar y, many l ar ge chur ches ser ve t he el ement s t o
t hose seat ed i n t he nave.
Bot h met hods wi l l pr obabl y be cont i nued, and
i n addi t i on i t may al so be possi bl e t o consi der
ser vi ng communi on t o t hose who st and ar ound
t he
t abl e
.
Appar ent l y
t hi s was one of t he met hods
used by t he ear l y chur ch.
I f communi on
i s t o be ser ved t o t hose
who
st and ar ound t he t abl e, a r ai l i s no l onger needed.
I n t hi s case t he t abl e shoul d be easi l y accessi bl e
t o
t he congr egat i on,
and t her e must be suf f i ci ent
space ar ound t he t abl e f or t he mi ni st er and hi s
assi st ant s as wel l as
a
l ar ge number of communi -
cant s . The ent i r e congr egat i on shoul d be accom-
modat ed i n at l east t en
t abl es and
f i ve
woul d
be a bet t er goal , ei t her st andi ng or at a r ai l .
The communi on r ai l was or i gi nal l y
desi gned
t o pr ot ect t he t abl e f r ompr of ane and i r r ever ent
t r eat ment . I t nowser ves as a r ai l f or suppor t
whi l e peopl e ar e kneel i ng and t o hol d t he empt y
cups . I t shoul d no l onger be desi gned as a bar r i er
t o pr event one f r oment er i ng a " hol y of hol i es . "
The ar chi t ect ur al sol ut i on shoul d not det er mi ne
whet her t he el ement s wi l l be of f er ed i n t he chan-
cel or
i n t he
nave seat s
.
The
chur ch
shoul d deci de
howt he ser vi ce i s t o be conduct ed and t he ar chi -
t ect ur al
pl an
shoul d be a r esul t of ef f or t s t o pr o-
vi de a meani ngf ul set t i ng f or t he l i t ur gy.
I deal l y, t he r oomshoul d be desi gned t o accom-
modat e bot h met hods of ser vi ng communi on. Thi s
wi l l al l owcommuni on t o be ser ved i n t he pews
now, i f t hi s be t he wi sh of t he chur ch, and yet
i t wi l l per mi t ot her s t o conduct t he ser vi ce i n t he
chancel i f t hi s be t hei r desi r e.
The Commi ssi on on Wor shi p of The Met hodi st
Chur ch does not r ecommend sel f - ser vi ce commu-
ni on. Wi t h t hi s met hod, t he el ement s ar e pl aced
at t he r ai l bef or e t he st ar t of t he ser vi ce and
each per son ser ves hi msel f
.
The communi on t abl e pr ovi des a sur f ace f or
t he pl acement
of
t he communi on el ement s . I t i s
essent i al l y a t abl e. The si ze of t he t abl e shoul d
be scal ed t o
t he per son or per sons i nvol ved and
t he l i t ur gi cal act i on about i t .
The
t abl e
shoul d be
f r eest andi ng so t hat t he
mi ni st er may st and behi nd t he t abl e and f ace
t he
congr egat i on f or
par t s of
t he
ser vi ce
. The
t abl e may al so be used t o r ecei ve t he of f er i ng
and pr ovi de a pl ace f or a smal l , por t abl e book
r est .
I t i s of t en desi r abl e t o pr ovi de a smal l t abl e
or
cr edence shel f t o hol d f l ower s, empt y of f er i ng
pl at es, t he communi on cl ot h, l i ds, or ot her i t ems
whi l e not bei ng
used
.
The Or der f or t he Ser vi ce of Mar r i age
The ai sl e l eadi ng t o t he chancel shoul d be of
ampl e wi dt h ( 6 t o 7 f eet ) f or t he pr ocessi on of
t he weddi ng par t y. Ther e shoul d be a way t o
si gnal t he or gani st when t he br i de i s r eady t o
make her ent r ance.
Ther e shoul d be suf f i ci ent space at t he f r ont
cr oss ai sl e f or t he weddi ng par t y. I f t he cer emony
t akes pl ace
on
t he r ai sed chancel ar ea, t he wed
di ng par t y wi l l not bl ock t he congr egat i on' s vi ew
of t he coupl e. Ther e shoul d be pr ovi si on f or t he
coupl e t o kneel af t er t he r i ng cer emony.
The Or der f or t he Bur i al of t he Dead
Ther e shoul d be suf f i ci ent space f or car r yi ng t he
casket f r omt he f r ont door of t he chur ch wi t h a
mi ni mumnumber of st ai r s and sl opes . The door s
shoul d be suf f i ci ent l y wi de. The ai sl e l eadi ng t o
t he chancel shoul d be at l east 6 f eet , 6 i nches
wi de and 7 f eet i s bet t er i f pal l bear er s ar e t o
wal k al ongsi de of t he casket .
SUPPLEMENTALDATA
Bal cony
Bal coni es ar e not gener al l y r ecommended, espe-
ci al l y i n chur ches of
moder at e si ze, because t hose
seat ed i n a bal cony t end t o become i sol at ed
f r om
t he r est of t he wor shi pi ng
congr egat i on. Bal coni es
emphasi ze t he spect at or r ol e of
t he wor shi per
r at her
t han hi s par t i ci pat i on i n t he ser vi ce.
I n l ar ger chur ches a bal cony i s
of t en a usef ul
devi ce f or seat i ng a gr eat er number of per sons
wi t hi n an
ef f ect i ve r adi us f or seei ng and hear i ng.
I f t hose seat ed i n t he bal cony ar e t o
see t he
chancel
i t wi l l
be
necessar y t o st ep succeedi ng
r ows up f r omt he f r ont , These st eps shoul d
not
exceed 6' / s
i nches each i n hei ght , and t he r i ser s
shoul d ext end acr oss t he f ul l wi dt h of t he bal cony,
i ncl udi ng t he ai sl es . The bal cony shoul d not ex-
t end out over mor e t han t wo r ows of
t he nave
pews
. Ther e shoul d be t wo separ at e set s of st ai r s
t o t he bal cony .
Candl es
I f t he communi on t abl e i s t o be f r eest andi ng,
t he candl es coul d be pl aced on a cr edence
shel f
on t he r ear wal l of t he chancel , behi nd t he t abl e;
but l ar ge candl es st andi ng f r ee on t he f l oor mi ght
be mor e i n scal e wi t h t he chancel . Candl e spl i cer s
or j oi ner s may be used, so t hat onl y t he t op par t
of t he
candl e i s bur ned and r epl aced when neces-
sar y.
Chancel Rai l
Ther e i s a t r end t oday t o modi f y or el i mi nat e
t he chancel r oi l i n or der t o r educe or el i mi nat e
t he ef f ect of separ at i on bet ween nave and chan-
cel . I t s hei ght i s usual l y t he same as t he choi r
scr een, appr oxi mat el y
36 i nches
.
Chancel Wi ndow
Achancel wi ndowf aci ng t he congr egat i on, whi l e
i t may be an aest het i cal l y
sat i sf act or y
sol ut i on,
cr eat es a pr obl emof di ver t i ng at t ent i on f r omt he
cr oss and t abl e
t o
t he wi ndow,
or
what
i s
beyond
t he wi ndow. I f i t i s a wel l - desi gned wi ndowi t
dr aws at t ent i on
t o
i t sel f .
I f
i t
i s
cl ear gl ass, i t
coul d dr awt he at t ent i on of t he congr egat i on t o
o
poi nt
out si de t he sanct uar y.
Cl ear or l i ght l y col or ed gl ass may cr eat e a
pr obl emof excessi ve gl ar e whi ch i mpai r s t he vi s-
ual cont act bet ween t he wor shi per s and t he mi ni s-
t er . Even t he dar kest chancel wi ndows under cer -
t ai n condi t i ons may be a pr obl em.
I f t he i nt ent i on
of t he chur ch i s t o f ocus t he
at t ent i on of t he congr egat i on upon t he l i t ur gy
and t he
physi cal symbol s of
wor shi p,
such as
t he
cr oss, t abl e, pul pi t , et c . , we quest i on t he desi r abi l -
i t y
of a chancel wi ndow
.
Cr edence Shel f
To pr ovi de a def i ni t e pl ace f or t he candl es, f l ow-
er s, and/ or empt y of f er i ng pl at es, et c . , we sug-
gest an adapt at i on of t he anci ent cr edence shel f
i n t he chancel . Thi s shel f coul d be pl aced on t he
wal l behi nd t he communi on t abl e, and i t shoul d
be l ar ge enough t o accommodat e t he above
pi eces
and
hi gh
enough
so t hat
t hey
can be seen
by t he congr egat i on. The cr edence shel f does not
r epl ace t he communi on
t abl e
but i s an addi t i on
t o i t .
Cr oss
As l at e as 1920 t he cr oss was unhear d of i n
near l y al l Pr ot est ant chur ches i n Amer i ca, but i n
a
gener at i on i t
has come back i nt o
al most gener al
use. The pr obl em t oday i s not whet her t her e
shoul d
be a cr oss, but r at her how
many andwhat
si ze. No chur ch shoul d have mor e t han t wo
cr osses- one on t he ext er i or
and
one i n t he chan-
cel . The t endency t o t r eat t he cr oss as a decor a-
t i ve symbol
t o be used
wi t h
abandon
t hr oughout
t he bui l di ng i s r egr et t abl e.
Fl ags
We do not r ecommend pl aci ng f l ags i n t he chan-
cel f or t he f ol l owi ng r easons
:
l . We l i ve i n a day of gr owi ng st r ess on ecu-
meni cal Chr i st i ani t y. At t he same t i me, our mi s-
si onar i es ar e hi nder ed i n pr eachi ng t he gospel
because Chr i st i ani t y has become so cl osel y i dent i -
f i ed wi t h
west er n cul t ur e, " Yankee
i mper i al i sm, "
et c . To cor r ect an er r or of t he past , i t mi ght be
a wi se and
di scer ni ng pol i cy not t o per mi t
f l ags
( or any ot her secul ar symbol ) t o shar e t he honor
whi ch at t aches t o t he symbol s of t he Di vi ne Pr es-
ence.
2. Fl ags i n t he chancel cr eat e separ at e and
st at i c cent er s of i nt er est i n compet i t i on wi t h t he
act i on of
t he l i t ur gy
and such essent i al physi cal
cent er s as t he cr oss, t abl e, and pul pi t .
3. Aest het i cal l y, t he col or s
of
t he
f l ag
of t en
Rel i gi ous
14
per sons per pewal l owa mi ni mum
spaci ng
of 34 i nches .
cl ash wi t h t he l i t ur gi cal
col or s
of
t he par oment s
and t he chancel i t sel f .
Hymn Boar ds
Hymn boar ds
have been used t o i ndi cat e t o t he
congr egat i on t he number s of hymns t o be sung
and t he r esponsi ve
r eadi ng f or t he day. Si nce
near l y
al l chur ches nowuse a pr i nt ed bul l et i n
t o gi ve t hi s i nf or mat i on, wef eel t hat hymnboar ds
ar e no
l onger necessar y. They cost money, and
l i ke t he f l ags, cr eat e unnecessar y cent er s of i nt er -
est .
Lect er n
The pul pi t , t abl e,
and f ont ar e al l t hat i s needed
f or wor shi p i n most of our chur ches. Ther e ar e
t i mes, however , when i t
may be advant ageous
t o have a smal l por t abl e l ect er n. Some mi ni st er s
pr ef er t o
r eser ve t he pul pi t f or pr eachi ng onl y,
and use t he l ect er n f or t he r eadi ng of
t he Scr i p-
t ur es, et c.
Thi s l eaves t he pul pi t bookst and f r ee
of a l ar ge pul pi t Bi bl e, mor e easi l y usabl e f or
ser mon
not es
or
manuscr i pt . Announcement s and
addr esses or t al ks ot her t han ser mons ar e
del i v-
er ed
f r omt he l ect er n. Al so i f mor e t han onemi ni s-
t er i s i nvol ved i n t he ser vi ce, an addi t i onal
pl ace
f r om
whi ch t o speak or conduct t he ser vi ce may
be hel pf ul .
Of f er i ng Pl at es
Appar ent l y t her ear e t wo basi c ways of r ecei vi ng
t he of f er i ng. I n most cases
t he of f er i ng pl at es
ar e i n t he chancel and t he mi ni st er hands t hem
t o t he usher s
who
come
f or war d t o r ecei ve t hem.
I n ot her chur ches t he empt y of f er i ng pl at es ar e
kept at t he r ear of
t he r oomand ar e br ought
f or war d by t he usher s, onl y af t er t he of f er i ng i s
t aken. I n any case, empt y of f er i ng pl at es shoul d
never be pl aced on t he t abl e. Af t er t he of f er i ng
has been r ecei ved, t he mi ni st er or usher s pl aces
t he pl at es upon t he t abl e. I f t he
empt y pl at es
ar e kept i n t he chancel we suggest t hat t hey
be pl aced on t he cr edence shel f , or on
a smal l
t abl e pr ovi ded f or t hat pur pose.
Or gan Gr i l l e
i f t he or gan pi pes ar e l ocat ed pr omi nent l y on
t he chancel wal l ( so t hat t hey woul d become t he
vi sual cent er of i nt er est i f l ef t exposed) ,
wer ecom-
mend
t hat t he pi pes be scr eened f r omvi ewby
an or gan gr i l l e. The scr eeni ng mat er i al
shoul d
be
acoust i cal l y t r anspar ent . I f an el ect r oni c or gan
i s used, t he gr i l l e wi l l conceal t he speaker s
and
ot her el ect r oni c equi pment . Exposed pi pes ar e
accept abl e on si de wal l s or at t he r ear
.
Pews
I f pews ar e used, pr ovi de f or a cent er ai sl e and
t wo sect i ons of pews . Local bui l di ng codes
may
speci f y t hewi dt h of ai sl es and t he seat i ng space
per per son. We r ecommend
si de ai sl es i n al l but
t he smal l est chur ches so as t o pr ovi de di r ect ac-
cess t o
bot h ends
of
t he pews. On speci al occa-
si ons when
addi t i onal seat i ng space i s needed,
a
r owof chai r s can be pl aced i n t he si de or
cr oss ai sl es, pr ovi di ng t he l ocal
f i r e r egul at i ons
ar e not vi ol at ed.
Unl ess l ocal or di nances r equi r e
ot her wi se, al l ow
a
maxi mumof 14 per sons per pewwhen bot h
ends open out ont o an ai sl e, and
a maxi mum
of 7 per sons per pewwhen t her e i s access t o
onl y one ai sl e. For pews t o seat
up t o 8per sons
t he mi ni mumpewspaci ng i s 32 i nches backof -
pewt o backof - pew
. For pews t o seat 9, 10 or
11
per sons al l ow33 i nches and f or 12, 13 or
Pr ayer Desk
Apr ayer desk ( pr i e- di eu) pr ovi des
a pl ace f or
t he
mi ni st er t o kneel . Si nce i t i s por t abl e, i t may
be pl aced i n f r ont of t he cl er gy seat or out
i n
t he chancel
i n f r ont of t he t abl e. Her e i t i s some-
t i mes used f or t he weddi ng ser vi ce. I t shoul d not
compet e
wi t h t he mor e i mpor t ant l i t ur gi cal cen-
t er s
.
Pr edel l a
The pr edel l a i s a r ai sed
f l oor ar ea or pl at f or m
beneat h t he communi on t abl e. I t i s usual l y 6
i nches or so hi gher t han
t he r est of t he chancel
f l oor .
I t s f unct i on i s t o el evat e t he t abl e so t hat
i t can be seen by t he
ent i r e wor shi pi ng congr ega-
t i on. Many pl anner s f or get t hat vi r t ual l y ever y-
t hi ng bel ow head
hei ght ( appr oxi mat el y 48
i nches) wi l l be masked f r om
vi ew
by
t he heads
and
shoul der s of peopl e seat ed i n t he f i r st f ew
pews i n t he nave.
Ther e shoul d be a mi ni mumof 36 i nches and
pr ef er abl y 42 i nches
bet ween t he edge of t he
t abl e and t he edge of t he pr edel l o . I n l ar ger
chur ches 48 i nches i s desi r abl e.
Thi s al l ows ampl e
space f or t he of f i ci at i ng mi ni st er t o
pr esent t he
of f er i ng or
admi ni st er hol y communi on.
The st eps l eadi ng up t o t he
pr edel l a and/ or
chancel shoul d be br oad, 14t o 18 i nches i n wi dt h,
wi t h 6- i nch r i ser s .
Rer edos and Dossal
Ther er edos i s aver t i cal
scr een of wood or car ved
st one i n back of t he al t ar , usual l y
or nat e i n desi gn
and i nt ended t o
enhance t he appear ance and
f ocal i mpor t ance of t he al t ar. The
r er edos devel -
oped i n t he
Mi ddl e Ages as a successor t o t he
ci bor i umwhen t he al t ar was moved t o
t he r ear
wal l of t he chancel .
Si nce we r ecommend a f r eest andi ng commu-
ni on t abl e, not an al t ar , t he r er edos becomes a
di st r act i on
and an unnecessar y i t em
of expense.
The dossal i s a f abr i c hangi ng on t he wal l i n
back of t he al t ar
or t abl e.
Li ke t he r er edos, i t s
pur pose i s t o gi ve vi sual pr omi nence t o t he wor -
shi p cent er and i t s appoi nt ment s . I n f act , i t i s
i n f abr i c what t he r er edos i s i n car vi ng.
The mai n di sadvant age of a dossal ( besi de t he
danger of dr awi ng at t ent i on t o i t sel f ) i s t hat i t
cr eat es a l ar ge soundabsor bi ng sur f ace i n an
ar ea wher e you woul d nor mal l y want a har d sur -
f ace t o
r ef l ect
ound out i nt o t he nave. We do
not r ecommend i t s use.
FELLOWSHI P HALLUNI TS OF VARI OUS
SI ZES
AFel l owshi p Hal l and Lounge Seat i ng
Appr oxi mat el y 100 ( 70 +28)
The f l oor pl an bel ow( Fi g.
5)
i l l ust r at es howa
smal l f el l owshi p hal l maybe used as a f i r st uni t
f or acongr egat i on expect ed t o event ual l y number
300- 350 per sons.
Space
f or di ni ng
i n t hi s bui l di ng:
70

at t abl es i n t he f el l owshi p hal l
28

at
t abl es i n t he
l ounge
98 t ot al seat i ng capaci t y
Assembl y seat i ng f or wor shi p:
81

i n t he t empor ar y sanct uar y
10 i n t he choi r
_32
over f l owseat i ng i n t he l ounge
Chur ch school r oomassi gnment and
capaci t y:
Ki t chen: 5 Younger chi l dr en at 30
sq f t per per son
Lounge:
17 El ement ar y chi l dr en at
25 sq f t per per son
Fel l owshi phal l
r ear 20 Yout hs at 20 sq f t per
per son
f r ont _28_ Adul t s at 15 sq f t per
per son
up t o 70 Tot al aver age at t en-
dance
AFel l owshi p Hal l - l ounge Uni t Seat i ng
Appr oxi mat el y 200 ( 144 +48)
The f l oor pl an i n Fi g. 6 shows a
somewhat l ar ger
f el l owshi p hal l f or a congr egat i on event ual l y ex-
pect ed t o number 700- 750
per sons
.
Assembl y seat i ng f or wor shi p:
66 i n t he t empor ar y
sanct uar y
16 i n t he choi r
110 over f l owseat i ng i n t he
r ear of t he f el l owshi p hal l
66 addi t i onal seat s i n t he l ounge
Space
f or di ni ng:
144 at t abl es i n t he hal l
48 of t abl es i n
t he
l ounge
Chur ch school r oomassi gnment andcapaci t y:
Ki t chen: 15 Younger chi l dr en at 30
sq f t per per son
Lounge: 26 El ement ar y chi l dr en at
25 sq f t
per per son
Fel l owshi p hal l
r ear 36 Yout hs at 20 sq
f t
per
per son
f r ont 55 Adul t s of 15 sq f t
per
per son
upt o 132 Tot al aver age at t en-
dance
Rel i gi ous
UTI LI TY, SI MPLI CI TY, FLEXI BI LI TY AND
I NTI MACY
I n pl anni ng bui l di ngs desi gned t o meet t he needs
of pr esent and f ut ur e gener at i ons, i t i s quest i on-
abl e whet her we shoul d cont i nue t o t r eat wor shi p
as somet hi ng apar t f r omt he r est of l i f e r equi r i ng
a
speci al
pl ace
f or
t hi s sol e pur pose. Thi s ap-
pr oach pr esumes t hat al l ot her act i vi t i es ar e secu-
l ar i n nat ur e and must
t ake
pl ace el sewher e. I n
pr act i ce t hi s has l ed t o t he bui l di ng of one r oom
f or wor shi p
andot her r ooms f or educat i on,
f el l ow-
shi p, or communi t y ser vi ces.
The
ear l y
Chr i st i an chur ch appar ent l y made
no such di st i nct i on. Homes wer e used f or f or mal
r i t es as wel l as a f ul l r ange of domest i c act i vi t i es .
Achur ch bui l di ng i s essent i al l y a house t o per mi t
t he Lor d' s peopl e t o gat her f or wor shi p and wi t -
ness . The bui l di ng i t sel f i s nei t her sacr ed nor hol y.
I t i s onl y t he
r el at i onshi p bet ween peopl e
t hat
can be consi der ed i n t hese t er ms .
I n
addi t i on t o t he mor e i mpor t ant quest i on of
what act i vi t i es may t ake pl ace wi t hi n t he chur ch,
t he demand f or adequat e f aci l i t i es f or bot h new
and ol d congr egat i ons i n t he i nner ci t y as wel l
as i n subur ban and r ur al ar eas, pl aces a heavy
bur den on f unds avai l abl e f or bui l di ng. I n many
i nst ances i t woul d be bet t er t o i nvest f i nanci al
r esour ces
i n
pr ogr amand addi t i onal t r ai ned per -
sonnel r at her t han cont i nue t o bui l d si ngl e pur pose
st r uct ur es .
At a r ecent meet i ng of t he Commi ssi on on Wor -
shi p i t was suggest ed t hat chur ches be pl anned
ar ound t he f ol l owi ng axi oms :
Ut i l i t y

Achur ch shoul d be desi gned f or t he sev-
er al t ypes of wor shi p whi ch wi l l
be
used.
Si mpl i ci t y Concent r at e an t he essent i al s
and
el i mi nat e
t he super f l uous .
Fl exi bi l i t y
Achur ch shoul d be adapt abl e f or
many di f f er ent ser vi ces and occasi ons .
I nt i macy

Our bui l di ngs shoul d f ost er a sense of
oneness i n t he
doi ng of our wor k. *
The sket ches i n Fi g. 8 i l l ust r at e ways of ac-
compl i shi ng t hese means . Appar ent l y maxi mum
use can be made of a r ect angul ar r oomwi t h a
l evel f l oor . Not shown
i n
t he sket ches ar e
such
f aci l i t i es as nar t hex, sacr i st y, or gan space, choi r
r oom, ki t chen, or st or age ar eas whi ch woul d nor -
mal l y be needed. The si ze and l ocat i on of t hese
spaces woul d var y wi t h each ar chi t ect ur al sol u-
t i on. To change t he char act er or at mospher e of
t he r oom, movabl e wal l panel s, l i ght cl ot h hang-
i ngs or
ot her
devi ces mi ght be used. The f ol l owi ng
abbr evi at i ons ar e used:
T =Communi on t abl e
P =Pul pi t
L=Lect er n
F - =Bapt i smal f ont
Pr of essor J ames F . Whi t e i n paper pr epar ed f or
t he Commi ssi on on Wor shi p, Dal l as, Texas, Apr i l 11,
1967.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES, UNI TED
METHODI ST
A. Thi s
ar r angement f or maxi mum
seat i ng at t abl e i n t he Fel l owshi p
Hal l shows
192 pl aces wi t h 72
addi t i onal i n t he i ounge- or 264 t ot al .
I f t abl es
ar e pl aced per pendi cul ar t o
t he pl at f or m, t he di ner s wi l l have
maxi mumvi si bi l i t y of an
af t er - meal speaker or pr ogr am.
Tabl es f or 8
ar e shown. Per per son, t hi s i s
t he l east expensi ve si ze and t he
one
most commonl y used.
St or age: At ( a) , t abl es and chai r s f or hal l
; at ( b)
ar e t abl es and i nf or mal
f ur ni t ur e f or t he l ounge, scout s'
st or age; at ( c)
r ecr eat i onal equi pment ,
speaker ' s st and, dr ama pr ops,
et c. , f or pl at f or m
use, and mat er i al s
f or t he adul t cl assr ooms ( see ar r angement
Kf ol l ow-
i ng) .
B. Tabl es
f or 6 ar e bet t er - t hey pl ace
ever yone i n conver sat i onal
r ange. They
ar e al so l i ght er t o handl e, mor e f l exi bl e
i n usage; but t hey
ar e
sl i ght l y mor e expensi ve ( about 8
per cent ) . Wer ecommend t he smal l er
si ze,
i f possi bl e. I n t hi s ar r angement ,
t he hal l hol ds 120,
comf or t abl y
seat ed
. The l ounge i s shown
ar r anged as an assembl y and wai t i ng
space
f or
di ner s, wi t h desk f or t i cket s,
coat r ack br ought i n f r omot her
ar ea,
and
chai r s
.
The pi ano coul d f ur ni sh
di nner musi c or be used l at er
i n
l eadi ng
si ngi ng. St or age: At
( a) 24 t abl es f or 6 wi t h 120 chai r s over
;
of
( d) i s space f or choi r r obes,
r ecr eat i on equi pment , schul wer k
[ si c] or
r hyt hm- band i nst r ument s .
C.

Round t abl es ( 48- i n
di amet er ) seat 6
comf or t abl y or wi l l accommo-
dat e 8. They ar e best
f or pl aci ng di ner s i n
f ace- t o- Face cont act , and
t hey cost sl i ght l y
l ess t han t he 8- f t r ect angul ar
t abl es . At 6 per
t abl e,
t he ar r angement shown
seat s 156; at 8 per
t abl e, 208. I n t he
l ounge,
i nf or mal f ur ni t ur e
about a f i r epl ace pr ovi des
t he l i vi ng- r oomat mospher e
whi ch many chur ches
desi r e. St or age: at ( a)
t her e i s space f or 36
r ound
t abl es or car t s, 120
choi r s over , and
chur ch- school or r ecr eat i onal
mat er i -
al s i n t he ext r a
cl oset ; of ( b) , addi t i onal
t abl es, l ounge f ur ni t ur e,
et c. ;
at ( c) and ( e) ,
mat er i al s f or cl assr oom
and pl at f or muse.
Fi g. 7

Seat i ng ar r angement s f or opt i mum
use of o Fel l owshi p Hal l .
D.

Her e
t he t abl es i n t he
Fel l owshi p Hal l ar e ar r anged i n a
convent i onal
Ushape,
f or a banquet of 100- pl us
di ner s . The l ounge
ar ea i s cl ear ed
of al l
f ur ni t ur e, et c. , f or a scout
meet i ng, wi t h f l ags and
backdr op on
one si de
and st at i ons f or a r el ay
r ace of t he ends. St or age
: At ( b) a
5- f f - squar e
( ar ea] i s enough f or most
scout t r oops. Ther e I s
al so space
f or
f ur ni t ur e, et c. I f needed l at er ,
t he r i ght - hand wal l coul d
become a
st or age
ar ea ( f or choi r r obes,
i nst r ument s, speci al equi pment ,
et c . ) . Not e
t hat
bydr awi ng t he
accor di on- f ol d par t i t i ons separ at e gr oups
coul d ( at
l east t heor et i cal l y) di ne
si mul t aneousl y i n each of t he
t hr ee ar eas.
Rel i gi ous
E. I n t hi s sket ch, t he hal l i s ar r anged f or t he showi ng of a mot i on
pi ct ur e. The scr een i s a pul l - down i nst al l at i on on t he wal l behi nd t he
pl at f or m
. Ther e ar e
288 seat s f or t he vi ewer s. The l ounge i s set up f or
buf f et r ef r eshment s ( cof f ee, a l i ght meal ,
or
mor e) af t er t he
pr ogr am
i n t he hal l . The por t abl e ser vi ng uni t f r omt he ki t chen
has been wheel ed
out i nt o
t he
l ounge
f or di r ect
ser vi ce of hot f ood. Such a buf f et set up
coul d
be used wi t h or af t er danci ng,
games, or
any
meet i ng i n t he hal l ,
or f or a " cover ed di sh" meal t o be enj oyed at t he t abl es
i n t he Fel l owshi p
Hal l .
F. I n t hi s sket ch,
t he combi ned
hal l
and l ounge
i s
( si c] set up as an
MYP or Yout h Cl ub cent er or cant een. I n t he wel l - l i t hal l , mar ki ngs f or
l ar ge- scal e r ecr eat i on ( vol l ey bal l , f our - squar e, and shuf f l eboar d, et c . )
ar e shown i n t he f l oor i ng . Tabl e games l i ke ski t t l es, t abl e gol f , or Pi ng-
Pang coul d be i ncl uded. Recr eat i on equi pment i s st or ed on t he hi gh
shel f at ( a) or i n cl oset ( e) . The di ml y l i t and mor e i nt i mat e l ounge i s
sui t abl e f or smal l - gr oup shar i ng. Pul l - out par t i t i ons at ( b) make sever al
i nt i mat e boot hl i ke gr oups possi bl e. Ademount abl e, pr ef ab f i r epl ace at
( d) makes a l ar ger conver sat i on cent er . Thi s and ot her equi pment can
be st or ed at ( d) or ( b) .
H. I n t hi s scheme, t he pl at f or m has
been set agai nst an out si de wal l
t o per mi t maxi mum seat i ng i n t he
combi ned ar ea ( 350 peopl e pl us) .
Two " ent r ances" f or t he per f or mer s ar e shown.
The
ki t chen or some
ar ea of t he chur ch out si de t he Fel l owshi p Hal l wi ng coul d be used f or
" dr essi ng. " St or age f or dr ama equi pment
i s agai n shown at ( b) .
0. Her e, t he pl at f or m has been set out i nt o t he hal l f or a t heat er - i n-
t he- r ound or ot her event sui t abl e f or such a set up( st r i ng gr oup, chamber
musi c, dance, et c. ) ; 210 peopl e can be seat ed, none f ur t her t han 25 f t
f r omt he st age. The l ounge has been t empor ar i l y conver t ed i nt o " dr essi ng
r ooms" wi t h por t abl e par t i t i ons r ol l ed i n f r omt he chur ch school . Speci al
st or age f or t he dr ama wor kshop ( f l oodl i ght s on st ands, pai nt , t ool s,
pr ops, et c. ) i s shown at ( b) , openi ng i nt o t he cor r i dor .
Fi g. 7 ( Cant . )
K.

Thi s Fel l owshi p Hal l ar r angement shows t hr ee chur ch- school cl asses
i n pr ogr ess
behi nd t he dr awn accor di on- f ol d par t i t i ons. I n one, a ci r cl e
of
chai r s br i ngs t he whol e gr oup i nt o f ace- t o- f ace di scussi on. I n t he
next
cl ass, an audi ovi sual i s bei ng wat ched by smal l gr oups who wi l l
l at er f or mbuzz- gr oups f or di scussi on. The t eacher st ands besi de t he
scr een
t o ai d i n pr esent at i on. I n t he t hi r d r oom, a cl ass seat ed I n i nf or mal
r ows f aces t he t eacher , hi s or her desk- t abl e, and o map- st and
or ot her
t eachi ng ai d. For most chur ches, we r ecommend t hat t hese Fel l owshi p
Hal l ar eas be assi gned t o adul t cl asses, even t hough t hey be
over si ze
r ooms . I n f i r st - uni t hal l s, i t wi l l be necessar y t o house
t he whol e school
i n t hi s ar ea. And i n f i r st - uni t
chur ches, t he ki t chen wi l l be onl y par t l y
f ur ni shed ( as i n J ) , so t hat i t coul d
be used as a cl assr oomt oo . Cl assr oom
st or age f or t he separ at e
gr oups wi l l be at ( a) , ( d) , and ( e) .
Fi g.
7

( Cant . )
L.

I n t hi s sket ch, t he
Fel l owshi p Hal l - l ounge i s shown i n combi ned
use
as a musi c r oom. The r ear
of t he Fel l owshi p Hal l i s shown bei ng used
as over f l owseat i ng f or t he
sanct uar y acr oss t he nar t hex ; 120 over f l ow
wor shi pper s may use t hi s space, pl us
t hose who may si t i n t he nar t hex
i t sel f . I f i t i s needed, t he r est of
t he hal l may be over f l owseat i ng space
as wel l . Aver y
l ar ge choi r r ehear sal i s shown i n pr ogr ess i n t he l ounge,
whi ch has been t hr own
open t o t he hal l . Fol di ng r i ser s, usual l y
seat i ng
al l t he choi r or
i nst r ument al gr oup i n vi ewof t he di r ect or ,
nowhol d
onl y par t of
t he combi ned gr oups. The l ounge i s especi al l y good
f or
musi c use. Not onl y
can i t be made l ar ger , but i t i s near r est
r ooms
and can be
separ at el y heat ed or cool ed. At ( b) , a smal l of f i ce
f or t he
Musi c
Di r ect or i s possi bl e, wi t h f i l e cabi net s and desk. At
( c) ar e doubl e
choi r - r obe r acks, r hyt hm- bond or schul wor k [ si c]
i nst r ument s, et c.
1.

Her e, t he Fel l owshi p Hal l i s ar r anged
f or assembl y seat i ng wi t h no
cent er
ai sl e. Bet t er vi ewi ng i s possi bl e
usi ng t hi s syst em, si nce t he choi ce
cent er
sect i on i s f i l l ed, but l ocal r egul at i ons
cover i ng t hi s ar r angement
must be car ef ul l y not ed; 238 seat s
ar e possi bl e. I nci dent al l y, we do
not r ecommend t he use of pews
at any t i me i n t hi s ar ea of t he chur ch-
a11 t he i ndi cat i ons ar e
f or chai r s. The l ounge i s shown cl ear ed of
al l
f ur ni t ur e, et c. , t o ser ve
as a wai t i ng ar ea, pr epar at i on space, or dr essi ng
r oomf or t he pl at f or m
. Aset up of t hi s ki nd i s sui t abl e
f or a f ashi on
show, f or
chur ch- school " exer ci ses, " f or a r eci t al or musi cal
pr ogr am,
f or speaker ( s) , or
dr ama. Cent er - sect i on seat i ng can al so be
pr ovi ded
f or ser vi ces of
publ i c wor shi p, usi ng t he same
chancel - pl at f or mset t i ng
as
i n
J . We
r ecommend a chai r spaci ng of
18- 20
i n, and a
r owspaci ng
of 36
i n, back t o back. Fol di ng r i ser s f or choi r at
( c) .
J .

Thi s ar r angement shows t he Fel l owshi pHal l set upf or publ i c
wor shi p,
as i t woul d
when t he Hal l i s a f i r st uni t . The nor mal seat i ng of
238 i n
t he hal l
can be suppl ement ed by over f l owseat i ng f or
88 addi t i onal
wor shi pper s i n t he l ounge. I n chur ches whi ch must al so use t he
Fel l owshi p
Hal l f or
chur ch- school cl asses, t he pl at f or mend of t he
hal l coul d be
pr epar ed f or wor shi p bef or ehand, t he r ear of t he
hal l cl osed of f af t er
cl ass and set up f or chur ch whi l e t he f r ont r ows ar e
f i l l i ng . Di vi ded
seat i ng as shown i s sui t abl e i f t he r ows ar e
t oo l ong f or si ngl e- gr oup
seat i ng. A5- f t - wi de st or age ar ea i s shown
at ( d) f or gener al use i n
t he f i r st uni t . Lat er , t hi s ar ea, f i t t ed wi t h
pul l - out and t ur n- ar ound r acks
l i ke t hose used i n depar t ment st or es, coul d
be used f or choi r r obes.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES,
UNI TEDMETHODI ST
F WEDDI NG
The
wi dt h of t he cent er ai sl e has been i ncr eased f r om
5' t o 7' and t he wi dt h of t he
f r ont cr oss ai sl e i ncr eased
t o al l ow adequat e space f or t he
br i dal par t y and
past or . Apr ayer desk or pr i e- di eu i s used f or kneel i ng .
Thl s pl an seat s 98 al t hough t he capaci t y coul d be i n-
cr eased.
E COMMUNI ON
The communi on f abl e has been moved down i nt o t he
nave wi t h t he congr egat i on
gr ouped ar ound i t . The
pul pi t has been moved t o
t he cent er
of
t he chancel
pl at f or m. Communi on coul d be ser ved st andi ng or
t he por t abl e r ai l and kneel i ng st ep coul d be used
f or
kneel i ng.
G FUNERAL
The wi dt h of t he cent er ai sl e has been i ncr eased t o 7'
t o al l ow
t he pal l bear er s t o br i ng i n t he casket . The
act ual seat i ng capaci t y woul d
depend
upon
t he
need
.
The nor mal pr act i ce i s t o pl ace
t he casket as i ndi cat ed,
per pendi cul ar t o t he t abl e.
Fi g. 9.
H RECEPTI ONOF MEMBERS
Those bei ng r ecei ved i n member shi p ar e shown at t he
communi on r ai l . The same ar r angement woul d ser ve
a
conf i r mat i on ser vi ce wher e kneel i ng
i s r equi r ed.
DCOMMUNI ON
The communi cant s ar e ser ved by t he past or at a por t -
abl e communi on r ai l and kneel i ng st ep. The r ows of
chai r s i n t he nave ar e spaced
32" apar t al l owi ng 18"
per per son.
C. COMMUNI ON
Communi on i s ser ved by t he past or t o t he congr ega-
t i on
as
t hey st and ar ound t he t abl e. The cent er
ai sl e
has been
el i mi nat ed and t he r ows of chai r s pl aced 42
apar t al l owi ng 20' ' per per son.
A. FORMALWORSHI P
Al l f ur ni shi ngs ar e por t abl e wi t h t he possi bl e except i on
of t he
or gan consol e
.
The
emphasi s i s upon t he pul pi t ,
t abl e and f ont
. The
nave seat s 240 and t he choi r f r om
21 t o 24.
B. BAPTI SM
The past or and t he one bei ng bapt i zed
woul d st and on
t he l evel of t he chancel pl at f er m
so t he cer emony
coul d be seen by t he congr egat i on
.
The par ent s and
sponsor s woul d st and bef or e t he f ont on t he nave f l oor .
Rel i gi ous
Rel i gi ous
J CHOI RPROGRAM
The choi r i s gr ouped t oget her
on t he pl at f or m f aci ng
t he choi r l eader and congr egat i on
. Speci al choi r pr o .
gr ams cant at as, or at or i os, et c.
ar e popul ar i n many
par t s
of +he count r y. Ther e i s consi der abl e
f r eedom
i n t hese
pl ans i n pr ovi di ng space f or i nst r ument al i st s
near t he choi r .
I . EVANGELI STI CMEETI NG
The congr egat i on has been gr ouped t oget her i n f r ont
of t he pul pi t , whi ch has been
pl aced i n t he cent er of
t he chancel . The choi r i s gr ouped i n back of t he
pul pi t . The communi on t abl e and r ai l ar e f or war d of
t he pul pi t .
K. CONCERT
Ampl e space i s avai l abl e i n t hi s ar r angement f or l ar ge
musi cal i nst r ument s and a pi ano on t he pl at f or m.
L.
DRAMA
The chancel pl at f or mser ves as a st age f or dr ama, i n-
t er pr et at i ve danci ng, chur ch school pageant s, et c . I n
t hi s i l l ust r at i on,
+he or gan consol e i s scr eened f r om
vi ew.
MDRAMA
The act i ng ar ea i s i n t he cent er of t he nave and t he
chancel i s used f or seat i ng. Thi s i s si mi l ar t o t heat r e-
i n- t he- r ound
pr oduct i ons .
N. GROUP
SI NGI NG
For communi t y or gr oups
si ngi ng t he congr egat i on i s
gr ouped ar ound t he pi ano and
t he song l eader .
OAUDI O- VI SUAL
The scr een i s l ocat ed on +he
pl at f or mso t hat t he ma-
j or i t y of t he audi ence woul d be wi t hi n
t he r ecom-
mended 60 vi ewi ng angl e. Beyond
t hi s angl e t he
pi ct ur e becomes di st or t ed.
Fi g. 8 ( Coat . )
P MEETI NGS
I n t hi s i l l ust r at i on t wo t abl es have been pl aced
i n t he
cent er of t he pl at f or mwi t h t he l eader s seat ed
behi nd
t he t abl es . Thi s coul d be used f or debat es, l ect ur es or
chur ch or communi t y meet i ngs.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES. UNI TEDMETHODI ST
0 CHURCHSCHOOL
Thr ee
cl asses
f or yout h
or
adul t s ar e shown i n di f f er ent
par t s of t he r oom
.
We ar e
assumi ng t hat separ at e
cl asses woul d be pr ovi ded f or
chi l dr en.
R STUDYHALL
The 40' x 65'
r oomcoul d al so be used af t er school
hour s as a s+udy hal l . Separ at e t abl es ar e shown f or
each t wo t o f our st udent s, as wel l as t abl es f or t hose
i n char ge.
X. MI NI MUMSEATI NG
The use of chai r s al l ows t he chur ch t o set up seat s f or
t he ant i ci pat ed at t endance. For each of t hese ar -
r angement s t he r oomwoul d appear t o be f ul l . ( 12
r ows of chai r s, 24" per per son, 36" per r ow, seat s 144) .
W. GROUP ACTI VI TI ES
I f al l t he f ur ni t ur e i n t he r ooms wer e movabl e, t he en-
t i r e ar ea coul d be cl ear ed f or gr oup act i vi t i es
.
Thi s
woul d r equi r e ampl e near by st or age space f or
al l
f ur ni t ur e.
Fi g. 8 ( Cant . )
V DI SPLAYS
The r oomi s ar r an~ed f or such di spl ays as pai nt i ngs,
scul pt ur e, book exr l l bl t s, school s of mi ssi on di spl ays,
chur ch school exhi bi t s or any ot her t ype of exhi bi t i on
whi ch r equi r es space f or l ar ge number s of peopl e end
ampl e vi ewi ng ar eas . The ar r angement
i s pl anned t o
encour age t he
f l owof t r af f i c t hr ough t he exhi bi t i ons .
U DI NI NG
Round t abl es encour age a gr eat er sense of f el l owshi P
si nce al l per sons ar e wi t hi n conver sat i on r ange of each
ot her . Thi s ar r angement ar ound 48" di amet er t abl es
seat s 138 at 6 per sons per t abl e, or 184 at 8 per sons
per t abl e.
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHES,
UNI TEDMETHODI ST
Z. MAXI MUMSEATI NG
For t hose occasi ons r equi r i ng maxi mumseat i ng t he
chai r s ar e pl aced cl oser t oget her . Thi s wi l l st i l l al l ow
ampl e seat i ng space f or most i ndi vi dual s . 115 r ows of
chai r s, I B" per per son, 32" per r ow, seat s 300) .
Y. AVERAGE SEATI NG
By r educi ng t he spaci ng bet ween chai r s and bet ween
r ows and by r educi ng t he wi dt h of ai sl es, t he r oom
woul d seat 234 per sons . 113 r ows of chai r s, 20" per
per son, 33 per r ow, seat s 234 .
Fi g
. 8
( Cont . )
GENERAL
Or gani zedJ udai smandt he
synagoguear e f ound
i n near l y al l of t he
ci vi l i zed ar eas of t he wor l d
except east er n Asi a. J ewi sh
cul t ur e, t hr ough
t he ages, has not devel oped
an i ndi genous
ar chi t ect ur al st yl e or expr essi on pr i mar i l y
be-
cause J ews have been f r equent l y deni ed soci al ,
econor ni c, and educat i onal
oppor t uni t i es, i . e. ,
t he owni ng of pr oper t y and
t he est abl i shi ng
of per manent r out s. Templ e and synagogue
de-
si gner s have, f or t he most
par t , emul at ed r e-
gi onal ar chi t ect ur e . Cur r ent
congr egat i ons
t end t o wel come t he best i n cont empor ar y
ar chi t ect ur al desi gn and ar t wor k. The ar chi t ect
under t aki ng a t empl e or synagogue
cor nr ni s-
si on shoul d become f ami l i ar wi t h J ewi sh
cust oms, t r adi t i ons,
ar t f or ms, and t he magni f -
i cent l i t er ar y expr essi on of
t he r el i gi on.
Rel i gi ous J udai smi n t he Uni t ed St at es t oday
consi st s of t he Or t hodox, Conser vat i ve,
and
Ref or m movement s. Each gr oup has r eadi l y
di st i ngui shed cer emoni al
pr act i ces
ar i d
a di -
ver gent appr oach t o
pr ogr amonng. Fur t her -
mor e, wi t hi n each of t he t hr ee mai n
di vi si ons
t her e exi st consi der abl e var i at i ons of
vi ew-
poi nt s and
pr act i ces. Hence, t he ar chi t ect wi l l
f i nd i t mandat or y
t o col l abor at e cl osel y wi t h
t he i ndi vi dual
synagogue bui l di ng, r el i gi on,
and
educat i on commi t t ees .
I n t he Uni t ed
St at es, t he t er ms t empl e and
synagogue ar e used i nt er changeabl y.
Thi s t ext
wi l l use
t he gener i c t er mi nol ogy t he syna-
gogue.
SI t e
I f possi bl e, t he ar chi t ect shoul d advi se on
t he
sel ect i on of a si t e. Most
communi t y zoni ng and
bui l di ng j ur i sdi ct i on wi l l per mi t r el i gi ous st r uc-
t ur es wi t hi n any of t hei r zoned ar eas .
A
si t e
l ocat i on on a secondar y st r eet at
t he
appr oxi -
mat e cent er of t he congr egat i on nei ghbor hood
i s desi r abl e. An opt i mum of f - st r eet par ki ng
r at i o of one car per
congr egat i on f ami l y i s de-
si r abl e but sel domachi eved. I t shoul d be not ed
t hat Or t hodox congr egat i ons pr ohi bi t t he use
of aut os or publ i c
on
t he Sab-
bat h and hence must be
pl aced i n
cl ose
pr ox-
i mi t y t o member shi p.
Mat er i al s
Si nce
f unds ar e usual l y l i mi t ed, t he maj or i t y
of synagogues
ar e desi gned f or conser vat i ve
i ni t i al cost .
Const r uct i on mat er i al s and me-
chani cal
equi pment shoul d be speci f i ed f or
consi der at i ons of
per manence, dur abi l i t y, and
l owcost of mai nt enance
. The sel ect i on of bet -
t er mat er i al s and
equi pment may i ncr ease
i ni t i al cost but can r esul t
i n consi der abl e l onq-
t er mmai nt enance economi es
.
Mast er Pl an
Bot h budget l i mi t at i ons and ant i ci pat ed con-
gr egat i on gr owt h nor mal l y r equi r e a st aged
pr ogr am
and mul t i pl e use of f aci l i t i es . An
" ul t i mat e gr owt h" mast er pl an shoul d be de-
si gned
so t hat t he i ni t i al and l at er st ages
of
const r uct i on
can be r eadi l y expanded
and
i nt egr at ed i nt o t he, mast er pl an ( f i nal ) concept
.
By KEI THI . HI BNER, AI A
Consul t ant : MYRONE. SCHOEN, FTA, Di r ect or , Commi ssi on on Synagogue
Admi ni st r at i on, Uni on of Amer i can Hebr ewCongr egat i ons, and Cent r al Conf er ence
of Amer i can Rabbi s
Rel i gi ous
TEMPLES
AND
SYNAGOGUES
SPACE
CRI TERI A
El ement s shown i n
Fi gs
.
1 and 2 ar e t hose
most commonl y pr ogr ammed i n
t empl e and
synagogue bui l di ngs.
Wor shi p Ar eas
Sanct uar y.
The sanct uar y wi l l t r adi t i onal l y,
i f si t e use per mi t s, or i ent wi t h t he bi mah pl at -
f or mt o t he east
. The bi mah pl at f or m hei ght
wi l l
var y f r om24t o 36 i n. Cent er st eps ( 6- i n.
r i se, 12- i n. t r ead)
ar e nor mal l y used. The f ocal
poi nt of t he sanct uar y i s
t he ar k, whi ch i s l o-
cat ed on
t he r ear wal l ar ea of t he bi mah. The
ar k cabi net houses t he
congr egat i on' s Tor ah-
or Scr ol l s t he wr i t t en doct r i ne of
t he di vi ne
r ul e
f or J ewi sh r el i gi ous l i f e. The ar k pl at f or m
i s oneor t wo st eps
abovet he bi r nah f l oor l evel .
Suspended i n f r ont of and
above t he ar k i s t he
et er nal l i ght ,
whi ch t r adi t i onal l y r emai ns con-
st ant l y
l i ght ed
.
Locat ed on t he bi mah pl at f or m
ar e
r eadi ng l ect er ns f or t he r abbi and cant or ,
occasi onal l y st andi ng ar t wor k, and chai r s f or
t he synagogue
of f i cer s and t r ust ees . Not e t hat
al l Or t hodox
congr egat i ons and some Con-
ser vat i ve congr egat i ons separ at e t he bi r nah
ar ea and t he cant or ' s st at i on f r om t he pul pi t
ar ea and ar k . The speci f i c r equi r ement s and
physi cal f aci l i t i es of t he r el i gi ous ar eas must
be t hor oughl y pr ogr ammed i n t he ear l y desi gn
st age. The ar chi t ect shoul d seek advi ce f r om
t he r abbi and t he congr egat i on' s r el i gi ous
commi t t ee.
Rel i gi ous
TEMPLES
ANDSYNAGOGUES
LEGEND
MP

MULTI - PURPOSE
RM
SH

SOCI AL HALL
CH CHAPEL

ST STAGE
B

BEMA

DR DRESSI NG RM
LI B LI BRARY

KI T KI TCHEN
T

TOI LET

DT

DI NI NG TERRACE
A

ADMI NI STRATI ON

MR

MEN' S ROBI NG
R

RABBI ' S STUDY

Wi t

WOMEN' S ROBI NG
CR

CLASS ROOM

RR

RABBI ' S ROBI NG
PA

PLAY AREA

CON CONFERENCE RM
PR

PRI MARY CLASS RM
MI M
MI MEOGRAPH RM
K

KI NDERGARTEN

BR

BRI DES RM
MT MEN' S TOI LET

ME MECHANI CAL
RM
C

COAT RM

MCL MEN' S CLUB
WT

WOMEN' S TOI LET

WCL
WOMEN' S CLUB
L LOBBY

OF OFFI CE
P PANTRY

S
STORAGE
LOWER LEVEL
Fi g.
2

Pl an f ar a r ef or mt empl e. ( Kei t h I . Hi bner , Ar chi t ect j
conceal ed f r om di r ect congr egat i on vi ew.
Movabl e scr een par t i t i ons ar e ut i l i zed occa-
si onal l y, so t hat t he choi r i s vi si bl e f or var i ous
f unct i ons such as weddi ngs . The choi r mem-
ber s and t he or gani st must have a di r ect and
easy vi ewof t he cant or and r abbi . Men' s and
women' s r obi ng r ooms shoul d have
di r ect hi d-
den access t o t he choi r seat i ng ar ea or l of t .
Mi nyan Chapel
Such chapel s
ar e used
f or
smal l
gr oups- 10
t o 25 mal e congr egant s- f or dai l y
r el i gi ous
obser vance. Fr equent l y
a
mul t i pur -
pose ar ea wi l l suf f i ce f or mi nyan ser vi ces
wher e
budget does not per mi t separ at e f aci l -
i t i es
.
Educat i on
The Hebr ew
school
nor mal l y
f unct i ons i n
t he
l at e af t er noon, af t er t he publ i c school sessi ons .
Cl asses ar e i deal l y l i mi t ed
t o
f r om15
t o
a maxi -
mumof 20 st udent s . Nor mal publ i c school
desk
and seat i ng
dat a appl y t o cl assr oomsi ze.
Ampl e st or age and di spl ay ar eas ar e r equi r ed.
Cl assr ooms can al so doubl e as meet i ng r ooms
f or adul t game/ cr af t cl ubs end educat i on i n t he
eveni ngs . At een- age or secondar y
soci al ar ea
i s desi r abl e endshoul d i ncl ude a smal l ki t chen-
et t e
f aci l i t y.
Out door super vi sed semi nar and
pl ay ar eas ar e desi r abl e.
Soci al Ar eas
Mul t i pur pose Al so
Such
a r oom i s desi r abl e
when
budget and
space
per mi t . The ar ea i s l o-
cat ed bet ween t he sanct uar y and a soci al hal l
and wi l l
open by
means of movabl e
door s t o
oneor bot h
adj oi ni ng
r ooms
. The
mul t i pur pose
r oomser ves f or over f l owsanct uar y seat i ng
or
f or
l ar ger soci al
f unct i ons
.
Al so, of
cour se, t he
ar ea i s f r equent l y
used as a smal l er
soci al
meet i ng r oom. The mul t i pur pose ar ea act s as
an ef f ect i ve sound bar r i er bet ween t he chapel
endsoci al hal l . Asmal l ki t chen uni t f or ser vi ng
cof f ee and snacks i s
of t en
i ncor por at ed.
Soci al Hal l
Thi s ar ea i s used f or l ar ger soci al
f unct i ons, i . e. , di ni ng, danci ng, Bar Mi t zvahs
end weddi ng
par t i es, l i t t l e t heat er pr oduct i ons,
and t empor ar y seat i ng f or Hi gh Hol y Day r e-
l i gi ous ser vi ces . St or age space f or f ol di ng
chai r s end di ni ng t abl es i s nor mal l y pr ovi ded
under a st age
.
The
st age shoul d have a mi ni mumar ea and
f aci l i t i es f or amat eur t heat r i cal pr oduct i ons.
Ami ni mumdept h of st age i s 18 f t . Apr osce-
ni umwi dt h of 24 f t i s sat i sf act or y. Mi ni mum
wi ng space i s 10 t o 12 f t . Over head f aci l i t i es
f or st age dr op and l i ght s shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Smel l dr essi ng r ooms and t oi l et s f or menand
womenshoul d be l ocat ed backst age. Thest age
ar ea pl at f or mi s used al so f or Hi gh Hol y Day
seat i ng.
Ki t chen

Requi r ement s f or t he ki t chen f aci l i t i es
ver y gr eat l y i n i ndi vi dual synagogues . Smal l er
congr egat i ons wi l l pr ogr ammi ni mumcooki ng-
ser vi ng ar eas f or use wi t h of f - pr emi ses cat er -
i ng
est abl i shment s . Lar ger congr egat i ons wi l l
r equi r e a l ar ge sel f - cont ai ned f ood pr epar at i on
cent er . The Or t hodox and Conser vat i ve syna-
gogues mandat e kosher ki t chen f aci l i t i es wi t h
absol ut e separ at i on bet ween meat and dai r y
f ood f unct i ons.
I t shoul d be not ed t hat many l ar ge syna-
gogues wi l l r ent t hei r ki t chen end soci al hal l
f aci l i t i es t o an out si de pr of essi onal cat er er ,
who wi l l , i n t ur n, oper at e t he pr emi ses and
suppl y f ood f or soci al af f ai r s sponsor ed byt he
synagogue as wel l as out si de gr oups . Thi s
ar r angement pr ovi des an i ncome t o t he t empl e
Rel i gi ous
TEMPLES AND
SYNAGOGUES
and assur es pr of essi onal , r eadi l y avai l abl e
ser vi ce.
Admi ni st r at i on Ar eas
Admi ni st r at i on Of f i ce An admi ni st r at i on of f i ce
( 150 t o 170 aq f t ) shoul d have vi sual cont r ol
over t he mai n publ i c ent r y. Desk andf i l e space
i s r equi r ed f or one or t wo secr et ar i es. The
r abbi ' s st udy i s nor mal l y cont i guous .
Gener al Of f i ce Af ur t her gener al of f i ce ( 175 t o
200 sq f t ) i s desi r abl e. I t i ncl udes t he school
admi ni st r at i ve ar ea, desks andcount er f or mai l -
i ng and gener al f i l i ng, and st or age f aci l i t i es . A
separ at e but adj acent soundpr oof r oomi s
de-
si r abl e f or mi meogr aphi ng, mai l i ng,
et c. The
school admi ni st r at i ve
por t i on of t hi s gener al
of f i ce shoul d be so l ocat ed as t o have vi sual
cont r ol of t he cl assr oomf aci l i t i es ar ea.
Rabbi ' s St udy

Ar oomshoul d be pr ovi ded ( 175
t o
200
sq f t ) f or
l ounge
and seat i ng
space f or
smal l i nf or mal
meet i ngs, r abbi ' s desk or wor k
t abl e, and adequat e shel f
and
st or age
f aci l i t i es .
The
r abbi ' s st udy shoul d have nonpubl i c
access t o a r obi ng r oomand pr i vat e t oi l et . I t
i s most
desi r abl e
t hat
t he
r abbi be abl e t o r obe
end ent er di r ect l y t o t he r ear or si de of t he
bi mah pl at f or mi n t he sanct uar y wi t hout wal k-
i ng t hr ough t he sanct uar y' s publ i c seat i ng
ai sl es .
Li br ar y Ar oom ( 220 t o 250 sq f t ) f or t he
housi ng of r el i gi ous books i s r equi r ed i n many
pr ogr ams . The l i br ar y i s f r equent l y used f or
synagogue execut i ve boar d meet i ngs . Fur ni sh-
i ngs nor mal l y i ncl ude a t abl e seat i ng 12 t o 16
and i nf or mal l ounge f aci l i t i es . The l i br ar y
shoul d have access f r om t he r abbi ' s st udy
and t he publ i c l obby.
Men' s Cl ub and Women' s ( Si st er hood) Cl ub Of f i ces
When r equi r ed, pr ovi de ( 120 t o 150aq f t ) r oom
wi t h desk and f i l e apace and seat i ng f or cl ub
of f i cer meet i ngs .
Mi scel l aneous Ar eas
Br i de' s
Room

Thi s ar ea ( 120 t o 150 sq f t ) i s used
f or secl usi on and f i nal dr essi ng of a br i de
pr i or t o a weddi ng. Apr i vat e t oi l et shoul d be
pr ovi ded. I t i s desi r abl e t o l ocal e t he br i de' s
r oomadj acent t o a mul t i pur pose r oomwher e
t he br i de may r ecei ve wel l - wi sher s .
Publ i c
Toi l et s
I n a modest budget pr ogr am,
one set of t oi l et f aci l i t i es can r easonabl y
ser -
vi ce t he
school as wel l as
t he
sanct uar y and
soci al ar eas and hence shoul d be easi l y acces-
si bl e t o bot h. Thi s i s possi bl e because educa-
t i onal , r el i gi ous, and soci al f unct i ons do not
nor mal l y occur si mul t aneousl y. I f budget per -
mi t s, t wo separ at e t oi l et f aci l i t i es shoul d
be
pr ogr ammed.
Coat Room

Spaces f or
coat
hangi ng and
shel v-
i ng shoul d
be pr ovi ded ( 100 t o 150 sl f l of
f l oor ar ea i s adequat e) .
Publ i c Spaces Lobbi es, cor r i dor s, and ci r cul a.
t i on shoul d be desi gned f or di r ect ,
easy move-
ment
.
Lar ge l ounge and congr egat i ng ar eas
ar e r equi r ed f or soci al f unct i ons as wel l as
r el i gi ous r ecesses . Wher e possi bl e, out door
cour t yar ds, t er r aces, and at r i ums ar e most
desi r abl e.
St or age Ar eas
Ampl e
st or age space shoul d be
pr ovi ded wi t hi n t he ar ea of t he separ at e syna-
gogue f unct i ons ( educat i on, soci al , r el i gi ous,
ki t chen, et c. ) . Pr ovi de st or age ar ea f or t he out -
door
f unct i ons ( deck chai r s, l awnmower s,
l andscapi ng t ool s, et c. ) .
Mechani cal Equi pment Ar eas

The l ocat i on and si ze
of r ooms
havi ng ut i l i t y
ser vi ces, heat i ng, and
ai r - condi t i oni ng equi pment wi l l be det er mi ned
f r omcr i t er i a suppl i ed by t he mechani cal engi -
neer i ng consul t ant .
Ext er i or as
wel l as i nt er i or
access t o t hese ar eas i s desi r abl e.
ADDI TI ONAL DESI GNCONSI DERATI ONS
Landscapi ng
Al andscape ar chi t ect shoul d be r et ai ned as a
member of t he pl anni ng t eam. Har dy, easi l y
mai nt ai ned shr ubs and pl ant i ngs shoul d be
speci f i ed. Ser vi ce ar eas shoul d be scr eened.
Car e shoul d be t akent o i ncor por at e l andscaped
ar eas f or congr egat i on use i n t he out door
cel ebr at i on of t he f est i val hol i days, i . e. , f east s
of Shabuot h and Sukkot h.
Aest het i cs- Ar t Wor k
Ni nat eet h- cent ur y
Amer i can synagogues wer e
pr edomi nant l y r out i ne copi es of chur ches .
The meani ngl ess
si x- poi nt ed st ar
( Mogen
Davi d) was t he di st i nct i ve ( t ypi cal ) f or mof ar t
decor at i on. Today, however , ar chi t ect s and
ar t i st s ar e maki ng si gni f i cant cont r i but i ons t o
J ewi sh cul t ur e by i ncor por at i ng J ewi sh r e-
l i gi ous symbol i smi n st r uct ur e and or nament .
I deal l y, t her el i gi ous ar t i st wi l l wor k under t he
di r ect i on of , and col l abor at e cl osel y wi t h, t he
ar chi t ect . The ar t i st shoul d be r et ai ned i n t he
pr el i mi nar y pl anni ng st ages . The ar t pr ogr am
wi l l i ncl ude such i t ems as decor at i ve ar kdoor s,
t he desi gn of t he et er nal l i ght , st ai ned gl ass
wi ndows, ext er i or and i nt er i or l et t er i ng and
scul pt ur e, woodcar vi ngs, weavi ngs, l ect er ns,
choi r scr eens, pai nt i ngs, mosai cs, et c. Whi l e
J ewi sh t r adi t i on st i l l l eans st r ongl y
t o
t he
omi ssi on of t he human f ace or f or m i n t he
sanct uar y and st r i ct l y pr ohi bi t s t he depi ct i on
of t he Dei t y i n any f or m
what soever ,
t her e
has
been a deci ded r et ur n
t o
t he human
and ani mal
f or m i n ar t wor k i n
cont empor ar y bui l di ngs.
Mechani cal
Desi gn
Themast er pl an cr i t er i a
of st aged const r uct i on
wi l l necessi t at e car ef ul
consi der at i on by t he
mechani cal
engi neer i ng consul t ant s; i . e. , el ec-
t r i cal ser vi ce
or heat i ng and ai r - condi t i oni ng
pl ant s may
be over si zedt o accommodat ef ut ur e
r equi r ement s . Economi cal heat i ng, vent i l at i ng,
and
ai r - condi t i oni ng desi gn wi l l ut i l i ze mul t i -
zone oper at i on consi st ent wi t h t i mest agger ed
synagogue
f aci l i t y use. Acheckl i st pr epar ed
by
t he
ar chi t ect wi l l i ncl ude det ai l ed desi gn
cr i t er i a f or
mul t i pl e mechani cal bui l di ng f aci l -
i t i es
. These wi l l i ncl ude ext er i or , i nt er i or , and
st age l i ght i ng r equi r ement s ; acoust i c consi d-
er at i ons ;
f i r e
al ar m syst ems; i nt er com and
publ i c addr ess sound syst ems ; ki t chen desi gn;
pi pe or gan i nst al l at i on ; f i r e hydr ant s ; I n.
gr ound spr i nkl i ng
syst em; desi gn of t oi l et
f aci l i t i es
and ext er i or r amps f or t he handi .
capped ; si t e and bui l di ng dr ai nage, et c.
I nf or mat i on Sour ces
The most knowl edgeabl e and compr ehensi ve
sour ce f or synagogue desi gn i nf or mat i on i n
t he Uni t ed St at es t oday
i s
t he
Commi ssi on on
Synagogue Admi ni st r at i on
of
t he Uni on
of
Amer i can Hebr ew
Congr egat i ons, 838 Fi f t h
Avenue, NowYor k, N
. Y
.
10021.
A
l i st of t hei r
books end publ i cat i ons
i s avai l abl e on wr i t t en
r equest .
By RI CHARDM. BENNETT, FAI A
THE SOCI AL CENTER
The t hr ee pr i nci pal f unct i ons of t he synagogue
ar e t o pr ovi de a pl ace f or wor shi p, a pl ace f or
educat i on, and a pl ace f or t he J ewi sh cor n-
muni t y t o car r y on some of i t s soci al act i vi t i es .
The l at t er f unct i on- t he communi t y f unct i on-
i s what makes t he synagogue such an unusual
r el i gi ous
bui l di ng.
I t i s f ai r t o
say t hat t he ext ent t o whi ch a
moder n synagogue f ul f i l l s t hat communi t y
f unct i on
wi l l det er mi ne whet her t he congr ega-
t i on t hi nks
of i t s bui l di ng as a symbol of a l i v-
i ng r el i gi on or
whet her t he bui l di ng and t he
act i vi t i es
wi t hi n i t wi l l seemdi vor ced f r omt he
r eal i t i es of ever yday
l i f e
.
The communi t yor
soci al f unct i ons of a syna-
gogue have al ways const i t ut ed
one of i t s mai n
pur poses . Cer t ai nl y, t he out er
cour t yar ds of
Sol omon' s
Templ e ser ved a vi si t i ng and meet -
i ng- i n- f el l owshi p need
. Ther e, t oo, one f ound
chamber s f or t he pr epar at i on
of f ood, and spe-
ci al r ooms
f or t hose wi t h speci al i nt er est s.
Hi st or y al so shows us
t hat subsequent syna-
gogues wer e t r ue communi t y
cent er s i n t hat
t hey wer e bui l t ar ound
a congr egat i on and i t s
needs r at her t han cent er ed upon
a r oyal pr i est -
hood. Even beyond ar eas f or t he
i mmedi at e
use of i t s member s,
t he synagogue had r ooms
f or t he r ecept i on of
t r avel er s who pai d f or
such hospi t al i t y many t i mes over
wi t h t hei r
t al es of f or ei gn pl aces and news of
t he out er
wor l d.
So t he i mpor t ance of t he synagogue as a
communi t ycent er i s not a r ecent
devel opment .
Onl y i t s ways of ser vi ng t he communi t y ar e
modi f i ed- t he pur poses r emai n unchanged.
The basi c need i s f or apl ace f or f r i endl y, soci al
i nt er cour se; a pl acet o di scuss common day- t o-
day pr obl ems i n t he out er wor l d; a pl ace f or
heal t hy common act i vi t i es, f or t he young f ol ks
t o
meet and t o pr epar e t o assume t hei r pl aces
i n t he communi t y; apl acet o enj oy t he company
of t hose wi t h t he same i nt er est s; and, f i nal l y,
a
pl ace i n whi ch, f r omt i me t o t i me, one mi ght
be
st i mul at ed by consi der at i ons beyond t he
i mmedi at e hor i zon.
Today, t hesef undament al needs ar e r ef l ect ed
i n t he i ncr easi ng compl exi t y of synagogue
pl ans. Spaci ous cor r i dor s, f oyer s, and l obbi es
have t aken
t he pl ace of t he anci ent open cour t -
yar ds.
Ther e ar e cl ub r ooms f or men, women,
and chi l dr en. Ther e ar e ki t chens f or t he pr ep-
ar at i on of f ood and l ar ge spaces f or di nner s
and supper s. Ther e ar e ar eas f or dances, pl ays,
l ect ur es, concer t o, and exhi bi t i ons.
Ther e ar e
cl assr ooms f or adul t educat i on as
wel l
as
cr af t
and hobby r ooms. Andt her e ar e of f i ces wher e
t he or gani zat i on and di r ect i on of t hese act i vi -
t i es can be
gui ded and publ i ci zed t o ensur e
t hei r
success
.
Nat ur al l y, t her e i s at r emendous r ange i n t he
si ze and ext ent of t he f aci l i t i es pr ovi ded de-
pendi ng upon t he si ze and means of each con-
gr egat i on. Fewsynagogues have a separ at e
apace f or
ever y f unct i on, and t he mul t i - use of
space i s t he r ul e
r at her t han t he except i on.
Cor r i dor s and Vest i bul es
The most
el ement ar y soci al f unct i on i s t he
meet i ng, gr eet i ng, andvi si t i ng wi t h t al l owcon-
gr egant s bef or e and af t er r el i gi ous ser vi ces .
Thi s r equi r es gener ousl y si zed cor r i dor s,
ai sl es, l obbi es, f oyer , and vest i bul es . I f t hese
el ement s ar e gener ous i n si ze, t hey per mi t
f r i ends t o pause and
t al k wi t hout obst r uct i ng
t he f l owof t r af f i c. For t he same r eason t her e
shoul d be wi de
wal ks out si de t he bui l di ng, and
a l ar ge paved ar ea or
cour t yar d t hat i nvi t es
" st oppi ng t o chat " wi t hout bl ocki ng si dewal ks .
Af ewf eet added t o a
cor r i dor makes i t usef ul
al so as an exhi bi t i on
space and does much t o
enhancet he
di gni t y and ser eni t y of a st r uct ur e.
The Soci al Hal l
The soci al
hal l
i s pr obabl y
t he most i mpor t ant
communi t y f aci l i t y
. Wi t h
a
ki t chen i t becomes
a banquet hal l ;
addi ng a st age makes i t a
t heat er or l ect ur e hal l
; r emovi ng chai r s and
t abl es makes i t a dance hal l or
game r oom;
bymeans of f ol di ng door s i t can become
over -
f l ow space t o be mer ged wi t h an
adj oi ni ng
sanct uar y f or Hi gh Hol y Day
ser vi ces .
I n
det er mi ni ng i t s si ze one can est i mat e i t s
capaci t y by al l owi ng about
7
sq
f t per per son
f or seat i ng on f ol di ng chai r s
i n
r ows
and about
12 sq f t per per son
f or seat i ng peopl e at l ong
t abl es . Mai n ai sl es f r omt he ki t chen
t o di ni ng
t abl es shoul d be at l east 5 f t wi de
and ot her
spaces bet ween t abl es can be 3
f t wi de. Such
appr oxi mat e st andar ds ar e usef ul onl y f or pr e-
l i mi nar y pl anni ng, si nce each r oombecomes
an i ndi vi dual pr obl emwhi ch must t ake i nt o
account t he posi t i on of ent r ance door s, t he
ki t chen access, st age pl at f or m, exi t s, and so
on. Car ef ul at t ent i on t o seat i ng
ar r angement s
i s most
i mpor t ant i n achi evi ng qui ck, smoot h,
and ef f i ci ent ser vi ce of meal s.
The hei ght of t he soci al hal l i s an ar chi -
t ect ur al
consi der at i on. I f t he r oomi s t o be used
f or games,
such as basket bal l , t hat may det er -
mi ne i t s hei ght ; i f i t i s t o open
i nt o t he mai n
sanct uar y t hr ough f ol di ng door s,
t he mer ger
of t hese t wo spaces may be a
deci di ng f act or .
Somet i mes t her e wi l l be a pr oj ect i on r oom
f or movi es ; but t he wi de avai l abi l i t y of 16 mm
f i l m, whi ch i s f i r epr oof and does
not r equi r e
a pr of essi onal oper at or ,
makes such an el abo-
r at e i nst al l at i on l ess necessar y
. I f , however ,
a pr oj ect i on boot h i s desi r ed,
i t shoul d be l ar ge
enough t o make possi bl e t he use of
col or and
spot l i ght i ng of t he st age. Phone
and buzzer
connect i on t o t he st age manager
i s t hen essen-
t i al . Even i f i t i s pl anned f or t he use
of 16 mm
pr oj ect or s or sl i des al one, a si gnal
syst emand
condui t connect i ons
f or sound shoul d be pr o.
vi ded.
Pl ays and movi es make l i ght
cont r ol of wi n-
dows a ser i ous pr obl em.
Wi ndows mi ght be
el i mi nat ed ent i r el y t o escape
t hi s pr obl em,
but af r equent obj ect i on t o t hat
i s t hat t he same
space i s used f or many
di f f er ent pur poses and
shoul d t her ef or e be
capabl e of r ef l ect i ng a
number of di f f er ent moods.
The answer i s t hat
t hi s can be accompl i shed
ef f ect i vel y by sever al
ar t i f i ci al l i ght i ng schemes
. For exampl e, one
coul d have a down- l i ght
onl y f r omt he cei l i ng
f or dances and l ect ur es ;
l i ght " washed" by
wal l br acket s over cei l i ng
and wal l s ( and no
ot her l i ght s) f or di ni ng; and
al l t he l i ght f i xt ur es
t ur ned on f or games.
Many congr egat i ons do
not al l owt hei r soci al hal l t o be used
f or games
t hat ar e l i abl e t o gi ve t he r oomt oo much wear
and t ear . I f t he r oomi s used f or games at al l ,
any wi ndows wi l l have t o be speci al t y guar d-
ed agai nst br eakage
;
and i f l ar ge wi ndows
ar e used, car e must be t aken t o have t hem
scr eened on t he out si de by pl ant i ng ( or have
t heml ook out on an
encl osed ar ea) t o ensur e
pr i vacy f r omanyone passi ng by.
So t hat , by
and l ar ge, a good case can be made f or a wi n-
dowl ess soci al hal l .
Her e ar e some
speci f i c det ai l s t hat must be
wat ched i n pl anni ng t he soci al hal l :
- As
i n al l publ i c bui l di ngs, dur abi l i t y i s a
pr i me consi der at i on
i n t he choi ce of bui l di ng
mat er i al s.
Byusi ng nat ur al mat er i al s on whi ch
any scr at ches wi l l uncover
t he same col or ( and
mor e or l ess t he same t ext ur e) as
t he or i gi nal
sur f ace,
one can make sur e t hat a r oom wi l l
l ast l onger and l ook bet t er
f or a l onger per i od
of t i me t han i f one had used
synt het i c sur f ace
mat er i al s and unpr ot ect ed
pl ast er and pai nt .
- I n a r oomt hat i s t o ser ve so
many f unc-
t i ons a r at her neut r al
col or scheme wi l l make
decor at i on f or speci f i c
occasi ons a good deal
easi er and mor e ef f ect i ve t han a
st r ong i ni t i al
decor at i ng scheme.
. Ther e shoul d most cer t ai nl y be some
acoust i c t r eat ment
t o qui et t he r oom, and t he
desi gner shoul d i nvest i gat e
t he acoust i c pr op-
er t i es of
t he r oomf or i t s use as an audi t or i um.
. I f t he r oomhas a l ar ge
seat i ng capaci t y,
ar t i f i ci al vent i l at i on i s needed
dur i ng some of
t he event s t hat may l ake pl ace
i n i t .
" Gener al l y speaki ng, a har dwood
f l oor i s
r ecommended f or a soci al hal l .
" Among t he dr awbacks of
mul t i pur pose
r ooms- whi ch must have l evel
f l oor s- ar e
l ess comf or t abl e ei ght l i nes f or st age, l ect ur e,
and movi e pur poses .
The St age
The st age i t sel f can var y i n el abor at eness f r om
a t empor ar y
pl at f or mat one end of a r oomt o a
compl et e pr of essi onal set up. But i n al l st age
desi gns
t her e ar e cer t ai n basi c pr i nci pl es t hat
must be
f ol l owed: The f i r st i s t o augment t he
pl ayi ng ar ea ( t he par t vi si bl e f r omt heaudi ence)
wi t h
space at bot h si des f or t he exi t s and
ent r ances
of t he pl ayer s, f or t empor ar y pl aci ng
of pr ops and of scener y necessar y f or ot her
act s, as wel l as f or posi t i ons f or st age cr ew
and act or s awai t i ng t hei r par t . Exper i ence sug-
gest s t hat t he hor i zont al handl i ng of
scener y i s
pr ef er r ed f or amat eur t heat r i cal s.
" Fl yi ng, "
t he
hoi st i ng of backdr ops and unused scener y,
i s
expensi ve and r el at i vel y danger ous t o
un-
t r ai ned peopl e.
The st age f l oor shoul d be of
sof t wood t o
al l owf or st age scr ews t o br ace
t he
scener y.
Amost
vi t al el ement of t he st age desi gn i s
good,
f l exi bl e l i ght i ng. Fol di ng f oot l i ght s,
bor der l i ght s above, and a met hod of
l i ght i ng
t he
ent i r e pr osceni umf r omt he f r ont , coupl ed
wi t h heavy- dut y
out l et s f or spot and f l oodl i ght s
backst age,
shoul d al l be i ncl uded.
Dr essi ng r ooms ar e
necessar y- but some-
t i mes Sunday school r ooms must
doubl e f or
t hat
pur pose. Most needed i s st or age space.
Ol d scener y,
pr ops, makeup mat er i al , st age
br aces, ext r a
l i ght s, shoul d al l have a space
wher e
t hey can be kept saf el y. I t must be
r e-
member ed t hat sever al di f f er ent gr oups wi l l
pr obabl y make use of t he st age- gr oups of
di f f er ent ages and degr ees of r esponsi bi l i t y.
I n such cases some gr oups shoul d have space
t o keep t hei r own accessor i es under l ock and
key.
No mat t er howel ement ar y t he st age set up,
t her e wi l l , of necessi t y, be some maki ng of
scener y wi t h i t s at t endant pai nt i ng and mess .
I n ot her wor ds, t he st age shoul d not be a
" f i ni shed" space, but a wor kshop wi t hi n whi ch
one can si mul at e a var i et y of envi r onment s .
I f t he audi t or i umi s t o be used f or many di f -
f er ent pur poses, chai r st or age may be f ound
under t he st age. Most of t en t he chai r s ar e
st acked on car t s whi ch can be pushed i nt o
posi t i on under t hest age. Thi s met hod r equi r es
t he st age t o be about 3' {, f t above t he f l oor .
Occasi onal l y, one or t wo sect i ons of t he st age
f l oor can be made r emovabl e, but such a pr o-
vi si on i s not mandat or y. Access f r om out si de
t o t he st agear ea must be consi der ed i n r el at i on
t o t he si ze of t he scener y and pr ops t hat wi l l
be used. Thi s access shoul d be conveni ent
t o e ser vi ce dr i ve.
The Ki t chen
The l ayout shoul d not be t hat of a commer ci al
ki t chen . Agr eat er number of peopl e wi l l have
t o be accommodat ed; i t s use wi l l be r at her
spor adi c ; and t he ki t chen hel p wi l l not be so
wel l t r ai ned t o wor k t oget her - whi ch means
t hat t hey wi l l need mor e space t hen woul d be
pr ovi ded i n a commer ci al ki t chen .
The basi c scheme f or ki t chens usual l y de-
vel ops f r omt he r out e wai t r esses f ol l owi n r e-
t ur ni ng f r om t he di ni ng r oom. The pl anni ng
sequence i s f or t hem i mmedi at el y t o pass a
sai l ed di sh st at i on, behi nd whi ch i s t he di sh-
washi ng equi pment , and ( i f space per mi t s)
t he di sh st or age. Next , t hewai t r esses pass t he
cook' s t abl e whi ch i s backed up by r anges,
ovens, space f or meet and veget abl e pr epar a-
t i on, and st or age, i ncl udi ng r ef r i ger at or s. They
t hen pass a col d t abl e wher e sal ads ar e pr e-
par ed. At t hi s st at i on, i ce cr eami s pi cked up
- i f t hat i s t he desser t . Next comes t he past r y
t abl ewher emi l k as a bever age i s usual l y f ound
as wel l . Fi nal l y t he wai t r ess passes by t he
cof f ee st at i on.
Thesynagogue ki t chen di f f er s her e f r omt he
usual commer ci al ki t chen: f i r st , al l pl at es
ar e ser ved wi t h t he same menu; second, r e-
t ur ned pl at es al l come at t he same t i me, but
t hey do not need i mmedi at e washi ng f or i m-
medi at e r euse. Thi s means t her e may have t o
be gr eat er st acki ng ar ea, but t he di shwashi ng
equi pment maynot have t o be so el abor at e or
wor k so f ast . Fi nal l y, at t ent i on t o speci al r e-
quest s i s at a mi ni mum, andeach wai t r ess need
mer el y pi ck up pl at es and por t i ons al r eady pr e-
par ed and wai t i ng. Checki ng st at i ons and
cashi er i ng can be di spensed wi t h under t hi s
ar r angement .
I f at al l possi bl e, ki t chens shoul d be pl anned
so t hat t heent er i ng t r af f i c moves f r omt her i ght
t o t he l ef t . The ki t chen shoul d be ent er ed and
l ef t t hr oughvest i bul es whi ch deaden t he noi se
so t hat af t er - di nner act i vi t i es i n t he soci al hal l
ar e not di st ur bed by t he sounds of f i ni shi ng
up i n t he ki t chen. At t ent i on must al so be pai d
t o vent i l at i ng t heki t chen, bot h t o pr event odor s
f r omper meat i ng t he r est of t he bui l di ng and t o
ensur e comf or t f or t he vol unt eer wor ker s. I n
smal l er ki t chen i nst al l at i ons, pass- t hr ough
openi ngs maybe used as pi ckup st at i ons f or
t he wai t r esses r at her t han havi ng t hem f i l e
t hr ough t he ki t chen. Asi mi l ar sl ot can be l o-
cat ed f or t he r et ur n of used di shes .
Her e ar e some addi t i onal poi nt s t o consi der
i n ki t chen pl anni ng:
Rel i gi ous
" For congr egat i ons adher i ng t o t he di et ar y
l aws, separ at e di sh st or age i s demanded, as
wel l as separ at e si nks f or washi ng t he doubl e
set of pl at es .
Si nce t he ki t chen wi l l be used by di f f er ent
gr oups of women, gl ass cupboar d door s ar e
of t en speci f i ed so t hat t hose unf ami l i ar wi t h
t he ki t chen can mor e r eadi l y f i nd st or ed
ar t i cl es .
- Cupboar ds shoul d be pl anned f or ut ensi l s,
si l ver , paper cups and napki ns, and l i nen
st or age
.
"
St or age
space shoul d al so be pr ovi ded f or
canned
goods, sof t dr i nks and ot her suppl i es
f or speci al event s, as wel l as l ocker s or cl ot hes
cl oset s and t oi l et f aci l i t i es f or ki t chen hel p.
" St ai nl ess st eel equi pment , quar r y t i l e or
gr easepr oof mast i c f l oor s, t i l e wal l s, and
acoust i c
cei l i ngs
ar e r ecommended.
" The ki t chen
shoul d be cl ose t o a ser vi ce
ent r ance, whi ch shoul d gi ve access t o a
scr eened, wal l ed- i n ser vi ce cour t l ar ge enough
t o t ake car e of t he necessar y r ef use.
"
At el ephone i n t he ki t chen i s a necessar y
conveni ence and
shoul d connect wi t h t he ad-
mi ni st r at i on of f i ce
.
- I n
addi t i on t o t he mai n ki t chen, i t i s not
uncommon
t o
f i nd
ki t chenet t es f or use at smal l
t ees
and f or
t he st af f t o use f or t hei r l unches.
I f
a separ at e ki t chenet t e i s not used, a smal l er
st ove
f or
smal l occasi ons shoul d augment
t he
mai n r ange
.
Par l or s and Lounges
Apar l or or
l ounge can ser ve many pur poses .
Tees, cof f ee and cake r ef r eshment s and
vi si t -
i ng af t er eveni ng
af f ai r s, cl ub
and
commi t t ee
meet i ngs, as wel l as weddi ngs and
r ecept i ons
need t hat ki nd of space. The r el at i on of
such
a r oomt o t he r est of t he t empl e
i s i mpor t ant .
Openand f l exi bl e pl anni ng
does not concei ve
of a synagogue pl an as a ser i es of cel l s st r ung
al ong cor r i dor s but as a ser i es of l ar ge
spaces
t hat f l ow i nt o each ot her . They
can
st i l l
be
cl osed of f onef r omt heot her whenever a desi r e
f or pr i vacy or
use by
smal l er
gr oups makes
t hi s necessar y.
Thepar l or
or l ounge shoul d be near t he mai n
ki t chen or near a ki t chenet t e.
Changeabl e l i ght i ng ef f ect s f or di f f er ent pur -
poses make
t he r oom mor e usef ul ; f ur ni t ur e
t hat
can be
shi f t ed
wi t hout t oo much di f f i cul t y
i s si mi l ar l y desi r abl e. I f t hi s r oomcan be de-
si gned t o
open ont o a pat i o, cour t , or gar den,
i t s char mand usef ul ness wi l l be t r emendousl y
enhanced.
Cl ub Rooms
Economyusual l y suggest s t hat t he same
cl ub
r oomshoul d be shar ed by a number of or gan-
i zat i ons .
I f t hat
i s
so, i ndi vi dual
cl oset s, or even
st or age r ooms, whi ch can be l ocked up t o en-
abl e each or gani zat i on t o st or e i t s ownposses-
si ons, wi l l gi ve each t he sense t hat i t s needs
wer e consi der ed i n pl anni ng t he bui l di ng.
Cr af t Rooms
Ar t st udi os, phot ogr aphi c dar k r ooms, wood-
wor ki ng and sewi ng r ooms, and t he l i ke ar e
of t en used by bot h adul t s and chi l dr en, day
and ni ght . Thi s r ai ses sever al pr obl ems
:
t her e
must be st or age space f or mat er i al s and
f or
pr oj ect s under way; t he r ooma must be l ocat ed
i n
such a way
t hat
t hey can be used i ndepen-
dent l y
of
t he
r est
of t he bui l di ng;
f ur ni t ur e sui t -
abl e f or bot h chi l dr en and adul t s must be pr o-
vi ded; t her e shoul d be pl ent y of st eady,
cl ear
l i ght ; t hey
shoul d have
dur abl e wel l
and f l oor
f i ni shes ; t hey shoul d be sound- condi t i oned
t o
keep
t hei r
noi se away f r omot her r ooms; and,
i n some i nst ances, t hey shoul d have speci al
saf et y devi ces t o pr event t he use of danger ous
equi pment wi t hout adequat e super vi si on.
Games and Spor t s
I n t he smal l synagogue, t he soci al hal l may,
onoccasi on, be used
as a
game r oom.
As
not ed
above, such necessar i l y r ough usage demands
mat er i al s and det ai l s whi ch
ar e of t en not de-
si r abl e when t he
r oomi s used f or mor e f or mal
occasi ons. Pi ng pong
and l ess st r enuous ( end
dest r uct i ve)
games ar e t hen i ndi cat ed.
I n
some cases basement space can be
cr eat ed qui t e economi cal l y and pl ayr ooms
can
t hen be l ocat ed at hal f gr ade or bel ow.
I f a gymnasi umi s t o be i ncl uded i t shoul d
be
bi g
enough t o house a r egul at i onsi ze
basket bal l cour t . I n addi t i on t o t he pl ayi ng
f l oor , t her emust be al ocker space, shower and
dr yi ng r ooms f or bot h boys and gi r l s, and st or -
age space f or equi pment . Whi l e i t i s possi bl e
t o bui l d onegymf or boys and anot her f or gi r l s
( or t o bui l d one l ar gegymt hat can be di vi ded
i nt o t wo) , a si ngl e gymused al t er nat el y seems
mor e r easonabl e.
Howt o Publ i ci ze Communi t y Act i vi t i es
The of f i ce spaceof t hesynagogue must i ncl ude
space f or t hose who or gani ze, schedul e, and
publ i ci ze t he communi t y act i vi t i es . Desk and
wor k- t abl e space, f i l i ng space, space f or dupl i -
cat i ng devi ces and f or envel ope st uf f i ng and
ki ndr ed t asks must al l be pr ovi ded. Of t en pub-
l i ci t y i s t aken f or gr ant ed i n a smal l congr ega-
t i on, si nce i t i s i nf or mal l y accompl i shed by
wor d of mout h. Wi t h expansi on, t hi s si t uat i on
of t en changes and or gani zed publ i ci t y i s
needed t o get f ul l advant age of t he oppor t uni -
t i es of f er ed by a newbui l di ng. I n addi t i on t o
t hi s
of f i ce space, bul l et i n boar ds i n key spot s,
wi t h adequat e space f or post er s and not i ces
and good i l l umi nat i on, ar e i mpor t ant . Di spl ay
space f or obj ect s cr eat ed i n ar t , sewi ng, and
cr af t cl asses al so pr ovi de a st i mul us f or t hose
t aki ng par t i n such pr ogr ams as wel l as encour -
agement f or ot her s t o enr ol l .
St or age Faci l i t i es
Lar ge cl oset s i n each r oomar eof t en of gr eat er
val ue t han l ar ge st or age r ooms somewher e
el se . Desk dr awer s, t abl e pedest al s, chest s,
and cabi net s of t en t ur n out t o be mor e f l exi bl e
and cheaper t hen bui l t - i n equi pment .
One of t he vexi ng pr obl ems cr eat ed by l ar ge
communi t y f aci l i t i es i s t he di sposi t i on of hat s
and cost s . Locker s t hat can l i ne t he cor r i dor s
ar e pr obabl y best , t hough t hey ar e expensi ve.
I n mor e modest pl ans, hook st r i ps and a shel f
have pr oved t o be per f ect l y sat i sf act or y. A
checkr oom( suppl ement ed by t he use of cl ass-
r ooms f or peak l oads) of f er s anot her sensi bl e
sol ut i on. I n cl assr ooms, war dr obes whose
door s open i n uni son have t ur ned out t o be
usabl e. Somet i mes t he door s can have bl ack-
boar ds on t hei r out er f aces.
Howt he Communi t y Funct i on Af f ect s t he
Over al l Pl an
The sect i on of t he synagogue devot ed t o com-
muni t y af f ai r s shoul d be l ocat ed- and i t s var i -
ous ent r ances shoul d be ar r anged- so t hat i t
can be used i ndependent l y of t he r est of t he
bui l di ng when necessar y. Thi s means, i nci den-
t al l y, t hat t he heat i ng and vent i l at i ng syst em
can be zone- cont r ol l ed t o r educe oper at i ng
cost . Any i nt el l i gent pl an wi l l gr oup t oget her
ar eas of si mi l ar use.
Rel i gi ous
TEMPLES
ANDSYNAGOGUES
agai nst opposi t e wal l s . At hi r d t ype i s a
cur t ai n
of cl ot h,
r eed, or bamboo, oper at i ng i n or on a
f i xed
t r ack. Af our t h t ype i s t he movabl e ar ea
separ at or ,
whi ch i s r eal l y a por t abl e scr een
gener al l y
ext endi ng t o a hei ght of e or
7 f t .
Fi nal l y, a par t i t i on mi ght be made i n
modul ar
uni t s i n such awayt hat t hesecan be
di sassem-
bl ed
and moved t o a nowl ocat i on. Thi s
l ast
t ype
pr obabl y i s not a movabl e par t i t i on i n
t he
nar r ower
sense.
Mul t i pl e
Use
of School r oom
Most of t he f act or s ment i oned'
i n t he t wo pr e-
cedi ng sect i ons,
such as t he si ze and f l exi bi l i t y
of cl assr ooms, have a
di r ect bear i ng on t he
ext ent t o whi ch cl assr ooms can
be used f or
mul t i pl e pur poses . I f t her ei s
no l ar geassembl y
hal l or audi t or i um avai l abl e, a
r owof cl ass-
r ooms separ at ed by
f ol di ng or accor di on t ype
door s can qui ckl y
and easi l y be conver t ed i nt o
a l ar ge assembl y, meet i ng, or
banquet hal l .
Asmal l er cl assr oom, however ,
accommodat es
t he smal l er gr oupor commi t t ee
admi r abl y. I n
t hi s way, bot h l ar ge and smal l
cl assr ooms can
ser ve subsi di ar y uses such as
f ar meet i ng,
wor ki ng, and soci al gat her i ng
pl aces .
I n t hedual useof a r oom, t he
sel ect i on of t he
t ype of f ur ni t ur e i s of ut most
i mpor t ance. I f
a cl assr oomi s al so t o be used as
a meet i ng
r oom f or adul t s t he f i xed t ype
of chi l dr en' s
desks and seat s wi l l be i mpr act i cal
f or t he
adul t s . I t wi l l be necessar y
t o sel ect t he upper -
gr adecl assr oomt o be used
f or adul t meet i ngs
si ncet her et he f ur ni t ur e wi l l
be of a l ar ger si ze
and mor e sui t abl e.
For t he af t er noon t ype
school , a l ar ge space
must be set asi de f or t he
pupi l s t o gat her i n
i ncl ement weat her
bef or e t i me f or cl asses;
t hi s i s r equi r ed si nce
t he cl assr ooms may be
occupi ed bya pr evi ous sessi on
and t he pupi l s
wi l l not be abl e
t o go di r ect l y t o t hei r cl asses
unt i l t he pr evi ous
per i od i s ended. I n t he al l -
day school s t he
pr obl emdoes not gener al l y
exi st , si nce t he
pupi l s can go di r ect l y t o t hei r
cl assr ooms .
The Ki nder gar t en as a Nur ser y
Aki nder gar t en and nur ser y can
be a power f ul
f or cei n at t r act i ng
younger f ami l i es t o t he syna-
gogue who ot her wi se
woul d be unwi l l i ng t o
l eavet hei r smal l chi l dr en at
home or who coul d
not ot her wi se al l at t end
et t he same t i me. The
ki nder gar t en and nur ser y may
wel l be com-
bi ned; i n f act , t her e i s a
wor t hwhi l e advant age
i n t hi s . I n t he case of f ami l i es
wi t h t wo or t hr ee
chi l dr en i n t he nur ser y and
ki nder gar t en age
gr oup, keepi ng t hem al l t oget her
hel ps t hem
adj ust much mor e
qui ckl y t o t he newsur r ound-
i ngs, cut s down t he
f ear s and i nsecur i t i es
whi ch chi l dr en nat ur al l y
f eel under t he ci r -
cumst ances, and makes t he
wor k of t he adul t
at t endant much easi er .
Thi s ki nder gar t en ar ea shoul d
be wel l sound-
pr oof ed. Consequent l y, a
movabl e par t i t i on
separ at i ng t hi s r oom f r om
anot her mi ght be
i nadvi sabl e.
The r oomshoul d
have adequat e t ackboar d
ar ea f or mount i ng l ar ge,
col or f ul post er s and
di spl ays . For t he smal l est
chi l dr en, and f or
t hosewho become sl eepy,
t he necessar y num-
ber of cot s shoul d be pr ovi ded
.
I t
i s
i mpor t ant t hat t he
ki nder gar t en and
nur ser ybe l ar geand r oomy.
Chi l dr en of t heage
t o
be accommodat ed her e of t en pl ay
on t he
f l oor and del i ght i n act i ve games.
These de-
mand gener ous space. Adequat e
r oom i s
needed f or t he st or age of t oys,
mat er i al s, and
ot her
pl ay equi pment . Fr om a heal t h
poi nt of
vi ew,
congest i on i n t hi s space
par t i cul ar l y
ought t o
be avoi ded because i t encour ages
t he
er n school must be l i mi t ed t o a
t hr eest or y
bui l di ng. Onl y i n ext r eme cases
( wher e hor i -
zont al pl anni ng i s i mpossi bl e
because of hi gh
l end cost or f or ot her r easons)
i s i t per mi s-
si bl e t o bui l d mor e t han t hr ee st or i es- and
t hat
onl y i t an el evat or i s pr ovi ded.
Thi s of cour se
i s onl y a l ast r esor t si nce t he el evat or
i s expen-
si ve t o i nst al l and cost l y t o oper at e
and mai n-
t ai n .
Gr eat car e shoul d be gi ven t o t he
exposur e
of t he cl assr ooms . For t he academi c cl ass-
r oom
an east or west or i ent at i on i s
desi r abl e.
Speci al
r ooms l i ke nat ur e st udy, sci ence,
shoul d f ace sout h. The i deal exposur es
f or
t he
ki nder gar t en
or nur ser y ar e sout h
and east .
Her e ar e
sever al speci f i c quest i ons t hat ar i se
i n t he desi gn of a synagogue school
wi ng
:
HowMany Cl assr ooms and What Si ze?
The si ze of t he school ,
and t her ef or e t he num-
ber of cl assr ooms, depends on
t he number of
pupi l s expect ed t o at t end
and al so on t he t ype
of school . Cl assr ooms f or an
al l - day school wi l l
var y sl i ght l y i n r equi r ement s f r om
t hose f or a
par t - t i me school . Si nce
f i nances ar e of ut most
concer n t o most i nst i t ut i ons,
t he cl assr ooms
ar e f r equent l y pl anned t o
accommodat e a l ar ge
number of pupi l s i n or der t o
r educe t he number
of t eacher s . But condi t i ons var y
f r omyear t o
year ,
so
t hat al ar ge r oommaybe wast ed
i f onl y
a smel l number of pupi l s
wi l l use i t . Good
educat i on pr act i ce, on t he ot her
hand, di ct at es
smal l er cl asses f or gr eat er
ef f i ci ency; bet ween
t hese t wo ext r emes a
happy medi ummust be
sel ect ed. Acl ass of 25 pupi l s
has pr oved sat i s-
f act or y i n most i nst ances.
Si nce
most
school s
have shown consi der abl e
var i at i on i n t he si ze
of cl asses f or di f f er ent
gr ades, i t i s of t enpossi -
bl e t o const r uct cl assr ooms
of var yi ng si zes
t o accommodat e
f r om20 t o 35 pupi l s .
The number of
chi l dr en t o be pr ovi ded f or
wi l l depend l ar gel y on t he
communi t y. Acar e-
f ul sur vey must
be made t o det er mi ne how
many pupi l s may
be expect ed t o at t end t he
school . Fr omt hat
f i gur e t he number of cl ass-
r ooms can be
ar r i ved at , usi ng t he aver agesi ze
cl ose as a basi s. For an
al l - day school , pr ovi -
si on must be made f or at
l east one cl assr oom
f or each gr ade i n or der t o
per mi t a f ul l school
cur r i cul um.
Theact ual si ze of t he cl assr oom
i s based on
a
mi ni mumof 15 sq f t f or each chi l d
. Thi s
f i gur e pr ovi des onl y f or
t he ar ea devot ed t o
seat s and ai sl es ; i f t he
educat i onal pr ogr am
cal l s f or act i vi t y space, t hen
t he r oommust be
basedon a
l ar ger amount of
bet ween 20 and25
sq f t per
chi l d.
Theadvant ages of t he l ar ger
r oomcan r ead-
i l y be under st ood . Wi t h i t an ai r of
i nf or mal i t y
and spaci ousness can easi l y be achi eved
. Fr om
near l y ever y poi nt of vi ew
i t per mi t s gr eat er
f l exi bi l i t y i n use. I t pr ovi des
i ncr eased f l exi bi l -
i t y
i n t he ar r angement of
f ur ni t ur e and cl ass
gr oups ; i n t he accommodat i on
of changi ng
cl ass
si zes; i n t he educat i on
pr ogr amwhi ch
can be
car r i ed out i n t he cl assr oom
; end i n t he
accommodat i on of adul t
act i vi t i es .
On t he ot her hand, t he speci al
sui t abi l i t y of
t hesmal l er r oomf or t he
wor k of smal l gr oups
and commi t t ees shoul d
not be over l ooked.
Movabl e Par t i t i ons
i n Cl assr ooms : Pr os and
Cons
Var i ous t ypes
of movabl e par t i t i ons
may be
used t o separ at e
one r oom or ar ea
f r om an-
ot her .
One t ype becomi ng i ncr easi ngl y
popul ar
i s
t he f ol di ng par t i t i on whi ch ext ends or
cl oses wi t h ease
and oper at es i n a f i xed
t r ack .
Asecond t ype
i s t he wood
accor di on cl oor -
whi ch i s hi nged so
t hat i t may be
ext ended t o
f or m a wal l or
f ol ded back out of
t he way
Aa a pr i nci pl e t hi s i s obvi ous, But
i n pr act i ce
t her e ar e a number of f act or s t hat must be
r e-
member ed. Though t he bui l di ng may be
di vi si bl e i nt o zones accor di ng t o f unct i on,
each zone must have access t o
t oi l et s
.
The of -
f i ce
ar ea pr obabl y shoul d f unct i on
i n r el at i on
t o each zone; and cer t ai n cl assr ooms must
be
consi der ed bot h as par t of t he r el i gi ous
school
and as
par t of t he communi t y cent er .
Thi s i s
especi al l y t r ue of cl assr ooms t hat may doubl e
as dr essi ng
r ooms f or t he st age; of t he ar t s
andcr af t s
r ooms and t hecamer a st udi o ; and of
cl assr ooms
t hat may on occasi on doubl e as
coat
r ooms
.
Ther e i s a
nat ur al t empt at i on f or a congr e-
gat i on t o
t r yt o ar r i ve at a f i xed and f i nal pl an
sol ut i on. Onl y
r ar el y wi l l we accept t he f act
t hat f ut ur e gener at i ons
may di scover new
needs- and
may wi sh t o abandon soma act i v-
i t i es we now
hol d dear . The wi sest pl anni ng
wi l l al l ow
f or addi t i ons and make f ut ur e
changes easy.
Thi s i n accompl i shed best by t he
el i mi nat i on of
I nt er i or bear i ng wal l s, by ext end-
I ng cor r i dor s t o
t he f ul l l engt h of any wi ngs,
and above al l , by
st ar t i ng wi t h a si t e t hat wi l l
al l owf or heal t hy
gr owt h. For t he communi t y
f unct i ons of t he
synagogue have gr own and
changed r adi cal l y
over t he past cent ur i es, and
t her e i s no r eason
t o bel i eve t hat t hi s gr owt h
and change wi l l
not cont i nue.
By MAXB. SCHREI BER
and T. P. DEI S
THE
EDUCATI ONAL CENTER
I n pl anni ng
t he educat i onal f aci l i t i es of a
syna-
gogue,
sever al gener al consi der at i ons must
be
kept i n
mi nd f r omt he ver y st ar t .
Fut ur e
expansi on i s one. Thi s can be
accom-
pl i shed
i n sever al ways . One i s by hor i zont al
ext ensi on,
i . e. , ei t her by i ncr easi ng
t he si ze
of t he
wi ng of t he bui l di ng or by const r uct i ng
an
addi t i onal wi ng. I n t hi s connect i on i t i s i m-
por t ant t o secur e
suf f i ci ent l and at t he
out set
so t hat t her e
wi l l be adequat e spacef or t he
ex-
t ensi on ; or
ol eo, t her e shoul d be an agr eement
wher eby
adj oi ni ng l and maybe secur ed
when
r equi r ed. Fut ur e
expansi on may al so be pr o-
vi ded by ver t i cal
ext ensi on i n t he f or mof add-
i ng one or
mor e st or i es.
Whi l e hor i zont al
ext ensi on i s usual l y mor e
desi r abl e t han
t he ver t i cal ( si nce i t r educes
wal ki ng up
and down st ai r s) , i t i s f r equent l y
i mpossi bl e t o acqui r e
t he necessar y l and. I n
t hat case f ut ur e
st or i es can be pl anned by
sl i ght i ncr ease
i n t he f oundat i ons and ot her
suppor t i ng member s.
The addi t i onal cost i s
negl i gi bl e
comper ed t o t he r esul t i ng benef i t s .
The onest or y
educat i onal uni t i s undoubt -
edl y t he best ar r angement
. I t per mi t s di r ect
access t o t he
ext er i or f or out door pl ay, wi t h
qui ck and easy
di smi ssal i n case of an emer -
gency. I f condi t i ons
r equi r e mor e t han one
st or y, t hen st ai r ways
must be i nt r oduced and
t her e shoul d be a
suf f i ci ent number of st ai r s
t o per mi t qui ck exi t .
Usual l y, l ocal bui l di ng
codes ar e ver y
speci f i c about t he number and
wi dt h of st ai r s r equi r ed as
wel l as t hei r l oca-
t i on, const r uct i on, and ar r angement
.
Chi l dr en shoul d not be
r equi r ed t o wal k mor e
t han t wo f l i ght s of st ai r s ;
t her ef or e, t he mod-
Pet er Bl ake ( ed. ) , An
Amer i can Synagogue
f or Today andTomor r ow,
The Uni on of Amer -
i can Hebr ewCongr egat i ons,
NewYor k, 1954.
spr ead of di sease. I n gener al , i t can be sai d
t hat an
ai r of at t r act i veness and commodi ous-
ness
i n
t he
nur ser y and ki nder gar t en ar ea wi l l
r et ur n
wor t hwhi l e di vi dends i n i ncr eased
f ami l y at t endance and par t i ci pat i on i n al l t he
act i vi t i es of
t he synagogue.
I n or der t o pr ovi de as
much sunl i ght as pos-
si bl e, t he ki nder gar t en r oomshoul d f ace
sout h
and east . The i deal l ocat i on
i s on t he f i r st f l oor
t o avoi d st eps and al so t o pr ovi de easy access
t o an out door pl aygr ound, whi ch i s of ut most
i mpor t ance t o t hi s
ki nd
of
a cl ass . The ar ea of
t hi s r oomshoul d be based on
30 sq f t per
chi l d
and t he cl ass shoul d be l i mi t ed
t o a
maxi mum
of 20 chi l dr en
.
Wi ndow
ar eas shoul d be
gener ous- - - t he
mor e
l i ght
t he bet t er . I f t he wi ndowsi l l s ar e
mor e
t han
a
f ewf eet
above t he ext er i or
gr ound,
some t ype of wi ndowguar d must be pr ovi ded
t o pr ot ect t he youngst er s f r om f al l i ng out .
Wi ndowshades
ar e necessar y, si nce t he
ki nder -
gar t en pupi l s f r equent l y r est dur i ng t he day
and
r equi r e a dar kened r oom. Al so t he heat of t he
sun and st r ong gl ar e can be mi ni mi zed by
l ower i ng t he shades .
Si nce t he ki nder gar t en pupi l s must be kept
under const ant obser vat i on, i t i s mandat or y
t o pr ovi de t he t oi l et r oomdi r ect l y of f t he mai n
pl ayr oom. I n t hi s way t he t eacher can cont r ol
t he chi l dr en and hel p t hose who r equi r e assi s-
t ance wi t hout l eavi ng t he r oomi t sel f . At l east
t wo wat er cl oset s and t wo washbasi ns shoul d
be pr ovi ded i n each ki nder gar t en t oi l et r oom,
and t hese f i xt ur es shoul d be of t he smal l , l ow
t ype t o sui t t he age of t he chi l dr en. Soap di s-
penser s and paper t owel s ar e pr ovi ded f or pur -
poses of cl eanl i ness and t o t each t he chi l dr en
good heal t h pr act i ces . Awash si nk i n t he pl ay-
r oomi t sel f i s st andar d equi pment , si nce chi l -
dr en l ove t o pl ay wi t h wat er . Dr i nki ng f aci l i t i es
must be pr ovi ded ei t her i n t he f or mof a dr i nk-
i ng f ount ai n or by means of paper cups adj a-
cent t o t he si nk.
Cl ot hi ng f aci l i t i es shoul d be l ocat ed i n t he
pl ayr oom i t sel f or as cl ose t o i t as possi bl e .
The
cubi cl es
cont ai ni ng f i ve or si x
spaces
have pr oved
qui t e sat i sf act or y si nce t hey ar e
easy t o move f r om pl ace t o pl ace. The t op
por t i on
of
each sect i on i s devot ed t o a bl anket
or hot , t he cent er
por t i on i s f or t he coat , and
t he
l ower par t f or r ubber s or boot s .
Ther e shoul d be
a
suf f i ci ent number of
movabl e t oy st or age cabi net s .
These
cabi net s
ar e used not onl y f or t he st or age of t oys and
equi pment but al so t o f or mal coves of
var yi ng
si zes and shapes t o sect i on
of f
var i ous pl ay
act i vi t i es . Si nce t he chi l dr en pl ay on t he f l oor
a good par t of t he t i me, a sani t ar y mat er i al
must be pr ovi ded whi ch i s easy t o cl ean, war m
t o t he t ouch, and col or f ul .
Whi l e many of t he r ooms i n t he educat i on
cent er may be used f or ot her pur poses, t he
ki nder gar t en shoul d never be used f or any
ot her pur pose. Fr equent l y, t he chi l dr en wor k
on a pr oj ect of bui l di ng whi ch may t ake sever al
days or a week, and t hi s must not be di st ur bed.
I n connect i on wi t h t he ki nder gar t en r oom,
an out door pl aygr ound i s necessar y si nce t he
chi l dr en
spend
consi der abl e t i me out door s
i n good weat her . Sand pi t , swi ngs, sl i des, see-
saws, ar e t he commonl y used i t ems of equi p-
ment . The pl aygr ound shoul d be so ar r anged
t hat t he sun wi l l st r i ke i t and not be cut of f by
adj oi ni ng
bui l di ngs
.
Rel i gi ous
Desi gn and Fur ni shi ng of a Cl assr oom
Resear ch of l at e year s has est abl i shed t hat t he
pl anni ng of physi cal envi r onment al f act or s
of t he cl assr oomsuch as seat i ng, l i ght i ng,
decor at i on, t emper at ur e, and sound- con-
t r i but es gr eat l y t o t he l ear ni ng pr ogr ess and
wel l - bei ng of t he chi l dr en. Coor di nat i ng t he
envi r onment i n t hi s way i s par t i cul ar l y i m-
por t ant wher e t he chi l dr en spend sever al hour s
i n sust ai ned vi sual act i vi t y .
The pr opor t i ons of an academi c cl assr oom
shoul d be such t hat t he wi dt h i s about t hr ee-
f our t hs of t he l engt h. The l ong, nar r owr oom
pr ovi des bet t er cont r ol f or t he t eacher t han a
cl assr oom whi ch i s wi de and shal l ow. I n t he
l at t er r oomt he l i ght f r om t he wi ndows wi l l
not penet r at e t o t he f ar si de and t hus t he l ast
r ows of seat s wi l l be poor l y l i ght ed. The wi n-
dows shoul d be ar r anged on t he l ong si de so
t hat when t he pupi l s f ace t he f r ont of t he r oom
t he nat ur al l i ght wi l l come f r omt he l ef t si de
.
Wi ndows may be as l ar ge as possi bl e,
st ar t -
i ng at appr oxi mat el y 3 f t above t he f l oor and
r i si ng t o t he cei l i ng or as hi gh as st r uct ur al
member s per mi t ; t he hi gher t he heads of t he
wi ndows t he f ar t her t he l i ght wi l l penet r at e
t owar d t he opposi t e si de of t he r oom. The
ar eas of t he wi ndows
shoul d
never
be l ess t han
10 per cent of t he f l oor ar ea of t he r oom. Shades
or ot her sun- cont r ol devi ces shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded
t o cut
t he
gl ar e and st r ong sun and f or
use i f mot i on pi ct ur es ar e shown.
The f ol l owi ng descr i pt i on of a t ypi cal cl ass-
r oom shoul d not be t aken as a r i gi d f or mul a,
f or many var i at i ons i n desi gn ar e possi bl e.
Thi s i s mer el y one good way of desi gni ng such
a r oom: t he f r ont of t he
cl assr oom shoul d be
pr ovi ded wi t h a chal kboar d acr oss t he ent i r e
wal l , wi t h a cor k
t ack
boar d above
.
On t he
cor -
r i dor wal l
t owar d t he
f r ont
of t he r oomi s t he
door . Thi s door shoul d swi ng i nt o t he r oom
i t t he l ocal l awper mi t s, i n or der
t o keep t he
- cor r i dor
cl ear .
I f
t he l awr equi r es t hat t he door
swi ng out war d
t owar ds t he cor r i dor , t hen i t
shoul d be set back i nt o t he r oomi n t he f or mof
a r ecess . The door i t sel f shoul d be pr ovi ded
wi t h
a gl ass vi si on panel , and a gl ass t r ansom
shoul d be pr ovi ded over t he door t o admi t l i ght
i nt o t he cor r i dor . On t he r oomsi de of t he cor -
r i dor wal l ,
begi nni ng at t he ent r ance door ,
t her e shoul d be a ser i es of cabi net s i n t hi s
or der
:
t eacher s' l ocker , st or age cabi net ,
pupi l s' war dr obe, mat er i al cabi net , exhi bi t
cabi net wi t h a cupboar d under , magazi ne r ack.
The war dr obe i s composed of a ser i es of door s
whi ch cont ai n t ack boar d or chal kboar d sec-
t i ons . The Aust r al t ype war dr obe
door s ar e
t he most accept abl e si nce t hey pi vot out of t he
l i ne of t r avel ; t hey ar e, however , t he most ex-
pensi ve, and i f f i nances ar e l i mi t ed, t hen t he
sl i di ng or hi nged t ype of war dr obe door s may
be
used. Wi t hi n t he war dr obe ar e hooks and a
shel f f or hat s . The war dr obe compar t ment
must be vent i l at ed, ei t her by mechani cal means
i f t he bui l di ng i s equi pped wi t h an ai r - condi -
t i oni ng or vent i l at i ng syst emor by means of a
gr i l l e i n
sever al of t he door s .
Two t ypes of f l oor i ng ar e gener al l y used i n
cl assr ooms : t he wood f l oor and t he asphal t
t i l e f l oor . Wi t h f i xed f ur ni t ur e, t he wood f l oor
must be used t o pr ovi de a sur f ace f or f ast eni ng
t he desks and seat s . The t endency i n moder n
educat i on, however , has been t owar d movabl e
f ur ni t ur e, and i n t hat connect i on asphal t t i l e
has pr oved
most sat i sf act or y
.
Cl assr oomf ur ni t ur e of t he best desi gn and
qual i t y i s avai l abl e at moder at e cost
. Si nce t he
equi pment wi l l be moved f r equent l y, i t i s
i m-
por t ant t hat i t
possess t he
needed st r engt h and
dur abi l i t y. The soundest equi pment
f or i ndi vi d-
ual st udent use i s a desk wi t h swi vel seat
and a
t opadj ust abl e t o 20` sl ope .
Dependi ng on t he
ext ent t o whi ch t he r oomi s t o be used
f or di f -
f er ent pur poses, i ndi vi dual t abl es wi t h sl oped
t ops and separ at e chai r s
pr ovi de gr eat er f l exi -
bi l i t y. These i ndi vi dual t abl es can
easi l y be
gr ouped t o f or m l ar ger wor ki ng sur f aces .
Pr obabl y t he
gr eat est
al l - r ound f l exi bi l i t y can
be achi eved by t he use of l ar ger
mul t i - pl ace
t abl es wi t h adj ust abl e- hei ght st eel st andar ds
and f ol di ng chai r s . For ki nder gar t en and
pr i -
mar y gr ades, however , f ol di ng chai r s ar e not
sat i sf act or y.
Pai nt i ng t he cl assr oomdoes mor e t han
any
ot her si ngl e i t emt o make t he r oom at t r act i ve
and cheer f ul . The pai nt i ng scheme shoul d pr o-
duce hi gh r ef l ect i vi t y wi t hout gl ar e and yet
mai nt ai n t he pr act i cal qual i t y of easy mai n-
t enance.
Adequat e ar t i f i ci al over head l i ght shoul d be
pr ovi ded t o suppl ement dayl i ght and f or eve-
ni ng act i vi t i es
.
At
l east one el ect r i c out l et must
be pr ovi ded f or showi ng movi ng pi ct ur es and
f or si mi l ar pur poses .
The Li br ar y, Vi sual
Ai ds, et c.
Dependi ng agai n upon t he
scope
of t he ser -
vi ces t he synagogue means t o of f er , i t can
pr ovi de f i l es of per i odi cal s, newspaper s,
mo-
t i on pi ct ur e f i l ms,
and r ecor ded musi c, whi ch
mi ght not ot her wi se be conveni ent l y avai l abl e
t o member s .
The l i br ar y
mi ght al so be made avai l abl e f or
smal l meet i ngs, t eas, and
r ecept i ons .
Beaut y and
at t r act i veness ar e j ust as i m-
por t ant
as heal t h and usef ul ness i n pl anni ng
t he l i br ar y.
I nf or mal i t y wi t hout l oss of di sci -
pl i ne can be obt ai ned by t he pr oper sel ect i on
of f ur ni t ur e, equi pment , and decor at i on. The
shel ves must be sui t ed t o t he age gr oups f or
whi ch t hey ar e i nt ended . Beat possi bl e nat ur al
dayl i ght shoul d be obt ai ned and bi l at er al
f enest r at i on i s desi r abl e. Ar t i f i ci al i l l umi nat i on
must be car ef ul l y wor ked out . I f t he l i br ar y i s
t o be used by out si der s af t er school hour s,
t hen t he r oom shoul d be l ocat ed i n such a
posi t i on t hat i t i s easi l y accessi bl e f r omt he
ext er i or ; yet i t shoul d be r emoved f r om t he
noi sy si de of t he bui l di ng.
Moder n educat i on i s maki ng mor e and mor e
ext ensi ve use of vi sual ai ds i n an unendi ng
var i et y of mot i on pi ct ur e f i l ms, sl i des, maps,
char t s, phot ogr aphs, and ot her nonbook ai de.
These i t ems ar e usual l y cont r ol l ed by t he
school l i br ar y and ar e made avai l abl e f or use i n
such a manner as has been t r adi t i onal l y em-
pl oyed f or books . Speci al pr ovi si on must be
made f or st or i ng and handl i ng t he i t ems men-
t i oned and cabi net s and shel vi ng or speci al
r acks ar e r equi r ed. The ci r cul at i on and st or age
of r ecor ds and por t abl e r ecor d pl ayer s
and
r adi os al so come under t he j ur i sdi ct i on of t he
l i br ar y.
Rel i gi ous
CHAPELS
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CHAPELS
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Rel i gi ous
CHURCHSCHOOLS
By MI LDREDC. WI DBER
and
SCOTT
TURNERRI TENOUR
Focus, Bui l di ng f or Chr i st i an Educat i on, Uni t ed Chur ch Pr ess,
Phi l adel phi a, 1969.
TABLE 1 Rooms Needed i n Rel at i on t o Pr ogr amand Si ze of Chur ch School - Thr ough Si xt h Gr ade
Ver y smal l chur ch school , Smal l chur ch school ,
1- 99 pupi l s 100- 199 pupi l s
Enr ol l ment Housi ngf aci l i t i es Enr ol l ment Housi ng f aci l i t i es
Nur ser y, i nf ant s and t oddl er s None unl ess separ at e space i s avai l abl e. None unl ess separ at e space i s avai l abl e.
under
18
mont hs
Toddl er s, ages 1
,N.
and 2. . . . Same as above. - Same as above .
Nur ser y cl ass, age 3 . . . . . . . 12 May be necessar y
t o house sever al 3- Year - 18 One r oom t hat may be kept j ust
f or t he
ol ds i n
same r oom as ki nder gar t en. Tr y t o 3- veer - ol d gr oup. I f chur ch sponsor s weekday
keep i n a separ at e ar ea of t he r oomwi t h one
nur ser y school , t hi s r oom
and ki nder gar t en
hel per .
r oom may be used. Rooms shoul d be near
each ot her .
Ki nder gar t en, 12 Separ at e r oom. Do not encour age at t endance 20 One r oom t hat may be used bot h dur i ng
ages 4 and 5 of 3- year - ol ds at expense of 4- and 5- Year chur ch school hour and chur ch hour . Li mi t
ol ds .
use by ot her s .
Pr i mar y, gr ades
1 and
2 . . . . . 12 One r oomwher e age gr oup can meet , but i f 16- 20 Separ at e r oomf or each 16- 2Dpupi l s . Beyond
necessar y, al ong wi t h t he
ent i r e chur ch t hose number s, t wo sessi ons or addi t i onal
school sessi on.
May meet separ at el y i n a space needed. Gr ades one and t wo may meet
l ar ge, di vi ded space .
t oget her or separ at el y.
Lower j uni or :
Gr ades 3 and 4 . . . . . . . .
10 Same as f or pr i mar y.
16- 25 Separ at e
r oom,
16- 25
i n gr oup. Beyond 25,
addi t i onal space or t wo sessi ons needed.
Gr ades 5 and 6 . . . . . . . .
B One r oom or par t of r oom i n whi ch j uni or s 16- 25 Same as above f or l ower j uni or s.
may be al one f or at l east 45 mi nut es a
Sunday.
Not e: I n al l cases boys and gi r l s shoul d be
gr ouped t oget her .
Sevent h gr ade
Gr ades 7 and B. . . . . . . . . . 6 I f necessar y, chur ch school cl ass may meet i n
10- 20
One r oom. ( See not es bel ow
. )
chur ch pewor i n near by home . For ot her
t ypes of act i vi t y, see bel ow.
Gr ades 9 and 10 . . . . . . . 6 Same as f or gr ades 7 and
8. 8- 15 One r oom.
Gr ades 11 and 12 . . . . . . . . 10 Meet i n chur ch pews f or chur ch
school 8- 15 Same as above
cl asses.
Pr ogr amact i vi t i es r oom may be coor di nat ed
J uni or hi ghs and seni or s may meet t oget her
f or use by al l j uni or and seni or hi gh gr oups .
f or act i vi t i es ot her t han st udy and di scussi on.
( See not es bel ow. )
Or di nar i l y t he chur ch sanct uar y, a home
near by, or t he f el l owshi p r oom i s avai l abl e
f or
such use.
Ol der
yout h
. . . . . . . . . . . . I f
ol der yout h ar e wor ki ng, t hey may wi sh t o f or m a gr oup of t hei r own or t hey may j oi n wi t h col l ege st udent s .
I f t hey ar e at t endi ng col l ege away f r om home, l et t he col l ege past or know. I f t hey ar e at t endi ng col l ege at
home, pr ovi de f or a col l ege- age f el l owshi p. Faci l i t i es needed ar e bot h t hose l i st ed i n t hi s sect i on and t hose
on char t f or adul t s . I n al l cases boys and gi r l s shoul d be gr ouped t oget her .
Ver y l ar ge
chur ch
Medi umchur ch school ,
Lar ge chur ch
school ,
school 600
200- 299 pupi l s
300- 599
pupi l s
of mor e pupi l s
Enr ol l ment
Housi ng f aci l i t i es
Enr ol l ment
Housi ng
f aci l i t i es
B- 10
Pr ovi de separ at e r oom wi t h cr i bs
and pl ay 10
Separ at e cr i b and pl aypen
r oam.
Si mi l ar t o
l ar ge
pens f or
t hose under 18 mont hs .
chur ch school ,
but
t hese usual l y
oper -
B- 10
Separ at e
r oom needed f or t oddl er s- or
one 12
Separ at e r oomf or
t oddl er s .
at e i n t wo or
t hr ee
r oomf or above,
wi t h separ at e spaces
f or i n.
sessi ons and
so
t ent s and
t oddl er s . have mor e
30- 36 Two
r ooms or t wo sessi ons .
No mor e t han 18
30- 36 Two
r ooms t o be used by
3- year - ol ds onl y,
adequat e space
f or
chi l dr en
i n any one nur ser y
cl ass gr oup. 15 a
or one
r oomused f or t wo or
t hr ee sessi ons .
each age gr oup.
bet t er
f i gur e.
No mor e
t han 15- 18 i n any
one gr oup.
40
Two r ooms,
one f or 4- year - ol ds,
one f or 5- 50- 80
Four r ooms- t wo
f or 4- year - ol ds
and t wo f or
year - ol ds .
20 l i mi t i n any one
gr oup. Or , t wo
5- Year - ol ds
or t wo r ooms l one f or
each age)
4- 5- year - ol d
gr oups, 20 i n each
.
i f t her e ar e
t wo or t hr ee sessi ons
. 20 l i mi t .
32- 60 Two
or t hr ee r ooms,
onef or each 16- 20 pu- 64- 80
Four r ooms- or
t wo i f t her e i s a second
ses-
pi l s .
Gr ades may meet
t oget her or sepa-
si on . 16- 20 pupi l s
i n one gr oup.
Gr ades 1
r at el y. May come
t oget her occasi onal l y f or
and 2
may meet t oget her or
separ at el y
common i nt er est s .
Theser ooms may be used
dur i ng t he week by
par ent s or ot her gr oups .
Shoul d
be mul t i pur pose .
16- 75 Same as
f or pr i mar y. May
have up t o 25 i n
64- 100 Same as
f or pr i mar y
.
May have up
t o 25 i n
one gr oup.
16- 25 Gr ades
5 and 6 may meet
t oget her or sepa-
one gr oup.
32- 75 Two or
t hr ee r ooms dependi ng upon
enr ol l -
r at el y,
boys and gi r l s t oget her
. 16- 25 t he
ment . See
medi umchur ch school
f or f ur t her
l i mi t
f or each gr oup.
det ai l s.
t hr ough
Yout h
20- 30
One r oom
l ar ge enough f or ent i r e gr oup.
30- 60
Fl exi bl e ar r angement . One
r oom needed Enr ol l ment ,
60-
Smal l er spaces
f or conver sat i on and
di scus-
wher eent i r e gr oup may
gat her t ar si ngs, r ec- si mi l ar t o l ar ge
si on.
Cl ass gr oups, 8- 10 . Fl exi bl e ar r ange-
r eat i on, dr amat i cs . Smal l
r ooms f or conver - school
. Mul t i pl e
ment possi bl e
.
sat i on and di scussi on gr oups
of 8- 10 each. sessi ons pr ovi de
mor e
adequat e
15- 25 Same as above
f or mi ddl e hi gh,
and seni or 25- 50
Same as above
f or mi ddl e hi gh and seni or
space f or each
hi gh.
hi gh.
gr oup.
The i mpor t ant ar r angement s
f or al l t hr ee
yout h gr oups ar e:
1 . Al ar ge
space t ar t he ent i r e gr oup
f or var i ed act i vi t i es, such as
r ecr eat i on, si ngs,
dr amat i cs .
2. Smal l , i nt i mat e
cl ass gr oupi ngs of
B- 10 member s each,
i n whi ch t her e may be
vi gor ous di scussi on, r e-
sear ch, and st udy
. Thi s means use of t he
l ar ge space f or t wo or
t hr ee such gr oups
I possi bl yl , wi t h use of
ot her smal l er r ooms
when enr ol l ment
necessi t at es . I t i s bet t er
not t o have many
smal l gr oups meet i ng i n a
si ngl e
space. I nt i macy and pr i vacy of
cl ass gr oupi ngs ar e
essent i al at t hi s age.
3. For mal wor shi p pr ovi ded
by at t endance at
r egul ar chur ch
ser vi ce.
For
t he
any
chur ch t o consi der : When
possi bl e, t he r oom used
i n t he chur ch school
shoul d be used f or
Sunday
eveni ng
or t hr ough- t he- week pr ogr am
. Ther ef or e, i t
shoul d be sui t ed t o a
var i et y of act i vi t i es and pr ovi ded
wi t h
ampl e st or age space f or suppl i es
and equi pment .
Cl assr ooms shoul d be at t r act i ve,
ef f i ci ent l y desi gned,
and l ar ge enough
f or ampl e movement .
Recr eat i on, cr af t s, hobbi es,
ar t act i vi t i es, and dr ama ar e
par t of t he ongoi ng
pr ogr am, and f aci l i t i es
shoul d
be
pr ovi ded f or t hem. Aki t chenet t e
i s desi r abl e.
For
a
weekdayschedul e of
act i vi t i es, r ooms shoul d be near a
bui l di ng ent r ance
f or easy access .
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHSCHOOLS
TABLE 2
Summar y- School Equi pment
Maxi mum Toi l et s, si nks,
chi l dr en Fl oor space dr i nki ng
Age gr oup per r oom' per chi l d f ount ai ns
Wr aps Cabi net s
Nur ser y I , babi es 8- 10 ( Cr i bs at 35 sq f t - good; 30
Toi l et s and wash Rod hanger s i n t he Movabl e, ampl e f or
and
t oddl er s 3 f t i nt er val s) sq f t - f ai r ; under 25 basi ns wi t hi n
pr e- r oom( pr ef er abl y i n suppl i es .
bi r t h t o age 2 sq f t - poor . school r oom
ar ea st or age cabi net
Separ at e r oom f or pr ef er r ed.
Ot her wi se, wi t h shel f above
babi es and t oddl er s . obser ve
st r i ct est and bel ow) , 30 i n.
sani t at i on
f aci l i t i es above f l oor . Ful l
f or
st or i ng and l engt h f or t eacher s,
war mi ng f ood.
Hooks ar e haz-
ar dous . Not r ec-
ommended.
Nur ser y I I , 8- good 35 sq f t - good; 30 Adj oi ni ng r oomwi t h
Rod hanger s i n t he Movabl e, ampl e f or
age 2 10- f ai r sq f t - f ai r ; under 25 j uni or f i xt ur es or
r oom( pr ef er abl y i n suppl i es needed.
12- poor sq f t - poor . ( War m wooden
st ep
i f
adul t st or age cabi net Lowopen shel ves
cl ean f l oor s f or chi l -
f i xt ur es used . Toi l et s wi t h shel f above f or t oys .
dr en t o si t
on
. Al l
10 i n. , basi ns 24 i n. and bel ow) , 30 i n.
pr eschool er s
. ) above f l oor . above f l oor . Ful l
l engt h f or t eacher s .
Hooks ar e haz-
ar dous . Not r ec-
ommended .
Nur ser y I I I , Up t o
15- good 35 sq f t - good; Adj oi ni ng r oom wi t h Rod hanger s i n t he Movabl e, ampl e f or
age 3 15- 18- f ai r
30 sq f t - f ai r; under j uni or f i xt ur es or r oom( pr ef er abl y i n suppl i es needed.
Over
18- poor 25 sq f t - poor . wooden st ep i f adul t st or age cabi net Lowopen shel ves
f i xt ur es used. Toi l et s wi t h shel f above f or t oys. Space f or
10 i n. , basi ns 24 i n. and bel owl , 36 i n . f i l i ng pi ct ur es end
above f l oor . abovef l oor.
Ful l mat er i al s used
i n
l engt h f or t eacher s
.
r oom. Open shel ves
Hooks ar e
haz- f or t oys.
ar dous . Not r ec-
ommended.
Ki nder gar t en I , I I ,
Up t o 20- good 35 sq f t - good;
Rod hanger s i n t he Movabl e, ampl e f or
ages 4 and
5 20- 25- f ai r 30 sq f t - f ai r ; under
r oom ( pr ef er abl y i n suppl i es needed.
Over 25- poor 25 sq f t poor .
st or age cabi net Lowopen shel ves
wi t h shel f above f or t oys . Space f or
and bel ow) , 42 i n. f i l i ng pi ct ur es and
above f l oor . Ful l f or mat er i al s used
l engt h f or t eacher s, i n r oom. Open
Hooks er e haz- shel ves f or t oys
.
er dous . Not r ec-
ommended.
'
Rooms on f i r st f l oor and above gr ade l evel .
TABLE
3 Rooms Needed i n Rel at i on t o Pr ogr am
and t o Si ze of Chur ch School - Pr eschool Chi l dr en
Chur ch
school , Chur ch school ,
Chur ch school , Chur ch school , Chur ch school ,
Age gr oup 1- 99 pupi l s
100- 299pupi l s 300- 499pupi l s
500- 899pupi l s 900 or mor e pupi l s
Nur ser y I , Omi t - unl ess sui t abl e separ at e
Omi t - unl ess sui t abl e separ at e Possi bl e her e t o pr ovi de
one Separ at e cr i b and pl aypen Si mi l ar t o l ar ger chur ch
i nf ant s and t oddl er s, space i s avai l abl e.
space i s avai l abl e. r oomf or t oddl er s . I f t her e i s
a
r oom.
school s.
under 18 mont hs
need, consi der
separ at e r oom Separ at e r oomf or t oddl er s .
Nur ser y I I ,
wi t h cr i bs and pl aypens, et c
. ,
ages 1/ and 2
f or t hose under 18 mont hs
.
Nur ser y I I I ,
May be necessar y t o house
Enr ol l ment 8- 18. One r oom Enr ol l ment
20- 30. Two Enr ol l ment 32- 54. Thr ee These usual l y oper at e
age
3 sever al 3- year - ol ds
i n same t hat may be kept f or j ust t he r ooms.
These may be used r ooms t o be used
by
3- veer - i n t wo sessi ons .
r oom as ki nder gar t en.
3- year - ol d gr oup. I f t he chur ch
dur i ng t he week by par ent ol ds onl y, or one r oom
used
Tr y t o separ at e
par t s of t he sponsor s e weekday nur ser y
gr oups, et c
. ,
par t i cul ar l y i f a f or each of t wo
or t hr ee
r oam, usi ng one hel per .
school , t hi s r oom and ki nder - f ol di ng
par t i t i on separ at es sessi ons.
gar t en r oommaybe used. Have t hem.
r ooms
near each ot her.
Ki nder gar t en I , I I ,
Enr ol l ment up t o 12. Separ at e Enr ol l ment 16- 25
. One r oomt o Enr ol l ment 40- 50. Two
Enr ol l ment 64- 100. Four Thr ee sessi ons woul d
ages 4and 5 r oom.
Do not encour age at t en- be used bot h
dur i ng t he chur ch r ooms, one t or 4- year - ol ds and r ooms,
t wo f or 4- year - ol ds pr ovi de mor e adequat e
dance of 3- year - ol ds at ex- school hour and
chur ch hour ; onet ot 5- year - ol ds . I t i s hel p-
andt wo f or 5- year - ol ds ; at space f or each age
pense at
t he 4- and 5- year - l i mi t ed use
by ot her s, f ul t o have r ooms adj oi ni ng t wo
r ooms l one f or each gr oup.
ol ds
.
f or possi bl e use by adul t s .
age) used f or t wo or t hr ee
sessi ons .
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHSCHOOLS
Di spl ay
space Fur ni t ur e
Ot her mat er i al s
Gr ooved pi ct ur e r ai l Cr i bs- pr ef er abl y
14 i n. above f l oor . bessi net s on
met al
Tack boar d ext endi ng f r ames wi t h r ubber
f r om 14 t o 38 i n. t i r es. Pl aypens, bed
l i nen, pl ast i c
mat s
f or
pl aypens .
Gr ooved pi ct ur e r ai l Chai r s 6 i n. f r omf l oor . Lar ge bl ocks 12 x 4x
8
i n
.
and
2
x 4x 12
i n
. l ; f l oor t oys ( peg wagon,
wooden, t r ai n,
17 i n. above t he Not needed f or ever y car s) ; books,
pi ct ur es ; a Bi bl e ; cuddl y t oys ( st uf f ed ani mal s, r ag dol l s)
;
housekeepi ng
f l oor . Tack boar d ex- chi l d . Tabl es- hei ght t oys ( dol l , dol l bed, t ea t abl e anddi shes) ; hal l ; pi ct ur e r ai l ;
of f er i ng cont ai ner ; wast e-
t endi ng 17 t o 43 i n. 18 i n. - smal l . Tops basket ; gr owi ng pl ant s
or
ot her nat ur e
mat er i al s
;
a songbook, or col l ect i on of songs,
above t he f l oor . 18
by
24 i n. Abook r ecommended i n t he l i t er at ur e f or use by t he l eader s
.
Add l at er ( wher e space per mi t s)
t abl e- not essent i al i t wal ki ng boar d; mor e housekeepi ng
equi pment
( pans,
t el ephone, smal l r ocki ng chai r )
;
space l i mi t ed. push and pul l t oys ; smal l wagon, r est i ng mat s; washabl e r ug or r ugs
f or f l oor.
Gr ooved pi ct ur e r ai l Chai r s 8 i n. f r om f l oor . Lar ge bl ocks ( 2
x 4x 8 i n. and 2 x 4 x 12 i n
. ) ;
f l oor t oys ( car s, t r ucks, t r ai n, boat )
;
20 i n. above t he Af ew6 i n. Tabl es,
bal l , books; a Bi bl e; pi ct ur es ; housekeepi ng t oys ; a songbook, or col l ect i on of songs,
f l oor . Tack boar d ex- hei ght , 18 i n. Tops, r ecommended i n t he l i t er at ur e f or use by t he l eader s;
of f er i ng
cont ai ner ;
wast ebasket ;
t endi ng f r om20 t o 24 by 36 i n. or 28 by
gr owi ng pl ant s or ot her nat ur e mat er i al s . Add l at er ( wher e space per mi t s) easel s f or
48 i n. above f l oor . 42 i n. Teacher ' s t abl e, pai nt i ng; pai nt ; set of st eps ; l ar ge hol l owbl ocks ;
mor e housekeepi ng t oys ( br oom,
18 by 24 i n. Pi ano- i r oni ng
boar d, i r on, cl ot hesl i ne, dol l car r i age- l ar ge enough t o come t o wai st of
not essent i al but chi l d) ; l ar ge puzzl es, set s of wooden ani mal s and
peopl e f or bl ock pl ay; l owbench or
desi r abl e. st ool s
near pl ace f or wr aps
.
Gr ooved pi ct ur e r ai l
Chai r s 10 i n. f r om Lar ge bl ocks
( 2
x 4x 8 i n. Fi nd 2 x 4x 12 i n, )
;
f l oor t oys f or dr amat i c pl ay; books;
24 i n
.
above f l oor . f l oor
.
Tabl es,
hei ght
a
Bi bl e; pi ct ur es ; housekeepi ng t oys ; paper sci ssor s ; l ar ge cr ayons; a songbook
or
Tack boar d ext endi ng 20 i n. Tops 24 by
42 col l ect i on of songs, r ecommended i n t he l i t er at ur e f or use
by
t he t eacher s ; of f er i ng
f r om24 t o 54 i n. i n
.
or 28 by 48 i n. cont ai ner ; wast ebasket ; gr owi ng pl ant s
or ot her nat ur e mat er i el s ; di spl ay or t ack st r i p
above f l oor . Pi ano
desi r abl e. space. Add l at er ( wher e space per mi t s) easel s f or pai nt i ng; pai nt ; l ar ge hol l owbl ocks;
l ar ge puzzl es; set s of
wooden
ani mal s
and peopl e f or bl ack pl ay; smal l apr ons, nur ses'
caps,
pocket books, t i es, f or dr amat i c pl ay i n housekeepi ng cent er .
TABLE 4 Rooms Needed by El ement ar y Chi l dr en as Rel at ed
t o School Si ze
Chur ch school , Chur ch
school , Chur ch school , Chur ch school , Chur ch school ,
1- 99 pupi l s 100- 299pupi l s
300- 499 pupi l s 500- 899 pupi l s 900 or mor e pupi l s
Pr i mar y, Enr ol l ment
up
t o 18. One Enr ol l ment 24- 54. One
Enr ol l ment 60- 90. Thr ee Enr ol l ment 96- 162. Si x Have mor e adequat e
gr ades 1, 2, and 3 r oom wher e age gr oup can r oom; or one l ar ge r oom and
r ooms- onef ar each school r ooms- or t hr ee i f t her e i s space f or each age
meet , but i f necessar y al ong one
medi um si ze r oom f or gr ade t o be t r eat ed as t hr ee a second sessi on. Handl e as gr oup
.
wi t h t he ent i r e chur ch school appr oxi mat el y
25. Two separ at e gr oups ; or may separ at e gr oups .
sessi on. May be par t of gr ades can
use l ar ge r oom come t oget her occasi onal l y
l ar ge space di vi ded. f or al l pur poses .
One gr ade f or wor shi p or ot her pur -
can use smal l er r oomf or
al l poses.
pur poses or
uni t e wi t h t he
ot her t wo
gr ades.
J uni or , Enr ol l ment up t o 15. One Enr ol l ment 20- 45
. Same as Enr ol l ment 50- 75. Thr ee Enr ol l ment 80- 135. Same as
gr ades 4, 5, and 6 r oom or par t of r oom i n r equi r ement s f or
pr i mar y chi l - r ooms, one f or each gr ade; f or pr i mar y.
whi ch j uni or s may be al one dr en. or one
l ar ge r oom and one
f or at l east 45 mi nut es a
medi um si ze f or appr oxi -
Sunday
.
May have t o wor -
mat el y
30
.
shi p same of t he t i me wi t h
ol der gr oups i n t he chur ch
school .
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHSCHOOLS
TABLE 8 Rooms Needed i n Rel at i on t o Pr ogr amand t o Si ze of Chur ch School - Yout h Di vi si on
Chur ch school , Chur ch school , Chur ch
school , Chur ch school , Chur ch school ,
1- 99 pupi l s 100- 299
pupi l s 300- 499pupi l s 500- 899 pupi l s 900 or mor e pupi l s
J uni or hi gh . . . . . Enr ol l ment up t o 12. Chur ch Enr ol l ment
12- 35. Chur ch
Enr ol l ment
35- 80.
Depar t -
Enr ol l ment BO- 100. Depar t - Enr ol l ment 100 or mor e.
school
cl ass may
meet
i n school cl asses may be hel d ment Assembl y Room, pl us ment Assembl y Room wi t h Thr ee depar t ment s shoul d
chur ch pewor i n near by i n sanct uar y i f necessar y
t wo cl assr ooms l ar ge cl assr ooms f or gr oups of be pr ovi ded, one f or each
home.
For ot her t ypes of
but
a meet i ng space i s enough f or cl asses of 15- 15- 20. Assembl y r oom gr ade. Pr ovi de each sec-
act i vi t y, see bel ow. needed f or ot her
pr ogr am 20. Assembl y r oommay be shoul d be avai l abl e f or t i on wi t h an Assembl y
act i vi t i es used f or t hr ough- t he- week act i vi t i es of j uni or hi ghs Room and cl assr ooms.
act i vi t i es . t hr oughout t he week,
Seni or
hi gh . . . . .
Enr ol l ment up t o 10. Meet Enr ol l ment 10- 30. Some as Enr ol l ment 24- 40. Assembl y Enr ol l ment 50- 90. Depar t - Enr ol l ment 90. Depar t ment
i n chur ch pews f or Chur ch above . Separ at e r oomshoul d Roomwi t h t wo cl assr ooms . ment Assembl y Room wi t h Assembl y and Room wi t h
school cl asses.
he avai l abl e
f or pr ogr am At hi r d cl ass maymeet i n t he cl assr ooms f or gr oups of cl assr ooms over f or gr oups
J uni or hi ghs and seni or s may act i vi t i es . assembl y r oomi t sel f . Such a about 20. of not mor e t hen 25.
meet t oget her f or act i vi t i es r oom al so becomes a head-
ot her t han st udy and di scus- quar t er s f or t he Yout h Fel -
si on. Or di nar i l y t he chur ch l owshi p.
sanc t uar y, a home near by, or
t he f el l owshi p r oomi s avai l -
abl e f or such use.
Ol der yout h . . . . . I f ol der yout h ar e wor ki ng, t hey maywi sh t o have a gr oup of For any chur ch t o consi der :
t hei r own, or t hey may j oi n wi t h col l ege st udent s, Wher e possi bl e t he same r oomshoul d be used f or assembl y and wor shi p i n t he chur ch school
I f t hey ar e at t endi ng col l ege away f r omhome, l et t he col l ege andal so f or Sunday eveni ng or t hr ough- t he- week pr ogr am. Ther ef or e, i t shoul d be sui t ed t o a
past or know. var i et y of act i vi t i es and pr ovi ded wi t h ampl e st or age space f or suppl i es and equi pment .
I f t hey ar e at t endi ng col l ege at home, pr ovi de f or a col l ege- Cl assr ooms shoul d be at t r act i ve, ef f i ci ent l y desi gned, and l ar ge enough t o al l owf or ampl e
age f el l owshi p
.
Faci l i t i es needed ar e bot h t hose l i st ed i n t hi s movement .
sect i on end t hose under " Adul t . " Recr eat i on, cr af t s, hobbi es, and dr ama ar e par t of t he ongoi ng pr ogr amandf aci l i t i es shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or t hem. Aki t chenet t e i s desi r abl e.
For a weekday schedul e of act i vi t i es, r oomshoul d be easy of access, near bui l di ng en-
t r ance.
TABLE 5 Summar y of Space and Equi pment f or El ement ar y
School
Chi l dr en
Maxi mum
Toi l et s, basi ns,
chi l dr en
Fl oor space dr i nki ng
Age gr oup per r oom'
per chi l d f aci l i t i es Wr aps
Pr i mar y, Up t o 25- good
30 sq
f t - good
Separ at e t oi l et s f or Some pr ef er i n
gr ades 1, 2, and
3; 25- 30- f ai r 25 sq
f t - f ai r
boys, gi r l s . Readi l y r oom. Use r od
ages 8, 7, and 8 30- 35- poor 20 so f t - poor accessi bl e on same hanger s 42 t o 48
( See comment f l oor , i n. above f l oor ,
bel owf or shel f above.
assombl yl Washbasi ns 28 i n.
f r omf l oor . Toi l et s
14 i n. f r omf l oor.
Si nk wi t h r unni ng
wat er and doubl e
dr ai n
boar d i n r oom
pr ef er r ed.
J uni or s, Up t o 25- good- 20- 30 sq f t - good As above except
Some
pr ef er
i n
gr ades
4,
5, and 8; 25- 30- f ai r 25 sq f t - f ai r basi ns 30 i n; t oi l et s r oom, ot her wi se i n
ages 9, 10 end 11 30- 35- poor 20 sq f t - poor 18 i n. f r omf l oor . r ecessed cor r i dor
Up t o 45 pupi l s, st or age space, Use
3 r ooms ; 1 l ar ger r od hanger s 48- 54
f or assembl y at i n. above f l oor ,
t i mes . shel f
above.
' Pr ef er abl y on f i r st f l oor , above gr ade l evel .
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHSCHOOLS
Pr ovi si on shoul d be made
f or r ecr eat i on,
wor shi p, handi cr af t and hobbi es,
dr amat i cs, yout h choi r s,
and r ef r eshment s .
Di spl ay
Cabi net s space
Fur ni t ur e
Ot her mat er i al s
Ampl e space car ef ul l y
Gr ooved pi ct ur e r ai l 30 Chai r s
14
i n
. f r om Recommended
l i t er at ur e, one or mor e Bi bl es,
pl anned
f or pupi l s' and i n . above
t he f l oor . f l oor , some
12 i n . paper , penci l s, cr ayons,
past e, sci ssor s .
t eacher s'
suppl i es, Tack boar d 30
t o 62 Tabl e t ops 30 by 48 or
Songbook f or pi ani st and
t eacher ' s use l one
handi wor k,
pi ct ur e i n . above t he f l oor .
54 i n. , 24 i n . hi gh,
r ecommended i n t he l i t er at ur e) .
Pi ct ur es,
st or age. Open
shel ves Por t abl e
bl ackboar ds or Smal l t abl es f or
books chosen accor di ng t o
uni t bei ng
f or books .
t ur nover char t s made
beaut y or wor shi p
st udi ed; si mpl e r ef er ence books
. Song
f or handl i ng and
t ack cent er s . Pi ano . Recor d char t s .
Gr owi ng pl ant s or ot her
nat ur e mat e-
boar ds on one or t wo
pl ayer .
r i al s, wast ebasket , pi ct ur e r ai l ,
movabl e
si des of r oam.
bl ackboar d
or l ar ge sheet s of newspr i nt
on an
easel
may be desi r ed.
Same as above
but Gr ooved pi ct ur e r ai l 36
Chai r s 16 i n . f r om
Recommended l i t er at ur e,
a Bi bl e f or t he de-
pr ovi de st or age f or
i n . above t he f l oor .
f l oor . Tabl e t ops 30 by
par t ment , a Bi bl e f or
each chi l d. Songbooks
maps, l ar ge obi ect s
. Tack boar d 36 t o 72
48 or 54 i n . , 26 i n .
f or chi l dr en' s use l one r ecommended
i n t he
i n . above f l oor ,
hi gh . Pi ano . Smal l
l i t er at ur e) , pi ct ur es . Books chosen
accor di ng
t abl es
f or beaut y and t o uni t
bei ng st udi ed,
paper ,
penci l s,
cr ayons,
wor shi p cent er . Recor d
past e, sci ssor s ; of f er i ng cont ai ner
. Wast e-
pl ayer ,
basket ,
gr owi ng pl ant s or ot her
nat ur e ma.
t er i al s, pi ct ur e r ai l , movabl e bl ackboar d
or
l ar ge
sheet s of newspr i nt on an easel
may be
usef ul
. Add l at er Bi bl e di ct i onar y;
Bi bl e
at l as,
maps, a gl obe, r ef er ence
books,
copi es
of di f f er ent t r ansl at i ons of t he
Bi bl e, a
di ct i onar y_
TABLE 7 Summar y of
Space and Equi pment
f or Yout h'
Maxi mum
Pupi l s
Fl oor space
Age gr oup per
r oom per pupi l
Fur ni t ur e
and equi pment
J uni or hi gh I , 11, 20
pupi l s- good 15- 18
sq i t - good Li ght wei ght
t abl es wi t hout dr awer s
. Space t o st or e
111, and gr ades
10- 15 pupi l s-
12- 15 sq f t - f ai r ext r a
t abl es end chai r s . Comf or t abl e,
st ur dy chai r s,
7, 8, and 9;
pr ef er r ed 10- 12
sq f t - poor bl ackboar d
or t ur n- over char t f r emes
wi t h l ar ge sheet s
ages 12, 13,
of paper
. Di spl ay boar d, wal l maps,
yout h l i br ar y,
and 14
pi anos,
r ecor d pl ayer and r ecor d st or age,
r ecr eat i onal
equi pment
and pl ace t o st or e
i t . Bi bl es, t ext -
books,
et c .
Seni or hi gh and
25 pupi l s Same as
Equi pped
f or audi ovi sual s .
ol der yout h;
maxi mum above
Near by accessi bl e
cl oak st or age space,
t oi l et f aci l i t i es .
gr ades 10, 11,
St or age
cabi net s f or pi ct ur es, hymnal s,
mat er i al s and
and
12; ages
suppl i es .
Col or f ul , at t r act i ve
f ur ni shi ngs i n keepi ng
15, 16, and 17
wi t h decor of
bui l di ng .
Ol der yout h,
18- 23
year s
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHSCHOOLS
TABLE 8

Rooms Needed i n Rel at i on
t o Pr ogr amand t o Si ze of Chur ch School - Adul t Di vi si on"
' The enr ol l ment
f i gur es used i n t hi s char t ar e based on a sampl i ng of a var i et y of chur ch school s. I t was
f ound t hat t her e wer e appr oxi mat el y 27 adul t s t o
ever y 100 pupi l s enr ol l ed i n t he
chur ch school . The f i gur e
27 was br oken down i nt o 10 young adul t s, 10 mi ddl e adul t s,
and
7 ol der
adul t s . However , chur ch school si t uat i ons ar e so var i ed i n pr opor t i onat e age
gr oupi ngs t hat
many except i ons must be
made.
Space shoul d
al so be consi der ed f or meet i ng of ent i r e adul t depar t ment of t he chur ch school . An of f i ce f or
admi ni st r at i on of t he adul t depar t ment , and f or r ecor ds, i s desi r abl e
.
A
f el l owshi p
hal l wi t h
st age,
ki t chenet t e,
pr ovi si on f or audi ovi sual s, hobbi es, r ecr eat i on, and ser vi ce act i vi t i es wi l l pr ovi de f or a
mul t i pl i ci t y of uses t ot al most ever y ki nd of adul t need.
TABLE 9

Summar y of Space and Equi pment
f or Adul t s'
For adul t s and ol der adul t s, r ooms shoul d be
on
f i r st
f l oor , i t possi bl e.
Chur ch school , Chur ch school , Chur ch school ,
Chur ch school , Chur ch school ,
1- 99 pupi l s 100- 299pupi l s
300- 499 pupi l s 500- 899 pupi l s 900 or mor e
p
upi l s
Young adul t . . . . Enr ol l ment
up t o 10. Chur ch Enr ol l ment up t o 30 . One Enr ol l ment up
t o 50. Two Enr ol l ment
up
t o 50. Same Enr ol l ment 100 or mor e .
school cl ass may meet i n cl assr oom advi sabl e espe. cl assr ooms
advi sabl e; one needs i n gener al as medi um Some needs i n gener al as
sanct uar y or i n near by home, ci al l y f or par ent s' cl ass, or a
f or
par ent s'
gr oup, one f or a chur ch school , except pr o- l ar ge chur ch school . Mor e
Soci al , r ecr eat i on, and sec- mi xed gr oup
.
Cl ass may
use mi xed gr oup
.
Sanct uar y pews vi si on f or mor e cl ass gr oupact i vi t i es
on
Sunday ni ght
vi ce act i vi t i es of cl ass, and sanct uar y. For ot her
cl ass may be used. Young adul t i ngs accor di ng t o i nt er est and week ni ght s wi l l
need
of young adul t f el l owshi p, and young adul t
f el l owshi p f el l owshi p Sunday ni ght and needs. Achur ch hobby r oom chur ch
space because homes
may use chur ch di ni ng r oom act i vi t i es use may be
made week ni ght act i vi t i es i n f el - woul d enl i st many young cannot usual l y
accommodat e
or homes of member s. of chur ch f el l owshi p
hal l , or l owshi p hal l or ot her r ooms, adul t s . Pr ovi si on needed l ar ger
at t endance.
si mi l ar r oom
and homes of or i n homes. Pr ovi si on al so f or dr amat i cs, r ecr ea-
member s.
needed f or dr amat i cs, r ecr e- t i on, and audi ovi sual s
at i on, and audi ovi sual s .
Mi ddl e adul t . . . . Enr ol l ment up t o 10. Chur ch
Enr ol l ment up t o 30. One or Enr ol l ment up t o 50. Same Enr ol l ment up
t o 90. Same Enr ol l ment 100 or mor e.
school cl ass may meet i n t wo
cl ass meet i ng pl aces i n gener al space and equi pment gener al
spaceandequi pment Smal l er cl asses of 20 t o 30
sanct uar y or near by
home. sanct uar y or avai l abl e r ooms needs as medi um chur ch needs
as medi um chur ch pr ef er abl e t o one or t wo
i n ot her par t s of t he chur ch . school , wi t h al l owance f or
school , wi t h al l owance f or l ar ge cl asses.
l ar ger at t endance and
pr o- mor e cl asses, especi al l y
vi si on f or i nf or mal i nt er est
shor t - t er m i nt er est gr oups .
gr oups .
Mi ddl e adul t s wi l l al so be
act i ve i n men' s f el l owshi ps, women' s associ at i ons, and ot her
or gani zed gr oups andwi l l need space and equi pment f or such
act i vi t i es . However ,
t hese meet i ng pl aces wi l l pr obabl y be used by ot her age gr oups at ot her
t i mes, t hus maki ng i t unnecessar y t o bui l d and equi p t hese
r ooms f or adul t s onl y.
St or age space must t hus be pr ovi ded f or equi pment t hat wi l l ser ve t he di f f er ent
age gr oups.
Ol der adul t . . . . . Enr ol l ment up
t o
7.
No spa- Enr ol l ment up t o 21. Maypar - Enr ol l ment up t o 35
Enr ol l ment 85 or mor e Enr ol l ment up t o 65
ci al f aci l i t i es
needed. Ol der t i ci pat e wi t h mi ddl e adul t s,
adul t s wi l l pr obabl y par t i ci - I f
separ at e cl ass i s needed,
pat e i n
mi ddl e adul t st udy asect i on of t he pews i n t he
and act i vi t i es.
sanct uar y wi l l pr obabl y be
avai l abl e
Maxi mum
per sons
F
l oor space
Age
gr oup per r oom per per son Fur ni t ur e and equi pment
Young adul t s, 20- 25 Lect ur e t ype, Faci l i t i es f or st udy gr oups and di scussi ons, t abl es f or
di scussi on
ages 24- 35 pr ef er r
ed 8- 10 sq f t gr oups and st udy, comf or t abl e chai r s, bl ackboar ds
or t ur nover
50
per sons per per son char t s, l ect er ns, pi ct ur es, Bi bl es, books, pi anos, cabi net s f or
maxi mum
suppl i es, pr ovi si on f or dr amat i cs
and audi ovi sual s .
Adul t s,
10- 12 sq f t Faci l i t i es f or t eas, l i ght r ef r eshment s, supper s, hobbyandr ecr ea-
ages 36- 84 f or act i vi t y- t i on, and i nf or mal f el l owshi p weekday cl ubs, r ecr eat i on, et c.
t ype t eachi ng
Ol der adul t s, Smal l medi t at i on
r oomapar t f r om t he nave or chapel .
age 65 up
Rel i gi ous
CHURCHSCHOOLS
TABLE
10

Rooms Needed i n Rel at i on t o Pr ogr am
and t o Si ze of Chur ch School
Admi ni st r at i ve Funct i ons
Per sons and Chur ch school ,
Chur ch school , Chur ch
school , Chur ch school , Chur ch school
f unct i ons 1- 99 pupi l s
100- 299 pupi l s 300- 499 pupi l s
500- 899 pupi l s 900 or mor e pupi l s
Past or . . . . . . . . . St udy and wor k r oom. - Bui l t - St udy
and separ at e wor k St udy and of f i ce
f or secr e- St udy wi t h of f i ce t ot secr a- Same as f or
500- 899 chur ch
i n t abl e and shel ves wi t h r oom
. Cl oset f or suppl i es . t ar y wi t h equi pment f or r ec-
t ar t ' . Of f i ce f or chur ch secr a- school wi t h
addi t i on of con-
cur t ai n or door s t o conceal
or ds . Wor k r oom wi t h
cabi - t ar t ' . Of f i ces f or ot her st af f f er ence or
boar d r oom ade-
mi meogr aph equi pment when
net s f or suppl i es . member s
and t hei r secr e- quat e f or l ar gest gr oup,
not i n use.
t ar i es .
Wor k r oom and shoul d have t abl e,
exhi bi t
suppl y cl oset s .
space, bl ackboar d, A- V
equi pment .
Di r ect or
of None. None.
Of f i ce l ar ge enough f or desk, Of f i ce l ar ge
enough f or Same as f or 500- 899
chur ch
Chr i st i an
t abl e, bookcases, and chai r s . desk, t abl e,
bookcases, school pl us of f i ces f or age
Educat i on
Space f or counsel i ng and chai r s,
wi t h space f or coun- gr oup assi st ant s
and t hei r
smal l commi t t ee wor k. sel i ng and
commi t t ee wor k. secr et ar i es .
Asepar at e of f i ce f or secr e-
t ar y
.
Chur ch School Desk
space wi t h shel ves or Roomwi t h desks and cabi -
Roomwi t h desks, cabi net s
Room wi t h desks, wor k Same as f or 500- 899
chur ch
Supt . , Secr et ar y, chest
of dr awer s f or l i t er a- net s f or r ecor ds,
l i t er at ur e f or r ecor ds, l i t er at ur e, and t abl e,
f i l i ng cabi net f or r ec- school but wi t h i ncr eased
and Tr easur er t ur e,
suppl i es, and r ecor ds . and suppl i es .
suppl i es .
or ds . St or er oom f or l i t er a- space.
t ur e and suppl i es .
Choi r Di r ect or . . . . Desk
or t abl e space. Cabi net Roomwi t h desk
or t abl e. Of f i ce wi t h desk, cabi net , Of f i ce and st udi o wi t h
Same as f or 500- 899chur ch
f or f i l i ng chur ch musi c . Cabi net s f or musi c and choi r and
pi ano . Roomwi t h t abl e, pi ano . Room
f or r obi ng of school but wi t h mor e ampl e
Cl oset or cabi net f or choi r r obes . Shel ves f or
hymnal s and cabi net s f or musi c, choi r choi r wi t h cabi net s f or
r obe cl oset s and r obi ng
r obes . used by choi r .
r obes, hymnal s . musi c,
r obes, and hymns . space .
Li br ar y
Bui l t - i n bookcases wi t h Roomwi t h bookcases ( bui l t - Room
wi t h bookcases, t abl e, Lar ge r oom
wi t h t abl es, Same as f or 500- 899chur ch
l ocks, or space f or movabl e i n or movabl e) , t abl e,
chai r s, chai r s, cabi net s f or r ecor ds, chai r s,
wi t h space f or r ead- school but wi t h i ncr eased
uni t s . Fi l i ng cabi net s f or f i l i ng cabi net f or r ecor ds .
f i l i ng pi ct ur es and maps . i ng and
st udy. Pi ct ur e and space and equi pment ,
r ecor ds . Cabi net
f or pi ct ur e f i l es . Exhi bi t cabi net s .
f i l es . Cabi net f or r ecor ds .
Wor l d f r i endshi p museum.
Gover nment al
and
Publ i c
609
60B
620
681
686
6" 6
659
669
676
677
690
6%
702
704
708
709
710
CI TYANDTOWNHALLS
COURTHOUSES
FI RE STATI ONS
FI REHOUSES
POLI CE STATI ONS
POLI CE FACI LI TY
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
I NCI NERATORPLANTS
YMCABUI LDI NGS
YWCABUI LDI NGS
BOYS' CLUBS
RECREATI ONCENTERS
NEI GHBORHOODSERVI CE CENTERS
EMBASSI ES
POST OFFI CES
ACCESS RAMPS FORTHE HANDI CAPPED
PUBLI CTOI LET ROOMS FORTHE HANDI CAPPED
Gover nment al and Publ i c
CI TYANDTOWN
HALLS
be combi ned wi t h a gr oup
of r el at ed bui l di ngs
i n a ci vi c cent er . The ci vi c
cent er has had gr eat
appeal t o t he ci t y
pl anner because i t of f er s
cer t ai n advant ages
and at t he same t i me pr o-
vi des f or l at i t ude
i n desi gn. The bui l di ngs t hat
ar e I ncl uded
i n ci vi c cent er s r ange f r om a
gr oupi ng
of st r i ct l y admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces and
ser vi ce
bui l di ngs t o a compl ex of of f i ce bui l d-
i ngs,
audi t or i ums, l i br ar i es, and so on.
The gr eat
advant age of a ci vi c cent er i s t hat
t he
gr oupi ng of publ i c bui l di ngs
maypr ove t o
be conveni ent t o t he publ i c I n
t r ansact i ng busi -
ness t hat r equi r es vi si t s
t o mor e t han one pub-
l i c agency. I t al so may
r esul t i n one or mor e
gover nment al uni t s bei ng abl e t o
use t he f aci l -
i t i es of t heot her . Fi nal l y, i t of t en
i s conveni ent
t o have cer t ai n f aci l i t i es
gr ouped t oget her i n
or der t o expedi t e
i nt er agency and gover n-
ment al r el at i ons.
Obvi ousl y i f a ci t y
hal l i s t o be par t of a ci vi c
cent er , i t must be pl anned
i n r el at i on t o t he
ot her f aci l i t i es . For i nst ance,
t he San J ose,
Cal i f or ni a, ci t y hal l
i s par t of a ci vi c cent er con-
si st i ng of a heal t h bui l di ng,
communi cat i ons
bui l di ng, pol i ce gar age,
count y of f i ce bui l d-
i ng, sher i f f ' s depar t ment
and j ai l , cr i mi nal -
l egal bui l di ng, and a j uveni l e
cent er . Some of
t hef aci l i t i es, such as t he
admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces
i n t he heal t h bui l di ng, di d
not have t o be r e-
peat ed i n t he ci t y hal l .
Si t e sel ect i on f or
a ci vi c cent er must con-
si der t he f act or s
l i st ed bel owf or l ocat i ng a
ci t y hal l . I n addi t i on, sever al ot her
poi nt s ar e
i mpor t ant . The si t e f or
a ci vi c cent er must per -
mi t f l exi bi l i t y i n bui l di ng
ar r angement . Si nce
mor e l and i s necessar y,
st r eet pat t er ns may
have t o be al t er ed, and
addi t i onal l and wi l l be
needed f or par ki ng .
Once t he si t e has been
sel ect ed, means
must be f ound t o pr eser ve i t
f or gr adual
devel opment of al l t he uni t s. Al so,
t he si t e
must be l ocat ed so as not t o i nt er f er e
wi t h t he nor mal
devel opment of t he busi ness
di st r i ct .
Ont he
sur f ace t he ci vi c cent er i dea has gr eat
appeal . Ther e
ar e t hose who f eel t hat cent er
concept has l i mi t at i ons. An ar t i cl e by Ri char d
A.
Mi l l er ent i t l ed " Ar e Ci vi c Cent er s Obso-
l et e?, "
Ar chi t ect ur al For um, J anuar y, 1959,
hi ghl i ght s t hese obj ect i ons . Mi l l er poi nt s out
t hat ci t i es r ange i n si ze " f r ommammot h con-
cent r at i ons"
t o smal l ci t i es . " As a r ul e, t he con-
cent r at i on of communi t y bui l di ngs can be
i ncr eased i n i nver se r at i o t o t he si ze of t he
ci t y. " One
of t he st r ong poi nt s made i n t he
ar t i cl e r el at es t o t he di scussi on above on de-
cent r al i zat i on of ci t y of f i ces :
Gover nment bui l di ngs- t he
ci t y hal l , f i r e
st at i on, and pol i ce
st at i ons- whi ch wer e
l ong t he nucl eus of most ci vi c cent er s,
t end
t hemsel ves t o be di sper sed t oday. The r ea-
son i s obvi ous. Fi r e end pol i ce bui l di ngs,
f or exampl e, ar e best l ocat ed at a cent r al
poi nt i n t he st r eet net wor k, and wi t h t he
bui l di ng of
expr essways, t hi s poi nt r ar el y
i nt er sect s wi t h t he
beat l ocat i on f or t he
mayor ' s of f i ce or t he
counci l chamber . Ser -
vi ce agenci es ( such
as t he wat er and par k
depar t ment s) i ncr easi ngl y
f avor head-
quar t er s l ocat i ons adj acent
t o t hei r oper at i ng
f aci l i t i es . I n Phi l adel phi a,
wher e t wo new
gover nment of f i ce- t ype
bui l di ngs wi l l be
er ect ed, t he ci t y
al so pl ans t o r emodel and
expand t he ol d ci t y
hal l i n Penn Cent er t o
7.
Don' t bui l d t heci t y hal l over t wo st or i es
i n hei ght I f
at al l possi bl e.
8.
Don' t l et t he publ i c come I n
cont act wi t h
pol i ce or cr i mi nal act i vi t i es .
9. Don' t pr ovi de i n t he mai n
l obby any
f aci l i t i es, such
as
a ci gar
and sof t dr i nk st and,
whi ch encour age l oi t er i ng.
DETERMI NI NG NEED
The need f or
a newci t y hal l mayseemobvi ous
t o t hose who spend
t hei r wor ki ng hour s at t he
ci t y hal l . Cei l i ngs
ar e hi gh; heat i ng cost s ar e
t wi ce what
t hey shoul d be; space or i gi nal l y
meant f or st or age has
been conver t ed t o of -
f i ces; el ect r i cal wi r i ng vi ol at es
code pr ovi -
si ons; and
t he pr esent f aci l i t y i s j ust
ol d any-
way. Al l
of t hi s- and mor e besi des- may
be
t r ue,
but what i s not known i s howext ensi ve
t he
need i s . Thi s must be det er mi ned by car ef ul
st udy. I n det er mi ni ng
t he need f or a ci t y hal l
al t er nat e
cour ses of act i on shoul d be st udi ed.
Fact or s
I nf l uenci ng Need Det er mi ni ng t he ext ent
of need
i nvol ves t wo ar eas : ( 1) condi t i on
of
bui l di ng,
and ( 2) space needs.
The
condi t i on of t he bui l di ng i s t he easi est
t o
eval uat e. Thi ngs t o be consi der ed ar e t ype of
const r uct i on, st r uct ur al condi t i on, el ect r i cal
wi r i ng, heat i ng
and vent i l at i ng, and f aci l i t i es
such as
r est r ooms. Not hi ng may be ser i ousl y
wr ong
and a newf aci l i t y st i l l needed,
but i t
i s i mpor t ant
t o knowt hese poi nt s . Car ef ul
and
pr of essi onal r evi ewmay br i ng
f act or s t o
l i ght
her et of or e not consi der ed.
At anear l yst age i t i s i mpor t ant t o have
some
i dea of space needs. Thi s can
be det er mi ned
i n gener al t er ms by havi ng
each depar t ment
submi t t hei r space needs f or r evi ew
and st udy.
I f depar t ment s ar e al r eady
cr owded, addi t i onal
space needed nowi s not har d
t o est i mat e. The
r eal pr obl emi n det er mi ni ng
apace needs i s
what wi l l be needed i n
t he f ut ur e. The bui l di ng
may be adequat e
now, but wi l l i t be i n 5, 10,
20 year s? Few
ci t i es deci de t o bui l d a newci t y
hal l and
do so al most i mmedi at el y. Exper i ence
seems
t o i ndi cat e t hat a newci t y hal l i s t he out .
gr owt h
of a number of year s of car ef ul pl an-
ni ng
and, once bui l t , l ast s a l ong t i me.
I n est i mat i ng f ut ur e needs not onl y must
t r adi t i onal ser vi ces such as pol i ce and bui l d-
i ng
i nspect i on be consi der ed but al so what
f ut ur e ser vi ces t heci t y maybe r equi r ed t o pr o-
vi de. One
of t he " dos" i s t o pr ovi de f or
st r uc-
t ur al
expansi on
.
However , pr ovi si on f or
such
expansi on must be i n r eason, and shoul d be
based on pr oj ect i ons of f ut ur e needs. Knowl -
edge
of
t he
communi t y and i t s peopl e I s essen-
t i al
t o space pl anni ng . Ci t y of f i ci al s shoul d
knowt he
popul at i on pr oj ect i ons f or t he next
20 or 25 year s, t he economi c l evel of t he com-
muni t y, and pr esent and pr obabl e soci al and
economi c char act er i st i cs.
SELECTI NG THE LOCATI ON
OF
THE
CI TY HALL
CI VI CCent er s I n sel ect i ng t he
l ocat i on
f or
a ci t y
hal l , t hef i r st consi der at i on
i s whet her i t shoul d
be pl aced ona si t e by i t sel f or whet her i t
shoul d
St eps t o be t aken i n pl anni ng and const r uct i ng
a ci t y hal l ar e ( 1) det er mi ni ng
need, ( 2) det er -
mi ni ng space
r equi r ement s, ( 3) sel ect i ng an
ar chi t ect , ( 4)
acqui r i ng a si t e, ( 5) appr ovi ng
l ayout , desi gn,
and ar chi t ect ur al f eat ur es, and
( 6) devel opi ng a f i nanci al pl an. These
st eps ar e
not a one- t wo- t hr ee pr ocess; f r equent l y
t hey
must be done si mul t aneousl y. I t i s i mpor t ant
t o have an i dea of what i s want ed bef or e
se-
l ect i ng an ar chi t ect , but t he ar chi t ect
can be
hel pf ul
i n del i neat i ng want s. I t i s i mpor t ant
t o
r emember t hat t he ci t y hal l
must l ast 60 year s
or mor e. The f ol l owi ng " dos and
don' t s" pr o-
vi de a gui de t o of f i ci al s
engaged i n pl anni ng
a newci t y hal l .
Do:
1. Locat e t he
ci t y
hal l
wher e i t wi l l be most
conveni ent and i f possi bl e
wher e l and val ues
ar e r easonabl e.
2. Be pr epar ed
t o pr ovi de t he ar chi t ect
wi t h i nf or mat i onon
depar t ment s t o be housed,
t he number of
empl oyees, t ypes of f ur ni shi ngs
and equi pment ,
and speci al r equi r ement s such
as vaul t and st or age space
.
3. Pr ovi de ampl e
of f - st r eet par ki ng space
f or bot h empl oyees and
t he publ i c .
4. Put most or al l
ci t y depar t ment head.
quar t er s i n t he ci t y
hal l .
S. Pr ovi de f or
st r uct ur al expansi on end
f l exi bi l i t y i n of f i ce
l ayout .
6. Pl an t he
ci t y hal l f r omt hei nsi de out wi t h
emphasi s
on wor k f l ow, conveni ence t o t he
publ i c, and conveni ence
f or empl oyees.
7. Pr ovi de
f or t he comf or t and ef f i ci ency
of
empl oyees wi t h cont r ol l ed vent i l at i on and
adequat e l i ght i ng
.
8. Pr ovi de f or empl oyee l ounges
and r est
r ooms
.
9. Use mat er i al s, const r uct i on, and f ur -
ni shi ngs whi chmake t heci t y hal l easy t o
mai n-
t ai n
.
10. Pr ovi de open, unobst r uct ed
count er s
f or
t r ansact i ons wi t h t he publ i c
.
Don' t :
1. Don' t l ocat e i n an ar ea of
decl i ni ng pr op-
er t y val ues except when par t
of a compr ehen-
si ve ur ban r enewal pr ogr am.
2. Don' t t r y t o r emodel an
ol d post of f i ce,
school bui l di ng, convent i on
hal l , or ot her bui l d-
i ng desi gned f or some
ot her speci al use.
3. Don' t f or get t hat t he
ci t y hal l i s an of f i ce
bui l di ng, not a
monument or an or nament .
4. Don' t
under est i mat e space needs ; t he
aver age commer ci al of f i ce
bui l di ng l ast s 67
year s.
S. Don' t t i e up
val uabl e space wi t h i ndoor
pi st ol r anges, dr i ve- t hr ough
gar ages, pr i vat e
exi t s, wi de cor r i dor s,
and ot her gadget s.
6. Don' t cut
upt heci t y hal l i nt o cubbyhol es
f or mi nor of f i ci al s
.
Pl anni ng
t he NewCi t y Hal l ,
Repor t #212,
ManegmmenI I nf or mat i onSer vi ce,
I nt er nat i onal
Ci t y Manager s' Associ at i on,
Washi ngt on, D. C. ,
Sept ember 1961.
ar e mor e di f f i cul t t o mai nt ai n
and r equi r e mor e
pl anni ng of t hei nt er i or t o get
r el at ed f unct i ons
on adj acent f l oor s . Al so any
ci t y bui l di ng of
mor e t han t wo f l oor s shoul d
have
an
el evat or ,
especi al l y i f t he publ i c has
any gr eat use of t he
t op f l oor .
Pr ovi si on f or a f ul l basement
housi ng gen-
er al of f i ces i s not of t en made
i n nowci t y of f i ce
bui l di ngs. Most pr of essi onal
or gani zat i ons ad-
vi se agai nst l ocat i ng gener al
of f i ces i n t he
basement . The basement can be used
f or st or -
age and ser vi ce act i vi t i es such as dupl i cat i ng,
r ecei vi ng and shi ppi ng r ooms, heat i ng and ai r -
condi t i oni ng equi pment , and cent r al swi t ch-
boar d.
Depar t ment al
Layout Depar t ment al l ayout wi l l
depend
on t he act i vi t i es car r i ed on by t he de-
par t ment and t he t ool s or speci al equi pment
used . For exampl e, a f i nance depar t ment l ayout
may
r equi r e an open ar ea f or account i ng cl er ks
and col l ect or s wi t h one or t wo pr i vat e of f i ces,
a machi ne
r oom, and a vaul t . The publ i c wor ks
depar t ment , ont heot her hand, mayr equi r e
pr i -
vat e
of f i ces f or t he di r ect or , t he engi neer , and
i ndi vi dual
i nspect or s, a dr af t i ng r oom, a vaul t ,
a pl an or map r oom,
and conf er ence r ooms.
The f i r st st ep i n depar t ment s[ l ayout i s t o
sur vey t he
wor k done by t he depar t ment . Wor k
f l owshoul d be
especi al l y st udi ed . Acompl et e
l i st shoul d be
made of al l empl oyees andequi p-
ment t o occupy
t he space
.
The possi bi l i t y
of f ut ur e expansi on
shoul d be ant i ci pat ed and
pr ovi si on made
f or addi t i onal per sonnel . Pr o-
vi si on al so shoul d bemade
f or peak r at her t hen
aver age wor k l oads. Fl ow of
wor k shoul d,
as near l y as
pr act i cabl e, be i n a st r ai ght l i ne.
Nor mal l y, wor k shoul d
come t o t he empl oyees
r at her t han
t hei r goi ng t o t he wor k. Mi nor
act i vi t i es canbe
gr ouped ar ound ar eas of maj or
act i vi t y.
Pr i vat e Of f i ces

Amaj or f act or i n t he det er mi na-
t i on of space needs i s t he
quest i on of who
shoul d get pr i vat e of f i ces
and under what
ci r cumst ances. Mor e
space i s r equi r ed f or
pr i vat e of f i ces; space
ut i l i zat i on i s r est r i ct ed
t hr ough segr egat i on of ar eas
f or pr i vat e of -
f i ces; and consi der abl e expense i s
i nvol ved i n
r ear r angi ng and r eer ect i ng par t i t i ons .
Vent i l a-
t i on, l i ght i ng, andheat i ng pr obl ems ar e compl i -
cat edby anumber of smal l of f i ces;
super vi si on
and coor di nat i on of wor k, f l owof wor k,
and
communi cat i ons ar e made mor e di f f i cul t . An
open, wal l - ar r anged of f i ce has a mor e
or der l y
and busi nessl i ke appear ance t hen a ser i es of
smal l of f i ces.
Cer t ai n condi t i ons j ust i f y pr i vat e
of f i ces.
Fi r st , t r ansact i ons of a conf i dent i al nat ur e r e-
qui r e pr i vat e f aci l i t i es. Gener al conf er ence
r ooms, however , wher e conf i dent i al meet i ngs
maybe hel d as occasi on demands, mayr educe
t he need f or pr i vat e of f i ces. Second, pr i vacy
i s of t en desi r abl e not so much because of
t he
conf i dent i al nat ur e of t he wor k, but because
of t he number of per sons i nt er vi ewed or be-
cause t he wor k i s of an i ndependent
nat ur e
whi ch r equi r es mor e qui et and pr i vacy t han
t he
open of f i ce wi l l al l ow. Ther e i n l i t t l e agr eement
as t o who shoul d have pr i vat e of f i ces except
f or
t he chi ef admi ni st r at i ve of f i cer and depar t ment
heads.
Chi ef Admi ni st r at or ' s Of f i ce The l ocat i on of t he
chi ef
admi ni st r at or ' s of f i ce i s i mpor t ant t o
good publ i c
r el at i ons. I t shoul d be l ocat ed so
as t o gi ve t he
i mpr essi on of bei ng easi l y
r eached and open t o
any cal l er , but i t shoul d
not be t oo
pr omi nent . The second f l oor or di -
nar i l y i s a good l ocat i on
si nce some ef f or t
must be expended t o vi si t
i t , and t he casual or
mer el y cur i ous
i ndi vi dual i s l ess l i kel y t o
i nt r ude.
cause t he l east congest i on on ci t y st r eet s. "
Obvi ousl y t hi s appl i es onl y t o t he ci t y havi ng
some
f or m
of
publ i c t r ansi t . Peopl e t r avel
ei t her
by wal ki ng or by usi ng car s, t axi s, or
publ i c
t r ansi t . I f t he ci t y hal l i s r eadi l y acces-
si bl e t o aut omobi l es
onl y, par ki ng r equi r e-
ment s
woul d i ncr ease i n di r ect r at i o t o t he
i ncr eased use of t he
car . For t he ci t y t hat does
not have t r ansi t syst ems, l ocat i on
i n t he cent er
ar ea of t he
ci t y may hel p t o r educe par ki ng
r equi r ement s . Peopl e come
t o t he ci t y cent er
t o do a var i et y of t hi ngs ; f r equent l y
t hey par k
and wal k bet ween di f f er ent
pl aces of busi ness.
5. " The cent r al busi ness
di st r i ct i s t he r eal
ci vi c cent er of t he20t h cent ur y. " Al ot has been
sai d about t he det er i or at i ng cent r al busi ness
di st r i ct . The i mpr essi on has been gi ven t hat
t he cent r al ci t y i s dr yi ng up; t hat ever yt hi ng i s
movi ng out . Thus whynot t he ci t y hal l .
I n t he
f i r st pl ace t her e i s good r eason t o bel i eve t hat
t hemovi ng out has l ar gel y been t her et ai l st or e
and
t o
a l esser ext ent t he of f i ce bui l di ng.
Secondl y,
i n t he l ar ge ci t y, t he concent r at i on
of peopl e
makes i t possi bl e f or cer t ai n t ypes
of
busi ness, i ncl udi ng r et ai l , t o oper at e mor e
ef f i ci ent l y; i n t he smal l ci t y t he gener al busi -
ness ar ea
i s st ayi ng i nt act f or t he some r eason.
Aci t y cannot
af f or d t o al l owt he cent r al busi -
ness di st r i ct t o
dr y up because of t he i nvest -
ment i t r epr esent s .
The pr oper pl acement of
t he ci t y hal l i n t he
cent r al busi ness di st r i ct
can cont r i but e t o t he l i f e
of t hi s ar ea.
6. " Mor e
t han t he i ni t i al l and cost must be
i ncl uded
under t he economi c consi der at i ons of
t he si t e. . . "
The si t e shoul d al l owf or expsn-
si on. Si t e devel opment
cost must be consi d-
er ed. These
expendi t ur es i ncl ude demol i t i on of
exi st i ng st r uct ur es,
I f any, gr adi ng ut i l i t i es,
and f l ood pr ot ect i on.
LAYOUT, DESI GN, AND
CONSTRUCTI ON
FEATURES
Gener al Bui l di ng Layout
Bui l di ng ar r angement
i s t he next st ep
i n pl anni ng aci t y hal l . I t i s hel p-
f ul as a st ar t i ng poi nt t o use t he f ol l owi ng
checkl i st of depar t ment s, of f i ces, speci al - pur -
pose r ooms, and ser vi ce ar eas i n anal yzi ng
i nt er i or bui l di ng r equi r ement s :
1 . Depar t ment s r equi r i ng const ant cont act
wi t h t he gener al publ i c and t he col l ect i on or
payment of money- f or exampl e, t he f i nance
depar t ment and t ax col l ect or
2. Depar t ment s r equi r i ng cont act wi t h spe-
ci al
cl asses of t he publ i c- f or exampl e, ci t y-
owned ut i l i t i es, bui l di ng per mi t s, per sonnel ,
ci t y pl anni ng, and ci t y cl er k
3 . Ot her depar t ment s i ncl udi ng publ i c
wor ks, r ecr eat i on, pol i ce, f i r e, et c.
4. Ci t y counci l chamber and of f i ce space f or
use by
t he mayor and counci l men
5 . Of f i ces f or t he chi ef admi ni st r at or
6.
Cour t r ooms
7 . St or age vaul t s and r ecor d r ooms
8 . Locker r ooms, r est r ooms, j ani t or cl oset s,
publ i c t el ephones, and space f or heat i ng, ven-
t i l at i ng, pl umbi ng, and el ect r i cal equi pment
9. " Ci r cul at i ng ar eas" f or l obbi es, cor r i dor s,
el evat or s, and st ai r ways
The r el at i onshi p of one r oomor f unct i onal
ar ea
t o anot her i s i mpor t ant . No r oomexi st s by
i t sel f , and
many
of
t he pr obl ems of l i vi ng i n a
bui l di ng ar i se f r om t he
negl ect of t hi s f act .
Depar t ment s
r el at ed i n f unct i on shoul d be l o-
cat ed near one anot her
and consecut i ve oper a-
t i ons pl anned i n pr oduct i on- l i ne
st yl e. Exces-
si ve l obbi es and hal l space
add t o t he cost of
const r uct i on wi t hout addi ng
usabl e space.
The hei ght of t he bui l di ng wi l l depend upon
t heamount of gr ound avai l abl e and
t he amount
of of f i ce space needed. Land
gener al l y i s
cheaper t han addi t i onal hei ght . Tal l er bui l di ngs
house t he mayor and t he
counci l - t hus
r et ai ni ng a symbol i c cant er of gover nment
i n t he hear t of t he ci t y.
Ci t y- CWl nl y Bui l di ng

The count y- sent ci t y shoul d
i nvest i gat e t he
possi bi l i t y of const r uct i ng one
bui l di ng t o ser vet he needs of bot h t he ci t y and
t he count y
. At l east 40 ci t i es and count i es
occupy t he some
bui l di ng .
The ci t y- count y
bui l di ng has t wo maj or ad-
vant ages . Fi r st , l ocal
gover nment al f aci l i t i es
ar et oget her , whi ch
i s f r equent l y a conveni ence
t o t he publ i c and t o
ci t y and count y agenci es
t hat have cont act wi t h each
ot her . The second
advant age i s cost
savi ngs
.
Dependi ng on
condi t i ons, a j oi nt bui l di ng
can be const r uct ed
f or l ess money t han t wo separ at e
f aci l i t i es
when al l cost s ar e consi der ed : l and,
engi neer -
i ng and ar chi t ect ur al f ees, f i nanci ng
char ges,
and
so on. J oi nt occupancy can r esul t
i n
op-
er at i ng savi ngs.
The maj or i t y of ci t i es t hat occupy of f i ce
apace
wi t h t hecount y f eel t hat t he ar r angement
i s ver y sat i sf act or y. The most of t en st at ed di s-
advant age i s l ack of r oom f or expansi on
. A
j oi nt
ci t y- count y bui l di ng must be car ef ul l y
pl anned
so t hat bot h gover nment al uni t s have
ar ea t o expand
I n . Aci t y and a count y have di f -
f er ent as wel l
as si mi l ar needs. When t he di f -
f er ences
ar e t oo gr eat , a ci t y- count y bui l di ng
can cause
pr obl ems . The ot her dr awback i s
t hat
expenses and r esponsi bi l i t i es f or oper at -
I ng
t he bui l di ng ar e not al ways di st r i but ed
equi t abl y. I t i s t hus ext r emel y i mpor t ant t hat
an agr eement
f or bui l di ng oper at i on and mai n-
t enance be
wor ked out I n advance of const r uc-
t i on.
Locat i on
The sel ect i on of a si t e f or a ci t y hal l
wi l l
be
i nf l uenced by s number of ci r cum-
st ances. Some
of t hese condi t i ons ar e l i mi t -
i ng i n
nat ur e, such as t he avai l abi l i t y of l and.
Ther e ar e, however ,
cer t ai n gui di ng pr i nci pl es
t hat shoul d be
consi der ed. When Tacoma and
Pi er ce Count y deci ded
t o bui l d a ci t y- count y
bui l di ng t he pl anned
commi ssi ons of each
gover nment al uni t j oi nt l y
devel oped a set of
l ocat i on f act or s.
The si x appl i cabl e pr i nci pl es
f or a ci t y hal l l ocat i on
ar e
as
f ol l ows:
1. " Gover nment must ser ve
end be acces-
si bl e t o t he peopl e. . . "
Ef f i ci ency of ser vi ce i s
r el at ed t o howconveni ent
gover nment al f aci l -
i t i es ar ef or t he maj or i t y of t hose
ci t i zens usi ng
t he f aci l i t y.
2. " Si nce publ i c ser vi ces must
ser ve ever y
ci t i zen as wel l as, and as conveni ent l y as
pos-
si bl e, t hose act i vi t i es must be
l ocat ed near t he
cent er of t r anspor t at i on and
t he cent er of busi -
ness act i vi t y. I n t he l ar ge ci t y publ i c
t r anspor -
t at i on comes t o a head i n t he
cent r al busi ness
di st r i ct . Maj or ar t er i al st r eet s ar e
pl anned t o
br i ng peopl e i n and out of t he ci t y cent er
. I n
most cases t he ci t y hal l shoul d be
l ocat ed near
publ i c t r anspor t at i on, i f any, and
cer t ai nl y
near maj or ar t er i al st r eet s.
The ci t y hal l shoul d be near
t he cent er of
busi ness act i vi t y because t hi s i n
wher e t he
pr i nci pal user s of t he f aci l i t y ar e
most f r e-
quent l y l ocat ed. As an exampl e,
at t or neys
f r equent l y must use r ecor ds t hat ar e
housed i n
ci t y
hal l . Aci t y shoul d det er mi ne what gr oups
most of t en come t o ci t y hal l and pl ace
t he
f aci l i t y as cl ose t o t hose gr oups as possi bl e.
3.
" Gover nment of f i ces must have i nt egr a-
t i on
wi t h, not i sol at i on f r om, ot her of f i ces
i n
or der t o ser ve
t he publ i c ef f i ci ent l y and ef f ec-
t i vel y. " Ci t y
gover nment agenci es use t he
ser vi ces of
pr of essi onal men and ot her busi -
nesses . Locat i ng
t he ci t y hal l near t he cent er
of busi ness act i vi t y hel ps
expedi t e t he wor k
of t he agenci es
l ocat ed i n ci t y hal l .
4. " Maxi mum use of
t r ansi t syst ems wi l l
r esul t i n t he l east
publ i c per ki ng ar eas and
CI TYAND
TOWNHALLS
CI TYANDTOWNHALLS
f or a secr et ar y and one or mor e assi st ant s,
dependi ng upon t he si ze of t he ci t y. The sec-
r et ar y' s of f i ce woul d al so ser ve as a r ecept i on
r oomf or peopl e who cal l on t he admi ni st r at or .
Counci l Member s The counci l meet i ng r oom
shoul d be car ef ul l y pl anned i f f ul l use i s t o be
made of i t . Locat i on of t he counci l chamber i s
second- f l oor pl an of t he Al hambr a, Cal i f or ni a,
ci t y hal l ( Fi g. 1 ) f or
a
t ypi cal execut i ve
l ayout .
The admi ni st r at or ' s of f i ce shoul d be l ar ge
enough f or meet i ngs of depar t ment heads
unl ess a conf er ence r oom adj oi ns hi s of f i ce.
Aconf er ence t abl e t hat wi l l accommodat e
up t o 12 peopl e i s desi r abl e. Space shoul d be
pr ovi ded adj acent t o t he admi ni st r at or ' s of f i ce
Af i r st - f l oor l ocat i on, however , can be j ust
as good i f cal l er s ar e pr oper l y scr eened by a
secr et ar y or r ecept i oni st . I t has t he addi t i onal
advant age of bei ng cl ose t o t he of f i ces
most
f r equent ed by t he publ i c . Of i nt er est
t o
coun-
ci l - manager ci t i es i s t he f act t hat t he
mayor has
an of f i ce i n t he maj or i t y of
cases l ocat ed ver y
cl ose t o t he ci t y manager ' s of f i ce. See t he
Fi g.
1
Al hambr a, Cal i f or ni a, Ci t y Hal l .
CI TYANDTOWNHALLS
i mpor t ant because of
t he publ i c nat ur e of t he
busi ness t r ansact ed t her e. Most of t he ci t i es
wi t h mul t i st or i ed bui l di ngs
have l ocat ed t he
counci l r oomon t he f i r st or second
f l oor .
Theof f i ces l ocat ed near or ar ound t he
coun-
ci l chamber ar e usual l y t hose of
t he ci t y cl er k,
ci t y at t or ney, and ci t y manager . Smal l
meet i ng
r ooms and an of f i ce f or t hemayor and counci l -
men maybe l ocat ed near by.
I n most ci t i es sur veyed, counci l men si t at
separ at e desks or at a semi ci r cul ar t abl e, t he
open end of whi ch f aces t he ci t i zens . I n onl y a
f ewci t i es do t he counci l men have t hei r backs
t o t he publ i c . The mayor usual l y si t s i n t he
cent er f l anked by t he manager , cl er k, and at -
t or ney. Thecounci l t abl e of t en i s put on a dai s
18 i n . or 2 f t above t he mai n f l oor ( see Fi g. 2) .
I t i s wel l t o pl an t he counci l chamber so t hat
i t al so can be used f or ot her pur poses . I n many
ci t i es i t i s used as a gener al cour t r oomf or pub-
l i c hear i ngs hel d by ci t y agenci es, as a meet i ng
r oomf or t he ci t y pl anni ng or zoni ng commi s-
si on, f or gener al conf er ences, and as a publ i c
meet i ng r oom.
Fi nance Act i vi t i es

Thecol l ect i on act i vi t i es of t he
f i nance depar t ment have mor e cont act wi t h
t he publ i c t han any ot her muni ci pal act i vi t y
wi t h t he possi bl e except i on of t he pol i ce and
bui l di ng depar t ment s. Apr omi nent l ocat i on
near t he f r ont ent r ance i s t her ef or e desi r abl e .
Avoi dance of cubbyhol es f or separ at e f unc-
t i ons and pr ovi si on f or a l ar ge wor k ar ea en-
hance t he appear ance of t he bui l di ng and gi ve
t he i mpr essi on of a wel l - pl anned and ef f i ci ent
l ayout . Col l ect i on f unct i ons shoul d be l ocat ed
near t he publ i c count er wi t h bi l l i ng, assessi ng,
account i ng, budget i ng, and pur chasi ng at a
gr eat er di st ance. These act i vi t i es shoul d be
so gr ouped and ar r anged t hat t he super vi sor
can obser ve t he wor k of al l hi s empl oyees.
Adr i ve- i n col l ect i on wi ndowshoul d be pr o-
vi ded wher e possi bl e.
Asepar at e, soundpr oof ed machi ne r oom
shoul d be pr ovi ded wher e machi nes ar e used
i n account i ng or bi l l i ng . Acoust i cal cei l i ngs and
wal l s, t her mopane gl ass par t i t i ons, and car -
pet ed f l oor s wi l l absor b much of t he machi ne
noi se and make f or mor e ef f i ci ent wor ki ng
condi t i ons i n t he gener al of f i ce. Avaul t f or
saf ekeepi ng of r ecor ds shoul d be pr ovi ded
unl ess one i s pr ovi ded near by i n t he ci t y
cl er k' s of f i ce.
Pol i ce Depar t ment The pol i ce depar t ment i s
si ngl ed out f or di scussi on because of t he spe-
ci al f aci l i t i es i t needs ot her t han r egul ar of f i ce
space. As not ed, t he pol i ce depar t ment i s f r e-
quent l y not i ncl uded i n t he ci t y hal l . When
i t i s, however , i t shoul d be basi cal l y separ at e
f r omot her ci t y hal l act i vi t i es, and publ i c and
cr i mi nal act i vi t i es shoul d be separ at ed.
The ext ent of f aci l i t i es wi l l depend l ar gel y
on t he si ze of t he communi t y
and t he si ze of
t he depar t ment . I n pl anni ng pol i ce
st at i on f aci l -
i t i es, sever al basi c needs shoul d be consi der ed
by al l ci t i es . J ai l cel l s shoul d be away f r ompub-
l i c ar eas. Pr i soner r et ent i on f or
any
per i od r e-
qui r es t oi l et s, ki t chenf aci l i t i es, and separ at i on
of men and women pr i soner s .
Because
of t he
expense of cel l bl ocks, t he possi bi l i t y of usi ng
count y j ai l f aci l i t i es shoul d be i nvest i gat ed.
Many communi t i es cont r act
wi t h t he count y
f or pr i soner car e . Thi s may be
i mpr act i cal f or
ver y l ar ge ci t i es, but ci t i es up t o
100, 000
cer t ai nl y can ef f ect i vel y
use t hi s met hod of
r educi ng pol i ce st at i on cost
. I f count y f aci l -
i t i es ar e used, i t i s t hen
necessar y onl y
t o
pr o-
Fi g.
3
Ral ei gh, Nor t h Car ol i na, Ci t y Hal l .
vi de a r et ent i on r oomor r ooms wi t h t oi l et
f aci l i t i es . Such r ooms do not need t o be r egul ar
cel l s .
The
communi cat i ons cent er
shoul d be
i sol at ed f r omt hegener al publ i c and ot her wor k
ar eas
. However , i n smal l er communi t i es wher e
i t i s necessar y
f or communi cat i ons per sonnel
t o act as r ecept i oni st s, t hi s i s not possi bl e.
I n such a case
t he communi cat i ons sect i on
mi ght be l ocat ed i n a gl ass encl osur e
wi t h a
sl i di ng panel .
Fi nger pr i nt i ng, phot ogr aphi c, i dent i f i cat i on,
and booki ng ar eas shoul d be l ocat ed t oget her ,
al t hough not necessar i l y i n t he same r oom.
Wher e possi bl e, a separ at e pr i soner ent r ance
l eadi ng di r ect l y i nt o t he ar ea f or booki ng
shoul d be pr ovi ded. The essent i al el ement i s
t o pr ovi de a cont i nuous pr ocess of book-
i ng, f i nger pr i nt i ng, phot ogr aphi ng, and i dent i -
f yi ng of pr i soner s i n t he same ar ea of t he bui l d-
i ng . Wher e possi bl e, i t i s desi r abl e t o have t he
ar ea near t he j ai l or r et ent i on ar ea.
Pr ovi depl ent y of spacef or st or age. Fi r ear ms
and ot her equi pment shoul d be st or ed i n
l ocked cabi net s . Roomf or conf i scat ed, l ost ,
and abandoned ar t i cl es i s necessar y
i f
such
i t ems ar e t o be kept pr oper l y.
When pat r ol men change shi f t s on beat s i t
i s not necessar y t o have al ar geassembl y r oom,
but i t i s desi r abl e t o pr ovi de space f or of f i cer s
t o f i l l out r epor t s . I n l ar ge depar t ment s, t hede-
t ect i ve f or ce wi l l need a separ at e r oom wi t h
l i neup f aci l i t i es .
I n t he ver y l ar ge depar t ment s separ at e
r ooms f or i nt er r ogat i ng pr i soner s ar e neces- Fi g. 2

Ci t y Counci l seat i ng ar r angement , La Mesa, Cal i f or ni a.
Fi g. 3 ( coat . )

Ral ei gh, Nor t h Car ol i na,
Ci t y
Hal l
.
sar y
. I n t he medi umsi zed depar t ment , t he de-
t ect i ve squad r oomcan be used f or i nt er r oga-
t i on
. Asepar at e r oomf or t he use of pr i soner s
and t hei r at t or neys or vi si t or s i s i mpor t ant
when t he st at i on has
f aci l i t i es f or housi ng
pr i soner s. Fi nal l y t he
l ar ge ci t y shoul d have a
cour t r oomnear
t he j ai l or det ent i on f aci l i t i es
of t he
pol i ce depar t ment .
The pol i ce depar t ment
f aci l i t i es of t he
Ral ei gh ci t y hal l ar e wel l pl anned ( Fi gs. 3a- c) .
Separ at i on i s achi eved
by havi ng t he pol i ce
depar t ment
on gr ound l evel except f or t he de-
t ect i ve bur eau
. Thedet ect i ve bur eau i s r eached
by a st ai r wel l l ocat ed so t hat t hegener al publ i c
woul d not have usef or i t . Not i ce t hat t he t r af f i c
vi ol at i ons di vi si on i s on t he second l evel r i ght
acr oss f r om t he ci t y cl er k and t r easur er ' s of -
f i ce. Thi s pl aces money col l ect i ng i n one ar ea
and ver y conveni ent t o t he publ i c . The muni ci -
pal cour t i s of f t he l obby on t he gr ound l evel
and next t o t he mal e and f emal e l ockups.
Desi gn of t he Ci t y Hel l

The ci t y hal l i s essent i al l y
an of f i ce bui l di ng, not a monument or an
or nament . The bui l di ng shoul d be so desi gned
as t o be economi cal i n const r uct i on and mai n-
t enance. Tr ue l ong- r ange economy i s achi eved
by
a j udi ci ous bal ance bet ween or i gi nal cost
and mai nt enance cost . Abui l di ng wi t h cheap
mat er i al s
and equi pment f or t he sake of l ow
f i r st cost may
be qui t e expensi ve i n mai n-
t enance and r epl acement .
Even t hough t he ci t y hal l shoul d be basi cal l y
f unct i onal and not a monument , or i gi nal i t y
i n desi gn i s not pr ecl uded.
CI TYANDTOWN
HALLS
Fi g. 1 Movement and access
t o i nt er nal spaces
i n t he gener al t r i al cour t
.
The Amer i can Cour t house:
Pl anni ng and Desi gn f or
t he J udi ci al
Pr ocess, The Amer i can Bar Associ at i on and
The
Amer i can I nst i t ut e of Ar chi t ect s J oi nt Commi t t ee
on t he Desi gn of Cour t r ooms
and Cour t Faci l i t i es, The
I nst i t ut e of Cont i nui ng
Legal Educat i on, Ann Ar bor , Mi ch-
i gan, 1973.
COURTHOUSES
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
COURTHOUSES
TABLE 1.

Uni t Space
Requi r ement s of
t he Cour t r oom
GENERALTRI ALCOURT
Tr i al Oper at i ons
J ur y t r i al s, whet her ci vi l or cr i mi nal ,
i nvol ve f i ve
gener al
oper at i ons : openi ng pr el i mi nar i es ( i ncl ud-
i ng i mpanel i ng of t he j ur y) , openi ng
st at ement s,
pr esent at i on of
evi dence by each si de, cl osi ng
st at ement s, and del i ber at i on and deci si on
.
1 . The
openi ng pr el i mi nar i es st ar t wi t h t he
bai l i f f ' s announcement t hat t he cour t i s i n sessi on
andt he
nami ng of t he pr esi di ng j udge, who ent er s
and cal l s t he f i r st case. The at t or neys f i r st
have
t he oppor t uni t y t o
make mot i ons i n t he case, t hen
t hey si gni f y t hat t hey ar e r eady f or t r i al
. Af t er
t he j ur y
has been i mpanel ed and swor n, an at t or -
ney may ask t hat al l wi t nesses
ot her t han t he
par t i es be
excl uded f r omt he cour t r oom. I f t he
j udge so r ul es, he
i nf or ms t he wi t nesses wher e
t hey shoul d wai t . The cour t may r ecess a
number
of t i mes, and i t may adj our n
t o r econvene t he
f ol l owi ng day or at some l at er t i me.
2. The pr osecut or or t he
at t or ney f or t he pl ai n-
t i f f gener al l y pr esent s t he f i r st openi ng st at ement ,
f ol l owed by t he def endant ' s
openi ng st at ement .
Each at t or ney t r i es t o pr esent t he
st r ong
poi nt s
of hi s case i n
hi s st at ement , def i ni ng t he i ssues
and descr i bi ng t he evi dence he i nt ends t o
pr esent
i n suppor t of
hi s cont ent i ons . Mot i ons may be
made dur i ng or at t he end of t he
openi ng st at e-
ment s .
3 . The at t or neys f or each si de t hen pr esent
t hei r evi dence
. The pr osecut i on i n a cr i mi nal case,
or t he pl ai nt i f f i n a ci vi l act i on, goes f i r st .
Evi dence
consi st s of al l
exhi bi t s and t est i mony by wi t nesses,
i ncl udi ng par t i es . Absent
j si c]
a
pr i or i st i pul at i on
on
i t s admi ssi bi l i t y, t he opposi ng at t or ney may
chal l enge t he admi ssi bi l i t y of
any exhi bi t . The
j ur y may be di smi ssed whi l e t he at t or neys pr esent
t hei r ar gument s t o t he j udge on
t he mat t er , or
t he
ar gument s may occur at t he j udge' s bench
or out si de t he cour t r oom. Each exhi bi t
r ecei ved
i n evi dence i s gi ven an i dent i f yi ng number by
t he r epor t er or cl er k
.
When t he at t or neys r equest t he i sol at i on of
wi t nesses,
pr i vat e and secur e wai t i ng f aci l i t i es
out si de t he cour t r oomar e necessar y. Af t er each
wi t ness
i s cal l ed and swor n by t he cl er k, t he at t or -
ney who cal l ed t he wi t ness pr oceeds wi t h di r ect
exami nat i on. The opposi ng at t or ney t hen cr oss-
exami nes t he wi t ness and t he f i r st
at t or ney may
t hen exami ne on
r edi r ect .
4. Each at t or ney makes a cl osi ng
st at ement
t o pr esent
t he mer i t s of hi s [ her ] case f or cef ul l y
and per suasi vel y. Al t hough pr act i ces
var y,
t he
j udge usual l y has had an ear l i er conf er ence wi t h
t he at t or neys about t he l engt h of t hese
st at ement s
and t he cont ent of i nst r uct i ons t o be gi ven t o
t he j ur y. Gener al l y, each at t or ney
pr epar es t he
i nst r uct i ons whi ch he [ she] wi shes t he j udge t o
gi ve t o t he j ur y. The j udge
may use any of t hese
or , i n most j ur i sdi ct i ons, may f r ame hi s [ her ] own
i nst r uct i ons . Opposi ng
counsel may obj ect t o spe-
ci f i c i nst r uct i ons gi ven by t he j udge. Agr owi ng
number of st at es ar e
adopt i ng " pat t er n" j ur y i n-
st r uct i ons, whi ch ar e st andar di zed exposi t i ons of
poi nt s of l aw t o be used
i n ever y case wher e
t hey ar e appl i cabl e. Such i nst r uct i ons shoul d
r e-
duce t he number of i nconsi st ent
and conf l i ct i ng
deci si ons i n t he t r i al cour t s of
t he st at e andeven-
t ual l y r educe
t he number of appeal s .
5. J ur y del i ber at i on and deci si on
cont i nues un-
t i l agr eement i s r eached or t he j ur y i nf or ms t he
bai l i f f t hat i t cannot agr ee upon
a ver di ct . Del i b-
er at i ons can cont i nue f or days, and unl ess f aci l i -
t i es ar e pl anned so t hat
t he t r i al cour t r oomcan
be ut i l i zed f or ot her pr oceedi ngs dur i ng t hi s pe-
r i od, t he space i s not
bei ng used ef f i ci ent l y. Fi g. 2

At ot al communi cat i on syst em
f or j ur y t r i al s.
Af t er t he j ur y r et ur ns a
ver di ct , t he l osi ng at t or -
ney may ask t hat t he j ur y be pol l ed; t he j udge
t hen asks each j ur or i f
t he ver di ct pr oper l y st at es
hi s deci si on. J udgment may be ent er ed on t he
ver di ct f or t hwi t h, or j udgment
may be r eser ved
unt i l t he j udge has r ul ed on post - t r i al mot i ons
f i l ed by counsel .
Tabl e 1 shows t he ar eas f or movement and
f ur ni -
t ur e ( i ncl udi ng
wor ki ng and seat i ng sur f aces)
whi ch each per son i n t he cour t r oomr equi r es . The
nonencr oachment
di st ance of 5- 6 f eet f or t he
j udge i nsur es a degr ee of pr i vacy
commensur at e
wi t h hi s r ol e.
A nonencr oachment di st ance sur -
r oundi ng j ur or s and
wi t nesses hel ps pr event vi ol a-
t i on
of
t he j ur or s' i mpar t i al r ol e by at t or neys and
l essens t he i mpact of at t empt s
t o i nt i mi dat e wi t -
nesses.
Numer ous
cases i nvol ve sever al par t i es and
mor e t han one at t or ney f or each si de
. Space
shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or f our at t or neys and f our
par t i es, an ar ea of 192- 240 squar e f eet
.
I n addi -
t i on,
a space of 112- 140 squar e f eet must be
pr ovi ded f or t wel ve j ur or s and t wo
al t er nat es .
Thi r t y j ur or s ar e usual l y cal l ed f or exami nat i on
( voi r di r e) ; i f t hi r t y spect at or s ar e assumed,
t he
t ot al publ i c and obser vat i on seat i ng ar ea r equi r ed
woul d be 180- 240 squar e f eet ,
wi t h per haps
an
addi t i onal 50- 75 squar e f eet f or t he pr ess . A
t ot al space of 534- 695
squar e f eet i s r equi r ed
t o accommodat e al l act i ve ( 304- 380 squar e f eet )
and passi ve ( 230- - - 315 squar e
f eet ) par t i ci pant s .
Thi s does not i ncl ude gener al ci r cul at i on space.
Communi cat i on and Spat i al Pat t er ns
The f our t ypes of communi cat i ons
i n ever y cour t -
r oomar e vi si bl e, audi o, movement of peopl e, and
document t r ansf er . By st udyi ng
t he f r equency and
i mpor t ance of communi cat i ons, a communi cat i on
pat t er n i s devel oped f or each per son i n r el at i on
t o ever y ot her per son i n t he cour t r oom. The com-
muni cat i on
pat t er n i s t hen ut i l i zed t o showhow
each per son shoul d be spat i al l y r el at ed t o
ever y
ot her
per son. The pat t er ns f or t he f our t ypes of
communi cat i ons, t oget her wi t h t he
uni t space r e-
qui r ement s, pr ovi de t he anal yt i cal basi s f or a
cour t r oompl an.
ATot al Communi cat i on Syst em

By combi ni ng
t he separ at e anal yses of vi sual and audi o commu-
ni cat i ons,
movement
of
peopl e and document
t r ansf er , a t ot al pat t er n of communi cat i ons i s
achi eved ( Fi g
.
2)
.
The at t or neys
and j udge ar e
t he mai n nodes of communi cat i on, f ol l owed
i n
i mpor t ance by t he wi t ness
and t he j ur y.
Fi gur es 3 and 4 ar e t he f i nal composi t e spat i al
di sposi t i on di agr ams
r esul t i ng f r oma super i mposi -
t i on of separ at e di agr ams . These di agr ams
r eveal
t hat i f t he vi sual
r equi r ement s of t he act i ve par t i ci -
pant s ar e met , most of t he ot her r equi r ement s
ar e
f ul f i l l ed.
* Add a
nonencr oachment di st ance of 5- - 6 f t .
t Add 4 5 sq
f t f or a movabl e podi um
.
Fur ni t ur e ar ea
Movement
ar ea
Tot al ar ea
Par t i ci pant s
per per son,
sq f t per
per son, sq f t
per per son, sq f t
J udge
. . - __.. - - . . . __
20 25
- -
25- 30
- -
45- - 55
Cl er k
15- 18
15- 17
30- 35
Repor t er
8- 9
3- 6
11- 15
Bai l i f f
8- 9
3- 6
11- 15
At t or ney
15- 18t
17- 22
32- 40
Par t y
11- - 13
5- 7
16- 20
Wi t ness
7- - 9*
8- - 11
15- 20
J ur or
4- 5*
q- 5
B- 10
Pr ess
6- 7
4- - 8
10- - 15
Publ i c 3- 4 3- 4
6- 8
t i on of space r equi r ement s f or f ut ur e f aci l i t i es .
Occasi onal cases f or
whi ch
a l ar ge publ i c at t en-
dance i s ant i ci pat ed can be assi gned t o cour t r ooms
equi pped wi t h l ar ger publ i c obser vat i on spaces .
One j udge wr i t es : " Wi t h r espect t o cour t r ooms
f or j ur y t r i al s, I bel i eve t hey must be basi cal l y
of one si ze. The need f or l ar ger space f or t he
publ i c dur i ng an i mpor t ant t r i al woul d have i t s
dr awbacks . Basi cal l y, we ar e i nt er est ed i n t he
l i t i gant s, t hei r wi t nesses and r el at i ves and
f r i ends- not t o pr ovi de an amphi t heat r e f or t hose
i nt er est ed i n wat chi ng a par t i cul ar pr ocedur e. "
Ar ecent sur vey i ndi cat es t hat most
news r e-
por t er s want a cour t l ocat i on wher e t hey can
cl ear l y see and hear t he pr i mar y par t i ci pant s;
l eave t he cour t r oom wi t h mi ni mum di st ur bance;
have adequat e wr i t i ng sur f aces, an unobst r uct ed
f r ont al vi ew
of al l par t i ci pant s and a cl ear cl ose-
up vi ewof al l exhi bi t boar ds ; and be cl ose enough
t o t he wi t ness t o hear ever y wor d.
Because t hey f ear i t woul d set a pr ecedent
f or excl udi ng t he pr ess f r omt he cour t r oom,
most
news r epor t er s see l i t t l e mer i t i n seat i ng t he pr ess
i n anot her r oombehi nd a oneway wi ndowwi t h
a vi ew
of t he pr oceedi ngs. However , t her e i s some
i nt er est i n an encl osed
pr ess ar ea
behi nd
a one-
way wi ndow
whi ch woul d per mi t t he use of
phones and possi bl y
cour t r oom
phot ogr aphy. A
oneway
wi ndowwoul d gi ve news r epor t er s maxi -
mumf r eedomt o conver se and move about and
enabl e t hemt o have i nst ant communi cat i on wi t h
t hei r of f i ces i n or der t o meet deadl i nes . Some
news r epor t er s, on t he ot her hand, t hi nk t hat a
t o see f aces cl ear l y. I f t he publ i c and pr ess space
i s ext ended ar ound t he r ear of t he j ur y box, ob-
ser ver s woul d st i l l be abl e t o vi ewal l t he ot her
par t i ci pant s . I f t he
obser vat i on space i s ext ended
ar ound t he r ear of t he at t or neys' and par t i es'
st at i ons, t he publ i c and pr ess woul d see t he at t or -
ney onl y f r om behi nd when he addr esses t he
cour t . Such ext ensi on woul d al so conf l i ct wi t h
any expansi on of t he ar ea f or at t or neys and par -
t i es i n cases i nvol vi ng sever al of each. Al t er nat e
B ( Fi g .
6)
t her ef or e appear s
mor e
sat i sf act or y f or
cour t r ooms r equi r i ng l ar ge obser vat i on seat i ng
capaci t i es .
Pr ovi di ng a l ar ge publ i c obser vat i on space
i n
ever y cour t r oomt o accommodat e an occasi onal
wel l - publ i ci zed case i s unr eal i st i c and expensi ve.
Most cour t r ooms r equi r e onl y suf f i ci ent space t o
accommodat e r el at i ves and f r i ends of t he def en-
dant or peopl e di r ect l y r el at ed t o t he case.
I n j ur i sdi ct i ons wher e t he i mpanel i ng of j ur or s,
i ncl udi ng t he voi r di r e quest i oni ng, i s per f or med
i n t he cour t r oom, t her e shoul d be adequat e space
f or t he seat i ng of pr ospect i ve j ur or s . The obser va-
t i on ar ea i s t he nat ur al pl ace f or t hi s pur pose.
I f t hi r t y per sons ar e r equi r ed f r om
whi ch
t o
i m-
panel a j ur y, t he obser vat i on ar ea shoul d pr ovi de
seat i ng f or t hi s
number pl us some
obser ver s, per -
haps a t ot al of f or t y. I f t he j ur or s ar e i mpanel ed
out si de t he cour t r oom, t went y
seat s woul d
be
qui t e adequat e f or obser ver s .
I n each j ur i sdi ct i on, aver age and maxi mum
publ i c at t endance f or each t ype of case shoul d
be r ecor ded and anal yzed t o assi st i n t he f or mul a
I n Fi g. 3 ( al t er nat e A) t he bai l i f f can move
unobt r usi vel y t o j udge, wi t ness, and j ur y; easi l y
super vi se and escor t wi t nesses and j ur or s ; r un er -
r ands
f or
t he j udge; and keep t he publ i c and
pr ess under const ant sur vei l l ance. I n Fi g. 4( al t er -
nat e B) , he has t o cr oss t he r oom t o r each t he
j ur or s .
I n bot h di agr ams t he wi t ness i s
l ocat ed wi t hi n
t he pr i vat e conver sat i on zone of t he j udge. To
keep hi m [ her j out of t hi s zone and st i l l meet
t he vi sual r equi r ement s, t he space ar ound whi ch
t he act i ve par t i ci pant s ar e gr ouped must
be
ex-
panded. Fai l i ng t hi s, t he j udge' s bench s!i oul d
be desi gned so t hat t he end f ar t hest f r om t he
wi t ness box can be used f or pr i vat e t al ks bet ween
j udge and counsel wi t h t he r epor t er pr esent .
Onl y vi sual and audi o r equi r ement s need be
consi der ed i n t he l ocat i on of t he publ i c and pr ess .
No
sat i sf act or y
vi sual l ocat i on of t he obser vat i on
ar ea per mi t s i t t o f al l whol l y wi t hi n t he desi r abl e
audi o zone, al t hough al t er nat e Ai s bet t er i n t hi s
r espect t han any ot her di sposi t i on
.
Obser vat i on Space Pr obl ems The space al l o-
cat ed t o publ i c and pr ess i n Fi gs . 3 and 4 may
not be suf f i ci ent f or cases t hat at t r act
a l ar ge
at t endance. Fi gur es 5 and 6 showi t s possi bl e
expansi on.
The abi l i t y t o sat i sf y vi sual and audi o r equi r e-
ment s decr eases as t he obser vat i on
space
ex-
pands beyond i t s opt i mumposi t i on . Wi t h an ex-
t ensi on si deways, t he publ i c and pr ess move
behi nd t he pr i mar y par t i ci pant s and ar e l ess abl e
Fi g.
6
Enl ar ged publ i c and
pr ess ar eas f or j ur y t r i al s ( al t er nat e
6) .
Fi g. 4

Spat i al di sposi t i on f or j ur y t r i al s, based on a t ot al communi -
cat i on syst em( al t er nat e B) .
Fi g. S Enl ar ged publ i c and pr ess ar eas f or j ur y t r i al s ( al t er nat e
A) .
Fi g. 3

Spat i al di sposi t i on f or j ur y t r i al s, based on a t ot al communi -
cat i on syst em( al t er nat e A) .
COURTHOUSES
COURTHOUSES
Fi g. 7

Opt i mumaccess t o t he j ur y t r i al cour t r oom
( al t er nat e A) .
a. I f j ur y i mpanel ed i n cour t r oom. b. I f j ur y i mpanel ed out si de
cour t r oom
.
cour t r oom shoul d be desi gned pr i mar i l y f or t he
t r i al pr oceedi ngs
and t hat no speci al pr ovi si ons
shoul d be made f or t he pr ess.
I n most gener al t r i al cour t r ooms
t oday, t he
space r at i o bet ween t he act i on ar ea and t he pub-
l i c obser vat i on spacei s appr oxi mat el yt wo t o one,
wi t h t he l at t er bei ng a physi cal par t of t he cour t -
r oom. The publ i c i s usual l y pl aced behi nd t he
at t or neys and par t i es as avi sual l y i nt egr at ed par t
of t he cour t r oom.
I f t he obser vat i on space wer e separ at ed f r om
t he cour t r oomby a gl ass wal l anda sound syst em
wer e i nst al l ed, t her e woul d st i l l be a
possi bi l i t y
of vi sual
di st r act i on f r omt he audi ence. Thi s woul d
not be t he case, however , i f oneway
gl ass wer e
used as
t he separ at i ng wal l . Dependi ng on t he
number of peopl e t o be accommodat ed, t he ob-
ser vat i on ar ea coul d be pl aced i n t wo or mor e
l ocat i ons. What ever i t s si ze and
l ocat i on, t hi s
ar ea r equi r es di f f er ent spat i al and ot her envi r on-
ment al consi der at i ons t han does t he cour t r oom
act i on ar ea.
Shoul d cl osed- ci r cui t t el evi si on be accept ed
i n
a publ i c t r i al , t he spat i al r el at i onshi p bet ween
t he publ i c obser vat i on space and t he cour t r oom
woul d
be
r evol ut i oni zed. Then t he publ i c obser va-
t i on space woul d no l onger have t o adj oi n
t he
cour t r oom, whi ch coul d l ead t o sever al dr ast i c
desi gn and pl anni ng changes.
. Ther e woul d be a si gni f i cant r educt i on i n t he
si ze of t he cour t r oom
. Fewj ur y cour t r ooms
woul d need t o exceed 1, 500 squar e f eet ,
and
t he ar ea of nonj ur y cour t r ooms coul d be consi d-
er abl y smal l er .
. I n a mul t i l evel cour t house, mor e cour t r ooms
coul d be gr ouped
t oget her on each f l oor . Publ i c
t r af f i c coul d be mor e r eadi l y separ at ed f r om
t he t r af f i c of cour t r oompar t i ci pant s ; t hus, mor e
cour t r ooms on each f l oor woul d not necessar i l y
mean gr eat er t r af f i c congest i on.
. Publ i c obser vat i on spaces coul d be cent r al i zed
on
t he l ower f l oor s of a mul t i l evel bui l di ng, con-
cent r at i ng t he publ i c t r af f i c t o avoi d over l oad
of
t he ver t i cal t r anspor t at i on syst emand mi ni -
mi zi ng unnecessar y movement t hr oughout t he
bui l di ng.
Cour t r oomAccessi bi l i t y
Par t i ci pant s ent er i ng t he cour t r oom shoul d be
abl e t o get t o t hei r r espect i ve l ocat i ons as di r ect l y
as possi bl e, a goal best achi eved by pl aci ng
ac-
cess poi nt s cl ose t o t hei r l ocat i ons ( Fi gs . 7 and
8) . The di agr ams ar e
not meant
t o
pi npoi nt t he
exact l ocat i on of each ent r ance, but si mpl y t o
i ndi cat e
i t s
gener al
posi t i on; nor i s i t i mpl i ed t hat
each t ype of par t i ci pant shoul d have a separ at e
ent r ance.
Movement of par t i ci pant s f r om spaces
out si de
t he cour t r oom t o t hei r poi nt s of access shoul d
al so be as di r ect as possi bl e. The j udge and
t he
cour t st af f , comi ng f r omt hei r chamber s and st af f
of f i ces, shoul d
not have t o go t hr ough t he publ i c
ar eas of t hecour t house t o get i nt o t he cour t r oom.
Thi s i s not mer el y a mat t er of conveni ence. Per -
sonal cont act bet ween j ur or s and t he publ i c
shoul d be
avoi dedunder al l ci r cumst ances t o mi ni -
mi ze t he r i sk of mi st r i al . Separ at e publ i c, pr i vat e,
and secur i t y zones must be est abl i shed i n t he
cour t house, wi t h si mi l ar zones of access t o t he
cour t r oom.
Theal t er nat e
pl ans shove t he j udge, cour t st af f ,
and j ur or s comi ng f r omt hei r out si de
pr i vat e zone
and goi ng
di r ect l y t o t hei r st at i ons wi t hi n t he
cour t r oom. The publ i c and t he pr ess
shoul d be
abl e t o
ent er t hei r obser vat i on ar ea di r ect l y f r om
t hepubl i c zone. At t or neys,
par t i es, and wi t nesses
Fi g. 8 Opt i mumaccess t o t he j ur y t r i al cour t r oom( al t er nat e B) .
di sput es
. The t i me f or i mpanel i ng a j ur y i s el i mi -
nat ed, and openi ng and cl osi ng st at ement s can
be much
br i ef er si nce t he j udge i s pr esumed t o
be an exper t . Ar gument s can be hear d
i mmedi -
at el y because r epeat ed r ecesses f or di scussi on
out of hear i ng of t he j ur y ar e not r equi r ed.
Ther e
i s no need f or t he pr epar at i on of i nst r uct i ons t o
t he j ur y, and t he t i me f or j ur y
del i ber at i on and
deci si on i s el i mi nat ed.
The needs of news r epor t er s and
t he gener al
publ i c ar e essent i al l y t he same as i n j ur y t r i al s
.
However , t her ei s
gener al l ymuch l ess publ i c i nt er -
est i n nonj ur y t r i al s ; t he physi cal f aci l i t i es f or news
r epor t er s
and publ i c obser ver s can be r educed
wi t hout i mpai r i ng any pr i vi l eges .
Hear i ngs

Whet her a hear i ng i s f or mal or
i nf or -
mal , i t s
pr i mar y char act er i st i c i s var i et y. Ther e
i s a br oad spect r umof l egal pr oceedi ngs
r angi ng
f r omadopt i on t o bankr upt cy t o
ar r ai gnment t o
gener al mot i on pr act i ce. Ther e i s
an equi val ent
r ange i n t he ext ent
t o whi ch hear i ngs can di spose
of cases. Ahear i ng mayr esul t i n f i nal
di sposi t i on,
t empor ar y r esol ut i on, r esol ut i on of one par t of
a l ar ger pr oceedi ng or a t empor ar y
post pone-
ment . The degr ee t o whi ch a hear i ng i s an adver -
sar y pr oceedi ng can al so
r angewi del y wi t hi n t he
same t ype of hear i ng, whet her f or mal or i nf or mal
.
The same i s t r ue of
t he number and t ypes of
per sons i nvol ved, as wel l as t he degr ee of si mpl i c-
i t y or
compl exi t y of t hei r act i vi t i es . Despi t e t hi s
shoul d be abl e t o ent er t hei r wai t i ng ar eas f r om
t he publ i c zone and
f r om t her e go di r ect l y t o
t hei r st at i ons i n t he cour t r oom. Pr i soner s shoul d
come di r ect l y
t hr ough a separ at e secur i t y zone
t o a det ent i on space near t he bai l i f f ' s st at i on .
NONJ URYTRI ALS, HEARI NGS,
AND
ANCI LLARYFUNCTI ONS
The cur r ent t r end i n t he cour t syst emi s t owar d
achi evement of a speedi er
and mor e ef f ect i ve
admi ni st r at i on of j ust i ce . I n t he nonj ur y t r i al , par -
t i ci pant s ar e f ewand t he
oper at i ons ar e si mpl e;
i n f or mal and i nf or mal hear i ngs, t he
par t i ci pant s
ar e even f ewer and t he
oper at i ons si mpl er . Thus,
t he physi cal r equi r ement s of t hese pr oceedi ngs
ar e modi f i ed accor di ngl y
f r omt hose of t he j ur y
t r i al .
Cour t r ooms equi pped
f or f ul l j ur y t r i al s can,
of cour se, be used f or nonj ur yt r i al s and hear i ngs .
Af l exi bl e
ar r angement of f ur ni t ur e, wi t h f r ont
r ows whi ch can doubl e as an at t or neys'
t abl e i s
desi r abl e.
Obj ect i ves
Nonj ur y Tr i al s I n compar i son wi t h j ur y
t r i al s,
nonj ur y t r i al s r educe
t he emot i onal and monet ar y
cost s; t hey al so r equi r e l ess t i me
f or di sposi t i on.
The nonj ur y
t r i al encour ages a subst ant i al r educ-
t i on i n t he r eal or appar ent host i l i t y of
at t or neys
and
al l ows t he j udge t o di spose of many mor e
Fi g. 10

Locat i on of vi sual equi pment and di spl ay boar d ( nonj ur y
t r i al s, f or mal hear i ngs)
Fi g. 9

Spat i al di sposi t i on based on a t ot al communi cat i on syst em
( nonj ur y t r i al s, f or mal hear i ngs)
di ver si t y,
cer t ai n gener al obser vat i ons can be
made about t he obj ect i ves of
bot h f or mal and
i nf or mal hear i ngs .
For mal hear i ngs r equi r e f l exi bi l i t y
seasoned
wi t h appr opr i at e sol emni t y and r est r ai nt . Fl exi bi l -
i t y i s needed because of t he var i et y of mat t er s
whi ch
may come bef or e t he pr esi di ng of f i cer s,
who may or may not be j udges . Appr opr i at e
so-
l emni t y and r est r ai nt ar e needed because of t he
host i l i t y whi ch may be pr esent .
I nf or mal hear i ngs r equi r e f l exi bi l i t y seasoned
wi t h ki ndl y or busi nessl i ke r esponses f r om
t he pr e-
si di ng
of f i cer . The hear i ng shoul d ai mat maxi mum
i nt er change wi t hi n a
quasi pr i vat e envi r onment .
I nf or mal i t y can be achi eved wi t hout l oss of di g-
ni t y and wi t h mi ni mumr est r ai nt
on al l par t i ci -
pant s, i ncl udi ng t he pr esi di ng of f i cer s . Fl exi bi l i t y
i s r equi r ed because of t he gr eat var i et y
of l egal
pr oceedi ngs
hear d i nf or mal l y. When per sonal
pr obl ems ar e i nvol ved, an at mospher e of cal m
and f r i endl y concer n
i s needed. For f i scal mat t er s
l i ke bankr upt cy or smal l cl ai ms, an at mospher e
of ef f i ci ency and busi nessl i ke i nvol vement
i s desi r -
abl e .
Oper at i ons
Nonj ur y Tr i al s
The gener al oper at i ons of t he
nonj ur y t r i al i ncl ude t he openi ng pr el i mi nar i es,
openi ng st at ement s,
pr esent at i on of evi dence,
cl osi ng
st at ement s, and del i ber at i on and deci si on
by t he j udge.
Wi t h
t he el i mi nat i on of a j ur y, act i vi t i es ar e
si mpl i f i ed. Openi ng pr el i mi nar i es
i nvol ve onl y
conveni ng of
t he cour t and det er mi ni ng t hat al l
par t i es or t hei r r epr esent at i ves ar e
r eadyf or t r i al .
Openi ng and
cl osi ng st at ement s t end t o be
br i ef er . Pr esent at i on of evi dence
may evoke ob-
j ect i ons, but t hese
can be ar gued and r ul ed upon
i mmedi at el y byt he j udge. Cl osi ng
st at ement s ar e
usual l y conf i ned
t o quest i ons of l aw r ai sed by
t he case. The j udge ei t her gi ves hi s
deci si on i mme-
di at el y or
t akes t he case under advi sement . I n
t he l at t er i nst ance, he of t en asks f or
br i ef s f r om
each si de. Af t er t he
deci si on, post - t r i al mot i ons
ar e
f i l ed and l at er consi der ed by t he j udge, and
a j udgment , f i nal unl ess appeal ed,
i s gi ven.
Hear i ngs Cer t ai n hear i ngs ar e
al most i ndi st i n-
gui shabl e
f r omt r i al s wi t hout a j ur y and, f ur t her ,
t he di vi di ng l i ne bet ween f or mal and i nf or mal
hear i ngs i s as
nebul ous as t he l i ne of demar cat i on
bet ween i nf or mal hear i ngs and conf er ences .
Hear i ngs, bot h f or mal
and i nf or mal , may be
r el at ed
t o a t r i al or may be used as a subst i t ut e
f or a t r i al t o di spose of cases
i n cer t ai n speci al i zed
l egal pr oceedi ngs i nvol vi ng, f or exampl e, mi nor s,
i ncompet ent s, i nj unct i ons or
pr obat e mat t er s .
Most hear i ngs
r el at ed t o t r i al s i nvol ve mot i ons,
whi ch ar e t ypi cal l y
r equest s t hat t he cour t deci de
a si ngl e i ssue such as
j ur i sdi ct i on or a change
of venue, di scover y r equest s, a mot i on
f or a new
t r i al or post ponement
of sent enci ng. Mot i ons can
be made ver bal l y at t he hear i ng
or pr esent ed
i n wr i t i ng,
and ar gument s can be ver bal or i n
t he f or m of br i ef s . Deci si ons
can be expr essed
as an
opi ni on or a ver bal assent or di ssent .
The oper at i ons i n t he f or mal hear i ng
i ncl ude
t he openi ng
pr el i mi nar i es ; pr esent at i on and ar gu-
ment , i n whi ch t he
pr esi di ng of f i cer may pl ay
an act i ve r ol e;
and deci si on by t he pr esi di ng of f i -
cer . They ar e not t oo
di f f er ent f r omnonj ur y t r i -
al s- - - somewhat
l ess el abor at e but st i l l r et ai ni ng
t he f or mal qual i t i es of a t r i al . The
pr esi di ng of f i cer
may be o j udge or a
cour t of f i cer such as a r ef er ee
i n
bankr upt cy cases . Typi cal l y, a cl er k and
a cour t
r epor t er make an of f i ci al
t r anscr i pt of t he pr o-
ceedi ng.
COURTHOUSES
Requi r ement s of Nonj ur y Tr i al s and
For mal Hear i ngs
Each nonj ur y
t r i al and f or mal hear i ng exhi bi t s
di f f er ent char act er i st i cs, but even i n t he l ar gest
met r opol i t an ar eas i t i s i mpr act i cal t o desi gn a
f or mal hear i ng r oomt o ser ve each t ype of case.
I nst ead, i t
i s mor e pr act i cal t o have one r oom
whi ch can be adapt ed t o f ewer par t i ci pant s and
di f f er i ng degr ees
of f or mal i t y. Fur ni t ur e shoul d
be movabl e and adj ust abl e i n hei ght , so t hat i t s
ar r angement
can conf or mt o t he degr ee of f or mal -
i t y. Adj ust abl e par t i t i ons and cei l i ngs al l owf or
change
i n
t he si ze and char act er of t he r oom
as needed.
Except f or t he el i mi nat i on of j ur y act i vi t i es and
t he space r equi r ed f or t he j ur y box, t he act i vi t y,
space, and
communi cat i on ( vi sual , audi o, move-
ment , and document t r ansf er ) r el at i onshi ps i n non-
j ur y t r i al s and f or mal hear i ngs ar e t he same as
i n j ur y t r i al s . Ther e i s onl y a sl i ght var i at i on i n
t he degr ee of i mpor t ance of t he bai l i f f .
Composi t e Spat i al Di sposi t i on As mi ght
be
ex-
pect ed, t he composi t e spat i al di sposi t i on f or com-
muni cat i ons ( Fi g. 9) i s
much
t he
same
as t hat
f or t he
j ur y t r i al ( Fi gs . 3 and 4) . The absence
of a j ur y enabl es t he par t i ci pant s t o be cl oser
t o each ot her , and t he at t or neys and par t i es can
be moved t owar d t he j udge. The di amet er of
Openi ng pr el i mi nar i es
i ncl ude conveni ng t he
hear i ng and det er mi ni ng t hat al l necessar y par t i es
or t hei r r epr esent at i ves ar e r eady
t o pr oceed.
Dependi ng on t he t ype of hear i ng, t he pr esi di ng
of f i cer may act i vel y par t i ci pat e i n
exami nat i on
of a par t y or wi t ness or may si t as a di si nt er est ed
over seer of t he pr oceedi ng. I n t he
l at t er i nst ance,
t he hear i ng oper at es i n much t he same f ashi on
as a nonj ur y t r i al . Deci si on byt he
pr esi di ng of f i cer
may be made i mmedi at el y, or he may t ake t he
mat t er under advi sement
and hand down a deci -
si on at a l at er dat e.
I nf or mal hear i ngs ar e si mi l ar ,
but l ess st yl i zed
and of t en pr i vat e. At t or neys ar e f r equent l y not
pr esent and usual l y a smal l
number of per sons
at t end. Ver y of t en cour t r epor t er s ar e not
neces-
sar y and i n some
i nst ances t he pr esi di ng of f i cer
does not use a cl er k or bai l i f f . Of f i ci al or der s
ar e ei t her pr epar ed
and si gned dur i ng t he hear i ng
by t he pr esi di ng of f i cer or pr epar ed, si gned, and
t r ansmi t t ed at a
l at er dat e.
Expl or at i on
of t he pr obl emand i t s possi bl e so-
l ut i ons may i nvol ve or der ed pr esent at i ons
by t he
par t i es or t hei r at t or neys, or i t may onl y be a
conver sat i on bet ween t he pr esi di ng of f i cer and
someone
who has a pr obl em. The pr obl emcan
be ext r emel y compl i cat ed, or i t may onl y r equi r e
a
necessar y si gni ng of a document . Usual l y, t he
deci si on of t he pr esi di ng of f i cer i s made i mmedi -
at el y.
COURTHOUSES
Fi g. 13

Spat i al di sposi t i on f or i nf or mal
hear i ngs, based on audi o
r equi r ement s
Fi g. 11 Access t o t he
cour t r oom f r om r el at ed spaces ( nonj ur y
t r i al s, f or mal hear i ngs)
t he t r i al ar ea i s al so r educed by appr oxi mat el y
5 f eet .
The use of movabl e f ur ni t ur e i n t he t r i al ar ea
bel owt he j udge' s bench
wi l l al l ow r ear r ange-
ment s t o conf or mt o pr oceedi ngs of di f f er i ng com-
pl exi t y and f or mal i t y
. Wi t h f ewer par t i ci pant s,
t he di st ance bet ween t hemcan be r educed or
t hey can be
br ought i nt o a l ess f or mal r el at i on
t o each ot her .
Fi gur e 10 shows
t he l ocat i on of t el evi si on cam-
er as r el at ed t o a vi deo t ape syst em
. The camer a
behi nd t he
cl er k i s capabl e of panni ng 180 de-
gr ees whi l e t he second camer a i s
f i xed on t he
j udge and
t he wi t nesses . The onl y var i at i on
f r om
t he j ur y t r i al i s t hat t he exhi bi t s
di spl ay boar d
i s
nowwi t hi n t he r ange of t he f i r st camer a
.
Fi gur e
11, showi ng cour t r oom
access, uses t he some
cr i t er i a
as
Fi gs .
7and 8.
Requi r ement s
of I nf or mal Hear i ngs
Compar ed wi t h t r i al s and
f or mal hear i ngs, ever y-
t hi ng i s
si mpl i f i ed and condensed i n t he
i nf or mal
hear i ng. Fr equent l y, t he onl y
par t i ci pant s ar e t he
j udge or
hear i ng of f i cer , t he cl er k, and t he
par t y
or par t i es, al t hough at t or neys or
ot her r epr esent a-
t i ves of t he
par t i es, a cour t r epor t er , and
wi t -
nesses al so at t end at
t i mes. Even i f open t o t he
publ i c and pr ess, t he degr ee
of publ i c i nt er est
Fi g. 12

hear i ngs, based on vi sual
r equi r ement s
Fi g. 14

Spat i al
di sposi t i on f or i nf or mal hear i ngs, based on move-
ment
ar ea encl osed by t he
br oken dot t ed l i ne, t he r esul t
of dr awi ng 32- f oot ar cs f r om
t he maj or par t i ci -
pant s.
Movement dur i ng
i nf or mal hear i ngs i s mi ni mal ,
al t hough somet i mes t he j udge and
t he at t or neys
maydi scuss mat t er s
pr i vat el y at t he bench out si de
t he hear i ng r ange of t he par t i es
and wi t nesses,
wi t h t he r epor t er
al so movi ng t o t he bench. Occa-
si onal l y at t or neys and t hei r r espect i ve
cl i ent s may
have
pr i vat e conf er ences. For t hemost par t , how
ever , al l r emai n seat ed t hr oughout
t he pr oceed-
i ngs ( Fi g
. 14).
Spat i al
di sposi t i on based on t he t r ansf er
of
document s bet ween par t i ci pant s
i s shown i n Fi g.
15. Agai n
t he at t or neys ar e t he most act i ve par -
t i ci pant s, t r ansf er r i ng document s and
exhi bi t s t o
t he j udge,
cl er k and wi t nesses. Fi gur e 16
shows
t he composi t e spat i al di sposi t i on of
par t i ci pant s .
The
at t or neys and par t i es ar e pl aced
i n f r ont of
t he j udge who i s f l anked on
one si de by t he
cl er k and by t he wi t ness, i f any, on
t he ot her.
The
cour t r epor t er i s adj acent t o t he wi t ness and
i s appr oxi mat el y equi di st ant
f r omt he j udge and
t he
at t or neys. Thi s r esul t s i n a gener al l y
el l i pt i cal
i s
so
l owt hat obser ver s can r eadi l y be accommo-
dat ed wi t h a f ewext r a chai r s .
The communi cat i on pat t er ns among par t i ci -
pant s i n such hear i ngs ar e si mi l ar t o t hose i n t r i al s,
but si mpl i f i ed by t he absence of t he bai l i f f , j ur y,
publ i c, pr ess, and ot her s
.
The smal l er number of peopl e and t he i nf or mal -
i t y r equi r e a mor e i nt i mat e ar r angement of par t i c-
i pant s . Aspat i al di sposi t i on f or vi sual
communi ca-
t i on based on t he maxi mumvi sual angl e of 150
degr ees r educes t he di st ance bet ween t he j udge
and t he at t or neys t o l ess t han 15 f eet and be-
t ween t he cour t r epor t er and t he f ar t hest par t y
t o l ess t han 25 f eet ( Fi g. 12) .
Beyond
t he maxi mumaudi o angl e of 140 de-
gr ees, speech i nt el l i gi bi l i t y r educes
r api dl y. I n Fi g.
13, opt i mum
audi o condi t i ons exi st wi t hi n t he
Fi g. 18

I nt er spat i al movement pat t er n f or
anci l l ar y f unct i ons
Fi g.
17

Access t o t he i nf or mal hear i ng r oom
f r omr el at ed spaces
Fi g. 16

hear i ngs,
based on at ot al
communi cat i on syst em
shape, but wher e wi t nesses and a r epor t er do
not at t end, a f l exi bl e f ur ni t ur e ar r angement per -
mi t s par t i es and t hei r r epr esent at i ves t o be moved
cl oser t o t he j udge.
To emphasi zehi s r ol e, t hej udge' s bench shoul d
be r ai sed, but not so hi gh as t o pr event i nf or mal i t y
i n t he pr oceedi ng. Si nce al l par t i ci pant s r emai n
seat ed when
speaki ng, i t i s
suf f i ci ent f or
t he j udge
t o be one st ep above t he eye l evel of t he ot her
par t i ci pant s . The
nonencr oachment di st ance be-
t ween at t or neys and t he j udge and bet ween t he
wi t ness and at t or ney dur i ng exami nat i on shoul d
be mai nt ai ned at a mi ni mumof 5- 6 f eet .
I deal l y, t her e shoul d be
t hr ee separ at e poi nt s
of access i nt o t he i nf or mal hear i ng r oom, as
shown i n
Fi g.
17.
The
j udge
and t he cour t st af f ,
COURTHOUSES
COURTHOUSES
i ncl udi ng
t he cl er k and t he cour t r epor t er , shoul d
have separ at e pr i vat e ent r ances i nt o t he r oom.
The at t or neys and t he par t i es can ent er ei t her
f r omt hei r wai t i ng spaces or
f r omt he publ i c wai t -
i ng space. Wi t nesses i nvol ved i n i nf or mal hear i ngs
do not nor mal l y r equi r e i sol at i on, so seat i ng space
coul d be pr ovi ded f or t hemwi t hi n t he r oom.
Anci l l ar y Funct i ons
Sever al anci l l ar y f unct i ons pr i mar i l y i dent i f i ed
wi t h
t r i al s and hear i ngs may al so have some r el a-
t i on t o ot her cour t f unct i ons . Conf er ences be-
t ween at t or neys
and par t i es cal l f or conf er ence
r ooms . At t or neys shoul d be abl e t o r el ax and
wor k i n t he pr i vacy
of anat t or neys' l ounge, whi l e
t he publ i c and news medi a shoul d have separ at e
f aci l i t i es.
When wi t nesses ar e i sol at ed, t hey ar e
t he r esponsi bi l i t y of t he bai l i f f and must r emai n
i n wi t ness
i sol at i on spaces unt i l cal l ed t o t est i f y.
Tempor ar y det ent i on of t he accused or def endant
i n det ent i on f aci l i t i es i s
t he r esponsi bi l i t y of t he
l aw enf or cement of f i cer s, but t he secur i t y and
saf et y of j ur or s dur i ng j ur y del i ber at i on and
se-
quest er i ng ar e t he r esponsi bi l i t y of t he bai l i f f .
Anal ysi s of movement among t hese act i vi t i es
shows t hei r r el at i ve i mpor t ance
t o
be
i n t he f ol -
l owi ng descendi ng or der : t r i al and hear i ng, wai t -
i ng, wor ki ng and r el axi ng, publ i c wai t i ng, conf er -
ence, news r epor t i ng, j ur y
del i ber at i on, det ent i on,
wi t ness i sol at i on, and j ur y sequest er i ng.
Fi gur e
18
shows t he i nt er spat i al movement pat -
t er n f or anci l l ar y f unct i ons . Wi t ness i sol at i on and
j ur y del i ber at i on and sequest er i ng spaces
shoul d
be l ocat ed i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he wi t ness st and
and t o t he j ur y box, r espect i vel y. The ot her anci l -
l ar y act i vi t i es ar e r el at ed t o each ot her andshoul d
be gr ouped t oget her near t he cour t r oom. The at -
t or neys' l ounge shoul d pr ef er abl y have a separ at e
access i nt o t he cour t r oom
and be
r eadi l y
accessi -
bl e t o t he det ent i on space. I n addi t i on, t he det en-
t i on space shoul d be cl ose
t o t he def endant ' s
st at i on i n t he cour t r oom, wi t h di r ect access . Pr ess
f aci l i t i es shoul d be l ocat ed near t he cour t r oom
and r easonabl y near t he conf er ence and wai t i ng
spaces . The publ i c wai t i ng space shoul d pr ovi de
access t o t he conf er ence and wai t i ng spaces,
pr ess f aci l i t i es and t he at t or neys' l ounge, as wel l
as t o t he publ i c obser vat i on space i n t he cour t -
r oom, I f audi ovi sual devi ces ar e used, however ,
t he publ i c obser vat i on space does not have t o
be l ocat ed i n t he cour t r oom. Tabl e 2 shows uni t
space
r equi r ement s f or each anci l l ar y act i vi t y
bot h on a per per son basi s and as modul es f or
mi ni mumr equi r ement s.
TABLE 2

Uni t Space Requi r ement s of Anci l l ar y
Funct i ons
Space
Ar ea per
per son,
sq f t
Ar ea of cor n-
bi ned spaces,
sq f t
Conf er ence space 20- 27 80- 108 ( 4 per sons)
Wai t i ng space 13- 20 260- 400 ( 20 per sons)
Wi t ness i sol at i on 44- 63
At t or ney' s l ounge
Lounge space 13- 20 130- 200 ( 10 per sons)
Wor k space 44- 63
Pr ess r oom
I nt er vi ewspace 20- 25 200- 250 ( 10 per sons)
Of f i ces 69- 75
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
COURTHOUSES
THE DI STRI CT COURT
Cour t spaces most f r equent l y r equi r ed i n f ed-
er al bui l di ngs ar e f or t he di st r i ct cour t whi ch
hol ds sessi ons i n t he pr i nci pal ci t i es of i t s
j udi ci al di st r i ct and gener al l y has i t s head-
quar t er s i n t he l ar gest or most cent r al l y
l ocat ed
ci t y i n t he di st r i ct .
Par t 1 . Descr i pt i on
J ur i sdi ct i on
The di st r i ct
cour t i s t he f eder al
cour t of or i gi nal j ur i sdi ct i on
wher e cases ar e
gi ven t hei r
i ni t i al t r i al . Each st at e compr i ses
at l east one j udi ci al di st r i ct end, dependi ng
upon
t he
vol ume of busi ness and i t s geogr aphi -
cal di st r i but i on, a st at e maybe di vi ded i nt o t wo
or mor e j udi ci al di st r i ct s .
Spaces Requi r ed Wi t h a f ew except i ons, a
Uni t ed St at es di st r i ct cour t si t s at mor e t han
one pl ace wi t hi n each j udi ci al di st r i ct . The f ol -
l owi ng spaces ar e al ways r equi r ed:
Cour t r oom
J udge' s
sui t e
Cour t of f i cer s
quar t er s
Pet i t j ur y
r ooms
Gr and j ur y sui t e
Wi t nesses' r oom
I n
some i nst ances, a di st r i ct cour t l i br ar y,
j ur or s' assembl y r oom, pr ess r oom, pr et r i al
hear i ng r oom, and at t or neys' conf er ence r oom
wi l l al so be r equi r ed.
Cour t Of f i cer s Requi r i ng Quar t er s At each pl ace
of hol di ng cour t , space wi l l be r equi r ed f or t he
f ol l owi ng of f i cer s :
Uni t ed St at es di st r i ct j udge ( one or mor e,
dependi ng upont he vol ume of busi ness wi t h-
i n t he di st r i ct )
Cl er k of t he cour t
Uni t ed St at es at t or ney
Uni t ed St at es mar shal
Pr obat i on and par ol e of f i ce
( one or mor e)
Cour t r epor t er ( one or mor e)
Addi t i onal Of f i ces at Maj or I nst al l at i ons Wher ever
a maj or i nst al l at i on of t he di st r i ct cour t i s r e-
qui r ed, f aci l i t i es wi l l be needed i n i t f or t he
f ol l owi ng
addi t i onal of f i cer s, i f speci f i ed:
Ref er ee i n bankr upt cy ( one or mor e)
Uni t ed St at es commi ssi oner
J ur y commi ssi oner
Space Ar r angement s i n Di st r i ct Cour t Sui t e Cer t ai n
par t s of t he cour t must be cl osel y connect ed.
Cour t r ooms and t hei r r el at ed r ooms shoul d
or di nar i l y be above t he f i r st f l oor . I n mul t i st or y
bui l di ngs, al l of t he cour t act i vi t i es shoul d be
l ocat ed on consecut i ve f l oor s . I t i s not de-
si r abl e t o pl ace agenci es unr el at ed t o t he cour t
ont he same f l oor wi t h i t . The need f or si mpl e,
di r ect ci r cul at i on f or t he publ i c and f or t he
cour t of f i cer s wi l l i nf l uence t he l ocat i on
and
ar r angement of t he uni t s of t he
cour t
.
GSA Handbook, Publ i c Bui l di ngs Ser vi ce,
Gener al Ser vi ces Admi ni st r at i on, Washi ngt on,
DC.
Par t
2.
The
Di st r i ct Cour t r oom
Locat i on The cour t ' s act i vi t i es r evol ve ar ound
t he cour t r oom, so i t shoul d be cent r al l y l o-
cat ed. Spaces f or t he of f i cer s of t he cour t
shoul d be pl aced wi t h r egar d t o t hei r f unct i ons
i n t he cour t r oomand t hei r r esponsi bi l i t i es t o
t he j udge. ( Fi gs . 1 t o 3) .
I l l umi nat i on Nat ur al l i ght i ng may be r est r i ct ed
t o auxi l i ar y of f i ces, t he cour t r oom i t sel f
havi ng no out si de exposur e.
Di mensi ons The mi ni mum si ze of a di st r i ct
cour t r oomi s 38' / , f t i n wi dt h by 58' h f t i n l engt h.
The cei l i ng hei ght of a cour t r oomshoul d be
pr opor t i onat e t o i t s si ze and t o t he r equi r e-
ment s of pr oper i l l umi nat i on, vent i l at i on or ai r
condi t i oni ng, and acoust i cs . I n a l ar ge i nst al l a-
t i on wi t h many cour t r ooms, most of t hem
shoul d be of mi ni mumsi ze. One or mor e cour t -
r ooms wi t h addi t i onal apace f or t he audi ence
may be necessar y t o accommodat e t r i al s t hat
at t r act t he publ i c end ar e at t ended by many
r epr esent at i ves of t he pr ess .
Cour t r oom Ent r ances
Publ i c Ent r ance.

Thi s i s l ocat ed at t he end
of t he cour t r oom opposi t e t he j udge' s bench
and f i t t ed wi t h doubl e door s swi ngi ng out i nt o
a cour t r ooml obby.
J ur y Ent r ance.

Thi s ent r ance shoul d per mi t
t he j ur y t o pass di r ect l y f r om t he cour t r oom
t o t he j ur y r ooms, pr ef er abl y wi t hout cr ossi ng
t he cour t r oom or passi ng t hr ough any publ i c
cor r i dor or space. I f t he pr i soner s cannot use
t he j ur or s' ent r ance door , pr ovi de a speci al
ent r ance t hr ough whi ch t hey may be t aken t o
t he det ent i on cel l s .
Si de Ent r ance.

Pr ovi de an ent r ance, f or at -
t or neys and pr ess r epor t er s, t o t he cour t r oom
ar ea i n f r ont of t he r ai l i ng and benches f or t he
publ i c .
Coat
CI OSON

For t he use of at t or neys,
pr ovi de
one or mor e coat cl oset s of f t he j udi ci al end of
t he cour t r oomt o accommodat e nor
l ess
t hen
20 coat s
.
For t hej ur or s sel ect ed, pr ovi de
a cost
cl oset or al cove ei t her i mmedi at el y of f t he
cour t r oomor of f a secondar y l obby whi ch
i s
not accessi bl e t o t he publ i c .
Fur ni t ur e
Bui l t - i n Fur ni t ur e. The j ur y box shal l
ac-
commodat e 14 j ur or s and shoul d be l ocat ed at
t he j udge' s l ef t . The f ol l owi ng i t ems must be
pr ovi ded :
1 J udges' bench and
wi t ness st and
1 cl er k of cour t desk
and cour t r e-
por t er
1 j ur y box
12 benches wi t h gat e and r ai l i ngs
Fi xed Chai r s
.

The j ur y t ype cour t r oom
must
accommodat e t he
f ol l owi ng f i xed chai r s :
1 ar mchai r f or wi t ness st and- r ot ar y,
f i xed- pedest al
14
ar mchai r s f or j ur or s, r ot ar y- f i xed-
pedest al
Movabl e Fur ni t ur e. Li mi t ed t o t he f ol -
l owi ng:
3 j udges' chai r s
t cl er k of cour t ar mchai r - r ot ar y
1 cour t r epor t er ar mchai r - r ot ar y
1
l ect er n,
Fi g.
1
10 at t or neys' ar mchai r s- r ot ar y
10 ar mchai r s f or gener al use
2 at t or neys' t abl es- 120 by 48 i n.
1 pr ess r epor t er s' t abl e- 120 by 48
i n.
1 f l agst af f - shaf t t op
9%,
f t above
f l oor
Par t 3. J udge' s Sui t e
COMPOPent s
J udge' s ent i r e sui t e i ncl udes t he
f ol l owi ng
r ooms :
J udge' s
of f i ce
J udge' s l i br ar y
J udge' s
r ecept i on r oom
J udge' s t oi l et
J udge' s coat cl oset
Secr et ar y and r ecept i on r oom
Cr i er ' s vest i bul e
Lawcl er k' s
of f i ce
Coat cl oset
Suppl y
cl oset
Locat i on The j udge' s
sui t e must be l ocat ed
adj oi ni ng t he
cour t r oom. A cor ner of f i ce f or
t he j udge
i s gener al l y pr ef er r ed, but i t may be
necessar y t o pl ace
i t el sewher e t o get maxi -
mumf r eedomf r omst r eet noi ses . See Fi g. 4.
Locat e t he j udge' s of f i ce t o pr ovi de access t o
t he bench ei t her di r ect l y f r om hi s of f i ce or
t hr ough a pr i vat e passage, so t hat t he j udge
wi l l not have t o go t hr ough any publ i c space.
The j udge' s of f i ce must connect wi t h a cor r i -
dor , so t hat he mayent er or l eave wi t hout pass-
i ng t hr ough any ot her of f i ce.
Ent r ances The ent r ances r equi r ed f or ci r cul a-
t i on wi t hi n t he j udge' s chamber s ar e shown on
Fi gs
.
1 and 4. Wher e
sever al
cour t r ooms
ar e
gr ouped on a f l oor , j udges may pass t o t he
cour t r ooms t hr ough a common pr i vat e cor r i -
dor . I n mul t i st or y bui l di ngs, i t i s desi r abl e t o
have t he j udges' sui t es adj acent
t o
t he
cour t -
r ooms so t hat t he j udges
do
not have
t o go
t hr ough
publ i c spaces or use publ i c el evat or s
when
goi ng t o or f r omcour t . Publ i c ent r ance
must be pr ovi ded f or t he secr et ar y' s of f i ce
.
J udge' s Of f i ce
Ar ea and Fur ni t ur e. As i nf or mal pr et r i al
hear i ngs ar e of t en hel d i n t he j udge' s of f i ce,
t he mi ni mumar ea shal l be 750 sq f t .
Hei ght .

Coi l i ng hei ght shal l be not l ess t han
9 f t .
Shel vi ng.

Usabl e wal l
space
of t he j udge' s
sui t e shal l be l i ned wi t h
f l ush, adj ust abl e wood
bookshel ves 10 i n. wi de and
ext endi ng f r om
t he f l oor t o t he
t op of t he door s . The wal l s
above shal l be f ur r ed
out t o t he f ace of t he
shel ves .
Cl ock.

I nst al l a wal l
el ect r i c cl ock on a wal l
vi si bl e f r omt he
j udge' s desk and not hi dden
by a l i ght i ng
f i xt ur e.
COURTHOUSES
t he j ur y wheel and summoned by t he
cour t
t o r epor t as j ur or s . The panel of j ur or s
or di -
nar i l y assembl es i n t he cour t r oom. At a
t r i al
t he names of t he qual i f i ed j ur or s i n at t endance
and not excused by
t he cour t ar e pl aced i n a
j ur y wheel . The cl er k
dr aws f r omt he wheel
one name at a t i me
. The j ur or s who ar e f i nal l y
accept ed f or t he t r i al of
t he case si t i n t he j ur y
box, and t hose who ar e not accept ed
wi t hdr aw
and t hei r names ar e r epl aced i n
t he j ur y wheel
by t he cl er k. I f t he cour t has a j ur or s'
assembl y
r oom, t he pr ospect i ve j ur or s assembl e
t her e
and
do not go i nt o t he cour t r oomunt i l
a case
i s cal l ed
f or a t r i al i n whi ch a j ur y
i s r equi r ed.
Locat i on of
J ul y ROOms Locat e j ur y r ooms so
t hat
j ur or s may. go
t o t hem f r om t he cour t r oom
wi t hout
goi ng t hr ough a publ i c cor r i dor or
goi ng acr oss t he cour t r oom. I t i s desi r abl e t o
have
j ur y r ooms on t he cour t r oomf l oor
l evel ,
as i ndi cat ed on
Fi g.
2,
f or conveni ence of aged
or cr i ppl ed j ur or s .
Fr equent l y t wo j ur y r ooms
ar e r equi r ed wher e t her e i s but
one cour t r oom
i n t he bui l di ng. When t her e ar e t wo
or mor e
cour t r ooms, 1' {, j ur y r ooms ar e usual l y
pr o-
vi ded f or each cour t r oom.
Ar ea
and Fur ni t ur e
J ur y r ooms shal l have a mi n-
i mum
ar ea of 350 sq
f t and must be
pr opor -
t i oned
t o accommodat e a
t abl e, 120 by 48
i n . ,
and
14 ar mchai r s .
Coat Cl oset
andToi l et ROOms

Each j ur y r oom
must
have a coat cl oset or
al cove, a t oi l et r oom
f or
men, and al so one f or
women.
as t hose
f or t he j udge. Ther e need not
be an i n-
dependent
publ i c ent r ance unl ess t he
pl an
nat ur al l y
per mi t s one. Usabl e wal l space shal l
be l i ned
wi t h f l ush, adj ust abl e, bui l t - i n
wood
bookshel ves
f r omt he f l oor t o t he t op of
t he
door s . The of f i ce
shal l have a mi ni mumar ea
of 400 sq
f t ( 500 t o 600 sq f t i n met r opol i t an
ar eas) i ncl udi ng
shel vi ng.
J udge' s Li br ar y
When a j udge' s l i br ar y i s pr o-
vi ded, no separ at e space
f or t he l aw cl er k
wi l l be suppl i ed, si nce he
wi l l have hi s of f i ce
i n t he l i br ar y. I t i s best
l ocat ed adj oi ni ng t he
secr et ar y' s of f i ce and shal l
be l ar ge enough t o
st or e t he number of l awbooks
r equi r ed. Pr o-
vi de adj ust abl e, bui l t - i n
wood bookshel ves .
Par t 4. Pet i t J ur y
Descr i pt i on
The pet i t j ur y usual l y
consi st s of
12 j ur or s, but t her e may be one or mor e
al t er -
nat es . I t i s assumed t hat i n act ual
pr act i ce t he
number of j ur or s and al t er nat es i n
t he j ur y
box dur i ng a t r i al wi l l not exceed 14. At
t he
end
of t he t r i al , t he al t er nat es,
i f any, wi t h-
dr aw, and t he j ur y r et i r es t o t he j ur y
r oomt o
consi der
i t s ver di ct . The j ur y l at er
r et ur ns
t o t he
cour t r oom t o r epor t t o t he
cour t t he
j ur y' s ver di ct or
di sagr eement . The j ur y panel
f r om
whi ch t he pet i t j ur y i s sel ect ed consi st s
of per sons
chosen by t he j ur y commi ssi oner
and t he
cl er k of t he cour t accor di ng t o l aw.
The
names of t hose const i t ut i ng t he panel
f r omwhi ch
t he pet i t j ur y i s sel ect ed have
been
dr awn by
t he commi ssi oner and t he cl er k
f r om
Toi l et .

I t i s desi r abl e t o l ocat e t he
j udge' s
t oi l et so
t hat t he ent r ance i s not di r ect l y
f r om
hi s of f i ce. The t oi l et shal l be
equi pped wi t h a
noi sel ess t ype wat er cl oset , a l avat or y, a
medi -
ci ne case
wi t h mi r r or , paper hol der , t owel
bar ,
and r obe hook . The f i xt ur es
shal l not be
mount ed
on t he cour t r oomwal l . Ref er t o
Fi g. 4.
Coat Cl oset .

I t i s desi r abl e but not mands-
t or y t o
l ocat e t he j udge' s coat cl oset of f a pas-
sage out si de
hi s of f i ce. The cl oset shal l be not
l ess t han 3
f t wi de and 2 f t deep; i t shal l be
equi pped
wi t h t wo 12- i n. shel ves, hangi ng r od,
and coat hooks .
Secr et ar y andRecept i on Room- Cr i er ' s
Vest i bul e
Locat i on. Locat e
t he secr et ar y and r ecep-
t i on r oom bet ween t he
j udge' s pr i vat e of f i ce
and t he l awcl er k' s
of f i ce. Ref er t o Fi gs . 2 and
4. The f i r st poi nt of
ent r ance t o t he sui t e by t he
publ i c i s t hr ough t he
vest i bul e occupi ed by t he
cr i er .
Ar ea and Fur ni t ur e.

The r oomshal l have a
mi ni mumar ea of 350 sq f t
and t he secr et ar y' s
space shal l be di vi ded by a
r ai l i ng and gat e
f r om t he r ecept i on space,
whi ch shal l be not
l ess t han 7 f t wi de.
Ent r ances. Fi gur e
4 shows t he pr ef er r ed
ar r angement of ent r ances
bet ween t he r ooms .
I t i s not desi r abl e t o put cl oset s
or t oi l et s be-
t ween t he secr et ar y' s of f i ce
and t he j udge' s
of f i ce.
LawCl ar k' s Of f i ce

The l awcl er k' s of f i ce
usual l y
shoul d adj oi n t he
secr et ar y' s of f i ce so t hat t he
secr et ar y can r ecei ve t he
cl er k' s vi si t or s as wel l
Fi g. 1

Di st r i ct cour t r oom
.
COURTHOUSES
Ent r ances

I f
t her e ar e t wo or mor e j ur y r ooms,
t hey may open i nt o a common l obby under t he
cont r ol of a bai l i f f .
Si gnal i ng Equi pment I n each pet i t j ur y r oom,
i nst al l equi pment t o
oper at e a f l ashi ng si gnal
i n t he bai l i f f ' s
l obby and i n t he cour t r oom.
Pani c Exi t s I f
ent r ance t o a j ur y r oom i s di -
r ect l y
f r om
a common l obby, such j ur y r oomor
common l obby must have a second exi t door of
pani c t ype, equi pped wi t h
sui t abl e pani c har d-
war e, l ocal al ar msi gnal ,
and expl anat or y si gn
on t he j ur y si de of t he door .
Soundpr oof i ng

The wal l s of
t he j ur y r oom must
be soundpr oof ed,
as t he j ur or s' di scussi ons
woul d ot her wi se be audi bl e i n
adj oi ni ng r ooms .
The j ur y r oomshoul d
have an acoust i c cei l i ng.
Auxi l i ar y Occupancy When cour t i s not i n ses-
si on, t he j ur y r oomof t en ser ves as a wai t i ng
r oom, a r ol l - cal l r oom, or a conf er ence r oom.
Par t 5. Wi t ness Room
Locat i ons
Thi s
i s
f or t he use of wi t nesses
wai t i ng t o
t est i f y bef or e t he cour t and shoul d
be l ocat ed as near t he
cour t r oom
as
possi bl e,
pr ef er abl y on t he same si de as t he mar shal ' s
of f i ce
.
A deput y mar shal or bai l i f f cal l s t he
wi t nesses i nt o t he cour t r oom. Ref er t o Fi g. 2.
Ar ea

The wi t ness r oomshal l
have a mi ni mum
ar ea of 200 sq f t .
Auxi l i ar y Uses

When t he cour t i s not i n
sessi on
t he wi t ness r oommaybe used as a
conf er ence
or
commi t t ee r oom.
Par t
6. J ur or s' Assembl y Lounge
Thr ee Cour t r oom Requi r ement s Thi s l ounge
may
be
r equi r ed i f t her e ar e t wo or mor e cour t -
r ooms . The si ze
of t he l ounge wi l l be det er .
mi ned by
al l owi ng 15 sq f t per occupant . The
l ounge shal l
have a pr i vat e t oi l et f or men and
al so one f or women.
Pr ovi de an ent r ance f r om
t he publ i c cor r i dor
and a dr i nki ng f ount ai n.
When a j ur y
commi ssi oner ' s sui t e i s r equi r ed,
t he j ur or s' assembl y l ounge f or ms par t of t hat
sui t e, but i t need not be adj oi ni ng or adj acent .
Tel ephone r ecesses and cl oak r oom shoul d
have di r ect access f r omt hi s l ounge.
Fur ni t ur e The number of sel ect ed j ur or s
wi l l
det er mi ne t he number of var i ed st yl e
chai r s,
t abl es, magazi ne r acks, et c
. ,
t o
be i nst al l ed
i n t hi s j ur or s' l ounge .
Par t 7. Gr and J ur y Sui t e
Descr i pt i on, Locat i on, and Component s The gr and
j ur y i s i mpanel ed by t he cour t and consi st s
of
not l ess t han 16 nor mor e t han 23 j ur or s . The
gr and
j ur y hear s evi dence pr esent ed t o i t and
conduct s i nvest i gat i ons t o det er mi ne i f char ges
or vi ol at i on
of f eder al cr i mi nal st at ut es shal l
be pr osecut ed. I t i s pr esi ded over by a f or eman,
named by t he cour t , and usual l y t he cases
consi der ed by i t ar e pr esent ed by t he Uni t ed
St at es at t or ney. Out si der s must not be abl e
t o over hear or obser ve gr and j ur y pr oceedi ngs .
The pl an of t he gr and j ur y
sui t e shown,
Fi g.
5,
i ndi cat es t he
r el at i onshi p of t he r ooms and t he
ent r ances
r equi r ed
.
The gr and j ur y sui t e i n-
cl udes t he f ol l owi ng
r ooms :
Gr andj ur y r oom
Wi t nesses' r oom
Bai l i f f ' s vest i bul e
Coat cl oset and t oi l et f or n, en and women
Gr and J ur y
Room
The
gr and j ur or s' chai r s ar e
i n ei t her t hr ee
or f our r ows, dependi ng upon
t he wi dt h of t he
r oom. Thi s r oom shal l have
a mi ni mum
ar ea of 600 sq f t t o accommodat e
23
j ur or s' ar mchai r s- r ot ar y and
f i xed
1
t abl e- 96 by 42 i n.
1 t abl e- 54by 42 i n.
6 ar mchai r s
1 dr i nki ng f ount ai n
Wi t nesnel l '
Room

Thi s i s f or t he use of wi t nesses
unt i l cal l ed by t he
bal i f f t o t est i f y i n t he gr and
j ur y r ooms . The
wi t nesses' r oomshal l have a
mi ni mumar ea
of 300 sq f t .
Fi g. 2

Di st r i ct cour t pl an, f i r st f l oor .
Secr et ar y' s Of f i ce
I n met r opol i t an ar eas wher e
t her e i s a gr eat deal of
wor k, t he Uni t ed St at es
at t or ney may r equi r e
t he ser vi ces of a pr i vat e
secr et ar y, whose
of f i ce usual l y i s l ocat ed be-
t ween t he of f i ce of
t he Uni t ed St at es at t or ney
and t he r ecept i on r oom.
Chi ef Assi st ant
Uni t ed St at es At t or ney' s Of f i ce
The
of f i ce of t he chi ef
assi st ant Uni t ed St at es
at t or ney shal l
have a mi ni mumar ea of 250 sq
f t . Locat e i t
adj oi ni ng t he of f i ce of t he Uni t ed
St at es at t or ney .
Conf er ence Room
The conf er ence r oom
shal l
have a
mi ni mumar ea of 250 sq f t . Al ar ge
i n-
st al l at i on may r equi r e sever al
conf er ence
r ooms,
l ocat ed f or t he conveni ent
use of t he
at t or neys
. Thi s r oomshoul d be sound
t r eat ed.
Assi st ant
Uni t ed St at es At t or neys' of f i ces
of f i ces
of
t he assi st ant Uni t ed St at es at t or neys
shoul d
be adj acent t o each ot her and conveni ent
t o t he
chi ef assi st ant Uni t ed St at es
at t or ney. Each
of f i ce shal l have a mi ni mumar ea
of 180
sq
f t .
Li br ar y
The l i br ar y i s used by
al l of t he at -
t or neys
i n t he sui t e and t her ef or e
shoul d open
on a cor r i dor .
Admi ni st r at i ve
Assi st ant ' s Of f i ce The of f i ce of
t he
admi ni st r at i ve assi st ant shoul d be l ocat ed
ad-
j oi ni ng
t her ecept i on r oomon t he
si de opposi t e
Uni t ed
St at es at t or ney' s of f i ce
Coat cl oset
and t oi l et
Recept i on r oom
Secr et ar y' s of f i ce
Chi ef
assi st ant , Uni t ed St at es at t or ney' s
of f i ce
Assi st ant , Uni t ed St at es at t or ney' s of f i ce
St enogr apher ' s of f i ce ( t wo st enos each)
Conf er ence r oom
Vi si t i ng at t or neys' r oom
Li br ar y
assi st ant ' s of f i ce
Vaul t
Cl er ks and f i l es r oom
Suppl y r oom- gener al - - dupl i cat i ng
St or age r oom
Uni t ed St at es
At t or ney' s Of f i ce
The of f i ce of t he
Uni t ed
St at es at t or ney shal l
have a mi ni mum
ar ea of
300 sq f t .
Recept i on Room
I n l ar ge i nst al l at i ons
a publ i c
r ecept i on r oom,
r eadi l y accessi bl e
t o cal l er s,
shal l be
pr ovi ded. I t adj oi ns t he
secr et ar y' s
of f i ce and
shoul d be l ocat ed bet ween
t he of f i ce
of t he Uni t ed
St at es at t or ney and t hat
of t he
admi ni st r at i ve assi st ant .
Ref er t o Fi g. 3. The
mi ni mum
ar ea of t he r ecept i on r oom
shal l be
300 sq f t . I t shal l be pl anned
t o seat vi si t or s
and t o per mi t cont r ol of
i nt er communi cat i ng
door s by t he r ecept i oni st .
Bai l i f f ' s
Vest i bul e

Thi s shal l have a mi ni mumof
40 sq f t and Must accommodat e a desk and one
ar mchai r .
Coat
Cl oset s- Toi l et s f or Men and Women

Fi gur e 5
shows a desi r abl e combi nat i on of coat cl oset s
and t oi l et r ooms, but a common coat
cl oset
or
al cove and separ at e t oi l et r ooms ar e
ac-
cept abl e.
Par t 8. Uni t ed St at es At t or ney
Dut i es
and Locat i on The Uni t ed St at es
at -
t or ney r epr esent s t he gover nment i n al l cases,
bot h ci vi l and cr i mi nal , t o whi ch t he gover n-
ment i s a par t y or i n whi ch i t has an i nt er est
.
Si nce much of t he t i me of t he Uni t ed St at es
at t or ney and t he assi st ant at t or neys i s spent
i n t he cour t r oom, t hei r of f i ces
shoul d be l o-
cat ed conveni ent t o i t , but not necessar i l y
on
t he same f l oor .
Component s The Uni t ed
St at es at t or ney has a
headquar t er s at some desi gnat ed
ci t y i n t he
j udi ci al di st r i ct , not
necessar i l y t he same ci t y
wher e t he j udge' s headquar t er s
ar e l ocat ed.
Hi s sui t e i n a cour t s bui l di ng
var i es i n si ze
i n accor dance wi t h t he
amount of wor k he must
handl e. At ypi cal sui t e, Fi g. 3, wi l l i ncl ude
t he
f ol l owi ng .
Fi g. 3

Di st r i ct cour t pl an, second f l oor.
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
COURTHOUSES
whi ch of f er s
no
oppor t uni t y f or escape must
be pr ovi ded f or pr i soner s . I n
mul t i st or y bui l d-
i ngs wi t h cour t r ooms on di f f er ent f l oor s, a
pr i vat e el evat or t o t r anspor t pr i soner s f r om a
l ower f l oor or
basement
ent r ance t o t he mar -
shal ' s det ent i on cel l s andt o and f r omt he cour t -
r ooms i s usual l y r equi r ed. Af r ei ght el evat or
may
of t en
ser ve
i n
l i eu of a
pr i vat e el evat or
f or t hi s
pur pose. On
l ar ge i nst al l at i ons, t he de-
t ent i on cel l s may be put i n t he
basement . I n
t hat case, no addi t i onal det ent i on
cel l s
ar e
pr o-
vi ded
on
ot her f l oor s .
Component s
The Uni t ed St at es mar shal has a
headquar t er s at some desi gnat ed ci t y i n t he
j udi ci al di st r i ct , not necessar i l y
t he same ci t y
wher e t he j udge' s headquar t er s ar e l ocat ed.
The mar shal ' s sui t e var i es i n si ze
accor di ng
t o t he amount of wor k i n t he di st r i ct . At ypi cal
sui t e f or l ar ge
i nst al l at i ons i ncl udes :
Mar shal ' s
of f i ce
Toi l et
Gener al of f i ce
Vaul t
Bookkeeper s' of f i ce
Deput y mar shal s' of f i ce
I nt er vi ewi ng r oom
Fi nger pr i nt i ng r oom
Det ent i on cel l s f or men and f or women
Hol di ng
cel l s
St or age r oom
Evi dence st or age
r oom ( may be
i n basement )
Mar shal ' s Of f i ce Thi s shal l have a mi ni mum
ar ea of 300 sq f t . Pr ovi de a pr i vat e t oi l et of not
l ess t han 30 sq f t .
Gener al Of f i ce
Pr ovi de a gener al of f i ce wi t h a
mi ni mumar ea
of
500 sq f t . The publ i c space
i s
separ at ed
f r omt he r est of t he
gener al of -
f i ce by a count er and gat e
.
The publ i c space
shoul d have
a
mi ni mum
wi dt h
of 6 f t .
Vaul t
Openi ng i nt o t he gener al of f i ce, pr ovi de
a vaul t wi t h
a
mi ni mum
ar ea of
100 sq f t . and
accommodat i ng a money saf e
.
Locat e t he
vaul t
so
t hat t he i nt er i or
i s
not vi si bl e f r omt he pub-
l i c space .
Bookkeeper s' Of f i ce Pr ovi de
a bookkeeper s'
of f i ce adj oi ni ng t he gener al of f i ce wi t h
a mi ni -
mumof 300 sq f t . One desk i s pr ovi ded
f or
each occupant .
Deput i aS Adj acent t o and connect ed wi t h t he
bookkeeper s' of f i ce ( by passage
i f necessar y) ,
pr ovi de an of f i ce wi t h a mi ni mumar ea
of 300
sq f t f or t he mar shal ' s deput i es
.
One desk i s
pr ovi ded f or each occupant .
Fi nger pr i nt i ng Room Pr ovi de a
f i nger pr i nt i ng
r oomwi t h a mi ni mumof 120 sq
f t adj oi ni ng
and connect i ng wi t h t he deput i es'
of f i ce. I n t he
smal l er of f i ces, t he f i nger pr i nt i ng
cabi net
and l avat or y may be pl aced i n t he deput i es'
of f i ce and t he f i nger pr i nt i ng r oom omi t t ed.
I nt er vi ewi ng Room
Pr ovi de an i nt er vi ewi ng
r oomwi t h a mi ni mum
ar ea of
150 sq f t , l ocat ed
so
t hat
pr i soner s can be br ought
f r omt he de-
t ent i on cel l s
as
di r ect l y
as
possi bl e. The r oom
shal l accommodat e one t abl e and f our si de
chai r s .
Det ent i on Cel l s f or Men and f or Women
Cel l s f or Men
.

Usual l y, pr ovi de t wo
det en-
t i on cel l s wi t h obser vat i on passage
. The cel l s
shal l be not l ess t han 10 f t wi de and be
l ar ge
enough t o accommodat e t he maxi mumnum-
ber of pr i soner s det ai ned at one t i me. The si ze
of a cel l shal l be det er mi ned by al l owi ng f or
each pr i soner a mi ni mumof 25 sq f t .
cour t
i s
hel d
f or
a
ver y shor t per i od or wher e
no assi st ant Uni t ed St at es at t or ney
i s
r egul ar l y
st at i oned. Wher e no Uni t ed St at es at t or ney
i s
r egul ar l y st at i oned at a pl ace of hol di ng
cour t ,
hi s
of f i ces wi l l
not have
a
pr i vat e t oi l et
or
coat cl oset and t he r ooms may be used f or
conf er ence or
commi t t ee r ooms when cour t
i s not i n sessi on. Room
si zes wi l l aver age
about
200
sq
f t
each
and f ur ni t ur e wi l l cor -
r espond wi t h t hat of si mi l ar r ooms i n a
maj or
i nst al l at i on
.
Par t 9. Uni t ed St at es Mar s i aI
Dut i es The Uni t ed St at es mar shal i s char ged
wi t h t he cust ody of pr i soner s and t hei r pr oduc-
t i on i n cour t , t he mai nt enance of or der i n t he
cour t r oom, t he ser vi ce of pr ocesses, t he
appear ance of wi t nesses, t he col l ect i on and
di sbur sement of cer t ai n moni es and f ees, t he
cust ody of cer t ai n pr oper t y i n t he possessi on
of t he cour t , and ot her speci al dut i es assi gned
by t he cour t .
Locat i on
The
mar shal ' s sui t e shoul d be so
l ocat ed wi t h r el at i on t o t he cour t r oom t hat
pr i soner s can
pass
di r ect l y
t o
i t f r omt he
de-
t ent i on cel l s wi t hout
exposur e t o
publ i c con-
t act or vi ew
.
I f t he sui t e i s l ocat ed one f l oor
above or bel owt he cour t r oom, a pr i vat e st ai r
t he Uni t ed St al es at t or ney' s of f i ce and shal l
have a mi ni mumar ea of 230 sq f t .
Vaul t Avaul t f or t he admi ni st r at i ve assi st ant ,
openi ng i nt o hi s of f i ce, shal l have a mi ni mum
si ze of 6 by 9f t .
Wor k
and
Suppl y
Room

Agener al wor k and sup-
pl y r oom conveni ent t o t he admi ni st r at i ve
assi st ant ' s st af f shal l have a mi ni mumar ea
of 50 sq f t . I t may be necessar y t o pr ovi de a
separ at e r oom wi t h el ect r i cal out l et s f or a
mi meogr aph machi ne, phot ost at machi ne, or
ot her dupl i cat i ng equi pment .
St enogr apher s' Of f i ce
Pr ovi de admi ni st r at i ve
assi st ant / st enogr apher s' of f i ce bet ween t he
of f i ces of assi st ant Uni t ed St at es at t or neys,
al l owi ng a mi ni mumar ea of 100 sq f t per desk .
Gener al l y t her e wi l l be a r at i o of t wo st enog-
r apher s f or t hr ee at t or neys .
Cl er ks and Fi l es Room The r oom f or t he
cl er ks
and f i l es shal l
adj oi n
and connect
wi t h
t he
admi ni st r at i ve assi st ant ' s of f i ce.
Smal l er I nst al l at i ons Uni t ed St at es at t or ney' s
sui t es di f f er i n si ze and r equi r ement s i n ac-
cor dance wi t h t he wor k i n t he di st r i ct
.
They
may
be as smal l as t hr ee r ooms i n ci t i es wher e
COURTHOUSES
Fi g. 4 J udge' s chamber s, di st r i ct cour t .
Fi g. 6

Cl er k
of t he di st r i ct cour t ' s sui t e ( smal l i nst al l at i on)
.
Cel l s f or Women
Pr i soner s . Si mi l ar t o de-
t ent i on cel l s f or men.
Obser vat i on Passage. An obser vat i on pas-
sage at l east 4 f t wi de shal l be l ocat ed al ong
t he ext er i or wal l of t he bui l di ng and be sep-
ar at ed f r om t he cel l s by a pr i son- t ype gr i l l e
par t i t i on. The ent i r e cel l must be vi si bl e f r om
t he obser vat i on passage.
Hol di ng Cal l s I f r equi r ed, pr ovi de hol di ng cel l s
f or pr oj ect s wi t h t hr ee or mor e cour t r ooms .
They shoul d be l ocat ed i n back of t he cour t -
r ooms near t he pr i soner s' ent r ance.
Suppl y and St or age Room Pr ovi de a suppl y and
st or age r oom of r equi r ed si ze conveni ent t o
t he deput i es' of f i ce.
Evi dence St or age At t i mes mar shal s have
cust ody of bul ky evi dence, r equi r i ng a l ar ge
st or age ar ea. Ast or age r oom( pr ef er abl y i n t he
basement ) of 300 sq f t mi ni mum shoul d be
pr ovi ded.
Smal l er I nst al l at i on

Thi s sui t e wi l l r equi r e f ewer
and per haps smal l er r ooms t han t he head-
quar t er s sui t e i n t he same di st r i ct , but t he
ar r angement and r el at i onshi p of i t s r ooms
wi l l be si mi l ar t o t hat of t he cor r espondi ng
r ooms i n a maj or i nst al l at i on.
Par t 10 . Cl er k of t he Di st r i ct Cour t
Dut i es
The cl er k i s t he admi ni st r at i ve of f i cer
of
t he cour t .
He
r ecei ves
cases f or f i l i ng i n
t he
cour t , mai nt ai ns t he r ecor ds of i t s pr oceedi ngs
Fi g. 5

Gr and j ur y r ooms.
COURTHOUSES
of 500 sq f t and be connect ed wi t h a pr i vat e
t oi l et wi t h a mi ni mum
ar ea of 30 sq f t .
Deput y Cl ar ks Of f i ce

Thi s shal l have a mi ni mum
ar ea
of 300 sq f t and be l ocat ed bet ween t he
cl er k' s of f i ce and t he gener al of f i ce.
Gener al Of f i ce wi t h Publ i c Space The si ze of t he
gener al of f i ce or di nar i l y wi l l be det er mi ned by
t he number of desks, t abl es, and f i l e cases
used
. But i f
i t r equi r es so many cases f or act i ve
f i l es t hat t hey woul d cause t he gener al of f i ce
t o be di spr opor t i onat el y l ar ge, pr ovi de addi -
t i onal f i l e r ooms. Pr ef er abl y t hey shoul d be
connect ed t o t he gener al of f i ce: but i f l ocat ed
on adj acent f l oor s, pr ovi de di r ect st ai r ways
and dumbwai t er s . The publ i c space i s sep-
ar at ed f r omt he r est of t he gener al of f i ce by a
count er wi t h one or mor e gat es . The publ i c
space shal l have a mi ni mumwi dt h of 8 f t . I n
a ver y l ar ge gener al of f i ce, t he count er wi l l be
U- shaped or L- shaped t o accommodat e t he r e-
qui r ed l engt h . Pr ovi de a cashi er ' s gr i l l e wi t h
r et ur ns on t he count er . Ref er t o Fi g. 6 .
Exami nat i on ROOM

Thi s i s pr ovi ded f or at t or neys
and ot her s who ar e per mi t t ed t o i nspect t he
and act i ons, or gani zes
i t s cal endar , r ecei ves
and di sbur ses i t s money, and gi ves
i nf or mat i on
t o at t or neys and i nt er est ed
par t i es r egar di ng
t he di sposi t i on of cases as
r ecor ded i n hi s
of f i ce.
Locat i on

I t
i s
desi r abl e t o l ocat e t he cl er k near
t he cour t r oom and conveni ent
t o t he j udge.
I n mul t i pl e
cour t s t he cl er k shoul d be easi l y
accessi bl e t o t he publ i c .
Component s

The
of f i ces of t he cl er k of t he cour t
var y
i n
si ze and number i n accor dance wi t h t he
vol ume of busi ness . The r ooms i ncl ude:
Cl er k' s of f i ce and t oi l et
Chi ef
deput y cl er k' s of f i ce
Gener al of f i ce, wi t h publ i c space and f i l es
Exami nat i on r oom
Suppl y r oom
Wor k r oom
Vaul t
Exhi bi t r oom
Fi l e r ooms as r equi r ed
Nat ur al i zat i on cl er k' s of f i ce, wi t h publ i c space
Cl ar k' s Of f i ce Thi s shal l have a mi ni mumar ea
COURTHOUSES
r ecor ds . I t shal l
have
a mi ni mum
ar ea of 150
sq f t and be connect ed t o t he gener al of f i ce
.
Suppl y ROOM
Thi s shoul d
be cl ose t o t he gen-
er al of f i ce and have
a
mi ni mum
ar ea of 100 sq
f t .
Wor k Room
Thi s shoul d
be near t he suppl y
r oom. I t shal l have a mi ni mumar ea of 300 sq
f t
. The
cl er k of
t he
cour t may i nst al l a Phot o-
st at machi ne wi t h
devel opi ng equi pment and
ot her dupl i cat i ng machi nes t hat wi l l r equi r e
wat er , wast e, and el ect r i cal connect i ons .
Vaul t The vaul t , whi ch hol ds a money saf e,
shal l open i nt o t he gener al of f i ce and be
pl anned t o pr event publ i c vi ewof t he i nt er i or .
I t shal l have a mi ni mumar ea of 80 sq f t , l i ned
wi t h st eel shel vi ng i n sect i ons 3 f t l ong and
12 i n. wi de .
Exhi bi t Room Thi s shal l have a mi ni mumar ea
of 250 sq f t . Ent r ance shal l be f r oma cor r i dor
t hr ough doubl e door s . The por t abl e bl ackboar d
f or cour t r oom use i s usual l y st or ed i n t hi s
r oom.
Smal l er I nst al l at i on

Thi s sui t e wi l l r equi r e f ewer
and smal l er r ooms, but t he r ooms wi l l be
si mi l ar i n char act er and r el at i onshi p t o cor -
r espondi ng r ooms i n a maj or i nst al l at i on. Re-
f er t o Fi g. 6.
Nat ur al i zat i on Cl er k' s Of f i ce, wi t h Publ i c Space i f
an of f i ce f or t he nat ur al i zat i on cl er k i s r e-
qui r ed, i t shoul d be adj acent t o t he gener al
of f i ce of t he cl er k of t he cour t . The of f i ce shal l
have
a
mi ni mum
ar ea of 400 sq f t , wi t h a publ i c
space.
Par t 11. J ur y Commi ssi oner
Dut i es and Component s of Sui t e The j ur y com-
mi ssi oner , t oget her wi t h t he cl er k of t he cour t ,
sel ect s t he per sons who ar e el i gi bl e t o ser ve on
t he gr and and pet i t j ur i es . Quar t er s f or t hi s
of f i cer
ar e or di nar i l y not r equi r ed except i n
maj or i nst al l at i ons. At ypi cal pl an, Fi g . 7, f or a
j ur y commi ssi oner ' s sui t e i n a maj or i nst al l a-
t i on, wi l l cont ai n:
J ur y commi ssi oner ' s
of f i ce
Exami nat i on
r oom
J ur or s' assembl y
r oom
Men' s and women' s
t oi l et s
Fi l e
r oom
J ur y Commi ssi oner ' s Of f i ce

Thi s shal l have a mi ni -
mumar ea of 250 sq f t , a wi dt h of 15 f t . and a
di r ect ent r ance f r om
t he
publ i c
cor r i dor .
Exami nat i on ROOM
Thi s
shal l
have a mi ni mum
ar ea of 200 sq f t and connect t o t he j ur y com-
mi ssi oner ' s of f i ce.
J ur or s' Assembl y Room
when quar t er s f or t he
j ur y commi ssi oner ar e r equi r ed t he j ur or s'
assembl y r oom shoul d be par t of hi s sui t e;
but t he r oomi s f r equent l y r equi r ed as a sep-
ar at e uni t , when no pr ovi si on i s made f or a j ur y
commi ssi oner . I t shal l have t oi l et s f or men
and women and a cent r al l y l ocat ed dr i nki ng
f ount ai n.
Fi l e Room
Thi s shal l have a mi ni mumar ea of
150 sq f t and be l ocat ed adj acent t o t he j ur y
commi ssi oner ' s of f i ce.
Par t 12. Uni t ed St at es Commi ssi oner
Dut i es The
commi ssi oner i s a magi st r at e
who
exer ci ses cer t ai n
j udi ci al f unct i ons and
bef or e
whom per sons
ar e ar r ai gned
i mmedi at el y
Fi g. 8 Uni t ed St at es commi ssi oner ' s sui t e
.
Fi g. 7
J ur y commi ssi oner ' s sui t e.
af t er ar r est . He hol ds pr el i mi nar y hear i ngs
of pr i soner s t o det er mi ne whet her t hey shal l
be hel d f or t he gr and j ur y, di schar ged, or r e-
l eased on bai l . He i ssues war r ant s and wr i t s,
f i xes bai l , and somet i mes handl es j uveni l e
cases .
Locat i on and Component s The pr ef er r ed l ocat i on
of t he commi ssi oner ' s sui t e i s near t he f r ei ght
el evat or or t he pr i soner s' el evat or . The sui t e,
Fi g. 8, need not be on t he same f l oor as t he
cour t r oom. Usual l y i t wi l l i ncl ude:
Hear i ng r oom
Commi ssi oner ' s of f i ce
Secr et ar y' s of f i ce ( r equi r ed onl y i n l ar ger
j ur i sdi ct i ons)
Hear i ng ROOM
Thi s
shal l have a mi ni mumar ea
of 400 sq f t and accommodat e :
1 Bui l t - i n combi nat i on bench, wi t ness
st and and at t or ney' s t abl e, bui l t -
i n benches t o seat a mi ni mumof
16 per sons
1
r ot ar y ar mchai r , f i xed- pedest al - -
f or wi t ness
1 j udge' s chai r - f or t he commi s-
si oner
5 ar mchai r s
10 si de chai r s
Commi ssi oner ' s Of f i ce

ar ea of 200 sq f t and adj oi n and connect wi t h
t he hear i ng r oom and t he secr et ar y' s of f i ce.
One- Room Type I n cer t ai n j ur i sdi ct i ons, t he
wor k of t he commi ssi oner may be i nsuf f i ci ent
t o j ust i f y a separ at e hear i ng r oom and t hen
onl y a si ngl e of f i ce of not l ess t han 250 sq f t
wi l l be r equi r ed.
Par t 13. Pr obat i on and Par ol e Of f i cer
Dut i es

The pr obat i on and par ol e of f i cer super -
vi ses t he pr obat i oner s r ef er r ed t o hi m by t he
cour t and t he per sons r el eased on par ol e f r om
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
COURTHOUSES
1 bui l t - i n combi nat i on bench and wi t -
ness
st and
1 j udge' s
chai r
1 ar mchai r f or wi t ness, r ot ar y, f i xed.
pedest al
2 at t or neys' t abl es
7 ar mchai r s
Bui l t - i n
benches t o seat a mi ni mum
of 25 per sons
Ref er ee' s Of f i ce.
Thi s shal l have a mi ni .
mumar ea of 250 sq f t
and adj oi n and connect
wi t h t he hear i ng r oom.
Gener al Of f i ce wi t h Publ i c
Space. Thi s
shal l have ami ni mum
ar ea of 350sq f t and con-
nect wi t h t he r ef er ee' s
of f i ce and t he chi ef
Chi ef Cl er k' s Of f i ce.

Thi s
shal l have a mi ni -
mumar ea of 200 sq f t and adj oi n
and connect
wi t h t he gener al of f i ce.
Fi l e Room.

Thi s shal l have
a mi ni mumar ea
of 250 eq f t and connect wi t h
t he gener al of -
f i ce.
Tr ust ees' Room. One or
mor e r ooms,
appr oxi mat el y 250 sq f t , shal l be
pr ovi ded f or
t r ust ees i n t he l ar ger cour t s .
Ref er ee and One OF
Two Cl er ks Thi s smal l
sui t e
shal l cont ai n t he same r ooms and equi pment
pr ovi ded f or r ef er ee, chi ef cl er k,
and t wo or
t hr ee
assi st ant cl er ks, except t hat t he f i l e
r oom
and chi ef cl er k' s of f i ce shal l be omi t t ed.
Re-
f er t o Fi g. 12.
Par t - Ti me Ref er ee and
OneCl er k

I n a di st r i ct wher e
t her e
ar e ver y f ewbankr upt cy cases t o
be
hear d,
onl y one r oom enay be r equi r ed.
When
t hi s one- r oom of f i ce i s pr ovi ded, t he
r ef er ee
may hol d hear i ngs i n a vacant
hear i ng r oom
el sewher ei n t he bui l di ng or use hi s own
of f i ce
i f onl y a f ewper sons ar e t o be accommodat ed
.
I t shal l have a mi ni mumar ea of 300
sq f t .
t o
t he gener al of f i ce. I n t he case of
a one- man
of f i ce, i t
i s desi r abl e but not mandat or y
f or t he
pr obat i on and par ol e of f i cer t o be abl e
t o pass
di r ect l y f r omhi s of f i ce t o t he publ i c
cor r i dor .
Wher e t her ear et wo or mor e assi st ant of f i cer s,
i t i s mandat or yt hat each of f i cer be
abl e t o pass
di r ect l y f r omhi s of f i ce t o t he publ i c
cor r i dor .
Of f i ces f or Assi st ant
Pr obat i on and Par ol e Of f i cer s
Each of t hese
shal l have a mi ni mumar ea of
200
sq f t .
Fi l e Room
Thi s wi l l be r equi r ed onl y when
t her e ar e t wo
or mor e assi st ant pr obat i on
and
par ol e
of f i cer s . I t shal l have a mi ni mum
ar ea
of 14 sq f t of f i l e
space f or each assi st ant .
Par t 14. Ref er ee i n Bankr upt cy
Dut i es The r ef er ee conduct s
hear i ngs, hol ds
conf er ences, makes
f i ndi ngs, and r epor t s t o
t he j udge t hef i ndi ngs
and di sposi t i on of bank-
r upt cy cases. Ref er t o Fi gs
. 11 and 12.
Ful l - Ti me Ref er ee, Chi ef
Cl ar k and Two or Thr ee Assi s-
t ant Cl er ks
Component s. The r ef er ee' s wor k
var i es i n
t he
di f f er ent di st r i ct s, and t he r ooms and
per -
sonnel i n each of f i ce wi l l ver y accor di ngl y
.
The
r ef er ee' s sui t e, Fi g. 11,
gener al l y wi l l i n-
cl ude t he
f ol l owi ng r ooms :
Hear i ng r oom
Ref er ee' s of f i ce
( wi t h t oi l et )
Gener al of f i ce wi t h
publ i c space
Chi ef cl er k' s of f i ce
Fi l e r oom
Tr ust ees'
r oom
Hear i ng Room
.

ar ea of 600 sq f t , be
conveni ent l y accessi bl e
t o
t he publ i c, and accommodat e
:
penal i nst i t ut i ons by t he
Depar t ment of J ust i ce.
For a st at ed per i od t he
pr obat i oner or par ol ee
i s r equi r ed t o r epor t t o
t he of f i cer at speci f i ed
i nt er val s. He conf er s wi t h
t he of f i cer , who
hel ps hi msol ve hi s pr obl ems
and adj ust hi m-
sel f t o soci et y. To ai d t he j udge
i n det er mi ni ng
a sent ence, t he of f i cer , when
r equest ed by t he
j udge, makes pr esent ence
i nvest i gat i ons of
per sons convi ct ed of
vi ol at i ons of t he l aw.
Locat i on end
Component s The
sui t e shoul d be
l ocat ed
wher e i t i s accessi bl e t o
t he publ i c by
el evat or
or st ai r s, and pr ef er abl y
near t he
mar shal ' s of f i ce, but not
necessar i l y on t he
cour t r oomf l oor . The number of
r ooms i n a
sui t e
var i es wi t h t he amount of
wor k handl ed
by t he
of f i cer . See Fi gs . 9 and 10.
Asui t e may
consi st of
t he f ol l owi ng:
Of f i ce
f or t he pr obat i on and par ol e
of f i cer
Of f i ces f or
one or mor e assi st ant of f i cer s
Gener al
of f i ce, wi t h publ i c space
Fi l e r oom
Suppl ycl oset or
suppl y r oom
Gener al Of f i ce wi t h Publ i c Space

Thi s shal l have a
mi ni mumar ea of
275 sq f t when t her e ar e no
assi st ant of f i cer s and
350 sq f t when t her e ar e
one or mor e assi st ant
of f i cer s .
Of f i ce of Pr obat i on and Par ol e Of f i cer

Thi s shal l have
ami ni mumar ea of 200 sq f t .
I n
an
of f i ce st af f ed
by t wo or mor e
of f i cer s, t he ar ea f or t he chi ef
may be i ncr eased.
The of f i ce shoul d connect
Fi g. 9

Pr obat i on of f i cer wi t h
t wo assi st ant s . Fi g. 10

Pr obat i on of f i cer ' s
sui t e ( smal l i nst al l at i on) .
Fi g. 11 Ref er ee i n bankr upt cy.
Fi g. 12

Ref er ee i n bankr upt cy' s sui t e ( smal l i nst al l at i on).
COURTHOUSES
Par t 15
. Mi scel l aneous Assi gnment s
Quar t er s f or Vi si t i ng J udges When t hese ar e r e-
qui r ed, t he spaces shal l be gener al l y si mi l ar
t o t hose pr ovi ded f or t he r esi dent j udge.
Cour t Repor t er
Dut i es and Locat i on. The cour t r epor t er
makes t he of f i ci al ver bat i mr ecor d of t he cour t
pr oceedi ngs and f ur ni shes t r anscr i pt s when
r equi r ed. Hi s of f i ce may be l ocat ed anywher e
i n t he bui l di ng . Ref er t o Fi g. 13.
Component s and Fur ni t ur e. The r epor t er ' s
quar t er s wi l l i ncl ude a gener al of f i ce, wi t h f i l e
space,
havi ng a mi ni mumar ea of 200 sq f t i f
t he
bui l di ng has one cour t r oom. For each addi -
t i onal cour t r oom, add 50 sq f t t o t he gener al
of f i ce
.
Di st r i ct Cour t Li br ar y
Gener al .

Whent her e ar e t wo or mor e cour t -
r ooms, a gener al l awl i br ar y may be r equi r ed,
conveni ent t o t he j udges' chamber s .
Ar r angement . Readi ng t abl es shoul d be
l ocat ed i n f r ont of wi ndows. When wi ndow
spaci ngwi l l per mi t , put t abl es i n smal l al coves
f or med by bookst acks as separ at i ng par t i t i ons .
Pr ovi de a mai n ai sl e at l east 4 f t i n wi dt h ex-
t endi ng t hef ul l l engt h of t he r oomand separ at -
i ng t he r eadi ng sect i on f r omt he gener al st ack
sect i on.
Ar eas and Fur ni t ur e.

The si ze of t he l i br ar y
wi l l accommodat e r eader s t o be seat ed.
Bookst acks . Legal vol umes aver age 2 t o
2' /
i n.
i n
t hi ckness, 6 t o 10 i n. i n wi dt h, and
8 t o 11 i n. i n hei ght . Thus a st ack sect i on 3 f t
l ong and 7 f t 3 i n . hi gh wi t h shel ves 12 i n. on
cent er s wi l l st or e about 98 l egal vol umes.
St ack sect i ons ar e made up on si ngl e- f aced
wal l sect i ons and doubl e- f aced f r eest andi ng
sect i ons, whi ch must be ar r anged i n r ows wi t h
t he r ange i sl es, 2 f t 6 i n. wi de, and accessi bl e
f r omt he mai n ai sl e.
Fi g. 14

Ci r cui t cour t
of appeal s.
COURTHOUSES
cer t ai n f eder al boar ds, commi ssi ons,
and ot her
r egul at or y
agenci es . Ther e ar e t en
j udi ci al
ci r cui t s, each composed of sever al st at es
. The
Di st r i ct of
Col umbi a i s a separ at e
j ur i sdi ct i on.
Ther e may be
sever al pl aces of hol di ng cour t
wi t hi n each j udi ci al ci r cui t , but each ci r cui t
cour t of appeal s has a headquar t er s
cour t
wi t hi n i t s ci r cui t .
Spaces Requi r ed
Acour t r oomwi t h i t s
auxi l i ar y
f aci l i t i es,
and
spaces
f or each of t he f ol l owi ng
wi l l be r equi r ed at
each cour t :
Ci r cui t j udges ( t hr ee or mor e)
Cl er k
of
t he cour t
Li br ar y
Mar shal
( onl y i f cour t i s i n t he Di st r i ct of
Col umbi a)
Locat i on The l ocat i on
of t he ci r cui t cour t
wi t hi n t he bui l di ng,
and t he r el at i onshi p of i t s
r ooms, i s det er mi ned
by t he same condi t i ons
t hat gover n i n t he case of
t he di st r i ct cour t .
Ref er t o Fi gs . 14 and 15.
Par t 2. Cour t r oom
Di mensi ons The
mi ni mum si ze of t he cour t -
r oomshal l be 38' h f t i n wi dt h
by 50 f t i n l engt h;
t he cei l i ng hei ght shoul d be
i n pr opor t i on t o t he
si ze of t he r oom
and be desi gned t o meet t he
r equi r ement s of
good i l l umi nat i on, vent i l at i on
or ai r condi t i oni ng, and
acoust i cs .
CI RCUI T COURT OF APPEALS
Par t
1. Descr i pt i on
J ur i sdi ct i on
The ci r cui t cour t of appeal s and
t he Cour t of
Appeal s f or t he Di st r i ct of Col um-
bi a ar e
t he i nt er medi at e f eder al appel l at e
cour t s, each
havi ng t he power t o r evi ew t he
deci si ons of t he
di st r i ct cour t s wi t hi n i t s j udi -
ci al
ci r cui t and t he or der s and deci si ons of
Fi g. 13

Cour t r epor t er s' of f i ces.
Readi ng Tabl es. Each of t hese seat s f our
peopl e.
Pr ess
Room

The l ocat i on
may be at any pl ace i n
t he bui l di ng. Tel ephone boot hs wi t h
coi n t el e-
phones wi l l be i nst al l ed. Thi s r oom
f or news
r epor t er s may be r equi r ed i n bui l di ngs wi t h
t wo
or mor e cour t r ooms . The mi ni mumar ea of t he
r oomshal l be 200 sq f t .
Fi g. 15

Cour t r oomf or ci r cui t
cour t of appeal s. Fi g. 16

Cust oms cour t ( f i el d) .
f or e t he cour t f or t r i al ar e handl ed under t he
l egal pr ocedur e est abl i shed by t he Cust oms
Admi ni st r at i ve Act of J une 10, 1890, and
t he
sever al act s suppl ement al t her et o. The
cour t ' s
f unct i on i s t o i nt er pr et t he l awand t he
f act s
r espect i ng t he cl assi f i cat i on of mer chandi se
and t he r at es of dut y
i mposed t her eon. I n
addi t i on t o t he cour t ' s excl usi ve aut hor i t y t o
det er mi ne t he dut i abl e val ue of i mpor t ed mer -
chandi se, i t al so has sol e j ur i sdi ct i on i n
pr o-
ceedi ngs wher ei n r el i ef i s sought f r om so-
cal l ed penal t y or i ncr eased dut i es
i mposed by
l awbecause t he f i nal
appr ai sed val ueexceeded
t he val ue decl ar ed on ent r y.
Locat i on
Headquar t er s . The Uni t ed St at es
Cust or ns
Cour t i s i n NewYor k
Ci t y. I n addi t i on t o t he
r egul ar t r i al s dur i ng
t he year at NowYor k,
var i ous ci r cui t s ar e hel d by t he cust oms
cour t
i n appr oxi mat el y 49
cust oms di st r i ct s cover i ng
t he ent i r e Uni t ed
St at es and i t s possessi ons,
embr aci ng mor e t han 298
por t s or subpor t s
of ent r y. Al l i t s
cases ar e t r i ed wi t hout j ur i es .
I n some f or ms
of i t s l i t i gat i on, t he cour t con-
si st s of t hr ee j udges, and i n ot her
cases t he
cour t i s composed of
onl y one j udge. When
cases ar e hear d
on ci r cui t , t he cour t usual l y
consi st s of one j udge
or t hr ee j udges . The
j udges on ci r cui t
ar e accompani ed by a cour t
r epor t er who
al so act s as cal endar cl er k. When
t he r ecor ds have been
t r anscr i bed by t he cour t
r epor t er , t hey ar e
f or war ded t o NewYor k and
assi gned t o a j udge
or di vi si on f or consi der a-
t i on and deci si on .
COURTHOUSES
Ent r ances The publ i c ent r ance, t he j udge' s en-
t r ance, and cor r i dor ent r ances ar e i ndi cat ed
on Fi g. 14.
Bui l t - i n Fur ni t ur e I t shal l i ncl ude:
Combi nat i on j udge' s bench, cl er k' s desk, and
bai l i f f ' s desk
Rai l i ng and gat es
Benches i n publ i c space t o seat 32 per sons at
2f t o. c .
Movabl e Fur ni t ur e Thi s shal l i ncl ude:
5 j udges' chai r s
12 l ounge chai r s
1 pedest al ar mchai r f or cl er k
1 pedest al ar mchai r f or bai l i f f
2 at t or neys' t abl es, 60 by 34 i n.
1 l ect er n
20 r ot ar y ar mchai r s f or at t or neys
2 at t or neys' t abl es, 120 by 48 i n.
Par t
3.
J udges' Sui t e
Locat i on
Ther e
wi l l be t hr ee or mor e
j udges'
sui t es
f or
t he ci r cui t cour t of appeal s.
Each j udge' s sui t e shal l be si mi l ar i n si ze,
ar r angement , and equi pment t o t he di st r i ct
j udge' s chamber s except t hat mor e space f or
books
may be r equi r ed. The j udges' sui t es
need not adj oi n t he cour t r oombut shal l be adj a-
cent t o i t and pr ef er abl y on t he same f l oor .
J udges'
Conf er ence Room Thi s shal l have a mi n-
i mumar ea of 400 sq f t , shoul d be connect ed
t o t he j udges' r obi ng r oomandt oi l et ,
and must
accommodat e:
1 t abl e, 120 by 48 i n .
10 ar mchai r s
J udges' Robi ng Room
and Toi l et
Pr ovi de
a r obi ng
r oomwi t h a mi ni mumf l oor
ar ea of 200 sq f t ,
so l ocat ed t hat j udges
mayent er t he cour t r oom
wi t hout passi ng t hr ough any
publ i c space.
When t he pl an per mi t s, t he
r obi ng r oommay
open di r ect l y i nt o t he
cour t r oom. Pr ovi de a
r obe cl oset f or each j udge
.
Par t 4. Assi gnment s
Cl er kof Ci r cui t
Cour t - Lar ge I nst al l at i on

Thi s l ar ge
sui t e shal l
be t he same i n l ocat i on, si ze, ar -
r angement , and
equi pment as t hat descr i bed
f or t he cl er k of t he
cour t except t hat t her e
wi l l be no nat ur al i zat i on
Li br ar y Thi s shal l
be si mi l ar i n l ocat i on and
si ze as shown
on Fi g. 14.
CUSTOMS COURT
Par t 1. Descr i pt i on
J ur i sdi ct i on The Uni t ed St at es Cust oms Cour t
has excl usi ve j ur i sdi ct i on over al l ci vi l act i ons
ar i si ng under t he r egul ar t ar i f f l aws, t he i nt er -
nal r evenue l aws r el at i ng t o i mpor t ed mer chan-
di se, andt he pr ovi si ons set f or t h i n t he var i ous
r eci pr ocal t r ade agr eement s . Cases comi ng be-
Gover nment al
and
Publ i c
COURTHOUSES
3 j udges' chai r s
1 wi t ness'
ar mchai r , r ot ar y and f i xed-
pedest al
2 at t or neys' t abl es, 72 by 40 i n,
12 ar mchai r s
Par t 3. Assi gnment s
J udge' s Of f i ce

Thi s shal l have a
mi ni mumar ea
of 500 sq f t .
Uni t ed St at us At t or ney' s Of f i ce Pr ovi de a r oom
wi t h mi ni mumar ea of 250 nq f t .
At t or neys' Conf er ence Room

Pr ovi de a r oom
wi t h
mi ni mumar ea of 250 sq f t .
Fi el d Quar t er s . The cust oms
cour t f i el d
quar t er s, Fi g . 18, ar e somet i mes
l ocat ed I n
appr ai ser s' st or es bui l di ngs
so t hat t hey ar e
conveni ent t o t he cust oms
exami ner s ; but i t i s
consi der ed mor e desi r abl e t o have
t he cour t -
r ooms l ocat ed i n t he f eder al
cour t house, when
pr act i cabl e.
Por t s of Ent r y
.
Faci l i t i es
f or cust oms
cour t s shoul d be pr ovi ded et
al l por t s of ent r y.
Space
Requi r ed The f i el d quar t er s sui t s i s
I ndi -
cat ed i n Fi g. 18. I t wi l l i ncl ude:
Cour t r oom
J udge' s
of f i ce ( wi t h t oi l et )
Uni t ed St at es
cust oms at t or ney' s of f i ce
At t or neys' conf er ence of f i ce
Par t 2. Cour t r oom
Si t e The cour t r oomshoul d
have a mi ni mum
ar ea of 820 sq f t . The ent r ance door
shoul d be
at a poi nt t o t he r ear of t he at t or neys'
t abl es
t o assur e mi ni mum
di st ur bance by peopl e
ent er i ng or l eavi ng dur i ng t r i al s .
Bui h- i e
Fur ni t ur e

The st andar d bui l t - i n bench f or
t hr ee
j udges wi t h wi t ness st and end bui l t - i n
benches
t o seat 40 per sons ar e r equi r ed.
Movabl e Fur ni t ur e The movabl e f ur ni t ur e wi l l
be f ur ni shed and i nst al l ed by t he gover nment .
I t i ncl udes
FI RE STATI ONS
By GEORGE H. TRYONand GORDONP. McKI NNON
FI RE DEPARTMENT STATI ONS ANDBUI LDI NGS
Fi r e depar t ment bui l di ngs i ncl ude admi ni st r a-
t i ve of f i ces; " st at i ons, " " houses, " or " hal l s"
housi ng t he appar at us and equi pment ; f i r e
al ar mand communi cat i ons cent er s; f i r e t r ai n-
i ng f aci l i t i es; and mai nt enance and suppl y
f aci l i t i es, i ncl udi ng shops and st or er ooms .
I n some r el at i vel y smal l f i r e depar t ment s,
al l or sever al of t hese f unct i ons, i nsof ar as
pr ovi ded, may
be
housed i n one
f aci l i t y.
A. Admi ni st r at i ve Of f i ces
The admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces
may be housed
i n
a muni ci pal of f i ce bui l di ng or ci t y hal l , or et a
headquar t er s or cent r al f i r e st at i on.
Head-
quar t er s
may
i ncl ude of f i ces
and f aci l i t i es f or
t he chi ef
of depar t ment , t he
f i r e
pr event i on
di vi si on, t he pl anni ng and r esear ch st af f , t he
budget or f i scal bur eau, t he per sonnel depar t -
ment , t he f i r e i nvest i gat i on bur eau, and
t he
medi cal
of f i cer . The
exact f aci l i t i es needed
wi l l
ver y wi t h t he or gani zat i on of t he i ndi vi d-
ual depar t ment . I t i s desi r abl e t o ar r ange t he
headquar t er s of f i ces so t hat t he gener al publ i c
wi l l not have t o pass t hr ough t he appar at us
r oom or f i r e f i ght er s' quar t er s t o r each t he
of f i ces.
B. Fi r e St at i ons
Gener al Ther e ar e t wo t ypes of f i r e houses :
one i s oper at ed by a pai d f i r e depar t ment , t he
ot her by vol unt eer s . Equi pment f or bot h i s
essent i al l y t he same. Di f f er ences occur i n
f aci l i t i es pr ovi ded f or per sonnel .
Moder n pr act i ce i s t o gr oup compani es and
appar at us needed t o pr ot ect a gi ven nei ghbor -
hood
i n or der
t o
pr ovi de bet t er t eamwor k and
cont r ol .
Most
f i r e
st at i ons house
at l east onepumper company, wi t h i t s assi gned
f i r st
l i ne
and r eser ve
appar at us,
and ot her
compani es, i ncl udi ng aer i al l adder , aer i al pl at -
f or m,
squad, r escue, sal vage,
and
var i ous
auxi l i ar y t ypes of appar at us. Ampl e space i s
needed f or r eser ve appar at us, bot h t o pr ovi de
a r epl acement when needed and as equi pment
f or use by of f - dut y per sonnel r ecal l ed i n an
emer gency.
Far t oo many f i r e st at i ons have out gr own
t hei r usef ul ness because i nadequat e consi d-
er at i on was gi ven t o t he f ut ur e needs of t he
di st r i ct . The cost of pr ovi di ng adequat e ap-
par at us st or age space i s r el at i vel y modest
when compar ed wi t h t he t ot al cost of a f i r e
st at i on f aci l i t y. Adesi r abl e pol i cy i s t o pr o-
vi de an appar at us r ooml ar ge enough t o house
at l east si x maj or f i r e depar t ment vehi cl es .
Even wher e i t i s i nt ended i ni t i al l y t o house a
si ngl e f i r st l i ne pi ece of appar at us, a pr udent
mi ni mumwoul d be a t wo- t r ack st at i on capabl e
of housi ng t wo f i r st l i ne and t wo r eser ve or
speci al - dut y pi eces. Space shoul d al so be pr o-
vi ded f or addi t i onal men, who wi l l be needed
when f ur t her appar at us i s obt ai ned.
El ement s of f i r e house desi gn
ar e
shown
Fi r e Pr ot ect i on Handbook, Nat i onal Fi r e Pr o-
t ect i on Associ at i on- I nt er nat i onal , Bost on,
Mass . , 1969.
mot or
exhaust maybe connect ed wi t h f l exi bl e
t ubi ng
.
( Recr eat i on r oomon f i r st f l oor shoul d
be r ai sed at l east 6 i n . f or pr ot ect i on agai nst
gas. )
Fi r e st at i ons shoul d have adequat e
of f i ce
space and f aci l i t i es f or al l of f i cer s on dut y.
Thi s i ncl udes not onl y t he var i ous company
of f i cer s but of f i ces and quar t er s f or di st r i ct
and deput y chi ef s . Among t he ot her f aci l i t i es
needed i n f i r e st at i ons ar e a wat ch r oom, e
dor mi t or y, a l ocker and washr oom, st or e-
r ooms, st udy r ooms, a ki t chen, r ecr eat i on
r oom, and hose dr yi ng f aci l i t i es.
The wat ch r oom shoul d be so l ocat ed t hat
t he
manon
pat r ol can see
t he appar at us f l oor ,
obser ve al l per sons ent er i ng t he bui l di ng, and
pr ef er abl y see t he st r eet i n f r ont of t he pr op-
er t y. I t shoul d be t he cent er
of t he st at i on' s
f i r e al ar mf aci l i t i es and have f aci l i t i es f or t ur n-
i ng on house l i ght s and al er t i ng
and di spat ch-
i ng f i r e f i ght er s . I f a wat ch desk i s t o be
used,
i t shoul d be on
pl at f or mr ai sed 6 i n. above ap-
par at us r oomf l oor t o al l ow
man on dut y t o
r emai n dur i ng cl eani ng. Fl oor s of cl oset s,
t oi l et s, oi l r oom, st ai r l andi ngs,
et c
. ,
shoul d
al so be r ai sed f or same r eason.
Vol unt eer f i r e depar t ment s f r equent l y r e-
qui r eot her f aci l i t i es at t hei r st at i ons i ncl udi ng
soci al hal l s or meet i ng r ooms, r ecr eat i on f aci l -
i t i es, and l adi es' cl ub r ooms or l ounges, par t i c-
ul ar l y wher e t he vol unt eer f i r e company' s
quar t er s ser ve as a communi t y cent er .
Appar at us RoomDoor s Door s f or f i r e appar at us
shoul d be l ar ge enough t o per mi t qui ck pas-
sage wi t hout acci dent . An openi ng at l east
14 f t by 14 f t i s r ecommended.
i n
Fi g. 1 .
Al l f aci l i t i es i ndi cat ed ar e desi r abl e
but not mandat or y.
I n pai d depar t ment s, one
company gener al l y consi st s
of 14 men; i n
a
vol unt eer depar t ment , quar t er s
ar e pr ovi ded
f or pai d dr i ver s onl y.
Appar at us Rooms I t i s pr ef er abl e t hat
t he
ap-
par at us f l oor be unobst r uct ed by col umns.
Fut ur e use of t he space shoul d not be ci r cum-
scr i bed by havi ng maj or r ooms pr ot r ude i nt o
t heappar at us st or age ar ea. For mul t i t r ack st a-
t i ons, a mi ni mumwi dt h of 20 f t per t r ack i s
r ecommended. Thi s shoul d be i ncr eased t o at
l east 24- f t wi dt h f or a si ngl e- t r ack st at i on. A
suggest ed
desi r abl e unobst r uct ed dept h i s
80 f t , wi t h cei l i ng hei ght of 13 f t ( mi ni mum) .
Ampl e space i s needed t o per mi t wor k
ar ound
t he appar at us, changi ng of hose,
put t i ng on f i r e cl ot hi ng when r espondi ng, and
t o
per mi t f r ee movement of per sonnel when
answer i ng
al ar ms. Space i s needed al ong
wal l s
f or cl ot hi ng r acks, sl opsi nks, bat t er y
char ger s,
wat er t ank f i l l connect i ons, et c. Space shoul d
be
pr ovi ded f or hose st or age r acks wi t hout
obst r uct i ng access t o appar at us. Tabl e
1
gi ves
si zes
of appar at us.
Fl oor shoul d be of concr et e, desi gned t o
car r ya l oad of 125 I b per aq f t .
Wal l sur f aces shoul d be of an easi l y cl eaned
mat er i al , and f l oor shoul d have suf f i ci ent
dr ai ns t o per mi t f l ushi ng wi t h hose. Hot and
col d wat er connect i ons ar e needed at cent er
of ai de wal l s.
I f appar at us r oomi s t o be used f or r epai r s,
pr ovi de a r epai r pi t . Al so, car bon monoxi de
gases have t o be exhaust ed t o out si de, usu-
al l y by means of under - f l oor pi pi ng t o whi ch
Tabl e 1.

Fi r e appar at us
si zes
Not e:
Tur ni ng r adi us var i es f r om26 t o
48
f t , accor di ng t o t ype
and make. " Cab-
over - engi ne"
t ype of appar at us i s sl i ght l y shor t er over al l .
Vi l l age- Si ze
Pumpi ngEngi ne, 500
g. p. m
.
Lengt h over al l
24' - 0"
Wi dt h over al l 7' - d"
Hei ght over al l
6' - 5"
Tr i pl e Combi nat i on Pumpi ng Engi ne, 750 g. p. m. ( most used)
Lengt h over al l 28' - 0"
Wi dt h over al l 8' - 0"
Hei ght over al l 6' - 11"
Hook- and- l adder Tr uck ( r emovabl e hand- r ai sed l adder s)
Hei ght
over
al l 7' - 3"
Hook- and- l adder Aer i al Tr uck ( 4- wheel t ype)
Hei ght over oi l 8' - 7"
Hook- and- Lodder Aer i al Tr uck ( t r act or - dr awn t ype, 6- wheel )
Lengt h over al l
63' - 6"
Wi dt h
over
al l
8' - 0"
Hei ght
over
al l
8' - 7"
Cl ear ance r equi r ed 12' - 0"
FI RE STATI ONS
and quar t er s f or pai d appar at us dr i ver s who
may be subsequent l y empl oyed.
I t i s bad pr act i ce t o cr owd t hr ee pi eces of
appar at us abr east i n
space
desi gned f or t wo
t r ucks ; t hi s sl ows
r esponse
and makes i t di f -
f i cul t t o pr oper l y
ser vi ce appar at us
.
I n Fi gs . 4 and 5 appar at us door s ar e shown
at t he f r ont and r ear of
t he st at i ons .
These ar e
desi r abl e
so t hat t he appar at us i n t he second
l i ne
can l eave t he bui l di ng i n event of mechani -
cal f ai l ur e of a f i r st - l i ne pi ece. I n some cases,
wher e t he l ot has a l ong r oad f r ont age, i t may
be desi r abl e t o pr ovi de mor e appar at us door s
f aci ng t he r oad and t o r educe t he dept h of t he
bui l di ng t o about 50 f t . However , car e shoul d
be t aken t o al l owampl e dept h f or maj or ap-
par at us whi ch maybe pur chased, such as l ar ge
" nur se t anker s" or appar at us wi t h l ong l adder s
or an aer i al pl at f or m. Nor mal l y, f i r e st at i ons
ar e expect ed t o gi ve 50 t o 60 year s of ser vi ce,
and what st ar t s as a pur el y r ur al di st r i ct f i r e
st at i on of t en has maj or pr oper t i es t o pr ot ect
as busi ness and i ndust r y move i nt o t he ar ea.
Thi s may r equi r e f aci l i t i es t o house addi t i onal
maj or appar at us and manpower .
Par ki ng Faci l i t i es Par ki ng ar eas f or f i r emen' s
car s shoul d not be over l ooked. The st at i on
shoul d have a par ki ng ar ea l ar ge enough t o
pr ovi de of f - st r eet par ki ng f or each f i r eman on
dut y or schedul ed t o r espond t o f i r es . Wher e
cal l or vol unt eer f i r emen ar e t o r espond t o t he
st at i on t o man appar at us, ampl e par ki ng space
shoul d be pr ovi ded adj acent t o t he
f r ont of t he
st at i on. Wi t h pai d depar t ment s,
par ki ng shoul d
be at t he si des or r ear . Addi t i onal yar d space
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or company
dr i l l wor k.
Fi gur es 2 and
3 showpl ot pl ans f or ur ban and
r ur al st at i ons r espect i vel y.
The apr on or r amp i n f r ont of t he st at i on
shoul d be l ar ge enough t o per mi t
washi ng of
appar at us andsaf e ent r y of vehi cl es i nt o t r af f i c .
C. Fi r e Al ar mand Communi cat i ons Bui l di ngs
The communi cat i ons bui l di ng or f i r e al ar m
of f i ce shoul d be of f i r e- r esi st i ve const r uct i on
and i sol at ed f r omal l hazar ds t hat mi ght i nt er -
f er e wi t h t he pr ompt t r ansmi ssi on of al ar ms.
Wher e t he f i r e al ar mof f i ce i s par t of a f i r e st a-
t i on or admi ni st r at i on bui l di ng, i t shoul d be
For a r ur al f i r e st at i on manned chi ef l y by cal l
or vol unt eer f i r emen ( Fi g . 5) , space shoul d be
pr ovi ded i ni t i al l y f or not
l ess
t han f our
pi eces
of maj or appar at us i ncl udi ng a pumper , wat er
t anker , boost er squad or f or est f i r e t r uck, and
a r eser ve pumper or second t anker . Of t en
a
r escue t r uck or ambul ance al so must be
housed. Far t oo many r ur al f i r e depar t ment s
have qui ckl y out gr own t hei r
st at i ons and have
been f or ced t o l eave par t of t hei r appar at us
out si de or i n a pr i vat e
gar age
wher e
i t i s not
r eadi l y
avai l abl e f or use or under cl ose f i r e
depar t ment
super vi si on.
Adequat e meet i ng r oom space i s needed,
wi t h pr oper exi t f aci l i t i es . The st at i on shoul d
be l ocat ed on a pl ot l ar ge enough t o per mi t
doubl i ng t he appar at us r oomwhen t he depar t -
ment gr ows and t o pr ovi de f ut ur e of f i ce space
Fi g. t

El ement s of a f i r ehouse.
Desi gns f or St at i ons Fi gur e 2 shows suggest ed
mi ni mum space r equi r ement s f or a di st r i ct
f i r e
st at i on
i nt ended f or ur ban or subur ban
ser vi ce wher e t he st at i on i s t o be mai nl y
manned by f ul l - pai d per sonnel . The shape of
t he l ot may ver y wi t h l ocal ci r cumst ances, but
i t i s consi der ed ver y poor pr act i ce t o st ar t wi t h
a l ot of i nadequat e si ze. Al ar ger l ot t ends t o
have consi der abl y mor e r euse or r esal e val ue
at such t i me as i t may be desi r ed t o add t o t he
f i r e depar t ment f aci l i t i es or t o r el ocat e t he
st at i on .
The pl an
f or
an
ur ban st at i on shown i n Fi g.
4
pr ovi des space f or t wo pumper compani es
( or a pumper company and a squad company)
pl us an aer i al l adder or aer i al pl at f or mcom-
pany. Space i s pr ovi ded f or r eser ve appar at us
t o be manned by of f - shi f t per sonnel when
needed.
I f
desi r ed,
t wo- pi ece
engi ne
or
t r uck
compani es can be oper at ed out of such a st a-
t i on. Separ at e quar t er s wi t h a gar age ar e pr o-
vi ded f or t he di st r i ct f i r e chi ef so t hat he can
come and go wi t hout openi ng up or l i ght i ng
t he mai n st at i on and so t hat maj or appar at us
can be t aken out wi t hout movi ng t he chi ef ' s
car .
Unl ess r equi r ed by t he t er r ai n or gr ade, a
basement i s not r ecommended
under t he mai n
appar at us r oomas t hi s t ends t o add mat er i al l y
t o t he cost . However ,
wher e t he t er r ai n snakes
a basement necessar y, t he
mai n
appar at us
r oommay be r educed i n si ze and a gar age
f or
r eser ve appar at us pr ovi ded on t he l ower l evel
.
Abasement may be desi r abl e under t he
l i vi ng
quar t er s t o pr ovi de r oom f or heat i ng equi p-
ment , st or age, and ot her f aci l i t i es .
The appar at us ar ea shoul d be of moder n
gar age- t ype const r uct i on. I t i s good pr act i ce
t o pr ovi de aut omat i c spr i nkl er s f or a f i r e de-
par t ment st at i on. Thi s has t r ai ni ng val ue as
wel l as pr ovi di ng f i r e pr ot ect i on f or a t ype of
gar age occupancy whi ch has a r at her poor
f i r e r ecor d. The heat f or t he gar age ar ea ( wher e
r equi r ed) may be cont r ol l ed by a separ at e
t her most at f r omt he company quar t er s . Wher e
a hose dr yi ng t ower i s
pr ovi ded
( see
NFPA
No. 198) i t may al so be equi pped as a dr i l l
t ower .
Fi g . 2 Pl ot pl an f or a t ypi cal di st r i ct f i r e st at i on f or
ur ban and subur ban ser vi ces. Mi ni mum r ecommended
pl ot si ze i s 43, 200 sq f t .
Fi g. 3

Pl ot pl an f or a t ypi cal r ur al f i r e st at i on. Mi ni -
mumr ecommended pl ot si ze i s 43, 200 sq f t .
629
FI RE STATI ONS
i sol at ed f r omt he r est of t he st r uct ur e and pr o-
t ect ed agai nst al l hazar ds bot h i nt er nal and ex-
t er nal . Ampl e emer gency power shoul d be
pr ovi ded so t hat t he st at i on and
communi ca-
t i ons equi pment can cont i nue t o oper at e shoul d
out si de power f ai l .
The communi cat i ons of f i ce
i ncl udes t he
oper at i ng r oomwher e al l al ar ms ar e r ecei ved
and t r ansmi t t ed t o t he depar t ment
. I t al so
shoul d have t he t el ephone
swi t chboar d
f or
t he depar t ment , t he r adi o cont r ol
consol e,
voi ce ampl i f i cat i on cont r ol s, f i r e
al ar mci r cui t
panel s,
and
t est equi pment
.
Fr equent l y, a cen-
t r al consol e i s pr ovi ded cont ai ni ng al l com-
muni cat i ons cont r ol s and i nf or mat i on
needed
by t he di spat cher s .
Ther e shoul d be an of f i ce
f or t he f i r e al ar msuper i nt endent ,
dr af t i ng r oom
f or
pl ans, bat t er y r oom, st or er ooms f or f i r e
al ar msuppl i es,
gar age f or f i r e al ar mvehi cl es,
and f aci l i t i es f or f i r e al ar m
per sonnel .
D. Fi r e Tr ai ni ng
Faci l i t i es
Faci l i t i es needed f or t he f i r e depar t ment t r ai n-
i ng pr ogr am i ncl ude st udy r ooms and l i br ar y
f aci l i t i es i n each f i r e st at i on. Af i r e t r ai ni ng
cent er shoul d i ncl ude adequat e cl assr ooms and
t r ai ni ng ai ds . The bet t er t r ai ni ng cent er s have
an appar at us r oomwher e maj or appar at us can
be br ought i ndoor s f or i nst r uct i on pur poses,
and t he oper at i on of var i ous i t ems of f i r e pr o-
t ect i on equi pment ( hydr ant s, f i r e al ar m, and
aut omat i c spr i nkl er s) can be demonst r at ed .
Ot her desi r abl e f eat ur es i ncl ude an audi t or i um
wher e var i ous f i r e pr ot ect i on conf er ences and
t r ai ni ng meet i ngs can be hel d, f aci l i t i es f or
pr epar at i on and r epr oduct i on of t r ai ni ng man-
ual s and bul l et i ns, and a f i r e pr ot ect i on l i br ar y.
Out door t r ai ni ng f aci l i t i es shoul d i ncl ude
l ar ge gr ounds wi t h var i ous st r uct ur es f or
demonst r at i ons and pr act i ce f i r es, a dr i l l t ower
f or hose and l adder evol ut i ons, t anks f or pr ac-
t i ce on f l ammabl e l i qui ds f i r es, el ect r i cal and
gas ut i l i t y i nst al l at i ons f or f i r e t r ai ni ng pur -
poses, hydr ant s and pumper suct i on
f aci l i t i es,
and ot her equi pment dupl i cat i ng si t uat i ons
t hat may be encount er ed at f i r es . When an
i ndi vi dual f i r e depar t ment i s t oo smal l
t o
pr o-
vi de al l t he necessar y t r ai ni ng f aci l i t i es, t he
pr act i ce i s t o suppl ement t he l ocal t r ai ni ng
pr ogr amby use of r egi onal or
st at e
f i r e
school s
whi ch do pr ovi de mor e adequat e f aci l i t i es and
cur r i cul a
. The NFPAbook, Fi r emen' s Tr ai ni ng
Cent er s, gi ves addi t i onal suggest i ons f or pl an-
ni ng such f aci l i t i es and
cont ai ns i l l ust r at i ons
of some t ypi cal cent er s
.
E.
Mai nt enance Faci l i t i es and Shops
Faci l i t i es f or mai nt enance and r epai r wor k on
f i r e
appar at us shoul d be pr ovi ded. A r epai r
shop i ncl udes an ar ea wher e maj or appar at us,
i ncl udi ng l adder t r ucks, can be ser vi ced and
r epai r ed .
630
Fi g. 5

El evat i on and pl an
vi ewof at ypi cal r ur al
f i r e st at i on.
Fi g. 4

El evat i on and pl an vi ewof
a t ypi cal ur ban f i r e st at i on .
FI REHOUSES
By EMMANUELMESAGNA, R. A.
FI REHOUSE PLANNI NG
Over t he past decade, Fi r ehouse Pl anni ng
and
Desi gn has become
i ncr easi ngl y sophi st i cat ed and
compl ex. Year s of st udy and exper i ence have
made i t appar ent t hat by
pl anni ng a f i r ehouse
pr oper l y, a
saf er and qui cker t ur nout can be
made. Thi s i s accompl i shed
pr i mar i l ybyar r angi ng
t r af f i c f l ow
pat t er ns wi t hi n t he f i r ehouse t o be
as di r ect as possi bl e.
The i nt egr at i on of t he " pr i -
mar y adj acency"
concept f or pl anni ng t he f i r e-
house wi l l deduct consi der abl y
f r omt he t ur nout
t i me by
" gr oupi ng" t he f i r ef i ght i ng per sonnel
i n
t he" hi ghest act i vi t y" ar eas of
t hef i r ehouse. Tur n-
out
t i me al ong wi t h di spat chi ng t i me and t r avel
t i me ar e t hr ee of t he key
el ement s i n t he successf ul
cont ai nment of f i r e whi ch i s one of t he
pr i mar y
goal s of a f i r ef i ght i ng
uni t .
The i mpr ovement s i n f i r ehouse pl anni ng have
cr eat eda t ot al
upgr adi ng of human comf or t s wi t h
gr eat emphasi s on physi cal f i t ness. These i ncl ude
wel l - pl anned ki t chens, ai r condi t i oni ng, bet t er
l i ght i ng, wel l - pl anned t oi l et - shower
f aci l i t i es and
dor mi t or y
spaces, acoust i cal i mpr ovement s,
saf et y f eat ur es i n bui l di ng pl anni ng
and t he i nt e-
gr at i on of
a smal l gymnasi um- l i ke ar ea, f or physi -
cal f i t ness pur poses
i n f i r ef i ght i ng needs, i nt o t he
f i r ehouse pl an.
Concept
Pl anni ng f or t he Fi r ehouse
and
Pl an Types
Tur nout t i me i s t he key el ement
i n f i r ehouse pl an-
ni ng. When
pl anni ng t he f i r ehouse t he most i m-
por t ant f eat ur e i s t o gr oup
var i ous f unct i onal
spaces i n a pr i mar y
adj acency pat t er n so t hat
movement s
t o exi t f r omt he f i r ehouse ar e
mi ni -
mi zed. Di spat chi ng,
t r avel , and t ur nout t i me ar e
t he key
el ement s i n t he successf ul
cont ai nment
of t he f i r e.
The
onest or y f i r ehouse has a ser i es of
pl an
t ypes whi ch can
be cat egor i zed i n t he f ol l owi ng
manner ( see
Fi g. 1) :
( A) One- Way St r addl e of
t he Appar at us Ar ea
Al l of t he suppor t f unct i ons f or t hi s
pl an t ype
ar e l ocat ed t o t he
l ef t or r i ght of t he appar at us
ar ea
.
Thi s pl an t ype i s t he l east
desi r abl e i n t hat
t he pl an has t he l ongest
t r avel di st ances t o r each
t he appar at us ar ea and t her ef or e
odds t o t he
t ur nout t i me of t he
f i r e company. Thi s pl an t ype
by i t s
nat ur e cr eat es a ci r cul at i on
pat t er n whi ch
can be el i mi nat ed i n
ot her
pl an
t ypes. Ot her pl an
t ypes
have suppor t i ng ar eas
r espondi ng di r ect l y
ont o t he appar at us ar ea.
( B) Two- Way, U
Wr apar ound of Appar at us Ar ea
Thi s pl an t ype i s t he most desi r abl e
f or pur poses
of mi ni mi zi ng t he
t ur nout t i me i n f i r ehouse pl an-
ni ng. Usi ng t he same gr oss ar ea
f or t he st andar d
t wo- company
uni t , i t pl aces al l ar eas at t he
shor t -
est
possi bl e di st ance f r omt he
r espondi ng appa-
r at us. Anot her
keyel ement i n t hi s t ype of pl anni ng
concept i s t hat i t separ at es
t he noi sy ar eas of
t he f i r ehouse
f r omt he qui et ar eas by t he
nat ur al
separ at i on of t he appar at us
ar ea.
Chi ef
Ar chi t ect , Fi r e Depar t ment , Ci t y of NewYor k,
Di r ect or of
Faci l i t i es Pl anni ng and Desi gn, 1978.
Fi g. 1 .
( C) Two- Way St r addl e of t he
Appar at us Ar ea
Thi s pl an t ype i s t he
second most desi r abl e f or
pur poses
of mi ni mi zi ng t he
t ur nout t i me i n f i r e-
house pl anni ng. The pl an
cl ear l y separ at es t he
noi sy ar eas of t he f i r ehouse f r om
t he qui et ar eas
and may cr eat e
ci r cul at i on pat t er ns i n t he suppor t
ar eas
by not t aki ng advant age
of t he back of
t he f i r ehouse
f or suppor t ar ea use. Thi s pl an
t ype
i s t he same f or t he
t wo- st or y f i r ehouse wi t h t he
qui et vol ume
st acked over t he appar at us
ar ea
( see Fi gs . 2 and 3) .
( D) L Wr apar ound of
t he Appar at us Ar ea Thi s
pl an t ype i s
uni que i n t hat t he l ocat i on of
t he L
ar r angement
al l ows f or t he nat ur al pr ogr essi on
i n l ocat i ng
t he pr i mar y adj acency ar eas
t hr ough
t he t hi r d- l evel adj acency
ar eas as t he L wr aps
ar ound t he
appar at us ar ea f r omt he l eg of
t he
L t o t he t oe. The key
t ur nout spaces ar e pl aced
i n nor mal
sequence by vi r t ue of i t s f or m.
One
of t headvant ages of t hi s pl an
t ype i s t he f l exi bi l -
i t y f or
expansi on al ong t he appar at us ar ea
and
t he t oe of t he L. Thi s pl an
t ype i s t he t hi r d most
desi r abl e
wi t h
t he
advant age of pot ent i al f or
ex-
pansi on.
Adj acency
Rel at i onshi ps f or Space
Pl anni ng of
a Fi r ehouse
The key concept i n pl anni ng a
f i r ehouse f or t he
shor t est t ur nout t i me
possi bl e i s t he devel opment
of an adj acency pl anni ng concept
. The mai n pur -
pose of t hi s
concept i s an i n- dept h st udyof spaces
i n
a
f i r ehouse whi ch r equi r e an " adj acency
r at -
i ng" f or pur poses
of f unct i onal pl anni ng of t he
f i r ehouse
t o ver i f y wher e t he gr eat est amount s
of
act i vi t y occur. These " act i vi t y
l ocat i ons" wi l l
t hen be j oi ned i n such a manner
t hat a mi ni mum
amount of gr oupi ng
t i me i s r equi r ed f or
t he
f i r e-
f i ght i ng per sonnel t o r espond
t o t he f i r e. Thi s
gr oupi ng t i me i s
ext r emel y val uabl e t o
t he r e-
sponse act i on. At t hi s t i me t he
company of f i cer s
devel opa
r esponse st r at egy f or t he shor t est
r out e
t o
t he f i r e l ocat i on and t he pr obl ems
of t he f i r e
condi t i on.
Pr i mar y
Adj acency

Spaces i n t hi s cat egor y
must
be
di r ect l y connect ed i n a physi cal
manner t o
each
ot her or di r ect l y t o t he appar at us
ar ea whi ch
i s t he key t ur nout l ocat i on
i n t he r esponse act i on.
Secondar y Adj acency Spaces
i n t hi s cat egor y
must be pl aced at a mi dway l ocat i on
i n t he f i r e-
housepl an because of
t he dependency of f unct i on
dur i ng
day- t o- day oper at i ons t hat
ar e not of pr i -
mar y i mpor t ance.
Thi r d- Level Adj acency
Spaces i n t hi s cat egor y
ar e t he l east used i n a
f i r ehouse and have no
di r ect day- t o- day
oper at i onal r el at i onshi p t o
t he
pr i mar y and secondar y
adj acency spaces .
Pr i mar y Adj acency Spaces
Di spat cher - housewat ch ar ea, l obby
ar ea
Admi ni st r at i ve- company
of f i ces
Ki t chen/ r ecr eat i on ar ea/ gym
ar ea/ t r ai ni ng
ar ea
Lounge
ar ea
Cl assr oom
f aci l i t y wi t h accommodat i ons
f or
t el evi si on, vi deot ape t eachi ng
Basi c t oi l et ar ea ( cl ose t o
hi gh- use ar eas)
Dor mi t or y ar eas
63 1
FI REHOUSES
pi ece of appar at us i n t he f i r e ser vi ce
. Thi s wi l l
gi ve opt i mum
vi si bi l i t y f or appar at us exi t i ng f r om
t he f i r ehouse. The apr on ar ea shal l have t he
smal l -
est possi bl e
sl ope t o dr ai nwat er and mayi ncl ude
a hot - wat er under gr ound pi pi ng
syst emor el ect r i -
cal
cabl e de- i ci ng syst emt o cl ear t he apr on f or
r esponse pur poses . Al l bui l di ng si t es
r equi r e an
open
ar ea t o one si de of t he f i r ehouse f or pur -
poses of t r ai ni ng wi t h t he l ar gest
pi eceof appar a-
t us
avai l abl e t o t he f i r ef i ght i ng uni t . A
par ki ng
ar ea t o accommodat e al l
per sonnel on dut y at
any
one t i me i s absol ut el y necessar y, pl us a mi ni -
mumof 50 per cent mor e as ext r a
spacef or admi n-
i st r at i ve
per sonnel . Beyond t hi s poi nt t he par ki ng
r equi r ement i s a
subj ect i ve j udgment whi ch may
i ncl ude
par ki ng spaces f or publ i c and soci al
f unc-
t i ons. The par ki ng ar ea
i s t o be l ocat ed adj acent
t o t he
di spat cher - housewat ch ar ea wi t h vi sual
cont r ol of t he act i vi t y i n t he par ki ng
ar ea.
The
mai n ar t er i al st r eet shal l be wi de enough
t o accommodat e t he appar at us wi t h
t he l ar gest
t ur ni ng r adi us .
I t i s al so essent i al t hat t r af f i c con-
t r ol s
be i nst al l ed on ext r eme ends of t he f r ont
pr oper t y l i ne t o st op
t r af f i c dur i ng a r esponse
act i on.
As a secondar y consi der at i on, any
r espondi ng
of appar at us
di r ect l y i nt o t hel owsunor i ent at i ons
shal l be el i mi nat ed t o do
away wi t h t he vi si on
pr obl em
of t he qui ck t r ansi t i on f r ombasi c dar k-
ness t o br i ght ness and t he
ensui ng acci dent pot en-
t i al , by
or i ent i ng t he bui l di ng pr oper l y.
Wher ever possi bl e
addi t i onal l and shoul d be
al l ocat ed
t o t he si t e f oot agef or pur poses of i nt e-
gr at i ng t he dr i ve- t hr ough
appar at us ar ea ar -
r angement
i n t he f l oor pl an. Thi s met hod of r et ur n-
i ng f r om t he r esponse act i on
cr eat es l ess
di sr upt i on i n t he
st r eet and pot ent i al f or acci dent
dur i ng t he backi ng up of appar at us
.
DI SCUSSI ONOF THE VARI OUS SPACE
COMPONENTS I NFI REHOUSE
PLANNI NG
Di spat cher - Housewat ch
Ar ea
Thi s key communi cat i on ar ea i s bei ng f or med as
an i ndependent oper at i ng space, compl et el y
sound- cont r ol l ed f or opt i mumhear i ng abi l i t y
. I t
must be compl et el y ai r - condi t i oned and have
maxi mumvi sual cont r ol of t he quar t er s and st r eet
condi t i ons . Gl ass ar eas i n t he f r ont
of
t he
house-
wat ch ar e ar r anged i n such a manner , t hat 180
of vi si bi l i t y i n f r ont of t he f i r ehouse i s possi bl e.
Theal ar m
l i ght s but t on at t he f i r e communi cat i ons
consol e i s not l i mi t ed t o act i vat i ng t he al ar ml i ght s
as
i n t he
past . The al ar mbut t on al so act i vat es
t he appar at us f ume- exhaust syst emand a ser i es
of f l oodl i ght s
mount ed on t he f r ont f ace of t he
bui l di ng . These l i ght s i l l umi nat e t he apr on ar ea
and st r eet f or a saf er r esponse
.
An
adj ust abl e
t i mer t ur ns
of f t he f l oodl i ght s and t he f ume- ex-
houst syst emaf t er t he over head door s
have been
el ect r i cal l y
secur ed shut . They can be act i vat ed
manual l y t hr ough anover r i de swi t ch by t he
house-
wat chman
i n ot her t han r esponse si t uat i ons .
Cont r ol Funct i ons of t he Di spat cher - Housewat ch
Ar ea Thi s
key communi cat i on ar ea i s al so t he
cent er of al l el ect r oni c swi t chi ng devi ces whi ch
cont r ol t he secur i t y and f unct i oni ng of t he
f i r e-
house and i ncl ude:
1 . Gasol i ne and
di esel pump oper at i on
2. Manual oper at i on of f l oodl i ght s mount ed
on t he f r ont of t he bui l di ng
3. Secur i t y l i ght s
sur r oundi ng t he pr obl em
ar eas of t he bui l di ng
4. Manual cont r ol of f ume- exhaust syst em
5. Al ar ml i ght s f or var i ous par t s of t he bui l di ng
dur i ng r esponse act i on
Fi g. 2 Typi cal pl an and el evat i on of a
onest or y f i r ehouse. Fr ont el evat i on and f l oor pl an of one-
st or y f i r ehouse whi ch f eat ur es " act i ve" and " qui et " sect i ons
of t he f i r ehouse di vi ded by t he appar at us
f l oor , a good exampl e of t he t wo- way st r addl e of t heappar at us
ar ea.
Tur nout gear st or age I con
be t hi r d- l evel adj a-
cency
accor di ng t o r esponse
act i on st r at -
egy)
Secondar y Adj acency Spaces
Gener al shop,
st or age, r epai r ar ea
Cl eanupar eas
Hose st or age/ dr yi ng
ar ea
Thi r d- Level Adj acency Spaces
Appar at us
par t s st or age
Boi l er pl ant , ut i l i t i es, and emer gency
gener at or
ar ea
Locker
r oomar ea
Mi scel l aneous st or age ar eas
Maj or
t oi l et - shower ar ea, cl ot hes washi ng and
dr yi ng ar ea
ar ea- not r el at ed t o t he r e-
sponse act i on
Conf er ence/ publ i c ar eas
Any ot her f unct i on not
di r ect l y r el at ed t o t he
r esponse
act i on
Not e: Adj acency
l evel s must be ascer t ai ned
t hr ough i n- dept h i nt er vi ews
wi t h f i r e depar t ment
admi ni st r at or s and may change accor di ngl y.
Space- Pl anni ng
Anal ysi s t o obt ai n t he
Gr oss Ar ea Requi r ement s
f or t he
Fi r ehouse
Pr i or t o si t e sel ect i on i t i s essent i al
t hat an ar chi -
t ect / space- pl anni ng
anal yst be r et ai ned f or pur -
poses of ascer t ai ni ng t he gr oss ar ea r equi r ement s
f or t he f i r ehouse
.
A
space- pl anni ng anal yst i s a
newbr eed of exper t whose mai n r esponsi bi l i t y
i s t o ar r i ve at t he most ef f i ci ent
t ot al gr oss space
r equi r ed f or t he bui l di ng. Hi gh bui l di ng cost s have
necessi t at ed t he use of a
space- pl anni ng anal yst
t o obt ai n
t he l east gr oss ar ea f or t he bui l di ng
f unct i on wi t h maxi mumef f i ci ency.
The space- pl anni ng anal yst wi l l make i n- dept h
st udi es of equi pment , per sonnel , ut i l i t y needs, and
ci r cul at i on
and ar r i ve at t he opt i mumgr oss ar ea
r equi r ement s f or t he bui l di ng. Pr i or t o pl anni ng
a f i r ehouse, i t
i s essent i al t hat al l equi pment and
per sonnel needs ar e cl ear l y del i neat ed i n number s
and si ze so t hat pr oper ci r cul at i on al l owances
can be made f or t he pr oper f unct i oni ng of t he
f i r ehouse; t hese i n t ur n wi l l gi ve t he gr oss ar ea
r equi r ement s. As par t of t he st udy by t he space-
pl anni ng anal yst many opt i ons wi l l
be of f er ed
whi ch wi l l exami ne t he l evel of maxi mi zi ng or
mi ni mi zi ng t he space
needs and t he ul t i mat e ad-
vant age and di sadvant age of each as t hey r el at e
t o t he f unct i on
of t he bui l di ng.
Bui l di ng and Si t e r el at i onshi p
Thr ee
of t he maj or consi der at i ons r el at ed t o t he
bui l di ng and si t e r el at i onshi p ar e t hebui l di ng
set -
back, t r ai ni ng ar ea r equi r ement s,
and t he onsi t e
par ki ng
r equi r ement f or f i r ef i ght i ng per sonnel .
The mi ni mumset back i s 30 f t and
shoul d i deal l y
be
st andar d at 65 f t t o accommodat e t he l ar gest
632
FI REHOUSES
Fr ont el evat i on of t he f i r ehouse.
Second- st or y pl an
of t he t wo- st or y f i r ehouse.
Fi g. 3 Typi cal pl ans
and el evat i on of a t wo- st or y f i r ehouse,
a good exampl e of a
t wo- way st r addl e
of t he appar at us ar ea wi t h
t he " qui et " sect i on st acked
over t he appar at us ar ea
.
6 . Dai l y- use
l i ght cont r ol
7. Cont r ol of over head door s
wi t h up and st op
but t ons onl y
f or saf et y pur poses ; down but t on
l ocat ed at over head door
l ocat i on onl y
8. Acompl et e
i nt er comsyst emf or i mmedi at e
ver bal communi cat i on t o
al l ar eas of t he f i r ehouse
pl an
Management
Adj acency

The pl anned adj acency
of t he housewat ch and
t he company of f i ces af -
f or ds excel l ent audi bl e
communi cat i on bet ween
t he di spat cher - housewat ch
ar ea
and
t he company
of f i ces- t he
management ar m of t he f i r ehouse
.
Bot h ar eas al so f ace t he appar at us
st or age ar ea
and have
gl ass wal l s, al l owi ng f or vi sual
cont r ol
of t he appar at us f l oor .
Thi s adj acency of space
i s i deal
f or al l aspect s of communi cat i on and
deci -
si on maki ng dur i ng i ni t i al
t ur nout act i on.
The
Appar at us St or age Ar ea
Thi s i s t he hear t of
ever y f i r ehouse; i t s l ocat i on,
shape, f l exi bi l i t y, si ze, l ayout ,
and col umn- f r ee
appr oach
wi l l pr ovi de f or easy, qui ck access f r om
al l ar eas i n t he f our maj or
concept s i n pl anni ng
a f i r ehouse.
These f act or s wi l l pr ovi de t he f i r e-
f i ght i ng uni t s wi t h a good f unct i onal
desi gn f or
r esponse
pur poses . The i nt egr at i on of t he l ar ge
ar eas such as t he appar at us
ar ea and hose st or -
age ar ea i nt o
one l ar ge, open appar at us ar ea
and t he el i mi nat i on of
t he t ur nout gear st or age
f r omt he
appar at us ar ea have al l owed f or " cl ear
space" mobi l i t y. The
si ngl e open space nowof f er s
gr eat er
f l exi bi l i t y i n t he appar at us st or age ar ea
and may al so f unct i on
as an ar ea f or t r ai ni ng
and f or
st or age of spar e or down
appar at us .
Appar at us st or age ar eas
ar e now bei ng
equi pped wi t h a sophi st i cat ed
f ume- exhaust sys-
t em. The f ume- exhaust
syst emi s act i vat ed f r om
t he al ar m
l i ght s but t on l ocat ed on t he
f i r e commu-
ni cat i ons consol e uni t .
The f ume- exhaust
syst em
i s capabl e
of a massi ve exhaust pul l of
5000
cf m whi ch i s t he
equi val ent of si x changes of
ai r per hour . A
t i mer wi l l aut omat i cal l y
shut t he
syst em down af t er a set t i me l apse
. Pr ovi si ons
have been made
f or t he manual
cont r ol of t he
f ume- exhaust syst emwhen
compani es ar e not
i n
a
r esponse act i on. Ast udy of
f ume- exhaust pi pe
l ocat i ons on
t he appar at us has al l owed
us t o
pl ace i nt ake gr i l l es at opt i mum
l ocat i ons f or
gr eat est i nt ake pul l
. Our goal i s f or t he
maxi mum
el i mi nat i on of f ume- exhaust gases
on t he appar a-
t us f l oor . Upon
t he r et ur n of t he
appar at us t o
quar t er s, a manual swi t ch
oper at i on can be ut i -
l i zed
and t he f umes can be exhaust ed
as l ong
as r equi r ed f or t he comf or t
of t he per sonnel .
I t i s
r ecommended t hat al l appar at us
ar eas
633
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
FI REHOUSES
ut i l i ze si ngl e appar at us door s appr oxi mat el y 12
f t wi de by 14 f t hi gh. Wi de, si ngl e- openi ng
appa-
r at us door s ar e not r ecommended becauseof t he
possi bi l i t y of havi ng t he
door f r ozen cl osed due
t o a br eakdown i n t he mechani zed door oper a-
t i on. Thi s si t uat i on wi l l put t her espondi ng appor o-
t us out of ser vi ce and i ncr ease t he r esponse t i me
of f i r st - due appar at us. Apai r of door s i s mor e
f unct i onal i n t hat a br eakdown i n one door wi l l
al l ow t he r espondi ng appar at us t o maneuver
t hr ough t he ot her door . Thi s wi l l el i mi nat e t he
t ur nout
pr obl emi n case of an emer gency br eak-
down of one of t he mechani zed over head door s.
I t i s essent i al t o i ncl ude a t ot al i zer on al l appar a-
t us door s so t hat t ensi on spr i ngs may
be
r epl aced
on a pr event i ve mai nt enance schedul e based on
pr edi ct i ve br eakdown of t he equi pment . Thi s
st andar di zat i on of door - openi ng si ze wi l l si mpl i f y
t he st or age of spar e par t s f or r epai r pur poses.
Al l door oper at or s, spr i ngs, t r ack, t ur ni ng shaf t s,
and ot her accessor y equi pment of a si ngl e si ze
wi l l si mpl i f y t he st or age of por t s whi l e mi ni mi zi ng
t he
i nvent or y
bur den.
I t
i s r ecommended t hat al l
over head door s be opened wi t h el ect r i cal oper a-
t or s f or pur poses
of decr easi ng
t he t ur nout
f i me.
El ect r i cal oper at or s shal l have t he capabi l i t y of
manual oper at i on i n case of br eakdown of t he
mot or i zed equi pment . I t i s essent i al t hat t he over -
hood- door - oper at i ng
equi pment be put on t he
emer gency gener at or i n case of el ect r i cal f ai l ur e
i n t he communi t y.
Gener al l y t hr oughout t he f i r e ser vi ce, t he hose
t ower i s bei ng el i mi nat ed as
a
f unct i onal need
i n t he oper at i on of a f i r ehouse. Wi t h t he use of
sophi st i cat ed hose dr yi ng equi pment and t he use
of pol yest er hose whi ch does not r equi r e dr yi ng,
t he hose t ower i s bei ng phased out i n bot h new
and exi st i ng f i r ehouses .
Tur nout Gear St or age
Awel l - pl anned f i r ehouse shal l have f aci l i t i es f or
st or i ng hel met s, coot s, and boot s wi t h accommo-
dat i on f or washi ng and dr yi ng out , as wel l as
a f l oor dr ai n syst em. The t ur nout gear st or age
ar ea shal l be secur ed wi t h a pul l - down see-
t hr ough mesh gat e
ar r angement
and l ocki ng de-
vi ce t o secur e t he ar ea whi l e t he company i s out
of quar t er s . I ncl uded as par t of t he equi pment
f or t hi s ar ea shal l be an el ect r i c heat er f or dr yi ng
and an exhaust f an t o cl ear out t he humi di t y i n
t hear ea. Thewal l andcei l i ng f i ni shes i n t hi s ar ea
ar e cr i t i cal f or mai nt enance and shal l i ncl ude
mai nt enance- f r ee f i ni shes such as per manent l y
gl azed sur f aces .
Sl i de Pol e and Encl osur es
Ther e i s a movement i n t hef i r e ser vi ce t o gener al l y
el i mi nat e t he sl i de pol e as a means of ci r cul at i on
f r omt he second f l oor of a f i r ehouse. Ser i ous i nj u-
r i es have occur r ed i n t he use of sl i de pol es. Thei r
usei s gener al l y di scour aged i n f avor of a st ai r way
or
t he t r end t owar d t he onest or yf i r ehouse, wher -
ever t he l and val ue per mi t s, i n al l ar eas of t he
count r y. I n
some ar eas of
t hecount r y, par t i cul ar l y
i n t he ur ban ar eas, t he ai r r i ght s over f i r ehouses
have been sol d t o devel oper s t o of f set t he hi gh
l and cost .
Cl assr oom- TVAmphi t heat er f or
Tr ai ni ng Pur poses
The f ut ur e of al l t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams wi l l be i n t he
f i r ehouse t hr ough
t he
medi um of cl osed- ci r cui t
t el evi si on and vi deot ape. For t hi s pur pose a so-
phi st i cat ed space i s r equi r ed i n or der t o cr eat e a
posi t i ve envi r onment f or l ear ni ng. The space wi l l
634
Fi g. 4

Cheek- l i st f or mf or f i r ehouse pl anni ng.
r equi r e compl et e acoust i cal t r eat ment , t heat er -
t ype vi ewi ng chai r s, a sl oped f l oor ar r angement
f or vi ewi ng pur poses, and a desk t op wr i t i ng sur -
f ace. I n t er ms of adj acency l evel , t hi s space i s
cl assi f i ed as a pr i mar y adj acency and shal l have
di r ect access t o t he f i r ef i ght i ng appar at us ar ea.
Ki t chen- Di ni ng Room- Recr eat i on Ar ea
The ki t chen- di ni ng r oomar ea i s compl et el y pl an-
ned f or r educt i on of mai nt enance
and ef f i ci ency
of oper at i on. Each component shal l be pl anned
f or t hel evel
of commer ci al use
compl et el y i n st ai n-
T7r l t. AL.
STALE
mgVmMENTS
FI F4N6USI
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" 4405(
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f i r ` P' r
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" COMMUNI CATI ONS
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STWPA" 3' x
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Fi g. 4( f ont. ) .
l ess st eel . I ncl uded al so ar e a l ar ge r ef r i ger at or
and a
si x- bur ner r ange
( commer ci al
t ype)
wi t h
agr i l l uni t andoven. Thi s i s aheavy- dut y commer -
ci al r ange wi t h a pr oven successf ul per f or mance.
I ncl uded i s a st ai nl ess st eel r ange hood wi t h r e-
movabl e and washabl e st ai nl ess st eel f i l t er s. The
cei l i ngs ar e of washabl e acoust i cal t i l e and t he
f l oor and
wal l
ar e
f i ni shed I n
a cer ami c or
quar r y
t i l e, whi ch has el i mi nat ed mai nt enance except f or
si mpl e cl eani ng.
Dor mi t or y- Locker Room
Newpl anni ng concept s have t he dor mi t or y and
l ocker - r oom spaces st r addl i ng t he t oi l et - shower
and cl ot hes- washi ng cor e ar eas. Thi s pr ovi des
sound
i sol at i on bet ween
t he
noi sy l ocker r oom
and qui et dor mi t or y ar ea. I n cases wher e t he dor -
mi t or y ar ea f aces ont o a t r af f i c st r eet i t i s best
not t o pr ovi de any wi ndows on t he dor mi t or y
wal l s f aci ng
t he
st r eet . Thi s t ype of
pl anni ng wi l l
gi ve maxi mumsound i sol at i on and pr i vacy f or
t hi s qui et ar ea of t he f i r ehouse.
Chi ef ' s Quar t er s
Ar ef i nement of t he pl anni ng of t he chi ef ' s quar -
t er s has pr oduced a uni que pr i vacy aspect and
ef f i ci ency of r esponse. The chi ef ' s car and hi s
t ur nout gear st or age cl oset ar e l ocat ed at t he
635
base of t he egr ess st ai r
or
ci r cul at i on
cor r i dor
at t he appar at us f l oor l evel , wi t h hi s of f i ce and
dor mi t or y havi ng di r ect
access t o
hi s
r esponse
vehi cl e. I n t he t ypi cal t wo- st or y f i r ehouse i l l us-
t r at ed ( Fi g. 3) , t he
chi ef ' s quar t er s ar e l ocat ed
at
t he
head of t he st ai r at t he second f l oor and
he goes di r ect l y i nt o hi s sui t e of r ooms f r omt he
egr ess st ai r . Thi s el i mi nat es many unnecessar y
st eps by gi vi ng t he r espondi ng chi ef di r ect access
t o
hi s
r esponse vehi cl e. Thi s wi l l el i mi nat e ci r cul a-
t i on pat t er ns whi ch i n t he past car r i ed t he r e-
spondi ng chi ef t hr ough t he company l ocker r oom
and dor mi t or y. Ther e i s a cont i nui t y
of f unct i on
bet ween t he chi ef ' s car ar ea, t he chi ef ' s t ur nout
gear st or age, t he
egr ess st ai r , andt he r espondi ng
chi ef ' s of f i ce and dor mi t or y; t he adj acency of
t hese spaces i ndi cat es
ami ni mumci r cul at i on pat -
t er n.
DI SCUSSI ONOFTHEADVANTAGESOF
THEONE- STORYFI REHOUSEOVERTHE
TWO- STORYFI REHOUSE
Ther e
i s o nat i onal movement gener al l y t o el i mi -
nat e t he t wo- st or y f i r ehouse
as a
pl anni ng
con-
cept
i n
f i r ehouse desi gn.
The ar gument s i n f avor of t he onest or y f i r e-
house ar e mai nl y based on posi t i ve f act s and
r esponse act i on
st r at egy;
1 . I nj ur i es t o member s of t he r espondi ng f i r e
compani es r esul t i ng f r omt he use of st ai r s and
sl i de pol es wi l l be el i mi nat ed.
2. El i mi nat i on of t he physi cal exer t i on r equi r ed
i n t he const ant up and down act i vi t y of a hi gh-
act i vi t y f i r ef i ght i ng uni t .
3. I t i s appar ent t hat t he most economi cal sol u-
t i on t o f i r ehouse desi gn i s t he onest or yf i r ehouse.
I t i s appr oxi mat el y 10 per cent l ower i n cost t han
t he t wo- st or y f i r ehouse and becomes a t r ade- of f
when
eval uat i ng
l ow
l and cost
and
t he di f f er ence
i n const r uct i on cost bet ween t he onest or y f i r e-
house and t he t wo- st or y f i r ehouse. Al t hough t he
one- t i me l and cost s have been made an obst acl e
t o t he onest or yf i r ehouse, t he det er mi ni ng f act or s
i n t he deci si on f or a
onest or y or
t wo- st or y f i r e-
house shal l be t heef f i ci ency of r esponse and t he
r educt i on
of mai nt enance and oper at i onal bur -
dens whi ch ar e l i f e/ cycl e det er mi nant s . Thi s mai n-
t enance and oper at i on
bur den
wi l l f ar
exceed
t he or i gi nal cost of t he l and.
4. As a
secondar y opt i on f or hi gh l and cost ,
t he val ue of t he l and can al ways be r ecouped
by sel l i ng t he ai r r i ght s
over t he pr oper t y f or
f ut ur e devel opment or f or addi t i onal f l oor ar ea
t o adj acent par cel s as
al l owed by
t he
zoni ng
r egul at i ons i n t he par t i cul ar muni ci pal i t y.
FI REHOUSES
V{I THSEAI I N( 4,
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HOUSI NG
Per haps no i t emof
pol i ce equi pment or pr oper t y
has
t he pot ent i al f or pr ovi di ng or denyi ng opt i mal
ut i l i zat i on of
command and suppor t i ve ser vi ces
per sonnel
i n any gr eat er degr ee t han t he pol i ce
headquar t er s bui l di ng i t sel f . Ear l i er t hi s
cent ur y
t he aut omobi l e
r educed t he need f or l ar ge num-
ber s of of f i cer s t o pr ovi de onst r eet pol i ce
ser vi ce
or f or emer gency
st andby pur poses, but no such
dr amat i c i nvent i on has r educed t he nonl i ne per -
sonnel
r equi r ement s of a pol i ce agency. I ndeed,
t he compl exi t i es of st af f and auxi l i ar y ser vi ces
and t he ut i l i zat i on of
sophi st i cat ed aut omat ed
dat a pr ocessi ng equi pment and syst ems,
t he
gr owt h of pl anni ng and r esear ch
act i vi t i es, t he
i ncr ease i n t r ai ni ng r equi r ement s- al l emphasi ze
t he need f or sound pl anni ng of pol i ce f aci l i t i es
i f bot h space and
per sonnel ar e t o be used ef f ec-
t i vel y and economi cal l y.
When
an ol d bui l di ng i s r ecogni zed as i nade-
quat e sever al al t er nat i ve
r esponses t o t he pr ob-
l emmay be i dent i f i ed: ( 1) doi ng not hi ng about
t he
bui l di ng or i t s f l oor pl an and empl oyi ng addi -
t i onal per sonnel i n number s suf f i ci ent t o over come
t he
oper at i onal handi caps of t he exi st i ng f aci l i t y,
( 2) r educi ng ser vi ce t o t he publ i c
and t o t he l i ne
or f i el d el ement s of t he depar t ment whenever t he
physi cal and
f unct i onal r el at i onshi ps of peopl e
and t hei r wor k ar e such t hat t hey r equi r e mor e
t i me
and/ or per sonnel
t han i s
pr esent l yavai l abl e,
( 3) r esear chi ng t he depar t ment al and publ i c needs
and r edesi gni ng and
modi f yi ng t hose por t i ons of
t he st r uct ur e whi ch pr esent oper at i onal or admi n-
i st r at i ve pr obl ems, or ( 4) desi gni ng and
const r uct -
i ng a
newf aci l i t y. '
I n some si t uat i ons, t he handi cap of a poor l y
ar r anged bui l di ng
may be over come by mi ni mal
r econst r uct i on or r el ocat i on of of f i ces and wor k
ar eas, t hough t hi s appr oach may
not al ways be
used t o gr eat advant age i n cases wher e unusual
pr obl ems exi st . I t i s gener al l y
unwi se, however ,
t o at t empt t o r edesi gn t he pol i ce st at i on i n an
exi st i ng
st r uct ur e. Exper i ence t hr oughout t he na-
t i on has shown t hat such moves mayevent ual l y
cost
mor e t han newconst r uct i on, and t he r esul t s
ar e sel domsat i sf act or y. Themost economi cal ap-
pr oach, i f vi ewed f r oma 20- t o 40- year vant age
poi nt , pr obabl y wi l l be i n t hedesi gn andconst r uc-
t i on of a newf aci l i t y.
Thi s i s t r ue because t he
expenses of r econst r uct i on ar e essent i al l y a one-
t i me cost , but
t he per sonnel cost s of empl oyees
whose wor k per f or mance i s l i mi t ed or wast ed
t hr ough
poor bui l di ng desi gn cont i nue year af t er
year . Mor eover , del ayi ng newbui l di ngs when t he
need i s appar ent can be cost l y because
of r i si ng
const r uct i on cost s.
I f
onl y one unnecessar y 24- hour per day posi -
' Whenever a newbui l di ng or a maj or r est r uct ur i ng
of an ol d one i s under consi der at i on, t he key deci si on
t o
be made does not concer n bui l di ng desi gn at al l -
i t i s anal ysi s and appr ai sal of depar t ment al pr ogr am
and or gani zat i on. Al l t oo of t en a bui l di ng i s desi gned
t o f l t an ant i quat ed, unr eal i st i c agency st r uct ur e.
Thus
a r evi ewof depar t ment or gani zat i on shoul d
be made,
accompani ed by necessar y
changes, bef or e anewbui l d-
i ng desi gn or modi f i cat i on of on ol d
one i s at t empt ed.
Muni ci pal Pol i ce Admi ni st r at i on, 1971, I nt er nat i onal
Ci t y Management Associ at i on, Washi ngt on, D. C.
636
t i on i s saved or el i mi nat ed by such a
move,
t he
annual sal ar y savi ngs amount s t o appr oxi mat el y
f i ve t i mes t he cost of one per son' s sal ar y and
f r i nge benef i t s . Unnecessar y r ecur r i ng per sonnel
expendi t ur es ar ea maj or consi der at i on i n bui l di ng
desi gn. The l uxur y of poor
wor ki ng quar t er s i s
beyond t he r each of most pol i ce depar t ment s i n
t he Uni t ed St at es
.
Gi ven
an al r eady under -
manned f i el d f or ce, t he addi t i onal cost bur den
f or per sonal ser vi ces
occasi oned by poor bui l di ng
desi gn i s a maj or consi der at i on.
For t unat el y, t her e
i s
a devel opi ng awar eness of t he i mpact of poor
desi gn on pol i ce ef f i ci ency and cost s f or per sonal
ser vi ces . '
DESI GNOF APOLI CE BUI LDI NG
I n desi gni ng modi f i cat i ons of an exi st i ng st r uct ur e,
or when pl ans ar e dr awn
f or
a new
pol i ce f aci l i t y,
many f act or s shoul d be consi der ed. These i nvol ve
f unct i onal r el at i onshi ps, economyof space,
publ i c
conveni ence, secur i t y, et c.
Funct i onal Rel at i onshi ps

Of f i ces and wor k ar eas
of el ement s
per f or mi ng essent i al l y t he same t asks
shoul d be gr ouped so as t o achi eve maxi mum
use of physi cal
f aci l i t i es, t her eby avoi di ng dupl i -
cat i on of equi pment or f ur ni shi ngs . For exampl e,
t he wor k of r ecor ds
and communi cat i on uni t s ar e
so i nt er r el at ed and mut ual l y suppor t i ve t hat space
ar r angement s shoul d assur e
di r ect access f r om
one t o t he ot her . Fur t her , t empor ar y r eassi gn-
ment s of per sonnel coul d
easi l y be made bet ween
t he i nt egr at ed el ement s as wor k l oads var y be-
t ween t he t wo. Admi ni st r at i ve
l i ne of f i cer s shoul d
be gr ouped cl osel y. Booki ng, i dent i f i cat i on, and
det ent i on oper at i ons must be so
r el at ed t hat t i me
and t r avel di st ance ar e shor t ened t o conser ve
per sonnel r esour ces
and
t o
avoi d secur i t y pr ob-
l ems .
Publ i c Consi der at i ons Publ i c access shoul d not
conf l i ct wi t h pr i soner passageways or
ar eas; t hi s
wi l l avoi d exposur e of pr i soner s t o t he publ i c and
wi l l el i mi nat e t he
possi bl i t y
of
har m t o ei t her .
The publ i c, of cour se, must be r est r i ct ed i n i t s
movement wi t hi n desi gnat ed
ar eas of t he bui l d-
i ng. Avoi dance of pr i soner s' publ i c cont act el i mi -
nat es t he possi bi l i t y of
embar r assment , par t i cu-
l ar l y t o women and chi l dr en, and cr i t i ci smof t he
agency and
i t s pr ocedur es . Al so el i mi nat ed i s t he
possi bi l i t y of passi ng weapons t o pr i soner s and
escape ef f or t s.
Publ i c count er s or busi ness wi ndows shoul d be
wi t hi n r easonabl e di st ance of t he bui l di ng
en-
t r ance t o avoi d publ i c conf usi on and t o l i mi t t he
publ i c' s need t o move about t he pol i ce bui l di ngs.
The publ i c i nf or mat i on and compl ai nt desk shoul d
be adj acent t o t he
communi cat i ons or di spat ch
ar ea .
Thi s i s par t i cul ar l y i mpor t ant i n t he smal l er
depar t ment s
.
Equal l y
i mpor t ant i s pr ovi si on of
a si ngl e compl ai nt count er or cent er ; t hi s avoi ds
' Under moder n condi t i ons of empl oyment - t he 40-
hour week, gener ous vacat i on and hol i day l eave, and
i n- ser vi ce t r ai ni ng, f or exampl e- about f i ve per sons,
gi ve
or
t ake smal l per cent age di f f er ences, ar e r equi r ed
t o man one
f ul l t i me
post
24 hour s per day t hr oughout
t he year .
dupl i cat i on of ser vi ces or per mi t s bet t er admi ni s-
t r at i ve cont r ol and conveni ence. Publ i c t el ephones
f or t he use of at t or neys, bondsmen,
vi si t or s, and
t he publ i c shoul d be l ocat ed away f r omt he mai n
count er t o avoi d conf usi on and di sr upt i on of
on-
goi ng pol i ce ser vi ces
.
Gener al Desi gn Consi der at i ons
Bui l di ng desi gn
shoul d make possi bl e t he use of onl y one f l oor ,
or a sect i on of one f l oor , dur i ng
t hose hour s when
t he admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces ar ecl osed . Thi s concept
has f ul l appl i cabi l i t y
t o
bot h smal l andl ar geagen-
ci es. Such desi gn t ends t o keep oper at i ng cost s
l owand i mpr ove gener al secur i t y. Whenever pos-
si bl e, wal l s f or of f i ces, r ooms, and assembl y ar eas
shoul d be of modul ar const r uct i on
whi ch per mi t s
expansi on and f l exi bi l i t y of oper at i on. Met al and
gl ass par t i t i ons, and even f i l e cabi net
di vi der s
shoul d be used
f or
f unct i onal
al l ocat i on of space
whenever pr i vacy i s not a maj or consi der at i on;
open space shoul d pr edomi nat e. Li ght i ng, decor ,
andacoust i cal t r eat ment shoul d be pl annedcar e-
f ul l y t o i ncr ease comf or t and ef f i ci ency of per son-
nel .
Adequat e par ki ng f aci l i t i es shoul d be pr ovi ded,
i ncl udi ng spacef or vehi cl es bel ongi ng t o al l agen-
ci es usi ng t he bui l di ng, ondut y per sonnel , and
cl i ent s and vi si t or s, pl us r easonabl e space f or
emer gency needs.
Adi st i nct i on shoul d be made
bet ween of f i ci al and publ i c needs. Locat i on of
par ki ng space shoul d pr ovi de f or cl ose access
t o t he bui l di ng by ki nds of use.
Communi cat i ons, Recor ds, and Evi dence The
communi cat i ons oper at i on, i ncl udi ng r adi o
con-
sol es, moni t or i ng uni t s,
t el et ype machi nes, al ar m
syst ems, and t el ephones, shoul d be housed i n
an
ai r - condi t i oned, acoust i cal l y t r eat ed r oom. Tel e-
t ype machi nes may r equi r e separ at e and acoust i -
cal l y t r eat ed cubi cl es t o mi ni mi ze t he ef f ect of
t hei r noi se. The r oomshoul d be desi gned t o assur e
pr i vacy and secur i t y
; onl y pol i ce per sonnel on
dut y i n communi cat i ons and r ecor ds and cer t ai n
ot her aut hor i zed
per sonnel shoul d have access
t o i t . I n addi t i on, t he communi cat i ons cent er
shoul d be on a r ai sed, panel ed
f l oor t o al l ow
f or adequat e condui t s and wi r i ng and t o
pr ovi de
f l exi bi l i t y when r ear r angement i s necessar y.
Desi gn of t he r ecor ds f aci l i t y shoul d pr ovi de
f or ut i l i zat i on of under - t hecount er f i l es i n appr o-
pr i at e l ocat i ons. I n addi t i on, ver t i cal
shel f f i l es
shoul d be used whenever pr act i cabl e t o r educe
st or age space; cl osed shel f f l i es pr ovi de al l t he
f eat ur es of st andar d f i l e cabi net s but r equi r e l ess
r oom. As suggest ed ear l i er , f i l e cabi net s of
f i ve
or mor e dr awer s can be used
ef f ect i vel y as space
di vi der s whi ch pr ovi de f or a measur e
of pr i vacy.
Acoust i cal t r eat ment , f al se f l oor s, and ai r condi -
t i oni ng ar e essent i al i n t he desi gn of
space f or
el ect r oni c dat a pr ocessi ng equi pment . Dupl i cat i ng
and pr i nt i ng machi nes whi ch cr eat e
noi se
pr ob-
l ems shoul d
be
housed i n acoust i cal l y t r eat ed cab-
i net s wi t hi n t he ser vi ces ar ea.
Aut omat i c mul t i t ape t ypewr i t er s shoul d al so be
l ocat ed i n a separ at e, acoust i cal l y
t r eat ed r oom
r at her t han i n t he gener al of f i ce ar ea. Pr ovi si on
f or t he saf ekeepi ng of evi dence and
r ecover ed
pr oper t y shoul d be made wi t hi n
t he ser vi ces of -
POLI CE STATI ONS
f eces and shoul d be separ at e f r omt hose f aci l i t i es
used f or pr i soner s' pr oper t y.
Det ent i on and Rel at ed Faci l i t i es

Al l pr i soner f a-
ci l i t i es shoul d be l ocat ed near t he ser vi ces el ement
t o enabl e per sonnel t o per f or mbooki ng and t ur n-
key dut i es whenever possi bl e, t hus mi ni mi zi ng t he
need f or j oi l keepi ng st af f . Pr ovi si ons shoul d be
est abl i shed wher ebypr i soner s maybe hel d i n sep-
ar at e secur i t y ar eas pr i or t o bei ng booked. Thi s
wi l l pr event pr i soner s not yet booked f r om
di spos-
i ng of possi bl e evi dence i n t hei r possessi on or
f r om passi ng danger ous weapons t hr ough
cel l s
t o pr i soner s al r eady i n cust ody.
The out si de
ent r ance t o t he j ai l and det ent i on
f aci l i t i es shoul d open t o a dr i ve- i n gar age. Pol i ce
vehi cl es shoul d
be
abl e
t o
dr i ve i nt o
t he i nt er i or
of t he pol i ce bui l di ng, wi t h t he out er gar age door
opened and cl osed r emot el y f r omwi t hi n t he ar ea,
and st i l l r emai n out si de t he mai n det ent i on and
booki ng ar ea. Asecond door whi ch
separ at es
t he unl oadi ng ar ea f r ompassage t o t he j ai l , al so
el ect r i cal l y cont r ol l ed f r omwi t hi n, shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded. Means of pr ovi di ng secur i t y f or t he t r ans-
por t at i on of pr i soner s
or mat er i al wi t nesses t o
cour t f r omt he det ent i on ar eas shoul d be pl anned
car ef ul l y,
and conf l i ct s wi t h r out es of nonpol i ce
t r af f i c wi t hi n t he bui l di ng avoi ded.
Vi si t or s' and at t or neys' r ooms must mai nt ai n
al l but audi bl e and vi sual separ at i on bet ween
pr i soner and vi si t or.
Asepar at e, secur e st or age ar ea f or pr i soner s'
per sonal pr oper t y shoul d
be pr ovi ded wi t hi n t he
booki ng ar ea, pr ef er abl y under a count er . I t
shoul d cont ai n enough cubi cl es t o al l oweach t o
be number ed t o cor r espond t o t he cel l s and bunks
wi t hi n each cel l . For exampl e, t he f i r st compar t -
ment l ogi cal l y woul d be 1- A, meani ng Cel l Num-
ber 1, Bunk A. I t woul d cont ai n pr oper t y onl y
i f
a pr i soner wer e occupyi ng t hat cel l and bunk.
Thi s pr ocedur e woul dper mi t booki ng or det ent i on
per sonnel t o i mmedi at el y r et ur n pr oper t y t o a
pr i soner as he i s r el eased, avoi di ng unf or t unat e
l oss or dest r uct i on of pr oper t y whi ch has been
mi sl ai d or f or got t en at t he t i me of hi s
r el ease.
Cl osed- ci r cui t t el evi si on may be i nst al l ed
at
var i ous vant age poi nt s wi t hi n t he secur i t y ar eas
f or pr ot ect i on of pol i ce and det ent i on
per sonnel
and f or obser vat i on of pr i soner s, i f di r ect obser va-
t i on
of
pr i soner s
cannot be accompl i shed because
of j ai l l ocat i on or desi gn wi t hout addi t i onal st a-
t i on
per sonnel . Aspeci al por t abl e ext ensi on t el e-
phone shoul d be pr ovi ded f or pr i soner
use and
l ocat ed i n a
secur e and pr i vat e ar ea wi t hi n t he
det ent i on f aci l i t y. Agun r ecept i on and st or age
ar ea shoul d al so be pr ovi ded near t he j ai l en-
t r ance wher e pol i ce of f i cer s may t ur n i n t hei r
weapons t o t he of f i cer i n char ge bef or e ent er i ng
t he det ent i on
ar eas.
Pr ovi si ons f or Mul t i pl e Use

Of t en cl assr ooms, as-
sembl y, and ot her r ooms
may
be
desi gned t o
f or m a compl ex of i nt er r el at ed mul t i pur pose
ar eas, gi vi ng suf f i ci ent f l exi bi l i t y
t o al l owuse f or
r ol l cal l , t r ai ni ng cl asses, pol i ce communi t y r el a-
t i ons
meet i ngs, publ i c hear i ngs, scout t r oop meet -
i ngs, and ot her pur poses . Al i t t l e f or esi ght i n t he
desi gn of t hi s sect i on
of
t he
bui l di ng can save
a consi der abl e amount of wast ed space whi ch
i s used onl y spor adi cal l y.
Coupl ed wi t h car ef ul
pl anni ng of cl ass or meet i ng schedul es, t he same
space can of t en be
used f or al most t he ent i r e
day.
Ser vi ce Faci l i t i es
I t i s i mpor t ant t o t he pr ogr essi ve
pol i ce admi ni s-
t r at or t hat st af f i ng r equi r ement s of t he depar t -
637
ment ' s admi ni st r at i ve and ser vi ce el ement s
be
kept at t he l owest l evel , consi st ent wi t h cont i nued
hi ghqual i t y ser vi ce t o ot her el ement s wi t hi n t he
depar t ment and t o t he publ i c . Thi s i s possi bl e
onl y when t he desi gn
and physi cal l ayout of t he
pol i ce f aci l i t y ar e r esponsi ve t o t hi s need.
I mpor t ant i n
t he desi gn of any bui l di ng i s t he
l ocat i on of t he r ecor ds andi dent i f i cat i on f i l es
and
t he communi cat i ons cent er . These ar e i nt i mat el y
r el at ed i n f unct i on
and pur pose.
I f
possi bl e, t he
communi cat i ons cent er and t he r ecor ds of f i ce
shoul d be l ocat ed back- t o- back, wi t h f aci l i t i es
pr ovi ded t o al l owf or t he di r ect exchange of i n-
f or mat i on dur i ng t hose hour s when cl er ks ar e
on
dut y i n t he r ecor ds of f i ce. I n t hose depar t ment s
wher e r ecor ds cl er ks nor mal l y ar e not on dut y
ar ound t he cl ock, di r ect access t o cur r ent r ecor ds
must be pr ovi ded f or t he communi cat i ons per son-
nel ; ot her wi se
t he l ack of i mmedi at e avai l abi l i t y
of pr evi ousl y gat her ed i nf or mat i on wi l l handi cap
f i el d f or ces .
The pr oper t y r oomshoul d al so be l ocat ed i n
or
near
t he
r ecor ds cent er and cl ose t o t he publ i c
i nf or mat i on count er or desk. The communi cat i ons
cent er shoul d be
a r oom
of suf f i ci ent si ze t o pr o-
vi de on adequat e number of di spat cher s' posi -
t i ons, st at us boar ds, a super vi sor ' s moni t or i ng and
backup posi t i on ( per haps onl y a desk i ni t i al l y,
l at er t o be r epl aced by acompl et e r adi o consol e) ,
and t el et ype t r anscei ver uni t s. The r ecor ds
st af f
shoul d be t r ai ned so t hat i t s per sonnel can pr ovi de
addi t i onal manpower
i n
t he
communi cat i ons cen-
t er dur i ng per i ods of maxi mumdi spat chi ng need.
Unl ess appr opr i at e
physi cal f aci l i t i es ar e pr ovi ded
t o
al l owmut ual assi st ance, addi t i onal per sonnel
must be assi gned t o t he communi cat i ons sect i on
t o
al l owi t t o handl e over l oads as wel l .
The auxi l i ar y ser vi ces wor k ar ea shoul d be ai r
condi t i oned t o
pr ovi de opt i mumcomf or t f or per -
sonnel and ci t i zens conduct i ng busi ness t her e.
Pr ovi si ons f or
r est r ooms, f i l i ng cabi net s, and
space f or addi t i onal per sonnel dur i ng peak wor k
per i ods shoul d be pr ovi ded
near t he communi ca-
t i ons cent er . I t i s axi omat i c t hat t he gr eat er t he
di st ance t o
t hesear eas, t he gr eat er t he manpower
cost t o t he depar t ment .
Admi ni st r at i ve and I nvest i gat i ve
Of f i ces
The l ocat i on of of f i ces f or t he chi ef of pol i ce,
di vi si on command of f i ces, andt hewor ki ng of f i ces
and ar eas f or cr i mi nal i nvest i gat or s, vi ce of f i cer s,
yout h of f i cer s, and admi ni st r at i ve and st af f
sup-
por t per sonnel , whi l e not per haps as cr i t i cal as
t hat of t he r ecor ds and communi cat i ons cent er ,
has f ar - r eachi ng oper at i onal and publ i c r el at i ons
i mpl i cat i ons .
Dependi ng upon t he si ze of t he depar t ment ,
t hechi ef of pol i ce andt op- l evel command of f i cer s
shoul d have some f r eedomof movement and pr i -
vacy. Some chi ef s f i nd i t near l y i mpossi bl e t o
f unct i on ef f ect i vel y whi l e i n t hei r of f i ces because
of const ant i nt er r upt i on by vi si t or s who shoul d
nor mal l y be
assi st ed by desk of f i cer s or ot her
per sonnel . Fr equent l y a vi si t or wi l l demand t o see
t he chi ef , r at her
t han t he pr oper of f i cer or em-
pl oyee, si mpl y because of i nadequat e pr ovi si on
f or pr i vacy. Too f ewper sons see t hi s
as a
desi gn
or of f i ce l ayout pr obl em, i nsi st i ng t hat " wi t h
pr oper cont r ol t he i nt er r upt i ons wi l l be kept at
a mi ni mum. " The chi ef of a smal l or medi um-
si zed depar t ment wi l l
soon f i nd t hat t he si ght
of hi mat hi s desk, wi t h no one el se i n t he r oom,
i ndi cat es t o manyci t i zens t hat he shoul d be avai l -
abl e t o t al k t o anyone. Ther ef or e, cer t ai n of f i ces
shoul d not be
l ocat ed i mmedi at el y adj acent t o
t he mai n publ i c ent r ance unl ess some scr eeni ng
or physi cal
separ at i on i s pr ovi ded whi ch al l ows
pr i vacy and f r eedomof movement t o and f r om
t he
of f i ces.
For t he same r easons, of f i ces
of
t heyout h uni t ,
t he vi ce uni t , and t he i nt el l i gence uni t shoul d be
l ocat ed away f r omt he nor mal publ i c t r af f i c f l ow
ar eas. However , t hey shoul d be r el at i vel y cl ose
t o
t he
pol i ce of f i cer s' ent r ance t o t her ecor ds ar ea.
Of t en t he desi r ed degr ee of i sol at i on can be pr o-
vi ded by r ear ent r ances or al t er nat e r out es of
exi t . I nf or mant s, vi ct i ms of pot ent i al l yembar r ass-
i ng cr i mes, par ent s
of yout hs appr ehended f or
of f enses, and cooper at i ng of f i cer s f r om ot her
agenci es gener al l y do not wi sh t o expose t hem-
sel ves t o per sons i n t he bui l di ng f or f ear of r ecog-
ni t i on, i nj ur y, or ot her
r easons. The
f eel i ng
t hat
t he depar t ment i s concer ned wi t h t hei r pr i vacy
or t hei r per sonal saf et y f r equent l y assi st s i nvest i -
gat or s i n per suadi ng ci t i zens t o cooper at e i n i n-
vest i gat i ons i n
whi ch
t hey
woul d nor mal l y
mai n-
t ai n si l ence. Fur t her , t he damage caused by t he
unexpect ed
exposur e of a wi t ness, i nf or mant ,
cr i mi nal par t ner , or an ot her wi se unknown of f i cer
t o a
suspect
who
happened t o be i n t he st at i on
f or some ot her r eason i s of t en i r r epar abl e.
The l ayout of
i nvest i gat or s' wor k ar eas shoul d
be kept si mpl e and f r ee of t he honeycomb or
cubbyhol e desi gn
f ound i n many st at i ons. Pr i vat e
of f i ces shoul d be pr ovi ded
onl y f or
t he
com-
mander of t he uni t i n smal l and medi umsi zed
depar t ment s and onl y f or t he
t op- l evel
subor di -
nat e commander s i n t he l ar ger agenci es . I nvest i -
gat or s shoul d
have i ndi vi dual l ocker s f or cl ot hi ng
and equi pment r equi r ed f or nor mal wor k, wi t h
nomi nal f i l i ng cabi net space f or paper wor k associ -
at ed wi t h cur r ent cases.
Agood i nvest i gat or can sel domj ust i f y a pr i -
vat e desk and f i l e cabi net s, f or most of hi s wor k
wi l l be i n t he f i el d, i n t he pr epar at i on of r epor t s,
and i n at t endance at cour t , i nquest s, and hear -
i ngs. Many agenci es ut i l i ze a ser i es of t abl es or
sal esmen' s desks f or t he i nvest i gat or s' use whi l e
r eadi ng r ecor ds, t aki ng not es, or di ct at i ng r e-
por t s, t hus mi ni mi zi ng t he need
f or
f ur ni t ur e and
space. I n such si t uat i ons, a number of semi pr i vat e
i nt er vi ewar eas ar e somet i mes pr ovi ded f or ques-
t i oni ng wi t nesses, i nf or mant s, and ot her per sons.
However , r esponsi bi l i t y f or pr ovi di ng i nt er vi ewf a-
ci l i t i es f or pr i soner s r emai ns wi t h t he auxi l i ar y
ser vi ces el ement so t hat pr i soner s need not be
r emoved f r om
wi t hi n t he secur i t y ar ea
.
The same
pr ecaut i ons appl y f or l i neup or show- upr ooms,
and t hey shoul d not be pl aced i n t hei nvest i gat i ve
of f i ce ar eas.
The
of f i ces of di vi si on commander s need not
be r emoved f r omt hegener al ar ea of t hei r subor -
di nat es' wor k
ar eas, but pat r ol andt r af f i c
per son-
nel assembl y andr ol l - cal l r ooms may be mul t i pur -
pose f aci l i t i es some
di st ance f r om
t he di vi si on
of f i ces. Whenever possi bl e, t he hi ghest r anki ng
commander s' of f i ces shoul d be cl oset o t he chi ef ' s
of f i ce and t he conf er ence r oom.
Ot her admi ni st r at i ve
of f i ces
such as t hose
used
by t r ai ni ng per sonnel , pl anni ng, and i nt er nal af -
f ai r s per sonnel al so shoul d be l ocat ed i n t he same
ar ea so t hat t he command st af f wi l l be cl ose t o
t hese suppor t uni t s. These wor ki ng ar eas al so
shoul d be pr edomi nant l y open spacewi t h
ami ni -
mumof pr i vat e of f i ces or r ooms. Modul ar wal l
di vi der s and desk or f i l i ng cabi net separ at or s ar e
suf f i ci ent t o di vi de space among sever al maj or
el ement s per f or mi ng si mi l ar or r el at ed wor k.
One maj or consi der at i on i nvol ves t hel ocat i on,
desi gn, and
use of
t he
pol i ce gar age.
Gener al l y
speaki ng, no at t empt shoul d be made t o combi ne
t he aut o mai nt enance or st or age gar age wi t h a
pr i soner unl oadi ng ar ea except i n smal l er depar t -
638
POLI CE STATI ONS
ment s. The gar age and pr i soner ent r ance
may
use t he same door , but
t her e shoul d be a secur e
" t unnel " or sect i on set asi de whi ch woul d
al l ow
t he vehi cl e car r yi ng pr i soner s t o be
compl et el y
i sol at ed
i nsi de t he secur i t y ar ea af t er t he door
i s cl osed. Suf f i ci ent space must be
al l owed so
t hat sever al
pr i soner s may be t aken f r omt he pr i s-
oner van wi t hout endanger i ng t he of f i cer s
i n-
vol ved.
Pr ef er abl y, t hi s ar ea shoul d not be vi si bl e
f r om
wi t hi n t he r emai nder of t he gar age.
Vehi cl e
st or age f aci l i t i es l ocat ed i nsi de t hega-
r age
shoul d pr ovi de enough space t o house
most
vehi cl es not i n use, especi al l y i n ar eas wher e
t he
weat her i s sever e. The gar age
ent r ance shoul d
not open di r ect l y ont o apubl i c st r eet or a heavi l y
used al l ey unl ess suf f i ci ent
space i s pr ovi ded so
t hat pol i ce vehi cl es need not be backed out
i nt o
oncomi ng t r af f i c
.
I f al so used
f or mai nt enance
and r epai r of depar t ment al
vehi cl es, t he gar age
wi t h addi t i onal space f or a
smal l of f i ce, par t s and st or age, and
t he act ual
r epai r and mai nt enance
ar ea. I f possi bl e, t he ga-
r age shoul d not occupy pr i me f i r st - f l oor space,
especi al l y i n l ar ger communi t i es
wher e t he pol i ce
bui l di ng i s si t uat ed i n t he congest ed
downt own
ar ea.
Af i nal mat t er of bui l di ng desi gn
i nvol ves t he
depar t ment s' mar ksmanshi p pr ogr am.
Adepor t -
ment
of t en wi l l need an i ndoor as wel l as
an
out door t ar get r ange, but car ef ul
pl anni ng mi ni -
mi zes t he space r equi r ed. I f pr oper l y desi gned
and const r uct ed, t he r ange may
somet i mes be
combi ned
wi t h ot her t r ai ni ng f aci l i t i es, especi al l y
i n smal l er agenci es wher e t he shoot i ng
pr ogr am
does not r equi r e
f ul l t i me use of t he ar ea.
POLI CE STATI ONS
6yJ OSHUAH. VOGEL, AI A
Pol i ce st at i ons r epr esent one of t he necessar y
gover nment al f unct i ons r equi r i ng car ef ul
pl an-
ni ng. One of t he most ser i ous admi ni st r at i ve
pr obl ems conf r ont i ng most pol i ce f or ces i s
l ack of adequat e
or pr oper space end f aci l i t i es
f or a pol i ce headquar t er s
and j ai l .
Ther e ar e t wo
mai n obj ect i ves t o be consi d-
er ed i n t he const r uct i on
of t he pol i ce depar t -
ment bui l di ng : f i r st , t he handl i ng
and pr o-
cessi ng of t he pr i soner s ;
second, t he ser vi ce
t o t he publ i c . The ar r angement
shoul d be such
t hat pr i soner s maybe handl ed wi t hi n t he pol i ce
depar t ment i t sel f , wi t hout al l owi ng
t hose
pr i soner s t o be i n cont act wi t h t he publ i c gen-
er al l y.
Pl ans Devel oped f or t hi s Sect i on
The pl ans shown r epr esent t he r esul t s
of
t he
f i el d sur vey and st udy by
t he
pol i ce
chi ef s'
advi sor y commi t t ee
and subcommi t t ees . Par -
t i cul ar at t ent i on was gi ven t o r oomsi zes and
t he ar r angement i n t he pl an of t hese var i ous
spaces i n r el at i on t o one anot her , so as t o
ensur e saf e f l owof t r af f i c wi t hi n t he bui l di ng
by t he publ i c and secur i t y cont r ol of t he
pr i soner s by t he pol i ce f or ce wi t hout unneces-
sar y dupl i cat i on of st af f .
The i deas
r ef l ect ed ar e based on past exper i -
ences wi t h
si mi l ar pol i ce st at i ons nowi n use,
and t he expl anat i on whi ch
f ol l ows each pl an
di r ect s at t ent i on t o some of t he
i mpor t ant
el ement s suggest ed
f or i ncl usi on i n newst r uc-
t ur es .
SI TE REGUI REMENTS
A. Gener al
Pol i ce st at i ons shoul d be pl anned as
i f
t hey
ar e t o be i n a separ at e l ocat i on f r om ot her
st r uct ur es . I f anal ysi s of si t e l ocat i ons f or e
pol i ce st at i on per mi t s ot her st r uct ur es housi ng
ot her ci t y f unct i ons ( such as ci t y hal l or f i r e
st at i on) t o
be er ect ed on t he same si t e wi t hout
i nt er f er i ng wi t h t he pr oper di schar ge of f unc-
t i ons, t hen
one cent r al si t e can be chosen.
The j ai l sect i on of a
bui l di ng shoul d be above
t he gr ound end set back
f ar
enough
f r om t he
pr oper t y l i ne t o pr event
cont act bet ween
pr i soner s and per sons out si de of t he
bui l di ng.
J ai l quar t er s shoul d
be accessi bl e t o a l oadi ng
space at , or wi t hi n,
t he bui l di ng f or t he t r ans-
por t at i on of pr i soner s . I t shoul d
be l ocat ed
wher e t he vehi cul ar
t r af f i c i s not t oo heavy.
Of f - st r eet par ki ng, space
f or expansi on,
l i ght end ai r on al l si des,
and separ at e en-
t r ances must be pr ovi ded
whenever possi bl e.
Smal l Ci t i es and Towns
I t has been f ound i n smal l ,
compact l y bui l t
ci t i es and t owns t hat one l ocat i on wi l l ser ve
al l ci t y depar t ment s under one r oof . When t he
ci t y
or t own ar ea ext ends onl y a f ewbl ocks
i n any di r ect i on, access
t o ar t er i al st r eet s
Pol i ce St at i ons,
Pl anni ng and Speci f i cat i ons,
Bur eau of Gover nment al Resear ch
and Ser -
vi ces, Uni ver si t y of
Washi ngt on, Seat t l e,
Wash. , 1954.
639
i s r eadi l y possi bl e . Such
a cent r al si t e, how-
ever , shoul d be so l ai d out
t hat i t gi ves an
oppor t uni t y f or t he publ i c t o ent er
t he admi n-
i st r at i on r ooms f r om one
st r eet , t he f i r e de-
par t ment f r om anot her si de st r eet ,
and t he
pol i ce depar t ment f r oma t hi r d si de or f r omt he
r ear .
I n al l t hese cases, t he l ocat i on i n r ot at i on-
shi p t o
t he var i ous l and uses, t he st r eet pat -
t er n, and si ze of t he si t e i t sel f makes i t pos-
si bl e
t hat t hi s cent r al si t e can have al l t he
gover nment al
uni t s i n one l ocat i on and st i l l
meet
al l t he si t e r equi r ement s of t he i ndi vi dual
f unct i ons separ at el y
.
GENERAL DESI GNI NFORMATI ON
A. Hor i zont al Pl an
Abui l di ng wi t h t he l east number of f l oor s i s
mor e economi cal t o super vi se because l ess
per sonnel
i s r equi r ed t o super vi se i t . Whi l e
a bui l di ng
of
sever al f l oor s may cost l ess
i n
be
a
savi ng i n si t e cost s, t he
ext r a out l ay f or admi ni st r at i ve per sonnel ,
year af t er year , wi l l never cease ; i n t i me i t may
be f ar gr eat er t hen t he addi t i onal cost of t he
desi r abl e hor i zont al pl an.
B. Const r uct i on Bui l di ng Code
The bui l di ng shoul d be f i r e r esi st ant , pr oper l y
l i ght ed, heat ed,
and
vent i l at ed.
The
pl ans
shoul d be ar r anged t o pr event smoke and hot
gases, f r om cooki ng or
heat i ng
uni t s, f r om
passi ng t hr ough t he bui l di ng at any t i me.
Fi r e saf et y devi ces such as st andpi pes, f i r e
hose, ext i ngui sher s, and al ar ms shoul d be
ampl y pr ovi ded.
I f t he bui l di ng i s of t wo st or i es or mor e, t wo
or mor e encl osed st ai r ways shoul d be
pr ovi ded
accor di ng t o bui l di ng r egul at i ons f or f i r e
hazar ds .
C. Faci l i t i es
1 . Wi ndows

Wi ndows adj acent t o j ai l quar t er s
shoul d
have st eel bar s or st eel det ent i on sash
wi t h scr eeni ng
devi ces end be i naccessi bl e t o
pr i soner s . Al l par t s of det ent i on quar t er s
shoul d
be separ at ed f r omext er i or wal l s by a
mesh
par t i t i on, par al l el t o out si de wal l s and
3 f t
i nsi de t hem, t o pr event passi ng of con-
t r aband,
exhi bi t i oni sm, and t o gi ve passage
f or
super vi si ng per sonnel .
2. St or age
Asaf e st or age pl ace shoul d be pr o-
vi ded f or cash
end val uabl e ar t i cl es .
3. Fi r ear ms

Fi r ear ms, weapons, and medi ci nes
shoul d be
st or ed i n st r ong, secur el y l ocked
cabi net s
i naccessi bl e t o pr i soner s ; i . e. t hey
shoul d be kept i n
l ocat i ons r emoved f r omj ai l
quar t er s and cor r i dor s .
4. Fi r ef i ght i ng Appar at us

Al l f i r e hazar ds shoul d
be guar ded agai nst . Avoi d exposed el ect r i cal
i nst al l at i ons, wood par t i t i ons, st r aw t i cks,
paper ,
r aga, and ot her combust i bl e mat er i al s .
Fi r e hose i n l ocked cabi net s shoul d be easi l y
accessi bl e f or i nspect i on, f or j ai l
per sonnel
t o have
f or dr i l l i ng, and f or
use
i n event of
f i r e or emer gency.
5. Tel ephone, Radi o The t el ephone and r adi o
ser vi ce shoul d i ncl ude equi pment f or f i r e cal l s
and auxi l i ar y f i r e al ar mas wel l as pr ovi si on
f or r i ght - of - way cal l s, conf er ence cal l s, wat ch
cal l s f r om st at i ons of dut y, and super vi sor y
cal l s .
B. Det ect i ve Di vi si on

The l ocat i on of a det ect i ve
di vi si on wi l l depend upon t he wor kl oad i n-
vol ved end t he number of det ect i ves empl oyed.
Ther e shoul d
be a mai n det ect i ve of f i ce l ar ge
enough t o per mi t al l det ect i ves t o get t oget her
f or br i ef i ng and
i nst r uct i ons
.
I n addi t i on, t her e
shoul d be smal l r ooms l ocat ed adj acent
t o t he
mai n det ect i ve of f i ce, whi ch can be
used f or
i nt er r ogat i on pur poses . These need not be
el abor at e and r equi r e onl y a desk and t wo
or
t hr ee chai r s .
7. Show- up Room
I n
case a
show- up r oomi s
desi r ed,
i t shoul d
be
l ocat ed i n such e manner
as t o per mi t t he shut t l i ng back
and f or t h of
pr i soner s f r om t he conf i nement quar t er s t o
t he show- up r oomwi t hout comi ng i nt o
cont act
wi t h t he publ i c .
8. Vi si t or s' Roost

Avi si t i ng r oomshoul d be pr o-
vi ded so as t o pr omot e i nf or mal i nt er vi ews
under adequat e super vi si on . Thi s vi si t or s'
r oomcan ser ve f or vi si t or s f or t he pr i soner s
or as a conf er ence r oombet ween an at t or ney
and
a
pr i soner . I t shoul d be so l ocat ed t hat
t he pr i soner s' ent r ance i s on t he j ai l si de and
t he vi si t or s' and at t or neys' ent r ance i s f r om
t he
publ i c si de. Asepar at i on bet ween pr i son-
er s end vi si t or s i nsi de t he r oomshoul d be pr o-
vi ded by at l east a f i ne meshed doubl e scr een-
i ng or heavy pl at e gl ass wi ndows . Anot her
t ype of separ at i on i s t he use of a t abl e at l east
3 f t wi de wi t h a par t i t i on
ext endi ng t o t he f l oor
and t he par t i t i on above t he t abl e
r unni ng t o t he
cei l i ng so t hat i t i s
i mpossi bl e t o pass even t he
smal l est i t emof cont r aband
.
9. I nt er vi ew Room A separ at e
i nt er vi ewi ng
r oomshoul d be pr ovi ded f or t he use of at -
t or neys, pr obat i on of f i cer s, and soci al wel f ar e
wor ker s .
10. Exami ni ng Room Thi s some r oom, i f pr op-
er l y l ocat ed, can al so ser ve as an
exami nat i on
r oomf or t he medi cal of f i cer . For medi cal
f aci l -
i t i es, a l ocked st eel cabi net f or t he
medi cal
equi pment can be pl aced on t he wal l i n
one
of
t he exami nat i on r ooms .
11. Ki t chen
When t he j ai l aver ages mor e t hen
15 pr i soner s a day, a pr oper l y
equi pped ki t chen
has been f ound advi sabl e. Ther e shoul d
be a
r ef r i ger at or r oomand l ocked st or age
cl oset .
The ki t chen shoul d be equi pped wi t h a st ove
f or t op and oven cooki ng. I f i t i s a t wo- st or y
bui l di ng,
one ki t chen onl y on t he f i r st f l oor i s
r ecommended
and dumbwai t er s may be used,
wi t h a
pant r y on t he second f l oor . I n cases
wher e t he
f ood i s br ought f r om t he out si de
andnot cooked
on t he pr emi ses, t he ki t chen or
Fi g. 1

Pl an of pol i ce st at i on f or ci t y of 3, 500 popul at i on. One st or y, l ot 48 by 74 f t , bui l di ng 2, 794sq f t .
640
POLI CE STATI ONS
pant r y shoul d at l east have moder n st er i l i zi ng
di shwashi ng equi pment .
12. Laundr y Al aundr y shoul d be i ncl uded i n
t he j ai l , wi t h moder n- t ype equi pment and a
st er i l i zer f or cl ot hi ng and beddi ng.
13. J ani t or ' s Sl op Si nk Aj ani t or ' s sl op si nk
shoul d be pl aced i n an open space l ar ge enough
so t hat mops and cl eani ng gear can be hung
on r acks exposed t o sun and ai r . Thi s j ani t or ' s
r oom shoul d be wel l vent i l at ed and i nacces-
si bl e t o pr i soner s.
14. Segr egat i on Mal e and f emal e pr i soner s
must be kept ent i r el y separ at e. Ot her segr ega-
t i ons ar e necessar y,
such as separ at i ons of
j uveni l es, sent enced f r om
unsent enced pr i son-
er s,
t hose wi t h cr i me
r ecor ds and di sci pl i nar y
cases separ at ed
f r om dr unkar ds, vagr ant s,
t r af f i c vi ol at or s, and wi t nesses
. Pr i soner s
of unsound mi nd, cont agi ous
di sease car r i er s,
and known
sex per ver t s must be i sol at ed.
Pl ans shoul d pr ovi de cl ose and
r eadi l y mai n-
t ai ned super vi si on of
t he j ai l sect i ons housi ng
dr unks, t he i nsane,
or t he ment al l y di st ur bed.
15. Cel l s The
cel l s shoul d be ar r anged so t hat
maxi mum
secur i t y i s pr ovi ded f or pr i soner s
ser vi ng t i me, and
t hese cel l s must be sep-
ar at ed
f r omt hose housi ng mat er i al wi t nesses.
The maxi mum number of i ndi vi dual cel l s
makes possi bl e segr egat i on of pr i soner s. I n-
di vi dual cel l s ar e advi sed f or smal l j ai l s wher e
accommodat i ons ar e l i mi t ed. Cel l s f or women
pr i soner s, wher e women pr i soner s ar e r ar el y
housed, can be used f or j uveni l es. One cel l
shoul d be capabl e of heavy paddi ng f or vi ol ent
pr i soner s and shoul d be unf ur ni shed.
18. Cel l Fur ni t ur e Cel l s shoul d be equi pped
wi t h t oi l et , washbowl , a l ocker or cabi net
( pr ef er abl y an under - bed t ype) , a t abl e, and a
chai r or st ool . The cel l beds shoul d be met al ,
equi pped wi t h a cl ean mat t r ess, cl ean sheet s,
mat t r ess cover , bl anket s, pi l l ow, and pi l l ow-
case. The bed shoul d have a r i gi d bedspr i ng
f r ame br acket ed t o t he wal l . The washbowl
and t oi l et shoul d be pr i son t ype.
17. Dor mi t or i es Dor mi t or i es shoul d have at
l east 75 sq f t of f l oor spaceper pr i soner , have
10 f t cei l i ng hei ght , andt her e shoul d be at l east
one t oi l et and one washbowl f or each ei ght
i nmat es or f r act i on t her eof .
18. Tanks Tanks can be equi pped wi t h a
f as-
t ened bench and open t oi l et and ur i nal f or
pr i soner s. Tanks shoul d be l i mi t ed t o accom-
modat e not mor e t han 15 r nen each.
19. Fl oor Dr ai ns

Al l t he var i ous por t i ons of t he
bui l di ng shoul d cont ai n f l oor dr ai ns t o make
i t possi bl e t o f l ush out t he f l oor s t o avoi d
odor s.
20. Li ght i ng I t i s desi r abl e, wher e possi bl e,
t hat t he pr i soner s' l i vi ng quar t er s be accessi bl e
t o t he ent r ance of sunl i ght , and t he
wal l s
shoul d be pai nt ed i n l i ght
col or s . Wher e l i ght
i s dependent upon el ect r i cal f i xt ur es, t he f i x-
t ur es shoul d be t he bui l t - i n, t amper pr oof t ype
wi t h t emper ed pl at e gl ass f r ont f or
pr ot ect i on
of t he l amp.
21. Pl umbi ng

Adequat e wat er
and sewage sys-
t ems shoul d be pr ovi ded . Pr ovi si on f or
pr i son-
er s t o obt ai n dr i nki ng
wat er shoul d be pr o-
vi ded
by
t he
i nst al l at i on of r ecessed sani t ar y
dr i nki ng f ount ai ns i nst al l ed t hr oughout t he
j ai l . Bat hi ng f aci l i t i es ( shower s)
shoul d be
avai l abl e f or dai l y
use.
I n t he
l ar ger pol i ce
st at i ons, some t ubbat hs f or
womenar er ecom-
mended
. Ther most at i cal l y cont r ol l ed, con-
ceal ed mi xi ng val ves shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or
al l shower s
and
hot
wat er suppl y t o l avat or i es .
For
f l ushi ng devi ces, t he cont r ol shoul d be
vandal pr oof , pushbut t on- oper at ed,
and f l ush-
i ng t ype
val ve adj ust abl e f or f l ushi ng t i me.
Toi l et s and ur i nal s shoul d have a si mi l ar t ype
of pushbut t on
val ve. Lavat or i es shoul d be
equi pped wi t h
sel f - cl osi ng, pushbut t on- op-
er at ed val ves and i nt egr al suppl y spout and
nozzl e and an i nt egr al sl owdr ai ni ng
st r ai ner .
Hand- oper at ed val ves, whi ch
ar e easi l y dam-
aged,
shoul d not be used
.
Wast e and vent
st acks,
as
wel l
as
suppl y
and exhaust duct s,
must be pr oper l y const r uct ed so t hat t he
pr i soner s cannot use t hemf or communi cat i on.
Pl umbi ng f i xt ur es shoul d be wal l - mount ed i n
t he t anks and i ndi vi dual cel l s. For padded cel l s,
a f l ushi ng- r i mf l oor dr ai n i s t he onl y t oi l et f i x-
t ur e whi ch can be used, and i t s f l ushi ng val ve
shoul d be l ocat ed i n t he pi pe space t o be
oper at ed onl y by super vi sor y per sonnel out si de
t he cel l .
Shower s shal l have vandal pr oof head wi t h
conceal ed pushbut t on- oper at ed f l ushi ng- t ype
val ve wi t h adj ust abl e f l ushi ng t i me, and, as
ment i oned above, al l hot wat er shoul d be t her -
most at i cal l y cont r ol l ed t o pr event scal di ng .
22. Recei vi ng Gar age Ar ecei vi ng gar age shoul d
be bui l t i mmedi at el y adj acent t o t he bui l di ng
or made a par t of i t , so t hat car s coul d dr i ve
i n of f t hest r eet or al l eydi r ect l y i nt o t hegar age.
Thi s gar age shoul d not be used f or par ki ng
pur poses but mer el y f or t he di schar ge of
pr i soner s when t hey ar e br ought t o t he pol i ce
st at i on. The j ai l el evat or shoul d be i n such a
posi t i on as t o be easi l y avai l abl e di r ect l y f r om
t hi s gar age .
POLI CE STATI ON- CI TI ES OF 3, 500 AND
7, 000 POPULATI ON
A. Gener al Needs
Al t hough a ci t y wi t h 3, 500 or 7, 000 popul at i on
r equi r es l ess j ai l space, never t hel ess, space
f or t r af f i c r epor t s and cour t r oom i s needed,
and i t i s most i mpor t ant t o have a onest or y
pl an wel l ar r anged, as per sonnel i s ver y l i mi t ed.
The same r equi r ement s f or ci r cul at i on, i sol a-
t i on, and publ i c and pr i vat e ent r ances, as
descr i bed f or t he l ar ger
ci t i es,
ar e equal l y
i mpor t ant .
The pr i soner booki ng r oom, j ai l , and gener al
of f i ce shoul d
be ar r anged so
t hat
one
of f i cer
can book and super vi se pr i soner s, handl e
communi cat i ons, and ser ve t he publ i c wi t hout
l eavi ng t he mai n of f i ce. The ent r ance t o t hej ai l
and r out i ng of pr i soner t r af f i c must be separ at e
f r omt he publ i c ar ea t r af f i c
.
Ther e shoul d be
an
encl osed,
escapepr oof hal l way or ar ea
f or
conduct i ng pr i soner s f r omt he j ai l t o t he cour t -
r oom.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
POLI CE STATI ONS
B. Pol i ce St at i on - Zi t y of 3, 500
Popul at i on
The f l oor pl an f or
3, 500 or l ess popul at i on on
a smal l l ot on a cor ner
st r eet has al l t he needed
cent r al cont r ol but has
f ewof f i ces and a smal l
j ai l ( see Fi g. 1) .
1 . Cour l ooosl

The
cour t r oomi s l ocat ed so as t o
be accessi bl e t o men
pr i soner s, whi l e women
pr i soner s can be br ought t hr ough
t he of f i ce
t o cour t .
As t he cour t r oomi s somet i mes
used f or spe-
ci al meet i ngs, i t i s pl anned t o have a
separ at e
ent r ance l obby so t he publ i c need
not pass
t hr ough t he pol i ce st at i on f oyer and di st ur b
t he
of f i ce at ni ght .
2. Men' s Cel l s
One padded cel l , one t wo- bed
cel l , end a
l ar ge t ank ar e pr ovi ded. The t ank
canser veas a
dayr oomi n t hi s pl an . Beds coul d
be pl aced i n t he t ank
.
3. Mul t i use Cel l s The
mul t i - use i sol at i on cel l
wi t h t wo beds can be
f or i sol at i on, f or - t wo i n-
mat es, f or j uveni l es, or , i n
r ar e cases, i t can be
used as a women' s cel l ,
i n whi ch l at t er case a
mat r on must be cal l ed i n
and t he exami nat i on
r oomi s f or her use. The
mul t i pur pose cel l
coul d be ar r anged f or t wo t wo- beds so
t hat
al t oget her si x i nmat es coul dbe accommodat ed.
I f buds ar epl aced i n t he t ank, up t o t en i nmat es
, , oul d be housed.
4, Pant r y
The pant r y i s f or ser vi ce and di sh-
washi ng i n case
meal s ar e so ar r anged. I t can
be used as a smal l
l abor at or y i f not used as a
pant r y.
5. Possi bl e
Expansi on I f t he par t i cul ar ci t y has
a
gr eet er maxi mumnumber of pr i soner s, i t
shoul d be
not ed t hat t he men' s j ai l coul d be
expanded i nt o
t he car por t space by pl aci ng t he
car por t space
f ar t her back on t hel ot and bui l d-
i ng mor e
cel l s on t he cel l si de of t he cor r i dor .
Adayr oomi n back
of t he t ank si de of t he cor -
r i dor coul d be pr ovi ded.
Summar y of Requi r ement s
Popul at i on: Less t han
3, 500. See Fi g. 1 f or pl an
Number of Per sons
i n
Pol i ce
Depar t ment : Mal e
of f i cer s, 4
Par ki ng : Space f or pol i ce of f i ci al s' car s and
publ i c' s vehi cl es, 4 ( mi n. )
Est i mat e of Space and Faci l i t i es, Requi r ement s
f or
I .
Gener al Pol i ce Admi ni st r at i on Oper a-
t i ons:
A. Execut i ve' s
Requi r ement s ( Roomor
space si zes
i n f eet ) :
1
.
Chi ef ' s
of f i ce
:
8by 14
2.
Pr i vat e ent r ance
3.
Conf er ence r oom: Combi ned wi t h
cour t r oom
4. Cooper at i ng of f i cer ' s r oom: 8 by 10
B. Recor ds
and Cl er i cal :
1. Cont r ol

r ecor ds

mai nt enance:
Combi ned wi t h
mai n of f i ce, t r af -
f i c r ecor ds, end
per sonnel r ec-
or ds
.
2. Mapspace:
I n mai n of f i ce
C. Communi cat i ons
:
1. Tel ephoneand
r adi o : I n mai n of f i ce
D. Tr ai ni ng:
1. Cl assr oom: Combi ned
wi t h cour t -
r oom
2. Li br ar y: Combi ned
wi t h chi ef ' s
of f i ce
3. Suppl i es st or age:
Combi ned wi t h
mai n of f i ce
E. I dent i f i cat i on:
1. Pr i nt s : Combi ned wi t h
shakedown
r oom
641
I I . Pr i soner s and J ai l Faci l i t i es
:
A. Recei vi ng, Pr ocessi ng,
and Conf i ne-
ment :
1 . Dr i ve- i n gar age:
12
by
25
2.
Booki ng,
sear chi ng r oom: 10 by
10
3. Medi cal
exami nat i on r oom: 8 by
8
4. I sol at i on cel l :
One, 7 by 8
5. Vi ol ent cel l : One, 7 by
7
6. Tank : 12 by 12
7. Dayr oom: Combi ned
wi t h t ank
B. Toi l et : I n cel l s
9. Shower : 3 by 7
10.
At t or neys' i nt er vi ewr oom
: 9by
9
11.
St or age: Combi ned wi t h j ani t or ' s
r oom
12. St or age

pr i soner s' pr oper t y:
Vaul t
4by 6
13. Pr i soner s'
wai t i ng space t o cour t -
r oom: 4 by 8
14. Pant r y: 6 by 8
B. Separ at e Rooms,
Faci l i t i es f or Women
Pr i soner s:
1. One mul t i - use
i sol at i on cel l : 12 by
12
2. Shower , t oi l et : 3 by 8
3. Mat r on' s r oom:
Combi ned wi t h
exami nat i on r oom: 8 by 8
4.
Mat r on' s t oi l et : 3 by 8
C. Separ at e Rooms f or J uveni l e
Pr i s-
oner s:
1
.
Use
mul t i - use i sol at i on cel l
111. Recei vi ng and
Assi st i ng Publ i c :
1. Separ at e ent r ance
f oyer : 10 by
14
2. Publ i c t oi l et s: Men' s
and wo-
men' s, each 5 by 10
3.
Publ i c t el ephone: I n f oyer
4. Compl ai nt count er :
Combi ned
wi t h mai n of f i ce, t r af f i c vi ol at i ons
and r epor t i ng acci dent s
I V.
Pol i ce Per sonnel
Requi r ement s :
1. Mal e l ocker r oom: 6 by 6
2
.
Toi l et : Combi ned wi t h j ani t or ' s
r oom
V. Pol i ce Pr oper t y Requi r ement s
:
1. St or age

of

r ecover ed r
st ol en
bi cycl es : Combi ned
wi t h met er
r epai r , 12 by 24
2. St or age of r ecover ed st ol en pr op-
er t y
3 . St or age
of Pol i ce Depar t ment
suppl i es : 8 by 8, near vaul t
VI . Pol i ce
Bui l di ng Mai nt enance Requi r e-
ment s:
1. J ani t or ' s
r oom: 6 by 10
2. Boi l er and
f ans : 10 by 10
3. Heat i ng,
vent i l at i ng: Combi ned
wi t h boi l er
r oom
4. Repai r s:
Combi ned wi t h met er
r epai r r oom
VI I . Cour t s :
1. Pol i ce
cour t r oom: 16 by 23
2. Cl er k' s
of f i ce
:
Combi ned wi t h
at t or ney' s
r oom, 9 by 9
3 . At t or ney' s r oom
: Combi ned wi t h
i nt er vi ewr oom
VI I I . Publ i c Saf et y Educat i on:
1. Saf et y: Combi ned wi t h mai n of f i ce
C. Pol i ce St at i on- Ci t y of 7, 000
Popul at i on
The pl an
shown i n Fi g. 2 f or 7, 000 popul at i on
i s f or a nar r ow
si t e on a st r eet cor ner .
1 . Of f i ces and
Cour t r oom Of f i ces f or of f i cer s
and t he
cent r al r ecor d of f i ce and cour t r oom
ar e pr ovi ded
. A4- f t wal l space i s needed f or
t he
i nt er communi cat i on syst em i n t he of f i ce.
The
at t or ney- cl er k' s r oommust ser ve al so as
vi si t or s'
r oom i n conj unct i on wi t h pr i soner s'
wai t i ng hal l back of t he
cour t r oom.
The mat r on' s of f i ce
must ser ve f or vi si t or s'
r oom f or women; and t he
at t or ney- cl er k' s
of f i ce, i n conj unct i on wi t h t he
cor r i dor f or
men pr i soner s, must ser ve
f or vi si t or s' r oom
f or men.
2. Women' s J ai l

The women' s cel l
f or f our i n-
mat es andadj acent cel l f or t wo i nmat es
coul d
be used f or j uveni l e or i sol at i on cel l s.
3. Pant r y

The ki t chenet t e i s a pant r y f or
ser v-
i ng f ood br ought i n f r omout si de and pl aced i n
t r ays, end f or di shwashi ng.
4. Men' s J ai l

For
men
t her e ar e t wo i sol at i on
cel l s, one padded
cel l , and f our f our - bed cel l s,
t hus housi ng 18 men
besi des t hose i n t he t ank .
Dayr oomf or t he pr i vi l eged i s
pr ovi ded.
Popul at i on: Less t han
7, 000, See Fi g. 2 f or
pl an .
Number of Per sons
i n Pol i ce Depar t ment :
Mal e of f i cer s, 8 t o 10
Par ki ng: Of f - st r eet
per ki ng ar ea f or pol i ce
vehi cl es adj acent t o t he pol i ce
bui l di ng; 2 car s .
Ar ea r equi r ed f or par ki ng car s of
per sons who
vi si t pol i ce headquar t er s ; 2car s .
Tot al , 4car e
( mi n. ) .
Locat i on of Pol i ce Headquar t er s
Faci l i t i es :
I n
t he
busi ness di st r i ct or manuf act ur i ng
di s-
t r i ct .
The bui l di ng shoul d be by i t sel f i f pos-
si bl e. I f not , wi t h t he ci t y hal l . I f i t i s combi ned,
t he
l i ght s, heat i ng, and vent i l at i on f or t he
pol i ce
depar t ment
ar e
t o be oper at ed sep-
ar at el y. Thepol i ce st at i on shoul d have separ at e
ent r ances,
one f or t he publ i c and one
f or
pr i soner s.
Est i mat e of Space andFaci l i t i es, Requi r ement s
f or
I . Gener al Pol i ce Admi ni st r at i ve Oper a-
t i ons:
A. Execut i ve' s Requi r ement s ( Roomor
space si zes i n f eet ) :
1. Chi ef ' s of f i ce: 11 by 14
2. Pr i vat e ent r ance : yes
3. Conf er ence
Roomand Cl assr oom:
Combi ned wi t h cour t r oom
4. Chi ef ' s of f i ce t oi l et : 3
by 8
5. Chi ef ' s of f i ce cl ot hes
cl oset : 2 by
4
B. Pecor ds and Cl er i cal :
1. Cent r al

r ecor ds

mai nt enance:
Combi ned wi t h mai n
of f i ce, t r af f i c
r ecor ds, and per sonnel r ecor ds
2. Map space: I n mai n of f i ce
3. Mi meogr aphi ng: I n mai n
of f i ce
C. Communi cat i ons :
1. Tel ephoneand r adi o i n mai n of f i ce
2. Publ i c t el ephone i n f oyer
D. Tr ai ni ng:
1 . Cl assr oom: Combi ned wi t h cour t -
r oom
2. Li br ar y: I n chi ef ' s of f i ce
3 .
Fi r ear ms r ange: At ci t y spor t s-
men' s r ange
4. Suppl i es
st or age: Combi ned wi t h
mai n of f i ce
E. I dent i f i cat i on
:
1. Phot ogr aphi ng
and Fi nger pr i nt i ng
r oom
2. Dar kr oom: 6 by
10
3. Li neup or show- up:
Combi ned
wi t h cour t r oom.
I I . Pr i soner s and J ai l
Faci l i t i es :
A. Recei vi ng, Pr ocessi ng
and Conf i ne-
ment :
1 . Dr i ve- i n gar age:
12 by 24
2.
Booki ng and sear chi ng r oom
: 10
by 10
642
Fi g. 3

Pl an
of
pol i ce st at i on f or ci t y
of 15, 000
popul at i on. Bui l di ng 6, 000 sq f t .
l a)
Fi r st f l oor pl an. ( b) Second
f l oor pl an.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
POLI CE
STATI ONS
C. Communi cat i ons : Combi ned wi t h
gener al of f i ce
D. Tr ai ni ng :
1 . Cl assr oom: Combi ned wi t h cour t -
r oom, 17
by 24
2. Li br ar y : Opt i onal , 10 by 12
3. Fi r ear ms r ange
:
15
by
70
4. Suppl i es st or age: 6 by
6
E.
I dent i f i cat i on :
1 . Phot ogr aphi ng and
f i nger pr i nt i ng
r ooms : Combi ned wi t h r ecor d
r oor n, 9
by
12
2. Phot ogr aphi c dar k r oom
: 6 by 8
3. I dent i f i cat i on r ecor ds :
Combi ned
wi t h mai n of f i ce
4. St or age: 6 by 6 or combi ned wi t h
hal l l ocker s
5. Li neup or show- up: Combi nedwi t h
cour t r oom
F. Of f i ce f or Use of Ot her Enf or cement
Agenci es' Repr esent at i ves
( Mi l i t ar y
Pol i ce. Feder al Agent s, Par ol e Of -
f i cer s) : 10 by 10, opt i onal
11. Pr i soner s and J ai l Faci l i t i es :
A. Recei vi ng, Pr ocessi ng, and Conf i ne-
ment :
1 . Dr i ve- i n, escapepr oof gar age:
15 by 25
2. Booki ng and sear chi ng r ooms :
10 by 12
3. Physi ci an' s of f i ce and medi cal
exami nat i on and t r eat ment
who
vi si t
pol i ce
headquar t er s ; 3 t o 6 car s .
Tot al , 9 t o 12 car s ( mi n. )
.
Est i mat e of Space andFaci l i t i es, Requi r ement s
f or
I . Gener al Pol i ce Admi ni st r at i on
Oper a-
t i ons :
A. Execut i ve' s Requi r ement s ( Room
or space si zes i n f eet ) :
1 . Chi ef ' s of f i ce: 12 by 12 t o 12 by 15
2. Pr i vat e ent r ance : 3 by 6
3. Conf er ence r oom: 10 by 10
4. Chi ef ' s of f i ce t oi l et : 6 by 8
5. Chi ef ' s of f i ce cl ot hes cl oset : 2 by
4
6 . Assi st ant chi ef ' s of f i ce : 9 by 10
7. Chi ef ' s secr et ar y' s of f i ce: Com-
bi ned wi t h mai n r ecor d r oom, 10
by 17
8. Ot her : wai t i ng r oom or publ i c
l obby: 15 by 20
B. Recor ds and Cl er i cal :
1 . Cent r al r ecor ds mai nt enance, i n
mai n of f i ce, 12 by 18
2. Map r oomand l i br ar y ( acci dent s
and cr i me dat a) : Combi ned wi t h
of f i cer s' br i ef i ng r oom, 9 by 15
3. Ol d r ecor ds st or age : 4 by 6
4. Men st af f t oi l et s and l ocker s : 8
by 10
5. Women st af f t oi l et s and l ocker s :
8 by 10
6 . Met er r epai r r oom: 10 by 12
4. J uveni l es' Women' s Cel l s Ther e ar e cel l s
f or
f our j uveni l es . For t he women' s j ai l , t her e i s
a cel l f or f our i nmat es and a smal l t ank,
whi ch
can al so ser ve as an i sol at i on cel l .
5. Men' s J ai l For t he men' s j ai l t her e i s one
ei ght - bed gr oup cel l whi ch can be used f or
t r ust i es, t wo i sol at i on cel l s, one padded cel l ,
and one si xt een- bed and one ei ght - bed gr oup
cel l wi t h dayr ooms . Amaxi mumnumber of 34
men
can be housed, besi des t hose i n t he t ank.
6. Second Fl oor Al t er nat e I t shoul d be not ed t hat
i f t he men' s j ai l i s on t he second f l oor , t he j ai l
quar t er s ar e not over t he j uveni l es' or women' s
j ai l quar t er s . I nt er communi cat i on t hus i s i m-
possi bl e and t her e ar e no speci al const r uct i on
pr obl ems . The second f l oor , however , r equi r es
one mor e of f i cer on dut y t han woul d be r e-
qui r ed i n t he case of t he onest or y pl an.
1. St ai r s The encl osed passage end/ or st ai r s
t o t he cour t r oom f or men pr i soner s i s pr o-
vi ded f or whet her a onest or y or a t wo- st or y
pl an i s adopt ed .
Popul at i on : Less t han 15, 000. See Fi gs . 3
and 4 f or pl ans .
Par ki ng : Of f - st r eet par ki ng
ar ea
f or pol i ce
vehi cl es adj acent t o t he pol i ce bui l di ng : 6 car s .
Ar ea
r equi r ed f or par ki ng car s of per sons
POLI CE STATI ONS
r ooms : Combi ned wi t h i nt er r o-
gat i on r oom
4. I sol at i on cel l s : Two, 7 by 8 each
5. Vi ol ent cel l s : One, 6 by 7
6 . Gr oup cel l s : Two, 8 by 13
7 . Cel l bl ock : One 10 by 24; One
15by24
8. Tank: 12 by 17
9. Dayr oom: Two, 9 by 20 and 12
by 20
10.
Toi l et
i n
cel l s
and shower r oom:
Two, 4by 6
11
.
At t or neys'
i nt er r ogat i on r oom:
9by10
12. Pr i soner s' vi si t i ng
r oom: 8 by 8
13. Del ousi ng r oom: 6 by 6
14. Laundr y: 8 by 8
15. St or age, cl eani ng ut ensi l s : 9 by
13, combi ned wi t h st or age
16. St or age, beddi ng : 6 by 8
17 . St or age, pr i soner s' pr oper t y :
4 by 6, or l ocker s
18 . Pr i soner s' wai t i ng r oomadj acent
t o cour t r oom: 7 by 8
19. Ki t chen : 8 by 10
20. Ref r i ger at or : 4 by 6, opt i onal
21. Food st or age: 4 by 6
B. Separ at e Rooms f or Women Pr i s-
oner s :
1 . One i sol at i on cel l : 8 by 12
2. One vi ol ent cel l : 7 by 7, opt i onal
3 . One t ank: 9 by 10
4. One shower i n t ank, one i n cel l ,
t oi l et i n each cel l
5. Mat r on' s r oom: 10 by 14, pl us 4
by 6 t oi l et opt i onal
C. Separ at e Rooms f or J uveni l e Of f end-
er s :
1 . Two cel l s : 7 by 8
2. One shower , One t oi l et i n cel l
111. Recei vi ng and Assi st i ng Publ i c :
1 . Separ at e ent r ance
2. Publ i c wai t i ng r oom: 10 by 14 t o
15 by 24
3. Publ i c t oi l et s : Men' s and women' s,
8
by
8 each
4
.
Publ i c t el ephone: One pay phone,
3 by 3
5.
I nf or mat i on cent er : Desk ser geant
6
.
Compl ai nt count er
:
Combi ned wi t h
gener al of f i ce,
12
by
18
7. Tr af f i c vi ol at i ons bur eau: Com-
bi ned wi t h compl ai nt count er
8. Tr af f i c acci dent r epor t i ng count er :
One 3 by 5 desk
I V. Pol i ce Per sonnel Requi r ement s :
1 . Mal e empl oyees' l ounge: 10 by 12,
opt i onal i n basement
2. Mal e l ocker r oom: Ten l ocker s
i n 9 by 12 r oom
3. Women' s l ocker r oom: One l ocker
i n women' s of f i ce t oi l et
4. Mal e shower and t oi l et r oom:
Two t oi l et s, one shower combi ned
wi t h l ounge
5. Gymnasi um: 27 by 23, i n base-
ment
6
.
Lunchr oomand cof f ee bar : 9 by
10, i n squad r oom i n basement
V. Pol i ce Pr oper t y Requi r ement s :
1 . St or age of uni f or ms : Locker s i n
basement
2. St or age of guns and
ammuni t i on :
5by6
3. St or age of pol i ce vehi cl es :
Two
car s, 20 by 24
4. St or age of r ecover ed st ol en
bi cycl es : 10 by 12
5. St or age of r ecover ed st ol en
pr op-
er t y : Combi ned wi t h st or age
6 . St or age of pol i ce depar t ment
sup-
pl i es : Two cupboar ds i n of f i cer s'
r oom
VI . Pol i ce Bui l di ng Mai nt enance Requi r e-
ment s :
1 . J ani t or ' s r oom and l ocker s :
Cl oset s on each f l oor
2. Boi l er and f uel : 14 by 16
3. Heat i ng and vent i l at i ng
syst em
4.
El ect r i cal cont r ol s
: Emer gency
8 kva el ect r i c
gener at or uni t f or
r adi o and l i ght s
5.
Repai r
and const r uct i on : 12 by 15
VI I . Cour t s .
1
.
Pol i ce cour t r oom: 18 by
33, Com-
bi ned wi t h cour t r oom
2. J udge' s chamber s : 9 by
9
3. Cour t cl er k' s of f i ce :
Combi ned
wi t h i t em2
VI I I . Pol i ce Di vi si onal Oper at i ons :
A. Det ect i ve Di vi si on:
1 .
Of f i ce of
of f i cer - i n- char ge : 8 by 10,
Combi ned wi t h
i nt er r ogat i on or
assi st ant chi ef
2.
I nt er r ogat i on
r ooms : 8 by 8, Com-
bi ned wi t h
exami ni ng r oom
B. Women' s ( Mor al s) Bur eau:
1 . Of f i ce of of f i cer - i n- char ge :
9by 15,
Combi ned wi t h i nt er r ogat i on r oom
C. J uveni l e Di vi si on:
1 . Of f i ce of of f i cer - i n- char ge :
8 by 10,
Combi ned wi t h i nt er r ogat i on r oom
D. Publ i c Saf et y Educat i on:
1 . Bi cycl e l i censi ng r oom
: 8 by 10
DESCRI PTI ONOF PLANFORASMALL TOWN
HALL WI THPOLI CE STATI ON
A. Si t e Locat i on
The si t e l ocat i on can be anypl ace cent r al l y l o-
cat ed i n t own. Di st ances acr oss a smal l t own
ar e t oo shor t t o pr esent speci al pr obl ems .
Usual l y t he f i r e depar t ment i s a r ur al f i r e di s-
t r i ct wi t h t he f i r e st at i on l ocat ed on separ at e
pr oper t y, al t hough i t coul d be on t he same l ot .
I n some cases t he
l i br ar y
can
be pl anned on t he
same si t e i f t he ent r ance i s on t he opposi t e
si de f r omt he pr i soner s' ent r ance.
B. Pl ans
Apl an of a smal l t own
hal l
i s shown i n Fi g .
4.
C. RoomSpaces
1 . Cour t and Counci l Room

For a smal l t own i n a
r ur al f i r e di st r i ct , wi t h f ewut i l i t i es t o oper at e,
a combi ned ci t y hal l and pol i ce st at i on i s de-
si r abl e, as t he counci l r oom can
ser ve as a
cour t r oom, and onl y one heat i ng uni t i s
needed .
2. Ci t y Hel l Of f i ces To pr ovi de f or best use
of
per sonnel , si nce t he cl er k- t r easur er may ser ve
onl y par t t i me, t he mar shal ' s of f i ce i s l ocat ed
t o over see t he t own hal l ' s publ i c l obby as wel l
as t he pr i soner s' ent r ance and j ai l . The r equi r e-
ment of r epor t i ng t r af f i c acci dent s war r ant s
t he of f i ce bei ng kept open dai l y.
3. Of f i ces

Thi s smal l pl an has an of f i ce f or t he
mayor or conf er ence r oom, one cl er k- t r easur er
Fi g. 3 ( cont . )

Pl an of pol i ce
st at i on f or ci t y of 15, 000 popul at i on. Bui l di ng 6, 000 sq f f .
( a)
Fi r st f l oor pl an. ( b)
Second f l oor pl an.
5
.
Men' s
Cel l s

The men' s j ai l i ncl udes
t he t ank
and t wo t wo- bed cel l s . Al t oget her
si x i nmat es,
besi des t hose i n t he t ank, can
be housed.
Toi l et s and heat i ng pl ant ar e i ncl uded
.
4. J uveni l es' and
Women' s Cel l s

one
t wo- bed i so-
l at ed cel l can
ser ve f or j uveni l e
or women
pr i soner s, or as
an i sol at i on cel l
. Sel domi s i t
needed
f or al l such uses at
t he same t i me.
Fi g . 4

Smal l t own
hal l wi t h pol i ce st at i on.
of f i ce, a vaul t
used by t he
mar shal and ci t y
cl er k, and a
cour t - counci l r oom.
The r ec-
or ds r oomand
t he mar shal ' s of f i ce
ar e i n one
uni t .
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
POLI CE STATI ONS
POLI CE FACI LI TY
shoul d be of bul l et - r esi st ant mat er i al . An i nt er i or
gar den cour t coul d be one of t he met hods used
t o cr eat e a qui et , beaut i f ul , and ser ene at mo-
spher e t hat coul d
psychol ogi cal l y benef i t t he ent i r e
st af f and
el i mi nat e t he f eel i ng of bei ng encl osed
i n a wi ndowl ess f or t r ess . Whenever possi bl e, t he
ext er i or of t he bui l di ng shoul d not i ncl ude wi n-
dows .
The so- cal l ed " wi ndowl ess" bui l di ng maycon-
t ai n consi der abl e gl ass, but t he gl ass i s posi t i oned
i n such a manner t hat none of t he i nt er i or act i vi t i es
can be vi ewed f r omt he
ext er i or
ar eas. Psychol og-
i col l y,
gl ass used i n t hi s manner can compl et el y
el i mi nat e t he f eel i ng by t he st af f t hat t hey ar e
wor ki ng i n a wi ndowl ess f aci l i t y.
The pol i ce bui l di ng shoul d
be
desi gned t o pr o-
vi de ser vi ces t o t he publ i c as wel l as t o f ul f i l l
t he ever yday wor ki ng
needs of
t he pol i ce. The
st r uct ur e shoul d be r eadi l y accessi bl e wi t h ampl e
publ i c and pr i vat e par ki ng
space.
Pr oper l y de-
si gned l andscapi ng, f l agpol es, and i dent i f yi ng i l -
l umi nat ed si gns
can and shoul d be at t r act i ve
and
f unct i onal
component s of t he bui l di ng
.
Hor i zont al Pl an
Abui l di ng wi t h t he l east number of f l oor s i s mor e
economi cal because l ess per sonnel ar e r equi r ed
t o super vi se i t . Whi l e a mul t i st or y bui l di ng may
cost l ess i n const r uct i on and
be
a savi ng i n l and
cost s, t he ext r a out l ay f or admi ni st r at i ve per son-
nel , year af t er year , wi l l never cease. I n t i me,
i t wi l l pr obabl y be f or gr eat er t han t he addi t i onal
cost of t he mor e desi r abl e hor i zont al pl an.
The hor i zont al desi gn phi l osophy l essens t he
need f or st ai r s and el evat or s whi ch, when ut i l i zed,
add hazar d pot ent i al when movi ng pr i soner s, f or
bomb pl acement , f or f i r e, and so on.
Human Needs
Al awenf or cement agency
deal s
wi t h many peo-
pl e. Basi cal l y, however , t hey can be di vi ded i nt o
t hr ee cat egor i es :
. Depar t ment per sonnel
. Gener al publ i c
. Pr i soner s
Each gr oup has speci f i c needs i n a pol i ce bui l d-
i ng and t he needs of each shoul d be consi der ed
as t hey r el at e
t o
t he
ent i r e
f aci l i t y.
Depar t ment Per sonnel The t er m " depar t ment
per sonnel " i ncl udes al l empl oyees of an agency-
execut i ves, manager s, super vi sor s, of f i cer s ( bot h
uni f or med and pl ai ncl ot hed) , cl er i cal , and speci al
empl oyees.
Uni f or med per sonnel who const i t ut e t he bul k
of empl oyees usual l y r epor t t o a cent r al l ocat i on
whi ch shoul d i ncl ude l ocker s, shower s, and physi -
cal exer ci se ar ea. Abr i ef i ng r oomwi t h t he capac-
i t y t o accommodat e appr oxi mat el y t wo- t hi r ds of
t he pat r ol f or ce shoul d be l ocat ed near t he l ocker
r ooms. Asepar at e ent r ance i nt o t he bui l di ng
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or use by pol i ce empl oyees
onl y. Unnecessar y mi ngl i ng of pol i ce of f i cer s, t he
publ i c, and pr i soner s
shoul d be
avoi ded i n
t he
pol i ce f aci l i t y.
gar age f or pol i ce vehi cl es may be desi r abl e. A
r ampl eadi ng f r omt he basement l evel woul d pr o-
vi de adequat e st r eet access . Pl aci ng t he
gar age
and of f i ci al par ki ng f aci l i t i es i n t he basement wi l l
r educe noi se l evel s at shi f t
change t i mes and dur -
i ng t he conduct of dai l y act i vi t i es, t her eby avoi d-
i ng
i nconveni ence t o adj acent l and owner s .
The par ki ng l ot or r oof of t he st r uct ur e shoul d
al so
be consi der ed as apossi bl e si t e f or ahel i cop-
t er l andi ng pod.
THE BUI LDI NG
Apol i ce bui l di ng
shoul d be r egar ded as a vi abl e
and f l exi bl e st r uct ur e. I t shoul d be capabl e of
gr owi ng wi t h t he communi t y and t he depar t ment
i t ser ves . The ar chi t ect shoul d be f ul l y awar e of
t he gr owt h pot ent i al of t he depar t ment and
shoul d desi gn a f aci l i t y t hat wi l l meet not onl y
t he pr esent needs of t he agency, but al so i t s
f ut ur e needs.
Pol i ce Funct i on Onl y
I deal l y, t he bui l di ng
shoul d house
onl y
t he pol i ce
component of t he cr i mi nal j ust i ce syst em. Except
i n ver y smal l communi t i es, t he bui l di ng shoul d
be excl usi vel y or i ent ed t o t he pol i ce f unct i on.
Consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o separ at i ng t he
pol i ce f r omt he i ncar cer at i on f unct i on and t he
associ at ed st r i ngent desi gn f eat ur es necessar y
whent hej ai l i s made apar t of t he pol i ce bui l di ng.
Si mi l ar l y, t he
j udi ci al
f unct i ons
woul d best
ser ve t he needs of t he peopl e i f t hey wer e not
l ocat ed i n t he same bui l di ng as t he
pol i ce.
The
f r amer s of our Const i t ut i on made i t per f ect l y cl ear
t hat t her e must
be separ at i on of
power
bet ween
t he execut i ve, l egi sl at i ve, and j udi ci al br anches
of gover nment
; t her ef or e, we ur ge physi cal sepa-
r at i on of t he pol i ce f aci l i t y, t he cour t s, and t he
j ai l .
Ext er i or Desi gn Phi l osophy
Al l publ i c bui l di ngs shoul d r ef l ect an at mospher e
of r est r ai ned di gni t y, per manence, secur i t y,
beaut y, and st r engt h
.
I t i s i mper at i ve t hat apol i ce
f aci l i t y i mpar t t he sense of st r engt h and per ma-
nence t o a gr eat er degr ee t han ot her gover nmen-
t al st r uct ur es . To t he publ i c, t he pol i ce bui l di ng
shoul d r epr esent
a f r i endl y, busi nessl i ke, pr of es-
si onal bui l di ng compl ex. Secur i t y pr ovi si ons must ,
of cour se, be i ncor por at ed i nt o t he desi gn be-
cause of t he vol at i l i t y of our t i mes; however , i t
i s possi bl e t o ar t f ul l y di sgui se t hem so t hat t he
f or t r ess i mage i s not t he pr edomi nant f eat ur e of
t he st r uct ur e.
Thepol i ce f aci l i t y shoul d be const r uct ed of non-
combust i bl e mat er i al s. The desi gn of t he bui l di ng,
i ncl udi ng t he ext er i or sur f aces, l andscapi ng, and
ot her el ement s, shoul d be pl anned t o r educe t he
number of ar eas wher e expl osi ves maybe hi dden.
Rei nf or ced masonr y on t he ext er i or wal l s and ei -
t her concr et e or a l i ght wei ght concr et e l ayer on
t he r oof ,
wi l l i mpr ove t he bui l di ng' s r esi st ance
t o manmade [ si c] or nat ur al di sast er s. Many r e-
f i nement s t o i ncr ease bui l di ng saf et y and secur i t y
can
be pr ovi ded at l i t t l e addi t i onal cost . Al l or
most of t he gl ass ar eas, bot h i nt er i or andext er i or ,
SI TE SELECTI ON
Accessi bi l i t y
Fr oma t ot al pr ogr amst andpoi nt , sever al possi bl e
si t es shoul d be i nspect ed f or a
pr oposed
l awen-
f or cement bui l di ng . Sever al f act or s shoul d be
t aken
i nt o consi der at i on when sel ect i ng t he si t e
i ncl udi ng l ocat i on, avai l abl e l and ar ea, conf i gur a-
t i on, and r el at i onshi p
of t he si t e t o maj or ar t er i es
and mai n hi ghways t hat ext end t hr oughout t he
ar ea. Addi t i onal l y, t he r el at i onshi p of t he pr o-
posedbui l di ng t o exi st i ng gover nment al st r uct ur es
shoul d be consi der ed, wi t h par t i cul ar emphasi s
pl aced on t he r el at i ve pr oxi mi t y
t o
t he
exi st i ng
cour t s, j oi l s, and pr i sons.
Pr i mar y consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o t he
sel ect i on
of a si t e t hat wi l l pr ovi de maxi mumac-
cessi bi l i t y t o t he communi t y bei ng ser ved. The
f aci l i t y
shoul d be as cl ose t o t he cent er s of busi -
ness, i ndust r i es, school s, wel f ar e agenci es,
and
t he cour t s as ci r cumst ances per mi t andi n an ar ea
whi ch can be ser ved by publ i c t r anspor t at i on.
Not onl y wi l l t hi s f aci l i t at e t he use of such r e-
sour ces, but pr obl ems i n st af f i ng ar e si mpl i f i ed
when t her e ar e not
t i r i ng and compl i cat ed dai l y
t r i ps t o and f r omt he f aci l i t y. For pr i soner s who
ar e sel ect ed t o par t i ci pat e i n
pr ogr ams of wor k
r el ease, st udy r el ease, cl i ni cal ser vi ces, or ot her
communi t y act i vi t i es, t r anspor t at i on pr obl ems can
cont r i but e heavi l y t o t he success of such pr o-
gr ams.
The f aci l i t y shoul d be easi l y accessi bl e t o t he
publ i c and not hi dden on a
si de st r eet or on a
si t e wi t h ver y l i mi t ed st r eet f r ont ages. The bui l d-
i ng shoul d be r el at ed t o one or t wo of t he mai n
st r eet s connect i ng bot h nor t h and sout h and east
and west por t i ons of t he ci t y. The
bui l di ng shoul d
not f ace on ext r emel y busy hi ghway or t hr ough-
ci t y t hor oughf ar e, whi ch
mi ght make access i nt o
t he t r af f i c l anes di f f i cul t .
The si t e shoul d
be accessi bl e t o t wo st r eet s,
r at her t han one. Sever al ent r ances
and exi t s
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or pol i ce vehi cl es t o ensur e
i mmedi at e access and
egr ess t o and
f r om t he
si t e i n t he event one of t he ent r ances mi ght be
t empor ar i l y bl ocked.
Resi dent s can best be ser ved by t he cent r al
l ocat i on of al l cr i mi nal j ust i ce component s and
act i vi t i es
i n a cent r al i zed desi gn concept .
Par ki ng
The
si t e shoul d be adequat e, not onl y f or t he
bui l di ng i t sel f , but t o accommodat e a pol i ce mo-
t or - cour t act i vi t y,
st af f par ki ng ar ea, and publ i c
of f - st r eet par ki ng r equi r ement s . The par ki ng
space al l ocat ed
f or empl oyee vehi cl es and f or
pol i ce vehi cl es i s i mpor t ant when maki ng shi f t
changes and r emovi ng pr i soner s t o and f r omj ai l .
I n t he case of a combi ned pol i ce/ j ai l f aci l i t y, a
pr i vat e j ai l booki ng ent r ance
( sal l y
por t )
and pr i s-
oner pr ocessi ng ar ea, easi l y accessi bl e t o aut omo-
bi l es, shoul d be i ncl uded i n t he pl ans.
I n some i nst ances, a basement - l evel par ki ng
Pol i ce Faci l i t y Desi gn, Bur eau of Oper at i ons and Re-
sear ch, I nt er nat i onal Associ at i on of Chi ef s of Pol i ce,
Gai t her sbur g, Mar yl and, 1978.
Fi g. 1

Model pr i soner - pr ocessi ng
ar r angement .
POLI CE FACI LI TY
and shoul d be al l owed
f ur t her access onl y af t er
t he need has
been demonst r at ed. Fi gur e 2shows
t he f unct i onal r el at i onshi ps of
t he t hr ee ent r ances.
Space Al l ocat i on The
f unct i onal pol i cy f aci l i t y
shoul d be as
f l exi bl e as possi bl e f or ef f i ci ency
and economy. A
f l exi bl e bui l di ng i s one i n whi ch
I nt er i or Desi gn Feat ur es
One of
t he basi c r equi r ement s of a f unct i onal
f l oor pl an i n amoder n pol i ce f aci l i t y i s
t he cont r ol
of i nt er nal
ci r cul at i on. Ef f i ci ency and saf et y di c-
t at e t hat t he publ i c ent er t he bui l di ng
t hr ough
a si ngl e ent r ance i nt o a cont r ol l ed l obby. The
publ i c shoul d not penet r at e beyond
t he l obby
Gener al publ i c

The maj or i t y of
per sons vi si t i ng
t he pol i ce headquar t er s wi l l have busi ness onl y
at t he cent r al i nf or mat i on
cent er . Ther ef or e, t he
publ i c i nf or mat i on
l obby shoul d be a par t of t he
i nf or mat i on cent er
oper at i on andshoul d be easi l y
accessi bl e
f r omt he mai n ent r ance. Empl oyees i n
t he i nf or mat i on cent er
can t hen handl e i nqui r i es
and r ef er cal l er s t o t he pr oper of f i ci al or of f i ce.
As agener al r ul e, t he
bui l di ng shoul d be pl anned
and
equi pped t o avoi d conf usi ng t he publ i c . Of -
f i ces shoul d be pl ai nl y
desi gnat ed by f unct i onal
t i t l es on t he door s. Aconveni ent l y pl aced
bui l di ng
di r ect or y i n t he l obby i s
al so ani mpor t ant f eat ur e
t hat shoul d not be over l ooked.
Pr i soner s

When t he j ai l f aci l i t y i s l ocat ed wi t hi n
t he pol i ce bui l di ng and/ or
when pr i soner booki ng
i s done at pol i ce headquar t er s, speci al desi gn
f eat ur es
must be i ncor por at ed t o accommodat e
t hi s f unct i on. Pr i soner s shoul d ent er t he bui l di ng
t hr ough a separ at e
secur e ent r ance. Asal l y por t
wi t h aut omat i c door s and dr i ve- i n
pr ovi si on
shoul d be par t of
t he secur i t y ent r ance. Amodel
pr i soner - pr ocessi ng ar r angement i s
shown i n
Fi g. 1.
The r eader shoul d r ef er t o Fi g
.
2 t o
bet t er un-
der st and
t he r el at i onshi p of t he t hr ee separ at e
ent r ances, publ i c par ki ng, empl oyee par ki ng, and
pol i ce
vehi cl e par ki ng. Not e i n Fi g. 2 t he secur i t y
f eat ur e of t hegat e separ at i ng t he pol i ce vehi cl es
f r ompubl i c access . Whenever t he pol i ce f aci l i t y
i s l ocat ed i n a r esi dent i al ar ea,
hi gh shr ubber y
and,
mor e pr ef er abl y, a masonr y wal l sur r oundi ng
t he pol i ce par ki ng ar ea shoul d pr ot ect
t he adj a-
cent r esi dent s f r omt he gl ar e of vehi cl e l i ght s at
ni ght .
Fi g. 2 Ext er i or desi gn r el at i onshi p
.
Fi g. 4
Conf er ence r ooms.
Fi g. 3

Of f i ce
f or pol i ce
chi ef .
t he i nt er i or space i s adapt abl e t o a br oad var i et y
of occupanci es andt he ext er i or wal l s ar e expand-
abl e t o meet f ut ur e gr owt h needs .
I n some cases, i nt er i or f l exi bi l i t y may be at -
t ai ned by t he i nst al l at i on of movabl e par t i t i ons
whi ch can pr ovi de necessar y pr i vacy and al so
may be shi f t ed t o meet f ut ur e f unct i onal space
needs . Par t i t i ons
appr oxi mat el y 6 f eet
i n
hei ght
af f or d suf f i ci ent pr i vacy wi t hout af f ect i ng l i ght
or ai r condi t i oni ng. Pr i vat e of f i ces and smal l
r ooms shoul d be kept t o a mi ni mum.
Pr i vat e of f i ces make super vi si on mor e di f f i cul t ;
occupant s ar e t empt ed t o t ur n t hei r at t ent i on t o
out si de mat t er s and t o engage i n act i vi t y not
st r i ct l y pol i ce- r el at ed. The pot ent i al f or t hi s si t ua-
t i on i s l essened when t he par t i t i ons f or mi ng t he
of f i ces ar e gl ass and, i n some i nst ances, t he par t i -
t i ons may be l ess t han cei l i ng hei ght .
Gl ass par t i t i ons f aci l i t at e super vi si on and t end
t o assi st i n mai nt ai ni ng a busi nessl i ke appear ance
on t he par t of per sonnel by pr ovi di ng an unob-
st r uct ed vi ewf or super vi sor s . Each ar ea t hat must
be kept secur e, such as pl aces wher e pr i soner s
ar e conf i ned or moved, t he communi cat i ons cen-
t er , andar eas f or pr oper t y and evi dence st or age,
r equi r e speci al desi gn f eat ur es . Per manent par t i -
t i ons shoul d be used i n t hese ar eas and wher ever
t he need i s j ust i f i ed.
The bui l di ng shoul d cont ai n l ar ge open f l oor
ar eas i n whi ch a
br oad
var i et y
of
f ur ni t ur e
and
equi pment may be ar r anged . These ar eas may
be subdi vi ded wi t h a mi ni mumof st r uct ur al or
mechani cal oper at i on
and expense t hr ough t he
use of st andar di zed, movabl e, and i nt er change-
abl e nonst r uct ur al el ement s .
Space can
al so
be
separ at ed
ef f ect i vel y by
count er s . The count er s can al so ser ve as r ecept a-
cl es f or f i l e cabi net s .
ADMI NI STRATI VE AREA
One por t i on of t he pol i ce f aci l i t y shoul d be r e-
ser ved excl usi vel y f or t he admi ni st r at i ve
com-
mand st af f . Thi s st af f i ncl udes t he chi ef of pol i ce,
pl anni ng and i nspect i onal ser vi ces commander s,
and t he commander s of t he pr i mar y or gani za-
t i onal ent i t i es wi t h depar t ment wi de j ur i sdi ct i on,
such as t he uni f or med di vi si on, cr i mi nal i nvest i ga-
t i on di vi si on, admi ni st r at i ve ser vi ces di vi si on, and
t echni cal ser vi ces di vi si on.
Chi ef of
Pol i ce
I mmedi at e publ i c access t o t he chi ef of pol i ce
i s
not
al ways necessar y or desi r abl e. Many ci t i -
zens wi t h mi nor pr obl ems, who at f i r st demand
t o see
t he
chi ef , can have t hei r pr obl ems ade-
quat el y r esol ved by t al ki ng t o subor di nat e per son-
nel . Const ant i nt er r upt i ons of t hi s
sor t woul d di s-
t r act t he chi ef f r om hi s pr i mar y obl i gat i ons t o
t he depar t ment . Thus, we r ecommend an of f i ce
ar ea t hat i s away f r omt he mai nst r eamof publ i c
and st af f , pr ef er abl y near t he r ear of a onest or y
bui l di ng
or on t he second f l oor of a t wo- st or y
bui l di ng. I t i s cust omar y and wor t hwhi l e f or t he
chi ef t o have a pr i vat e ent r ance,
pr i vat e t oi l et
f aci l i t y, cl oset , and a conf er ence r oomi mmedi -
at el y adj acent t o hi s of f i ce. The nor mal space
al l owance f or t he chi ef ' s pr i vat e of f i ce shoul d be
appr oxi mat el y 300 squar e f eet . The separ at e con-
f er ence r oomshoul d be l ar ge enough t o seat al l
of f i cer s above t he r ank of l i eut enant , i . e. , t he
execut i ve st af f .
Access t o t he conf er ence r oom
shoul d be f r ombot h t he chi ef ' s of f i ce and f r om
a common
hal l way f or st af f use.
The chi ef shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h a pr i vat e
secr et ar y and, i n l ar ger agenci es, an admi ni st r a-
t i ve of f i cer . These t wo st af f assi st ant s shoul d, of
POLI CE FACI LI TY
ar ea f or publ i c seat i ng, publ i c t el ephones, show-
cases f or di spl ay
of exhi bi t s,
and
publ i c
r est -
r ooms . The publ i c r est r ooms shoul d be const r uct ed
of mat er i al s t hat woul d l i mi t damage t o
t he bui l d-
i ng i n t he event of a conceal ed, i ncendi ar y expl o-
si on
.
The r ecor ds ar ea shoul d be separ at ed by gl ass
f r om
t he
publ i c ar eas and st af f access
count er
t o ensur e compl et e secur i t y of t he ent i r e r ecor ds
ar ea.
The maj or i t y of per sons vi si t i ng t he pol i ce st a-
t i on wi l l have busi ness at t he r ecor ds cent er .
Ther ef or e, a publ i c count er shoul d be par t of
t he
r ecor ds cent er .
The
empl oyees
i n
t he r ecor ds cen-
t er can t hen handl e i nqui r i es or r ef er cal l er s t o
t he
pr oper of f i ci al or of f i ce. As a
gener al r ul e,
t he bui l di ng shoul d be pl anned t o r educe t he ne-
cessi t y of havi ng t he publ i c
wander about t he
bui l di ng seeki ng assi st ance. Publ i c ci r cul at i on
wi t hi n t he bui l di ng shoul d be cont r ol l ed and l i m-
i t ed by separ at i ng t he publ i c l obby ar ea f r om
ot her cor r i dor s and door s t hat shoul d be con-
t r ol l ed el ect r i cal l y,
The i nt er i or of a pol i ce f aci l i t y shoul d be deco-
r at ed i n a pr of essi onal manner . Br i ght , war m, but
sof t col or s combi ned wi t h car ef ul use of compl e-
ment ar y
accent s shoul d gr eet
t he publ i c . Rot ar y
r ecor ds syst ems shoul d enhance t he appear ance
of
t he r ecor ds cent er
as
wel l as pr ovi de f or a
cour se, be pr ovi ded suf f i ci ent of f i ce space i mme-
di at el y adj acent t o t he chi ef ' s of f i ces .
Fi gur e 3 shows model l ayout s f or t he of f i ce
of t he chi ef of pol i ce i n ci t i es of var yi ng si ze.
Fi gur e 4 shows model l ayout s f or conf er ence
r ooms.
Execut i ve
Command St af f

The chi ef ' s execut i ve
st af f shoul d occupy of f i ces whi ch sur r ound hi s
own. Each st af f of f i ce shoul d be appr oxi mat el y
200 squar e f eet i n si ze. These st af f of f i ces coul d
concei vabl y
shar e secr et ar i al ser vi ces, e. g. , one
secr et ar y f or ever y t wo st af f commander s .
CENTRALRECORDS AREA
Recor ds
The publ i c ent r ance i nt o a pol i ce f aci l i t y shoul d
be pr i mar i l y t hr ough a si ngl e mai n ent r anceway
i nt o a common l obby. Thi s si ngl e publ i c ent r ance
shoul d be cont r ol l ed and super vi sed f r omt he cen-
t r al r ecor ds cent er
.
Thi s cent r al r ecor ds cent er shoul d be pl aced
i n f ul l vi ew of t he mai n f aci l i t y ent r ance. The
l ocat i on shoul d be such t hat r ecor ds per sonnel
can i ndi vi dual l y scr een al l ci t i zens ent er i ng t he
bui l di ng. Pr ovi si on shoul d be made i n t he l obby
Fi g. 5 Model
f unct i onal space desi gn, pol i ce
i nf or mat i on cent er .
Because
of t he heavy f l oor wei ght
t hat wi l l
be r equi r ed i n t he
r ecor ds ar ea of t he bui l di ng
as ar esul t of
f i l es and ot her equi pment ,
st r uct ur al
desi gn r equi r es t hat t he f l oor
be r ei nf or ced.
A
model pol i ce i nf or mat i on cent er
i s shown
i n Fi g. 5.
COMMUNI CATI ONS
Di spat chi ng Faci l i t i es
The pol i ce communi cat i ons command
cent er and
i t s r el at ed
equi pment shoul d be i sol at ed
f r ompub-
l i c
cont act i n one of t he mor e secur e
ar eas of
t he
bui l di ng. Ot her el ect r i cal and mechani cal
sys-
t ems shoul d al so be pr ot ect ed t o r educe
t he possi -
bi l i t y of sabot age
or vandal i sm.
Most pol i ce pr act i t i oner s woul d
agr ee t hat l o-
cat i ng t he
di spat chi ng and r ecor ds uni t s i n cl ose
pr oxi mi t y of f er s advant ages of
expedi t i ng t he
f l owof i nf or mat i on
and makes mor e ef f i ci ent use
of per sonnel . Thi s phi l osophy i s most
pr act i cal
i n smal l
agenci es wher e a mi ni mumnumber
of
per sons on a l at e t our of dut y coul d
concei vabl y
handl e
bot h communi cat i ons and r ecor ds
r espon-
si bi l i t i es . When t hi s ar r angement
i s necessi t at ed
by
depar t ment si ze, we r ecommend t hat t he
ent i r e
r ecor ds and communi cat i ons ar ea
be bul l et - r esi s-
t ant
.
Radi o
Consol e

I n addi t i on t o r adi o, t he
di spat ch
consol e shoul d
cont ai n al l el ect r oni c syst ems such
as
t el evi si on sur vei l l ance of t he j ai l
and out si de
of t he bui l di ng,
smoke and f i r e det ect i on and
war ni ng devi ces, det ent i on ar ea
audi o sur vei l -
l ance, r emot e
cont r ol f or door s, and vehi cl e st at us
boar ds, r ecor der s, i nt er com,
and TVmoni t or s .
St at us Boar d

St at us
boar ds
ar e
devi ces used t o
i ndi cat e
t he avai l abi l i t y of f i el d uni t s . Such
a de-
vi ce i s j ust i f i ed as a di spat chi ng
ai d i n t he smal l er
as wel l as t he l ar ger depar t ment s. Swi t ch
cont r ol
pi l ot l i ght s
may be used, wi t h i ndi cat or s at each
di spat chi ng posi t i on, on a l ar ge
map vi si bl e t o
al l posi t i ons.
The swi t ches must be wi r ed so
t hat
act uat i on i n anyposi t i on causes t he same
i ndi ca-
t i on at al l
ot her posi t i ons. Pl aci ng of pi l ot
l i ght s
on a
l ar ge mapshowi ng beat boundar i es
i s par t i c-
ul ar l y val uabl e t o
di spat cher s r esponsi bl e f or de-
pl oyment
of l ar ge number s of f i el d
uni t s. Each
uni t ' s st at us cannot be
accur at el y r ecal l ed f r om
memor y,
nor can t i me usual l y be t aken t o quer y
a number of uni t s t o det er mi ne
whi ch i s t hecl osest
t o t he
assi gnment at hand.
Recor di ng Devi ce The el i mi nat i on of t he l og-
keepi ng r equi r ement by
t he FCC, whi ch f or many
year s r equi r ed a t r ansmi ssi on by t r ansmi ssi on
en-
t r y i n a wr i t t en f or m, has eased t he
di spat chi ng
bur den consi der abl y.
However , t he val ue of such
a r ecor d f or i nt er nal admi ni st r at i ve
pur poses r e-
mai ns. The use
of a mul t i channel t ape r ecor der
t o f ul f i l l t hi s need i s r ecommended.
Space shoul d
be al l ocat ed
f or such a devi ce when
desi gni ng
t he communi cat i ons cent er .
Compl ai nt Oper at or / Di spat cher
Two t ypes
of compl ai nt / di spat ch oper at i ons ar e
gener al l y accept abl e, dependi ng
upon t he si ze
of a
par t i cul ar agency. I n t he smal l er
depar t -
ment s, a si ngl e per son usual l y can
handl e bot h
t he
compl ai nt - r ecept i on f unct i on as
wel l as t he
di spat ch oper at i on. Wher eas,
i n t he l ar ger agen-
ci es,
compl ai nt pr ocessi ng mayr equi r e
ext ensi ve
speci al i zat i on, per haps
wi t h oper at or s subdi vi ded
f or
geogr aphi cal ar eas of r esponsi bi l i t y.
An al t er -
nat e appr oach t o t he
l at t er i s t o combi ne t he
compl ai nt
oper at or s' and di spat cher s' dut i es i n
per sonnel assi gned t o t he r ecor ds
f unct i on shoul d
be per mi t t ed
i n t he r oom. Thi s r ecommendat i on
i s made t o pr eser ve t he
i nt egr i t y of t he r ecor ds
and
account abi l i t y f or t hei r pr oper
mai nt enance.
The si ze of a r ecor ds ar ea
shoul d, of cour se,
r ef l ect
t he needs and space r equi r ement s
of per -
sonnel assi gned t o t he
r ecor ds f unct i on. Ausef ul
gui de, when
i n doubt as t o si ze, i s t o
al l ocat e
appr oxi mat el y 100 squar e
f eet of space f or each
15 pol i ce of f i cer s
i n t he depar t ment .
f unct i onal r ecor ds st or age
and r et r i eval oper a-
t i on.
The r ecor ds r oom,
i n addi t i on t o ser vi ng t he
publ i c,
shoul d al so be t he
cent er f or col l ect i on
and di ssemi nat i on of
i nf or mat i on t o pol i ce of f i -
cer s .
Ther ef or e, a pr i vat e count er shoul d
be pr o-
vi ded f or pol i ce
of f i cer s so t hat t hey may mor e
ef f ect i vel y ut i l i ze r ecor ds
wi t hout usi ng t hepubl i c
ar ea and wi t hout
per mi t t i ng t hemcompl et e f r ee-
domof
access t o t he r ecor ds r oomi t sel f
. Onl y
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
POLI CE
FACI LI TY
POLI CE FACI LI TY
I LOGRECORDER
2 CONTRACT ALARMSYSTEMS
3 CALLDI RECTOR
TELEPHONE
4 DATE- TI ME STAMP
5
STATUS MAP
6
3MREADER
PRI NTER
7 CARDSLOT STATUS
SW.
PANEL - W/ FUTURE
8 I NTERCOMMASTER
9 FLI P CARD
10 RADI OMONI TOR- RADI OCONTROL
I 1 I NSTANT RECALLRECORDER
12 SECURI TY CONTROLS - BLDG. ALARMS
13 SPARE PANEL
14 CCTV MONI TORS
Fi g. 6 .
COMMUNI CATI ONS CONSOLE
DOVERTOWNSHI P

N. J .
t or s . I nvest i gat or s make ext ensi ve and
const ant
use of r ecor ds ; t her ef or e, i t i s pr act i cal t o pl ace
i nvest i gat or s as near as possi bl e t o
t he r ecor ds
cent er . Agr eat number of peopl e comi ng t o t he
pol i ce f aci l i t y do so i n or der t o conf er wi t h
i nvest i -
gat or s ; publ i c access i s an i mpor t ant f eat ur e t hat
must be consi der ed when physi cal l y
l ocat i ng de-
t ect i ves .
The ar ea al l ocat ed t o det ect i ves shoul d pr ovi de
f or i ndi vi dual wor k space and a degr ee of pr i vacy
f or each of f i cer . Col l ect i vel y, however , det ect i ves
shoul d be i n const ant cont act wi t h one anot her .
Ther ef or e, a si ngl e spaci ous r oomi s r ecommended
t o house al l det ect i ves . The r oomcoul d t hen he
di vi ded
i nt o i ndi vi dual of f i ce ar eas by movabl e
par t i t i ons .
I nt er r ogat i on r ooms ar e anot her i mpor t ant f ea-
t ur e t hat shoul d be l ocat ed near t he det ect i ves .
Agai n, i n t he same gener al vi ci ni t y, t he ar chi -
t ect shoul d pr ovi de f or of f i ce space f or bot h
t he
uni t commander and super vi sor s .
Fi gur e 8 shows a pr act i cal
sol ut i on f or al l of
t he i ndi vi dual r equi r ement s needed
i n or der f or
det ect i ves
t o conduct
t hei r dai l y oper at i on.
Fi gur e 9 shows model i nt er vi ewr ooms
.
UNI FORMEDOPERATI ONS AREA
Al t hough uni f or med oper at i ons r equi r es t he l ar g-
est number of of f i cer s, t he physi cal space
needs
i n a pol i ce f aci l i t y f or uni f or med per sonnel ar e
l i ght i ng, ai r condi t i oni ng, r oom conf i gur at i on,
abi l i t y t o expand f aci l i t i es, andt ot al secur i t y f r om
pot ent i al sabot age. Thi s ar ea shoul d be a com-
pl et e sel f - cont ai ned uni t wi t h t oi l et , l unch r oom,
l ocker space, and super vi sor ' s ar ea. See Fi g. 6 .
Emer gency Power Suppl i es
Radi o and l andl i ne communi cat i ons ar e vul ner a-
bl e t o sever al i nf l uenci ng f act or s, t he most i mpor -
t ant of whi ch i s el ect r i cal power . I n t he event
of f ai l ur e of nor mal power sour ces, t he communi -
cat i ons cent er shoul d have some met hod of ob-
t ai ni ng st andby el ect r i cal ser vi ce t o t he base st a-
t i on t o i nsur e i t s cont i nued oper at i ons; t her ef or e,
t he base st at i on shoul d be equi pped wi t h an
emer gency power sour ce. Thi s equi pment shoul d
be capabl e of suppor t i ng not onl y al l communi ca-
t i ons equi pment , but al so l i ght i ng r equi r ement s
f or t he command cent er and pr i mar y oper at i onal
por t i ons of t he bui l di ng.
Fi gur e
7
i s
i nt ended
t o pr ovi de t he r eader wi t h
a vi sual di spl ay of a concept ual desi gn model
f or a communi cat i ons command cent er wher e t el e-
phone r ecept i on and di spat chi ng ar e per f or med
by
t he same per son.
CRI MI NALI NVESTI GATI ONAREA
Sever al desi gn f eat ur es shoul d be consi der ed
whenal l ocat i ng f l oor
space
f or cr i mi nal i nvest i go-
one posi t i on and add per sonnel as message vol -
ume
demands . Di f f i cul t i es ar i se i n t hi s met hod,
however , when t he message vol ume woul d j ust i f y
ei t her a separ at e compl ai nt oper at or and a di s-
pat cher or t wo combi ned oper at or s/ di spat cher s
( or any mul t i pl e t her eof ) . The ar chi t ect and t he
agency consul t ant wi l l have t o make t he deci si on
as t o i ndi vi dual agencyneeds r egar di ng communi -
cat i ons accor di ng t o t he vol ume of compl ai nt t r af -
f i c, pr i or t o t he desi gn of t he command cent er .
Command Cent er Super vi si on
The f unct i on of super vi si ng a pol i ce communi ca-
t i ons cent er shoul d not pose any unusual
pr obl ems
ar i si ng out of t he nat ur e of t he t ask. The sensi t i ve
nat ur e of t he pr ocess demands at l east const ant
avai l abi l i t y of super vi si on. I n l ar ger i nst al l at i ons,
pr ovi si on shoul d be made f or t he super vi sor t o
moni t or bot h l andl i ne and r adi o communi cat i ons
as t hey ar e car r i ed on; per f or mance of compl ai nt
oper at or s and di spat cher s may t hus be eval uat ed
t o det er mi ne t r ai ni ng needs and t o cor r ect i m-
pr oper pr ocedur es . Amoni t or i ng posi t i on i s al so
usef ul f ar i nst r uct i on of newl yassi gned per sonnel ,
and f or i nt er cept i ng and/ or assi st i ng i n hi gh pr i or -
i t y cal l s.
Envi r onment al Consi der at i ons
The communi cat i ons command cent er shoul d be
made adequat e i n t er ms of sound condi t i oni ng,
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
POLI CE
FACI LI TY
subst ant i al l y l ess t han t hose of
ot her depar t men-
t al uni t s. Uni f or med of f i cer s, of necessi t y, must
r emai n t o a gr eat ext ent i n t he f i el d. They
r equi r e
t he
use
of a l ocker
r oom, t oi l et s, squad r oom,
physi cal exer ci se ar ea, br i ef i ng r oom,
and wr i t i ng
ar ea.
Commander / Super vi sor
The pat r ol commander and/ or
shi f t super vi sor
shoul d have an of f i ce accessi bl e t o t he publ i c,
uni f or med per sonnel , and t he communi cat i ons
cent er . The cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he communi cat i ons
cent er i s i mpor t ant so t hat t he commander can
assi st di spat cher s, or t ake over t he
oper at i on
when necessar y, under emer gency condi t i ons.
Speci al Oper at i ons
Of f i ce space shoul d al so be pr ovi ded
f or t r af f i c
and t act i cal super vi sor s . These of f i ces shoul d be
of suf f i ci ent si ze t o accommodat e
cr i meand t r af f i c
acci dent l ocat i on maps, char t s, and ot her cr i me,
acci dent , and speci al event
anal ysi s mat er i al s.
Rol l - Cal l Room
Uni f or med per sonnel , who const i t ut e t he bul k of
empl oyees, wi l l r epor t f or r ol l cal l ( br i ef i ng)
pr i or
t o
goi ng on t hei r assi gnment s. Speci al f eat ur es
of a r ol l - cal l r oomshoul d be pl anned by t he ar chi -
t ect . I t i s wi se pol i cy t o have t hi s r oomas pr i vat e
as possi bl e. The publ i c, upon seei ng
numer ous
member s about an of f i ce ( especi al l y uni f or med
member s) , i nevi t abl y concl udes
t hat t hey ar e non-
pr oduct i ve. Rol l cal l , wi t h i t s at t endant i nspect i on,
t r ai ni ng, r eadi ng of or der s,
and speci al i nst r uc-
t i ons, shoul d be conduct edi n a pl aceout of publ i c
vi ew. I t i s equal l y i mpor t ant t o pr ovi de space,
whi ch cannot be seen by t he publ i c, wher e of f i cer s
may
pr epar e
r epor t s
t hat ar e not compl et ed i n
t he f i el d because of t i me or i mpor t ance.
Speci al Feat ur es
I t i s wi se t o pl an f or a r ecr eat i on ar ea and l unch
ar ea wi t h commi ssar y pr ovi si ons. The r ecr eat i on
ar ea shoul d be l ar ge enough t o accommodat e
Fi g. 9 I nt er vi ewr ooms.
Fi g. 7 Model communi cat i ons command cent er
.
Fi g. 8 Model det ect i ve ar ea.
POLI CE FACI LI TY
a uni ver sal gymandot her physi cal exer ci se equi p-
ment t hat woul d encour age of f i cer s t o mai nt ai n
excel l ent physi cal condi t i on, as wel l as pr ovi de
space f or def ensi ve t act i cs and ot her t r ai ni ng.
Squad or r ol l - cal l r ooms shoul d be desi gned
so t hat desi r ed pr i vacy can be mai nt ai ned dur i ng
r ol l cal l and t r ai ni ng sessi ons . Locker s shoul d not
be pl aced i n t hese r ooms t her eby maki ng i t neces-
sar y f or of f i cer s t o change cl ot hes or use l ocker s
whi l e t he r ol l cal l f or t he next shi f t i s i n sessi on.
Tht squad r oom shoul d not ser ve as a t r af f i c
pat h t o ot her por t i ons of t he bui l di ng.
Movabl e seat i ng shoul d be pr ovi ded wher er ol l -
cal l t r ai ni ng i s conduct ed. The r oom shoul d be
acoust i cal l y t r eat ed and equi pped wi t h wal l -
mount ed bul l et i n boar ds, chal k
boar ds,
i ndi vi dual
mai l sl ot s f or di st r i but i on of pr i nt ed mat er i al , and
wal l - mount ed cl ot hes and
hat
r acks. An i deal
wor k f l owpat t er n woul d showt he l ocker r oom
adj acent t o
t he r ol l - cal l
r oom.
Locker Faci l i t i es
An i ndi vi dual cl ot hes l ocker shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or each uni f or med of f i cer i n t he depar t ment . The
l ocker f aci l i t y shoul d be coupl ed wi t h shower -
r oomaccommodat i ons .
Tr ai ni ng
Wher e possi bl e, a t r ai ni ng r oomshoul d be sepa-
r at e f r omt he r ol l - cal l r oom. Thi s woul d al l owuni n-
t er r upt ed t r ai ni ng sessi ons . I n t he event t hat space
i s at a pr emi um, t he r ol l - cal l r oomcoul d
be
de-
si gned as a mul t i pur pose r ooml ar ge enough t o
conduct t r ai ni ng sessi ons .
Li br ar y
Apol i ce l i br ar y
i s o
r ef l ect i on
of
t he phi l osophy
of a pol i ce admi ni st r at or and hi s agency t o
achi eve
t he best possi bl e l aw enf or cement
t hr ough const ant st af f st udy and i mpr ovement .
Savi ngs of pol i ce budget dol l ar s can be used
t o j ust i f y a pr of essi onal l i br ar y. I t can save money
on dupl i cat e subscr i pt i on cost s, l ong- di st ance
t el e-
phone cal l s, anddupl i cat i onof f i l es, space, ef f or t ,
and mat er i al s. Or der i ng subscr i pt i ons t o j our nal s
f or each super vi sor and admi ni st r at or can be an
unnecessar y
and
excessi ve expense
.
Al i br ar y shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h a suf f i ci ent
number of bookshel ves and seat i ng
capaci t y t o
accommodat e appr oxi mat el y
f i ve per cent
of
t he
wor k f or ce. Tabl es i n t he l i br ar y shoul d be at
l east 5 t o 6 f eet f r omeach ot her i f t he chai r s
ar e t o be pl aced back t o back. Bet ween t he t abl es
and t he wal l s, t her e shoul d be an ai sl e appr oxi -
mat el y 5 f eet wi de. The l engt h of t he shel vi ng
shoul d not be mor e t han
3
f eet per sect i on.
PROPERTYROOMS
Depar t ment Pr oper t y
Depar t ment - owned pr oper t y such as r epor t f or ms,
st at i oner y, bl ank books, penci l s, and ot her of f i ce
equi pment shoul d be st or ed i n a
si ngl e r oom. Li ke-
wi se, t he depar t ment ar mament and muni t i ons
shoul d be st or ed i n a dust pr oof , moi st ur epr oof ,
secur e r oom. I t i s r ecogni zed t hat ar mament must
be
i mmedi at el y avai l abl e
t o
oper at i onal per son-
nel ; however , t hesuper vi sor i n char ge of pr oper t y
management
must , of
necessi t y, have t he ar ma-
ment under hi s [ her ] i mmedi at e cont r ol and pr o-
vi de f or r out i ne i nspect i ons and i nvent or y of such
equi pment
.
Bot h of t hese
f act or s
must
be consi d-
er ed when pl anni ng f or t he l ocat i on of t he ar mor y.
Evi dence Room
An evi dence st or age
r oom shoul d be i ncl uded
i n any pl anni ng f or a pol i ce f aci l i t y. The r oom
shoul d be secur ed agai nst unaut hor i zed i nt r usi on
and shoul d al l owf or f our di f f er ent t ypes of st or -
age modes:
. Open bi ns
. Fi l e cabi net s
. Saf e
Possi bl e r ef r i ger at or
Open bi ns shoul d const i t ut e t he maj or i t y of
t he
r oom
ar ea. The
bi ns shoul d
be appr oxi mat el y
3 f eet wi de and shoul d be desi gned t o al l ow
f or expansi on upwar d. The bal ance
of
t he evi -
dence r oom can best be ut i l i zed by i nst al l i ng
st andar d, l et t er - si zed f i l e cabi net s . Smal l i t ems
t hat ar e mor e subj ect t o l oss ar e bet t er st or ed
i n cabi net s
.
Agood- si zed saf e shoul d const i t ut e t he t hi r d
st or age mode f or i ncl usi on i n an evi dence r oom.
Thi s r ecept acl e shoul d be used t o saf eguar d
moni es, j ewel r y, and ot her
such
val uabl es.
Ar ef r i ger at or shoul d be used t o st or e nar cot i cs,
bl ood sampl es, and ot her per i shabl es.
Si nce t he evi dence
r oom
woul d not nor mal l y
be open 24hour s a day, i t i s necessar y t o est ab-
l i sh t empor ar yhol di ng l ocker s i nt o whi ch evi dence
can be pl aced unt i l i t can be secur ed by t he
depar t ment evi dence cust odi an. These l ocker s
shoul d be ei t her sel f - l ocki ng or equi pped wi t h
open padl ocks . Of f i cer s comi ng i nt o possessi on
of evi dence shoul d pr oper l y mar k i t and deposi t
i t
i n
a
l ocker
. The door can t hen be snapped
shut or padl ocked. I t shoul d t her eaf t er be opened
onl y by t he dul y desi gnat ed evi dence
cust odi an.
Al l evi dence shoul d be kept i n t he evi dence
st or age r oom
when
not
ot her wi se bei ng exami ned
or pr esent ed at t r i al .
LABORATORYFACI LI TI ES
The l ocat i on of t he l abor at or y i n
a pol i ce bui l di ng
i s r el at i vel y uni mpor t ant , and some advant ages
ar e gai ned i n havi ng i t i n a r emot e ar ea. Space
r equi r ement s and ut i l i t y connect i ons ar e t he pr i n-
ci pal consi der at i ons; space needs ar e st r ongl y i n-
f l uenced by t he si ze of t he l abor at or y st af f and
t he equi pment used. Apol i ce l abor at or y
shoul d
be desi gned t o meet f ut ur e r equi r ement s .
Ever y
agency shoul d
have at l east a r udi men-
t ar y l abor at or y. Dependi ng upon t he depar t -
ment ' s exper t i se and si ze, a l abor at or y coul d
r angei n si ze f r oma si ngl e phot ogr aphydar kr oom
t o a compl ex f aci l i t y wi t h separ at e r ooms t o ac-
commodat e: a dar kr oom; copy and ot her phot o-
gr aphi c wor k; chemi cal exami nat i ons
; ot her l abo-
r at or y i nst r ument s; evi dence st or age; a r eposi t or y
of st andar ds f or compar i son; a di r ect or ' s
of f i ce;
a r ecept i on r oom; and a pol ygr aph r oom.
Needl ess t o say, t hoseagenci es
t hat ar e physi -
cal l y l ocat ed near a count y, r egi onal , st at e, or
f eder al l abor at or y f aci l i t y woul d
r equi r e l ess l abo-
r at or y space.
FI REARMS RANGE
An i ndoor f i r ear ms r ange shoul d be consi der ed
as a ver y necessar y component of
ever y pol i ce
f aci l i t y. Such a r ange woul d most l i kel y be si t u-
at ed i n t he basement or , i n t he case of onl y one
f l oor , adj acent
t o
t he mai n f aci l i t y . Ami ni mum
ar ea f or a r ange shoul d be appr oxi mat el y 100
f eet i n l engt h wi t h a mi ni mumof
4f eet i n wi dt h
f or each shoot i ng posi t i on desi r ed.
Fi g. 1

Thi s cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i on f or younger of f ender s f unct i ons as a
t her apeut i c communi t y. The basi c
pr ogr ams
of t he f aci l i t y, namel y di agnosi s and t r eat ment , ar e espr essed by
i ndi vi dual i zed bui l di ng uni t s of
l i mi t ed si ze i n a
nonr egi ment ed
set t i ng.
( St .
Al bans Cor r ect i onal Cent er , Ver mont , Li t chf i el d Gr osf el d Wei dner , Ar chi t ect s . )
Si nce r ehabi l i t at i on i s a f undament al ai r n of
t hese i nst i t ut i ons, cur r ent cor r ect i onal phi -
l osophy cal l s
f or i ndi vi dual i zed t r eat ment t o
t he gr eat est ext ent pr act i cal , even
i n maxi mum
secur i t y i nst i t ut i ons . Essent i al
el ement s of a
wel l - r ounded
i ndi vi dual i zed cor r ect i onal pr o-
gr ami ncl ude
sci ent i f i c cl assi f i cat i on and pr o-
gr am pl anni ng based on compl et e
case hi s-
t or i es and exami nat i ons,
medi cal and dent al
ser vi ces pr ovi di ng
cor r ect i ve as wel l as cur a-
t i ve t r eat ment , i ndi vi dual
and gr oup t her apy
and counsel i ng,
academi c and vocat i onal t r ai n-
i ng, i ndoor and out door
r ecr eat i on, casewor k
ser vi ces f or pr i soner s and t hei r
f ami l i es, and
pr epar at i on
f or par ol e or r el ease.
The var i et y of
t r eat ment pr ogr ams whi ch
cor r espond t o t he di f f er ent needs
of of f en-
der s r equi r e a syst em
of speci al i zed cor r ec-
t i onal i nst i t ut i ons so cl assi f i ed,
coor di nat ed,
and or gani zed i n st af f and pr ogr amas
t o meet
t he speci f i c needs of
of f ender s
.
Some cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i ons
ar e under
l ocal cont r ol , such as a ci t y or count y
peni t en-
t i ar y or
wor khouse, but t he maj or i t y ar e under
t he j ur i sdi ct i on
of a st at e depar t ment of cor -
r ect i on. Tr adi t i onal l y, such
i nst i t ut i ons have
been l ocat ed out si de t he
ur bancent er s i sol at ed
on l ar ge t r act s of st at e- owned
l and. These sel f -
sust ai ni ng cor nnmni t i es
have a compl et e
compl ai nant of per sonnel and ser vi ces, i ncl ud-
i ng medi cal ,
educat i onal , r ecr eat i onal , r e-
l i gi ous, f ood and mai nt enance
ser vi ces. The
t r end t owar d i sol at i ng t he cor r ect i onal i nst i t u-
t i on
f r om t he communi t y i s sl owl y bei ng
r ever sed because of an
i ncr eased awar eness of
t he need t o
i nvol ve t he communi t y i n t he cor -
r ect i onal pr ocess and because of
t he r i si ng
cost s of pr ovi di ng ser vi ces i n an
i nst i t ut i on
whi ch al r eady exi st i n t he communi t y.
i nmat es
have not been ext ensi vel y cl assi f i ed
and t he l i kel i hood
of at t empt ed vi ol ence or
escape has
not been det er mi ned, secur i t y pr ovi -
si ons i n j ai l s ar e at
t hei r maxi mum. I t i s en-
t i r el y possi bl e t hat a per son
br ought t o a j ai l
t o awai t t r i al
f or
a
mi sdemeanor ( mi nor cr i me)
mi ght be want ed
i n anot her st at e f or mur der .
Thi s i nf or mat i on maynot be
known t o t he j ai l
st af f unt i l f i nger pr i nt s ar e
cl ear ed t hr ough t he
FBI and ot her i nt er r el at ed
i dent i f i cat i on sys-
t ems, somet i mes a mat t er of
sever al weeks.
Tr adi t i onal l y,
j ai l s have not pr ovi ded any r e-
habi l i t at i on
pr ogr ams because of t he l i mi t ed
l ocal f i nanci ng and t he
er r oneous bel i ef t hat
i nmat es spend
t oo shor t a t i me t her et o benef i t
f r oma sust ai ned t r eat ment
pr ogr am. Recent l y,
however , t r ends i n cor r ect i onal
t hi nki ng and
pr act i ce envi si on t he possi bi l i t y
of newand
mor e const r uct i ve uses of l ocal
j ai l s. Thr ough
massi ve gr ant s f or pl anni ng and i mpl ement a-
t i on, t he f eder al gover nment i s
encour agi ng
devel opment of ext ensi vespeci al
r ehabi l i t at i on
pr ogr ams di r ect l y gear ed t o
shor t - t er mi ncar -
cer at i on . They r ecogni ze
t hat j ai l r epr esent s
an of f ender ' s f i r st cont act
wi t h t he cr i mi nal
j ust i ce syst emand t hus i t pr esent s an
opt i mum
oppor t uni t y f or i nt er vent i on
i n a cr i mi nal
car eer .
J ai l s ar e usual l y l ocat ed i n
ur ban cent er s
duet o t he need
t o
be
cl oset o t hecour t s . When
si t e avai l abi l i t y does
not al l owan adj acent
cour t - j ai l r el at i onshi p, a
t r anspor t at i on syst em
must be est abl i shed
t o pr ovi de i nmat es qui ck
and secur e access t o t he
cour t s
.
Cor r ect i onal I nst i t ut i ons
Cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i ons, or pr i sons, ar e
f aci l -
i t i es f or convi ct ed per sons
ser vi ng sent ences.
GENERAL
Man i s r esponsi ve t o hi s physi cal
envi r onment .
Tr adi t i onal l y, ar chi t ect s have r el i ed on i nt ui -
t i ve desi gn pr ocesses t o achi eve desi r ed r e-
sponses, but r ecent l y a col l abor at i on bet ween
ar chi t ect ur e and t he soci al sci ences has en-
abl ed us t o appl y vast i nf or mat i on r esour ces
t o t he pr obl ems of pr act i cal desi gn.
However ,
an ar chi t ect seeki ng i nf or mat i on f i nds a scar -
ci t y of sci ent i f i c dat a about
men
i n conf i ne-
ment . Unt i l t her e ar e mor e st udi es
and unt i l
col l abor at i on becomes mor e gener al and mor e
syst emat i zed, t he cor r ect i onal ar chi t ect must
cont i nue t o r el y l ar gel y on exper i ence and
i nt ui t i on.
One begi ns, however , wi t h some gener al
knowl edge.
Li f e i n cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i ons has
been dest r uct i ve
of t he human spi r i t ; i n a l ar ge
pr opor t i on of
cases t he goal of r ehabi l i t at i on
has been ut t er l y
f r ust r at edl The r emoval of a
man f r om
soci et yand t he at t endant l oss of hi s
f r eedom, pr i vacy, and i ndependence as wel l
as
t he deadeni ngl y st r i ct dai l y r out i ne r esul t
i n a t ot al l y
deper sonal i zed, t ot al i t ar i an envi r on-
ment . Long- st andi ng convent i ons i n t he desi gn
of
cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i ons and out moded con-
cept s of ef f i ci ency and f unct i onal i smhave l ed
t o t he r epet i t i ous and symmet r i cal ar r ange-
ment s of space and f or ms char act er i st i c of t he
cor r ect i ons f i el d. Long cor r i dor s, hi ghl y pol -
i shed f l oor s, andhar d f i ni shes t hat r ef l ect l i ght
and
sound ar e hypnot i c and r esul t i n i mper -
sonal
sur r oundi ngs .
The devel opi ng sci ence of human behavi or
has l ed t o an
i ncr eased emphasi s on t he r e-
habi l i t at i on of of f ender s
t hr ough t r eat ment
and academi c and
vocat i onal t r ai ni ng. Basi c
t o t hese pr ogr ams i s a
concer n f or t he i nmat e
as an i ndi vi dual .
Thi s knowl edge shoul d be
appl i ed i n t he desi gn of newcor r ect i onal f aci l -
i t i es t o cr eat e an envi r onment t hat wi l l f ost er
posi t i ve r esponses
. ( See
Fi g . 1. )
TYPES OF FACI LI TI ES
I ncr eased
emphasi s on r est r uct ur i ng cor r ec-
t i onal syst ems t o
ef f ect maxi mumchange i n
of f ender s has r esul t ed i n t he gr owt h of var i ous
i nt er r el at ed
f aci l i t y t ypes, each ser vi ng di f f er -
ent f unct i ons, of t en
under separ at e j ur i sdi c-
t i ons.
Lockups
Lockups, or hol di ng
cel l s, ar e secur i t y f aci l -
i t i es f or t he t empor ar y
det ent i on of per sons
hel d f or
i nvest i gat i on or pr el i mi nar y hear i ngs
f ol l owi ng ar r est .
These f aci l i t i es ar e usual l y
oper at ed by t he pol i ce
depar t ment and det en-
t i on
i n t hem gener al l y does not exceed 48
hour s.
Per sons who must be hel d l onger ar e
t r ansf er r ed t o t he ci t y
or count y j ai l .
J ai l s
J ai l s, or
det ent i on f aci l i t i es, house accused
per sons awai t i ng
t r i al and convi ct ed of f ender s
ser vi ng shor t sent ences, usual l ya
maxi mumof
1 year . As a r ul e j ai l s ar e under
l ocal j ur i sdi c-
t i on, such as t he sher i f f ' s of f i ce. Si nce t he
By J OHNJ . GROSFELD, AI A
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
Fi g. 2

J ur i sdi ct i onal st r uct ur e of a cr i mi nal j ust i ce oper at i on at t he communi t y l evel wi t hi n a t ypi cal
count y gover n-
ment boundar y.
( U
. S. Bur eau of Pr i sons
. )
by t he need t o consi der t he var i ous ar eas t hat
per i pher al l y af f ect t hef i el d of l awenf or cement
and det er mi nei ncr eases or decr eases i n i nmat e
popul at i on . For exampl e, t he i ni t i at i on of an
ef f ect i ve bai l r ef or mpr ogr amwi l l si gni f i cant l y
r educe t he number of per sons hel d i n pr et r i al
det ent i on. Act i ng i n r ever se, any subst ant i al
i ncr ease i n t he number of accused per sons
accept i ng t hei r r i ght t o l egal counsel and
choosi ng t hei r r i ght t o a j ur y t r i al wi l l i ncr ease
cour t oper at i on cost s andext end j ai l
t i me
f r om
ar r est t o f i nal di sposi t i on. Amar ked i ncr ease
i n l awenf or cement ef f ect i veness can
r esul t
i n
mor e ar r est s and an
i ncr ease
i n
j ai l popul at i on.
Aj udi ci al r ef or mpr ogr amt hat i ni t i at es mea-
sur es as a subst i t ut e f or pr et r i al det ent i on,
such as i ssui ng of summons or
r el ease on
r ecogni zance wi t h pr omi se t o appeal i n
cour t ,
wi l l subst ant i al l y r educe j ai l popul at i ons
. The
pl anner s need t o consi der al l t hese
pr ogr ams
and ant i ci pat e t hei r
ef f ect
on t he
pr oj ect ed
i nmat e popul at i on.
I nmat e
popul at i on pr oj ect i ons consi st pr i -
mar i l y of est i mat es
of t he number s and ki nds
of peopl e
comi ng i nt o t he cor r ect i onal syst em.
I nf or mat i on must be br oken down by age,
sex, of f ense,
and t endency t owar d r ehabi l i -
t at i on
.
Thi s t ask may be most di f f i cul t i f t he
st at i st i cal dat a avai l abl e t o t he pl anner s ar e not
br oken down i n speci f i c cat egor i es . The f ol -
l owi ng i s apar t i al l i st of t het ype of i nf or mat i on
needed f or pl anni ng:
1.
Number and dat es of
ar r est s by maj or
cat egor i es
a. Fel ony cr i mes. Br eakdown by
cr i mes
agai nst pr oper t y, agai nst per sons,
agai nst publ i c or der ; nar cot i cs and
dr ug sal e and use, and
sex
ment . Cl ose col l abor at i on wi t h t he admi ni st r a-
t i ons of t he pr i nci pal agenci es i nvol ved,
such
as l aw enf or cement , j udi ci al , cor r ect i ons,
pr obat i on and par ol e, i s mandat or y. Al so, a
ci t i zens advi sor y commi t t ee may be f or med,
consi st i ng of compet ent and concer ned com-
muni t y member s, whosesuppor t can be cr uci al
i n communi t yaccept ance of t he newdet ent i on
f aci l i t y.
Si nce smal l er communi t i es have mor e
l i mi t ed
t echni cal or
pr of essi onal
r esour ces,
t he pl anni ng r esponsi bi l i t y may be assi gned
t o a gr oup of l ocal admi ni st r at or s, a
l ocal
cr i me
commi ssi on, or a ci t i zens' counci l
.
I n such i n-
st ances, an ar chi t ect knowl edgeabl e i n cor r ec-
t i onal
f aci l i t i es
desi gn
can pl ay a maj or r ol e
i n t hepl anni ng st age, coor di nat i ng al l t he avai l -
abl e r esour ces.
DEVELOPI NG PLANNI NG I NFORMATI ON
Of ut most i mpor t ance i n pl anni ng a det ent i on
f aci l i t y i s a cl ear i dea of t he ends t o be ser ved
and t he means of achi evi ng t hese ends .
The st eps i nvol ved i n i ni t i al pl anni ng f or
a
newdet ent i on f aci l i t y consi st of a pr ocess
of out l i ni ng
a
ser i es of pr i or i t i es of needed
i mpr ovement s
based
on a number of
assess-
ment s whi ch ar e suppor t ed by as much f i r m
dat a as may be avai l abl e. These basi c
st eps
ar e di scussr :" d bol ow.
Assessment of Needs
Basi c t o t he pl anni ng of a newf aci l i t y i s an
anal ysi s of t he number s and t ypes of per sons
t o be ser ved. Thi s t ask
i s
made mor e di f f i cul t
Communi t y Cor r ect i onal Cent er s
Communi t y cor r ect i onal cent er s ar e t he r esul t
of t he newemphasi s i n cor r ect i onal t heor y
t o bui l d or r ebui l d sol i d t i es bet ween t he of -
f ender and t he communi t y, t o i nt egr at e or
r ei nt egr at e t he of f ender i nt o communi t y l i f e.
Thi s t ype of f aci l i t y i s l ocat ed wi t hi n t he com-
muni t y and can ser ve t o cont ai n bot h pr et r i al
and sent enced of f ender s.
The basi c pr emi seof such a f aci l i t y i s max-
i mumut i l i zat i on of communi t y r esour ces i n t he
cor r ect i onal pr ocess by pr ovi di ng exi st i ng ser -
vi ces t o t he f aci l i t y on a cont r act basi s. For
exampl e, t he educat i onal and commer ci al -
i ndust r i al r esour ces of t he communi t y can be
ut i l i zed f or t he t r ai ni ng and r ehabi l i t at i on of
of f ender s. Thus t he communi t y cor r ect i onal
cent er can f unct i on as an out pat i ent cl i ni c,
pr ovi di ng a t r eat ment cent er f or an expanded
pr obat i on and par ol e syst em, and ul t i mat el y
r el i evi ng t he over cr owded condi t i ons i n t he
exi st i ng penal i nst i t ut i ons .
THE PLANNI NG TEAM
Pl anni ng f or det ent i on f aci l i t i es i nvol ves many
i ndi vi dual s at gover nment al and
l ocal
com-
muni t y l evel s . Si nce no si ngl e pl anner or or ga-
ni zat i on can adequat el y consi der al l t he needs
of t he
communi t y i n pl anni ng a det ent i on f aci l -
i t y, t he ar chi t ect ' s r ol e dur i ng t hi s ear l y st age
must be as a member of a speci al i zed t eam.
I n l ar ge met r opol i t an j ur i sdi ct i ons, a pr o-
f essi onal pl anni ng agency i ni t i al l y pr oj ect s t he
det ent i on f aci l i t i es, i nt egr at i ng t he scheme
wi t h br oad- scal e pl ans f or communi t y devel op-
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
t he
most ef f ect i ve del i ver y of pr ogr ams and
ser vi ces .
Thi s pr ocedur e can i nvol ve deci si ons
on shar ed
r esponsi bi l i t i es, whi ch may r equi r e
new
enabl i ng l egi sl at i on. By cat egor i cal l y
i dent i f yi ng
t he r ange of pr oposed pr ogr ams
avai l abl e
f r om al l sour ces. Some of t hese
sour ces maybe out si de
t he j ur i sdi ct i on of t he
cor r ect i onal
syst em, such as cer t ai n gover n-
ment al agenci es
or pr i vat e agenci es andor gani -
zat i ons. Ser vi ces may
exi st wi t hi n t he commun-
i t y such as
par apr of essi onal vol unt eer hel p.
I dent i f i cat i on
of t hese exi st i ng r esour ces i n-
vol ves expl or at i on of
l egi sl at i ve gr oups, gov-
er nment al agenci es i n t he
f i el d of educat i on,
heal t h, ment al heal t h, soci al
wel f ar e, empl oy-
r nent ser vi ces, and vocat i onal r ehabi l i t at i on as
wel l as i ndust r y, l abor , and ci vi c gr oups
.
The r esul t i ng i nvent or y or r esour ces t hen
can be eval uat ed i n t he l i ght of t he pr of essed
goal s of t he cor r ect i onal syst emt o
det er mi ne
t he
newr esour ces needed t o at t ai n t hese
goal s
and t he st eps
needed t o t ap newr esour ces.
The
r esul t i ng t abul at i on of exi st i ng and
new
r esour ces
wi l l t hen pr ovi de t he oper at i ve
f r amewor k
f or
t he
pr oposed newf aci l i t y .
Anal ysi s of
Fundi ng
Af t er t he
cor r ect i onal pr ogr ams, ser vi ces, and
newf aci l i t i es
have been def i ned, t he t ask of
est i mat i ng basi c
cost s of i mpl ement at i on and
t he
i dent i f i cat i on of f undi ng sour ces r emai ns.
I ncl uded i n t hi s
anal ysi s must be i nvest i gat i on
of ot her agenci es
t hat cont r i but e ser vi ces
or
per sonnel . The sequence, t i mi ng, and
amount of
f unds needed and t he basi c compo-
nent s of an oper at i ng model
r equi r e del i nea-
t i on
. Apl an f or t he est abl i shment of a new
cor r ect i onal
f aci l i t y wi l l not st ar t i mmedi at el y
as a f ul l - scal e
oper at i on but wi l l be i mpl e-
ment edgr adual l y,
i nvol vi ng const r uct i on of t he
physi cal pl ant , set t i ng
up of newcor r ect i onal
pr ogr ams, hi r i ng and
t r ai ni ng of st af f , and
f i nal l y,
occupancy and pr ogr am i mpl ement a-
t i on .
Basi c sour ces
f or f undi ng ar e l ocal gov-
er nment
capi t al budget s and st at e or f eder al
subsi dy pr ogr ams .
Most f undi ng pr ogr ams
combi ne sever al
sour ces, devi si ng i nt r i cat e
f or mul as
f or mat chi ng f unds and al l ocat i ng
subsi di es t o
speci f i ed pr ogr ams . Gui del i nes
f or gover nment al
subsi di es ver y f r omyear t o
year
and t her ef or e need t o be cont i nual l y eval -
uat ed f or
appl i cabi l i t y. Appl i cat i ons f or sub-
si di es shoul d be
f i l ed
as
ear l y as possi bl e
dur i ng t he i ni t i al
pl anni ng st age, si nce t he
bur eaucr at i c pr ocess del ays
t he dat e of ul t i -
mat e appr oval .
Pl anner s who i nf or mt hemsel ves
about t he
speci f i c pr ogr ams of exi st i ng subsi di es can
st r uct ur e t hei r newpr ogr ams and f aci l i t i es t o
t ake opt i mumadvant age of
avai l abl e assi st ance
pr ogr ams . For exampl e, i f t he
f eder al gover n-
ment desi r es t o pr omot e t he
devel opment of
communi t y- based cor r ect i onal
f aci l i t i es t hat
ut i l i ze maxi mum exi st i ng
communi t y r e-
sour ces, t hen per haps a pr oposal
f r oma l ocal
gover nment t o est abl i sh
such a f aci l i t y as a
model pr oj ect wi l l r ecei ve
maxi mumf eder al
f undi ng assi st ance under
t he " Di scr et i onar y
Gr ant s" sect i on of
t he f eder al subsi dy pr o-
gr am. Fundi ng assi st ance
i s avai l abl e f or ever y
phase of cr i mi nal j ust i ce
devel opment , i ncl ud-
i ng pl anni ng, const r uct i on,
st af f i ng, and oper a-
t i on of newf aci l i t i es .
Syst ems f or I mpl ement at i on
Anot her ear l y pl anni ng f unct i on i s
det er mi na-
t i on of t he syst ems
and admi ni st r at i ve
machi ner y r equi r ed t o i mpl ement
t he new
pr ogr am. Ther e may be an ongoi ng
syst em
whi chwi l l absor b t henewpr ogr am
wi t h a mi ni -
mumof expansi onor change.
Mor e l i kel y, how-
ever , i t wi l l be necessar y t o est abl i sh
an ad-
mi ni st r at i ve body car ef ul l y
al l i ed t o suppor t i ve
agenci es ( par ol e, empl oyment ,
et c. ) t o ensur e
Fi g. 3 Typi cal of f ender
f l ow
t hr ough t he
cr i mi nal
j ust i ce syst em.
b. Mi sdemeanor cr i mes . Same
br eak-
down as f or f el oni es . Separ at e
al cohol -
i nvol ved ar r est s and
mi nor t r af f i c
ar r est s
2. Number and dat es of j udi ci al
act i ons
a.
Adj udi cat i on act i ons. Number
di s-
mi ssed,
t r ansf er s t o ot her j ur i sdi c-
t i ons, pl eas as char ged, pl eas t o r educe
char ges,
t o t r i al , convi ct i ons
b.
Sent enci ng act i ons. Number s
of
"
Fi nes, r est i t ut i on or der s and sus-
pended sent ences
" J ai l sent ences
" Pr obat i ons
gr ant ed
" Pr i son and
r ef or mat or y sent ences
" Commi t ment s t o
communi t y cor -
r ect i onal
cent er s
3. Number and
movement s of sent enced
of f ender s by
a. Ti me ser ved i n
j ai l bef or e di schar ge
b. Ti me ser ved i n st at e
i nst i t ut i ons bef or e
par ol e or di schar ge
c . Ti me ser ved on
pr obat i on bef or e di s-
char ge
d. Ti me ser ved on par ol e
bef or e di s-
char ge
Anal ysi s of Exi st i ng
Syst ems
To pl an a newf aci l i t y,
a cl ear under st andi ng of
t he f unct i on of t he
exi st i ng cr i mi nal j ust i ce
syst emi s essent i al .
Basi c anal yses shoul d be
made of t hef l owof
of f ender s t hr ough t he sys-
t em,
speci f i c f unct i ons of t he
syst em, and cost s
i ncur r ed .
Fi gur e 2, a schemat i c
di agr am, r epr esent s
al l
t he cr i mi nal j ust i ce
act i vi t i es whi ch maybe
f oundat t he count y l evel ,
as wel l as t hevar i ous
or gani zat i ons and agenci es
t hat pr ovi de pr o-
gr ams
and ser vi ces f or
t hese act i vi t i es . Thi s
conf i gur at i on wi l l not be
appl i cabl e t o al l
l ocal i t i es . By f or mul at i ng such
a char t f or a
par t i cul ar l ocal gover nment al
j ur i sdi ct i on,
pl anner s wi l l see
wher e dupl i cat e and over -
l appi ng f unct i ons occur
wi t hi n t heexi st i ng sys-
t em,
enabl i ng t hemt o
r est r uct ur e t hese ar eas.
Fi gur e 3 i s a schemat i c
f l owchar t showi ng
t he
var i ous st ages and
di r ect i ons an of f ender
moves
t hr ough f r omar r est t o
r el ease. The com-
pl et e
compr ehensi on of t he
of f ender f l owf or
a
par t i cul ar j ur i sdi ct i on i s cr i t i cal
i n or der t o
make t he
f l ow mor e ef f i ci ent , especi al l y
at
poi nt s
wher e deci si ons ar e made.
Vi t al st at i s-
t i cs, such as
t he number of of f ender s
i nvol ved
i n each st ep of
t he pr ocess and t he
aver age
t i me f or
compl et i on of each st ep, must
be i n-
cl uded
i n t he char t .
The anal ysi s of cost - ef f ect i veness of
cor -
r ect i onal pr ogr ams and f aci l i t i es
wi l l i nvol ve
l ooki ng at t he ent i r e cor r ect i onal pr ocess
of
a
par t i cul ar syst em. Capi t al r equi r ed
f or
a
new
f aci l i t y, cost of const r uct i on,
and oper at i ng
cost per i nmat e can be
est i mat ed wi t h some
degr ee of accur acy. The
ef f ect on t he over al l
cor r ect i ons syst em
shoul d al so be wei ghed
t o f ul l y j ust i f y t he newf aci l i t y,
usi ng dat a on
t hecost s of communi t y- based
ser vi ces, pr oba-
t i on and par ol e. Pr oj ect ed
cost s can t hen be
compi l ed t o showt he ant i ci pat ed
ef f ect of t he
syst emand i t s newf aci l i t y on t he
cr i me r at e
of t he communi t y. These
pr oj ect i ons of cost
ef f ect i veness of cr i mi nal car eer
i nt er vent i on
shoul d be compar ed wi t h t he cost s
l i kel y t o be
bor neby t hecommuni t y i f t he
of f ender wer e t o
cont i nue hi s cr i mi nal car eer .
I dent i f i cat i on of Resour ces
Bef or e pl anner s can consi der what
newpr o-
gr ams or f aci l i t i es shoul d be
i nt r oduced or
expanded, t hey must cl ear l y i dent i f y
t he t ypes
and
amount s of suppor t t hat
pr esent l y maybe
Fi g. 4

Maj or el ement s i n si t e sel ect i on f or a det ent i on f aci l i t y
.
and ser vi ces, pl anner s ar e i n
a posi t i on t o ef -
f ect i vel y mol d
t he admi ni st r at i ve syst em' s
needs i nt o
a compr ehensi ve whol e.
Pl anni ng f or t he Fut ur e
Compr ehensi ve cr i mi nal j ust i ce pl anni ng i s
concer ned wi t h pr esent and f ut ur e ef f ect i ve-
ness of t he over al l syst em. Budget al l owances
of t en l i mi t t he pr ogr essi ve devel opment of
pr ogr ams and f aci l i t i es, but t he est abl i shment
of mast er pl an t i met abl es can accompl i sh
t he r equi r ed i mpr ovement s wi t hi n t he l i r ni t s-
t i ons and wi t hi n a r eal i st i c
schedul e. Pl an-
ni ng f or f ut ur e capaci t i es wi l l enabl e ar chi -
t ect s t o al l owf or or der l y expansi on of f aci l i t i es
wi t h a mi ni mumi nt er r upt i on of
t he ongoi ng
f aci l i t y. As new met hods of t r eat ment
ar e
devel oped, t he pr ogr ams change
and t her ef or e
maxi mumf l exi bi l i t y i s r equi r ed
.
By
est abl i sh-
i ng a cl ear pr ogr amof devel opment ,
necessar y
pr epar at or y st eps may
be t aken wel l i n ad-
vance t o f aci l i t at e t r ansi t i on
i nt o f ut ur e st ages .
SI TE SELECl I oh'
Numer ous f act or s must be consi der ed i n
t he
sel ect i on of a si t e. I ni t i al l y, t he
geogr aphi cal
ar ea f or t he newf aci l i t y i s det er mi ned
by t he
sour ce of t he maj or i t y of i nmat es
t o be ser ved,
al t hough many ot her
f act or s ar e i mpor t ant .
Wi t hi n a geogr aphi cal ar ea t he f act or s t o
be
consi der ed i n si t e sel ect i on ar e
as f ol l ows .
( See Fi g. 4. )
Avai l abi l i t y of Resour ces
I n r el at i on t o maxi mumpr ogr amef f ect i veness,
t he f aci l i t y shoul d be as cl ose t o t he cent er s
of busi ness, i ndust r y, school s, medi cal f aci l -
i t i es, wel f ar e ser vi ce agenci es, and t he cour t s
as possi bl e, and accessi bl e t o publ i c t r anspor -
t at i on. Cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o a maj or col l ege or
uni ver si t y i s hi ghl y desi r abl e, i n or der t o en-
cour age devel opment of a cur r i cul um i n l aw
enf or cement , usi ng t he f aci l i t y as a t eachi ng
l abor at or y. Consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o
communi t y ar eas t hat coul d suppl y st af f per -
sonnel , al t hough an i nnovat i ve and r ehabi l i -
t at i on- or i ent ed f aci l i t y wi l l at t r act hi gh- cal i ber
st af f anyway. Accessi bi l i t y t o maj or i ndust r i es
and busi ness f aci l i t i es i s essent i al f or a suc-
cessf ul wor k- r el ease pr ogr am.
Land Cost s
Unl ess a f aci l i t y i s t o be ver y smal l , t he si t e
cost wi l l r epr esent a ver y smal l per cent age of
t he t ot al cost of t he compl et ed f aci l i t y . A
medi ocr e or poor si t e shoul d not be sel ect ed
j ust because t he savi ng mi ght be 50 per cent
gr eat er t han t hat of a good si t e. Thi s t ype of
economy mi ght be ver y expensi ve i n t he l ong
r un . For exampl e, t he i ni t i al capi t al out l ay f or
an i nner - ci t y f aci l i t y undoubt edl y woul d be
subst ant i al l y gr eat er t han i n an out l yi ng ar ea
because bui l di ng si t es ar e scar ce, expensi ve,
and af f ect ed by zoni ng or di nances. Const r uc-
t i on cost s f or an i nner - ci t y f aci l i t y woul d be
mor e expensi ve, r equi r i ng ver t i cal hi gh- r i se
devel opment t o achi eve t he r equi r ed separ a-
t i on of f unct i ons . Agai nst t hese f act or s must
be wei ghed t he i ncr eased oper at i ng cost s of
an out l yi ng si t e : l onger t r anspor t at i on t i me
and addi t i onal man- days f or i nmat e escor t
dut y.
Topogr aphy and Ut i l i t i es
The si t e shoul d be r easonabl y l evel wi t h suf f i -
ci ent
sl ope t o pr ovi de good dr ai nage. Ampl e
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
acr eage i s r equi r ed f or t he physi cal pl ant
and
i t s r oads, par ki ng, and r ecr eat i on
ar eas . A
" buf f er zone" of vacant l and i s
desi r abl e t o
avoi d encr oachment of pr i vat e
const r uct i on t o
a poi nt wher e i t woul d i nf l uence
t he f r ee f l ow
of i nmat es wi t hi n t he f aci l i t y. St udi es shoul d
be conduct ed by pr of essi onal s t o
det er mi ne
subsoi l condi t i ons, wat er
suppl y, and avai l -
abi l i t y of al l maj or ut i l i t i es .
Access t o Communi t y
Fami l y vi si t i ng can pl ay
a maj or r ol e i n r eor i ent -
i ng an i nmat e' s
ant i soci al at t i t ude and al l evi at -
i ng bi t t er ness and di spai r over hi s i mpr i son-
ment . Ther ef or e, t he
f aci l i t y ought t o be wi t hi n
easy r each of t he communi t i es ser ved. Al so,
ut i l i zi ng a newand
r el at i vel y unt apped r esour ce
- - t he communi t y
vol unt eer - - - r equi r es r eady
access t o
communi t y ar eas.
Accept ance by Communi t y
Thi s consi der at i on i s of
maj or i mpor t ance
t o t he ul t i mat e
success of a newf aci l i t y. The
communi t y must
be r ecept i ve t o t he est abl i sh-
ment of a newcor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i on
i n i t s
mi dst . Thi s i s a most
sensi t i ve ar ea f or many
ci t i zens, and
a
wel l - pl anned
and ear l y campai gn
of publ i c r el at i ons
and i nf or mat i on di ssemi na-
t i on wi l l
pay hi gh di vi dends i n communi t y
accept ance. Meet i ngs shoul d be schedul ed
dur i ng t he i ni t i al pl anni ng,
wi t h l ocal com-
muni t y l eader s i nvi t ed
t o speak and t o expl ai n
t he
f unct i on of t he pr oposed f aci l i t y t o t he
t ownspeopl e
. Al i enat i on t owar d pr i soner s
can
be over come by devel opi ng i nt er est s i n an
act i ve
vol unt eer pr ogr am t hat cul t i vat es ad-
vocat es f or t he
f aci l i t y wi t hi n t he communi t y.
DESI GN PRI NCI PLES
Basi c t o t he
devel opment of desi gn pr i nci pl es
r el at ed t o cor r ect i onal
ar chi t ect ur e i s t he cr i m-
i nal j ust i ce syst em
as
i t
has exi st ed i n t he past ,
as i t
exi st s t oday, and as i t wi l l exi st i n t he
f ut ur e .
Pr esent and f ut ur e i n par t i cul ar must
be consi der ed by cor r ect i onal pl anner s as t he
f r amewor k f or t he desi gn of i nnovat i ve model s
f or
cor r ect i onal management .
Hi st or i cal Backgr ound
The devel opment of cor r ect i ons t heor y i n t he
Uni t ed St at es can be t r aced f r ont t he ear l y
ni net eent h
cent ur y, wher e puni shment and
r est r ai nt wer e t he maj or component s of t he
cr i mi nal j ust i ce
syst em
.
Gr adual l y penol ogi st s
became
awar e of t he need t o r ehabi l i t at e pr i s-
oner s, but ear l y at t empt s t o do so cal l ed f or
encour agi ng of f ender s
t o cont empl at e
t hei r
si ns i n
sol i t ude and si l ence. Thi s met hod onl y
r epl aced physi cal mai mi ng of pr i soner s wi t h a
psychol ogi cal mai mi ng whi ch i s pot ent i al l y
mor e dest r uct i ve.
By 1870 some concer ned penol ogi st s r ecog-
ni zed t hat t he met hods empl oyed t o r ehabi l i -
t at e of f ender s wer e not wor ki ng . They dr ew
up a Decl ar at i on of Pr i nci pl es adopt ed at t he
f i r st meet i ng of t he Amer i can Cor r ect i onal
Associ at i on i n Ci nci nnat i . I t i ncl uded t he f ol -
l owi ng obj ect i ves :
" Ref or mat i on, not vi ndi ct i ve suf f er i ng,
shoul d be t he pur pose of penal t r eat ment .
The pr i soner
shoul d be made t o
r eal i ze
t hat hi s dest i ny was i n hi s own hands .
" Pr i son di sci pl i ne shoul d be such as t o gai n
t he wi l l of t he pr i soner
and
conser ve hi s sel f -
r espect .
" The ai mof t he pr i son shoul d be t o make
i ndust r i ous f r ee men r at her t han or der l y and
obedi ent pr i soner s .
" Pr i sons shoul d be smal l , and separ at e i n-
st i t ut i ons shoul d be const r uct ed f or di f f er ent
t ypes of of f ender s .
" Ther e shoul d be est abl i shed a syst emf or
t he col l ect i on of uni f or mpenal st at i st i cs .
Soci et y at l ar ge shoul d be made t o r eal i ze
i t s r esponsi bi l i t y f or cr i me condi t i ons .
( The r eader who i s unf ami l i ar wi t h t he hi s-
t or y of cor r ect i ons wi l l be i nt er est ed t o know
t hat i n 1970 The Amer i can Cor r ect i onal Asso-
ci at i on met i n Ci nci nnat i and f ound t he same
f aul t s exi st i ng t oday end r ei t er at ed t he same
r ecommendat i ons . )
Wi t h t he cor ni ng of t he r ef or mat or y ar e, cor -
r ect i ons evol ved i t s own i dent i t y as a pr of es-
si on by emphasi zi ng vocat i onal t r ai ni ng and
educat i on, f ol l owed by i ndi vi dual casewor k.
Cr i me
came t o be seen as a sympt omof si ck-
uses . Gr oup t her apy and counsel i ng, t he t her -
apeut i c communi t y appr oach, and communi t y-
based t r eat ment ar e t he cur r ent domi nant
cor r ect i onal concept s, but puni shment and
r evenge have r emai ned a basi c par t of t he
cor r ect i onal st r uct ur e.
Secur i t y Gr adi ng
The st at ed goal s of t oday' s
cor r ect i onal syst em
i ncl ude t he pr ot ect i on of
soci et y, det er r ence
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
J AI LS
ANDPRI SONS
of cr i me, and
r ehabi l i t at i on of pr i soner s . Most
penol ogi st s
acknowl edge t hat t he maj or i t y
of of f ender s i n our
cor r ect i onal syst emdo not
r epr esent a r epeat ed t hr eat t o soci et y.
Due
t o t he l ack of a
r el i abl e means of det er mi ni ng
r i sk pot ent i al , a
maj or i t y of of f ender s ar e i m-
pr i soned wi t hout necessi t y
.
Al t hough t he
emphasi s pl aced on r ehabi l i -
t at i on of of f ender s seems
t o meet wi t h so-
ci et y' s appr oval , cor r ect i onal admi ni st r at or s
ar e gener al l y i nhi bi t ed i n i nnovat i ve measur es
because of a l ack of val i d i nf or mat i on about
publ i c at t i t udes . An escape or a cr i me com-
r ni t t ed by a pr obat i oner i s
met wi t h out r age
and i ndi gnat i on by t he publ i c,
pr ovi di ng cor -
r ect i onal admi ni st r at or s onl y wi t h t he most
negat i ve publ i c opi ni ons upon
whi ch t o base
deci si ons . Onl y t oo of t en t he r esponse t o
i n-
novat i on i s " t he publ i c i sn' t r eady f or t hat , "
when t he admi ni st r at or has no posi t i ve
means
of assessi ng publ i c r eadi ness .
I deal l y, a cor r ect i onal syst emshoul d i ncl ude
sever al t ypes of i nst i t ut i ons of f er i ng var yi ng
degr ees of cust ody and t ypes of t r eat ment
pr ogr ams . The f ol l owi ng descr i bes t he t hr ee
basi c t ypes of speci al i zed i nst i t ut i ons .
Mi ni mumSecur i t y

somet i mes r ef er r ed t o as t he
open i nst i t ut i on, t hi s f aci l i t y oper at es wi t hout
ar med guar d post s . I f i t has a f ence at al l , i t i s
onl y f or t he pur pose of keepi ng t he unaut ho-
r i zed publ i c out .
The i nmat e housi ng f aci l i t i es of a mi ni mum-
secur i t y i nst i t ut i on maybe compr i sed t o a l ar ge
ext ent of open dor mi t or i es, whi ch ar e by f ar
t he most economi cal t ype of housi ng f aci l i t y.
I ndi vi dual r ooms, however , ar e pr ef er abl e t o
dor mi t or i es f or a sense of pr i vacy not r eadi l y
avai l abl e i n a r egi ment ed i nst i t ut i onal i zed
set t i ng. The i deal housi ng si t uat i on woul d be
si ngl e r ooms t hat al l ow
i nmat es t o l ock t hei r
own r ooms but whi ch ar e accessi bl e t o
t he
st af f by mast er key. Dor mi t or i es ar e par t i cu-
l ar l y unsat i sf act or y as housi ng i n women' s
i nst i t ut i ons, based on our soci et y' s t r adi t i onal
st andar d of modest y and pr i vacy f or women
.
Regar dl ess of whet her dor mi t or i es or i ndi vi d-
ual r ooms ar e sel ect ed, pl anni ng must pr ovi de
easy super vi si on of t he i nmat es' quar t er s .
The open i nst i t ut i on i s cer t ai n t o pl ay an
i ncr easi ngl y i mpor t ant r ol e i n f ut ur e cor r ec-
t i onal syst ems . The t er m or i gi nat ed wi t h an
emphasi s on young of f ender s or pr i soner s
near i ng r el ease dat e, but i t cur r ent l y cover s
a br oad r ange of f aci l i t i es havi ng i n common
onl y t he absence of bar r ed wi ndows
and ar med
guar ds . These woul d i ncl ude open camps
or
f ar ms adj acent t o secur i t y pr i sons t hat oper at e
as sat el l i t e f aci l i t i es, or separ at e
i ndependent
camps
f or r ef or est at i on, l and r ecl amat i on, or
f ar mi ng. An i dea as yet unexpl or ed i s t he open
camp
r el at ed t o ur ban i ndust r i al act i vi t y.
Medi umSecur i t y Cust ody i n a
medi umsecur i t y
i nst i t ut i on i s gener al l y achi eved by a
per i met er
cont r ol syst em t hat al l ows consi der abl e
f r ee
movement wi t hi n t he f aci l i t y. Per i met er
cont r ol
consi st s of t wo l i nes of
f enci ng 12 t o 15 f t
hi gh separ at ed by a space of at
l east 20 f t . Var y-
i ng degr ees of sur vei l l ance
t echni ques, r angi ng
f r omst af f pat r ol t o el ect r oni c
det ect i on sys-
t ems or bot h, keep t he
per i met er f ence under
scr ut i ny. Per i met er cont r ol can be
ext ended t o
i ncl ude t he ext er i or ski ns of
housi ng uni t s .
I n t hi s manner , cont r ol i s
ef f ect ed by t he ex-
t er i or wal l s, wi ndows, door s, openi ngs, and
r oof const r uct i on, whi l e st i l l al l owi ng
r el at i vel y
f r ee
i nmat e movement i nsi de.
I nmat e housi ng i n a medi umsecur i t y i nst i -
t ut i on
shoul d consi st of i ndi vi dual out si de
cel l s, r ooms,
or dor mi t or i es . Dor mi t or y hous-
i ng al ways r emai ns a compr omi se bet ween
CORRECTI ONAL
I NSTI TUTI ONS
Fi g. 5

Thi s di agr amshows appr oxi mat e pr opor t i ons of secur i t y gr adi ng
of i nmat e popul at i ons i n mul t i cust ody det en-
t i on and sent enced f aci l i t i es .
and act i vi t i es, wi t h
cal l s r eadi l y obser vabl e by
st af f .
Thi s degr ee of cust ody i s r equi r ed f or l ess
t han
15 per cent of t he t ot al i nmat e popul at i on
i n a
cor r ect i onal syst em.
Mal t i SBCUFI t Y
Whi l e i deal l y i t i s desi r abl e t o
pr ovi de separ at e i nst i t ut i ons f or each t ype of
secur i t y syst em, such compar t ment al i zat i on
i s
avai l abl e onl y t o cor r ect i onal syst ems wi t h a
hi gh i nmat e popul at i on. For t he smal l er sys-
t ems, such as t hose of count i es, ci t i es, or l ow-
densi t y st at es, i t i s unl i kel y t hat f unds wi l l be
avai l abl e f or separ at e f aci l i t i es . I n t hese i n-
st ances, a si ngl e i nst i t ut i on wi l l house t he t ot al
i nmat e popul at i on of t he syst em. Maxi mum
separ at i on i s needed
bet ween cust ody gr oups
t o avoi d
i nhi bi t i ng t he f ul l par t i ci pat i on i n t he
cor r ect i onal pr ogr am of
mi ni mumsecur i t y i n-
mat es due t o r est r i ct i ons i mposed on
i nmat es
under maxi mumcust ody.
I t i s i mpossi bl e t o pr escr i be
a f or mul a f or
det er mi ni ng pr opor t i ons of
maxi mum- , me-
const r uct i on cost s and t he mor e i deal ar r ange-
ment of i ndi vi dual r ooms or cal l s, si nce r ooms
or cel l s wi t h ext er i or wi ndows pr ovi de
i nmat es
wi t h a sense of i ndi vi dual i t y and
t er r i t or y.
Maxi mum Secur i t y Emphasi s i n t hi s t ype of
f aci l i t y i s on cont r ol and super vi si on vi a a
per i met er f ence or wal l syst emi n housi ng uni t s
and i n al l bui l di ng ar eas accessi bl e t o i nmat es .
Per i met er cont r ol i s of t en ef f ect ed by st r at egi -
cal l y l ocat ed t ower s cont ai ni ng ar med guar ds
or by ci r cul at i ng pat r ol car s i n const ant
cont act
wi t h t he cont r ol cent er whi ch moni t or s
an el ec-
t r oni c i nt r usi on- sensi ng syst em
al ong t he
per i met er encl osur e .
Housi ng f aci l i t i es i n maxi mumsecur i t y
i n-
st i t ut i ons ar e char act er i zed by i ndi vi dual cel l s
wi t h t hei r own pl umbi ng and sani t ar y f aci l i t i es .
Asmal l per cent age of t he housi ng may be com-
posed of
i nt er i or cel l bl ocks consi st i ng of
gr oups of
cel l s not di r ect l y accessi bl e t o out -
si de wal l s or
wi ndows . Pl anni ng r nust consi der
maxi mum
st af f sur vei l l ance of al l i nmat e ar eas
Fi g. 6

Ver t i cal mat t i ng
i s ar esponse t o l i mi t at i ons i mposed by an ur ban
si t e.
economy
and pr ogr am r ange of t he l ar ge
i nst i t ut i on,
yet r et ai ns t he per sonal i zed t r eat -
ment and
saf et y val ves i nher ent t o t he smal l er
f aci l i t y.
Fl exi bi l i t y
Not onl y ar e t he t ypes of pr i soner s
and pur -
poses of t hei r conf i nement under goi ng
con-
st ant change, but al so t he met hods used
t o deal
wi t h t hem. New t echni ques,
pr ogr ams, and
ser vi ces pr esent new r equi r ement s,
neces-
si t at i ng t he capabi l i t y of sel f - modi f i cat i on
t hr ough f eedback and eval uat i on .
Modi f i cat i on
must al so be ai ded
by t he physi cal desi gn of
t he f aci l i t y f or t hi s eval uat i on
t o be ef f ect i ve .
Desi gn f or a number
of i ndet er mi nat e f ut ur e
condi t i ons r at her
t han a si ngl e set of f i xed f unc-
t i ons i mpl i es a " l oose f i t "
bet ween f or m and
f unct i on at any poi nt i n
t i me. I t i s f ar mor e de-
si r abl e t o have a
f aci l i t y wi t h some " f l oat "
space t han a bui l di ng
t hat f i t s t oday' s needs
so t i ght l y t hat i t becomes
obsol et e i mmedi at el y
when pr ogr ams begi n
t o devel op and change.
I n addi t i on t o r espondi ng
t o t hei r own i nt er -
nal expansi on needs,
cor r ect i onal f aci l i t i es
ser ve as a
cat al yst f or t he l ocat i on of ot her
near by publ i c and pr i vat e
communi t y ser vi ces .
For exampl e, a si ngl e
uni t coul d gr owi nt o a
communi t y
r esour ces mal l , i n ef f ect an admi n-
i st r at i ve
subcent er of count y- st at e- ci t y soci al
ser vi ces, j ust i ce,
and ot her gover nment al f unc-
t i ons ( see Fi g. 8) .
The
degr ee of f l exi bi l i t y i n spat i al ar r ange-
ment and conver t i bi l i t y of space t hat can
be
r eal i zed i s det er mi ned by:
" The
l ocat i on of f i xed ci r cul at i on el ement s,
such as
st ai r s, el evat or s, and ent r ances
" The
l ocat i on of f i xed ser vi ce el ement s
and
ut i l i t i es
" The
st r uct ur al modul e, i ncl udi ng spans
and l ocat i on
of f i xed el ement s such as col umns
- The desi gn
of mechani cal , di st r i but i on,
and l i ght i ng
syst ems
" The
desi gn of f l exi bl e syst ems of par t i t i ons
and i nt er i or
f i ni shes
The
cr eat i on of f l exi bl e spaces r equi r es
ear l y
deci si ons i n t he desi gn pr ocess
about t he ex-
t ent
and degr ee of f l exi bi l i t y r equi r ed
. Al l com-
ponent bui l di ng syst ems, especi al l y
t he st r uc-
t ur al and envi r onment al cont r ol
syst ems, need
t o
be or gani zed i nt o a pat t er n t o al l owmaxi -
mumf l exi bi l i t y . Consi der at i ons of
economy
and per f or mance ought t o be
made i n con-
j unct i on
wi t h t he degr ee of f l exi bi l i t y
desi r ed,
f or
exampl e, compar i ng a t ot al l y
f l exi bl e,
movabl e
wal l syst emwi t h a semi f l exi bl e
sys-
t em of
nonbear i ng par t i t i ons const r uct ed
of
per manent
mat er i al s . The movabl e
syst em
woul d
i ni t i al l y be t he mor e expensi ve,
but f r e-
quent pl an
r evi si ons i n t he semi f l exi bl e syst em
woul d
mor e t han use up any savi ngs i ni t i al l y
gai ned
by i t s sel ect i on. Noneconomi c f act or s,
such as use
appr opr i at eness ( sound cont r ol ,
secur i t y,
r esi st ance t o use and abuse) must
al so
be t aken i nt o account .
Ci r cul at i on
and Secur i t y Cont r ol
The movement
of i nmat es and st af f wi t hi n a
cor r ect i onal
f aci l i t y i s a pr obl emof maj or di -
mensi ons .
Due t o t he compl ex f unct i ons,
ci r cul at i on f r om
l i vi ng quar t er s t o di ni ng hal l s,
t o wor k assi gnment s,
t o school , t o r ecr eat i on,
t o i nf i r mar y,
t o cant een, t o t he admi ni st r at i on
bui l di ng, and t o
numer ous ot her par t s of t he
i nst i t ut i on needs
t o be pl anned not onl y t o
pr ovi de easy f l ow,
but al so t o al l owr equi r ed
super vi si on and
cust ody cont r ol . The pr obl em
of super vi si on
and ci r cul at i on i s j ust as i m-
por t ant
t o t he movement of suppl i es and mat e-
r i al s t hr oughout
t he i nst i t ut i on .
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
di um- , or mi ni mumsecur i t y
of f ender s t hat
appl y t o al l cor r ect i onal pr oj ect s
. Thi s pr o-
por t i on must be det er mi ned at t he
i ni t i al pl an-
ni ng st age and shoul d consi der
t he ef f ect i ve-
ness of ser vi ces and pr ogr ams
t hat pr ovi de
di ver si on f r om i ncar cer at i on,
such as bai l
pr act i ces, r el ease on
r ecogni zance, pr obat i on,
par ol e, and ext r a- agency
r ef er r al s . I t i s cer t ai n
t hat a syst em t hat
does not i ncar cer at e l ow-
secur i t y r i sk
per sons awai t i ng t r i al wi l l r e-
qui r e a hi gher
pr opor t i on of maxi mum- and
medi umsecur i t y
f aci l i t i es i n i t s j ai l . Li kewi se,
a
syst emt hat does not have a st r ong pr obat i on
and
par ol e syst em wi l l r equi r e a hi gher pr o-
por t i on of mi ni mumsecur i t y f aci l i t i es .
Fi gur e 5 l i st s suggest ed pr opor t i ons of basi c
secur i t y
t ypes t o be pr ovi ded i n a mul t i secu-
r i t y f aci l i t y. These pr opor t i ons ar e a gener al
gui de onl y and ar e gi ven her e t o pr ovi de a
basi s
f or t he
pl anni ng descr i bed above.
Physi cal
I mage
A
st r uct ur e communi cat es i t s i dent i t y and
goal s t o i t s user s and t o t he communi t y
t hr ough i t s
physi cal appear ance. The at t i t udes
of
communi t y r esi dent s t owar d t he cor r ect i ons
syst emwi l l be i nf l uenced by what
t hey per cei ve
as t he physi cal i mage. I n t he past , t he
char act er
of cor r ect i onal bui l di ngs
was expr essed by a
monol i t hi c, f or t r essl i ke,
and gener al l y f or -
bi ddi ng appear ance.
The basi c desi gn of cor r ect i onal
ar chi t ect ur e
shoul d cl ear l y i dent i f y t he f unct i on
and pur -
pose of t he f aci l i t y. The need f or a var i et y
of
ext er nal cont r ol s, such as f ences,
l ocks, and
det ent i on wi ndows, st i l l r emai ns
. But t hese
ext er nal cont r ol s need not be t he
domi nant
t heme of t he per cei ved envi r onment ,
si nce t he
avowed pur pose and goal of r noder n
cor r ec-
t i ons ar e t o bui l d
upt he of f ender s' i nt er nal con-
t r ol over t hei r own behavi or . Because
soci al
cont r ol s r epl ace ext er nal cont r ol s
t o a l ar ge
ext ent ,
ext er nal cont r ol s wher e r equi r ed
shoul d
be subt l y and unobt r usi vel y i nt egr at ed
i nt o t he
bui l di ng f or m. The t ype of
ext er nal cont r ol s
r ecommended ar e t he mi ni mum
consi st ent
wi t h t he goal s and
met hods of t he cor r ect i onal
pr ogr am.
Bui l di ng Massi ng
Af t er det er mi ni ng t he
cor r ect i onal pr ogr am,
pl anner s need t o consi der
what basi c f or ma
newcor r ect i onal
f aci l i t y wi l l t ake. Cer t ai nl y
t he char act er of t he si t e
pl ays a domi nant r ol e:
an ur ban si t e
l i mi t ed i n ar ea wi l l undoubt edl y
r equi r e ver t i cal
st acki ng of f unct i ons . Thi s
ar r angement wi l l appl y par t i cul ar l y
t o ur ban
j ai ; s t hat need t o be easi l y
cour t s . The r esul t i ng j ai l r equi r es an ef f i ci ent
ver t i cal t r anspor t at i on syst emf or bot h i nmat es
and st af f . Maj or pr obl ems conf r ont i ng t he
pl anner i nvol ve communi cat i on bet ween
i nmat es and pedest r i ans, vehi cul ar t r af f i c t o
and f r om t he f aci l i t y, and t he pr ovi si on and
f ur ni shi ng of
out door r ecr eat i on ar eas . ( See
Fi gs . 6 and 7, )
Wher e l ar ger
t r act s of l and ar e avai l abl e,
hor i zont al ar r angement of f unct i ons wi l l al l ow
a mor e f l exi bl e expr essi on of t he pr ogr am.
A
connect ed pl an l ends i t sel f wel l t o hi gh-
cust ody f aci l i t i es wher e maxi mumcont r ol of
i nmat e
movement i s r equi r ed, whi l e t he mul t i -
uni t pl an per mi t s a gr eat er f r eedomof move-
ment bet ween uni t s, wi t h basi c cont r ol pr o-
vi ded by t he per i met er encl osur e.
Si ze
of Faci l i t y
The si ze of a newf aci l i t y shoul d be det er mi ned
f r om est i mat es of t he r at e of commi t ment of
i nmat es and t hei r l engt h of st ay. The absence
of uni f or mdat a makes t hi s assessment a most
di f f i cul t and uncer t ai n t ask.
The
maxi mumi nmat e popul at i on f or a cor -
r ect i onal f aci l i t y shoul d not exceed 500. Any
i nst i t ut i on oper at i ng as a si ngl e uni t becomes
i ncr easi ngl y i nef f i ci ent and unsaf e when i t s
popul at i on exceeds t hat number . An
i deal
popul at i on shoul d not exceed 200. Ther e
ar e
i nst i t ut i ons wi t h capaci t i es of 5, 000
or mor e
because t he pr act i cal i t i es of st at e
gover nment
make i t easi er t o obt ai n f unds t o add
t o an
exi st i ng i nst i t ut i on i n a pi ecemeal
f ashi on
t han t o acqui r e a newsi t e and
bui l d a com-
pl et el y newf aci l i t y. An anal ysi s of oper at i ng
cost s of t en i ndi cat es t hat a hi gh capaci t y
means l ower per capi t a cost s . Such f i gur es
ar e easi l y comput ed and r eadi l y under st ood
by l egi sl at or s and t he l ay publ i c, but t he nega-
t i ve ef f ect s of l ar ge over cr owded i nst i t ut i ons
ar e cl ear onl y t o t he pr i son admi ni st r at or .
Al l aut hor i t i es i nvol ved i n cor r ect i ons and i n
t he sci ence of human behavi or agr ee
t hat a
maxi mum
homogeneous popul at i on of 200
of f er s t he
best mi l i eu f or t r eat ment . The l ar ger
t he i nst i t ut i on
popul at i on, t he mor e i t s
i nmat es
and
st af f l ose t hei r i dent i t y and i ndi vi dual i t y.
Conver sel y,
t he per capi t a cost of oper at i ng
a
f ul l y
pr ogr ammed i nst i t ut i on t hat i s t oo smal l
woul d be
pr ohi bi t i ve. I t i s obvi ous t hat a com-
pr omi se must
be r eached bet ween t he i deal
t r eat ment
popul at i on and t he f undi ng
capaci t y
of t he
syst em
.
Avi abl e
compr omi se i s t he sat el l i t e concept
of pl anni ng.
Thi s appr oach i nvol ves t he br eak-
i ng up of a l ar ge
i nst i t ut i on i nt o sever al smal l er
uni t s, but st i l l oper at i ng
as a si ngl e admi ni s-
t r at i ve uni t . Such a
f aci l i t y pot ent i al l y has t he
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
Fi g. 7

Hor i zont al devel opment
as i ndi cat ed by t wo di f f er ent concept s
unr est r ai ned by si t e l i mi t at i ons but expr essi ng
di st i nct l evel s of cust ody
t hr ough massi ng.
One of t he f act or s t hat i nf l uences
t he
r at i o
of cel l s t o dor mi t or y space i s t he
ext ent t o
whi ch t he i nst i t ut i on has t he st af f and
f aci l -
i t i es t o gat her i nf or mat i on essent i al f or i nmat e
cl assi f i cat i on. Si nce t he t ot al i nmat e
t r eat ment
and t r ai ni ng pr ogr am i s condi t i oned l ar gel y
by cust odyr equi r ement s, i t s success i s al most
whol l y dependent on f l exi bi l i t y of cust ody
cl assi f i cat i on and handl i ng of pr i soner s. When
such basi c dat a about of f ender s i s avai l abl e,
management of t he i nmat e popul at i on i s made
easi er , and housi ng assi gnment s can r ef l ect
t he act ual secur i t y pr obl ems whi ch i ndi vi dual
of f ender s pr esent .
I nt er i or Cel l s These ar e usual l y
pl aced back-
t o- back i n t he cent er of
t he cel l bl ock wi t h a
cont i nuous ut i l i t y space
separ at i ng t he t wo
r ows of cel l s. The ut i l i t y
space pr ovi des a
means of r unni ng
pl umbi ng, vent i l at i on, and
el ect r i cal ut i l i t i es i n an ar ea
accessi bl e f or
easy mai nt enance. Pl umbi ng f i xt ur es
ar e f i t t ed
i nt o t he r ear cel l wal l t hat
def i nes t he ut i l i t y
space. The pi pi ng ext ends
di r ect l y i nt o t he
chase, wi t h t amper - pr oof pushbut t on
val ves
t he onl y i t em exposed wi t hi n t he
cel l . Wal l -
mount ed wat er cl oset s ar e pr ef er abl e
t o
f aci l i t at e cl eani ng of t he f l oor , but
wher e f i x-
t ur es may be damaged t hr ough
abusi ve use,
f l oor - mount ed uni t s shoul d be
i nst al l ed. Mi l d-
st eel gr i l l es al ong t he f r ont of t he
cel l admi t
l i ght and ai r , whi l e
al l owi ng f or maxi mum
super vi si on of t he occupant
. Cont i nuous f r esh
ai r shoul d be pr ovi ded by
mechani cal vent i l a-
t i on t hr ough t he
f r ont of t he cel l and exhaust ed
t hr ough r egi st er s
i n t he back wal l of t he cel l .
I t i s expedi ent t o
f i r ml y anchor st eel beds and
desks t o
f l oor s and wal l s. Cel l wal l s may be
const r uct ed
of mi l d st eel pl at e Y, i n. t hi ck,
wi t h ver t i cal spl i ce j oi nt s ever y
3 f t , or of
concr et e or masonr y bl ocks .
St eel pl at e i s
of t en mor e economi cal , r equi r i ng l ess
space
t han concr et e or masonr y and
r educi ng t he
cel l - bl ock l engt h. Masonr y i s pr ef er abl e
f or
noi se cont r ol si nce i t s semi - absor bent sur -
f ace i s abl e t o r educe t he hi gh l evel of back-
gr ound noi se, a char act er i st i c of mul t i pl e st eel
cel l s,
and, t her ef or e, r equi r e t he gr eat est secur i t y
and super vi si on, such as housi ng uni t s, i n-
f i r mar y, cont r ol cent er ,
and mai n ent r ance.
However , some
f aci l i t i es, such as t he di ni ng
hal l , may oper at e f r om
12 t o 16 hour s a day,
ot her s wi l l oper at e B hour s a
day f or 5 days
dur i ng t he week, whi l e st i l l
ot her act i vi t i es
wi l l occur f or onl y 3 or 4 hour s
dur i ng t he
eveni ng. By gr oupi ng t he f aci l i t i es i n
accor -
dancewi t h t heschedul e of
use and by car ef ul l y
pl anni ng access t o t hesear eas,
por t i ons of t he
i nst i t ut i on not i n use dur i ng cer t ai n
per i ods
may be cl osed of f ent i r el y t o t he
i nmat e pop-
ul at i on, t hus r educi ng t he need f or cust odi al
cont r ol .
BASI CELEMENTS OF ACORRECTI ONAL
FACI LI TY
Housi ng
The choi ce
of i nmat e housi ng t ype i s di r ect l y
r el at ed t o
sever al f act or s : t he t ype of f aci l i t y
pl anned, what
pr ogr ams, st af f , and f undi ng,
bot h f or const r uct i on
and f or oper at i on, wi l l
be avai l abl e. Ther e ar e
f ewgui del i nes r egar d-
i ng t he
r at i o of cel l s t o dor mi t or y space. The
gui del i nes
t hat do exi st of t en conf l i ct , depend-
i ng on t he
bal ance of pr i or i t i es bet ween mai n-
t ai ni ng secur i t y, pr ovi di ng an ef f ect i ve r ehabi l i -
t at i ve
envi r onment , or havi ng an adequat e
pr of essi onal
st af f . Pl anner s wi l l f i nd t hat i t i s
i mpossi bl e t o sat i sf y f ul l y al l t hese cr i t er i a
.
I ndi vi dual cel l s ar e advi sabl e f or i nst i t ut i ons
handl i ng maxi mumsecur i t y i nmat es who r e-
qui r e const ant super vi si on. I nmat es who ar e
not maxi mumsecur i t y r i sks and ar e al l owed
mor e f r eedomof unr est r i ct ed movement i n t he
housi ng uni t s can be housed i n i ndi vi dual
r ooms or i n dor mi t or i es. Si nce j ai l s and det en-
t i on cent er s
conf i ne i nmat es whose r equi r e-
ment s
f or super vi si on and cont r ol ar e vi r t ual l y
unknown upon
ar r i val , a f ai r l y hi gh pr opor -
t i on of si ngl e cel l s or r ooms
i s advi sabl e, whi l e
open i nst i t ut i ons and
mi ni mumsecur i t y camps
can have a hi gher pr opor t i on
of dor mi t or y
space ( see Fi gs . 9t o 15) .
Secur i t y i n a
cor r ect i onal set t i ng
can be ob-
t ai ned i n numer ous ways : by t echnol ogi cal
advances i n el ect r oni cs, such as audi o- and
vi sual - moni t or i ng syst ems ; by mor e ef f ect i ve
i nt er per sonal r el at i onshi ps bet ween st af f and
i nmat es; by mor e ef f ect i ve i nmat e di agnosi s
and cl assi f i cat i on; and by pr ovi di ng achi eve-
ment - or i ent ed cor r ect i onal pr ogr ams .
Basi c secur i t y cont r ol can be at t ai ned i n
ei t her of t wo ways . Pr i mar y r el i ance can be
pl aced on a st r ong per i met er secur i t y syst em,
wi t h ar med t ower s and sophi st i cat ed f ence
al ar msyst ems. Thi s met hod per mi t s t he i nner
compound ar ea t o be f ai r l y open and al l ows
gr eat er f r eedomof movement wi t hi n. Rel at i vel y
l i t t l e secur i t y i s pr ovi ded by i nt er nal st r uct ur es .
Conver sel y, r el i ance can be pl aced on t he i n-
t er nal st r uct ur al secur i t y of t he f aci l i t y' s uni t s
t hemsel ves . Thi s appr oach pr omot es mi ni mal
cont r ol l ed movement bet ween uni t s and, t her e-
f or e, t her e i s l ess of a need f or a st r ong per i m-
et er secur i t y, but i nmat e par t i ci pat i on i n t he
cor r ect i onal pr ogr am i s gener al l y l i mi t ed t o
t hat whi ch can occur wi t hi n t he r espect i ve
uni t s.
Nei t her of t hese ext r emes i s whol l y appr o-
pr i at e f or most i nst i t ut i ons . The pr ocess of
zone cont r ol mor e cl osel y appr oxi mat es i n
st r uct ur e and oper at i on t he var i ed secur i t y
needs of di ver se pr ogr ams and ser vi ces . Ther e
ar e f aci l i t i es t hat oper at e ar ound t he cl ock
Fi g. 9

Fl exi bi l i t y must al l ow
f or gr owt h i n r esponse t o
pr ogr amchanges i n t he
f ut ur e.
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
J AI LS AND
PRI SONS
Fi g. 9

Housi ng
uni t s ar e l i nked t oget her t o f or mt wo maj or r ecr eat i on yar ds. ( Abu Ghr ai b
Cent r al Pr i son, Baghdad.
Whi t i ng Associ at es
I nt er nat i onal , I nc , Ar chi t ect s, Li t chf i el d Gr ost el d Wei dner ,
Pl anni ng Consul t ant s
. )
Fi g.
10

Zone cont r ol i s est abl i shed by t he pl an of t hi s cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i on, si mpl i f yi ng super vi sor y
act i vi t y t hr ough-
out day and ni ght . Zone 1, i nmat e housi ng
uni t s, di ni ng hal l ; zone 2, pr i son ser vi ces and wor k ar eas; zone 3, r eha-
bi l i t at i on f aci l i t i es ; zone 4, admi ni st r at i on,
guar d f aci l i t i es. I Medi um Secur i t y Pr i son, Leesbur g, N. J . , Gr uzen &
Par t ner s, Ar chi t ect s . )
Fi g. 11

Some suggest i ons f or l i vi ng
spaces ar e shown above. A
mi ni mumof 70 sq f t i s r equi r ed per i nmat e
. Layout s
andmat er i al s shoul d
r ef l ect a concer n f or t he
pr i vacy and di gni t y of t he occupant .
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
J AI LS AND
PRI SONS
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
Fi g. 13

Medi umi nt er nal secur i t y. Seven r ooms at upper l evel , seven at l ower ; gr oup space and ent r y at mi ddl e
l evel , pr ovi di ng separ at i on of pr i vat e space f r om gr oup space wi t h st af f super vi si on of movemar l t s . ( Gui del i nes f or
t he Pl anni ng and Desi gn of Regi onal and Communi t y Cor r ect i onal Cent er s f or Adul t s, Uni ver si t y of I l l i noi s
. )
Fi g.
12
Lowi nt er nal secur i t y. Per sonal spaces wi t h
pot ent i al f or i ndi vi dual i nsi de l ocki ng . Cent r al gr oup
space f or i nf or mal or st r uct ur ed act i vi t y. ( Gui del i nes
f or
t he Pl anni ng and Desi gn
of
Regi onal and Communi t y
Cor r ect i onal Cent er s f or Adul t s, Uni ver si t y of I l l i noi s
. )
Ext er i or Del l s These ar e l ocat ed on t he out si de
wal l of a housi ng uni t , each wi t h a wi ndow.
At r adi t i onal ar r angement consi st s of t wo r ows
of cel l s wi t h a cent r al cor r i dor , but newi magi -
nat i ve pl anni ng concept s ar e br eaki ng out
of t hi s mol d by gr oupi ng cel l s ar ound common
act i vi t y spaces or ar r angi ng t hemal ong si ngl e-
l oaded cor r i dor s . Sl i di ng or
swi ngi ng door s
open i nt o t he cel l and ar e f i t t ed wi t h vi si on
por t s
f or
ni ght t i me bed checks . Toi l et f i xt ur es
ar e at t ached t o i ndi vi dual pi pe chases, back-
t o- back f or t wo cel l s, wi t h access f or mai n-
t enance. Fur ni t ur e may be bui l t - i n or movabl e,
dependi ng on t he degr ee of secur i t y r equi r ed.
Vent i l at i ng ai r , i nt r oduced i nt o t he cent er cor -
r i dor , i s dr awn i nt o t he cel l s t hr ough door
under cut s and exhaust ed t hr ough a r egi st er i n
t he pi pe chase. Wal l s ar e of concr et e or
masonr yuni t s ; f l oor s ar e concr et e wi t h a st eel .
t r owel ed f i ni sh. Cel l s may be pr ovi ded wi t h
r adi o speaker s br oadcast i ng pr ogr ams f r oma
cent r al st at i on wi t h a l i mi t ed sel ect i on of at e-
t i ons .
I nmat e ROOMS These ar e i ndi vi dual l i vi ng
spaces t hat r esembl e col l ege st udent s' r ooms .
Fur ni t ur e i s movabl e ; t oi l et f i xt ur es ar e cen-
t r al l y l ocat ed f or common use by t he Member s
of t he housi ng gr oup. Swi ngi ng door s can be
wood or hol l owmet al , and t he r oomoccupant s
may have a key t hat cont r ol s t he door l ock, al -
t hough t her e i s pr ovi si on f or an over r i di ng
cust odi al deadl ock. Rooms have out si de wi n-
dows wi t h sashes of var yi ng degr ees of secu-
r i t y. Radi o hookups shoul d be pr ovi ded as
wel l as an el ect r i cal out l et f or use of an el ec-
t r i c shaver . Wal l and f l oor sur f aces ought t o
be sel ect ed f or dur abi l i t y and ease of mai nt e-
nance, but wi t h a concer n f or l i vabi l i t y.
Dor mi t or i es or Squad Rooms These
shoul d be
pl anned f or ease of vi sual super vi si on,
avoi d-
i ng, f or exampl e, doubl e- deck
beds because
of bl i nd spot s cr eat ed
by
t he hi gh
uni t s . Each
i nmat e usual l y has a l ocker f or hi s bel ongi ngs,
whi ch can be an i nt egr al par t
of
hi s
bed or
l ocat ed i n a bank of l ocker s . Beds ar e best
Fi g . 14

Hi gh secur i t y. Cl ust er component ar r anged f or cl ose st af f sur vei l l ance of f unct i ons by di r ect obser vat i on.
( Gui del i nes f or t he Pl anni ng and Desi gn of Regi onal and Communi t y Cor r ect i onal Cent er s f or Adul t s, Uni ver si t y of
I l l i noi s
. )
ar r anged i n i nf or mal gr oupi ngs t hat per mi t
ci r cul at i on
and avoi d a r i gi d gr i d pat t er n. A
f l oor ar ea
of
55 sq
f t f or each bed and i t s ci r -
cul at i on space i s
r ecommended. Maxi mum
densi t i es of dor mi t or i es
shoul d not exceed 30
per sons i n a si ngl e gr oup, and 20 per sons i s
even bet t er . I n or der t o pr ovi de a mor e l i vabl e
envi r onment f or each i nmat e and of f er hi m
some pr i vacy, l i ght wei ght panel s can be
er ect ed t o f or m cubi cl es ar ound bed ar eas .
Al t hough
t hi s ar r angement makes super vi si on
l ess
easy, t hi s pr obl emcan be sol ved easi l y by
or i ent i ng t he open
ends of cubi cl es t owar ds
t he cont r ol ar ea
.
Chai r s and
t abl es ought t o be
pr ovi ded
i n dor mi t or y ar eas par t i cul ar l y i f t her e
i s not an adj acent dayr oom
.
Housi ng Suppor t Funct i ons
I n addi t i on t o t he r awhousi ng
space r equi r ed
f or i nmat es' sl eepi ng accommodat i ons,
cer t ai n
housi ng suppor t f unct i ons ar e needed
f or t he
oper at i on of t he uni t . Each
housi ng gr oup
shoul d have a casual r ecr eat i on ar ea,
gener al l y
cal l ed a dayr oom, adj acent t o
t he l i vi ng quar -
t er s . Dayr ooms shoul d
al l ot a mi ni mumof 15
sq f t of space per i nmat e
and shoul d cont ai n
a l ar ge cl oset f or equi pment st or age .
Act i vi t i es
t hat mi ght t ake pl ace i n t he
dayr oomar e casual
games ( car ds, domi noes) , pi ngpong,
t el evi si on
wat chi ng, r eadi ng, and di ni ng ( as
opposed t o
cent r al di ni ng) . Separ at i on of ar eas by
noi sy
and qui et act i vi t i es i s hi ghl y desi r abl e .
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
have t hei r of f i ces
wi t hi n t he basi c secur i t y
syst emof t he i nst i t ut i on,
pr ef er abl y near t he
most vi t al ar ea of hi s
f unct i on. The deput y
war den i n char ge of cust ody
woul d, f or ex-
ampl e, have hi s of f i ce
adj acent t o t he cent r al
cont r ol r oomand t he key
cont r ol poi nt s of t he
i nst i t ut i on . The deput y war den
i n char ge of t he
i nmat e pr ogr amought t o be
l ocat ed i n t he hear t
of t he i nst i t ut i on so t hat he
i s not i sol at ed
f r om t he i nmat e popul at i on t hat
he ser ves .
Si mi l ar l y, admi ni st r at i ve of f i cer s
such as
di r ect or s of educat i on, r ecr eat i on,
and voca-
t i onal t r ai ni ng shoul d have t hei r
of f i ces l ocat ed
wi t hi n t he oper at i ng ar eas
of t hei r pr ogr ams .
An i dea gai ni ng accept ance i s
t he i ncl usi on
of ar r ai gnment cour t f aci l i t i es
wi t hi n a det en-
t i on f aci l i t y. Wi t h a cour t r oom
di r ect l y wi t hi n
t he por t i on of t he
i nst i t ut i on under secur i t y,
t he el abor at e pr ecaut i ons i nvol ved
i n guar di ng
pr i soner s and t r anspor t i ng t hem
t o t he cour t s
i s unnecessar y. The j udge and
at t or neys come
t o t he j ai l i nst ead. Ther e ar e pr obl ems
cr eat ed
by admi t t i ng j udges and at t or neys
wi t hi n t he
cont r ol l ed zones of t he i nst i t ut i on,
but t hese
ar e mi nor compar ed t o t he di f f i cul t i es
i nvol ved
i n t r anspor t i ng pr i soner s t o t he cour t s
.
CORRECTI ONAL PROGRAM
Pr ogr amf unct i ons i ncl ude al l ar eas of
act i vi t y
whi ch i nvol ve t he pr of essi onal
t r eat ment of i n-
mat es t o i nf l uence change i n
at t i t udes and be-
havi or . Some basi c pr ogr am
f unct i ons i n a
cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i on ar e :
Counsel i ng
Casewor k
Cl i ni cal ser vi ces
Educat i on
Vocat i onal t r ai ni ng
Wor k- r el ease or st udy- r el ease
Counsel i ng
Counsel i ng
i s t he est abl i shment
of a di r ect
r el at i onshi p,
ei t her at a per sonal
or gr oup l evel ,
i n an at t empt t o sol ve
speci f i c per sonal pr ob-
l ems or devel opover a per i od
of t i me i ncr eased
sel f - under st andi ng and
mat ur i t y. Counsel i ng
may be t he nat ur al
out gr owt h of per sonal r e-
l at i onshi ps bet ween
st af f and i nmat es devel op-
i ng t hr ough day- t o- day
cont act or t he del i ber at e
st r uct ur i ng of
gr oups f or mut ual
di scussi on
of i nmat e and st af f
pr obl ems . Ar r angi ng
l i vi ng
accommodat i ons i n
smal l gr oups pr ovi des
a
nat ur al set t i ng
f or t he devel opment of
counsel -
i ng r el at i onshi ps
bet ween cust odi al st af f
and
i nmat es . Opt i mum
si ze of t he counsel i ng gr oup
seems t o be
f r om8 t o 12 per sons, and a
mul t i -
use space wi t hi n
t he housi ng uni t wher e such
act i vi t y can t ake pl ace
on a schedul ed basi s
i s hi ghl y desi r abl e.
Each housi ng uni t
shoul d
al so i ncl ude of f i ce
space whi ch can be
ut i l i zed
f or i ndi vi dual i nt er vi ews
and pr i vat e
di scus-
si ons .
Casewor k
Casewor k
compr i ses ser vi ces by
pr of es-
si onal l y
t r ai ned per sonnel ( st udy,
di agnosi s,
and t r eat ment of psychosoci sl
pr obl ems)
admi ni st er ed i ndi vi dual l y or on
a gr oup basi s .
Casewor k act i vi t y i nvol ves
obt ai ni ng t he i n-
mat e' s soci al hi st or y, sol vi ng
i mmedi at e pr ob-
l ems
wi t h f ami l y or ot her per sons,
expl or i ng
pr obl ems of soci al
adj ust ment , and
pr ovi di ng
suppor t i ve
gui dance and i nf or mat i on
f or r e-
l ease. I n
addi t i on t o t he gener al i nst i t ut i on
pr ogr am, ot her
si t uat i ons ai ded by casewor k
ser vi ces
ar e pr esent ence i nvest i gat i ons
of
Fi g
.
15

Smal l gr oup
l i vi ng expr essed by t hi s desi gn f or a met r opol i t an cor r ect i onal cent er .
Each f l oor pr ovi des a f ul l
r ange of pr ogr am
act i vi t i es . ( a) Typi cal l i vi ng uni t f l oor pl an.
( b)
Typi cal $- man sui t e. ( Feder al Cor r ect i onal
Cent er ,
NewYor k Ci t y, Gr uzen &
Par t ner s, Ar chi t ect s
. )
Ut i l i t y f unct i ons t o suppor t a
housi ng uni t
i ncl ude
gr oup t oi l et s ( except f or
cel l s whi ch
have i ndi vi dual f i xt ur es) , shower s,
and a j ani -
t or ' s si nk. I n addi t i on t o t hese
basi c f unct i ons,
housi ng uni t s may r equi r e cl oset
space f or
st or age of cl ean and soi l ed l i nen and
cl ot hi ng,
dependi ng on t he i nst i t ut i on' s
met hod bf di s-
t r i but i ng such ar t i cl es .
I t i s r ecommended t o pr ovi de
smal l l aundr y
f aci l i t i es near housi ng
uni t s ut i l i zi ng commer -
ci al machi nes so t hat
i nmat es can do t hei r own
per sonal
cl ot hi ng, par t i cul ar l y
i n a det ent i on
cent er wher e an i nst i t ut i onal
cl ot hi ng syst em
may
not exi st .
ADMI NI STRATI ON
An
essent i al f i r st st ep i n t he pl anni ng
of admi n-
i st r at i ve
f unct i ons f or a
cor r ect i onal f aci l i t y i s
t o det er mi ne t he
or gani zat i onal pat t er n of
aut hor i t y. The agency havi ng
j ur i sdi ct i on over
t he f aci l i t y est abl i shes t he pat t er n,
gener al l y
wi t hout t he
par t i ci pat i on of t he pl anner s, al -
t hough i t wi l l
f or mt he basi s f or space pl anni ng.
f unct i ons can be gr ouped
t o
i ncl ude t hose f aci l i t i es t hat ar e l ocat ed out -
si de of secur i t y
cont r ol s of t he i nst i t ut i on,
and t hose
wi t hi n t he basi c secur i t y syst em.
Funct i ons
t o be l ocat ed out si de of secur i t y
ar e t hose
i n whi ch t he st af f needs t o be acces-
si bl e t o
t he publ i c and r equi r es ease of i ngr ess
t o and egr ess f r omt he i nst i t ut i on. Such f unc-
t i ons i ncl ude
t hose of t he of f i ce of t he head of
t he i nst i t ut i on, t he
busi ness manager , cer t ai n
deput y
war dens whose dut i es r el at e t o t he pub-
l i c, and t hei r
var i ous admi ni st r at i ve, cl er i cal ,
and secr et ar i al st af f s .
Those admi ni st r at i ve
of f i cer s whose wor k
r el at es di r ect l y t o t he i nmat e popul at i on
shoul d
J AI LS AND
PRI SONS
Fi g. 16

Asuggest ed
or gani zat i onal f r amewor k f or a cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i on
wi t h a di ver se r ehabi l i t at i on pr ogr am.
det ai nees ( f or pr obat i on) ,
t he r ecept i on pr o-
cess, and
post i nst i t ut i ons I super vi si on
( par ol e) . Casewor k
act i vi t i es ar e most ef f ec-
t i vel y car r i ed out i n a
cent r al i zed ar ea t hat has
r eady access t o t ypi ng
ser vi ces and r ecor ds,
al t hough
i t i s possi bl e t hat a casewor ker mi ght
go t o
see
hi s
cl i ent i n an i nt er vi ewr oomi n a
housi ng
uni t .
Cl i ni cal Ser vi ces
Cl i ni cal ser vi ces r el y on a
pr of essi onal st af f
such as psychi at r i st s, cl i ni cal
psychol ogi st s,
psychi at r i c nur ses, occupat i onal
t her api st s,
and ot her speci f i cal l y t r ai ned
t echni ci ans.
These ser vi ces pr ovi de i nt ensi ve
di agnost i c
and
t r eat ment t echni ques t o di scover
causes
and cur es f or i ndi vi dual
mal adj ust ment s . The
cl i ni cal
st af f al so pr ovi des gui dance and sup-
por t t o ot her st af f member s t o ai d t hemi n t hei r
cust odi al r esponsi bi l i t i es, i ncl udi ng conduct -
i ng sessi ons
on per sonal i t y t heor y and psy-
chodynami es
f or l i ne per sonnel . Al l owances
shoul d be made i n t he maxi mumsecur i t y
uni t
of t he
i nst i t ut i on f or i ndi vi dual and
gr oupt r eat -
ment by t he cl i ni cal ser vi ces
per sonnel . The
gener al i nmat e popul at i on
coul d go t o a cen-
t r al l y l ocat ed cl i ni c .
Educat i on
Educat i on i n pr i son i s basi c t o any
compr ehen-
si ve cor r ect i onal pr ogr am.
Fr om
10
t o 30 per -
cent of al l pr i son i nmat es ar e
f unct i onal i l -
l i t er at es wi t h an i nabi l i t y t o sur pass
mi ni mum
t est scor es f or t he f our t h gr ade
. Onl y
1
t o 3
per cent have compl et ed hi gh school . St at i st i -
cal l y, r et ar dat i on i n educat i onal
achi evement
i s hi ghl y cor r el at ed wi t h t he ext ent
of cr i mi -
nal
behavi or . Whi l e t he medi an school
l evel
at t ai ned by t he Uni t ed St at es popul at i on
as a
whol e exceeds t he t ent h gr ade, pr i son
i nmat es
have a medi an of ei ght h gr ade. Thi s i s
a cl ear
i ndi cat i on t hat i nmat es woul d
be bet t er pr e-
par ed f or t oday' s j ob
mar ket and f or t he ot her
r esponsi bi l i t i es of a noncr i mi nal l i f e
i f t hey
had mor e educat i on ( see Fi gs . 16 t o 18) .
Desi gn
st andar ds f or educat i onal f aci l i t i es
i n pr i sons ar e
t he same as f or ot her school s,
wi t h per haps
mor e emphasi s on f l exi bi l i t y,
such
as i nt er i or par t i t i ons t hat can be moved
as t he cur r i cul um
changes. Abasi c cor r ec-
t i onal
educat i on pr ogr amshoul d pr ovi de f or
t he
f ol l owi ng subj ect s :
Academi c.
Gener al educat i on
I nst i t ut i on or i ent at i on
Pr er el ease i nst r uct i on
Commer ci al t r ai ni ng
musi c
Heal t h educat i on
Ar t s and cr af t s
Dr amat i cs
Audi o- vi sual r oom
The educat i onal uni t
shoul d be l ocat ed on a
maj or ci r cul at i on cor r i dor
f or maxi mumac-
cessi bi l i t y t o i nmat es.
Many cl asses wi l l be
t aught i n t he eveni ng
by t he ext ensi on ser vi ce
of a st at e uni ver si t y or by a t eacher
f r oma near -
by col l ege. I t must
be possi bl e t o use t he edu-
cat i onal uni t
dur i ng t hese hour s wi t hout undue
t r af f i c t hr ough ar eas t hat
ar e nor mal l y open
dur i ng t he dayt i me onl y. A
cl ose connect i on
shoul d exi st bet ween t he
educat i onal uni t and
t he l i br ar y. I t i s wi se t o make t he
audi o- vi sual
r oomadapt abl e f or a r ange of
uses, wi t h ampl e
anci l l ar y st or age space f or
addi t i onal chai r s
and musi cal i nst r ument s.
The musi c r oom,
of cour se, must be si t uat ed
f or mi ni mumi nt er -
f er ence wi t h cl assr oomar eas. Adequat e
space
ought t o be set asi de f or t he educat i on di -
r ect or and st af f . Toi l et s f or i nmat es and st af f
need t o be pr ovi ded wi t hi n t he uni t t o mi ni mi ze
unnecessar y movement t hr ough
t he mai n
ent r ance t o t he uni t .
Vocat i onal Tr ai ni ng
Vocat i onal
t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams i n pr i sons have
t o ext end
beyond t hose oper at i ons whi ch ar e
necessar y sol el y f or t he
mai nt enance of t he
i nst i t ut i on and pr i son
i ndust r i es . I n addi t i on,
t he i nmat es' l evel
of educat i onal achi evement
needs t o be consi der ed
i n assi gni ng t hem t o
t r ai ni ng pr ogr ams i nvol vi ng
hi gh t echni cal
ski l l s . Vocat i onal
pr ogr ampl anni ng cal l s f or a
car ef ul anal ysi s of cur r ent
mar ket condi t i ons
t o det er mi ne what j obs
ar e act ual l y avai l abl e
t o i nmat es upon r el ease. Thi s
anal ysi s i ncl udes
i nvest i gat i ons of uni on and gover nment al
j ob r est r i ct i ons because of cer t ai n
cr i mi nal
hi st or i es .
Shop and mai nt enance ar eas shoul d
be sup-
pl ement ed wi t h adj acent
cl assr ooms and spe-
ci al t r ai ni ng f aci l i t i es
f or i nst r uct i on on new
t echni ques and pr ocedur es
.
The r egul at i on
and i nspect i on of t ool s ar e
cr i t i cal f unct i ons i n
a pr i son. Si nce al l t ool s
must be account ed f or
each day, t hey shoul d
be st or ed on shadow
boar ds whi ch aut omat i -
cal l y i ndi cat e
when any t ool i s out of pl ace.
Wor k Rel ease or St udy Rel ease
These pr ogr ams
ar e usual l y admi ni st er ed
t hr ough cor r ect i onal
uni t s det ached f r omt he
basi c pr i son.
These uni t s house t hose i nmat es
who have qual i f i ed f or
a pr ogr amof par t i al
r el ease i nt o t he
communi t y i n or der t o wor k
664
Fi g . 19 Li br ar y component
ut i l i zi ng i ndi vi dual i zed
r eadi ng- st udy ar ea l ocat ed r emot e
f r om di st r act i on
of ent r y ci r cul at i on- act i ve usage
ar ea near ent r y f or
ease of access . ( Gui del i nes f or t he
Pl anni ng and De-
si gn of Regi onal and Communi t y Cor r ect i onal
Cent er s
f or Adul t s, Uni ver si t y of I l l i noi s . )
665
Fi g . 18

Teachi ng component s i ncl ude a mul t i use i nst r uct i onal
suppor t uni t , a mobi l e audi o- vi sual
uni t , and a mod-
ul ar car r el uni t f or i ndi vi dual st udy.
( Gui del i nes f or t he Pl anni ng and Desi gn of
Regi onal and Communi t y Cor r ect i onal
Cent er s f or Adul t s, Uni ver si t y of I l l i noi s . )
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
or st udy. Thi s pr ogr ami s of t en
admi ni st er ed
as a pr er el ease phase wher e
i nmat es gener al l y
er e t r ansf er r ed t o t he uni t a
shor t t i me bef or e
t hei r r el ease. Wor k- r el ease i nmat es must
not
be mi xed wi t h r egul ar pr i son
i nmat es, si nce
t hey ar e of t en coer ced by i nsi der s
t o br i ng
i n cont r aband f r omt he out si de.
Si nce t he occupant s of t he
wor k- r el ease
uni t s ar e f r ee t o wor k i n t he
communi t y, no
physi cal const r ai nt s ar e necessar y
i n t hei r
housi ng f aci l i t y. The st r uct ur e
becomes com-
par abl e t o a col l ege dor mi t or y, and of t en
a pr i -
vat e r esi dence i s acqui r ed f or t hi s
pur pose,
as l ong as i t conf or ms t o nor mal
occupancy,
heal t h, and f i r e st andar ds .
Consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o l ocat i ons
cl ose t o publ i c t r anspor t at i on and
wi t hi n com-
muni t i es wher e t he nei ghbor hood at mospher e
per mi t s r aci al l y i nt egr at ed housi ng.
Space
needs t o be pr ovi ded f or of f i ces,
r ecr eat i on,
dayr ooms, ki t chen, di ni ng r oom, l aundr y,
and
st or age, i n addi t i on t o sl eepi ng ar eas .
I NMATE SERVI CES
Li br ar y
Li br ar y ser vi ces f unct i on as
t he i nf or mat i on
and l i br ar y mat er i al s cent er
suppor t i ng t he
t ot al i nst i t ut i onal pr ogr am.
The l i br ar y wi l l
pr ovi de a si gni f i cant t ype of
r ecr eat i on f or
cer t ai n
i nmat es, especi al l y t hose not i nt er est ed
i n or
not abl e t o par t i ci pat e i n spor t s . The
heavi est use comes
dur i ng t he eveni ng hour s,
t her ef or e,
t he l i br ar y shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat
adj oi ni ng ar eas wi t h l i mi t ed oper at i ng hour s
may
be cl osed of f wi t hout i mpai r i ng access t o
t he l i br ar y. The l i br ar y i s best l ocat ed f ar f r om
such noi sy ar eas as musi c r ooms or wor k-
shops, but
easi l y accessi bl e t o housi ng and
cl ose t o t he educat i onal uni t .
The quant i t y of r eadi ng mat t er i n a ver y smal l
f aci l i t y, such as a
smal l count y j ai l or pr i son
camp, woul d be
a smal l r ef er ence col l ect i on
suppl ement ed by a
pr ogr am of book i nt er -
change f r oma gener al
l i br ar y. Lar ger f aci l i t i es
need l i br ar i es wi t h
no f ewer t han 6, 000 vol -
umes, or at l east 10 books
per i nmat e. I nst i -
t ut i ons wi t h hi gh popul at i ons
of l ong- t er m
pr i soner s shoul d
pr ovi de a mi ni mumof 15
Fi g . 11

Educat i onal component pr ovi di ng r ange of spaces i n
f i ve si zes t o of f er choi ce of apace appr opr i at e t o Par -
t i cul ar st af f - i nmat e or i nmat e act i vi t y. Fol di ng par t i t i on of f er s oppor t uni t y
f or l ar ger gr oup pr esent at i ons or di al ogues .
I Gui del i nes f or
t he Pl anni ng and Desi gn of Regi onal and Communi t y Cor r ect i onal
Cent er s f or Adul t s, Uni ver si t y of
I l l i noi s . )
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
t o 20 vol umes per i nmat e.
The
i nst i t ut i on
l i -
br ar y ought t o have access t o a gener al
l i br ar y
wi t h a col l ect i on
of
at l east 100, 000 vol umes
f or r ef er ence or i nt er l i br ar y l oan ser vi ce.
Seat i ng space shoul d be al l ot t ed f or not l ess
t han 5 per cent of t he i nst i t ut i on' s popul at i on,
wi t h an al l owance of 30 t o 35 sq I t per r eader
f or bookshel ves, t abl es, chai r s, and ci r cul at i on.
( See Fi g. 19. )
Suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es can i ncl ude a l i br ar i an' s
of f i ce and wor kr oom, a magazi ne st or age
r oom, enda l i st eni ng r oomwi t h r ecor d pl ayer .
Pr ovi si ons shoul d be made f or t r anspor t i ng
books t o t he segr egat ed maxi mumsecur i t y
and i nf i r mar y ar eas t o ser ve i nmat es who can-
not t r avel t o t he l i br ar y . I n war mer cl i mat es
an out door ar ea i s hi ghl y desi r abl e t o ser ve as
a r eadi ng gar den.
Commi ssar y
Thi s i s wher e i nmat es pur chase per sonal i t ems,
such as ci gar et t es, combs, candy, j ui ce, and as
many mi nor i t ems as t he admi ni st r at i on want s
t o st ock. Acommi ssar y oper at i on may be
cent r al i zed, so t hat i nmat es come i n shi f t s
t o make t hei r pur chases, or i t may be t he t r avel -
i ng t ype, wi t h a car t movi ng t o and f r omt he
housi ng uni t s . As a var i at i on of t he cent r al i zed
commi ssar y oper at i on, i nmat es f i l l out r equest
sl i ps i n t hei r housi ng ar ea, t he sl i ps ar e t hen
t aken t o t he cent r al commi ssar y wher e or der s
ar e pl aced i n cont ai ner s and mar ked f or t he
or der i ng i nmat es . The cont ai ner s ar e t hen di s-
t r i but ed t o t hemi n t he housi ng uni t s .
Acent r al commi ssar y needs suf f i ci ent space
and di spl ay count er s f or i nmat es t o see t he
i t ems avai l abl e, so t hat t hey can or der wi t h-
out del ay. I f i ce cr eamor col d dr i nks ar e sol d,
r ef r i ger at ed st or age uni t s must be pr ovi ded.
Ampl e
space must be al l ot t ed f or st or age of
st ock and
f or t he commi ssar y
of f i cer ' s
book-
keepi ng oper at i on . ( See Fi g. 20. )
Bar ber
Bar ber f aci l i t i es may be l ocat ed cent r al l y or i n
i ndi vi dual housi ng uni t s . I f t hey ar e decent r al -
i zed, t he chai r ( s) shoul d be movabl e f or st or age
whi l e not i n use. Gener al l y i nmat es shave
t hemsel ves, and bar ber ser vi ces onl y appl y t o
hai r cut s .
RECEPTI ONANDDI SCHARGE
The r ecept i on and di schar ge uni t i s t he poi nt
of i nst i t ut i onal ent r y or depar t ur e f or al l pr i s-
oner s . The ent r y pr ocess can be i mpor t ant
i n det er mi ni ng t he i nmat e' s l at er at t i t udes and
behavi or si nce i t i s hi s i ni t i al i nst i t ut i onal i m-
pr essi on. The r ecept i on pr ocess i nvol ves book-
i ng, exami nat i on, cl ot hi ng i ssue, cl assi f i cat i on
i nt er vi ew, f i nger pr i nt i ng, phot ogr aphi ng, and
assi gnment t o a housi ng sect i on. Suf f i ci ent
hol di ng ar eas must be pr ovi ded wher e i ncom-
i ng i nmat es can congr egat e unt i l t he st af f i s
pr epar ed t o admi ni st er t he r ecept i on pr oce-
dur e. The hol di ng ar eas r equi r e benches f or
si t t i ng and t oi l et f aci l i t i es i n each ar ea. Show-
er s and dr yi ng ar eas shoul d be pr ovi ded at t he
r ecept i on ar ea, and an exami nat i on r oom and
doct or ' s of f i ce ought t o be i ncl uded f or medi cal
exami nat i ons . Pr i soner s begi nni ng t he pr ocess
shoul d not have access t o t hose who have cor n-
pl at ed t he pr ocess and ar e awai t i ng assi gnment
t o a housi ng uni t . Most i nst i t ut i ons assi gn new
i nmat es t o a speci al r ecept i on housi ng uni t
wher e t hey under go or i ent at i on, cl assi f i cat i on,
di agnosi s, and wi t hdr awal f r om dr ugs, as
r equi r ed. Due t o t he hi gh per cent age of dr ug
addi ct s r ecei ved by det ent i on f aci l i t i es, a maj or
segment of newl y r ecei ved pr i soner s wi l l
under go wi t hdr awal , whi ch i s no l onger a pr ob-
l em i f met hadone i s admi ni st er ed. The wi t h-
dr awal per i od t akes f r om3 t o 5 days, and medi -
cal obser vat i on must be mai nt ai ned dur i ng t hi s
t i me. ( See
Fi g. 21. )
t o be suppl i ed t o accommodat e 3 t o 5 per cent
of t he t ot al popul at i on t hat wi l l be housed i n
si ngl e r ooms
and war ds .
Ar eas need t o be al -
l ot t ed f or t he i sol at i on of pat i ent s wi t h con-
t agi ous di sease, and speci al f aci l i t i es
f or
psychi at r i c pat i ent s who r equi r e speci al secu-
r i t y and saf et y devi ces t o pr event sel f - i nj ur y .
The
r ange of
t r eat ment
f aci l i t i es wi l l var y,
dependi ng on gener al medi cal f aci l i t i es avai l -
abl e i n nei ghbor i ng communi t i es . Nor mal l y,
maj or sur ger y i s per f or med at a near by gener al
hospi t al , al t hough l ar ger i nst i t ut i ons may of f er
par t i al or f ul l oper at i ng sui t es f or emer gency
use. Basi c t r eat ment ar eas i ncl ude gener al
exami nat i on and t r eat ment , hydr ot her apy,
physi ot her apy, and eye, ear , nose, and t hr oat
ser vi ces . These ar eas shoul d be cl osel y r el at ed
t o each ot her and under t he di r ect super vi si on
of t he of f i ce of t he medi cal di r ect or . Suppor t
f aci l i t i es f or t hese t r eat ment ar eas compr i se
an x- r ay sui t e, an EKG- BMRr oom, a cl i ni cal
l abor at or y, and a phar macy. The phar macy
must al l ow f or a secur e st or age f or dr ugs .
I n addi t i on t o gener al medi cal t r eat ment , a
pr ogr amof dent al car e r equi r es a dent al sui t e
consi st i ng of one or mor e t r eat ment r ooms and
a l abor at or y . The dent al sui t e shoul d be adj a-
cent t o t he medi cal wai t i ng r oom. The dent i st
wi l l f unct i on mor e ef f i ci ent l y i f he has at l east
t wo chai r s, t hus per mi t t i ng a t r ai ned i nmat e
hel per t o pr epar e t he next pat i ent f or t r eat ment .
MEDI CALSERVI CES
The cor r ect i onal i nst i t ut i on has an expl i ci t
r esponsi bi l i t y t o pr ot ect and mai nt ai n t he
heal t h of i nmat es and t o pr event t he spr ead
of di sease among t he pr i soner popul at i on . Pr e-
vent i ve medi cal ser vi ces i n a pr i son begi n wi t h
t he physi cal exami nat i on of each newl y r e-
cei ved i nmat e, encompassi ng any l abor at or y or
x- r ay eval uat i ons t hat may be necessar y. Those
i nmat es who ar e f ound t o be i l l upon admi ssi on
shoul d be pl aced i n t he i nf i r mar y f or t r eat ment .
The i ni t i al
exami nat i on demands t he i dent i f i -
cat i on of chr oni c i l l ness i n newi nmat es, such
as a car di ac condi t i on, t uber cul osi s, or di abe-
t es, as wel l as dr ug addi ct i on.
The cent r al i zed medi cal f aci l i t i es of a pr i son
consi st of an i npat i ent and out pat i ent depar t -
ment . The out pat i ent f unct i on consi st s of t he
r egul ar dai l y pr ocedur e under whi ch i nmat es
who ar e i l l or r equi r e medi cal at t ent i on can r e-
por t t o t he physi ci an f or exami nat i on and t r eat -
ment . I n smal l f aci l i t i es t he physi ci an may t our
t he i nst i t ut i on per sonal l y, but t hi s i s not as de-
si r abl e as havi ng t he i nmat es go t o a cent r al
f aci l i t y f or si ck cal l . At l east 10 per cent of
an i nst i t ut i on' s i nmat e popul at i on may be
expect ed t o r epor t t o si ck cal l dai l y. An ampl e
wai t i ng ar ea t hat i ncl udes t oi l et f aci l i t i es i s
t hus r equi r ed f or i nmat es wai t i ng f or medi cal
at t ent i on. Consul t at i on and t r eat ment r ooms
shoul d be l ocat ed i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he
cl i ni cal l abor at or y, x- r ay, and phar macy ar eas .
I npat i ent f aci l i t i es ought t o have a f ul l r ange
of accommodat i ons f or i nmat es r equi r i ng f or -
mal medi cal at t ent i on. Suf f i ci ent beds need
Fi g. 20 Acommi ssar y component wi t h adj acent st or -
age r oom f or st ack, cor r i dor l ocat ed f or easy access .
( Gui del i nes f or t he Pl anni ng and Desi gn of Regi onal
and Communi t y Cor r ect i onal Cent er s f or Adul t s, Uni -
ver si t y of I l l i noi s
. l
666
Fi g. 21

Adi agr amshowi ng i nmat e f l owt hr ough t he
r ecept i on component of a det ent i on f aci l i t y.
J AI LS ANDPRI SONS
FOODSERVI CE
One of t he most i mpor t ant and di f f i cul t oper a-
t i ons i n any cor r ect i onal f aci l i t y i s t he pr epar a-
t i on and ser vi ng of t hr ee meal s a day t o t he i n-
mat e popul at i on and t o t he st af f . Most of t he
ki t chen wor k wi l l be done by i nmat es wi t h var y-
i ng l evel s
of exper i ence
or
i nt er est , under t he
di r ect i on of a
st ewar d and a l i mi t ed st af f . Food
ser vi ce can be i mpr oved by
pr ovi di ng voca-
t i onal cul i nar y t r ai ni ng as par t of t he
cor r ec-
t i onal pr ogr am.
Wi t h f ewexcept i ons, t he f ood pr epar at i on i s
accompl i shed i n a cent r al ki t chen f aci l i t y
havi ng maj or ar eas f or r ecei vi ng, st or age and
pr epar at i on of f ood, cooki ng, di shwashi ng,
and gar bage di sposal . The amount of space
r equi r ed f or st or age of f oodst uf f depends
upon t he f r equency and char act er i st i cs of t he
f ood- pur chasi ng and del i ver y pr ogr am i n t he
i nst i t ut i on.
The poi nt of
ent r y f or r ecei vi ng f ood i t ems
r equi r i ng a subst ant i al amount of st or age
shoul d
be super vi sed by a st or ekeeper who
checks
i ncomi ng del i ver i es agai nst or der s and
desi gnat es st or age ar eas i n t he i nst i t ut i onal
war ehouse. The st ewar d r epl eni shes hi s dai l y
st ock
f r omt he war ehouse or , i n smal l er i nst al -
l at i ons
wi t h mor e f r equent del i ver i es, f ood
i t ems ar e st or ed near
t he ki t chen f or cont i nu-
ous use.
The st ewar d super vi ses t he mai n ki t chen,
and hi s of f i ce shoul d be st r at egi cal l y l ocat ed
t o pr omot e
t hi s cont r ol , wi t h maxi mumgl azed
vi si on
l i ght s . Faci l i t i es f or t he i nmat e ki t chen
det ai l
gener al l y i ncl ude a l ounge, cl assr oom
( f or speci al
cul i nar y i nst r uct i on) , and t oi l et .
Gener al l y,
t hese i nmat es wi l l put on t hei r
ki t chen cl ot hi ng
i n t hei r housi ng uni t , but some
i nst i t ut i ons pr ovi de cl ot hi ng i n t he ki t chen
i t sel f
whi ch necessi t at es i ncl usi on of a l ocker
r oom.
Ther e ar e sever al basi c
met hods of i nmat e
f eedi ng, each
met hod havi ng i t s advant ages
and di sadvant ages .
An appr opr i at e choi ce
of met hods depends upon
consi der at i on of t he
cor r ect i onal goal s of t he
f aci l i t y, t ypes of i n-
mat es ser ved, avai l abl e cust odi al manpower ,
and r el at i onshi p t o t he over al l pr ogr am. The
basi c f eedi ng pat t er ns ar e
Cent r al di ni ng r oom( s) adj acent t o ki t chen
Local di ni ng r oor ns i n housi ng uni t s
Feedi ng
i n
i nmat es' cel l s
Acombi nat i on of t he above
Cent r al Di ni ng
Cent r al di ni ng adj acent t o t he
ki t chen f aci l i -
t at es del i ver y of pr epar ed f ood
and r et ur n of
soi l ed di shes t o t he di shwashi ng
ar ea, gen-
er al l y l ocat ed
i n t he ki t chen. Di ni ng may t ake
pl ace i n a
si ngl e r oomor be sect i oned of f t o
r educe an excessi vel y
l ar ge gr oup of i nmat es
congr egat i ng i n a si ngl e space. The pr ocess
i s usual l y car r i ed
out i n shi f t s or on a cont i nu-
ous basi s wher e i nmat es l eave
af t er
t hey
have
f i ni shed wi t h t hei r meal s and ot her
i nmat es
t ake t hei r seat s . Car ef ul pl anni ng al l ows a suf -
f i ci ent ar ea f or i nmat es on l i ne wai t i ng t o be
seat ed so t hat t hey wi l l not i nt er f er e wi t h i n-
mat es al r eady eat i ng. The i nst i t ut i onal sound
syst emshoul d be ext ended i nt o t he di ni ng ar ea
t o enabl e br oadcast i ng of announcement s
and musi c pr ogr ams .
Local i zed Di ni ng
Local i zed di ni ng i n housi ng uni t s el i mi nat es
t he pr obl emof l ar ge number s of i nmat es con-
gr egat i ng t oget her and i s mor e i deal l y sui t ed
t o t he t ype of f aci l i t y t hat pr omot es a cor r ec-
t i onal pr ogr am based on a gr oup i nt er act i on.
The l ocal di ni ng r oomcan be used f or ot her
pr ogr ampur poses bet ween meal s . The di st r i -
but i on of f ood f r omt he ki t chen i s achi eved by
heat ed f ood car t s, whi ch f unct i on as ser vi ng
st eamt abl es i n t he di ni ng ar ea. I t i s gener al l y
pr ef er abl e t o r et ur n
di r t y di shes t o a cent r al
di shwashi ng f aci l i t y i n t he ki t chen, si nce cl ean-
i ng i n accor dance wi t h heal t h code r equi r e-
ment s necessi t at es speci al equi pment t oo
di f f i cul t and expensi ve t o suppl y i n di sper sed
l ocat i ons .
Cel l Di ni ng
Cel l di ni ng i s t he l east desi r abl e met hod and
shoul d
be r est r i ct ed onl y t o t hat smal l mi nor i t y
of i nmat es who pose di sci pl i nar y pr obl ems .
Even f or t hi s gr oup, cel l f eedi ng shoul d be
avoi ded
by
pr ovi di ng a speci al hi gh- secur i t y
housi ng uni t wi t h i t s own di ni ng r oom. Thus
cel l
f eedi ng
wi l l be r est r i ct ed t o
t he most un-
cont r ol l abl e i nmat es who gener al l y
ar e
a ver y
smal l per cent age of t he t ot al popul at i on
.
St af f Di ni ng
St af f di ni ng i s gener al l y t r eat ed an a
separ at e
f unct i on f r om i nmat e di ni ng, except i n smal l
cor r ect i onal uni t s t hat pr omot e a cl ose
r appor t
bet ween st af f and i nmat es . The st af f
di ni ng
hal l
of t en i s di vi ded i nt o ar eas f or cust odi al st af f
end ar eas f or super i or of f i cer s . These di ni ng
f aci l i t i es shoul d be near a mai n t r af f i c ar t er y,
so t hat i n case of an emer gency t her e
can
be
qui ck access t o t he mai n cont r ol
poi nt s of t he
i nst i t ut i on.
RECREATI ON
Recr eat i on has been r ecogni zed as an
i nt egr al
par t of a good cor r ect i onal t r eat ment pr ogr am
.
I t al l evi at es t he dul l monot ony
of pr i son l i f e,
act s as a saf et y val ve f or t he r el ease of pent - up
ener gi es t hat ot her wi se mi ght l ead t o di st ur -
bances, and can be di r ect ed t owar d hel pi ng
i nmat es
conf r ont some of t hei r per sonal pr ob-
l ems . A wel l - r ounded r ecr eat i on pr ogr am
shoul d embr ace
act i ve, compet i t i ve spor t s and
st r enuous act i vi t i es f or al l
i nmat es who ar e
physi cal l y f i t and i nt er est ed
. For t hose i nmat es
who cannot t ake par t i n act i ve spor t s,
cor r ec-
t i ve physi cal f i t ness pr ogr ams and ot her
f or ms
of r ecr eat i on ought t o be made
avai l abl e .
I ndoor f aci l i t i es nat ur al l y
ar e essent i al f or a
f ul l year - r ound r ecr eat i on
pr ogr am. I t i s ex-
pedi ent t o pl an t he
gymnasi umar ea f or mul -
t i pl e pr ogr amuses, so
t hat movi es and ot her
audi t or i um f unct i ons
can t ake pl ace t her e.
Wi t hout quest i on,
t he most popul ar spor t
among
i nmat es i s basket bal l , par t i cul ar l y when
t he maj or i t y of i nmat es come
f r om ur ban
cent er s . The mai n
f l oor of t he gymnasi um
needs t o be avai l abl e f or basket bal l ,
vol l eybal l ,
and ot her f l oor games, so a separ at e ar ea
shoul d be al l ot t ed f or boxi ng,
wr est l i ng, and
wei ght l i f t i ng, anot her popul ar pr i son act i vi t y.
Spect at or seat i ng ought t o be por t abl e t o i n-
cr ease t he maxi mum act i vi t i es space when
seat i ng i s not r equi r ed, yet easi l y br ought i n
f or movi es or shows . Locker s and shower s
need t o be suppl i ed f or i nmat es and vi si t i ng
t eams
.
To meet r equi r ement s
f or basket bal l and
vol l eybal l
act i vi t i es, a gymnasi um f l oor has
t o be at l east 60 f t
wi de and 100 f t l ong, wi t h a
cl ear hei ght of 20 f t .
For compet i t i ve pl ay,
a gymnasi umf l oor
l engt h of 100 f t i s desi r abl e.
I n addi t i on t o a mai n
basket bal l cour t , al l ow-
ances ought t o be made f or si de
pr act i ce cour t s
66
7
t o accommodat e a maxi mumnumber of user s
at a t i me. Fl oor i nser t s wi l l enabl e t he qui ck
i nst al l at i on of a vol l eybal l net as an al t er nat e
act i vi t y.
Besi des t he i ndoor f aci l i t i es, out door r ecr ea-
t i on space i s necessar y f or a compl et e r ecr ea-
t i onal pr ogr am. On ur ban si t es wher e out door
space i s not avai l abl e, I t I s wi se t o
use r oof
sur f aces t o t hei r maxi mum. These
ar eas gen-
er al l y r equi r e f enci ng encl osur es et t he si des
and t op. Wher e t he si t e I s not r est r i ct i ve, yar d
and f i el d ar eas shoul d be pr ovi ded t o suppl e-
ment t he i ndoor pr ogr ams . I t i s expedi ent t o
l ocat e out door r ecr eat i on f i el ds adj acent t o t he
gymnasi umi f possi bl e, t o per mi t common use
of l ocker s and cont r ol l ed di st r i but i on of at h-
l et i c equi pment . The at hl et i c f i el d needs t o be
adequat e f or f oot bal l , basebal l , soccer , sof t -
bal l , basket bal l , and handbal l , wi t h smal l er
act i vi t y ar eas f or shuf f l eboar d, hor seshoes,
and bocci bal l suppl ement i ng i t .
VI SI TI NG
Ther e ar e t wo basi c t ypes of vi si t i ng done i n
a
cor r ect i onal f aci l i t y, vi si t s wi t h f ami l y and
vi si t s wi t h at t or neys
end casewor ker s .
Vi si t s wi t h f ami l y ar e encour aged t o sust ai n
f ami l y t i es
unt i l t he i nmat e' s r el ease. Each i n-
st i t ut i on
est abl i shes cont r ol s f or t he f r equency
and l engt h of vi si t s, dependi ng
pr i mar i l y upon
t he st af f avai l abl e f or super vi si on
. Di f f er ent
t ypes of i nst i t ut i ons and di f f er ent ki nds
of pr i s-
oner s i mpose var yi ng cust odi al
r est r ai nt s,
r equi r i ng di ver se vi si t i ng
accommodat i ons .
Some pr i soner s and vi si t or s r equi r e
separ at i on
by physi cal bar r i er t o
mai nt ai n saf e cust ody
and pr event passage of cont r aband
. Ot her s
can meet wi t hout i nci dent i n an
i nf or mal f ur -
ni shed l i vi ng r oom wher e t hey may
embr ace
and si t al ongsi de one anot her
under obser vant
super vi si on.
Cl osed Vi si t i ng
Cl osed or secur e vi si t i ng r oomconsi st s of a
boot h wi t h a compl et e physi cal bar r i er separ at -
i ng t he i nmat e and vi si t or . Al ar ge expense
of
t emper ed or l ami nat ed gl ass per mi t s vi sual
cont act
whi l e aur al cont act can be ef f ect ed by
t el ephone
or mi cr ophone- speaker ar r angement .
Open
Vi si t i ng
Open vi si t i ng al l ows cont act
and nor mal con-
ver sat i on bet ween i nmat es and
vi si t or s . Si nce
const r ai nt s ar e mor e r el axed,
i t i s desi r abl e t o
pr ovi de an out door ar ea adj acent
t o t he vi si t -
i ng r oom f or use i n war m
weat her . Vi si t or s
shoul d l eave packages
and handbags out si de
of t he vi si t i ng r oom, however ,
and f or t hi s pur -
pose an al cove
cont ai ni ng smal l l ocker s i s
at t ached t o t he vi si t or s'
wai t i ng r oom. I n some
i nst ances, pr i soner s change
cl ot hi ng f or vi si t -
i ng and ar e t hor oughl y sear ched
bef or e and
af t er an openvi si t , a secur i t y
measur e i nt ended
t o guar d agai nst t he i nt r oduct i on
of cont r a-
band.
Conj ugal Vi si t i ng
Conj ugal vi si t i ng deser ves ser i ous consi der a-
t i on f or any sent ence i nst i t ut i on t hat hopes
t o encour age nor mal sexual adj ust ment among
i nmat es . Whi l e t he pr obl ems associ at ed
wi t h
conj ugal vi si t i ng ar e numer ous and i t s pr ac-
t i ce under pr esent pr i son r egul at i ons
mi ght
not compl et el y f i l l t he sexual needs of an
i n-
mat e, conj ugal vi si t i ng does al l owa man
t o r e-
t ai n hi s mascul i ne sel f - est eem and r educe t he
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
J AI LS AND
PRI SONS
need t o est abl i sh i t
t hr ough homosexual con-
quest s . These f aci l i t i es shoul d
be t ot al l y r e-
moved f r om t he pr i soner
popul at i on and of f er
compl et e pr i vacy t o t he coupl es,
wi t h quar t er s
t hat
do not r ef l ect t he
i nst i t ut i onal char act er
of t he
pr i son.
At t or ney
end Casewor ker Vi si t i ng
At t or ney end casewor ker vi si t at i on ought
t o
occur
i n a cent r al l ocat i on cl ose t o t he
i nst i t u-
t i on' s
mai n ent r ance t o avoi d excessi ve out si de
t r af f i c i nt o t he hear t of t he pr i son
.
The
pr i vacy
and
conf i dent i al i t y of vi si t s bet ween a
pr i soner
and hi s at t or ney
must be compl et el y r espect ed,
and vi si t i ng
r ooms shoul d be f ul l y encl osed
wi t h l i ber al gl assed- i n
ar eas f or vi sual obser va-
t i on by cust odi al
of f i cer s.
RELI GI ON
The act ual
ser vi ces t hat t ake pl ace i n e chapel
ar e onl y a
smal l par t of a compl et e r el i gi ous
pr ogr am,
whi ch i ncl udes r el i gi ous educat i on,
counsel i ng, and
cont act wi t h i nmat es' f ami l i es
and vi si t or s . The
i nst i t ut i onal cl er gymen r e-
qui r e i ndi vi dual
of f i ces, pr ef er abl y near t he
chapel , t o car r y out
t hei r admi ni st r at i ve r e-
sponsi bi l i t i es . I n many
i nst i t ut i ons, t he chapel
i s used f or ot her nonr el i gi ous
f unct i ons and
may act as an audi t or i um
or gymnasi um. Wi t h-
i n a l i mi t ed physi cal pl ant , t hi s
may be an ef -
f i ci ent mul t i use of a space,
but i t i s obvi ous
t hat i f condi t i ons per mi t , i t i s
f ar mor e desi r abl e
t o desi gnat e a chapel ar ea
excl usi vel y f or r e-
l i gi ous act i vi t i es .
Separ at e chapel s f or each
f ai t h gr oup ar e pr ef er abl e,
but an i nt er f ai t h
chapel can be equi pped
wi t h a r evol vi ng al t ar
t o ser ve t he t hr ee
maj or f ai t hs .
SECURI TY CONTROL
Secur i t y cont r ol i n e cor r ect i onal
i nst i t ut i on i s
ef f ect ed by ever y component
of t he i nst i t ut i on,
i ncl udi ng l ayout and desi gn of
bui l di ng el e-
ment s,
det ai l s of oper at i on and const r uct i on,
and t he
ski l l ed and i nt el l i gent super vi si on of
pr i soner s by a
compet ent st af f .
Cent r al
Cont r ol
Cent r al cont r ol i s
moni t or ed by a cont r ol r oom
t hat f unct i ons
as t he ner ve cent er of t he
i nst i -
t ut i on. Thi s ar ea
i s const ant l y i n compl et e op-
er at i on, act i ng
as t he cust odi al cent er f or key
cont r ol ,
communi cat i ons, al ar m, and
t r af f i c
cont r ol .
The cont r ol
r oomoper at es a ser i es of el ec-
t r i cal l y i nt er l ocked door s t o f ul l y
super vi se
ent r ance
and exi t f r omt he cust ody zone of t he
668
i nst i t ut i on
. I deal l y, t he cont r ol r oom shoul d
have
vi sual access al ong t he maj or t r af f i c cor -
r i dor s .
I f
a
syst emof cl osed- ci r cui t t el evi si on
i s used t o vi ewkey
poi nt s i n t he i nst i t ut i on,
t he moni t or scr eens
al so must be l ocat ed i n
t he cent r al cont r ol
r oom. Al l i nst i t ut i onal keys
shoul d be st or ed i n t he key
cabi net of t he con-
t r ol r oomand
f ur ni shed t o of f i cer s at t he begi n-
ni ng of t hei r t our of
dut y ant i r et ur ned upon
t our compl et i on. The
communi cat i ons net wor k
of t he i nst i t ut i on, i ncl udi ng
secur i t y t el e-
phones, publ i c addr ess
syst ems, end pagi ng
syst ems, ought t o be
cont r ol l ed f r omt hi s ar ea,
as wel l as al l al ar msyst ems,
i ncl udi ng gener al
emer gency al ar ms, and i ndi cat or s
f or openi ng
key
door s or oper at i ng el evat or s . I t i s wi se
t o
l ocat e a syst emof t r af f i c cont r ol
i n or adj acent
t o t he cent r al cont r ol r oomt o i ndi cat e
at any
gi ven t i me t he housi ng l ocat i on of each
i nmat e.
Fi r ear ms
Fi r ear ms shoul d be st or ed i n a secur e deposi -
t or y at t he mai n ent r ance of t he
i nst i t ut i on.
Many of f i ci al vi si t or s t o a det ent i on or sent ence
i nst i t ut i on wi l l be i n possessi on
of f i r ear ms,
but t hese must never be per mi t t ed
i nsi de t he
cust ody
por t i on of t he f aci l i t y.
Vehi cul ar Access
Vehi cul ar access
t o an i nst i t ut i on wi t h a per i m-
et er secur i t y
encl osur e shoul d be t hr ough an
ent r ance vest i bul e
wi t h door s and gat es at
each end, bot h of
whi ch ought never t o be
un-
l ocked at t he same
t i me. Fr equent l y, l ar ge
vehi cl e gat es ar e
mot or - oper at ed, cont r ol l ed
f r oma near by t ower
or ot her cont r ol poi nt .
Locks
and Locki ng Devi ces
Locks and
l ocki ng devi ces i n cor r ect i onal i n-
st i t ut i ons ought t o be
f abr i cat ed and i nst al l ed
by manuf act ur er s
who speci al i ze i n t hese de-
vi ces and have a pr oven
r ecor d of sat i sf act or y
i nst al l at i on. Pr i son l ocks shoul d
be of t he dead-
bol t t ype, r equi r i ng t he of f i cer t o
t ur n t he key
i n t he l ock f or posi t i ve pr oof of secur i t y .
Lock-
i ng
devi ces f or r ows of cel l s ar e gener al l y con-
t r ol l ed f r omcabi net s at t he f r ont cor r i dor
of a
cel l bl ock
. Basi c sl i di ng cal l door l ocki ng
de-
vi ces f al l i nt o f our cat egor i es.
Manual Gang Locki ng
Al l door s can be dead-
l ocked or unl ocked as a gr oup by movi ng l ever s
i n a
cont r ol cabi net . I ndi vi dual door s ar e l ocked
or
unl ocked by a key at t he door . Door s ar e
moved manual l y by t he i nmat es .
El ect r omechani cal Seect i ve
Al l door s ar e l ocked
or unl ocked end oper at ed i ndi vi dual l y
or i n
gr oups
f r om swi t ches i n e cont r ol
cabi net .
Any door can be manual l y
unl ocked or l ocked
by
a keyat t he door wi t hout
i nt er f er i ng wi t h t he
el ect r i cal oper at i on.
Manual
Keyl ess Sel ect i ve Al l door s ar e
l ocked
or
unl ocked and oper at ed
i ndi vi dual l y or i n
gr oups
by movi ng l ever s i n a
cont r ol cabi net .
Keyl ess El ect r i c
Sel ect i ve Al l door s ar e
l ocked
or unl ocked
and oper at ed i ndi vi dual l y or
i n
gr oups f r om
swi t ches i n a cont r ol cabi net
.
Ther e ar e means
of unl ocki ng and l ocki ng
door s i ndi vi dual l y or
i n gr oups i n t he event
of an el ect r i cal power f ai l ur e
.
SUMMARY
I n t he pest , when an
ar chi t ect was assi gned
t o a cor r ect i onal pr oj ect , he
was r el egat ed t o
t he st at us of t echni ci an
or dr af t sman by t he
cor r ect i ons agency or
l ocal sher i f f . He was
handed an out l i ne of basi c
ar ea r equi r ement s
and gi ven i nst r uct i ons
about t hei r pr edet er -
mi ned f unct i onal r el at i onshi ps
. He r ar el y
i nt er vi ewed cor r ect i onal st af f
r epr esent i ng t he
var i ous pr ogr am di sci pl i nes
and di d not ex-
pl or e ext ensi vel y any al t er nat i ve
sol ut i ons
t o pr ogr amr equi r ement s .
The r esul t ? I n 1970 a sur vey
of t he nat i on' s
4, 037 j ai l s f ound t hat 86 per cent had
no f aci l i -
t i es f or r ecr eat i on or even exer ci se,
89 per cent
l acked educat i onal f aci l i t i es, 49per cent
l acked
medi cal f aci l i t i es, 26 per cent wer e
wi t hout
vi si t i ng f aci l i t i es and 1 . 4 per cent even
l acked
t oi l et s .
At t empt s have been made t o l i ber al i ze
end
devel op pr ogr ams hamper ed by ar chai c
physi -
cal pl ant s, wher e envi r onment
i s measur ed
not by i t s ef f ect on men, but by
t he st r engt h
of st eel . Ther e t he di f f er ence
bet ween maxi -
mum- and medi umsecur i t y
const r uct i on i s
def i ned by t he t i me i t t akes t o cut
t hr ough a
st eel bar or by t he hei ght of s wal l
.
Change i s appar ent . Today' s ar chi t ect shoul d
quest i on
t he ver y need f or a cor r ect i onal
i n-
st i t ut i on t o begi n wi t h. He shoul d chal l enge
t he pr ogr am' s const r ai nt s,
i ncl udi ng r equi r e-
ment s concer ni ng secur i t y,
i ndest r uct i bi l i t y,
l ocat i on, and he shoul d anal yze
t he pr ogr am' s
capabi l i t y t o ensur e t hat past
mi st akes ar e not
r epeat ed. The er a of t he st er eot ype
pr i son i s
over . Each communi t y
must pl an and desi gn
i n accor dance wi t h i t s own needs
. Newf aci l i -
t i es need t o be dr awn i nt o
popul at ed ar eas
wher e pr of essi onal st af f ,
ser vi ces, educat i onal
i nst i t ut i ons, and human cont act
can i nt egr at e
t he of f ender i nt o communi t y
l i f e. The new
cor r ect i ons t heor y i s not
based on br i ck,
mor t ar , and st eel , but r at her on
t he i nt er act i on
bet ween ski l l ed pr of essi onal s
and t he of -
f ender s wi t hi n e t her apeut i c
set t i ng.
I NCI NERATORPLANTS
Pr oper l ocat i on
of t he i nci ner at or enhances
accept ance by t he publ i c and r esul t s i n econ-
omi es i n wast e col l ect i on
.
Awel l - pl anned
physi cal l ayout f aci l i t at es ef f i ci ent and eco-
nomi c i nci ner at or oper at i on. Good desi gn and
sel ect i on of appr opr i at e bui l di ng mat er i al s
pr omot e a pl easi ng
appear ance end mi ni mi ze
housekeepi ng
and mai nt enance
.
Si t e Sel ect i on
Publ i c Accept ance Publ i c accept ance i s a most
i mpor t ant
consi der at i on i n sel ect i ng an i nci ner -
at or si t e. Af ewsuggest i ons f or gai ni ng publ i c
accept ance f ol l ow.
1 . Choose a si t e wher e const r uct i on Can
conf or mwi t h exi st i ng and pl anned nei ghbor -
hood
char act er . I n gener al , i ndust r i al and com-
mer ci al ar eas ar e mor e compat i bl e
wi t h i nci n-
er at or s t han r esi dent i al ar eas. An i nci ner at or
pl ant i s usual l y cl assed as
heavy i ndust r y,
andt he eval uat i on of i t s l ocat i on
shoul d r ef l ect
t hi s . Too f r equent l y t he vacant l and sur r ound-
i ng an i nci ner at or i s l at er devel oped f or r esi -
dent i al or ot her r est r i ct ed use, whi ch cr eat es
conf l i ct . To avoi d pot ent i al conf l i ct , t he un-
devel oped,
sur r oundi ng
l and shoul d be
zoned
f or i ndust r i al use.
2. Avoi d choosi ng a si t e t hat may conf l i ct
wi t h ot her publ i c bui l di ngs.
The
noi se, l i ght s,
and 24- hr wor k day of nor mal i nci ner at or op-
er at i on pr ecl ude l ocat i ng i t near a hospi t al ,
and heavy t r uck t r af f i c makes i nci ner at or l o-
cat i on near school s undesi r abl e.
Cent r al i zed publ i c wor ks oper at i ons ar e de-
si r abl e. Of t en an i nci ner at or pl ant can be
advant ageousl y l ocat ed near a sewage t r eat -
ment pl ant so t hat t echni cal ser vi ces may be
shar ed. Ther e may be economi es i n l ocat i ng
t he i nci ner at or near a gar age wher e vehi cl e
r epai r f aci l i t i es
and per sonnel can be shar ed.
3.
Wher e conf l i ct wi t h nei ghbor hood char -
act er i s unavoi dabl e,
t he scr eeni ng ef f ect s
of a wal l or pl ant i ng can r educe adver se ef -
f ect s and gai n publ i c accept ance. Good ar chi -
t ect ur al desi gn i s i t sel f a maj or asset i n over -
comi ng pot ent i al nei ghbor hood obj ect i on.
4. I nst i t ut e an ef f ect i ve publ i c r el at i ons
pr ogr am. Bef or e f ul l si t e end desi gn deci si ons
ar e made, pr oposal s and pl ans shoul d be pr e-
sent ed t hr ough t he pr ess and
f or
di scussi on
at publ i c meet i ngs. Thi s woul d ser ve t o demon-
st r at e management r esponse t o communi t y de-
si r es and a capabi l i t y f or oper at i ng an accept -
abl e f aci l i t y. Pr esent at i on of al t er nat i ves al ong
wi t h r at i onal e f or i nci ner at i on may be sup-
por t ed by gr aphi c exampl es and si t e vi si t s t o
successf ul l y oper at i ng f aci l i t i es .
Si t e Sui t abi l i t y Fact or s i mpor t ant t o desi gn,
but gener al l y not of concer n t o t he publ i c,
ar e f oundat i on
condi t i ons,
t opogr aphy,
avai l -
abi l i t y of ut i l i t i es, bui l di ng r est r i ct i ons,
dr ai n-
age, and met eor ol ogi c condi t i ons .
Soi l and r ock f or mat i ons det er mi ne t he t ype
of f oundat i on r equi r ed t o suppor t t he heavy,
concer nnar ar i l oad of an i nci ner at or st r uct ur e.
I nci ner at or Gui del i nes- Publ i c
Heal t h Ser -
vi ce, U. S . Depar t ment of Heal t h, Educat i on,
and Wel f ar e, Washi ngt on, D. C.
Fai l ur e t o accur at el y det er mi ne f oundat i on
condi t i ons
and
desi gn t o t hem can r esul t
i n
expensi ve modi f i cat i ons dur i ng const r uct i on
and, i n cer t ai n cases, abandonment of t he si t e
wi t h i t s par t i al l y compl et ed st r uct ur e. Gr ound-
wat er condi t i ons al so af f ect desi gn and cost .
Topogr aphy and met eor ol ogi cal condi t i ons
must be consi der ed i n t he l ocat i on and t he de-
si gn of t he i nci ner at or . Af l at si t e i s apt t o
r equi r e a r amp f or access t o t he t i ppi ng f l oor ,
wher eas a hi l l si de si t e can pr ovi de access at
var i ous gr ound l evel s . Topogr aphy can al so
ease or hi nder t he di sper si on of gases and
par t i cul at es by t he l ocal at mospher e
.
Thi s
aspect of pl ant l ocat i on i s compl ex and r equi r es
t he assi st ance of a met eor ol ogi st or ai r pol l u-
t i on cont r ol
speci al i st ,
who can det er mi ne t he
best st ack hei ght f or t he di sper si on of gases.
St ack hei ght det er mi nat i on r equi r es consi der -
at i on of t opogr aphy and l egal r est r i ct i ons,
such as t hose f r om Feder al Aer onaut i cs
Agency r egul at i ons, l ocal bui l di ng r egul at i ons,
and
zoni ng.
Avai l abi l i t y of publ i c
ut i l i t i es
maybe
e gov-
er ni ng f act or i n si t e sel ect i on, si nce el ect r i ci t y,
gas, wat er suppl y, sewage di sposal , and pr o-
cess wat er di sposal ar e essent i al t o t he
i nci n-
er at or pr ocess. Fuel such as gas or oi l may
be r equi r ed at some i nst al l at i ons as an auxi l -
i ar y heat sour ce f or t he f ur naces or as bui l di ng
heat . Communi cat i on f aci l i t i es must be avai l -
abl e f or f i r e and saf et y cont r ol and f or coor di -
nat i ng oper at i ons .
As i n t he devel opment of any i ndust r i al si t e,
ef f ect i ve dr ai nage of sur f ace wat er s must be
an i nt egr al par t of desi gn. The si t e shoul d not
be sel ect ed i n an ar ea subj ect t o f l oodi ng un-
l ess t he f aci l i t y can be pr ot ect ed and access
r emai ns avai l abl e dur i ng hi gh wat er .
Tr af f i c Consi der at i on The i deal l ocat i on
f or
an
i nci ner at or i s at t he cent er of t he t r af f i c pat -
t er n pr oduced by t he cont r i but i ng col l ect i on
vehi cl es
. Amaj or ar gument al r eady made f or
i nci ner at i on i n compar i son wi t h l and di sposal
was t hat
i nci ner at i on can r educe t he t i me and
cost of
col l ect i on haul . Thi s r equi r es t hat t he
i nci ner at or be cent r al l y l ocat ed. Thi s i s not
al ways
f easi bl e f or
a
var i et yof r easons. For ex-
ampl e, f ut ur e gr owt h and i t s ef f ect s
on t he col -
l ect i on sour ce must be consi der ed.
Al ar ge pl ant mayhave l i t er al l y hundr eds of
vehi cl es
del i ver i ng sol i d wast e i n r el at i vel y
shor t t i me i nt er val s. Because of heavy t r af f i c,
t he
pl ant must have adequat e access t o pr e-
cl ude saf et y
hazar ds i n t he st r eet s of t he ar ea.
Speci al access r oads mayhave t o be pr ovi ded
so t hat t he t r ucks avoi d
heavi l y t r avel ed hi gh-
ways . Speci al consi der at i on al so
must be gi ven
t o t r af f i c i mpedi ment s
such as br i dges wi t h
l owwei ght l i mi t s, r est r i ct i ve
hei ght s of over -
passes, nar r owpavement s, and r ai l r oad gr ade
cr ossi ngs wi t h hi gh- vol ume t r af f i c. Al ocat i on
t hat avoi ds commut er t r af f i c i s al so pr ef er r ed .
Thus, a pl ant l ocat ed near t he edge of t hepar -
t i ci pat i ng communi t y but r eadi l y accessi bl e by
f r eeways or bel t ways may be bet t er t hen one
cent r al l y l ocat ed. The same t r af f i c consi der a-
t i ons appl y t o r esi due di sposal . On- si t e di s-
posal
i s of t en not possi bl e; t her ef or e, i nci ner -
at or r esi dueandnonbur nabl es must be t r ucked
t o
a l andf i l l .
Pl ant Layout
An i nci ner at or pl ant
l ayout
shoul d pr omot e
ease, si mpl i ci t y, and economy of oper at i onand
mai nt enance. Ther e shoul d be adequat e r oom
f or al l par t s of t he oper at i on. The st r uct ur e
shoul d har moni ze wi t h t he sur r oundi ng nei gh-
bor hood and shoul d be so or i ent ed t hat un-
si ght l y par t s of t he bui l di ng and oper at i on
( such as r ecei vi ng and st or age) ar e not vi si bl e
t o t he publ i c . I n cer t ai n cl i mat es, i t i s advan.
t ageous t o or i ent t he r ecei vi ng ar ea on t he l ee-
war d si de of t he pr evai l i ng wi nd. The onsi t e
r oad pat t er n shoul d al l ow r eady access t o
scal es and r ecei vi ng ar ea and an easy exi t ;
oneway t r af f i c i s most desi r abl e; shar p t ur ns
and bl i nd spot s shoul d be avoi ded; and a l ar ge
par ki ng apr on shoul d be pr ovi ded out si de t he
r ecei vi ng ar ea t o avoi d congest i on dur i ng peak
r ecei vi ng hour s.
Adequat e dr ai nage i s necessar y f or sur f ace
wat er s . I nci ner at or oper at i on r equi r es per i odi c
hosi ng of t i ppi ng f l oor , vehi cl e wash ar eas,
par ki ng apr ons, and r amps. The pavi ng shoul d
be sl oped and cont ai n adequat el y si zed and
st r at egi cal l y pl aced dr ai ns . Thi s i s par t i cul ar l y
cr i t i cal i n col d cl i mat es wher e i ce f or mat i on
coul d i nt er f er e wi t h oper at i ons .
Mai nt enance end st or age of t r ucks may be
i nsi de t he i nci ner at or bui l di ng or on t he
gr ounds, but t hese ar eas must be l ocat ed
wher e t hey wi l l not hamper t he oper at i on of
t he i nci ner at or.
Bui l di ng Desi gn
The i nci ner at or shoul d be aest het i cal l y pl eas-
i ng end shoul d be const r uct ed of dur abl e, hi gh-
qual i t y mat er i al s and f i xt ur es t o r educe mai n-
t enance.
Mat er i al s r equi r i ng a mi ni mumof
pai nt i ng or r esur f aci ng, such as concr et e,
t i l e,
and noncor r osi ve met al s, shoul d be
used.
Sur f aces t hat r equi r e pai nt i ng shoul d have a
dense, dur abl e f i ni sh . Cor ner s and bases can
be covedt o r educe accumul at i on of debr i s and
al l oweasi er cl eani ng. Wher e possi bl e, pi pi ng
and duct wor k shoul d be encl osed.
Per sonnel Faci l i t i es Adequat e f aci l i t i es f or i n-
ci ner at or
per sonnel ar e mor e a mat t er of con-
veni ence and maywel l r epr esent t he di f f er ence
bet ween
a wor ki ng si t uat i on t hat i s con-
duci ve
t o ef f i ci ency and cl eanl i ness as opposed
t o one t hat may cr eat e an i ndi f f er ent and i nef -
f i ci ent wor k cr ew. Acl ean l ocker r oom i s
needed, wi t h adequat e t oi l et , l avat or y, and
shower f aci l i t i es . Locker s shoul d have space
f or st or i ng har d hat s, r ai n and wi nt er gear ,
anda f ul l change
of cl ot hi ng. Sani t ar y f aci l i t i es
f or women who may vi si t
or be empl oyed at t he pl ant .
Lunchr oom f aci l i t i es shoul d al so be
pr o-
vi ded, al ong wi t h a si nk and sui t abl e
out l et s
f or cof f ee per col at or s . Dr i nki ng wat er
shoul d
be avai l abl e on ever y f l oor and wi t hi n 200 f t
of empl oyee st at i ons . The l unchr oom, l ocker
r oom, shower , and t oi l et ar eas shoul d be
wel l
l i ght ed and kept cl ean at al l t i mes t o encour age
habi t s of cl eanl i ness by t he wor kmen. I t i s
of t en desi r abl e t o pr ovi de washr oomf aci l i t i es
conveni ent t o col l ect i on per sonnel , wei gh-
mast er s, and ot her s .
669
I NCI NERATORPLANTS
Cont r ol Room

many l ar ge i nci ner at or s ar e now
bei ng bui l t wi t h gl assed- i n cont r ol r ooms so
l ocat ed t hat t he i nci ner at or super i nt endent
or shi f t f or eman can r eadi l y obser ve var i ous
oper at i ons . Because al l ar eas of t he pl ant or
oper at i ng condi t i ons wi t hi n f ur naces cannot
be obser ved f r omone l ocat i on, cl osed- ci r cui t
t el evi si on i s used i n some i nst ances . The i m-
por t ance
of t he gl assed- i n ar ea ( vent i l at ed
and ai r
condi t i oned) i s not mer el y t o pr ovi de
comf or t t o t he super i nt endent
and f or eman
but t o pr ot ect del i cat e r ecor di ng
i nst r ument s
f r omdust and t o mi ni mi ze t he noi se
l evel i n
an ar ea wher e t el ephones ar e used. Wr i t t en
r ecor ds ar e al so bet t er mai nt ai ned i n an i so-
l at ed cont r ol r oom ar ea. The cont r ol r oom
shoul d be sui t abl y equi pped wi t h r emot e r ead-
i ng and r ecor di ng i nst r ument s t hat pr ovi de
super vi si ng per sonnel wi t h t he i nf or mat i on
necessar y t o adj ust t he i nci ner at or oper at i on
i f i t i s not per f or mi ng sui t abl y.
Admi ni st r at i ve Of f i ces and Conf er ence Room I n t he
l ar ger i nci ner at or pl ant s, somet i mes t he super -
i nt endent , f or emen, and cl er i cal wor ker s need
an of f i ce t o
conduct necessar y admi ni st r at i ve
act i vat es .
At t r act i ve decor and ai r condi t i oni ng
wi l l i mpr ove mor al e and ef f i ci ency. Smal l er
i nci ner at or s may ef f ect i vel y combi ne t he op-
er at i ng cont r ol r oomwi t h space f or admi ni st r a-
t i ve act i vi t i es .
At l ar ger pl ant s, a conf er ence r oomf or st af f
br i ef i ngs, saf et y di scussi ons, and t r ai ni ng pur -
poses i s a wor t hwhi l e i nvest ment .
Wei ghmest af S

Of f i ce

The

wei ghi ng

act i vi t i es
may be conduct ed al ongsi de t he access r oad
out si de t he i nci ner at or pl ant or at t he ent r ance
t o t he t ur ni ng and t i ppi ng ar ea wi t hi n t he pl ant
pr oper . I n ei t her i nst ance, t he wei ghmast er
shoul d have a f aci l i t y wi t h ampl e gl assed ar ea
t o obser ve t he movement of wei gh scal e t r af -
f i c. He shoul d have r eady means of communi -
cat i ng
wi t h t he dr i ver , handl i ng cr edi t car ds,
or
maki ng
cash
t r ansact i ons
.
Mai nt enance and
Repai r Faci l ki es Regar dl ess of
t he si ze of t he i nci ner at or , st or age space f or
el ect r i cal , mechani cal , and r ef r act or y par t s
and an
encl osed ar ea wher e r epai r and subas-
sembl y
may
be
per f or med must be pr ovi ded.
For ver y
l ar ge pl ant s, separ at el y mai nt ai ned
st or er ooms f or par t s, el ect r i c
shops, mechani -
cal shops, and encl osed
r ef r act or y st or age
f aci l i t i es shoul d be i ncl uded
. Wher e a l ar ge
muni ci pal i t y has a number of i nci ner at or s,
cent r al
mai nt enance and r epai r f aci l i t i es f or
maj or act i vi t i es may pr ove economi cal
. Ther e
shoul d be st or age f aci l i t i es f or such i t ems as
l awn mower s, ski p l oader s, mechani cal sweep-
er s, r ef r act or i es, pi pes, i nsul at i on mat er i al ,
and t he var i ous chemi cal s r equi r ed f or i nsect
and ot her pest cont r ol .
Labor at or y

The i nci ner at or must be so oper at ed
t hat t he envi r onment i s not pol l ut ed. Feder al ,
st at e, and l ocal r egul at i ons ar e becomi ng mor e
r est r i ct i ve. Sur vei l l ance of t he wat er qual i t y
of i nci ner at or ef f l uent i s needed t o ensur e
pol l ut i on cont r ol , and a smal l l abor at or y and
t est i ng equi pment shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t hi s
pur pose. Muni ci pal i t i es wi t h sever al i nci ner a-
t or s shoul d consi der a cent r al i zed l abor at or y
f aci l i t y.
Pl ant Ext er i or
Roadways, Si dewal ks, and Par ki ng Ar eas

I n desi gn-
i ng t he r oads pr ovi di ng i ngr ess t o an i nci ner -
at or si t e, consi der at i on must be gi ven t o peak
670
l oadi ng per i ods and t ypes of vehi cl es t hat may
ut i l i ze t he i nci ner at or . Wher e possi bl e, t he
r oadway syst em shoul d be bui l t so t hat t he
t r af f i c f l ows onl y i n one di r ect i on, t hus pr o-
vi di ng onl y one ent r ance and one exi t . Ar r ange-
ment s must be made f or obt ai ni ng t r uck t ar e
wei ght s wi t hout i nt er f er i ng wi t h oneway t r af -
f i c f l ow. Thi s i s possi bl e even wher e scal es
ar e used, pr ovi ded t he t r ucks bei ng ser vi ced
al l have est abl i shed t ar e wei ght s . When
t r ansi ent t r af f i c i s bei ng wei ghed, so t hat a
" wei ghout " i s necessar y, a r oadway may be
pr ovi ded wi t hi n t he si t e t hat wi l l al l ow t he
t r ucks
t o r et ur n acr oss t he scal e f or t he second
wei ghi ng i n t he same
di r ect i on as t he nor mal
f l owof
t r af f i c . Al l r oadways shoul d be suf f i -
ci ent l y
wi de
t o
per mi t t he passage of one
vehi cl e past anot her
i n t he event t hat a t r uck
i s
st al l ed . Road gr ades shoul d be sui t ed t o t he
t r af f i c oper at i ng
on t he gr ades. I n gener al ,
t he gr ades f or shor t - di st ance
t r uck t r avel
shoul d not exceed
7 per cent uphi l l and 10 per -
cent downhi l l . Pavement s shoul d be har d sur -
f aced, al l weat her , and desi gned f or heavy
l oads . Cur bi ng, post s or guar dr ai l s shoul d be
used t o
conf i ne t r af f i c t o r oadways .
I nci ner at or pl ant s shoul d be
pr ovi ded wi t h
suf f i ci ent si dewal ks t o ensur e t hat
vi si t or s
and pl ant per sonnel wi l l be abl e t o wal k saf el y
about t he pr emi ses wi t hout bei ng endanger ed
by vehi cul ar t r af f i c .
Par ki ng ar eas ar e gener al l y di vi ded i nt o t wo
cat egor i es : ( 1) par ki ng f or admi ni st r at i ve and
oper at i ng per sonnel , vi si t or s, and
t empor ar y
par ki ng f or col l ect i on vehi cl es, ( 2)
par ki ng
f or over ni ght st or age of col l ect i on vehi cl es and
f or equi pment used at t he i nci ner at or
si t e, such
as mobi l e sweeper s. I n ar eas wi t h
sever e wi n-
t er s, par ki ng f aci l i t i es i nsi de heat ed gar age
ar eas ar e desi r abl e t o per mi t pr oper mai nt e-
nance, cl eani ng, and pr ot ect i on of t he col l ec-
t i on vehi cl es .
Landscapi ng Per i met er pl ant i ng ar ound an
i nci ner at or si t e pr esent s a pl easi ng appear ance
and r educes t he noi se of t he t r uck t r af f i c f r om
wi t hi n t he pr oper t y. For maxi mumbenef i t and
t o f ur t her enhance t he appear ance, t r ees and
shr ubber y can be pl aced out si de t he f enci ng.
Pr ovi si ons must be made i n advance f or ade-
quat e wat er i ng and f or access so t hat per i odi c
t r i mmi ngs may be per f or med wi t hout unr ea-
sonabl e
expense. Bui l t - i n spr i nkl i ng syst ems
shoul d be
consi der ed f or l awn and shr ub ar eas .
Fenci ng Wher e t he
i nci ner at or pl ant i s l ocat ed
i n an ar ea subj ect t o vandal i sm, per i pher al
f enci ng wi t h
a
mi ni mumhei ght of 6 f t i s de-
si r abl e.
UTI LI TI ES
For ef f i ci ent oper at i on, a muni ci pal i nci ner at or
r equi r es cer t ai n ut i l i t y ser vi ces,
whi ch i ncl ude
:
( 1) el ect r i ci t y f or power and l i ght i ng ; ( 2) po-
t abl e wat er f or pl ant
per sonnel and sui t abl e
pr ocess
wat er f or spr ayi ng, heat i ng, quench-
i ng, cool i ng, and f i r e f i ght i ng; ( 3) t el ephone
ser vi ce; ( 4) sewer age syst ems f or handl i ng
pr ocess wast e and sewage, and st or msewer s
f or dr ai nage ; ( 5) f uel f or heat i ng, hot wat er ,
auxi l i ar y heat f or i nci ner at i on, and possi bl e
l abor at or y use. Each of t hese ut i l i t i es
suppl i ed
t o t he i nci ner at or si t e must be met er ed and
di st r i but ed
saf el y and ef f i ci ent l y t o al l poi nt s
of usage at t he si t e.
Wi t h i ncr easi ng i nci ner at or capaci t i es and
wi t h i ncr easi ng use of sophi st i cat ed equi pment
and devi ces, mor e ut i l i t y ser vi ces wi l l be
r equi r ed . The cost of pr ovi di ng t hese ut i l i t i es
depends on t he pl ant desi gn and mode of op-
er at i on.
El ect r i c Power
Wi t h f ew except i ons, ut i l i zat i on
of i nci ner a-
t or wast e heat t o gener at e el ect r i c
power i s
not pr act i ced i n t he Uni t ed St at es . The
i nci n-
er at or ' s el ect r i c power i s obt ai ned f r omot her
sour ces .
El ect r i c power r equi r ement s
var y wi t h t he
degr ee of mechani zat i on and t he
use of equi p-
ment . Common exampl es of equi pment
r equi r -
i ng el ect r i ci t y ar e i nduced dr af t f ans, f or ced-
ai r f ans, pumps, cr anes, hoi st s, ai r pol l ut i on
cont r ol devi ces, and gr at e- dr i vi ng mechani sms .
Al l owance f or f ut ur e el ect r i cal needs shoul d
be i ncl uded i n pl anni ng and si zi ng t he el ect r i cal
di st r i but i on syst ems .
Wat er Requi r ement s
The qual i t y of t he wat er r equi r ed f or i nci ner at or
oper at i on wi l l depend on i t s use. Sour ces may
i ncl ude : ci t y wat er , on- or of f - si t e wel l s, r i ver s,
l akes,
and wast e- wat er t r eat ment pl ant ef -
f l uent s
.
The t ot al amount of wat er r equi r ed may
var y f r om 350 t o 2, 000 gal per
t on of wast e
i nci ner at ed, dependi ng on desi gn
and oper a-
t i on.
I nci ner at or oper at i on r equi r es a depend-
abl e wat er suppl y.
An
el evat ed
wat er suppl y
ser ves t hi s pur pose and can be
used f or f i r e
f i ght i ng. When wast e heat i s used t o pr oduce
st eamor
hot wat er , t he boi l er f eedwat er and
makeup wat er wi l l r equi r e
ext ensi ve pr et r eat -
ment . Wat er f or ai r pol l ut i on cont r ol equi p-
ment , f or gas cool i ng, and f or dust cont r ol
spr ays need not be pot abl e
but shoul d be f r ee
f r omsuspended mat er i al s .
Wat er used i n t he
i nci ner at i on pr ocesses wi l l i ncr ease
i n t emper -
at ur e, change i n chemi cal char act er i st i cs,
and wi l l acqui r e sol i ds . Tr eat ment may
be r e-
qui r ed bef or e t hese wat er s ar e di schar ged.
The cost s of wat er r ecycl i ng and r euse shoul d
be i nvest i gat ed . I n r euse and r ecycl i ng, t r eat -
ment shoul d
be
ef f ect i ve i n pr event i ng cl og-
gi ng, er osi on, and cor r osi on of equi pment .
Sewer s
Pr ef er abl y, t he i nci ner at or shoul d be l ocat ed
i n an ar ea ser ved by sani t ar y
sewer s . Unt r eat ed
wast e pr ocess wat er shoul d
be di sposed of
t hr ough t he sani t ar y sewer
i f t he syst em i s
capabl e of handl i ng i t . St or m sewer s
shoul d
be used
onl y f or di schar ge
of
sur f ace wat er s .
WEI GHI NG
An i nci ner at or scal e wei ghs i ncomi ng
sol i d
wast e and out goi ng r esi due, i ncl udi ng f l y ash
and si f t i ngs . I t may al so be used t o wei gh
sal -
vaged mat er i al s . Accur at e and meani ngf ul
wei ght r ecor ds can be used t o i mpr ove oper a-
t i on, t o assi st management cont r ol , t o f aci l i -
t at e pl anni ng, and t o pr ovi de an equi t abl e
means f or assessi ng f ees . Wei ght s ar e needed
f or cost account i ng, r at i ng t he ef f ect i ve
capac-
i t y of t he i nci ner at or , t est i ng ai r pol l ut i on con-
t r ol devi ces, and maki ng a mat er i al s bal ance
f or t he f aci l i t y.
A management syst em maki ng use of
wei ght s can ser ve t o r egul at e and cont r ol sol i d
wast e col l ect i on and di sposal . Good col l ect i on
schedul i ng and r out i ng may depend on such a
syst em. Di st r i but i on of wast e del i ver i es among
avai l abl e
pl ant s r equi r es pr ompt access t o
wei ght s of
i ncomi ng mat er i al . Cost cont r ol
I NCI NERATOR PLANTS
t o i ncr ease ef f i ci ency
and el i mi nat e excessi ve
expendi t ur es of t i me and ef f or t i s
dependent
on wei ght
uni t s .
Obser vat i on of t he t r ends
i n quant i t y,
sour ces, end t ypes of sol i d
wast e col l ect ed
wi l l assi st i n pl anni ng
f or f ut ur e di sposal
needs. Wei ght r ecor ds of r esi due
assi st i n
det er mi ni ng t he r emai ni ng l i f e of
r esi due di s-
posal si t es and t hus assi st
ef f ect i ve pl anni ng
as wel l as pr ovi de a means of
cal cul at i ng com-
bust i on ef f i ci ency. I f a communi t y wi shes t o
char ge ot her communi t i es,
pr i vat e haul er s, or
commer ci al haul er s f or usi ng t he
i nci ner at or ,
t he wei ght measur ement s wi l l pr ovi de a
pr ac-
t i cal , equi t abl e means f or assessi ng f ees
.
Scal e Descr i pt i on
Scal e Types

Asmal l i nci ner at or ( 50 t o 100 t ons
per day) may sat i sf act or i l y use a wood pl at -
f or m, manual l y oper at ed, mechani cal scal e
and
keep handwr i t t en r ecor ds. At t he
ot her ex-
t r eme, l ar ge i nci ner at or s f r equent l y use aut o-
mat i c syst ems empl oyi ng l oad cel l s,
el ect r oni c
r el ay, and pr i nt ed out put . The el ect r oni c r el ay
scal es al l owf or gr eat er f l exi bi l i t y i n l ocat i ng
t he scal e pl at f or m i n r el at i on t o t he scal e
house
.
Hi ghl y aut omat ed el ect r oni c scal es
and r ecor der s ar e mor e cost l y t hen si mpl e
beam scal es ; however , t hey ar e j ust i f i ed i n
many ca- , hr - cause t hey ar e f ast er and mor e
dr cur at e .
Si ze
and Capaci t y The scal e shoul d have suf -
f i ci ent capaci t y t o wei gh t he l ar gest vehi cl e
ant i ci pat ed t o use t he i nci ner at or on a r out i ne
basi s. The pl at f or mshoul d be l ong enough
t o
accommodat e si mul t aneous wei ghi ng of
al l
axl es. Separ at e axl e
l oadi ng scal es, al t hough
l ess expensi ve, ar e i nher ent l y
i naccur at e and
sl owi n oper at i on. For si mul t aneous
wei ghi ng
of al l axl es. t he maj or i t y
of col l ect i on t r ucks
coul d be accommodat ed wi t h a 10-
by 34- f t
pl at f or m. A50- f t pl at f or m wi l l accommodat e
most t r ai l er s and semi t r ai l er s . Scal es
shoul d
be capabl e of wei ghi ng l oaded vehi cl es of up
t o 30 t ons .
Fi g. t

Pl an of
t i ppi ng ar ea and st or age pi t s wi t h cr ane.
67 1
Accur acy

Theaccur acy and i nt er nal mechani sm
of t he scal e and r ecor di ng mechani smshoul d
meet t hecommer ci al r equi r ement s f or t he st at e
or ot her
j ur i sdi ct i ons i nvol ved. Thi s i s par t i c-
ul ar l y necessar y
i f user f ees ar e based on
wei ght . Recommended scal e r equi r ement s
have been
out l i ned by t he Nat i onal Bur eau of
St andar ds.
Pl at f or m The pl at f or m
or deck of a scal e may
be const r uct ed of wood, st eel , or
concr et e.
Wood decks ar e l east expensi ve
but l east dur -
abl e. Many l ar ge t r uck scal es
have a pl at f or m
const r uct ed of r ei nf or ced concr et e.
Scal e Pi t Scal e- pi t wal l s ar e
usual l y concr et e
and shoul d be set i n a sui t abl e
f oundat i on
t o cont r ol set t l ement . Apaved
scal e- pi t f l oor
f aci l i t at es cl eani ng and mai nt enance
. I n al l
cases, scal e- pi t dr ai nage i s
essent i al . Scal e-
pi t dept h shoul d be suf f i ci ent
t o al l owper i odi c
i nspect i on and mai nt enance of
t he scal es .
Access t o t he pi t shoul d be
t hr ough t he wal l
or t hr ough a
hat ch on t he pl at f or m. Gut t er s
ar ound t he edge of t he
scal e pi t t o i nt er cept
r unof f f r omt hedeck have been
used ef f ect i vel y
t o ensur e adr y, cl ean scal e
pi t . Li ght i ng shoul d
be pr ovi ded t o ai d i n i nspect i ng
and mai nt ai n-
i ng t he scal e mechani smand i n cl eani ng
t he
scal e pi t .
RECEI VI NGANDHANDLI NGSOLI DWASTE
Sol i d wast ei s del i ver ed, usual l y dur i ng t heday
shi f t s, i n sever al t ypes and si zes of
t r ucks
and vehi cl es . The vehi cl es ar e f i r st wei ghed
and t hen pr oceed t o t he t i ppi ng ar ea. At
l ar ge
i nst al l at i ons, t he t r ucks unl oad
i nt o a st or age
pi t , wher eas at smal l i nci ner at or s,
t he pr ac-
t i ce has been t o dump t he wast e
di r ect l y i nt o
t hef ur nace char gi ng hopper
or ont o t he t i ppi ng
f l oor.
Af t er t he wast e has been unl oaded
i nt o t he
st or age pi t , t he mat er i al must be
t r ansf er r ed
t o t he char gi ng hopper . For i nci ner at or s
wi t h
char gi ng hopper s l ocat ed above t he st or age
pi t , t he t r ansf er i s usual l y per f or med by over -
head cr anes
. Some i nci ner at or s have t he char g-
i ng f l oor
on t hesame l evel as t he st or age ar ea,
and
t r ansf er r i ng i s usual l y done wi t h a f r ont -
end l oader or speci al
equi pment .
The sol i d wast e
i s char ged i nt o t he f ur nace
by dr oppi ng i t di r ect l y
t hr ough a gr avi t y chut e
or pushi ng i t i nt o t he
f ur nace wi t h a r am. Af t er
deposi t i on, t he wast e i s
mechani cal l y moved
t hr ough t he
f ur nace.
Ti ppi ng
Ar ea
The
t i ppi ng ar ea i s t hef l at ar ea adj acent t o
t he
st or age
pi t or char gi ng hopper s wher e t r ucks
maneuver i nt o posi t i on f or dumpi ng ( Fi g
.
1) .
The ar ea
shoul d be l ar ge enough t o
al l owf or
saf e and
easy maneuver i ng and dumpi ng.
Di mensi ons
Col l ect i on t r ucks t end t o ar r i ve
at
t he i nci ner at or i n l ar ge number s
dur i ng a
shor t
t i me i nt er val . To avoi d a backup
of
t r ucks, t he l engt h of t he t i ppi ng ar ea and
st or -
age
pi t shoul d r ecei ve car ef ul desi gn
consi der a-
t i on
. Thet ot al l engt h of t he t i ppi ng
ar ea shoul d
ext end
t he l engt h of t he st or age pi t
and, i f
possi bl e,
beyond t he pi t . Wi dt h of
i ndi vi dual
dumpi ng spaces
al ong t he pi t shoul d be
about
10 t o
12 f t . These spaces shoul d be cl ear l y
mar ked. Suppor t
col umns shoul d be pl aced t o
avoi d i nt er f er i ng
wi t h dumpi ng spaces .
The t i ppi ng
ar ea wi dt h shoul d be gr eat er
t han
t he t ur ni ng r adi i of t r ucks
usi ng t he
t i ppi ng
ar ea. For si ngl e- chassi s
compact or
t r ucks, t he r adi us i s bet ween 25 and
35 f t ; f or
t r act or t r ai l er s, t he r adi us i s
bet ween 35 and
50 f t .
The mi ni mumr ecommended wi dt h
of
t he t i ppi ng ar ea i s 50 t o 70 f t ; i f t he space
i s
avai l abl e, t he wi dt h shoul d be l ar ger
.
Theent r ance, exi t , and cei l i ng of
an encl osed
t i ppi ng ar ea must be hi gh enough
t o pr ovi de
t he necessar y cl ear ance f or
dump t r ucks . Cei l -
i ng hei ght i s cr i t i cal at t he edge
of t he t i ppi ng
ar ea when t he packer and dump
bodi es ar e
r ai sed
i n t he unl oadi ng posi t i on.
Ami ni mumof ,
25 f t i s
r ecommended, but gr eat er
ver t i cal
cl ear ance may be necessar y f or some
t r ucks .
Vehi cl eent r ances and exi t s shoul d
pr ovi dea
mi ni mumof 18 f t of ver t i cal cl ear ance.
Exi t s
shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h war ni ng devi ces, such
as hangi ng chai ns, t o pr event car el ess
dr i ver s
f r om at t empt i ng t o exi t wi t h
r ai sed dump
bodi es . The ent r ance and exi t s
shoul d be
equi pped wi t h wheel guar ds t o
pr ot ect t he door
j ambs.
Ti ppi ng
Fl oor Encl osur e Encl osi ng t he
t i ppi ng
ar ea
shoul d be consi der ed.
Cl i mat i c con-
di t i ons
may make i t desi r abl e.
I n addi t i on,
an
encl osed t i ppi ng ar ea i s
def i ni t el y r ecom-
mended
f or goodpubl i c r el at i ons
. Dust cont r ol ,
odor
conf i nement , and noi se
r educt i onef f ect ed
by
encl osur e wi l l hel p make t he
i nci ner at or
mor e
accept abl e t o t he
communi t y.
Ot her Aspect s of Ti ppi ng Ar ea Desi gn

The f l oor of
t he t i ppi ng ar ea shoul d be const r uct ed t o
wi t h-
st and t he heavy l oads pl aced on i t ; i t
shoul d
sl opeawayf r omt he st or age pi t t owar d a dr ai n
so t hat t he ar ea can be r egul ar l y cl eaned and
f l ushed. The f l oor s ar e usual l y r ough
sur f aced
f or t r act i on.
Because of t he debr i s t hat accumul at es
i n
t he t i ppi ng ar ea, t he dr ai nage
syst em i s r e-
qui r ed t o accommodat e l ar ge
quant i t i es of
wash wat er . The si ze of t he r ecei vi ng
sewer i s
cr i t i cal i f t he di schar ge i s t o such
a syst em.
Bar gr at es or ot her sui t abl e
devi ces can be
used t o pr event l ar ge obj ect s f r om
bei ng di s-
char ged t o t he sewer and possi bl y
obst r uct i ng
f l ow.
Fi g
.
2

Pl an vi ewand sect i on
vi ew
of
br i dge cr ane.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
I NCI NERATORPLANTS
Scat t er ed dust and l i t t er f r om t he dump-
i ng, r ecast i ng, and char gi ng oper at i ons
ar e
pr obl ems common t o sol i d wast e handl i ng .
Pr ovi si ons f or cl eani ng t he t i ppi ng
ar ea shoul d
be consi der ed dur i ng t he
desi gn phase
.
Vac-
uumcl eani ng f aci l i t i es, a compr essed ai r sys-
t emf or cl eani ng el ect r i cal cont act s,
power ed
mobi l e sweeper s, and
f l usher s have been
successf ul i n cont r ol l i ng t he
spr ead of dust
and l i t t er .
Because of danger s i nvol ved i n t he handl i ng
and dumpi ng of l ar ge t r ucks i n cl ose
quar t er s,
saf et y i n t he t i ppi ng ar ea shoul d
be st r essed
by t he i nci ner at or
super vi sor
.
Hol d- down
chai ns or bumper
pi cks ar e somet i mes em-
pl oyed t o pr event t r ucks f r om bei ng t i pped
i nt o t he pi t ; however , use of t hese saf eguar ds
i s t i me consumi ng, and shor t r amps sl opi ng
away f r omt he st or age pi t at an angl e of 8 t o
12` f r omt he hor i zont al wi l l pr event mi shaps
ef f i ci ent l y
.
Most pl ant s ar e const r uct ed wi t h a cur b or
backi ng bumper al ong t he ent i r e l engt h of t he
pi t t o pr event t r ucks f r ombacki ng i nt o t he pi t .
Thi s bar r i er must be hi gh enough t o pr event
t r ucks f r omover r i di ng yet l owenough t o per -
mi t t he chassi s over hang t o cl ear t he cur b.
Ahei ght of about 1 f t i s consi der ed adequat e.
The f ace of t he backi ng bumper i s usual l y ver t i -
cal or sl i ght l y
concave t o conf or mt o t he shape
of
t he wheel
.
The bar r i er must be dur abl e
enough t o
wi t hst and r epeat ed i mpact and must
be secur el y
anchor ed t o pr event movement .
I t shoul d
cont ai n openi ngs so t hat spi l l ed
wast e
can be shovel ed or swept f r om t he
t i ppi ng f l oor
i nt o t he pi t .
Ot her measur es t o be consi der ed f or t he saf e
oper at i on of a t i ppi ng ar ea ar e: ( 1) desi gni ng
t i ppi ng ar ea,
st or age pi t , and cr ane t o el i mi nat e
possi bi l i t y
of cr ane bucket st r i ki ng ext ended
dump
body; ( 2) usi ng a t r af f i c di r ect or at l ar ger
i nci ner at or s ; ( 3)
per mi t t i ng t he dump bodi es
of packer
t r ucks t o be r ai sed onl y when t he
t r uck i s i n
t he unl oadi ng space.
St or age Pi t
The
pur pose of t he st or age pi t i s t o pr ovi de
a
saf e and conveni ent hol di ng pl ace f or sol i d
wast e bef or e i t i s char ged t o t he i nci ner at or .
I n a
pr oper l y desi gned st or age pi t , wast e f r om
numer ous sour ces can be mi xed t o pr ovi de
a mor e uni f or mf eed f or t he f ur naces .
Capaci t y of t he St or age Pi t When t he r at e of r e-
cei pt of sol i d wast e exceeds t he bur ni ng r at e,
mat er i al must be st or ed f or f ut ur e pr ocessi ng.
The t ot al space f or st or age depends upon t he
amount of mat er i al r emai ni ng af t er t he dai l y
r ecei vi ng per i od and t he amount t hat i s l ef t
unbur ned f r om day t o day dur i ng t i mes of
peak wast e del i ver y. The st or age pi t i s usual l y
desi gned
t o cont ai n about 1 . 5 t i mes t he 24- hour
capaci t y
of t he i nci ner at or . I f heat r ecover y
i s
pr act i ced, t he pi t st or age capaci t y shoul d
r ecei ve speci al st udy t o ensur e
a suppl y of
sol i d wast e adequat e
t o meet t he heat demand
when wast e i s not
del i ver ed t o t he i nci ner at or .
To cal cul at e t he necessar y st or age
vol ume,
t he uni t wei ght of sol i d
wast e
i n
t he st or age
pi t must
be
known
. The gener al l y accept ed
aver age uni t wei ght
of wast e i n a st or age pi t
i s about 350 I b per cu yd.
When desi gni ng st or age pi t s, f ut ur e changes
i n wast e
densi t y shoul d be consi der ed. As
not ed, i n r ecent year s, sol i d wast e densi t y has
been
decr easi ng
.
Ot her Aspect s of St or age Pi t s St or age pi t s ar e
usual l y r ect angul ar l y shaped because of cr ane
desi gn and ease of const r uct i on. Ar ect angul ar
pi t al l ows t he cr ane suppor t s t o be const r uct ed
wi t h t he use of t he exi st i ng pi t wal l s and br ac-
672
i ng. Some pi t s
ar e di vi ded i nt o separ at e r ec-
t angul ar
uni t s wi t h char gi ng hopper s bet ween
uni t s
. Wi t h t hi s desi gn, a f i r e t hat may st ar t
i n a pi t
can be i sol at ed, and pi t cl eani ng i s f aci l i -
t at ed because of t he abi l i t y t o al t er nat el y empt y
t he pi t s .
The
wi dt h of a st or age pi t usual l y does not
exceed
30 f t . Mi ni mumwi dt h i s usual l y 15 t o
20 f t
or
wi de enough t o al l owa monor ai l cr ane
t o oper at e
wi t hout bei ng obst r uct ed by t he
over hang of
t r ucks i n t he dumpi ng posi t i on.
The wal l s
of t he pi t must wi t hst and t he
ext er nal f or ces caused
by wat er and soi l and
t he i nt er nal pr essur es
of sol i d wast e and wat er
i n t he pi t , a
condi t i on t hat coul d occur dur i ng
pi t f i r es . Dur i ng
cr ane oper at i ons, t he cr ane
bucket
may col l i de wi t h t he wal l and cr ush
t he concr et e
. Cont i nuous st eel pl at i ng or em-
bedded st eel T- sect i ons
i n t he concr et e can
pr ot ect
ar eas of t he pi t subj ect t o r epeat ed
i mpact
.
Fi r es
occasi onal l y devel op i n t he pi t . They
can
be caused by spar ks car r i ed over by t he
cr ane
dur i ng t he char gi ng oper at i on, by l i ve
coal s i n t he
col l ect ed wast e, or by spont aneous
combust i on
of st or ed wast e. Smoke and heat
can
damage t he cr ane, br eak wi ndows, and
r ui n equi pment .
Cr ane damage can put t he
ent i r e pl ant out of
oper at i on f or weeks or l ong-
er . The pi t ar ea
shoul d be equi pped wi t h an
adequat e number of f i r e
hoses of ef f ect i ve si ze.
The dewat er i ng f aci l i t i es
must be adequat e f or
t he expect ed quant i t i es
of wat er used i n f i r e
f i ght i ng. Por t abl e pumps hel p
t o r emove excess
amount s of wat er .
The ent i r e
pi t shoul d be wat er t i ght and
sl oped t o t r oughs and dr ai ns f or
dewat er i ng.
When a pi t i s const r uct ed
bel owgr ade, i t wi l l
usual l y be
necessar yt o have a sump. Scr eeni ng
devi ces t o pr event
mat er i al f r om ent er i ng t he
sump ar e al so
r ecommended.
The
sour ces of wat er and t he r esul t i ng quan-
t i t i es var y
wi t h t he i nst al l at i on. When pi t s ar e
not wat er t i ght ,
l eakage can occur as a r esul t
of t he posi t i ve
hydr ost at i c pr essur e of gr ound-
wat er . Wast e col l ect ed i n
wet weat her may be
sat ur at ed, and ver t i cal
dr ai nage wi l l occur
i n t he pi t . Wat er f r om
dust cont r ol spr ays al so
ent er s t he pi t .
Cl eanout f aci l i t i es ar e needed t o empt y t he
pi t i f t he f ur nace equi pment br eaks down or
t o r emove unwant ed i t ems
i nadver t ent l y
unl oaded i nt o t he pi t and r emove sat ur at ed
wast e af t er a f i r e. Al oadi ng shaf t
f r om t he
char gi ng f l oor t o t he
gr ound
l evel
i s usef ul f or
unl oadi ng t he pi t and f or hoi st i ng heavy equi p-
ment and mat er i al f r om gr ound l evel t o t he
char gi ng f l oor ( Fi g. 1) .
Char gi ng Met hods
Sol i d wast e i s char ged i nt o t he f ur nace by
sever al met hods . I n smal l i nst al l at i ons wher e
t he st or age ar ea i s on t he same el evat i on as t he
char gi ng hopper s, a f r ont - end l oader , vi br at i ng
hopper and conveyor , or ot her mechani cal
means ar e used . At l ar ger i nci ner at or s, cr anes
char ge t he sol i d wast e.
Besi des t r anspor t i ng sol i d wast e t o t he
char gi ng hopper s, cr anes
al so
ni x
and di s-
t r i but e t he sol i d wast e i n t he pi t . Thi s act i on
r esul t s i n
a mor e uni f or m bur ni ng mat er i al
and bet t er ut i l i zat i on of pi t capaci t y
.
Cr ane Types The t ypes most commonl y used
ar e t he monor ai l cr ane and t he br i dge cr ane
( Fi g . 2) . The f or mer i s a f i xed uni t suspended
f r oma si ngl e r ai l t hat cr osses t he pi t i n onl y
one hor i zont al di r ect i on . The br i dge cr ane di f -
f er s
f r om
t he monor ai l i n t hat i t can maneuver
hor i zont al l y i n t wo di r ect i ons r at her t han one.
The capaci t y of t he monor ai l cr ane i s usual l y
l ess t han
t hat of a br i dge cr ane ; t he wi dt h of
t he
st or age pi t i s r est r i ct ed t o i ncl ude onl y t hat
l at er al ar ea wi t hi n r each of t he open bucket .
Capi t al cost of
a
monor ai l cr ane i s l ess t han
t hat of
a br i dge cr ane, and at some i nci ner a-
t or s, i t s per f or mance may be adequat e.
Cr ane Capaci t y and Bucket Desi gn

The si ze of cr ane
needed t o oper at e an i nci ner at or
i s a
f unct i on
of i nci ner at or capaci t y. Each cont i nuous- f eed-
t ype f ur nace r equi r es a gi ven number of bucket
l oads at r egul ar i nt er val s . The si ze of t he
bucket , t her ef or e, i s a f unct i on of t he 24- hr
f ur nace capaci t y and
number
of
bucket l oads
per 24 hr . Once t he si ze
of bucket
has
been
f i xed, t he cr ane capaci t y can
be
speci f i ed
.
For
I NCI NERATORPLANTS
exampl e, a 4. 5- t on
cr ane i s r ecommended f or
use wi t h a 2. 5 cu yd bucket
.
The number of bucket l oads t hat can be
char ged dur i ng a gi ven per i od depends upon
t he number of cycl es t hat t he cr ane can make
dur i ng t he char gi ng oper at i on.
Acycl e i s de-
f i ned as t he t i me f or l oadi ng and l i f t i ng t he
bucket , t r ol l eyi ng and br i dgi ng t o t he char gi ng
hopper , dumpi ng, and r et ur ni ng
f or anot her
bucket l oad
. Typi cal cycl es var y f r om 1Yi
t o 3 mi n. To det er mi net hecycl et i me, t he hoi st -
i ng, br i dgi ng, and t r ol l eyi ng speeds must be
known, as wel l as t he l engt h, wi dt h, and dept h
of st or age pi t . Typi cal hoi st i ng and t r ol l ey
speeds
ar e bet ween 250 and 300 f t per mi n,
wher eas br i dge
t r avel speeds may be as hi gh
as 350 f t per
mi n. I n gener al , desi gn cr i t er i a
do not r equi r e
hi gh speeds .
I nci ner at or
cr anes usual l y use t he cl osed-
scoopbucket
or a gr appl e. The cl osed scoop
i s a cl amshel l wi t h heavy st eel l i ps usual l y
equi pped
wi t h shor t t eet h t o i ncr ease pene-
t r at i ng
abi l i t y. The gr appl e t ype i s si mi l ar t o a
cl amshel l but has much l onger t eet h, cal l ed
t i nes.
Thi s t ype has a consi der abl y l ar ger
capaci t y t han
an equal l y r at ed cl osed- scoop
bucket .
The gr appl e i s a poor cl eanup t ool
because of
t he l engt h and spaci ng of i t s t i nes.
For cl eani ng
pur poses, t he gr appl e can be
equi pped wi t h bol t edon pans .
Number of Cr anes Cr ane downt i me wi l l st op
i nci ner at or oper at i ons unl ess a st andby
cr ane
i s pr ovi ded. Near l y al l i nst al l at i ons wi t h a
capaci t y above 400 t ons per day ( TPD) have
a second cr ane t o pr event shut downs. Asec-
ondcr anei s r ecommended f or pl ant s wi t h over
a
300- TPDcapaci t y . Because of hi gh cost s,
most smal l pl ant s have onl y one cr ane. At
l ar ger i nst al l at i ons, a t hi r d cr ane i s of t en j ust i -
f i ed, and near l y 50 per cent of t he pl ant s wi t h
over a 850- TPDcapaci t y have t hr ee cr anes .
Wi t h a second or t hi r d cr ane, space i n addi t i on
t o t he oper at i ng space r equi r ed f or t he f i r st
cr ane must be pr ovi ded f or t he st or age of t he
uni t s when not i n ser vi ce. The poi nt of st or age
f or
t he
nonoper at i ng uni t s must not i nt er f er e
wi t h t he oper at i ng uni t .
Cont r ol and Oper at i on

The cr ane can be oper at ed
manual l y
f r oma cab t r avel i ng wi t h t he cr ane
or f or m
a r emot e f i xed oper at i ng poi nt . Manual
oper at i on
f r oma mobi l e cab has some advan-
t age over a
r emot e f i xed oper at i ng poi nt . The
oper at or has bet t er
vi si bi l i t y, whi ch usual l y
yi el ds bet t er and saf er
oper at i on. Wher e t he pi t
i s
l ong, t he di st ance j udgment er r or i s r educed
wi t h mobi l e
cab oper at i on .
When
a mobi l e cab i s used, t he oper at or
shoul d
have a saf e, conveni ent boar di ng pl at -
f or m. Si nce t he
char gi ng oper at i on may be
dust y and hot , t he cr ane
cab shoul d be ai r -
condi t i oned
.
Char gi ng Hopper s
Char gi ng
hopper s ar e used t o mai nt ai n a
suppl y of
sol i d wast e t o t he f ur nace. I n bat ch-
f eed f ur naces,
a gat e separ at es t he char gi ng
hopper f r om
t he f ur nace and suppor t s t he
sol i d wast e
whi l e t he f ur nace i s bur ni ng t he
pr evi ous
char ge. Gener al l y one hopper i s pr o-
vi ded f or each
f ur nace cel l . I n a cont i nuous-
f eed f ur nace, t he
wast e- f i l l ed hopper and chut e
assi st i n
mai nt ai ni ng an ai r seal t o t he f ur nace
as wel l as t o pr ovi de
a cont i nuous suppl y of
sol i d wast e.
Most char gi ng hopper s
have t he shape of an
i nver t ed, t r uncat ed pyr ami d.
The si ze of t he
hopper openi ng depends somewhat upon
t he
si ze of t he f ur nace, but
i t shoul d be l ar ge
enough
t o pr event ar chi ng of over si zed mat e-
r i al acr oss t he hopper bot t om. Common hopper
Fi g. 3

Ver t i cal
ci r cul ar f ur nace.
67
3
openi ngs measur e f r om
4by 4f t t o 4by 8 f t .
The hopper shoul d be deep enough t o r ecei ve
abucket f ul of sol i d wast ewi t hout
spi l l i ng over .
The char gi ng hopper
i s gener al l y st eel - and
somet i mes concr et e- l i ned. Because of abr asi on
f r omsol i d wast e, i mpact f r omt he cr ane buck-
et , and heat f r omt he f ur nace, t he hopper must
be const r uct ed of r ugged mat er i al and bui l t
t o f aci l i t at e r epai r and r epl acement .
Char gi ng Chut es
The char gi ng chut e connect s t he hopper t o t he
f ur nace and maybe near l y as wi de as t he f ur -
nace, so t hat t he sol i d wast e wi l l pass t hr ough
t he chut e wi t hout cl oggi ng. The di schar ge of
wast e i nt o t he f ur nace i s usual l y by gr avi t y,
but r eci pr ocat i ng or vi br at i ng f eed mechani sms
may al so be used. Sever al measur es may be
t aken t o pr event sol i d wast e f r om cl oggi ng
chut es . These i ncl ude t he use of smoot h i nsi de
sur f aces ; cor r osi on r esi st ant mat er i al s; and
ver t i cal ( or near l y ver t i cal ) chut es wi t h i ncr eas-
i ng cr oss sect i on.
The char gi ng chut e, becauseof i t s pr oxi mi t y
t o t he f ur nace, shoul d be pr ot ect ed agai nst
ext r eme heat . For t hi s r eason, chut e wal l s ar e
of t en wat er j acket ed. Ahopper cover or ot her
means of cl osur e shoul d be pr ovi ded f or endi ng
a bur ni ng cycl e i n cont i nuous- f eed f ur naces .
FURNACES
I nci ner at i on i s acont r ol l ed combust i on pr ocess
f or bur ni ng sol i d, l i qui d, or gaseous combus-
t i bl e wast e t o gases and t o a r esi due cont ai n-
i ng l i t t l e or
no combust i bl e mat er i al . When
sol i d
wast e i s exposed t o a t ur bul ent at mo-
spher e
f or a cr i t i cal t i me per i od at an el evat ed
t emper at ur e,
combust i on occur s . Dur i ng com-
bust i on, moi st ur e i s evapor at ed, and
t he
combust i bl e por t i on of t he sol i d wast e i s
vapor i zed and t hen oxi di zed. Concur r ent r eac-
t i ons ar e t heoxi dat i on of met al s and t he
oxi da-
t i on of such el ement s as sul f ur and
ni t r ogen.
Car bon di oxi de, wat er vapor , ash, and
noncom-
bust i bl es ar e t he maj or end pr oduct s
of com-
bust i on.
The combust i on pr ocesses t ake pl ace
i n t he
f ur nace of t he i nci ner at or , whi ch i ncl udes
t he
gr at es and combust i on chamber s . Ther e
ar e
numer ous desi gns or conf i gur at i ons of f ur -
naces t o accompl i sh combust i on,
and, t o dat e,
no one desi gn can be consi der ed
t he best .
Fur naces
Fur naces commonl y used
f or t he i nci ner at i on
of
muni ci pal sol i d wast e ar e t he ver t i cal ci r -
cul ar f ur nace,
t hemul t i cel l r ect angul ar f ur nace,
t he r ect angul ar
f ur nace, and t he r ot ar y ki l n
f ur nace.
Al t hough t hese f ur naces var y i n con-
f i gur at i on, t ot al space
r equi r ed f or each i s
based on a heat r el ease
r at e of about 18, 000
Bt u per cu
f t of f ur nace vol ume per hr , al t hough
heat r el ease r at es
var yi ng f r om 12, 500 t o
25, 000 Bt u per cu
f t per hr have been used.
The
ver t i cal ci r cul ar f ur nace i s usual l y
r ef r act or y
l i ned. Sol i d wast e i s char ged
t hr ough a
door or l i d i n t he upper par t ( usual l y
t he
cei l i ng) and dr ops ont o acent r al cone
gr at e
and
t he sur r oundi ng ci r cul ar gr at e ( Fi g.
3) .
Under f i r e
f or ced ai r i s t he pr i mar y combust i on
ai r
and al so ser ves t o cool t he gr at es . As
t he
cone and
ar ms r ot at e sl owl y, t he f uel bed i s
agi t at ed and t he
r esi due wor ks t o t he si des
wher e
i t i s di schar ged, manual l y or mechani -
cal l y,
t hr ough adumpi nggr at eon t he per i pher y
of t he
st at i onar y ci r cul ar gr at e. St oki ng door s
ar e
pr ovi ded f or manual agi t at i on and assi s-
t ance
i n r esi due dumpi ng i f r equi r ed. Over f i r e
Gover nment al
and
Publ i c
I NCI NERATORPLANTS
ai r i s usual l y i nt r oduced t o t he upper por t i or
of t he ci r cul ar chamber . Asecondar y
combus
t i on chamber i s adj acent t o t he ci r cul ar char "
her . Many f ur naces of t hi s desi gn ar e i n oper a
t i on.
The mul t i cel l r ect angul ar t ype, al so cal l ed
t he mut ual assi st ance f ur nace, may be r ef r ac
t or y l i ned or wat er cool ed; i t cont ai ns t wo or
mor e cel l s set si de- by- si de, and each cel l nor
or al l y has r ect angul ar gr at es ( Fi g. 4) . Sol i d
wast e i s usual l ychar ged t hr ough a door i n t he
t op of each cel l . Gener al l y, t he cel l s of t he
f ur nacehave a common secondar ycombust i on
chamber and shar e a r esi due di sposal hopper ,
Ther ect angul ar f ur nace
i s t he most common
f or m i n r ecent l y const r uct ed muni ci pal i nci n .
er at or s ( Fi g
.
5) . Sever al gr at e syst ems ar e
adapt abl e t o t hi s f or m. Commonl y, t wo or mor e
gr at es ar ear r anged i n t i er s so t hat t he movi ng
sol i d wast e i s agi t at ed as i t dr ops f r omone
l evel t o t he next l evel . Each f ur nace has onl y
one char gi ng chut e.
Ar ot ar y ki l n f ur nace consi st s of a sl owl y
r evol vi ng i ncl i ned ki l n t hat f ol l ows a r ect angu
l ar f ur nace wher e dr yi ng and par t i al bur ni ng
occur ( Fi g.
6)
.
The par t i al l y bur ned wast e i s
f ed by t he gr at es i nt o t he ki l n wher e cascadi ng
act i on exposes unbur ned mat er i al f or combos.
t i on. Fi nal combust i on of t he combust i bl e
gases and suspended combust i bl e par t i cul at es
occur s i n t he mi xi ng chamber beyond t he ki l n
di schar ge
.
The r esi due f al l s f r om t he end of
t he
ki l n i nt o a quenchi ng
t r ough.
6r 11105 and St oki ng Thegr at e syst emmust t r ans.
por t
t he
sol i d
wast e and r esi due t hr ough
t he f ur nace and, at t he same t i me, pr omot e
combust i on by adequat e agi t at i on and passage
of under f i r e ai r .
The degr ee and met hods of
agi t at i on on
t he gr at es ar e i mpor t ant . The
abr upt t umbl i ng encount er ed when bur ni ng
sol i d wast e dr ops f r om one
t i er t o anot her
wi l l pr omot e
combust i on
.
Abr upt t umbl i ng,
however , may cont r i but e t o ent r ai nment of
excessi ve amount s of
par t i cul at e mat t er i n t he
gas st r eam
.
Cont i nuous gent l e agi t at i on pr o-
mot es combust i on and l i mi t s par t i cul at e
ent r ai nment . Combust i on i s l ar gel y achi eved
by ai r passi ng t hr ough t he wast e bed f r om
under t he gr at e, but excessi ve amount s of
under f i r e ai r cont r i but e t o par t i cul at e ent r ai n-
ment . Some i ner t mat er i al s, such as gl ass
bot t l es and met al cans, ai d combust i on by
i ncr easi ng t he por osi t y of t he f uel bed. Con-
ver sel y, i ner t mat er i al s i nhi bi t combust i on i f
t he mat er i al s cl og t he gr at e openi ngs . Mechan-
i cal gr at e syst ems
must wi t hst and hi gh
t em-
per at ur es, t her mal shock,
abr asi on, wedgi ng,
cl oggi ng,
and heavy l oads
. Such
sever e oper at -
i ng condi t i ons
can r esul t
i n mi sal i gnment of
movi ng par t s, bear i ng
wear ,
and war pi ng or
cr acki ng of cast i ngs .
For desi gn pur poses, t he r equi r ed gr at e ar ea
i s appr oxi mat ed by di vi di ng t he pounds per
hour
of sol i dwast e t o be bur ned by t he pounds
per squar e f oot per hour of sol i d wast e t he
gr at es ar e capabl e of bur ni ng. Or di nar i l y, t he
desi gn val ue f or t he gr at e l oadi ng wi l l be
bet ween 50 and 70 I b per sq f t per hr . Thi s
desi gn val ue depends most l y on t ype of sol i d
wast e and gr at e desi gn, but i t al so depends
ont he ot her el ement s of t he f ur nace. The gr at e
l oadi ng i s of t en expr essed i n Bt u' s per squar e
f oot per hour
. An aver age r at i ng of 300, 000
Bt u per sq f t gr at e per hr i s of t en used as a
desi gn
par amet er .
Gr at e syst ems
may
be cl assi f i ed
by f unct i on,
such
as dr yi ng gr at e, i gni t i on gr at e, and com-
bust i on gr at e. Gr at es f or sol i d wast e
i nci ner a-
t i on mayal so be cl assi f i ed by mechani cal t ype.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
I NCI NERATORPLANTS
They i ncl ude t r avel i ng,
r eci pr ocat i ng, r ocki ng,
r ot ar y
ki l n, ci r cul ar , vi br at i ng, osci l l at i ng, and
r ever se
r eci pr ocat i ng gr at es ; mul t i pl e r ot at i ng
dr ums ; r ot at i ng cones wi t h
ar ms ; and var i a-
t i ons or combi nat i ons of t hese t ypes . I n t he
Uni t ed St at es, t r avel i ng, r eci pr ocat i ng, r ock-
i ng
r ot ar y ki l n, and ci r cul ar gr at es ar e t he most
wi del y used.
Tr avel i ng gr at es ar e cont i nuous, bel t l i ke
conveyor s ( Fi g.
7) . A si ngl e t r avel i ng gr at e
does
not pr omot e agi t at i on. Two or mor e
gr at es at
di f f er ent el evat i ons pr ovi de some
agi t at i on as t he
mat er i al dr ops f r omone l evel
t o
t he next .
I n r eci pr ocat i ng gr at e
syst ems, t he gr at e
sect i ons ar e st acked l i ke
over l appi ng r oot
shi ngl es ( Fi g . 8) . Al t er nat e
gr at e sect i ons
sl i de back and f or t h whi l e
adj acent gr at e sec-
t i ons r emai n f i xed. Li ke
t r avel i ng gr at es,
r eci pr ocat i ng gr at es may be
ar r anged i n mul -
t i pl e- l evel ser i es pr ovi di ng addi t i onal
agi t at i on
as t he mat er i al dr ops f r omone
gr at e t o t he
next .
Rocki ng gr at es ar e
ar r anged i n r ows acr oss
t he wi dt h of t he
f ur nace, at r i ght angl es t o
sol i d wast e
f l ow. Al t er nat e r ows ar e mechan-
i cal l y pi vot ed or r ocked t o
pr oduce an upwar d
andf or war d mot i on, t hus advanci ng
and agi t at -
i ng t he sol i d wast e ( Fi g. 9) .
Rocki ng gr at es
have al so been ar r anged i n ser i es .
The r ot ar y ki l n has a sol i d r ef r act or y
sur -
f ace and i s commonl y pr eceded
by a r eci pr ocat -
i ng gr at e. The sl owr ot at i on of t he
ki l n, whi ch
i s i ncl i ned, causes t he sol i d wast e
t o move
i n a sl owl y cascadi ng and
f or war d mot i on.
The ci r cul ar gr at e, i n t he
ver t i cal ci r cul ar
f ur nace, i s commonl y used i n
combi nat i on wi t h
a cent r al r ot at i ng cone gr at e
wi t h ext ended
r abbl e ar ms t hat agi t at e t he
f uel bed ( Fi g. 10) .
A
Rot at i ng Cone
B Ext ended
St oki ng
Ar m( Rabbl e
Ar m)
CSt at i onar y
Ci r cul ar
Gr at e
DPer i pher al
Dumpi ng
Gr at e
YMCABUI LDI NGS
Fi g. 1

Typi cal pl an f or YMCAbui l di ng: ( Nat i onal Counci l of t he Young Men' s Chr i st i an Associ at i on of U. S. A
. )
Fi g. 2

Si t e pl an. ( Nat i onal Counci l of t he Young Men' s Chr i st i an
Associ at i on of U. S. A. )
By I RI S ALEX, AI A. , Bui l di ng
Consul t ant , and GLADYS L. BROWN, Heal t h, Physi cal Educat i on, and Recr eat i on Consul t ant
BUI LDI NGSI TE
The deci si on t o bui l d a newbui l di ng or t o
under t ake maj or r enovat i ons i s t he end r esul t
of a
l ong
pr ocess
of
st udy, anal ysi s, pl anni ng,
andf und- r ai si ng on t he per t of t he l ocal YWCA.
The geogr aphi cal l ocat i on
of
a
newf aci l i t y i s
det er mi ned by communi t y needs f or t he
ser -
vi ces t o be of f er ed.
The ar chi t ect , i t i s hoped, wi l l be
i nvol ved
i n t he sel ect i on of t he si t e. The YWCAmay
have opt i ons on one or mor e par cel s of empt y
l and or l and wi t h exi st i ng st r uct ur es on i t . The
f ol l owi ng f act or s shoul d be t aken i nt o account
i n choosi ng t he si t e :
" Pr oxi mi t y t o publ i c t r anspor t at i on
and
avai l abi l i t y of par ki ng f aci l i t i es . Dependi ng on
t he l ocal i t y, par t i ci pant s wi l l ar r i ve by
bus
or ot her avai l abl e means of publ i c t r anspor t
or by pr i vat e car . Si nce t he bui l di ng shoul d
at t r act al l ki nds of peopl e, easy access
t o i t i s
of pr i me i mpor t ance. I f t he l ot i s
not l ar ge
enough t o accommodat e par ki ng,
t her e shoul d
be par ki ng
l ot s i n t he vi ci ni t y.
" Si ze of si t e. The si t e shoul d be l ar ge
enough t o accommodat e t he pr oposed bui l d-
i ng, anypossi bl e f ut ur e addi t i ons, onsi t e par k-
i ng i f r equi r ed and desi r ed, and out door act i vi t y
space i f t hi s i s i ncl uded i n t he pr ogr am.
. Vi si bi l i t y. The si t e shoul d be easi l y seen
and easy t o f i nd. Ther e shoul d be adequat e
r oad f r ont age f or t he bui l di ng andf or dr i veway
ent r ances. I dent i f yi ng si gns shoul d be vi si bl e
f r oma di st ance.
When t he bui l di ng si t e i s t he pr oper t y wher e
t he pr esent
YWCAbui l di ng i s l ocat ed pl us an
adj acent l ot ,
and
t he
pr esent bui l di ng i s t o be
demol i shed andr epl aced, car ef ul consi der at i on
shoul d be gi ven t o bui l di ng t he newst r uct ur e
i n phases . Si nce t he YWCAi s a member shi p
or gani zat i on, a l ong i nt er r upt i on of ser vi ces
i s det r i ment al . I t i s desi r abl e t o be abl e t o car r y
on
pr ogr ams as l ong as possi bl e and wi t h as
l i t t l e
di sr upt i on
as
possi bl e i n t he ol d f aci l i t i es
whi l e t he newbui l di ng i s
i n t he const r uct i on
pr ocess. I f t he si ze of t he si t e does
not al l ow
f or phased
const r uct i on, t hen t he YWCAwi l l
have t o move t o
t empor ar y quar t er s .
GENERAL DESI GNPRI NCI PLES
Thought f ul consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven
t o t he t hi ngs
t he YWCAwi shes t o expr ess
t hr ough a
bui l di ng
as
wel l
as t o
i t s adapt abi l -
i t y and usef ul ness f or t he act i vi t i es i t i s t o
house. The bui l di ng shoul d be a f r i endl y pl ace,
at t r act i ve t o
di f f er ent ki nds of peopl e. As a
communi t y i nvest ment , i t shoul d be desi gned
f or maxi mum
use
et mi ni mumoper at i ng cost .
I t shoul d be desi gned so t hat
peopl e comi ng
t o i t or j ust
goi ng
by ar e
awar e t hat i t i s a busy
pl ace. Of f i ces at t he f r ont of t he
bui l di ng pr e-
sent a dar k and l i f el ess appear ance af t er of f i ce
hour s even t hough t he r est of t he
bui l di ng
i s
t eemi ng wi t h act i vi t y. I f i t i s evi dent f r omt he
out si de t hat somet hi ng i s goi ng on wi t hi n,
pot ent i al user s wi l l be mor e apt t o i nvest i gat e,
and t he cont r i but or t o t he bui l di ng or t o t he
communi t y f und wi l l f eel t hat he i s hel pi ng t o
pr ovi de somet hi ng t hat i s r eal l y bei ng used.
Maxi mumef f ect i veness i n use of st af f t i me
i s
essent i al . Theel ement of cont r ol of t he bui l d-
i ng shoul d be gi ven maj or
consi der at i on, so
t hat st af f on dut y
at a f r ont desk can be al er t
t o al l peopl e comi ng i nt o
or l eavi ng
t he
bui l d-
i ng. Addi t i onal exi t s f or saf et y shoul d be under
t he cont r ol of t he per son super vi si ng t he ar ea
dur i ng t he per i ods when such exi t s ar e open.
When space i s pr ovi ded f or dr op- i n use, i t
shoul d be l ocat edwi t hi n t he r ange of vi si on of
ei t her t he f r ont desk or a st af f of f i ce dur i ng
t het i me i t i s open. Pr ogr amst af f of f i ces shoul d
be r el at ed t o t he act i vi t y ar eas t o be super -
vi 9ed by t he st af f member . Thi s gi ves oppor -
t uni t y f or t he super vi si on of t he gr oups and f or
i nf or mal cont act s wi t h i ndi vi dual s bef or e and
af t er t he act i vi t i es .
Ease of mai nt enance i s
i mpor t ant , especi al l y
i n smal l bui l di ngs not
r equi r i ng t he f ul l - t i me
ser vi ces of an engi neer or
j ani t or . Heat i ng
shoul d be as aut omat i c as possi bl e ;
mechani cal
equi pment shoul d per mi t oper at i on wi t h mi ni .
mumat t ent i on
and upkeep. I n t he l ong r un i t
wi l l save bot h
money and man- hour s i f por t -
abl e
equi pment i s st or ed i n a l ocat i on r el at ed
t o i t s use, even
t hough t hat maybe mor e expen-
si ve t o pr ovi de
t han a si ngl e st or age r oom.
Si nce t he
bui l di ng wi l l be used by i ndi vi dual s
of al l ages- f r omt oddl er s
t o t he i nf i r m- de-
t ai l s of const r uct i on shoul d be
desi gned so as
t o avoi d of f er i ng t empt at i on t o
t he young.
Ever yt hi ng f r oml i ght swi t ches t o
swi mmi ng
pool s shoul d be vi ewed as havi ng pot ent i al
" at t r act i ve nui sance"
qual i t i es, and al l possi bl e
saf eguar ds shoul d be pr ovi ded.
Rooms t o
be
used f or publ i c meet i ngs shoul d be ont he mai n
f l oor , i f possi bl e, or ot her wi se
r eadi l y acces-
si bl eand l ocat ed so as t o r educe unnecessar y
t r af f i c .
I nt er i or const r uct i on and decor at i on
shoul d
pr ovi de a col or f ul appear ance and at t he same
t i me be dur abl e and easy t o mai nt ai n. Many
mat er i al s nowi n use can make an
at t r act i ve
l ooki ng bui l di ng and st i l l meet t he r equi r e-
ment s of ease of mai nt enance. Fur ni shi ngs can
be bot h st ur dy and at t r act i ve. The f emi ni ne
t ouch can be achi eved wi t hout wal l paper and
r uf f l es or f r agi l e f ur ni t ur e. I ngenui t y i n pl an-
ni ng i s r equi r ed; i t pays of f bot h i n l ong- t er m
sat i sf act i on and i n economy of oper at i on, so
t hat t he maxi mumpossi bl e amount of t he
year l y budget can go i nt o st af f i ng and ot her -
wi se suppor t i ng t he pr ogr am. ( See Tabl e 1. )
Anot her essent i al poi nt i s f l exi bi l i t y i n use,
wi t h t he amount of space f or si ngl e- pur pose
use kept t o
t he mi ni mum. Addi t i onal st or age
f or equi pment f or sever al gr oups, f eat ur es t hat
can be shut of f f r oma r oom, or f l oor i ng and
ot her el ement s i n const r uct i on may i ncr ease
t he or i gi nal cost of a si ngl e r oom but may
gr eat l y enhance i t s use. The st andby cost of
si ngl e- pur pose r ooms wi t h l i mi t ed use i s even
hi gher i n t he l ong r un end i s an ext r avagance
dur i ng t he
l i f e of
t he
bui l di ng. Wher ever pos-
si bl e, t he pl an must
per mi t f l exi bi l i t y so t hat
l at er
adapt at i ons or modi f i cat i ons can be made
wi t hout undue expense
or wast e.
MAI NENTRANCE ANDLOBBY
The f r ont ent r ance shoul d be
i nvi t i ng and
accessi bl e, avoi di ng st eep st eps end
pr ovi di ng
suf f i ci ent pl at f or mspace on t heout si de so t hat
t her e i s adequat e cl ear ance f or door s t hat open
out . Access f or t he handi capped must be pr o-
vi ded. Door s shoul d be st ur dy but not t oo
heavy. They shoul d gi ve some vi si on i nt o t he
i mmedi at e l obby i nt o whi ch peopl e ent er .
Space i nsi de t he door s and on t r af f i c l anes
t o
ot her par t s of t he bui l di ng shoul d be suf -
f i ci ent
and r out ed
t o cause a
mi ni mumof con-
gest i onat per i ods of peak use.
Si nce t he t r end
i s away f r omhuge l obbi es and l ounges, space
act ual l y needed f or t r af f i c shoul d be
achi eved,
i nsof ar as possi bl e, by pl anni ng f or maxi mum
use r at her t han f or l ar ge ar eas. To avoi d a
" si t t er s' l ounge, " whi ch t ends t o
at t r act peopl e
who do not par t i ci pat e, onl y a l i mi t ed
l ounge
space shoul d be pl anned, wi t h t he f ur ni shi ngs
so ar r anged as t o avoi d
i nt er f er ence wi t h t he
t r af f i c l anes. Wal l space f or di spl ays
and bul -
l et i n boar ds shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he l obby.
The mai n ent r ance shoul d be
l ocat ed car e-
f ul l y
so
t hat i t
i s accessi bl e
t o t he st r eet and
t o any par ki ng ar ea near by, ei t her one on t he
bui l di ng si t e or a publ i c l ot i n t he nei ghbor -
hood. I f most par t i ci pant s ar r i ve by car , i t i s
i mpor t ant t hat t hey r each a mai n ent r ance by
t he shor t est r out e f r omt hei r car s . Ver y of t en,
peopl e f i nd a si de or r ear door mor e conve-
ni ent l y l ocat ed and ent er t he bui l di ng by t hat
means, t hus compl i cat i ng t he cont r ol of t r af f i c
i n t he bui l di ngs . Have t he l obby so ar r anged
t hat t heent r ances f r omt he st r eet andf r omt he
per ki ng ar ea can easi l y be super vi sed f r om
t he r ecept i on desk. ( See Fi g. 1 . )
RECEPTI ONDESK
The mai n f r ont desk i s bot h a key publ i c r el a-
t i ons cont act and a cont r ol poi nt f or t he ent i r e
bui l di ng. I t shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat peopl e
ent er i ng t he bui l di ng can f i nd i t qui ckl y and so
t hat t he l obby and l ounge ar e wi t hi n t he l i ne of
vi si on of t he f r ont desk st af f .
The si ze of t he mai n desk ar ea wi l l depend
upon t he vol ume of use and t he number and
ki nds of ser vi ces t o be per f or med t her e. I n a
l ar ge bui l di ng, especi al l y when t he f r ont desk
ser ves
bot h an act i vi t i es and a r esi dence bui l d-
i ng and/ or handl es
r egi st r at i on f or act i vi t i es
i nvol vi ng l ar genumber s of peopl e, t he count er
shoul d be l ar ge enough t o per mi t t wo or mor e
peopl e t o gi ve ser vi ce at t he same t i me. I t
shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat t r af f i c f l ows i n one
di r ect i on
and peopl e wi l l not cr owd i n f r ont of
i t , i mpede movement ,
sl owdown t he ser vi ce,
or cut of f t he vi ew.
Equi pment shoul d
be
pl anned and con-
veni ent l y l ocat ed f or ser vi ce at sl ack per i ods
when a mi ni mumst af f i s on dut y and must be
al er t t o what i s goi ng on i n t he l obby. I f t her e
ar et i mes
when
t he
per son cover i ng t he count er
must
al so oper at e
t he
swi t chboar d, i t must be
pl aced wher e she can save st eps
yet wat ch t he
l ounge. Mai l boxes, st or age space,
and f i l e
boxes or dr awer s f or r egi st r at i on car ds
shoul d
be r eadi l y accessi bl e . I f , dur i ng t hei r sl ack
per i ods, t he f r ont of f i ce empl oyees do any of
t he pr ocesses f or l ar ge mai l i ngs,
count er space
shoul d be pr ovi ded away f r om
t he congest i on
of t he r egul ar wor ki ng equi pment
. Pr ovi si on
shoul d be made f or t he easy and saf e
handl i ng
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
YWCABUI LDI NGS
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
YWCA
BUI LDI NGS
of cash andt he i ssui ng of r ecei pt s . An adj acent
of f i ce i s needed f or t he of f i ce super vi sor and
f or j obs r equi r i ng concent r at i on, such as
r ecor d keepi ng or t he count i ng of money. I t
i s bet t er t o have t he saf e l ocat ed i n t hi s of f i ce
i nst ead of i n t he mai n
desk ar ea.
Suf f i ci ent
st or age space shoul d be pr ovi ded f or suppl i es
and equi pment .
SPACE FORBUSI NESS ANDADMI NI STRATI ON
Whet her a busi ness and pur chasi ng of f i ce
shoul d be i n t he same ar ea as t he mai n desk
and i t s r el at ed of f i ce space wi l l depend on t he
si ze of t he associ at i on and t he number of
peopl e empl oyed. I n a smal l bui l di ng, of f i ces
can be pl anned so t hat peopl e doi ng sever al
ki nds of j obs can wor k near by. Such a pl an may
i ncl ude
space f or mi meogr aphi ng and assem-
bl i ng, r ecor d keepi ng, bookkeepi ng, and ot her
busi ness or admi ni st r at i ve t asks. I n a l ar ge
associ at i on wi t h a si zabl e vol ume of busi ness
and a number of st af f empl oyed i n t hedi f f er ent
ki nds of oper at i ons, i t wi l l be bet t er t o l ocat e
t he busi ness and admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces el se-
wher e and i n r el at i on t o each ot her so t hat as
much of t he mai n f l oor as possi bl e can be kept
f r ee f or act i vi t i es . ( See Fi g . 2. )
Lavat or y and coat st or age space shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or t he use of t he st af f i n each t ot al
uni t of of f i ces.
Admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or al l admi ni st r at i ve st af f . The of f i ces of t he
execut i ve andany associ at es or assi st ant s and
t he r el at ed cl er i cal st af f shoul d be l ocat ed so
t hat t hey ar e accessi bl e t o t he peopl e who
need t o come t o t hem but away f r om maj or
act i vi t y
ar eas. When possi bl e, i t i s al so advi s-
abl e t o have a separ at e of f i ce f or t he pr esi dent ,
wi t h a desk of her own and a t el ephone so t hat
she can have pr i vacy when she needs i t . Some-
t i mes t hi s of f i ce can be used by ot her vol un-
t eer s or st af f . I f t he vol ume of wor k of t he
t r easur er i s l ar ge, sheneeds an of f i ce or a desk
i n t he busi ness of f i ce.
St or age space i s essent i al i n admi ni st r at i ve
of f i ces, and smal l of f i ces uncl ut t er edby needed
mat er i al s or equi pment can pr ovi de a bet t er
wor k set t i ng t han l ar gef l oor spaces wi t h make-
shi f t st or age ar r angement s . Of f i ces of pr o-
f essi onal st af f shoul d not be ar r anged so t hat
t hey gi ve asense of r emot eness or i naccessi bi l -
i t y . The of f i ces f or cl er i cal st af f shoul d be
adj acent t o t hose of t he pr of essi onal st af f wi t h
whomt hey wor k, so t hat t hey can wor k ef f i -
ci ent l y and scr een unnecessar y i nt er r upt i ons.
I f counsel i ng or ot her i ndi vi dual ser vi ces ar e
of f er ed, t he of f i ce f or t hat st af f wi l l need t o be
r eadi l y accessi bl e t o t he hesi t ant or t i mi d
per son and ensur e a degr ee of pr i vacy and
f r eedomf r omi nt er r upt i ons. I t i s essent i al f or
a counsel or t o have an at t r act i ve pr i vat e of f i ce
f or i ndi vi dual consul t at i ons.
( See Fi g. 3. )
The of f i ces f or t he admi ni st r at i on and man-
agement of t he busi ness and pr oper t y of t he
associ at i on have been descr i bed at t hi s poi nt
because of t hei r r el at i onshi p i n a smal l bui l d-
i ng. Thei r exact l ocat i on i n l ar ger bui l di ngs
wi l l var y accor di ng t o ot her f eat ur es . I n any
event , t hey wi l l occupy a r el at i vel y smal l space
as compar ed t o t hat used f or act i vi t i es . The
amount of space f or admi ni st r at i on and
man-
agement may
be i ncr eased wher e of f i ces f or
met r opol i t an st af f ar e
housed
i n
t he
cent r al
bui l di ng . The t ot al r at i o of of f i ce t o act i vi t i es
space shoul d be st udi ed i n or der t o achi eve
maxi mumuse of t he bui l di ng f or pr ogr am
but al so enough of f i ce space t o ser ve t he
r equi r ement s of good admi ni st r at i on.
SPACE FORACTI VI TI ES ORGROUP USE
The number and t ypes of r ooms t o be i ncl uded
f or pr ogr amuse wi l l be det er mi ned by t he
space budget pr evi ousl y pr epar ed by t he
YWCAbui l di ng commi t t ee and t he degr ee t o
whi ch mul t i pl e- pur pose use can be made of
each ar ea.
Fewbui l di ngs, even l ar ge ones, shoul d have
bi g r ooms f or si ngl e- pur pose use. An audi -
t or i umwi t h sl ant ed f l oor and per manent seat -
i ng i s a l uxur y
unl ess
t her e i s such heavy
demand f or i t t hat i t wi l l act ual l y be i n use a
l ar ge amount of t he t i me.
The l ar gest r oomf or whi ch an or gani zat i on
shoul d make pr ovi si on shoul d be one t hat can
house sever al ki nds of act i vi t i es and wi l l be
used t o maxi mum
capaci t y
f r equent l y enough
t o j ust i f y i t s i ncl usi on i n t he pl an. I t i s not
advi sabl e t o consi der
pr ovi di ng
f or t he l ar gest
gr oup
t he associ at i on wi l l want t o assembl e
at any one
t i me
or
even
sever al t i mes dur i ng a
year . I t i s l ess cost l y t o
r ent
t hat ki nd of space
el sewher ei n t he
communi t y
f or
a
l i mi t ed num-
ber of event s t han t o const r uct and mai nt ai n
space t hat wi l l
i n al l or i n par t be st andby space
dur i ng most of t he
year
.
The same pr i nci pl e appl i es t o const r uct i on
of heal t h educat i on f aci l i t i es f or
compet i t i ve
spor t s t hat ar e l i mi t ed
i n t he agency pr ogr am
and f or whi ch ot her communi t y f aci l i t i es ar e or
shoul d be made avai l abl e
.
Ont heot her
hand, a r oar " f or mass act i vi t i es
of sever al ki nds
can be j ust i f i ed, especi al l y
i f
i t can
be conver t ed i nt o t wo or mor e smal l er
r ooms
f or ot her t ypes of gr oups t o use i n
bet ween
t i mes.
Al ar ge
mul t i pl e- pur pose r oomi n a bui l di ng
wi t hout a
compl et e heal t h and r ecr eat i on de-
par t ment mayhave t o be used f or
gym
cl asses
and al so f or mass
act i vi t i es .
I n or der t o make
i t usef ul f or ot her t hi ngs,
t her e wi l l be some
l i mi t at i ons on
t he ki nds of
gymnasi umpr o-
gr ams and
equi pment t hat may be used.
How-
ever ,
unl ess t hepr i mar y use i s f or heal t h educa-
t i on pr ogr ams, i t i s pr obabl y t oo expensi ve t o
pr ovi de t he
speci al f eat ur es r equi r ed
f or com-
pet i t i ve spor t s or ot her act i vi t i es i nvol vi ng
hi gh- cost f aci l i t i es t hat wi l l not gi ve maxi mum
r et ur n on t he i nvest ment
.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
YWCA
BUI LDI NGS
TABLE 1

Recommended Fi ni sh Schedul e
f or Gener al Ar eas' t
t i es
. Ast age hi gh enough t o be seen f r om
t he
back
of a f l at - f l oor audi t or i umwi l l
usual l y have
r oom
f or some st or age under i t . Dol l i es
whi ch
can
easi l y be r ol l ed i n and out of such
space
save
l abor i n set t i ng up and cl ear i ng
t he r oom.
I f a
por t abl e st age i s used, st or age
space must
be pr ovi ded
.
I f games
or ot her act i vi t i es may t ake
pl ace
i n t he r oom,
t her e shoul d be adequat e st or age
f or t hat
equi pment . Thi s may sound l i ke a l ot
of st or age,
but i t must be pr ovi ded
somewher e
and mor e
st or age can r esul t i n mor e use
of t he
avai l abl e f l oor
space f or pr ogr am. Pr oxi mi t y
of st or age t o l ocat i on
of use can save t i me
and
ef f or t f or t he mai nt enance
st af f and speed
up
t he conver si on of t he
space f or di f f er ent uses
.
Checkr ooms shoul d be consi der ed i n
r el a-
t i on t o t he
l ar ge r oomand t o ot her par t s of
t he
bui l di ng
. I t i s mor e economi cal t o pr ovi de
smal l
checki ng
ar eas l ocat ed near act i vi t i es
space
t han t o
have one l ar ge checkr oom
r equi r i ng
an at t endant even
at t i mes of mi ni mum
use.
Por t abl e r acks
wi t hi n si ght of t he
gr oups or
super vi sor may be
pr act i cal and can be
moved
i nt o t empor ar y
checki ng ar eas when
t her e i s
unusual
demand. Acheckr oomshoul d
not be
l ocat ed
i n a heavy t r af f i c ar ea and shoul d
have
a mar ked oneway
t r af f i c l ane when a
l ar ge
gr oup i s
t o be ser ved. A ki t chen
shoul d be
l ocat ed
f or ease of ser vi ce t o t he
l ar ge r oom,
di r ect l y
connect ed wi t h i t or adj acent
t o i t .
Food shoul d
not be car r i ed a gr eat
di st ance or
acr oss a hal l or
ot her space wher e peopl e
may
be congr egat ed or
passi ng. Such f unct i ons
wi l l
not necessi t at e
a cont i nuous or even
f r equent
use f or t he ki t chen
and do not r equi r e el abor at e
r ef r i ger at i on t o
car r y over per i shabl e f oods .
Ther e shoul d be a ser vi ce
ent r ance so
t hat
del i ver i es can be made
and wast e r emoved
i ndependent l y of t he mai n
l obby or heavy
t r af f i c l anes . I t shoul d be
cont r ol l ed when
del i ver i es ar e bei ng made. A
buzzer connect i on
shoul d be i nst al l ed t o t he mai n
of f i ce f aci l i t i es
t i on i s gi ven t o t he
par t i cul ar r equi r ement s of
each.
For use as on audi t or i um, t he
si ze and t ype of
st age and dr essi ng
r ooms wi l l depend upon
whet her t he r oom
wi l l have f r equent use f or
dr amat i c pr oduct i ons .
For f r equent use, a
per manent st age
wi t h accessi bl e dr essi ng
r ooms i s r ecommended.
Dr essi ng r ooms can
be desi gned f or ot her uses
pr ovi ded t her e i s
adequat e cl oset and st or age
space f or each use.
Adj acent st or age space must
be pr ovi ded f or
st age pr oper t i es and sur pl us
chai r s i n or der t o
cl ear t he r oom
f or dances and si mi l ar act i vi -
Adequat e publ i c
t oi l et f aci l i t i es f or women
and men shoul d be
pr ovi ded i n a l ocat i on con-
veni ent f or par t i ci pant s i n
act i vi t y ar eas . These
shoul d not be l ocat ed
t oo cl ose t o t he f r ont
ent r ance and/ or out of si ght
of t he r ecept i on
desk or some ot her cont r ol poi nt .
Ar oomt hat can be used
f or dances, f or i nf or -
mal mass act i vi t i es, or as an
audi t or i umand a
banquet r oomcan be desi gned t o
ser ve al l
t hose pur poses sat i sf act or i l y
i f pr oper at t en-
Fi g. 2

Oakl and Br anch, YWCAof
Met r opol i t an Det r oi t , Mi chi gan. Ent r ance ar ea,
of f i ces, chi l d car e. Br anch bui l d-
i ng- 1O' Oel l , Hewl et t & Luckenbach, Ar chi t ect s . )
679
Rooms
Fl oor s
Wel l s
Cei l i ngs
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U
U S H C U O
W1; d U' m h >
N J
Q G S
Ent r ance vest i bul e . . . . . .
Lobby, Lounge . . . . . . . .
2 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 2 1
1
Cor r i dor s . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 1 2
1
1 1
2 1
Of f i ces . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
Act i vi t y, cl ass,
cl ub r ooms . . . . . . . . . .
1 1
1
2 1 1 1
1 2
Chi l d car e r oom. . . . . . .
1 1
1
2 1 1 1
1 2
Mul t i pur pose r oom. . . . . 2
1
1
1 1
1 2
Cr af t s r ooms
. . . .
. . . . .
1
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 2
2 2
St or age
. . . . . . . .
. . . . 1 1 1 1
Ser vi ce
ar eas . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
1
Toi l et s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1 2 1
1
2 - - Or der
of pr ef er ence.
t Pai nt ed
sur f aces t o be kept t o mi ni mum.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
YWCABUI LDI NGS
t o cal l
aj ani t or t o t ake del i ver i es so t hat he wi l l
not
have t o wast e hi s t i me wai t i ng f or t hem.
St or age f or di shes can be pr ovi ded by cup-
boar ds t hat open
i n t he di ni ng ar ea or ar e adj a-
cent t o an openi ng f or t r ansf er t o t he di ni ng
ar ea
.
Thesi ze andar r angement of ot her ki t chen
equi pment wi l l depend somewhat on t he ki nd
of ser vi ce pl anned. I f i t i s t o be cat er i ng ser -
vi ce, t he t ot al pr epar at i on of a meal maynot be
done on t he pr emi ses . Suf f i ci ent heavy- dut y
equi pment shoul d be pr ovi ded f or nor mal use,
but agai n i t i s not advi sabl e t o i nst al l al l t hat
woul d
be needed f or t he unusual event s .
Smal l er Act i vi t y Rooms
Ot her r ooms wi l l be needed f or smal l - gr oup
use
and shoul d be so ar r anged t hat t hey can
be
combi ned f or di f f er ent si zed gr oups . Ar oom
t hat can be used f or meet i ngs of 150 t o 200
peopl e can be di vi ded t o f or m sever al smal l
uni t s
. Good- qual i t y acoust i c f ol di ng par t i t i ons
f or di vi di ng r ooms can make t he smal l er uni t s
sat i sf act or y f or si mul t aneous use.
Ent r ance i nt o each sect i on of t he r oommust
be
f r om
a hal l way, so t hat no gr oup wi l l be di s-
t ur bed by peopl e passi ng t hr ough and so t hat
one or mor e
sect i ons need not ser ve as a
passageway
.
I f sever al t ypes of gr oups ar e t o use t he
r ooms, each gr oup
shoul d have t he equi pment
i t r equi r es, and
t he equi pment adapt ed t o
sever al uses
shoul d be avai l abl e as needed.
Acr af t r oomhas f r equent l y
been consi der ed
a si ngl e- pur pose r oom,
especi al l y i f , i n addi t i on
t o si nks, benches,
and ot her usual equi pment ,
t he or gani zat i on
has a ki l n or machi ner y f or
cr af t s . I t i s
possi bl e, however , t o gr oupt hese
pi eces of equi pment at one or bot h ends of t he
r oomand shut of f
t hose ar eas wi t h movabl e
par t i t i ons
t hat can be l ocked i n pl ace,
t hus
conver t i ng t he r emai ni ng ar ea i nt o a r oom
f or cl asses or ot her smal l meet i ngs
. Dr yi ng
r acks f or cr af t pr oduct s shoul d be
out of r each
of t he cur i ous but accessi bl e t o t he cr af t smen.
Awel l - or gani zed di spl ay ar r angement can of f er
st i mul at i on and newi deas t o ot her s
.
A
si mi l ar
pl an can be used t o conver t
act i vi t i es space
f or use as a chapel or qui et r oom.
An al t ar or
ot her ar r angement
f or wor shi p t hat can be
opened f or
use when t he r oom becomes a
chapel mi ght
be at one end.
The r ooms used by sever al gr oups and t he
speci al - pur pose ar eas shoul d be gr ouped t o
f aci l i t at e
super vi si on of t he act i vi t i es and pr o-
vi de a var i et y of pr ogr ams cl ose t oget her .
Meet i ng r ooms, cl assr ooms, cr af t and si mi l ar
space shoul d
i n gener al be l ocat ed on one f l oor
or
on
consecut i ve f l oor s t o per mi t ease of
movement f r omonear ea t o anot her and t o l i mi t
t he amount
of el evat or use ( wher e t her ei s one)
and/ or st ai r cl i mbi ng.
Foodser vi ce i s needed i n r el at i on t o pr ogr am
act i vi t i es, and
bui l di ng pl ans shoul d pr ovi de
f aci l i t i es f or i t . A
ki t chen t hat can be used f or
meal s f or l ar ge
gr oups shoul d be r el at ed t o t he
ar ea t hat wi l l
be used f or such af f ai r s. Ki t chen-
et t es shoul d
be pr ovi ded t o ser ve smal l gr oups,
and i f a
r esi dence i s t o be i ncl uded i n t he pl an,
cooki ng f aci l i t i es must
be f ur ni shedf or per ma-
nent r esi dent s
.
A
snack bar adj acent t o a dr op-
i n l ounge or
r ecr eat i on space maybe pr ovi ded.
Vendi ng machi nes ar e of t en i ncl uded
i n t he
pr ogr am, and el ect r i cal and pl umbi ng
connec-
t i ons shoul d be pr ovi ded i n l ocat i ons
wher e
machi nes may be i nst al l ed.
CHI LDCARE FACI LI TI ES
I f a pr ogr ami s t o
be
car r i ed
out f or mot her s of
young chi l dr en, a nur ser ywi t h speci al
l avat or y
f aci l i t i es wi l l be r equi r ed
. The pr oper st andar ds
ar e essent i al ,
bot h i n t he bui l di ng ar r angement
and t he super vi si on,
and shoul d meet l ocal
or di nances and
heal t h depar t ment r equi r e-
ment s.
I f
t hespace i s t o be used f or ot her pur -
poses, t he
speci al equi pment wi l l r equi r e
st or age space wher e i t can be out of t he way
and pr oper l y pr ot ect ed . ( See Fi gs . 1 and 2. )
Local or di nances di ct at e
t he space al l ot t ed
per chi l d, t he maxi mum
number of chi l dr en per
r oom, and speci al f aci l i t i es t o be pr ovi ded.
An out door , encl osed pl ay space adj acent t o
t he i ndoor f aci l i t i es i s desi r abl e.
HEALTH, PHYSI CAL EDUCATI ON, AND
RECREATI ONFACI LI TI ES
I f a YWCAi s pl anni ng
t o i ncl ude HPERf aci l -
i t i es, par t i cul ar l y
a swi mmi ng pool i n new
bui l di ng pl ans,
or t o add t hese f aci l i t i es t o an
al r eady exi st i ng
bui l di ng, met i cul ous r esear ch
and car e
must go i nt o choosi ng const r uct i on
met hods,
mechani cal , el ect r i cal , and f i l t r at i on
syst ems, f i ni shi ng
mat er i al s, and i nt o desi gn-
i ng t he ar ea f or t he
best t r af f i c f l owand use of
space. ( See
Fi gs
. 4
t o
6
. )
The oper at i ng cost s
of HPERf aci l i t i es ar e
r ar el y subsi di zed
by t he l ocal communi t y chest
agency, and
t he YWCAmust pay al l oper at i ng
and mai nt enance cost s f or
t hese
f aci l i t i es
out of t he
i ncome
f r om
cl asses and r ent al s.
Si nce
const r uct i on cost s ar e so hi gh f or t hese
f aci l i t i es, t hedesi gn must pr ovi def or t he
maxi -
mumut i l i zat i on of t eachi ng- st af f t i me and ease
of mai nt enance and oper at i on by t he cust odi al
st af f .
Ther e shoul d be an easy f l owof t r af f i c f r om
t he mai n l obby. Havi ng t he swi mmi ng pool
vi si bl e f r omt he l obby wi l l at t r act par t i ci pant s .
Spect at or space i n t he nat at or i umi s desi r abl e
i f t he budget al l ows f or i t .
I t i s pr ef er abl e t o have t he ent i r e HPERuni t
on t he gr ound f l oor . I f t hi s i s not possi bl e,
t he l ocker r ooms and swi mmi ng pool must be
on one l evel , and t he gymnasi umor mul t i pur -
pose r oom, dance and exer ci se st udi os can be
l ocat ed on a di f f er ent f l oor but wi t h a means
of access di r ect l y f r omt he HPERl obby ar ea .
I t i s i mpor t ant t o avoi d
cr oss t r af f i c of par t i ci -
pant s i n gym
at t i r e wi t h ot her t r af f i c i n t he mai n
l obby.
The HPERf aci l i t i es shoul d
be
so
si t uat ed i n
t he bui l di ng t hat t hey can
be open
f or
r ent al by
out si de gr oups when ot her par t s of t he bui l d-
i ng ar e
cl osed.
Fi g. 3

YWCA
of Gr eat er Pi t t sbur gh . Of f i ce f l oor , l ar ge met r opol i t an associ at i on. I Ski dmor e, Owi ngs and Mer r i l l ,
Ar chi t ect s . )
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
YWCA
BUI LDI NGS
f or ' s cl oset and st or age,
choi ce of mat er i al s.
12. Pr ovi si on f ar handi capped peopl e
. No
bar r i er s i n f or mof st eps or nar r owdoor ways .
Pr ovi de adequat e
t ur ni ng space f or wheel -
chai r s, handr ai l s, et c
.
Speci f i c
r ecommendat i ons f or l ocker and
shower
r ooms:
1
.
Gang uni t s vs
. pr i vat e f aci l i t i es . Gang
uni t s have pr oved
sat i sf act or y, but a f ewshow-
er s and dr essi ng
boot hs shoul d be i ncl uded
i n women' s l ocker r ooms.
Recommended i s a
U- shaped uni t , wi t h t wo or t hr ee dr essi ng
boot hs set bet ween r ows of l ocker s. ( See Fi g .
7 . ) Gang uni t s can save a gr eat deal of space.
I n t he case of l ocker r oomr emodel i ng, of t en
t wo l ocker and shower uni t s can be i nst al l ed
i n t he space f or mer l y occupi ed by a si ngl e uni t
wi t h pr i vat e f aci l i t i es . Super vi si on and
mai nt e-
nance ar e made easi er , and cost s ar e r educed.
2
.
Shower r ooms. These shoul d be so l o-
cat ed t hat t hey cannot be bypassed by per sons
ent er i ng swi mmi ng pool . Door s f r om t he
shower
r ooms must be l ocat ed at t he shal l ow
end of t he swi mmi ng pool . Adequat e f l oor
dr ai ns
must
be
pr ovi ded
.
Temper at ur e of wat er
shoul d be t her most at i cal l y
cont r ol l ed t o pr e-
vent scal di ng
.
3. Dr yi ng r oom. Thi s shoul d be
pl aced
bet ween shower s and l ocker
r oom t o keep
dr essi ng
ar ea dr y. Par t i ci pant s r emove sui t s
her e
and dr y of f bef or e r et ur ni ng t o l ocker s .
4
.
Locker s
. I deal l y, most l ocker s shoul d be
t he
l ong t ype. Some shor t l ocker s can be used
i f space i s l i mi t ed. These can
be used by chi l -
dr en
.
Locker s shoul d have
sl opi ng t ops t o f aci l -
i t at e
mai nt enance and shoul d be set on r ai sed,
coved bases .
Locker s f i ni shed i n br i ght col or s
ar e an excel l ent means
of pr ovi di ng a cheer -
f ul at mospher e. Benches can ei t her be f l oor -
suppor t ed
bet ween r ows of l ocker s or cant i -
l ever ed f r omt he base bel owt he l ocker s.
5.
Toi l et f aci l i t i es . Two set a of t oi l et f aci l i -
t i es
ar e needed, one " wet " and one " dr y. " The
wet uni t
can consi st of a si ngl e t oi l et wi t hout
washbasi n l ocat ed of f t he shower r oom. The
user
r eshower s bef or e goi ng back t o t he swi m-
mi ng pool . The dr y uni t i s l ocat ed near t he
l ocker r ooment r ance and makeup ar ea and
cont ai ns washbasi ns i n addi t i on t o t oi l et s.
Toi l et s shoul d be wal l - hung and par t i t i ons
cei l i ng- hung t o f aci l i t at e mai nt enance.
6. Makeupar ea. Thi s i s an essent i al ar ea and
shoul d be l ocat ed out of t he mai n t r af f i c f l ow.
Adequat e space shoul d be pr ovi ded t o accom-
modat e
l ar ge gr oups . Pr ovi de deep shel ves
at st andi ng hei ght
and adequat e mi r r or ar ea.
Thi s shoul d be l ocat ed i n t he women' s l ocker
r oom
but shoul d al so be avai l abl e t o t he second
l ocker r oomwhen bot h ar e used
by women
and gi r l s.
7. Hai r dr yer s . Theseshoul d be
l ocat ed adj a-
cent t o t he makeup ar ea. Aut omat i c,
wal l - hung
dr yer s ar e r ecommended and shoul d be set at
1. Separ at i on of wet ( bar ef oot ) t r af f i c and
dr y ( shod) t r af f i c.
2. Coed f aci l i t i es . Wher e coed act i vi t i es
ar e i ncr easi ng and ot her occasi ons i ncl ude
bot h men and women, adequat e t oi l et s,
shower , and l ocker r ooms must be pr ovi ded.
Thespaceshoul d be desi gned so t hat i t can be
t hr own t oget her f or use by l ar ge gr oups of
womenand gi r l s, di vi ded i nt o ent i r el y separ at e
uni t s, or so t hat a smal l uni t can be cl osed of f
when t he l ar ger space i s used as a si ngl e uni t .
Concent r at e makeup space and hai r dr yi ng
equi pment wher e i t wi l l al ways be avai l abl e
t o t he women.
3. Det er mi nat i on of nor mal peak l oad of
user s. Est i mat e can be based on t he number of
peopl e expect ed f or swi mmi ng and ot her
cl asses schedul ed wi t hi n a t wo- hour i nt er val
dur i ng popul ar pr ogr am hour s. Thi s f i gur e
shoul d det er mi ne t he appr oxi mat e number of
l ocker s needed
. The ext ent of pr i vat e vs . gang
f aci l i t i es t o be of f er ed ( dependi ng on l ocal
communi t y' s cust om) , t he ki nd of l ocker s ( l ong
or shor t ) , met hods of checki ng and cont r ol ,
and t he number of shower s and t oi l et s r equi r ed
by st at e heal t h codes and good pr act i ce al so
f i gur e i n det er mi ni ng t he si ze of t he l ocker
f aci l i t i es . Adequat e dr essi ng and ci r cul at i on
space ar e i mpor t ant . Ten t o f i f t een sq f t per
per son shoul d be al l owed.
4. Saf et y of pr ogr ampar t i ci pant s .
5. Pr ovi si on f or st or ageof coat s
and bul ky
bel ongi ngs . Thi s i s a f act or i n l ocker si ze.
Locker s shoul d be l ar ge enough t o accommo-
dat e adr ess hanger . I f necessar y,
coat s can be
st or ed on r acks under t he super vi si on
of t he
at t endant .
6 . Pr ot ect i on of par t i ci pant s'
bel ongi ngs .
7. Super vi si on of l ocker r ooms
. Thi s i s
especi al l y i mpor t ant i f t her e i s a heavy empha-
si s on chi l dr en' s pr ogr am.
8. Met hod of cont r ol and di spensi ng keys,
t owel s, et c. , and checki ng val uabl es. Possi bl e
need f or washi ng machi ne and dr yer .
9. At t r act i veness of ar ea. Layout , mat e-
r i al s, col or s, l i ght i ng.
10. Comf or t of par t i ci pant s . Temper at ur e,
humi di t y, acoust i cs, good t r af f i c pat t er ns,
adequat e space.
11. Ease of mai nt enance. Wel l - l ocat ed j ani -
Fi g. 4

Bangor , Mai ne, YWCA, HPERaddi t i on.
I Hi ggi ns, Webst er and Par t ner s,
Ar chi t ect s
. )
El ement s i n a Tot al HPER
Uni t
Lobby Lounge
Asepar at e l ounge adj acent
t o
t he
l ocker r ooms
shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or HPER par t i ci pant s .
Acont r ol of f i ce wi t h a count er f r om whi ch
an at t endant
may di spense l ocker keys and
t owel s, keep r ecor ds, et c. , shoul d open i nt o
t hi s
r oom. Door s t o l ocker r ooms shoul d be
wi t hi n
si ght of t heat t endant . Lounge f ur ni t ur e,
bul l et i n boar ds, and vendi ng machi nes shoul d
be pr ovi ded. Access
t o gymnasi umor ot her
smal l exer ci se r ooms
shoul d be t hr ough t hi s
space.
Par t i ci pant s i n gymat t i r e can wai t her e
f or cl asses
i n or der t o r el i eve t he occupant
l oad i n t he l ocker
r ooms.
I deal l y, t he l ocker
r oom ent r ances can be
cl osed of f and t he space
used as a soci al
l ounge dur i ng r ecr eat i onal and soci al
pr o-
gr ams.
Locker
and Shower Rooms I mpor t ant consi der -
at i ons i n l ocker - r oom desi gn i ncl ude t he
f ol -
l owi ng :
YWCABUI LDI NGS
Fi g. 5

Or ange, New
J er sey, YWCA, HPERf aci l i t i es. l Emi l Schmi r l l i n, Ar chi t ect
. )
sui t abl e hei ght s
f or
gi r l s and women. Some
hai r dr yer s shoul d be pl aced i n t he men' s
l ocker r oom. Do not l ocat e hai r dr yer s near t he
shower r ooms. Hai r cl ogs t he f l oor dr ai ns,
and par t i ci pant s shoul d dr ess bef or e usi ng
hai r dr yer s .
8. Mat er i al s used i n l ocker - r oom const r uc-
t i on. The i deal f l oor mat er i al i s nonsl i p cer ami c
mosai c t i l e. Unf i ni shed concr et e usual l y en-
cour ages f ungus gr owt h and at t r act s di r t . I f
t he budget i s t oo r est r i ct ed f or cer ami c t i l e
t hr oughout t he l ocker ar ea, i t shoul d be used
i n t he shower and dr yi ng r ooms, and a good
concr et e seal er shoul d be used f or t he dr y
dr essi ng ar eas.
Al l f l oor s must pi t ch t o adequat e dr ai ns,
andhose bi bbs shoul d be pr ovi ded. See ached-
ul e f or r ecommended f l oor ,
wal l ,
and cei l i ng
f i ni shes . ( See Tabl e 2. )
9. Li ght i ng,
Heat i ng, Vent i l at i ng. Li ght i ng
shoul d be i n t he f or mof r ecessed, vapor pr oof
f i xt ur es . I l l umi nat i on shoul d be evenl y di st r i b-
ut ed over t he ent i r e ar ea, wi t h f i xt ur es l ocat ed
over dr essi ng spaces bet ween r ows of l ocker s.
The r ecommended f oot candl e l evel i s 30. Pr o-
vi de concent r at ed and f l at t er i ng l i ght i ng at t he
makeup ar ea .
I n desi gni ng t he heat i ng, vent i l at i ng, and ai r
condi t i oni ng syst em, t he l ocker r oom and
shower ar eas humi di t y cont r ol i s a pr i me
f act or . Thi s ar ea shoul d be zoned separ at el y.
Too hi gh a vel oci t y of ai r i s chi l l i ng t o t he wet
ski n. The shower and l ocker r oomt emper at ur e
shoul d be about 80 .
Of f i CeS

Thenumber of of f i ces r equi r ed r ef l ect s
t he si ze and scope of t he pr ogr am. At mi ni -
mum, t he f ol l owi ng ar e r equi r ed:
1 . Di r ect or ' s of f i ce. Thi s
of f i ce shoul d be l o-
cat ed ei t her of f t he HPERl ounge- l obby
or of f
an adj acent cor r i dor . Thi s of f i ce shoul d be
easi l y accessi bl e t o t he publ i c
and cl osel y
r el at ed t o t he HPERuni t . When a
swi mmi ng
pool i s not i ncl uded
i n
t he
HPERuni t ,
a
st af f
dr essi ng r oom and shower shoul d be
con-
nect ed t o t hi s of f i ce.
2. Pool of f i ce. Asecond of f i ce
i s needed
when a pool i s i ncl uded. Thi s
of f i ce opens of f
t he HPER l ounge or l ocker - r oom
compl ex
and has a door openi ng di r ect l y ont o t he pool
deck
. Thi s
of f i ce,
whi ch shoul d have a l ar ge
sl i di ng
gl ass wi ndow
f or super vi si on of t he
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
YWCABUI LDI NGS
Fi g. 6

Gr eenvi l l e,
Sout h Car ol i na, YWCA, HPERf aci l i t i es. ( Char l es Pat t er , J r . - Al i son Lee, Ar chi t ect s . )
af f or d t he l uxur y of t wo l ar ge r ooms, so
t hat a
mul t i pur pose r oomusual l y ser ves f or
physi cal
act i vi t i es as wel l as l ar ge meet i ng,
soci al , and
f ood ser vi ce event s . The f l oor must be sui t abl e
f or al l uses and pr ef er abl y shoul d be wood.
Cour t mar ki ngs and f l oor socket s
shoul d be
pr ovi ded as r equi r ed .
3 . Cont r ol of f i ce f or l ocker - r oomat t endant ,
pr evi ousl y descr i bed.
Gymnasi umor Mul t i pur pose Room

Pr evi ousl y det er -
mi ned budget and pr ogr am f act or s di ct at e
whet her t her e wi l l be a r egul at i on gymnasi um
or a mul t i pur pose r oom. V- y f ewYWCAs can
pool ,
cont ai ns
cont r ol s f or
t he
nat at or i umand
under wat er l i ght s and sound syst em, f i r st - ai d
equi pment , a t el ephone, t eachi ng ai ds, and
audi o equi pment . Ther e shoul d be a st af f dr ess-
i ng and shower r oom openi ng of f t hi s r oom.
The pool of f i ce shoul d be l ar ge enough t o
accommodat e a f i r st - ai d cot .
TABLE 2

Recommended Fi ni sh Schedul e f or HPERFaci l i t i es' t
Rooms Fl oor s Wal l s Cei l i ngs
- ~ a
; ,
r o,
u
a
Y
y
E _E
- o
m
a,
c
-
x
. =
o
u
o - o
u
o
c
m
o o`
w
E
d
c o
W
a o c
m
m
. `w
m
a
m
a
y
o
o, i u
~
u> ~
m v
a~
o
o
y
c
c
o
E m ;
c
?'
o
n
u o
e
~
c
o
m
_
u
- m
v
m
v
m ~
n
x ~ d
U Q o 2 S t o U O U U' ~
n
u ~
c
d
} =
d d Y
a
J
G7 O-
Shower r ooms . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1
1 1 1
Locker r ooms . . . . . . . 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1
Toi l et s . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 3 2
1
Of f i ces, l ounge . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Gymnasi um. . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 2 1
Mul t i pur pose r oom . . . . 2 1 1 1 1 1
Dance, exer ci se r ooms . . 1 1 1 2 1
Fi t ness
st udi o . . . . . . . 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
St or age . . . . . . . . .
1 1 1
" 1,
2, 3 Or der of pr ef er ence.
t
Pai nt ed sur f aces t o be kept t o
mi ni mum.
YWCABUI LDI NGS
t o
const r uct and keep i n r epai r , whet her t hey
ar e sl i di ng gl azed wal l s, movabl e r oof s, pr es-
sur i zed encl osur es, or a bat t er y of hi nged,
gl azed door s
.
The out door set t i ng i s not used
suf f i ci ent l y i n YWCA
pr ogr ams i n most par t s
of t he count r y t o j ust i f y t he
cost . Sunbat hi ng
space i s not i ncome- pr oduci ng,
and added st af f
super vi si on
i s r equi r ed.
The i ncl usi on of
any wi ndows i s not r ecom-
mended, si nce sunl i ght r ef l ect s
on t he wat er
sur f ace, maki ng i t di f f i cul t
f or t he l i f eguar ds
t o see t he swi mmer s . I t al so
causes al gae
gr owt h and consumes l ar ge
quant i t i es of
chl or i ne.
I mpor t ant consi der at i ons i n
nat at or i ur n
desi gn :
1. Cei l i ng hei ght . A
mi ni mumhei ght of 15 f t
must be mai nt ai ned over
a 1- met er di vi ng
boar d.
2. Mat er i al s
. Al l mat er i al s used i n t henat at o-
r i ummust be moi st ur e- and
chemi cal - r esi st ant .
Aschedul e of r ecommended mat er i al s i s
shown. Any met al door s, t r i m, r ai l i ngs, et c.
shoul d be st ai nl ess st eel . Any ot her met al
wi l l r equi r e t oo much mai nt enance.
3. Vent i l at i on. Cont r ol l i ng
t he humi di t y i n
t he nat at or i ur n i s essent i al
. I nt r oduci ng dr y,
heat ed ai r and r emovi ng
moi st ai r shoul d pr o-
duce a
comf or t abl e envi r onment . Temper at ur e
must be kept const ant andat
a mi ni mumof 80`
f or swi mmer s' comf or t . When spect at or s
ar e
pr esent
f or a compet i t i ve event , t he t emper a-
t ur e can be l ower ed.
Ai r
vel oci t y shoul d be
kept l owt o avoi d chi l l i ng wet ski n. Af l at cei l -
i ng
sur f ace i s desi r abl e
t o al l owai r t o move
f r eel y.
4. Adequat e acoust i c cont r ol . Thi s i s essen-
t i al f or a t eachi ng pr ogr am.
An
acoust i c
cei l i ng
of moi st ur e- r esi st ant mat er i al can be
suppl e-
ment ed by wal l - mount ed acoust i c uni t s.
5. Good l i ght i ng
.
Li ght
f i xt ur es shoul d
be
l ocat ed over t he
pool
deck onl y f or easy r e-
l ampi ng and
shoul d
pr ovi de a mi ni mumuni -
f or ml i ght i ng l evel of 60 f oot candl es. The l i ght
sour ce shoul d be di f f used t o avoi d gl ar e ont he
wat er sur f ace. An emer gency l i ght i ng syst em
must be pr ovi ded.
6. Spect at or space. Desi r abl e f or t eachi ng
and f or speci al event s . Spect at or space must
be separ at ed f r omt hepool deck by a l owwal l .
The spect at or
ent r ance
shoul d be cont r ol l ed
f r omt he r ecept i on desk. I t i s pr ef er abl e t o have
t he spect at or space at or sl i ght l y above t he
deck l evel r at her t han at bal cony hei ght .
7. Mi scel l aneous pr ovi si ons . An adequat e
st or age r oomi s r equi r ed f or i nst r uct i on
and
ot her pool equi pment such as l ane mar ker s,
st ar t er bl ocks, a canoe i f cal l ed f or
i n
t he
pr o-
gr am, et c. Mai nt enance
equi pment shoul d be
st or ed separ at el y.
Hot andcol d r ecessed hose bi bbs,
a dr i nki ng
f ount ai n, a cl ock, and an adequat e number of
power
out l et s shoul d be pr ovi ded. I ncl ude
hooks or i nser t s ont he upper wal l s f or di spl ays
and decor at i ons . Pr ovi de means of hangi ng
r escue
equi pment ( pol eand r i ng buoys) so t hat
i t can be r eached when needed .
Swi mmi ng Pool
I mpor t ant consi der at i ons i n
swi mmi ng pool desi gn:
1. Conf or mance t o st at e or l ocal r egul at or y
agency r egul at i ons. Submi ssi on of pl ans and
speci f i cat i ons f or appr oval .
2. Car ef ul st udy of soi l mechani cs, r esul t s
of t est bor i ngs t o det er mi ne best pool shel l
and f oundat i on const r uct i on,
dr ai nage, need
f or hydr ost at i c r el i ef val ves, et c
.
3. Thor ough
i nqui r y and r esear ch i nt o
YWCA' s pr oposed pr ogr am
use of swi mmi ng
pool . Requi r ement s f or i nst r uct i onal , r ecr ea-
t i onal , and compet i t i ve uses of apool ar e some-
t i mes
i n conf l i ct , and pr ogr amemphasi s wi l l
be a
deci si ve f act or i n choi ce of si ze, wat er
Col l apsi bl e bl eacher s, a vi ewi ng bal cony,
and a por t abl e or per manent st age may be
i ncl uded i n t he pr ogr amand budget .
Consul t Pl anni ng Ar eas and Faci l i t i es
f or
Heal t h, Physi cal Educat i on, and Recr eat i on,
publ i shed by t he Amer i can Associ at i on f or
Heal t h, Physi cal Educat i on, and Recr eat i on,
1201 Si xt eent h St r eet , N. W. , Washi ngt on, D. C.
20036, and avai l abl e on or der f r omt he YWCA
Nat i onal Boar d, 600 Lexi ngt on Avenue,
New
Yor k, N. Y. 10022. Thi s vol ume gi ves r egul at i on
f l oor ar eas, cour t mar ki ngs, cei l i ng hei ght s,
and ot her per t i nent desi gn dat a.
Pr ovi deas much f l at , cl ear wal l spaceas pos-
si bl e.
Avoi d col umn and ot her pr oj ect i ons
i nsi de t he r oom. Li ght i ng f i xt ur es shoul d be
shat t er pr oof , and an exposed gr i d, l ay- i n
acoust i c boar d cei l i ng i s t he most pr act i cal ,
si nce panel s can be easi l y r epl aced i n case of
damage. Separ at e st or age r ooms adequat e
f or gymequi pment and f or chai r s and t abl es
shoul d be pr ovi ded. I f t he pr ogr amcal l s f or t he
l ar ge r oom t o be di vi ded, pr ovi de an acous-
t i cal l y r at ed f ol di ng par t i t i on. Adequat e power
out l et s shoul d be pr ovi ded. Ot her possi bl e
pr ogr am r equi r ement s ar e sound syst ems,
bul l et i n boar ds, pr oj ect i on scr eens, et c.
Smal l er Act i vi t y Rooms

Some physi cal educat i on
act i vi t i es cal l
f or smal l er r ooms: cor r ect i ve
exer ci se and dancecl asses, f or exampl e. These
r ooms shoul d have wood f l oor s and mi r r or s.
Bal l et
bar e and ot her r equi r ed appar at us
shoul d be i ncl uded. I f t her e i s a f i t ness st udi o
i n t he pr ogr am, pr ovi de adequat e space f or
al l cont empl at ed equi pment . Acar pet ed f l oor
maybe desi r abl e.
Nat at or i um The nat at or i um i s a l ar ge, cl ear -
span r oom, wi t h adequat e heat i ng, vent i l at i ng,
and humi di t y cont r ol s, whi ch houses an i ndoor
swi mmi ng pool . Suf f i ci ent wi dt h must be pr o-
vi dedf or adequat e deck space ar ound t he pool .
The i nt er i or wal l s of t he nat at or i umshoul d
be f l ush. Avoi d col umn pr oj ect i ons and r e-
cessed ar eas,
i ncl udi ng ent r ances f r oml ocker
r ooms and of f i ces.
The l i f eguar d ondut y must
be abl e t o see t he ent i r e space. The ext er i or
wal l s and r oof shoul d be wel l i nsul at ed t o pr e-
vent condensat i on.
The YWCAswi mmi ng pr ogr ami s pr i mar i l y
i nt ended f or t eachi ng, wi t h r ecr eat i on second-
ar y. Bot h f unct i ons must be i ncome- pr oduci ng,
and mai nt enance and oper at i ng cost s must be
kept l ow.
I t i s of t en t empt i ng t o envi si on an i ndoor -
out door pool si t uat i on, but t he necessar y pr o-
vi si ons f or t hi s ki nd of desi gn f eat ur e ar e cost l y
dept h, and over f l owsyst em.
The pool must
be easi l y accessi bl e t o handi capped per sons
.
4. I ni t i al const r uct i on cost s and ongoi ng
mai nt enance cost s. Const r uct i on
savi ngs t hat
wi l l r equi r e ext ensi ve f ut ur e
mai nt enance
and r epai r s must be avoi ded. Ther e i s no com-
par abl e subst i t ut e f or a pr oper l y engi neer ed
r ei nf or cedconcr et e pool shel l . Some savi ngs
can be made i n f i ni shes by r est r i ct i ng cer ami c
t i l e t o a mi ni mumar ea at t he wat er l i ne and
pl ast er i ng t her est of t he t ank. By i ncor por at i ng
adequat e sur ge t ank ar ea, ei t her i n a separ at e
t ank or i n an i nt egr al t r ench, savi ngs i n t he
heat i ng and f i l t er i ng of wat er can be made
.
Ar chi t ect s shoul d avoi d i nexpensi ve pool
" packages" whi ch seem t o af f or d savi ngs .
Of t en much of t he equi pment i ncl uded i s
i nf er i or .
Count on your combi ned ar chi t ect ur al and
engi neer i ng exper i ence or engage t he ser vi ces
of aqual i f i ed pool engi neer t o desi gn a sui t abl e
i nst al l at i on . The Nat i onal Swi mmi ng Pool
I nst i t ut e i n Washi ngt on, D. C. maybe cont act ed
f or suggest ed names of qual i f i ed engi neer s
t hr oughout t he count r y.
I f t he YWCAdoes not have t hef unds t o bui l d
a wel l - desi gned pool of t he si ze desi r ed i t i s
advi sabl e t o cut down t he si ze of t he pool
r at her t han sacr i f i ce const r uct i on qual i t y.
5. Thor ough i nvest i gat i on of sour ce of
pot abl e wat er suppl y ( f or suf f i ci ent vol ume
and f or chemi cal composi t i on) , wast e and
sewer connect i ons, power suppl y and f uel
suppl y i n t he vi ci ni t y.
6. Read and f ol l owappl i cabl e suggest i ons
i n t he f ol l owi ng r ef er ence mat er i al s:
a. Suggest ed Mi ni mumSt andar ds f or
Resi dent i al and Publ i c Swi mmi ng Pool s,
Nat i onal Swi mmi ng Pool I nst i t ut e, 2000
KSt r eet , Washi ngt on, D. C. 20006.
h. St at e or l ocal heal t h codes cover i ng
publ i c swi mmi ng pool s.
c. Swi mmi ng Pool s, AGui de t o t hei r
Pl anni ng, Desi gn and Oper at i on. Counci l
f or Nat i onal Cooper at i on i n Aquat i cs .
Hof f man Publ i cat i ons, I nc. , Sunr i se Pr o-
f essi onal Bui l di ng, For t Lauder dal e,
Fl or i da 33304, 1969.
d. Pl anni ng Ar eas and Faci l i t i es f or
Heal t h, Physi cal Educat i on and Recr ea-
t i on, pr evi ousl y ci t ed.
Speci f i c Recommendat i ons f or Pool Desi gn
1. Si ze and shape. Ar ect angul ar pool wi t h
ver t i cal si de wal l s i s r ecommended, wi t h deep
wat er at one end and shal l owwat er at t he
ot her .
Pool si ze wi l l be det er mi ned by
pr ogr am
needs. I f school s and ot her agenci es wi l l
be
usi ng t he f aci l i t y, cooper at i ve pl anni ng i s
necessar y.
St andar d pool si zes ( i n f eet ) :
60 by 25
60 by 30
75 by 25
75 by 30
75 by 35
75

by 42'
82. 5 by 42`
Compet i t i ver equi r ement s :
For r ecogni zed compet i t i on, a 75- f t pool
i s
essent i al . / Act ual l engt h i s 75 f t
1 i n, i Swi m-
mi ng l anes shoul d be 7 f t wi de. Ami ni mumof
f our
l anes i s
needed,
wi t h 1 f t ext r a on out si de
l anes. I f t he YWCAwi l l be bui l di ng t he onl y
pool i n
t hecommuni t y, i t may be necessar y t o
meet
compet i t i ve r equi r ement s . I f a heavy
*Not gener al l y r ecommended f or YWCAs.
Fi g. 7
Recommended U- shaped uni t of l ocker s and
dr essi ng boot hs
.
68
4
YWCABUI LDI NGS
i nst r uct i on pr ogr am i s ant i ci pat ed, especi al l y
usi ng t he st at i on t eachi ng met hod wi t h sever al
t eacher s at t he same t i me and l ar ge cl asses,
t he 75- f t pool wi t h a l ar ge shal l owwat er ar ea
i s desi r abl e.
2 . Dept h. Mi ni mumdept h of wat er al l owed
i s 3 f t . Recommended shal l owdept h i s 3 f t 6
i n. Thi s i s r equi r ed f or a compet i t i ve pool .
Appr oxi mat el y 60 t o 65 per cent of t he pool ar ea
shoul d
cont ai n wat er l ess t han 5 f t deep. The
sl ope of t he shal l owwat er ar ea must be gr ad-
ual
. I n dept hs under 5 f t , i t shoul d not sl ope
mor e t han
1
f t
i n 15.
Mi ni mumdeep wat er dept h i s 9 f t f or a 1-
met er
di vi ng boar d, al t hough some st at e codes
r equi r e a 10- f t
mi ni mum. Recommended pool
bot t om
cont our s ar e shown i n t he Nat i onal
Swi mmi ng Pool
I nst i t ut e
St andar ds .
The deep-
est poi nt i n t he pool shoul d be under t he
pl um-
met l i ne f r omt he
end of t he di vi ng boar d. For
good wat er ci r cul at i on, t he pool bot t omshoul d
r i se gr adual l y f r omt hi s poi nt t o t he deep end of
t he pool .
3. Pool const r uct i on. Any choi ce of mat er i al
f or const r uct i on or f i ni shi ng t hat r equi r es f r e-
quent r epai r , r ef i ni shi ng, or pai nt i ng i s not
economi cal . Cer t i f i ed bor i ng l ogs shoul d be
obt ai ned and exper t l y i nt er pr et ed so t hat t he
appr opr i at e shel l const r uct i on can be det er -
mi ned. Pour ed r ei nf or ced concr et e i s pr ef er r ed.
Adequat el y r ei nf or ced pneumat i cal l y appl i ed
concr et e has been used,
but t he cur ved bot t om
cont our i nt er f er es wi t h f ul l use
of
t he
pool
f or t eachi ng
.
Met al shel l
const r uct i on r equi r es
const ant
r epai nt i ng, whi ch causes di sr upt i on
t o t eachi ng
schedul es and subsequent l oss of
i ncome.
4.
Pool
t ank f i ni shes . Cer ami c t i l e r emai ns
t he cl assi cal
per manent swi mmi ng pool f i ni sh.
Ti l e shoul d be
vi t r eous squar e- edged t i l e t o
per mi t
smoot h t i l e gr out . Whi t e t i l e shoul d be
used wi t hi n t he t ank,
wi t h r equi r ed l ane and
t ar get mar ki ngs i n bl ack
. Pr oper l y f i l t er ed
wat er i s bl ue and
l ooks
beat
i n
a
whi t e t ank.
I f t he use of t i l e must be r est r i ct ed, i t can
be
i nst al l ed i n a 1- f t - deep band al ong t he
l ong
si des and ext end 3 f t 6 i n. down at t he ends .
The r est of t he t ank can be pl ast er ed. Awhi t e
cement pl ast er wi t h a " mar bl e dust " f i ni sh
shoul d l ast f r omf our t o ei ght year s .
Pool mar k-
i ngs can be del i neat ed by havi ng l i nes cut or
by set t i ng t i l e st r i ps bef or e pl ast er i ng .
Pool mar ki ngs must be car ef ul l y i ndi cat ed on
t he det ai l dr awi ngs . Requi r ed mar ki ngs f or
compet i t i ve swi mmi ng can be f ound i n Swi m-
mi ng Pool s, AGui do t o t hei r Pl anni ng, Desi gn
andOper at i on, pr evi ousl y ci t ed. Recessed cup-
t ype anchor s and i nser t s f or l i f el i nes and l ane
di vi der s must be pr ovi ded f or .
5. Pool l adder s and ent r ance st aps . Ladder s
shoul d be r ecessed i n si de wal l s onl y, adj acent
t o deep and shal l owends . I f deck space and
budget per mi t , a shor t f l i ght of st eps l eadi ng
i nt o t he shal l ow end shoul d be i ncor por at ed
i nt o t he desi gn.
6 . Over f l owsyst ems . Ther e i s a wi de choi ce
of over f l owsyst ems : f ul l y r ecessed or semi -
r ecessed gut t er s, r ol l - out , r i m- f l ow, or deck-
l evel syst ems ; sur f ace ski mmer s ; and pr e-
f abr i cat ed st eel ser ni r ecessed gut t er s .
Cost f act or s i nf l uence t he choi ce.
For exam-
pl e, a f ul l y r ecessed t i l e gut t er i s t he
most
expensi ve t o met al ] , whi l e a deck- l evel i nst al -
l at i on wi t h l ar ge copi ng st ones wi l l have a mi ni -
mumcost bot h i n const r uct i on and associ at ed
pi pi ng.
Pr oposed pr ogr amuse i nf l uences t he choi ce.
Deck- l evel ,
r i m- f l ow, or r ol l - out syst ems of f er
i deal
condi t i ons f or t eachi ng and r ecr eat i on
but ar e not i deal
f or compet i t i on, wher e t he
ends of t he pool must be
def i ned. Thi s pr obl em
can be sol ved by set t i ng up t empor ar y t ur ni ng
boar ds f or compet i t i ve event s .
Fi g. 8 Semi r ecessed gut t er .
An i mpor t ant el ement i n t he gener al hydr au-
l i c per f or mance of t he syst em i s adequat e
sur ge t ank capaci t y. The f unct i on of a sur ge
t ank
i s t o
pr ovi de st or age
ar ea
f or l ar ge vol -
umes of over f l owor gut t er wat er t hat ar e l i kel y
t o
accumul at e at r at es f ast er t han t he ci r cul at -
i ng pump
can
accommodat e.
Thi s
capaci t y i s
r equi r ed t o mai nt ai n a cont i nuous ski mmi ng
of t he over f l ow per i met er edge f or pr oper
sani t ar y condi t i ons i n t he pool . The t ank can
be a separ at e chamber of concr et e or st eel , or
i t can be i nt egr al l y accommodat ed ( as i n t he
t r ench of t he deck- l evel and r i m- f l owsyst ems) .
The Nat i onal Swi mmi ng Pool I nst i t ut e r ecom-
mends a mi ni mumof
Y,
gal of wat er f or ever y
squar e f oot of pool sur f ace.
What ever over f l owsyst emi s used, t he cop-
i ng or edge must be i nst al l ed dead l evel and
must pr ovi de a comf or t abl e handhol d f or swi m-
mer s . The number of dr ai ns andt he si ze of t he
pi pi ng f r omt he over f l owsyst emmust be ade-
quat e
t o
pr event f l oodi ng of t he gut t er s, whi ch
woul d i nt er f er e wi t h t he ski mmi ng of t he sur -
f ace wat er .
A compar i son and eval uat i on of over f l ow
syst ems f ol l ow:
a. Ful l y r ecessed gut t er . No dr awi ng i s
shown. Thi s i s an ol d- f ashi oned syst em wi t h
many dr awbacks and i s not r ecommended f or
YWCApool s . I t i s t he most expensi ve t o bui l d,
di f f i cul t t o cl ean, and cont r ar y t o good pool
oper at i on .
b. Ser ni r ecessed gut t er . ( See Fi g. 8. ) Si mi l ar
t o f ul l y r ecessed, but wat er l evel i s cl oser t o
deck and gut t er i s easi er t o cl ean. Syst emmust
be pi ped t o sur ge t ank.
Advant ages

Di sadvant ages
Pr ovi des vi si bl e
pool
edge

Wat er l evel 5 or 6 i n . bel ow
f or compet i t i on

deck . Di f f i cul t t o cl i mb out
Cut s down sur f ace r ough-

of pool
ness

when

gut t er s

ar e

Some cl eani ng di f f i cul t y
f l ooded

Requi r es pi pe t unnel f or
Wat er sur f ace cl oser t o deck

access
t han i n f ul l y r ecessed

Nar r ow edge of gut t er l i p
pr ovi des pr ecar i ous f oot i ng
f or di vi ng of f edge
Recommendat i ons : Accept abl e f or YWCApool s,
c
. Rol l out . ( Fi g. 9) Basi cal l y a deck- l evel
i nst al l at i on . Dr ai ns ar e l ocat ed
ei t her i n hor i -
zont al por t i on
of shal l owt r ench or i n
cor ner .
Advant ages

Di sadvant ages
Comf or t abl e pool use and

Decks may
f l ood i t adequat e
egr ess

number of dr ai ns ar e not
I deal f or t eachi ng and r ec-

pr ovi ded
r eat i on

Pool edge
not vi si bl e f or
Gi ves begi nner swi mmer s
compet i t i on
. Tempor ar y
f eel i ng of secur i t y
by al l ow-

t ur ni ng

boar ds

can

be
i ng wi de vi si bi l i t y

used
Easy cl eani ng

Requi r es pi pe t unnel f or
Low
const r uct i on cost s

access
Recommendat i on. Excel l ent f or YWCApool s .
d. Deck- l evel or r i mf l ow syst em. ( Fi g. 10. )
These t wo syst ems have many si mi l ar i t i es
but t hey di f f er i n t hei r hydr aul i c char act er i st i cs .
Thedeck- l evel i nst al l at i on has si de i nl et s and a
bot t ommai n dr ai n. The i nt egr al t r ench ser ves
as sur ge capaci t y f or sur f ace ski mmi ng,
and
suppl y pi pi ng can be r un i n t he t r ench. The
r i mf l owi nst al l at i on has bot t om i nl et s and t he
i nt egr al t r ench ser ves as t he mai n dr ai n. Al l
t he pool wat er i s dr awn over t he edges . Bot h
syst ems i ncor por at e a pr ecast copi ng and pr e-
cast concr et e sl ot t ed t r ench cover .
Advant ages

Di sadvant ages
Tr ench ser ves as i nt egr al

Deck
can f l ood i f not pr op-
sur ge
t ank

er l y pi t ched
Mi ni mum
const r uct i on cost s

Pool edge not vi si bl ef or com-
No pi pe t unnel
needed

pet i t i on. Tempor ar y t ur ni ng
Comf or t abl e pool use and

boar ds can be used
egr ess

Car e must bet aken i n choos-
I deal f or t eachi ng and r ec-

i ng cl eani ng mat er i al s f or
r eat i on

deck si nce some deck
Gi ves

begi nner

swi mmer s

wat er ent er s pool r eci r cul a-
f eel i ng of secur i t y

t i on syst em
Easy cl eani ng

Bot t omi nl et s i n r i mf l owsys-
t em ar e
i naccessi bl e f or
ser vi ci ng
Recommendat i on: Excel l ent f or YWCApool s .
e. Sur f ace ski r nnr er s . No
dr awi ng i s shown.
Thi s syst emconsi st s of cont ai ner devi ces
set
i n t he t op of t he pool wal l . The ski mmer s
op-
er at e by suct i on of t he pool
pump. Ther e i s no
sur ge t ank r equi r ed, and t he wat er
i s con-
st ant l y ski mmed by movabl e wei r s .
Ski mmer s
ar e not appr oved by
al l
st at e
boar ds of heal t h.
The di sadvant ages ar e
t he cont i nui ng expense
and nui sance
of mai nt ai ni ng t he movabl e wei r s
and t he f act t hat ski mmer s do not el i mi nat e
sur f ace t ur bul ence i n l ar ge pool s . Sur f ace
ski mmer s ar e sui t abl e f or ver y smal l pool s
onl y. They ar e not r ecommended f or l ar ge
YWCApool s .
f . Pr ef abr i cat ed st ai nl ess st eel
r ecessed
gut t er
. No dr awi ng i s shown. Thi s syst em i s
usual l y
par t of a commer ci al " package. " The
di sadvant ages ar e
numer ous : ski mmer wei r s
needi ng
manual adj ust ment s sever al t i mes a
day, wat er - l i ne i nl et s
t hat di st ur b swi mmer s
i n end l anes, and exposed r i ngs f or l ane
and
l i f e l i nes among t hem. The mai n
advant ages
ar e t hat a pi pe t unnel i s not r equi r ed,
and t he
manuf act ur er subst i t ut es a l ar ge di amet er
r e-
t ur n pi pe f or a sur ge t ank.
Thi s syst emi s not
r ecommended f or YWCApool s .
7 . Under wat er l i ght s . Li ght s can be
ei t her
wet - ni che or dr y- ni che t ype.
Dr y- ni che l i ght s
r equi r e a pi pe t unnel or manhol e
f or ser vi ci ng.
Wet - ni che l i ght s ar e r eached f r om
i nsi de t he
pool and t he f i xt ur e br ought up t o
t he deck f or
r el ampi ng. Fol l owr equi r ement s of
Ar t i cl e 680
i n t he Nat i onal El ect r i cal Code.
Under wat er l i ght s
ar e desi r abl e f or saf et y
and f or synchr oni zed
swi mmi ng pr ogr ams,
YWCABUI LDI NGS
pool shows, and pageant s . An accept abl e l i ght -
i ng l evel i s 1 wat t per squar e f oot of pool ar ea.
Li ght s shoul d be l ocat ed i n si de wal l s onl y,
and not di r ect l y opposi t e each ot her . Dept h be-
l owwat er l i ne shoul d be at l east 3f t i n t he shal -
l owar ea, and about 8 f t 8 i n. i n t hedi vi ng wel l .
I f t he budget does not al l owf or compl et e
i nst al l at i on of l i ght s, pr ovi de condui t , j unct i on
boxes, wal l
ni ches, and ot her pr ovi si on f or
f ut ur e i nst al l at i on. Cont r ol s f or under wat er
l i ght s must be l ocat ed i n t he pool of f i ce.
8.
Under wat er speaker s ar e usef ul f or
coachi ng and f or synchr oni zed swi mmi ng.
9. Decks.
Decks must compl et el y sur r ound
t he pool . For si de decks, t he mi ni mumwi dt h i s
5 f t , but t he si de used f or i nst r uct i on shoul d be
wi der . Decks at bot h ends shoul d be 13 t o 1 5 f t
wi de. Decks shoul d have nonsl i p sur f aces,
pr ef er abl y of cushi on edge mosai c
cer ami c
t i l e 1 by 1 i n. or 2 by 2i n . i n si ze.
Dept hand
di s-
t ance mar ki ngs shoul d be i n a cont r ast i ng
col or . Deck sur f ace must be pr oper l y pi t ched
t o an adequat e number of dr ai ns . I t i s i mpor t ant
t o pi t ch decks so t hat wat er spl ashed on t he
decks does not r et ur n t o t he pool . Pr ovi de
cor r osi on pr oof anchor s and i nser t s f or deck
equi pment .
10. Deck
equi pment . Deck equi pment may
i ncl ude di vi ng boar ds ( no hi gher t han 1 met er
r ecommended) , l i f eguar d chai r , st ar t er bl ocks,
and a hydr aul i c
l i f t f or
t he
handi capped. Li f e-
guar d chai r s ar e
essent i al f or l ar ge pool s as
speci f i ed i n st at e codes.
Some f or mof vacuum
cl eaner must be
pr ovi ded
.
Recommended ar e
aut omat ed pool - bot t omcl eaner s t hat r equi r e
onl y a power out l et . Thi s ki nd of cl eaner cut s
down
consi der abl y on mai nt enance t i me.
An adequat e
number of
r ecessed
hot and
col d hose bi bbs shoul d be pr ovi ded t o al l ow
any par t of t he pool and nat at or i um t o be
r eached wi t h a 75- f t hose.
11. Wat er ci r cul at i on and
f i l t r at i on syst ems.
Ther e ar e t hr ee
i nt er r el at ed and i nt er act i ng
syst ems r equi r ed t o cl ar i f y and di si nf ect
wat er
i n t he swi mmi ng pool s:
" Reci r cul at i on
and di st r i but i on of wat er
" Removal
of par t i cl es by f i l t r at i on
" Feedi ng chemi cal s
f or di si nf ect i on and
cont r ol
of
pH
Pool wat er shoul d be pumped, f i l t er ed,
chem-
i cal l y t r eat ed, heat ed, and ci r cul at ed cont i nu-
ousl y at ami ni mumt ur nover r at e of
ei ght hour s
- si x hour s i f t he pool i s
heavi l y
used
. Wat er
i s i nt r oduced i nt o t he pool t hr ough i nl et s ( nor -
mal l y l ocat ed on t he si des,
al t hough t he r i m-
f l ow syst em has bot t om
i nl et s) ,
di sper sed
uni f or ml y, and r emoved t hr ough mai n bot t om
dr ai ns l ocat ed at t hedeepest
poi nt
of
t he pool .
( I n t he r i mf l owsyst em, al l wat er i s
dr ai ned
over t he pool edges
. ) Suppl ement ar y dr ai nage
i s by
means of t he over f l owsyst emwhi ch con-
t i nuousl y
ski ms
t he
sur f ace wat er . The hi ghest
degr ee of
cont ami nat i on i s f ound at or j ust
bel owt he wat er sur f ace.
Anot e of caut i on about mai n bot t omdr ai ns
- - t he
gr at i ng must be heavy enough so t hat
swi mmer s can' t r emove i t , and t he openi ngs
must be so smal l t hat di ver s'
f i nger s can' t be
caught i n t hem.
Br i ef descr i pt i on of i nt er r el at ed
syst ems:
Ret ur n wat er i s pi ped f r om mai n
dr ai n l i ne
and sur ge t ank t hr ough hai r and l i nt cat cher ,
pumped t hr ough a f l owmet er t o t he f i l t er s.
( Not e: I f vacuum- t ype di at omaceous ear t h f i l t er
i s used, t hi s ki nd of f i l t er pr ecedes t he hai r
and
l i nt cat cher on t he suct i on si de of t he
pump. Gr anul ar medi a
( sand and gr avel ) f i l t er s
and pr essur e di at omaceous ear t h f i l t er s ar e on
t he pr essur e si de of t he pump. ) Chemi cal s ar e
i nt r oduced
i nt o t he wat er t hr ough mechani cal
f eeder s. Then t he wat er i s heat ed and r et ur ned
t o
t he pool t hr ough t he i nl et s . Al l equi pment
and
pi pi ng must be si zed f or t he r ecommended
t ur nover r at e.
Some r ecommendat i ons :
Pumps. Pumps ar e pr ef er abl y l ocat ed bel ow
t he wat er l i ne, or sel f - pr i mi ng pumps must be
speci f i ed. Dual pumps shoul d be pr ovi ded,
i n case of br eakdown.
Fi l t er s. The most commonl y used f i l t er s ar e
ei t her pr essur e gr anul ar medi a f i l t er s ( sand
and
gr avel or ant hr af i l t ) or pr essur e or vacuum
di at omaceous ear t h f i l t er s . A compar i son
f ol l ows:
" Pr essur e
gr anul ar medi a f i l t er s :
Hi gh i ni t i al cost s, l ow oper at i ng cost s.
Requi r e l i t t l e mai nt enance and no r epl ace-
ment
of f i l t er medi um.
Backwashi ng i s si mpl e but r equi r es a
l ar ge vol ume of wat er .
Requi r e l ar gef l oor ar ea. Fi l t er s ar e usual l y
i nst al l ed i n bat t er i es of t hr ee or f our
whi ch enabl es one t o be backwashed
whi l e t he ot her s oper at e. ( Smal l er hi gh-
r at e sand f i l t er s ar e on t he mar ket . These
have been i nst al l ed i n a f ewYWCA
pool s r ecent l y and have pr oved sat i sf ac-
t or y . )
Tr adi t i onal
gr anul ar medi a f i l t er s ar e
r ecommended
f or YWCAs because of
t hei r
l owmai nt enance cost s and si mpl e
oper at i on.
" Di at omaceous ear t h f i l t er s, pr essur e
or
vacuum:
Lowi ni t i al cost s,
hi gh oper at i ng cost s.
Requi r e ext ensi ve car e. Fi l t er
medi um
must be r epl aced each
t i me f i l t er i s back-
washed.
Possi bi l i t y of medi ument er i ng pool and
cl oudi ng wat er i f not ski l l f ul l y
handl ed.
Requi r es l ess wat er t o backwash.
Di at omaceous ear t h does not r emove some
wat er di scol or at i on, speci f i cal l y
i f t he
wat er suppl y cont ai ns i r on.
Recommended f or YWCAs onl y i f a ski l l ed
pool mai nt enance man i s
avai l abl e .
Wat er t r eat ment . Chl or i ne i s t he most wi del y
accept ed agent
f or wat er pur i f i cat i on. Whi l e
br omi ne and i odi ne ar e bei ng used i n some
ar eas, t hey ar e much
mor e cost l y and have not
been gi ven br oad appr oval
by publ i c heal t h
aut hor i t i es.
Chl or i ne i s avai l abl e i n gas
f or m, del i ver ed
i n seal ed t anks; as cal ci umhypochl or i t e
i n
powder f or m; or as sodi um
hypochl or i t e i n
l i qui d f or m. Whi chever f or m i s used, appl i ca-
t i on t hr ough a mechani cal f eeder i s r equi r ed .
The f eeder must be capabl e of suppl yi ng 1 I b of
chl or i ne per ei ght hour s f or each 10, 000 gal of
pool wat er .
Chl or i ne gas i s danger ous t o handl e, al -
t hough l ess cost l y t han ot her t ypes.
Cal ci umhypochl or i t e i s saf er and easi er t o
handl e but i s st i l l combust i bl e. Thi s t ype i s
r ecommended f or YWCApool s .
Sodi um hypochl or i t e del i ver ed i n j ar s i s
bul kyand har d t o handl e. The chemi cal br eaks
down under war mcondi t i ons .
Al l t he above chemi cal s l ower t he pHf act or
i n t he wat er , so t hat an aci d neut r al i zi ng
agent
l i ke soda ash must be added.
Del i ver y, st or age, andhandl i ng of pool chem-
i cal s must be t aken i nt o account when
desi gn-
i ng and l ocat i ng t he f i l t er r oom. When t he
f i l t er r oomi s bel owgr ade, a si dewal k el evat or
can be pr ovi ded or some means of l ower i ng
del i ver i es of suppl i es . Adequat el y si zed door s
and ar eaways f aci l i t at e del i ver y and r epl ace-
ment of bul ky equi pment . The pool f i l t er r oom
shoul d have good vent i l at i on and a wat er
suppl y .
SERVI CE FACI LI TI ES
Pr ovi de space f or mai nt enance equi pment and
st or age, j ani t or ' s cl oset s i n st r at egi c l ocat i ons,
mai nt enance wor ker s' dr essi ng r ooms, of f i ce
space f or t he chi ef mai nt enance men, and
unl oadi ng and r ecei vi ng f aci l i t i es .
Pr ovi de publ i c t el ephones anddr i nki ng f oun-
t ai ns
i n conveni ent l ocat i ons.
MECHANI CAL EQUI PMENT
The pr oposed mechani cal syst ems f or t he
bui l di ng
must be
pr esent ed and expl ai ned t o
t he bui l di ng commi t t ee and boar d of di r ect or s.
The ant i ci pat ed capabi l i t y of t he mai nt enance
st af f i s a f act or t o consi der i n t he choi ce of
syst ems. Aut omat i c cont r ol s shoul d be consi d-
er ed i n or der t o cut downon mai nt enance t i me.
I f t her e ar e not suf f i ci ent f unds avai l abl e t o
compl et e ai r - condi t i oni ng syst ems, f or exam-
pl e, i nst al l r oughi ng pr ovi si ons f or f ut ur e com-
pl et i on whi ch wi l l cause t he l east di sr upt i on
and r enovat i on when f unds can be r ai sed t o
compl et e t he i nst al l at i on. Ai r
condi t i oni ng i s
r ecommended f or most YWCA
bui l di ngs so
t hat f aci l i t i es can be used t o t hei r maxi mum
ef f ect i veness al l year l ong.
SPECI AL FACI LI TI ES
Two speci al f eat ur es may or may not be i n-
cl uded i n t he bui l di ng pl ans. One i s f ood ser -
vi ce i n t he f or mof a caf et er i a or cof f ee shop,
and t heot her i s r esi dence / Fi gs.
11- 13)
. Fi g.
9 Rol l out .
686
YWCA
BUI LDI NGS
Foot ) Ser vi ce
Caf et er i as
ser vi ng i ndi vi dual meal s at cost
ar e
f eat ur es
associ at ed wi t h t he YWCAf or many
year s. Or i gi nal l y, f ood ser vi ce was f or t he
bene-
f i t of women and gi r l s at a t i me when
publ i c
f ood ser vi ce was not r eadi l y avai l abl e.
The
caf et er i a i dea was devel oped by t he
YWCAi n
many communi t i es i n
or der t o pr ovi de whol e-
some f ood at pr i ces empl oyed women
and gi r l s
coul d af f or d, and i n a sui t abl e at mospher e.
Subsi dyof such af eat ur e
was accept ed as l ong
as i t was r ecogni zed as s
necessar y ser vi ce
f or t hegi r l s andwomenf or
whomt he or gani za-
t i on assumed r esponsi bi l i t y
. The success of
t he i dea and t he qual i t y
and pr i ce of t he f ood
at t r act ed ot her cl i ent el e,
whose pat r onage
t ended t o decr ease t he
subsi dy.
The si t uat i on has changed over
t he year s
i n
most communi t i es wher e r easonabl y
pr i ced
meal s ar e avai l abl e i n r est aur ant s
and ot her
eat i ng pl aces, t o t he poi nt wher e
t he YWCA
mayno l onger pr ovi de a uni que ser vi ce.
Of t en
t he f ood ser vi ce oper at i on
i n t he YWCAnowi s
unabl e t o compet e and agai n
must be subsi -
di zed or cl osed. Pr i vat e oper at or s
r i ght l yques-
t i on t heuseof cont r i but or s'
moneyt o subsi di ze
a compet i t or end, i n addi t i on,
f eel t hat t he
YWCAhas an unf ai r advant age because
of i t s
t ax- f r ee st at us . I n some i nst ances
t he associ a-
t i on has r ender ed i t sel f l i abl e t o
pr oper t y t ax
because of i t s f ood ser vi ce.
The
i ncl usi on of an ext ensi ve f ood ser vi ce
oper at i on i n a
new or r emodel ed bui l di ng
shoul d be t he r esul t of an
est abl i shed pr ogr am
need f or r esi dent s or
f or member s, st af f , and
vol unt eer s engaged
i n var i ed YWCApr ogr ams .
Among t he f act or s t o
consi der i n r eachi ng t he
deci si on t o
i ncl ude such f aci l i t i es ar e t he l oca-
t i on of t he bui l di ng
i n r el at i on t o near by eat i ng
pl aces, t he si ze of t he
bui l di ng, t he ki nds of
pr ogr ams of f er ed,
and t he number s of peopl e
pr esent i n t he
bui l di ng dur i ng meal hour s.
The f ood ser vi ce
f aci l i t i es not ed ear l i er - - a
ki t chen t o ser ve
gr oupmeal s, ki t chenet t e uni t s,
vendi ng machi nes,
and cooki ng f aci l i t i es f or
r esi dent s- - may
suf f i ce f or f ood needs i n a
smal l
bui l di ng. I n a l ar ge bui l di ng, i t may
pr ove
economi cal l y
f easi bl e t o i nst al l mor e ext ensi ve
f aci l i t i es i f t he need i s pr esent .
Fi g. 10

Ri mf l owor
deck l evel syst em.
Fi g. 11

Char l ot t e, Nor t h
Car ol i na, YWCA, cof f ee shop. I J . N. Pease Associ at es,
Ar chi t ect s
. )
68
7
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
YWCABUI LDI NGS
Fi g. 12

Char l ot t e, Nor t h
Car ol i na, YWCA, r esi dence f l oor .
I J
. N. Pease
Associ at es, Ar chi t ect s
. )
Fi g. 13

YWCAof
Whi t ePl ai ns and Cent r al West chest er ,
NewYor k, r esi dence cl ust er . ( J ames 0. Lot hr op, Ar chi t ect . )
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
YWCA
BUI LDI NGS
Resi dences
One of t he ear l i est ser vi ces t he YWCAunder -
t ook f or t he benef i t of women and
gi r l s was
t hat of pr ovi di ng housi ng
wi t hi n t he budget
of empl oyed gi r l s and of f er i ng a pr ot ect ed
l i vi ng si t uat i on . For many year s
t hat ser vi ce
was consi der ed essent i al and suf f i ci ent l y i n t he
i nt er est of t he communi t y and t he i ndi vi dual s
t o war r ant a si zabl e subsi dy. I ncr easi ngl y,
as
t he need f or t he pr ot ect i ve aspect has de-
cr eased
and as ot her housi ng f or empl oyed
women
has become avai l abl e, subsi dy of
YWCAr esi dences
has been wi t hdr awn.
Because t he YWCAhas
an obl i gat i on t o
mai nt ai n hi gh st andar ds
of r esi dence oper a-
t i on, a r esi dence shoul d
not be cont i nued nor
i ncl uded i n a newbui l di ng
unl ess t he l ong- t er m
demand wi l l be suf f i ci ent
t o pr ovi de enough
r esi dence i ncome t o car r y t he f ul l
cost of
oper at i ng t he uni t accor di ng t o t hese
st an-
dar ds .
Adeci si on t o i ncl ude a r esi dence i n a new
YWCAbui l di ng shoul d be based on a car ef ul
st udy of t he need f or i t i n t he year s ahead as
wel l as on cur r ent demand f or t hat t ype of
housi ng
. Thechanges i n t he demand f or YWCA
r esi dence f aci l i t i es
and t he r equi r ement t hat
t he oper at i on pay i t s
own way, wi t h al l l egi t i -
mat e cost s
char ged t o i t , make t he deci si on a
ser i ous
one
.
I f a
r esi dence i s cont empl at ed i n a newf aci l -
i t y,
i t can be consi der ed ei t her i n r el at i on t o and
as a par t
of an act i vi t i es bui l di ng or as a sep-
ar at e uni t .
I f
i t i s
par t of an act i vi t i es bui l di ng,
t her e
wi l l be cer t ai n economi es i n oper at i on
t hat wi l l decr ease oper at i ng cost . On t he ot her
hand, i f demand f or t hose f aci l i t i es does not
hol d up, i t i s not easy t o adapt t he space t o
ot her uses ; and, i f t hat wer e possi bl e, t her e i s
no assur ance
of aneed f or t hat much addi t i onal
act i vi t i es
space. Asepar at e uni t maybe mor e
cost l y t o const r uct
and wi l l be mor e expensi ve
t o oper at e. Ser vi ces l i ke
t hose of t he f r ont desk
must be dupl i cat ed
and addi t i onal l ounge and
ot her space must be pr ovi ded.
The advant age
of a separ at e uni t l ocat ed so t hat sal e
of i t wi l l
not undul y af f ect t he use
of t he act i vi t i es bui l d-
i ng i s t hat i t gi ves a cer t ai n
amount of f l exi bi l -
i t y. I t must be
r emember ed, however , t hat a
bui l di ng desi gned
f or a speci f i c use i s l ess
sal abl e t han onet hat can be
conver t ed t o ot her
uses .
I n an ent i r el y separ at e
housi ng uni t , a l ar ge
bed capaci t y wi l l be r equi r ed
t o suppor t such
t hi ngs as l ounge, f r ont - desk
ut i l i t i es, and ni ght
ser vi ce t o admi t l at e ar r i val s .
Of f i ce space need
not be pr ovi ded f or t he busi ness
and admi ni s-
t r at i ve aspect s i f t hesear ecar r i ed at t he
br anch
or met r opol i t an l evel . However , t her e
shoul d
be an of f i ce f or i ndi vi dual i nt er vi ews of appl i -
cant s f or r ooms and f or counsel i ng
. Lounge
space
shoul d be pr ovi ded on t he f i r st
f l oor f or
r esi dent s t o
ent er t ai n t hei r guest s and shoul d
per mi t
super vi si onf r omt hemai n desk. I n addi -
t i on, t her e
mi ght be a smal l l ounge on each
f l oor or so
f or t he excl usi ve use of t he r esi -
dent s.
I f
f ood ser vi ce i s pr ovi ded, i t shoul d be
l ocat ed on
t hemai nf l oor so t hat r esi dent s can
ent er t ai n
guest s wi t hout t aki ng t hem i nt o t he
l i vi ng ar ea. I t
t akes a l ar ge r esi dence t o suppor t
f ood ser vi ce unl ess i t i s al so open
t o par t i ci -
pant s i n t he pr ogr ami n t he act i vi t i es
bui l di ng
and/ or t o t he publ i c . I t mi ght be
f easi bl e t o
have
ki t chenet t es wi t h r ef r i ger at or , l ocker
space
f or l i mi t ed st or age of f ood, and
di ni ng
space f or
t he per manent r esi dent s.
Most
of t he r ooms f or r esi dent s shoul d be
si ngl e.
Al i mi t ed number may have t wi n
beds,
but t he
t r end i s def i ni t el y t owar d si ngl es
f or
bot h
per manent end t r ansi ent use. Ther e
shoul d be a l avat or y i n each of t he
r ooms i f
t her e
i s no pr i vat e bat h. Pr ef er abl y, bat hr ooms
shoul d pr ovi de a shower or t ub and a t oi l et
f or
ever y f i ve t o si x occupant s.
Tr ansi ent space
shoul d be separ at ed f r omt hat
f or per manent
r esi dent s so f ar as possi bl e.
The f l oor space needed i n
per manent r ooms
wi l l
depend
somewhat on t he amount
of st or -
age spaceandt he
amount and l ocat i on of bui l t -
i n uni t s. Asmal l r oomcan be mor e
comf or t abl e
t o l i ve i n
and mor e easi l y cl eaned i f t her e i s
suf f i ci ent cl oset
space. Ast or age r oomf or
l ar ge sui t cases
and boxes shoul d be r eadi l y
avai l abl e so t hat i t
i s possi bl e t o r equi r e t hat
t hey not be kept i n
sl eepi ng r ooms.
I n addi t i on t o a
l i mi t ed amount of dr yi ng
space
i n each r oom, l aundr y f aci l i t i es shoul d
be
pr ovi ded f or t he useof per manent r esi dent s.
Bui l t - i n f ur ni t ur e mayr epr esent a
r eal econ-
omy, but some f ur ni t ur e shoul d be movabl e
so
t hat r oom ar r angement s can be
changed.
El ect r i c out l et s shoul d be pl aced so
t hat
r egr oupi ng of f ur ni t ur e, i ncl udi ng l amps,
wi l l
not pr esent t he hazar d of l ong
ext ensi on cor ds
on t he f l oor . Pr ovi si on of e bul l et i n- t ype
boar d
or some ot her devi ce f or hangi ng pi ct ur es or
or nament s wi l l save wal l s. Fur ni shi ngs shoul d
be such
t hat cur t ai ns and f l oor
cover i ngs can
be changed
f or di f f er ent col or combi nat i ons
.
The r esi dence di r ect or needs a
sui t e wi t h
bedr oom, bat h, l i vi ng r oom, and
a smal l
ki t chenet t e l ocat ed wher e she can be awar e
of
act i vi t y yet have pr i vacy when of f dut y.
Unl ess
t he
r esi dence i s l ar ge enough t o have
a ni ght
mat r on on dut y, t he di r ect or ' s r ooms and al so
one ot her r oomf or a r el i ef per son shoul d
have
a buzzer
connect ed t o t he f r ont door so t hat
guest s ar r i vi ng
af t er cl osi ng hour s can be
admi t t ed.
Ther e i s a
r ecent exper i ment al t r end t owar d
pr ovi di ng apar t ment s
wi t hi n t he YWCAr esi -
dence. I n communi t i es
wher e t her e ar e i ndus-
t r i es empl oyi ng l ar genumber s
of young, si ngl e
womenand wher et her e i s a shor t age
of apar t -
ment s f or r ent , t he YWCAcan
pr ovi de an
answer t o t heneedf or pr i vat e l i vi ng
accommo-
dat i ons i f t hi s can be made
economi cal l y
f easi bl e.
Anot her exper i ment al t ype of
r esi dence f aci l -
i t y, al ong t he l i nes of t he
Evangel i ne Resi -
dences i n Engl and, consi st s
of cl ust er s of
r ooms gr ouped ar ound a
common ki t chen,
di ni ng, and l i vi ng r oom. These
cl ust er s var y
f r omseven t o ni ne r ooms
gener al l yand pr ovi de
a smal l gr oup set t i ng .
I n addi t i on t o and i n conj unct i on
wi t h t he
t r adi t i onal pur pose of t he
YWCAr esi dence,
manyassoci at i ons pr ovi det r ansi t i onal
housi ng
f or gi r l s and women wi t h speci al
pr obl ems .
The YWCAs have used t hei r f aci l i t i es
i n wor k-
i ng
r el at i onshi ps wi t h t he J ob Cor ps,
ment al
hospi t al s, pr obat i on agenci es, school s,
and
ot her
agenci es f or housi ng women who need
suppor t i ve,
counsel i ng, and educat i onal f aci l -
i t i es .
BOYS'
CLUBS
By HOWARDM.
WI LLI AMS, Di r ect or , Nat i onal Bui l di ng Consul t at i on and Suppl y Ser vi ces, Boys' Cl ubs of Amer i ca
Aboys' cl ub
bui l di ng i s what t he name i mpl i es
- a bui l di ng desi gned
pr i mar i l y f or use by
boys . For t hat r eason
al one, i t i s uni que
.
I t
shoul d cont ai n adequat e
f aci l i t i es f or a wel l -
bal anced pr ogr am of r ecr eat i onal ,
physi cal ,
soci al , and educat i onal act i vi t i es . The si ze of
t he f aci l i t i es shoul d be
i n pr opor t i on t o t he
number of boys t o be ser ved,
and f aci l i t i es
shoul d be pr ovi ded t o ser ve
appr oxi mat el y
one- f our t h of t he act i ve
member shi p of a boys'
cl ub at any t i me. Wher e per mi t t ed,
si ngl e- st or y
bui l di ngs ar e hi ghl y desi r abl e because t hey ar e
easi er t o super vi se
t han mul t i st or y st r uct ur es .
Avoi d const r uct i on of
bui l di ngs wi t h mor e t han
t wo st or i es because of i ncr easi ng cost of
f i r e-
pr oof or f i r e- r esi st ant bui l di ng mat er i al s. Roof
pl aygr ounds al so ar e not r ecommended be-
causet hey
ar e expensi vet o const r uct anddi f f i -
cul t t o keep f r ee f r om l eaks.
Types of Space
Aboys' cl ub
bui l di ng cont ai ns t wo gener al
t ypes of space- pr ogr amand ser vi ce.
The pr o-
gr amspace i s
di vi ded i nt o r ecr eat i onal , soci al ,
educat i onal ,
and physi cal ar eas. ( 1) Recr ea-
t i onal space i ncl udes a games r oomf or " mi dg-
et s, " j uni or s, and i nt er medi at es and a l ounge
f or ol der boys . ( 2) Soci al
pr ogr amspace con-
si st s of cl ubr ooms and
l ounges
.
( 3) Educa-
t i onal pr ogr am
space cont ai ns r ooms f or
shops, cl asses, and
l i br ar y. ( 4) Physi cal pr o-
gr amspace consi st s of a
gymnasi um, nat at o-
r i um, speci al exer ci se r oom, and dr essi ng and
shower r ooms
. ( 5) Ser vi ce space
i ncl udes
of f i ces, t oi l et r ooms, st ai r s, cor r i dor s, st or age
r ooms, and boi l er r ooms . Usual l y t he per cent -
age of boy capaci t y of a bui l di ng i s di st r i but ed
as f ol l ows:
Physi cal educat i on f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . 40 per cent
Recr eat i onal f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
per cent
Educat i onal f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 per cent
Soci al f aci l i t i es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 per cent
Aki t chen i s al so essent i al . I n many cl ubs,
ki t chens ar e used f or soci al event s andcooki ng
cl asses, and by boar ds of di r ect or s, women' s
auxi l i ar i es, mot her s' cl ubs, par ent s' cl ubs,
and ser vi ce or gani zat i ons .
I t i s desi r abl e t o pr ovi de some space f or
heal t h ser vi ces, such as physi cal and dent al
exami nat i ons, but a r oomdesi gned expr essl y
f or t hi s pur pose i s not essent i al . I f a cl ub has
a
vi si t or s' or gi r l s' dr essi ng
r oom,
i t can be
easi l y
adapt ed. ( See Fi gs . 1 t o 3. )
Wi t h t he except i on of t he games
r oomand
t he dr essi ng r ooms, boys shoul d
not be r e-
qui r ed t o pass t hr ough
one act i vi t y space t o
r each anot her . I f
al l f aci l i t i es cannot
be
pl aced
on one f l oor , i t i s desi r abl e t o l ocat e
act i vi t y
spaces
accommodat i ng l ar ge number s of boys,
such as games
r ooms, gymnasi ums, swi mmi ng
pool , andl ocker r ooms, on t he
f i r st f l oor wi t hi n
easy access of t he l obby.
Locat e of f i ces and cont r ol desks or count er s
at st r at egi c poi nt s al ong l anes of t r avel wher e
one st af f member can over l ook or gi ve vi sual
super vi si on t o t wo or mor e ar eas. Of f i ces and
t oi l et
r ooms shoul d be adj acent t o t he l obby,
Manual on Boys' Cl ubs
Bui l di ng, Pl anni ng,
and Const r uct i on.
games r oom, or cor r i dor s, t her eby
accessi bl e
wi t hout
passi ng t hr ough
an act i vi t y ar ea .
Pr ovi de as much st or age space as possi bl e
wi t hi n
t he
l i mi t at i ons of
t he st r uct ur e.
I t
i s s
wel l - known f act t hat most boys' cl ubs do not
have adequat e space f or st or age of equi pment
and oper at i ng suppl i es .
Ar oomycl oset on
each
f l oor f or mai nt enance suppl i es i s al so essent i al .
Thi s cl oset shoul d cont ai n a sl op si nk and
shel ves
and
shoul d be
l ar ge
enough
f or mops,
br ooms, a pol i shi ng machi ne, vacuumcl eaner ,
and ot her cl eani ng suppl i es . Thi s
r oot "
shoul d
be wel l vent i l at ed.
Ther e i s no basi s f or det er mi ni ng t he mi ni -
mumamount of st or age space whi ch shoul d be
pr ovi ded, but agai n, f ewboys' cl ubs ever have
enough . Someaut hor i t i es est i mat e t hat at l east
4 per cent of t he t ot al f l oor ar ea shoul d be
al l ocat ed t o
st or age.
Too of t en, when
l i mi t ed
f unds
r equi r e a pl an t o be r educed i n si ze, t he
st or er ooms ar e f i r st i n t he pr ocess of el i mi na-
t i on. When suf f i ci ent st or age space has not
been
pr ovi ded,
i t
gener al l y
becomes necessar y
t o use some act i vi t y space f or t hi s pur pose,
t hus r educi ng t heamount of ser vi ce whi ch
can
be r ender ed t o boys .
Mi ni mum
of f i ce space i n a
bui l di ng
i ncl udes
r oomf or t he f ol l owi ng: gener al of f i ce
or con-
t r ol desk, execut i ve of f i ce, andan of f i ce f or t he
physi cal di r ect or . Anof f i ce f or ot her st af f mem-
ber s i s desi r abl e but not essent i al .
Ot her Faci l i t i es Whi ch May Be Added:
Regul at i on gymnasi -

Addi t i onal of f i ces f or
um ( 60 by 80 f t )

st af f member s
Swi mmi ng
pool

Enl ar ged or addi t i onal
Addi t i onal

r ooms,

cr af t s r ooms
whi ch mi ght i ncl ude

Mor e st or age space
a r oomf or ol der boys

Gr oupcl ub r ooms and
Heal t h exami nat i on
an audi t or i um, de
r oom

pendi ng upon r e-
Lar ger ki t chen

qui r ement s of t he
communi t y
When pl anni ng a smal l boys' cl ub bui l di ng, i t i s
i mpor t ant t o bear i n mi nd
t he possi bi l i t y of
f ut ur e expansi on. I t
i s especi al l y desi r abl e t o
consi der t he addi t i on of a swi mmi ng pool , no
mat t er howr emot e t he i dea mayappear at t he
t i me. Ami ni mumboys' cl ub bui l di ng shoul d
cont ai n f aci l i t i es f or 100 boys ( i n si mul t aneous
occupancy) . Mi ni mumf aci l i t i es shoul d i ncl ude
t he i t ems i ndi cat ed i n Tabl e 1.
TABLE 1

Mi ni mumFaci l i t i es f or Bui l di ng
Appr ox .
mi ni mum

Boy
Room

di mensi ons, f t

capaci t y
Games r oom. . .

26 by 42

42
Gymnasi um

30 by 60
( not necessar i l y

wi t h
r egul at i on si ze)

20- f t cei l i ng

30
Dr essi ng r oom . . . . . .

15 by 24

( 30)
Li br ar y- gr oup meet i ngs

17 by 17

14
Cr af t s r oom
. , . . . . . .

17 by
t B

14
Toi l et r ooms
St or age r ooms
Of f i ces
Ki t chen
Tot al boycapaci t y . -

100
RECREATI ONAL ACTI VI TY SPACE
Games Room
The games r oomi s one pl ace i n a boys' cl ub
wher e any boy may par t i ci pat e. The hi gh cost
of const r uct i on and super vi si on has made i t
necessar y t o r educe t he number of games
r ooms t o one or t wo. I t i s desi r abl e t o have
separ at e r ooms f or t he younger and ol der
boys . Most cl ubs pr ef er s mi dget - j uni or r oom
and a seni or l ounge.
Twent y- f i ve t o t hi r t y per cent of t he boy
capaci t y of a bui l di ng shoul d be devot ed t o
r ecr eat i onal or games r oom act i vi t i es . The
basi s f or det er mi ni ng t he si ze of a games r oom
i s as f ol l ows :
Cadet s or " mi dget s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 scl f t per boy
J uni or s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 so f t per boy
I nt er medi at es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 so f t per boy
Seni or s . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 so f t per boy
Fi g. 1 Boys' Cl ub ( bui l di ng 136) .
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
BOYS' CLUBS
mumuse of t hese r ooms, t hey shoul d be
l ocat ed adj acent t o each ot her and separ at ed
by sound- r esi st ant , f l ush- f ol di ng par t i t i ons .
These f ol di ng par t i t i ons per mi t f l exi bl e combi -
nat i ons of smal l r ooms, one smal l and one
l ar ge r oom, or j ust one ver y l ar ge
r oomt o
accommodat e any t ype of meet i ng,
l uncheon,
or di nner .
Aki t chen shoul d be l ocat ed
adj acent t o t he
cl ub r oom or wi t hi n pr oxi mi t y
f or snacks,
- eel s, and l uncheon or di nner meet i ngs .
Ampl e
st or age
r ooms
ar e essent i al t o
accommodat e
equi pment .
Fi f t een squar e f eet per boy i s
t he basi s f or
det er mi ni ng t he si ze of a cl ub r oom, mi ni mum
capaci t y f or t hi s r oombei ng not l ess t han 10
boys .
Ki t chon
Aki t chen i s
one of
t he
mi ni mumessent i al s f or
a boys' cl ub bui l di ng. Thi s
r oom shoul d be
l ar geenough t o accommodat e
cooki ng cl asses.
The ki t chen may al so be used i n combi nat i on
wi t h a cant een. ( See Fi g. 4. )
Ki t chens shoul d have r anges, r ef r i ger at or s,
cl osi ng down t he games
act i vi t i es, but com-
bi ned act i vi t i es shoul d
be consi der ed onl y as a
l ast
r esor t .
Ther e
shoul d be a count er f or st or age and
di spl ay
of game equi pment t hat can be
checked.
The ol der boys' or seni or r oomshoul d be
a
combi nat i on l ounge and games r oom
. Equi p-
ment shoul d i ncl ude games t abl es,
easy chai r s
and sof as, a pi ano, hi - f i or
t el evi si on, and a
wr i t i ng desk. However , wher e space
f or bui l d-
i ng i s l i mi t ed, t he basi c
f aci l i t i es of a boys'
cl ub must be i ncl uded f i r st .
Games r oomcei l i ngs shoul d be at
l east 12 f t
hi gh t o
mi ni mi ze damage f r om pool cues .
Acoust i cal t r eat ment i s hi ghl y
r ecommended.
SOCI AL ACTI VI TY SPACE
Cl ub Rooms
Ever y boys' cl ub shoul d have at l east
one r oom
f or gr oup meet i ngs, and
l ar ger cl ubs usual l y
r uv" d about t hr ee gr oup
cl ub r ooms. For maxi -
Wher e i t i s necessar yt o
pr ovi de f or mor e t han
one age gr oup
i n e games r oom, t he l ar gest
squar e f oot f act or
shoul d be used.
Locat e t hegener al games
r oomnear t he cl ub
ent r ance . I t i s
desi r abl e t o l ocat e t he seni or
l ounge wher e i t can
r ecei ve some super vi si on
f r omt he
gener al games r oomat t endant .
Pr ovi de a var i et y of games f or i ndi vi dual
and gr oup par t i ci pat i on i n t he gener al games
r oom. The r oom and equi pment shoul d be
f l exi bl e enough t o per mi t games t abl es t o be
r ear r anged or changedt o meet t heneeds
of t he
member shi p. Games t abl es shoul d be
st ur dy
and not f ast ened t o t he f l oor
. Most t abl es ar e
30 i n. hi gh; some shoul d be
l ower f or use by
younger member s.
Wher e space and f unds f or bui l di ng
ar e
l i mi t ed, i t i s of t en necessar y t o combi ne
pr o-
gr ams i n one r oom. I t has been est abl i shed
t hat cer t ai n cr af t act i vi t i es can be car r i ed on i n
a games r oom. These shoul d be
of a qui et
nat ur e, such as soap car vi ng, pl ast i c
pi ns .
gi mp wor k, l eat her cr af t , shel l cr af t and
bead
or cor k wor k. ( Act i vi t i es such as
woodwor ki ng
ar e obvi ousl y not pr act i cal . ) These
pr ogr ams
may be oper at ed si mul t aneousl y r at her
t han
Fi g. 2

Boys' Cl ub bui l di ng 100- 200. ( a) Uni t one, r egul ar pr ogr am
capaci t y: 100 boys si mul t aneousl y. ( b) Uni t t wo,
r egul ar pr ogr amcapaci t y: 200 boys si mul t aneousl y.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
BOYS"
CLUBS
si nks, and cabi net s of si zes and capaci t i es
pr opor t i onat e t o t he r oom ar ea and t o t he
ext ent
t o whi ch t hey wi l l be used . The aver age
cl ub ki t chen sel dompr epar es and ser ves f ood
t o
gr oups exceedi ng 100. Ser vi ce f or l ar ger
gat her i ngs
( banquet s, et c . ) i s gener al l y del e-
gat ed
t o l ocal cat er er s who ar e bet t er equi pped .
EDUCATI ONAL ACTI VI TY
SPACE
Cr af t s Shops
Lar ger boys' cl ub bui l di ngs usual l y
have sev-
er al r ooms devot ed t o ar t s and cr af t s .
These
may i ncl ude space f or
f i ne ar t s, cer ami cs,
woodwor ki ng, phot ogr aphy,
and smal l cr af t s .
The i mpor t ance or popul ar i t y of ar t s
and
cr af t s i n a boys' cl ub depends on t he
l eader shi p
avai l abl e
and t he geogr aphi cal l ocat i on of t he
communi t y.
Usual l y ever y cl ub has one r oom
set up
f or woodwor ki ng because i t i s popul ar
wi t h
boys al l year l ong . I f t hi s r oom has a
var i et y of
t ool s and enough el ect r i cal 110-
and
220- vol t out l et s, i t i s possi bl e t o var y t he
ar t s
and cr af t s cl asses t o conf or mwi t h mem-
ber s' desi r es.
Acr af t s
r oomt o accommodat e at l east 20
boys i s
desi r abl e. Leader shi p avai l abl e f or
var i ous
cr af t s wi l l det er mi ne t he si ze of
cl asses, but
t he mi ni mumshoul d be space f or
20 boys . I n a
smal l cl ub, a r oomf or 14 boys i s
accept abl e.
For t y- f i ve squar e f eet per boy i s t he basi s f or
det er mi ni ng
t he si ze of a woodwor ki ng shop.
Thi s
i ncl udes space f or wor kbenches, some
st or agecabi net s, power t ool s, and ai sl es . For t y
squar e
f eet per boy i s accept abl e f or a wood-
wor ki ng
shop wi t hout machi ne t ool s. The si ze
of a r oomf or smal l ar t s and cr af t s i s det er -
mi ned on t he basi s of 35 aq f t per boy.
Si nce
many cr af t s use t he same t ool s, i t i s
possi bl e and
desi r abl e t o car r y on mor e t han
one cr af t at t he same
t i me i n t he same r oom,
pr ovi ded t her e i s
ampl e st or age space and
l eader shi p
.
Ther e i s a
def i ni t e t r end t owar d
havi ng one l ar ge r oom t o accommodat e al l
ar t s
and cr af t s . Such r ooms ar e equi pped f or
l api dar y or cer ami cs, woodwor ki ng, and el ec-
t r oni cs. Lar ger cl ubs usual l y have a separ at e
r oom
f or ar t wor k. Somemayhave t wo or mor e
shops.
Ever y ar t s
and cr af t s r oom shoul d have
ampl e st or age space
f or t ool s, mat er i al s, and
unf i ni shed pr oj ect s . Asepar at e
f i ni shi ng r oom
f or
pai nt i ng handi cr af t s i s desi r abl e. Thi s r oom
shoul d be wel l
vent i l at ed wi t h access t o t he
out si de so t hat f umes f r om
pai nt i ng and pai nt
st ai ni ng wi l l not r emai n
.
Pr ovi de a si nk wi t h bot h
hot and col d wat er
i n ever y ar t s and cr af t s r oom
.
Li br ar y
The l i br ar y i s usual l y
l ocat ed al ong a r out e
whi ch l ar ge number s
of boys use t o t r avel
t hr ough t he
bui l di ng . The r oom shoul d be
at t r act i vel y
f ur ni shed so boys wi l l want t o go
i n t o r ead or do
homewor k. The l i br ar y shoul d
be abl e t o
accommodat e about 10 per cent of
t he dai l y
boy at t endance. Theaccept abl e basi s
f or det er mi ni ng t he
si ze of a l i br ar y i s t o al l ow
f or not l ess t han 20 nor mor e t han 25 sq f t per
boy.
Thi s i s
suf f i ci ent t o i ncl ude space f or
f ur ni t ur e,
bookshel ves, and a desk f or t he
l i br ar i an .
I f space i s avai l abl e, t wo or t hr ee st udy
cubi cl es ar e ver y desi r abl e.
Adj ust abl e bookshel ves, not exceedi ng 5
f t i n hei ght , shoul d be l ocat ed
al ong one wal l .
Addi t i onal shel ves may be added as r equi r ed
.
I nf or mal f ur ni t ur e i s suggest ed and shoul d
i ncl ude r ound t abl es, st r ai ght - back chai r s,
l owst ool s, easy chai r s, l i br ar i an' s desk, and a
magazi ne r ack . Al l f ur ni t ur e shoul d be st ur dy
enough t o wi t hst and
t he
r i gor s of use by yout h.
Some
smal l
chai r s and t abl es
f or t he seven-
and ei ght - year - ol ds ar e r ecommended, si nce
t hi s gr oup cannot si t
comf or t abl y i n r egul ar
chai r s at r egul ar t abl e hei ght .
Asmal l r eadi ng r oomshoul d have a var i et y
of f ur ni t ur e
sui t abl e
f or
space
l i mi t at i ons.
Pr ovi de
at l east
one
t abl e.
PHYSI CAL ACTI VI TY SPACE
Gymnasi um
Aboys' cl ub bui l di ng, especi al l y
i f i t i s t o be
used by ol der boys, shoul d have a
gymnasi um
l ar ge enough t o pr ovi de at l east a
r egul at i on
j uni or
hi gh school basket bal l cour t . The gym-
nasi um, however , shoul d be mor e t han j ust
a
basket bal l cour t . Fl oor s and over head con-
st r uct i on
shoul d be st r ong enough t o suppor t
var i ous t ypes
of gymnast i c equi pment .
The
most
desi r abl e si ze f or a gymnasi umi s 60
by
80 f t
over al l i nsi de di mensi ons . Such a r oom
wi l l
accommodat e a 42- by 74- f t r egul at i on
j uni or hi gh
school basket bal l cour t wi t h
mi ni -
mum3- f t si del i nes
ar ound t hr ee si des, and f i ve
r ows of f ol di ng bl eacher s al ong t hef our t h si de.
Two
40- by 60- f t cr oss or pr act i ce cour t s can
al so
be i ncl uded i n t hi s ar ea . These ar e desi r -
abl e not onl y f or basket bal l but al so f or
vol l ey-
bal l , et c. Seni or hi gh school and col l ege
si ze
cour t s ar e accept abl e when f unds f or ennst r ue-
t i on and space ar e avai l abl e.
As not ed, smal l bui l di ngs wi t h
i nadequat e
gymnasi ums ar e undesi r abl e when
ol der boys
ar e t o be ser ved. However , i n
mi ni mumsi zed
bui l di ngs or when ext ensi on or br anch
cl ubs
ar e pl anned, smal l er gymnasi ums ar e accept -
abl e.
Spacef or spect at or s i s needed i n
any gymna-
Fi g. 3

Boys' Cl ub bui l di ng.
( a)
215- 320. ( b) 288- 393.
692
( a)
Fi g. 3 J ew. )

Boys' Cl ub bui l di ng . ( a)
215- 320. ( b) 288- 393.
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
BOYS'
CLUBS
si umr egar dl ess
of si ze. Thi s space
shoul d he
on t he gymnasi um
f l oor wher e i t can
be easi l y
super vi sed.
Second- st or y bal coni es
f or spec-
t at or s ar e
cost l y t o const r uct ,
di f f i cul t t o super -
vi se, and usual l ydo not per mi t
f ul l vi si on of al l
par t s of t he gymnasi um
f l oor. Fol di ng bl each-
er s
ar e best f or use i n spect at or
space, but
movabl e
bl eacher s ar e accept abl e
. Ther e
shoul d be no per manent
bl eacher s or chai r s on
t he
gymnasi umf l oor because
t hey pr esent a
hazar d
t o par t i ci pant s i n t he physi cal
pr ogr am
and r educe t he wi dt h
of t he r oomf or cr oss-
cour t pur poses . Gener al l y, t he
maxi mumnum-
ber of
spect at or seat s i s 150. I n
somecommun-
i t i es,
much mor e spect at or
space mi ght be
want ed.
Cl ear hei ght f r om
f l oor t o bot t omof t r usses
must be
20 f t f or a 60- by 80- f t gymnasi um
.
Amat eur
At hl et i c Uni on r ul es and some
bui l d-
i ng codes r equi r e
mor e t han 20 f t of cl ear
hei ght .
Many boys'
cl ub gymnasi ums
ar e used at
t i mes as
audi t or i ums. Ver y of t en a
st age i s
pr ovi ded at
one end. However , because
some
bui l di ng
codes pl ace so many condi t i ons
and
r est r i ct i ons on
bui l t - i n st ages, i t i s not
al ways
economi cal
t o pr ovi de one. I n such
cases,
por t abl e st ages
or pl at f or ms may be
used.
Agood- si zed st or age r oom
f or gymequi p-
ment i s
essent i al . Door s t o t hese r ooms
shoul d
be
6
f t
wi de and 7 f t hi gh t o accommodat e
f l at
mat t r ucks
and a t r ampol i ne.
An of f i ce
f or t he physi cal di r ect or i s
neces-
sar y
.
Thi s
shoul d be l ocat ed on t he same
l evel
wi t h t he gymf l oor and pr ef er abl y
i n a spot
wher e peopl e wi l l not have t o cr oss
t he gym
f l oor t o
r each i t .
Si mul t aneous use by 40 boys i s
consi der ed
maxi mum
capaci t y f or a gymnasi um, as
i t i s
di f f i cul t
f or one i nst r uct or t o handl e
any mor e
at one t i me.
Swi mmi ng Pool
An i ndoor swi mmi ng
pool i s a t r emendous
at t r act i on t o t he boys'
cl ub. Swi mmi ng i s one of
t he most benef i ci al
act i vi t i es i n mai nt ai ni ng
physi cal f i t ness and heal t h
. Aswi mmi ng pool
encour ages cl eanl i ness
and per sonal hygi ene,
si nce each boy must
t ake a shower wi t h war m
wat er and soap j ust
bef or e ent er i ng a
pool .
Swi mmi ng i s a gr oup
act i vi t y t hat hel ps
bui l d
sel f - conf i dence
and gi ves each boya chance t o
pl ay wi t h hi s f r i ends
and devel op soci al l y. I n
sur veys of popul ar boys'
act i vi t i es, swi mmi ng
i s at t he t op of t he l i st .
The 30- by 75- and 35-
by 75- f t pool s have
been
r ecommendedas
desi r abl e si zes f or boys'
cl ubs by
t he Boys' Cl ubs of Amer i ca
Nat i onal
Commi t t ee
on Aquat i cs . The Amat eur
At hl et i c
Uni on' s r equi r ement f or t he l engt h
of a pool i s
75 f t 1
i n. i n or der t o t ake car e of
any i r r egu-
l ar i t i es i n
const r uct i on . Aboys' cl ub swi mmi ng
pool shoul d
never be l ess t han 60 f t
i n l engt h.
Si nce t her e i s
ver y l i t t l e di f f er ence
i n cost
bet ween a
60- or 75- f t pool , t he shor t er
pool
shoul d be
consi der ed onl y when si t e
l i mi t a-
t i ons pr ohi bi t a
75- f t pool . Themi ni mum
si ze i s
25 by 60 f t
.
Ot her
si zes ar e 30 by 60 f t , 25
by
75 f t , 30 by
75 f t , 35 by 75 f t , 42 by 75
f t , and
T- shaped pool s
wi t h a t ank of ei t her 30 by
75
f t or 35 by 75 f t
.
Sevent y- f i ve- f oot
pool s ar e accept abl e
f or
compet i t i ve swi mmi ng
. The r ecommended
wi dt h of swi mmi ng l anes i s
6 f t f or pool s up t o
30 f t i n wi dt h, and
7
f t
f or pool s 35 f t and
over
i n wi dt h.
Space f or spect at or s shoul d be
pr ovi ded i n
t he swi mmi ng pool
r oom. Most st at e publ i c
heal t h r egul at i ons r equi r e
spect at or space t o
be separ at ed f r omt he pool
deck t o pr event
peopl e i n st r eet shoes
f r om wal ki ng on
t he
deck
. I t i s desi r abl e t o
have t he spect at or s'
gal l er y near t he pool deck l evel ,
not at second-
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
BOYS' CLUBS
st or y
hei ght . The gal l er y i s needed f or par ent s
and vi si t or s and al so f or cl ass i nst r uct i on.
Over al l mi ni mumcei l i ng hei ght s i n nat at o-
r i ums
ar e somet i mes det er mi ned by l ocal
or di nances . I n any case, t he mi ni mumcl ear
hei ght
i n t he di vi ng ar ea shoul d be not l ess
t han 15
f t above t he di vi ng boar d. Thi s cl ear
hei ght shoul d be mai nt ai ned f or a mi ni mumdi s-
t ance of 10 f t i n f r ont and 5 f t t o t he r ear of t he
f r ont
or t i p, and
at
l east 10 f t on each si de of
t he
di vi ng boar d.
Boys' cl ub
swi mmi ng pool s shoul d have 1-
met er di vi ng boar ds
onl y. Thr ee- met er boar ds
and di vi ng t ower s
ar e not r ecommended be-
cause t hey ar e ver y
di f f i cul t
t o
super vi se.
Dept h of t he swi mmi ng pool at t he deep end
shoul d be not l ess t han 8 f t 6 i n .
i n f r ont of
a 1- met er di vi ng boar d. Dept h at t he shal l ow
endshoul d st ar t at 3 f t and sl ope t o 3f t 6 i n.
i
n
a di st ance
of 22/ f t f or a pool 60 f t l ong and
35 f t f or a 75- f t pool . Al t hough l ocal r egul at i ons
maydi ct at e ot her wi se, t he f or egoi ng i s r ecom-
mended f or boys' cl ub pool s because mor e
shal l owwat er ar ea i s desi r ed f or t eachi ng
pur poses . I f l ocal or st at e codes r equi r e
t he pool f l oor t o be pi t ched mor e, a var i ance
shoul d be obt ai ned.
Mi ni mum r ecommended wi dt h f or decks
ar ound any pool i s 5 f t . A10- f t - wi de deck on
one
si de ( pr ef er abl y t he
si de wi t h t he spect a-
t or s'
gal l er y)
i s usef ul
f or i nst r uct i on pur poses .
The r ecommended wi dt h of t he deck at t he
di vi ng end of t he pool i s 13 f t 6 i n .
Wi ndows i n t he nat at or i umshoul d be car e-
f ul l y pl anned. I f t hey f ace sout h and/ or west ,
t he wi ndows shoul d be cl ose t o t he cei l i ng.
Lar ge wi ndows, especi al l y t hose f aci ng sout h
and west , per mi t t oo much sunl i ght t o ent er
t he r oom. Excessi ve nat ur al l i ght pl aces t oo
much gl ar eon t he pool sur f ace, t hus maki ng i t
di f f i cul t f or t he swi mmi ng i nst r uct or or l i f e-
guar d t o see t he bat her s. Too much sunl i ght
al so encour ages t hegr owt h of al gae, whi chwi l l
make t he wat er cl oudy.
Many col l eges, uni ver -
si t i es and boys' cl ubs ar e nowbui l di ng not e-
t or i ums wi t h no ext er i or wi ndows of any ki nd.
Si nce ar t i f i ci al i l l umi nat i on i s used whenever
t he pool i s i n oper at i on, wi ndows ar e not
needed. ( See Fi g. 5. )
Under wat er l i ght s ar e desi r abl e not onl y f or
t hei r est het i c val ue but al so f or saf et y, as t hey
make i t possi bl e f or t he i nst r uct or t o see al l
boys i n t he pool . These l i ght s shoul d be cast
i nt o t heconcr et e wal l s and st agger ed al ong t he
si des of a pool f or even di st r i but i on of l i ght .
They shoul d never be l ocat ed di r ect l y opposi t e
each ot her . Do not pl ace under wat er l i ght s
i n
t he ends of a pool .
Most st at e publ i c heal t h r egul at i ons r equi r e
publ i c and semi publ i c swi mmi ng pool s t o use
t he " r eci r cul at i on" wat er pur i f i cat i on syst em.
Thi s means wat er i s cont i nual l ydr awnf r omt he
pool and r epl aced by f r eshl y pr ocessed wat er .
The dr awn- of f wat er i s scr eened, f i l t er ed,
chemi cal l y t r eat ed, and heat ed unt i l r est or ed
t o i t s
or i gi nal
pur i t y.
Reci r cul at i on pool s can be di vi ded i nt o t wo
cat egor i es : The convent i onal scumgut t er and
t hewat er l evel or f l ush deck. The physi cal di f -
f er ence bet ween t he t wo i s t hat t he f or mer
has ascumgut t er set i nt o t he wal l s of t hepool ,
whi l et hewat er l evel deck has moved t he gut t er
f r omt he si de wal l s t o t he deck. Wat er l evel i n
t he scum gut t er pool s var i es f r om sever al
i nches t o as much as 2 f t bel owt he decks;
wat er
i n
t he
f l ush deck pool i s al ways wi t hi n
' b
i n. of deck l evel .
The pr i mar y oper at i onal di f f er ence i s t hat
many
st at e
publ i c heal t h or di nances r equi r e
wat er ent er i ng scum gut t er dr ai ns t o f l ow
di r ect l y t o t he sewer . Any wat er dr awn of f
t hr ough
t he scumgut t er i s t hus i r r et r i evabl y
694
l ost , as i s t heheat i t cont ai ns . Wat er over f l ow-
i ng i nt o t he dr ai ns of t he wat er l evel deck pool
i s car r i ed t o a bal anci ng t ank or r eser voi r
wher ei t i s hel d unt i l i t i s chemi cal l y t r eat ed and
t he pump can r eci r cul at e i t t hr ough t he f i l t er s
back t o t he pool . No l ar ge quant i t i es of wat er
or heat ar e l ost i n t hi s pr ocess.
Thei dea of wat er l evel deck swi mmi ng pool s
or i gi nat ed i n Boys' Cl ubs of Amer i ca i n t he l at e
1930s. Si nce t hat t i me most newboys' cl ub
pool s have used t hedesi gn, as have r ecr eat i on
depar t ment s, school s,
t he U. S
.
Navy, t he Royal
Canadi an Ai r For ce, and var i ous yout h or gani -
zat i ons . Wat er l evel deck pool s ar e i deal f or
t eachi ng swi mmi ng. The i nst r uct or does not
have t o st and at t hever y edge of t hepool t o see
ever yone i n t he wat er , and nonswi mmer s f eel
saf er because t hey can see t he whol e r oom
and t he i nst r uct or . Thi s i s not t r ue of some of
t he ol d scumgut t er pool s wher e t he bat her can
see onl y t he cei l i ng and t he si des of t he pool .
Nonswi mmer s and begi nner s al so f eel saf er
i n
a f l ush deck pool because t hey can get out of
i t at any poi nt ar ound t he pool ' s per i met er
mer el y by pl aci ng hands
on
t he
deck and ki ck-
i ng t he f eat . Ladder s ar e not necessar y, al -
t hough some l ocal or di nances r equi r e t hei r
i nst al l at i on. Act ual l y, l adder s ar e mor e of a
l i abi l i t y t han an asset i n wat er l evel deck pool s,
but i f t hey ar e r equi r ed by l aw, make sur e t hat
t hey ar e t he r emovabl e t ype.
Wat er l evel deck pool s must be car ef ul l y
desi gned so t hat al l wat er washed over t he
decks wi l l dr ai n qui ckl y i nt o t he over f l ow
t r enches . Over f l owwat er must never be per -
mi t t ed t o wash back i nt o t he pool . Al so, t o be
ef f i ci ent , t he r eser voi r or bal anci ng t ank must
have suf f i ci ent capaci t y t o st or e t he over f l ow
wat er unt i l i t i s r eci r cul at ed t hr ough t he f i l t er
syst emand pumped back i nt o t he pool .
Chl or i ne
i s t hemost
wi del y accept abl e agent
f or
pur i f yi ng pool wat er . Br omi de, i odi ne, and
ot her chemi cal s ar e al so used, but t hese have
not been appr oved by al l publ i c heal t h aut hor i -
t i es . Ther e ar e t wo t ypes of chl or i ne- - - l i qui d
and gas. Gas chl or i ne i s l ess expensi ve t han
l i qui d, but i t i s ext r emel y poi sonous and i s
danger ous i f handl ed i ncor r ect l y or i f a l eak
shoul d devel op i n t het ank i n whi ch i t i s st or ed.
Sever al t i mes dur i ng any gi ven year , ar t i cl es
appear i n newspaper s about t he many peopl e
who ar e cr i t i cal l y or f at al l y i nj ur ed because
of
a chl or i ne l eak or because a t ank of chl or i ne
gas f el l of f a t r uck and expl oded. Some ci t i es
nowpr ohi bi t use of gas chl or i ne i n swi mmi ng
pool s. Li qui d chl or i ne i s a bi t mor e expensi ve
but much l ess
danger ous
.
I t wi l l bl each dyes
and eat hol es i n wool en mat er i al , and i t i s poi -
sonous i f t aken i nt er nal l y i n i t s concent r at ed
f or m. But l i qui d chl or i ne wi l l not cont ami nat e
t he at mospher e. Chl or i ne can be pur chased as
a l i qui d or i n powder or t abl et f or mt o be di s-
sol ved i n wat er . I t shoul d be f ed i nt o t he wat er
r eci r cul at i on syst emby means of a mechani cal
chemi cal f eeder t o ensur e pr oper dosage and
mi xi ng .
Fi l t er s most commonl y used f or boys' cl ub
swi mmi ng pool s ar e t he pr essur e sand and
gr avel f i l t er s and t he vacuumdi at omaceous
ear t h f i l t er . I n r ecent year s, hi gh f l owpr essur e
sand f i l t er s have been devel oped. These ar e
smal l er and l ess cost l y t han t he sand and
gr avel f i l t er s . No mat t er whi ch t ype i s chosen,
f i l t er s andt he pumps used wi t h t hemshoul d be
of suf f i ci ent
capaci t y t o
r eci r cul at e t he pool
wat er at l east ever y ei ght , or mor e pr ef er abl y,
ever y si x hour s.
Dr essi ng Rooms
Dr essi ng r ooms shoul d be l ocat ed adj acent t o
and on t he same l evel wi t h t he gymnasi um
and/ or swi mmi ng pool .
Bef or e t he si ze of a dr essi ng r oomi s det er -
mi ned, consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven t o t he
cl i mat e of t he ar ea i n whi ch t he boys' cl ub i s
t o be l ocat ed, t he age gr oups and number of
boys t o be ser ved, and t he act i vi t i es r equi r i ng
dr essi ng r oomuse. As a gener al r ul e, f or t he
younger or mi dget gr oup, smal l l ocker s appr ox-
i mat el y 12- by 12- by 12- i n . i n si ze ar e r ecom-
mended. I n most cases, t he smal l l ocker s ar e
al so sui t abl e f or t he j uni or gr oup. The 12- by
12- by 30- i n . doubl e- t i er l ocker i s r ecommended
f or i nt er medi at es and seni or s
.
Regar dl ess
of
t he
si ze of
l ocker s, t her e
shoul d
be
enough
t o accommodat e t he maxi mumcapaci t y of t he
gymnasi umand/ or swi mmi ng pool pl us an
equal number t o pr ovi de f or change i n gr oups
t hi s means a gymnasi umwi t h 40- boy capac-
i t y shoul d
have 80 l ocker s ( see
Fi g.
6) .
Mi ni mumdi st ance bet ween r ows of l ocker s
shoul d be 8 f t 6 i n. , measur ed f r om back t o
back of l ocker s. Thi s al l ows a mi ni mumof 12
i n . on each si de f or l ocker s, 16 i n . f or a bench
at t ached t o t he base of each r owof l ocker s,
and 3 f t 10 i n. f or ai sl e space. Benches ar e
essent i al i n dr essi ng r ooms, r egar dl ess of t he
t ype of l ocker s used.
Basket and bag syst ems ar e accept abl e
under cer t ai n condi t i ons . They ar e l ess expen-
si ve t han l ocker s and occupy l ess space. The
pr i nci pal obj ect i on t o t hese syst ems i s t he
di f f i cul t y i n managi ng t hem. An at t endant has
t o handl e each basket or bag f our t i mes t o
ser vi ce one boy.
I t i s essent i al t o pr ovi det oi l et f aci l i t i es cl ose
t o t he shower r ooment r ance. I f such f aci l i t i es
ar e not i mmedi at el y avai l abl e, t he shower r oom
f l oor wi l l be used
as a
subst i t ut e. When a
dr essi ng r oomi s used
t o
ser vi ce a swi mmi ng
pool , t oi l et f aci l i t i es ar e usual l y
r equi r ed by
l aw. Smal l dr essi ng r ooms shoul d have at l east
one wat er cl oset , ur i nal , and l avat or y; l ar ge
dr essi ng r ooms shoul d have t wo of each. The
use of dr essi ng
r oom t oi l et
f aci l i t i es f or t he
Fi g.
4

Thr ee- cl ub- ki t chen combi nat i on. Ser vi ng 20 boys per hour i n each
cl ub r oom.
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
BOYS' CLUBS
Fi g. 5
Not at or i um.
t r ot desk
f r om whi ch an at t endant can see
t hose who ent er or l eave t he r oom.
Local codes i n many ci t i es and st at es gover n
t he
mi ni mumnumber of wat er cl oset s, ur i nal s
andl avat or i es whi ch must be i nst al l ed i n publ i c
bui l di ngs. These ar e usual l y det er mi ned by
t he
maxi mum
capaci t y of a bui l di ng. I n communi -
t i es havi ng no codes or or di nances r equi r i ng
adequat e t oi l et f aci l i t i es, t he f ol l owi ng
f or mul a
i s
r ecommended:
1 wat er cl oset
( t oi l et ) f or each 50 boys
1 ur i nal f or each 50 boys
1 l avat or y
f or each 100 boys
Wal l - hung wat er cl oset s,
l avat or i es, and
ur i nal s ar e pr ef er r ed. Some wal l - hung
ur i nal s
shoul d be set l ower t han st andar d
hei ght s t o
aeeommoci nt e smal l boys . St al l
ur i nal s ar e
accept abl e. Wi t h f i xt ur es on t he wal l s,
f l oor s
ar e easi ct t o cl ean.
over t hese wi ndows t o
ensur e compl et e pr i vacy
dur i ng consul t at i ons
and i nt er vi ews .
Cont r ol Count er s
As pr evi ousl y
st at ed, cont r ol count er s shoul d
be l ocat ed wher e
t heat t endant can seet he ar ea
t o be ser ved
as wel l as ot her ar eas.
Hei ght of
cont r ol count er s shoul d be no
mor e t han 40
i n. Al owsect i on of 33 i n. f or
young boys
t o f i l l out member shi p appl i cat i ons
i s r ecommended.
Games cont r ol count er s
shoul d have cabi -
net s bel owt hem
f or st or age of suppl i es .
Toi l et
Rooms
Locat e
boys' t oi l et r ooms adj acent
t o t he l obby
or cor r i dor wher e t hey ar e easi l y
accessi bl e. I t
i s desi r abl e t o have t oi l et
ent r ances near a con-
ent i r e boys' cl ub i s not
r ecommended, si nce
such combi ned use i ncr eases
pr obl ems i n
super vi si on and r esul t s i n
wat er bei ng t r acked
i nt o t he cl ub.
Pl an l ocker r ooms so t he
at t endant i n t he
cont r ol cage can see t he ent i r e
r oomand al so
t he shower r oom.
Shower Room
The number of shower
heads r ecommended
f or a dr essi ng r oomser vi ng
a gymnasi umi s
f i ve. The number of shower
heads r ecom-
mended
f or a swi mmi ng pool dr essi ng
r oomi s
t wel ve
.
Shower heads shoul d be suspended
f r om
t he
cei l i ng wi t h t he bot t om of t he head
not
l ess t han
8 f t nor mor e t han 9f t abovet he f l oor .
Cei l i ng
shower heads, r i gi d and wi t hout
bal l
j oi nt s, ar e
r ecommended because f our boys
can shower under
one head. Wal l shower heads
can
accommodat e a maxi mumof t wo
boys .
Any wal l
pr oj ect i ons i n shower r ooms
ar e a
sour ce of i nj ur y
t o boys .
SERVI CE
SPACE
Execut i ve' s and
Secr et ar y' s Of f i ces
Locat e
t he secr et ar y' s of f i ce di r ect l y
adj acent
t o t he
cl ub ent r ance so t he per son
wor ki ng
t her e
can see who ent er s or l eaves
dur i ng t he
mor ni ng
and af t er noon when t he
bui l di ng i s
not compl et el y
st af f ed.
The
execut i ve' s of f i ce shoul d be
next t o t he
secr et ar y' s
of f i ce and al so cl ose t o
t he cl ub
ent r ance,
wher e i t i s easi l y accessi bl e t o
boys,
par ent s, and vi si t or s .
I n
communi t i es wher et he boys' cl ub
has one
or mor e
br anches or wher et he cl ub must
have
a mor e
compl ex of f i ce ar r angement ,
t he uni t
di r ect or ' s
of f i ce shoul d be adj acent
t o t he
ent r ance .
The secr et ar y' s and execut i ve' s
of f i ces and a
wor kr oom may be l ocat ed
i n a
di f f er ent sect i on of t he
bui l di ng.
Wi ndows ar er ecommended
f or i nt er i or wal l s
so t he execut i ve can
see what i s goi ng on out -
si de. Pr ovi de
venet i an bl i nds or dr awcur t ai ns
Fi g,
6

Locker di agr am. 60- and 30- i n.
doubl e- t i er l ocker s.
695
Fi g. 1

Col l et t St r eet
Recr eat i on Cent er , Mor gant on, N. C.
696
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
RECREATI ON
CENTERS
Recr eat i on
bui l di ngs shoul d be f unct i onal l y
desi gned t o make
possi bl e a var i ed pr ogr amof
act i vi t i es
f or al l ages and bot h sexes . These
bui l di ngs
shoul d be desi gned and dedi cat ed
t o meet t he needs of
al l peopl e i n t hei r r espec-
t i ve nei ghbor hoods
and communi t i es .
Recr eat i on bui l di ngs
shoul d pr ovi de a saf e,
heal t hf ul , and at t r act i ve
at mospher e i n whi ch
ever y per son i n
t he communi t y or nei ghbor -
hood has t he oppor t uni t y
t o enj oy hi s l ei sur e
by par t i ci pat i on i n
act i vi t i es of a soci al , cr ea-
t i ve, cul t ur al ,
or physi cal nat ur e.
Pl anni r t g Ar eas and
Faci l i t i es f or Heal t h,
Recr eat i on, r ev . 1966,
The At hl et i c
I nst i t ut e, Mer chandi se Mar t , Chi -
cago,
I I I . , Amer i can Associ at i on f or Heal t h,
Recr eat i on, Washi ng-
t on, D. C
Due t o advances
i n medi cal sci ence, peopl e
l i ve l onger . Thus, t he per cent age of t he
agi ng
i n our popul at i on i s i ncr easi ng. I n addi t i on, i t
i s appr oxi mat ed t hat one out of
seven peopl e
i n our nat i on has a per manent
di sabi l i t y. Ther e-
f or e, t her e i s a gr eat er chal l enge t han ever be-
f or e t o pr event t he const r uct i on of
ar chi t ect ur al
bar r i er s whi ch make i t di f f i cul t f or t he agi ng
and t he di sabl ed t o par t i ci pat e i n t he r ecr eat i on
pr ogr am.
Al most wi t hout except i on, r ecr eat i on ar eas
r equi r e some t ype of st r uct ur e whi ch wi l l f ul f i l l
pr ogr amneeds and yet bl end aest het i cal l y
i nt o
i t s sur r oundi ngs . I n t er ms of f unct i on, bui l di ng
t ypes may r ange f r omt he si mpl e pi cni c shel t er
t o t he compl ex communi t y r ecr eat i on
bui l di ng
wi t h i t s var i et y of speci al ser vi ce f aci l i t i es .
Such bui l di ngs may var y i n desi gn f r om t he
r ust i c, depi ct i ng t he st yl e of ear l y col oni al
days, t o t he
cont empor ar y, r epr esent i ng t he
most moder n ar chi t ect ur al
concept s .
I n many nei ghbor hoods
and communi t i es,
school f aci l i t i es ar e adequat el y
equi pped t o
pr ovi de r ecr eat i on pr ogr ams
f or yout h, but
ot her exi st i ng age gr oups
ar e not al ways
ser ved. I n such
i nst ances, t he communi t y
must depend upon publ i c
r ecr eat i on f aci l i t i es
whi ch ar e pl anned and oper at ed
i ndependent l y
t o accommodat e a r ecr eat i on
pr ogr amf or t he
t ot al communi t y. Si nce t he
school i s an i nt e-
gr al par t of t he communi t y, i t
shoul d have a
par t i n t he pl anni ng of publ i c
r ecr eat i on f aci l -
i t i es . Conver sel y, when school
bui l di ngs ar e
bei ng desi gned, cooper at i ve
pl anni ng wi t h
communi t y r ecr eat i on
aut hor i t i es i s essent i al
i n or der t o assur e t hat t he
newst r uct ur es wi l l
i ncl ude f aci l i t i es needed f or
j oi nt school and
communi t y use.
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
RECREATI ON
CENTERS
PLANNI NG OBJ ECTI VES
The pl anni ng and desi gni ng of a r ecr eat i on
bui l di ng demand a pr eci se and l ogi cal ap-
pr oach. Si nce a r ecr eat i on bui l di ng r ef l ect s
t he
uni que needs of
a nei ghbor hood or com-
muni t y, t he speci f i c pl ans and
desi gn wi l l var y,
but t he pr el i mi nar y consi der at i ons and pl an-
ni ng
obj ect i ves
wi l l be t he same.
The successf ul
i ncor por at i on
of
accept ed
pl anni ng obj ect i ves wi l l ensur e maxi mum
ut i l i zat i on of t he bui l di ng.
The pr el i mi nar y
pl ans and t he cont i nuous r eeval uat i on of
t he
f unct i onal desi gn of t he
bui l di ng pr i or t o i t s
const r uct i on shoul d be consi der ed i n t er ms
of t he f ol l owi ng quest i ons :
" Has t he most ef f ect i ve use of t he
ent i r e
ar ea been det er mi ned, and does i t ut i l i ze al l of
t he nat ur al r esour ces?
" Does t he pr el i mi nar y pl an i ncl ude
al l
of
t he essent i al ar eas and f aci l i t i es necessar y t o
f ul f i l l t he pr ogr amobj ect i ves?
" Does t he desi gn pr ovi de f or f l exi bi l i t y i n
use and f or f ut ur e expansi on?
- Does t he f l oor pl an per mi t conveni ent ac-
cess t o, and f aci l i t at e ci r cul at i on
wi t hi n, t he
bui l di ng?
" Does t he f l oor pl an pr ovi de f or ease i n
super vi si on and admi ni st r at i on of t he bui l di ng?
" Have i ndi vi dual r ooms been l ocat ed and
desi gned so as t o encour age mul t i pl e use
wi t hi n saf et y l i mi t s?
" Has t he bui l di ng been desi gned so as t o
ensur e oppor t uni t y f or i t s use by al l member s
of t he communi t y, i ncl udi ng
t he agi ng and
di sabl ed?
" Does t he desi gn encompass accept ed
aest het i c qual i t i es t hat r el at e
har moni ousl y
wi t h t he sur r oundi ngs?
" I s t he bui l di ng desi gned and const r uct ed
so as t o ensur e j oi nt use wi t h ot her publ i c or
pr i vat e agenci es?
" I s t he bui l di ng so desi gned t hat i t wi l l per -
mi t economy i n const r uct i on sl i d mai nt enance?
CLASSI FI CATI ON OF RECREATI ON
BUI LDI NGS
Gr owt h
i n t he scope and compl exi t y of t he
r ecr eat i on pr ogr am
has cr eat ed a need f or
bui l di ngs whi ch
wi l l pr ovi de f aci l i t i es adapt ed
f or a wi de
var i et y of r ecr eat i on act i vi t i es . Un-
l i ke many of t he
ear l y st r uct ur es, pr esent - day
bui l di ngs pr ovi de f or adapt abi l i t y
and mul t i pl e
use. Thi s change f r om
t he si mpl e t o t he com-
pl ex has st i mul at ed t he devel opment
of a var i -
et y of r ecr eat i on bui l di ngs . These ar e
cl assi -
f i ed by f unct i on and t hen
cat egor i zed by si ze.
The st andar ds used f or
det er mi ni ng t he si ze
r equi r ement s of r ecr eat i on
bui l di ngs ar e
usual l y based upon a
squar e- f oot age- t o- popu-
l at i on r at i o . Thi s may be det er mi ned by al l ow-
i ng 1 t o 2 sq f t per per son t o be ser ved . For
exampl e, i f t he bui l di ng i s t o ser ve 8, 000 per -
sons, i t shoul d be appr oxi mat el y 12, 000 sq f t
i n si ze. Thi s f oot age r at i o may var y wher e
ci t i es bui l d one cent er t o accommodat e t he
ent i r e popul at i on.
Type I Recr eat i on Bui l di ngs
The pl ans i n Fi g. 1 . i l l ust r at e a Type I r ecr ea-
t i on bui l di ng . Thi s t ype of bui l di ng i s usual l y
const r uct ed i n l ar ger subdi vi si ons or subur ban
ar eas of a met r opol i s . However , r ecent t r ends
r eveal t hat many smal l er ci t i es ( 30, 000 or l eas)
have const r uct ed such f aci l i t i es t o ser ve t he
t ot al communi t y.
Thi s t ype of bui l di ng encl oses 20, 000 sq f t
or mor e and usual l y i ncl udes t he f ol l owi ng
f aci l i t i es :
Mul t i pur pose

Game r oom
Gymnasi um

Phot ogr aphy r oom
Shower and l ocker

Of f i ce ( admi ni st r at i on)
r ooms

Of f i ce ( st af f )
Cl ub r ooms

Rest r ooms
Ar t s and
cr af t s r oom

Ki t chen
Lounge and l obby

Lar ge st or age ar eas
Type I I Recr eat i on Bui l di ngs
The Type 11 r ecr eat i on bui l di ng i s i l l ust r at ed i n
Fi g. 2. Thi s i s t he most common t ype and can
be used i n any ci t y or communi t y. I t i s bel i eved
by many r ecr eat i on exper t s t hat t he most ef -
f i ci ent l y oper at ed bui l di ng i s t he one desi gned
t o accommodat e a nei ghbor hood or ar ea of
appr oxi mat el y 8, 000 per sons .
Thi s bui l di ng encl oses 10, 000 t o 20, 000 sq
f t and i ncl udes basi cal l y t he same f aci l i t i es
as
t he Type 1 st r uct ur e. Root " si zes may var y
and emphasi s
may
be pl aced on t hose f aci l -
i t i es t hat wi l l best ser ve t he pr ogr am obj ec-
t i ves
.
Type
I I I
Recr eat i on Bui l di ngs
These bui l di ngs ar e used i n many communi -
t i es t o sat i sf y t he needs of l ess popul at ed ar eas
andusual l y i ncl ude most of t he f ol l owi ng f aci l -
i t i es ( Fi g. 3) :
Soci al hal l or gymnasi um
Shower - dr essi ng r oom
Cl ub r oom
Lobby- l ounge
Of f i ce
Rest r ooms
Ki t chenet t e
Adequat e st or age ar eas
Soci al Hal l - Gymnasi um
I n or der t o obt ai n maxi mum
benef i t f r om t he
soci al hal l - gymnasi um, t hi s
f aci l i t y i s or di nar i l y
used f or a var i et y of soci al
act i vi t i es, such as
f ol k, squar e, and soci al danci ng,
banquet s,
and
r ol l er skat i ng, i n addi t i on t o basket bal l
and ot her f or ms of at hl et i cs .
The si ze of a communi t y r ecr eat i on
bui l di ng' s
soci al hal l - gymnasi umn shoul d be at
l east 90 by
100 f t , wi t h a mi ni mumhei ght of
22 f t . Thi s
wi l l per mi t a basket bal l cour t of
50 by 84 f t .
Fi g. 1 ( cont . )

Col l et t St r eet Recr eat i on Cent er , Mor gant on, N. C.
697
RECREATI ONCENTERS
Fi g.
2

Thomast on- Upson Count y Recr eat i on Cent er , Thomast on, Ga.
These di mensi ons wi l l per mi t seven t i er s of
t el escopi c bl eacher s on one si de of t he soci al
hal l - gymnasi um, seat i ng appr oxi mat el y 325
spect at or s .
Pr ovi si on shoul d be made f or a mechani cal
vent i l at i ng syst em( f or ced ai r ) . The wai nscot -
i ng shoul d pr ovi de cl ear , unobst r uct ed wal l
space f r omt he f l oor t o a hei ght of 12 f t . I f t he
r oomcont ai ns wi ndows, t hey shoul d be pl aced
above t hewai nscot i ng on t he si des and shoul d
be pr ovi ded wi t h pr ot ect i ve guar ds . Ther e
shoul d be no wi ndows at ei t her end of t he
soci al hal l - gymnasi um.
I t i s pr ef er abl e t o have no wi ndows i n a
soci al hal l - gymnasi umas t hey have l i t t l e f unc-
t i onal val ue. I f i t i s necessar y t o use wi ndows,
t hey shoul d be pl aced on t he nor t h si de, or i f
used on t wo si des, t hen ont he nor t h and sout h,
never on t he east or west . Wher e sky domes
ar e i nst al l ed, t hey shoul d be wat er pr oof , and
t he r oomshoul d be equi pped wi t h vent domes
and exhaust f ans f or vent i l at i on .
Mapl e f l oor i ng i s commonl y used. The cor k
spr i ng cl i p or ot her t ype expansi onj oi nt shoul d
be i nst al l ed on al l f our si des . I f suspended
appar at us i s used i n t he soci al hal l - gymnasi um
and wal l at t achment s f or cont r ol r opes and
chai ns ar e af f i xed t o t he wal l , t hese at t ach-
ment s shoul d be at l east 7 f t above t he f l oor
l evel and shoul d be r ecessed.
Thi s r oomshoul d be equi pped wi t h
st ai nl ess
st eel or al umi num por t abl e
and r emovabl e
handr ai l s at t ached t o al l wal l
sur f aces, and al so
al ong t he f ace of f ol di ng bl eacher s t o
pr ovi de
a handhol d
f or r ol l er skat er s.
Whenever possi bl e, noncont act ( nonmar r i ng)
f ur ni t ur e shoul d be used. Desi gn char act er i s-
698
t i cs of
such f ur ni t ur e al so f aci l i t at e saf er use
by t he agi ng and di sabl ed.
I n a masonr y bui l di ng, par t i cul ar l y i n one
wi t h concr et e r ei nf or ced f r ame, st ai nl ess-
st eel eyebol t s shoul d be i nst al l ed i n each
cor ner and at each col umn f or t he hangi ng of
decor at i ons f or speci al par t i es. These bol t s
shoul d be l ocat ed wi t hi n 12 f t of t he cei l i ng i n
t hesmal l er r ooms,
and at l east 15 f t hi gh i n t he
soci al hal l - gymnasi um.
The use of eyebol t s
wi l l el i mi nat e t he necessi t y of dr i vi ng nai l s
or
scr ews i nt o t he wal l s.
THE COMMUNI TYRECREATI ONBUI LDI NG
The communi t y r ecr eat i on bui l di ng f unct i ons
beyond t he pr i mar y pur pose of ser vi ng a si ngl e
nei ghbor hood. I t i s desi gned t o of f er a mor e
di ver si f i ed pr ogr ami n or der t o meet t he com-
pl et e r ecr eat i onal needs of al l peopl e i n t he
communi t y. The communi t y bui l di ng i s nor -
mal l y l ar ger t han a nei ghbor hood bui l di ng and
i s usual l y l ocat ed i n a maj or r ecr eat i on ar ea
such as a communi t y par k or pl ayi ng f i el d.
As st at ed pr evi ousl y, communi t y r ecr eat i on
bui l di ngs var y i n f unct i on and desi gn, but ,
gener al l y, t hey cont ai n most of t he f aci l i t i es
descr i bed on t he f ol l owi ng pages.
The mul t i pur pose r oomshoul d be desi gned t o
accommodat e such act i vi t i es as gener al meet -
i ngs, soci al r ecr eat i on, act i ve t abl e games,
danci ng, dr amat i cs, or chest r a pr act i ce, con-
cer t s, and banquet s .
The ar ea of t hi s r oom shoul d be appr oxi -
mat el y 2, 000 t o 3, 000 sq f t . I t shoul d be r ec-
t angul ar i n shape wi t h a mi ni mumwi dt h of 40
f t . The mi ni mumcei l i ng hei ght shoul d be at
l east 16 f t .
The f l oor shoul d have a nonski d sur f ace t o
pr event many common acci dent s
.
The f l oor
shoul d al so be l evel i n
or der
t o per mi t mul -
t i pl e use f or meet i ngs,
danci ng, dr amat i c
pr esent at i ons,
et c.
St age
Ast age and r el at ed
f aci l i t i es ar e f r equent l y
i ncl uded i n a communi t y
cent er . They may be
bui l t i n conj unct i on wi t h
t he mul t i pur pose
r oom
or ,
pr ef er abl y, as a
separ at e uni t .
The
st age pr oper
shoul d be about 20 f t i n
dept h,
and
t he
pr osceni um openi ng shoul d
be at l east t wo- t hi r ds t he wi dt h of t he r oom.
I t i s desi r abl e t hat t he appr oach t o t he st age
f r om
t hef l oor of t he mai n r oombe by i ncl i ned
r amp wi t h a nonski d sur f ace t o f aci l i t at e
t he
physi cal l y di sabl ed and agi ng and t o accom-
modat e t he movement of equi pment .
Consi der at i on mi ght be gi ven t o
t he con-
st r uct i on of an out door st age cont i guous t o
t he mul t i pur pose r oom. Some bui l di ngs have
been successf ul l y const r uct ed wi t h a r evol vi ng
st age f or out door and i ndoor pr ogr ams . Por i -
abl e or r ecessed st ages mi ght al so be con-
si der ed .
I t i s desi r abl e t hat t he r oombe equi pped wi t h
a moder n publ i c- addr ess syst em, per manent l y
i nst al l ed wi t h mat ched speaker s and wi t h out -
l et s f or addi t i onal mi cr ophones and phono-
gr aphi c
equi pment
. Consi der at i on shoul d be
RECREATI ONCENTERS
gi vent o a mast er cont r ol f r omt he of f i ce of t he
bui l di ng. Al l st age l i ght i ng shoul d be moder n
and shoul d be cont r ol l ed f r om
a
di mmer -
cont r ol cabi net equi pped wi t h a r heost at . Pr o-
vi si ons shoul d al so be made f or t el evi si on
i nst al l at i on .
Recessed dr i nki ng f ount ai ns and cuspi dor s
shoul d be pr ovi ded and shoul d be l ocat ed i n
ar eas wher e t hey wi l l cause a mi ni mumamount
of i nt er f er ence. Wat er f ount ai ns shoul d be
hand
or
hand- and- f oot
oper at ed,
wi t h
up- f r ont
spout s and
cont r ol s
.
Pr ot ect i ve
f l oor cover i ng
or dr ai nage at t he base of t he f ount ai n shoul d
be consi der ed
t o avoi d f l oor
damage.
Dr essi ng- Locker
Room
A
r oomf or t he pur pose of changi ng cl ot hes i s
necessar y and shoul d be i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o
t he soci al hal l - gymnasi um.
Ther e
ar e t wo
accept ed pl ans f or checki ng per sonal appar el :
( 1) Theuseof l ocker r ooms wi t h met al l ocker s ;
and ( 2) The useof dr essi ng r ooms wi t h acheck-
r oomf or checki ng cl ot hi ng i n wi r e basket s or
nyl on bags .
Locker Room I f t he l ocker s ar e t o be used i n
connect i on wi t h out door spur t s, t hey shoul d
be l ocat ed so t he pl ayer s wi l l have access
t o t hemwi t hout goi ng t hr ough t he ent i r e bui l d-
i ng . The suggest ed r equi r ement s f or t he l ocker
r oomi n acommuni t y r ecr eat i on bui l di ng ar e as
f ol l ows: f or men and boys, 200 l ocker s; f or
women and gi r l s, 150 l ocker s. The pl acement
of l ocker s shoul d t ake i nt o account t he space
r equi r ement s of t he di sabl ed .
The f l oor of t he l ocker r oomshoul d pi t ch t o
a cent r al dr ai n or dr ai ns t o f aci l i t at e cl eani ng
and washi ng.
The
j unct i on of t he wal l and f l oor
shoul d be cowed. I n t he women' s l ocker r oom,
dr essi ng boot hs shoul d be suppl i ed i n t he r at i o
of 10 per cent of t he t ot al number of l ocker s
.
Hai r dr i er s and nonbr eakabl e
l i qui d- soap di s-
penser s ar e al so r ecommended.
Dr essi ng Room wi t h Checkr oom The use of gal -
vani zed- wi r e basket s or nyl on or pl ast i c bags
i s gr owi ng i n popul ar i t y. Thi s syst em wi l l
accommodat e t he same number of user s i n
about one- f our t h of t he space r equi r ed f or
met al l ocker s. However , t her e i s no savi ng of
space r equi r ed f or dr essi ng .
I f t her e i s a possi bi l i t y of a swi mmi ng pool
bei ng const r uct ed on t hi s si t e at some f ut ur e
t i me, dr essi ng r ooms shoul d be l ocat ed and
ar r anged so as t o ser ve bot h t he gymnasi um
and t he pool .
Shower Rooms
The si ze of shower r ooms i s dependent upon
t he ext ent of t he f aci l i t i es and t he number
of per sons t o be ser ved at one t i me. Adequat e
vent i l at i on shoul d be a pr i mar y consi der at i on.
For men and boys, i t i s suggest ed t hat
ap-
pr oxi mat el y 12 shower heads be pr ovi ded,
spaced a mi ni mumof 4 f t apar t and 6 f t above
t he f l oor l evel . For womenand gi r l s, i t i s r ec-
ommended t hat a mi ni mumof 6 gr oupshower
heads and 3 i ndi vi dual shower - anddr essi ng
boot hs be pr ovi ded . Shower heads shoul d
be 4 112f t above t he f l oor l evel . Nonbr eakabl e
l i qui d- soap di spenser s ar e r ecommended, and
hai r dr i er s ar e suggest ed f or t he l adi es' l ocker
r oom.
To accommodat e t he di sabl ed, t wo f ol di ng
" L" seat s shoul d be pl aced i n opposi t e cor ner s
of each gr oup shower t o f aci l i t at e bot h r i ght -
hand and l ef t - hand
appr oaches .
I n t he const r uct i on of t he shower - r oom
f l oor , dr ai nage gut t er s 4 i n. deep and e t o 10
i n. wi de pl aced ar ound t he per i met er of t he
shower r oom wi l l pr ovi de a sani t ar y means
of dr ai nage. The cent r al por t i on of t he shower
f l oor , r ai sed above t he depr essed ar ea, shoul d
dr ai n
t owar d t he shower dr ai ns . Acar bor un-
dur n- i mpr egnat ed cer ami c t i l e, or i t s equal ,
wi l l pr ovi de a nonsl i p sur f ace.
The t emper at ur e of wat er f eedi ng i nt o t he
shower heads shoul d be 120`- F, cont r ol l ed by
means of a mi xi ng chamber r at her t han by i n-
di vi dual cont r ol . Vandal pr oof shower heads
shoul d be used.
Cl ub Rooms
Exper i ence i ndi cat es t he desi r abi l i t y of pr ovi d-
i ng a mi ni mumof 500 sq f t of f l oor space per
cl ub r oom. For communi t y r ecr eat i on bui l d-
i ngs, at l east t hr ee t o f i ve cl ub r ooms shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or mul t i pl e use. At l east one l ar ge
cl ub r oom shoul d be l ocat ed adj oi ni ng t he
ki t chen.
When wi ndows i n cl ub r ooms and l ounges
ar e pl aced hi gh i n a wal l , t hey ar e not br oken
as of t en as l owwi ndows and t hey al so pr ovi de
mor e space f or f ur ni t ur e, bul l et i n boar ds, peg-
boar ds, chal kboar ds, and exhi bi t s . Si nce
br oken wi ndowgl ass i s a maj or pr obl em, a
nonbr eakabl e t ype of wi ndowpane i s pr ef er -
abl e. Wi ndows maybe omi t t ed and sky domes
and vent domes used. By omi t t i ng wi ndows,
t he need f or dr apes, venet i an bl i nds, and cur -
t ai ns- al l i t ems subj ect t o vandal i sm- i s al so
el i mi nat ed.
Achai r r ai l or wai nscot i ng t o pr event t he
mar r i ng of wal l s shoul d be i nst al l ed t o a hei ght
of 3 f t above t he f l oor . Whenever possi bl e,
- - cont act
( nonmar r i ng) f ur ni t ur e shoul d be
u. , cul .
Fi g. 3 Gl enwood Communi t y Cent er , Gr eensbor o .
N. C.
699
RECREATI ONCENTERS
Ar t s and Cr af t s Room
Asepar at e ar t s and cr af t s r oomi s desi r abl e.
However , i f t hi s i s not possi bl e, t hen at l east
one cl ub r oomshoul d be equi pped f or cr af t s,
wi t h pr ovi si on f or gas, compr essed ai r , and a
moder n si nk wi t h hot and col d wat er . The si nk
shoul d have a cl ay t r ap.
Ampl e st or age cabi net s, cl oset s, or l ocker s
shoul d be i ncl uded f or t he saf e st or age of
cr af t mat er i al s, unf i ni shed pr oj ect s, and ex-
hi bi t mat er i al s. Bass and wal l pl ugs shoul d be
pr ovi ded i n al l cl ub r ooms f or t he oper at i on of
el ect r i c i r ons, sewi ng
machi nes, power t ool s,
movi epr oj ect or s, et c .
I f
a
ki l n i s used, i t shoul d
be pl aced i n an adj oi ni ng r oomf or r easons of
saf et y and shoul d be equi pped
wi t h a heavy-
dut y 220- vol t el ect r i cal out l et . Bul l et i n boar ds
and exhi bi t cases maybe used t o di spl ay com-
pl et ed pr oj ect s .
Lounge and Lobby
The l obby of t he communi t y r ecr eat i on bui l d-
i ng i s t he space j ust i nsi de t he ent r ance. The
l ounge shoul d open of f t he l obby, and, i f pos-
si bl e, shoul d be cl ose t o t he cent r al of f i ce
and t o t he mul t i pur pose r oom and/ or soci al
hal l - gymnasi um. The l ounge and l obby ar e
of t en combi ned
i nt o one r oom. When t hey
ar e
combi ned, i t i s suggest ed t hat t he si ze of
t he
l obby- l ounge be about 600 t o 800 sq f t .
Thi s f aci l i t y shoul d be
at t r act i vel y l i ght ed
and shoul d
cont ai n a wal l - mount ed, r ecessed
dr i nki ng f ount ai n
and a bui l t - i n el ect r i cal l y
l i ght ed t r ophy case and bul l et i n boar d.
Appr o-
pr i at e space shoul d be
al l owed f or publ i c t el e-
phones, and at l east one t el ephone
shoul d
be
i nst al l ed so as t o accommodat e a per son i n a
wheel chai r . Pr ovi si on shoul d al so be made f or
aquar i ums and f or
gr owi ng pl ant s and f l ower s.
Adequat e space, pr ef er abl y r ecessed,
and
el ect r i cal and wat er connect i ons
f or aut omat i c
vendi ng machi nes shoul d be i ncl uded
.
The of f i ce, cl ub r ooms, game r oom, and r est
r ooms ar e usual l yadj acent t o t he l obby- l ounge.
The ent r ance door s of t he l obby pr esent a
pr obl emf r om t he st andpoi nt s of aest het i cs,
saf et y, secur i t y, and vandal i sm. Sol i d gl ass
panel s- f r omcei l i ng t o f l oor - and sol i d gl ass
door s ar e qui t e popul ar and at t r act i ve, but t hei r
use must be car ef ul l y st udi ed. Si nce gl ass
door s and panel s can be easi l y br oken, good
al umi numdoor s wi t h a mi ni mumof gl ass ar e
pr ef er abl e .
One of t he mai n causes of damage t o f l oor s
i s t he habi t of many i ndi vi dual s of dr oppi ng a
ci gar et t e on t he f l oor and st eppi ng on i t . Thi s
habi t causes def i ni t e damage t o asphal t or
vi nyl - asbest os t i l e, di sf i gur i ng and di scol or i ng
l i ght col or s and, t o some ext ent , even mar r i ng
dar ker col or s . Ther ef or e, t er r azzo, quar r y t i l e,
and pat i o t i l e ar e pr ef er abl e.
Game Room
The gams r oom, appr oxi mat el y 30 by 64 f t
i n si ze, i s desi gned f or a var i et y of games, i n-
cl udi ng bi l l i ar ds and t abl e t enni s . I n pl anni ng
t hi s r oom, suf f i ci ent
st or age space shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or var i ous i t ems of game equi pment
and suppl i es t o be used.
Thi s r oom shoul d
be
i n
cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o
of f i ce super vi si on. I t shoul d al so be acoust i -
cal l y t r eat ed, due t o t he noi se f act or .
The choi ce of f l oor mat er i al shoul d be car e-
f ul l y consi der ed because of t he heavy t r af f i c
usual l y pr eval ent i n t hi s r oom. Wi ndows
shoul d be pl aced hi gh i n t he wal l s t o r educe
gl ass br eakage. Achai r r ai l or wai nscot i ng t o
pr event
t he mar r i ng of wal l s shoul d be i nst al l ed
t o a hei ght of 3 f t above t he f l oor . Whenever
possi bl e, noncont act ( nonmar r i ng) f ur ni t ur e
Shoul d be used.
Phot ogr aphy
Room
Aspeci al r oomcan be pr ovi ded and equi pped
as a dar kr oom. Vent i l at i on shoul d be pr ovi ded
t hr ough t he use of l i ght pr oof vent i l at or s. Hot
and col d r unni ng wat er , speci al l i ght pl ugs-
bot h wal l and base- and phot ogr aphi c si nks
f or devel opi ng and washi ng pr i nt s shoul d
al so be pr ovi ded.
Ami xer i s desi r abl e t o accur at el y cont r ol
t he wat er t emper at ur e. Af i l t er shoul d al so be
pr ovi ded i f t he wat er qual i t y i s not good. Door s
shoul d be l i ght pr oof .
Di r ect or ' s
Of f i ce
An of f i ce of appr oxi mat el y 120 sq f t i n si ze i s
suggest ed, wi t h suf f i ci ent wi ndow space t o
pr ovi de maxi mumsuper vi si on of t he l obby,
l ounge, cl ub r ooms, and soci al hal l - gymnasi um.
At l east t hr ee wal l s shoul d have wi ndows . I f
t her e i s a wi ndowconnect ed t o t he soci al hal l -
gymnasi um, a nonbr eakabl e- t ype gl ass i s
pr ef er abl e.
I t i s of t en r ecommended t hat t her e be an
adj oi ni ng shower - dr essi ng uni t wi t h a f l oor -
sur f ace ar ea of not l ess t han 100 aq f t . Thi s
uni t shoul d cont ai n a shower , t oi l et and l ava-
t or y, cl ot hes cl oset , and f i r st - ai d suppl y
cabi net .
Openi ng of f t he di r ect or ' s of f i ce shoul d be
a st or age cl oset wi t h a bur gl ar pr oof door f or
st or i ng val uabl e suppl i es and equi pment , such
as t he mot i on- pi ct ur e pr oj ect or and publ i c-
addr ess syst em.
Rest Rooms
Rest - r oom f aci l i t i es shoul d be desi gned t o
ser ve bot h i ndoor and out door ar eas. Pr ovi si on
shoul d be made f or di r ect access f r omt he ex-
t er i or of t he bui l di ng at a poi nt adj acent t o such
act i vi t y
ar eas.
Rest r ooms shoul d i ncl ude mul t i pur pose
uni t s, combi ni ng aut omat i c t owel and soap
di spenser s, mi r r or end shel f , and a combi na-
t i on paper - t owel di spenser and wast e r ecep-
t acl e. These uni t s shoul d be r ecessed i n t he
wal l .
Mi r r or s shoul d have met al f r ames and be
r ecessed i nt o t he wal l so t hey cannot be t or n
of f . The pr ef er r ed soap di spenser i s bui l t i nt o
t he l avat or y si nce t hi s t ype i s l ose subj ect t o
vandal i sm t han t he wal l - i nst al l ed t ype.
Dr essi ng- r oombenches shoul d be of a per -
manent t ype and shoul d be secur el y anchor ed
t o t he f l oor so t hey cannot be t ur ned over ,
st acked agai nst t he wal l , br oken, or r emoved
f r om t he bui l di ng. Toi l et f i xt ur es shoul d be
hung f r omt hewal l f or ease i n cl eani ng. I n r est
r ooms wher e sever al f i xt ur es ar e used, one f i x-
t ur e of pr oper hei ght f or young chi l dr en and
t he di sabl ed shoul d be i ncl uded. Lavat or i es
shoul d be of enamel - coat ed i r on or ot her un-
br eakabl e mat er i al r at her t han vi t r eous chi na.
Af l ush- val ve wat er cl oset wi t h t he val ve
24 i n. above t he t op of t he f i xt ur e- or 3 f t
above t he f l oor - i s pr ef er r ed over a t ank- t ype
t oi l et f i xt ur e. Aut omat i c val ves f or wat er t aps
i n shower s and l avat or i es ar e r ecommended
t o r educe wat er l oss caused by t aps bei ng l ef t
open. Hose bi bbs shoul d be i nst al l ed i n each
r est r oom and/ or shower r oom, at a pr oper
hei ght so bucket s can
be
pl aced under t hem.
Toi l et f aci l i t i es shoul d be made accessi bl e
t o
t he
di sabl ed.
Ki t chen
ThePul l man or ki t chenet t e- t ype ki t chen i s usu-
al l y desi r abl e f or most
communi t y and nei gh-
bor hood r ecr eat i on bui l di ngs. I f l ar ge di nner s
or banquet s ar e t o be ser ved, pr ovi si on shoul d
be made f or a l ul l - si ze moder n ki t chen t hat con-
f or ms t o l ocal heal t h r egul at i ons and has a f r ee
f l oor space at l east
54i n. wi de.
The
ki t chen shoul d be l ocat ed near t he cl ub
r ooms and t he soci al
hel l - gymnasi um. Thi s wi l l
make t he ki t chen avai l abl e t o
smal l gat her i ngs
i n t he cl ub r ooms and t o
l ar ge banquet gat her -
i ngs i n t he soci al hal l - gymnasi um
. The ki t chen
i s of t en pl aced bet ween t wo cl ub
r ooms and
made avai l abl e t o bot h
r ooms by t he use of
al umi numr ol l - up door s.
Adequat e st or age apace, cabi net space,
and
el ect r i cal out l et s f or such appl i ances
as t he
r ef r i ger at or , t her ange, t he di shwasher , and
can
opener s shoul d be pr ovi ded. Exhaust f ans
shoul d al so be i nst al l ed .
St or age Ar eas
One of t he most common er r or s f ound
i n many
r ecr eat i on bui l di ngs i s t he l ack of suf f i ci ent
st or age space f or equi pment , mai nt enance,
and cust odi al pur poses .
Equi pment St or age Room Pr ovi si on shoul d be
made f or st or i ng appar at us and equi pment
.
Ther e shoul d be an openi ng 6 f t wi de wi t h
l ouver ed f l ush door s bet ween t he soci al hal l -
gymnasi umand t he st or age r oom. Thi s wi l l
per mi t passage of t he most bul ky equi pment .
Ther e shoul d be no r ai sed t hr eshol d.
The mi ni mum si ze of t he st or age r oom
shoul d be appr oxi mat el y 250 aq f t . Pr ovi si on
shoul d be made f or st or age of i nf l at ed bal l s,
bat s, sof t bal l s, and ot her suppl i es, ei t her
i n
separ at e cabi net s or a speci al cl oset . Appr o-
pr i at e bi ns, shel ves, and r acks ar e suggest ed.
I n addi t i on, a r ecessed al cove f or t he st or age
of a pi ano i s desi r abl e.
Mai nt enance St or age ROOM

The mai nt enance st or -
age r oomvar i es i n si ze, dependi ng upon t he
adj acent out door space and t he si ze of t he
bui l di ng . The r oomi s or di nar i l y l ocat ed on t he
gr ound l evel , adj acent t o t he out door ar eas.
An out si de ent r ance shoul d be pr ovi ded by
means
of
a bur gl ar pr oof door suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge
t o per mi t t he passage of
mot or i zed and ot her
mai nt enance equi pment .
Thi s f aci l i t y i s used as a headquar t er s
f or al l
out door mai nt enance. I t may have t o house
r akes, shovel s, hose, mar ki ng equi pment and
suppl i es, hand t ool s, power t ool s, and ot her
equi pment . Ar epai r shop and i t s f aci l i t i es
ar e usual l y i ncor por at ed i n t hi s ar ea. The r oom
shoul d have suf f i ci ent base and wal l out l et s
t o ser vebot h t he wor kbench and power - equi p-
ment needs.
Recessed wal l shel vi ng and cabi net st or age
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t ool s, suppl i es, and
equi pment . Thi s space shoul d al so cont ai n
hot and col d wat er , a sl op si nk, a l avat or y,
a wat er cl oset , and a cl ot hes cl oset .
The f l oor shoul d be concr et e and shoul d be
pi t ched t o a cent r al dr ai n. The j unct i on of t he
f l oor and wal l shoul d be coved.
Cust odi al
St or age
Rooms A suppl y cl oset
equi pped wi t h a sl op si nk and space f or mops,
pai l s, br ooms, and cl eani ng suppl i es shoul d
be cent r al l y l ocat ed on each
f l oor l evel .
NEI GHBORHOODRECREATI ONBUI LDI NGS
The nei ghbor hood r ecr eat i on
bui l di ng wi l l
i ncl ude many of t he f eat ur es of t he
communi t y
r ecr eat i on bui l di ng, as pr evi ousl y
descr i bed.
The nei ghbor hood bui l di ng, however ,
i s usual l y
i nt ended t o ser ve a smal l er number of
peopl e.
The si ze of t he f aci l i t y wi l l or di nar i l y f el l
i nt o
t he Type I I I ( under
10, 000
sq
f t ) or Type 11
( 10, 000 t o 20, 000 aq f t ) cl assi f i cat i on
. I n al l
cases, t he bui l di ng shoul d be so desi gned t hat
r ooms can be easi l y added.
700
RECREATI ONCENTERS
Fi g. a.
Fi g. s.
U. S. Naval Faci l i t i es Engi neer i ng Command,
Depor t -
ment of t he
Navy, Washi ngt on, D. C.
70 1
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
NEI GHBORHOODSERVI CE CENTERS
By ROBERT PERLMANand DAVI DJ ONES
Anei ghbor hood ser vi ce cent er may be def i ned
as a conveni ent l y l ocat ed f aci l i t y, st af f ed by
pr of essi onal wor ker s and communi t y r esi dent s
wi t h no t r ai ni ng, desi gned t o pr ovi de speci f i c
and speedy ser vi ces t o peopl e wi t h a wi de
var i et yof si mpl e
and
compl ex
pr obl ems . On
t he
phi l osophi cal l evel , t he cent er s compr i se one
i mpor t ant el ement of a br oad at t ack on cr i me
and pover t y.
On
t he act i on
l evel , t hey ar e one
way of deal i ng wi t h pr obl ems
of
i nhabi t ant s
of t he i nner ci t y, a " pl ace t o go" f or hel p.
Ser vi ces di spensed by cent er s may r ange
f r omon- t he- spot
advi ce on pr obl ems r equi r i ng
i mmedi at e at t ent i on t o l ong- t er m assi st ance
wi t h l egal , empl oyment , and per sonal pr ob-
l ems
. I n
addi t i on t o f ur ni shi ng t hese ser vi ces,
a
gr owi ng
number of nei ghbor hood cent er s
ar e pl anni ng f or , and i mpl ement i ng, pr ogr ams
desi gned t o mobi l i ze nei ghbor hood gr oups
t o par t i ci pat e i n deci si on- maki ng pr ocesses
t hat di r ect l y af f ect t hei r l i ves, t o become a
vi t al f or cef or soci al change . These cent er s f eel
t hat t hey must not onl y hel p t o r esol ve speci f i c
pr obl ems but must al so wor k t o cor r ect t hose
f aul t s i n t hesoci et y t hat cr eat e t hese pr obl ems .
Those who have devel oped and wor ked i n
such cent er s ar e gener al l y ver y ent husi ast i c
about t hi s " new" way t o del i ver ser vi ces .
Nat i onal or gani zat i ons, as wel l as l ocal , gover n-
ment al , and vol unt ar y agenci es, ar e becomi ng
i ncr easi ngl y i nt er est ed i n ut i l i zi ng t hi s par t i c-
ul ar or gani zat i onal devi ce.
The goal s of t he cent er ar e t o pr omot e and
f aci l i t at e ef f ect i ve i nvol vement of nei ghbor -
hood r esi dent s i n t he sol ut i on of nei ghbor hood
pr obl ems and t o i mpr ove t he qual i t y of pr o-
gr ams whi ch ar e desi gned t o ai d t he el i mi na-
t i on of pover t y. As such, t he nei ghbor hood
cent er i s t hef ocal poi nt of t he l ocal communi t y
act i on
pr ogr ami n a nei ghbor hood
.
Acent er can gat her and shar e i nf or mat i on
about newandexi st i ng pr ogr ams . I t candel i ver
t he r esour ces of many publ i c end pr i vat e ser -
vi ce agenci es t o t hose who need t hem. I t can
coor di nat e t he pr ogr ams and ser vi ces of t hese
agenci es t o answer t he needs of t he i ndi vi dual
and t he t ot al communi t y. At t he same t i me,
i t can wor k t o modi f y and enr i ch exi st i ng
pr ogr ams and ser vi ces so t hat t hey r espond
mor e ef f ect i vel y t o t he uni que pover t y pr ob-
l ems of t he nei ghbor hood.
I n or der f or t he cent er t o have ef f ect on t he
el i mi nat i on of pover t y, i t must bel ong t o t he
nei ghbor hood i t ser ves . I t must be what t he
peopl e want i t t o be. I t shoul d be e pl ace wher e
peopl e wi l l want t o go, not si mpl y because t hey
can get f r ee medi cal t r eat ment or l egal advi ce
but because i t i s a comf or t abl e, f ami l i ar , f r i end-
l y, and exci t i ng pl ace t o be.
The nei ghbor hood cent er ' s most i mpor t ant
f unct i on i s t o pr ovi de t he peopl e of a nei ghbor -
hood wi t h a st r uct ur e and a pr ogr amdesi gn t o
enabl e t hem t o act . The cent er shoul d hel p
peopl e gat her and use t hei r own r esour ces as
wel l as t hose
i n t he communi t y
at
l ar ge
;
i t
shoul d
hel p t hem
devel op
t he
compet ence
t o
Nei ghbor hood Ser vi ce
Cent er s, Of f i ce of
J uveni l e Del i nquency and Yout h
Devel opment ,
U. S. Depar t ment
of Heal t h, Educat i on and Wel -
f ar e .
702
wor k i n t hei r own behal f t owar d t he r esol ut i on
of t hesoci al and economi c pr obl ems of pover t y
i n t hei r nei ghbor hood.
The f i r st st ep i n pl anni ng a nei ghbor hood
cent er i s t he det er mi nat i on of t he nei ghbor -
hood t o be ser ved. The best wayt o deci de i f
a
gi ven geogr aphi cal ar ea i s a nei ghbor hood i s
t o di scover i f t he peopl e i n t he ar ea t hi nk of
t hemsel ves as bei ng nei ghbor hood r esi dent s.
I n Appal achi a, a nei ghbor hood may be a " hol -
l er " or a " cr eek. " I n t he Sout h, a r ur al t own
and t he sur r oundi ng f ar ms may
be a nei ghbor -
hood. I n ci t i es, a nei ghbor hood coul d
be one or
mor e publ i c housi ng
pr oj ect s .
I n
many cases,
t he def i ni t i on
of t he nei ghbor hood may be so
obvi ous a consi der at i on t hat i t demands
ver y
l i t t l e t hought . I t may si mpl y
be
t he
sect i on of
t own wher e
poor peopl e l i ve.
I t i s i mpor t ant t hat nei ghbor hood
cent er s
be pl aced i n
mor e or l ess di st i nct nei ghbor -
hoods. Some consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven,
however , t o t he
si ze of t he popul at i on ser ved.
Har l emi s
a nei ghbor hood, but i t cl ear l y cannot
be ser ved by j ust one nei ghbor hood cent er . As
a gener al r ul e,
a
cent er
t hat ser ves mor e t han
35, 000
peopl e wi l l pr obabl y be t oo l ar ge f or
ef f ect i ve nei ghbor hood communi cat i on. On t he
ot her
hand, some nei ghbor hoods wi l l be t oo
smal l f or a f ul l - scal e f aci l i t y. I n such cases,
par t i cul ar l y i n spar sel y popul at ed r ur al ar eas,
near by nei ghbor hood cent er s may consi der
pl aci ng out post s t o per f or m out r each and
r ef er r al f unct i ons and t o pr ovi de communi ca-
t i on wi t h t hecent er and ot her ser vi ce gr oups .
Anot her i mpor t ant consi der at i on i n t he
de-
t er mi nat i on of t he nei ghbor hood
i s t he t r ans-
por t at i on syst em, publ i c andpr i vat e, i n t he ar ea
t o be ser ved. The nei ghbor hood cent er shoul d
be l ocat ed wi t hi n easy r each of ar ea r esi dent s
or shoul d devel op i t s own t r anspor t at i on sys-
t emt o br i ng i t sel f as cl ose as possi bl e
t o
t he
peopl e i t ser ves .
Det er mi ni ng t he Nei ghbor hood Needs
The second st ep i n pl anni ng
a nei ghbor hood
cent er i s t hedet er mi nat i on of t he ar ea' s par t i c-
ul ar needs. Local condi t i ons and t he expr essed
desi r es of nei ghbor hood r esi dent s
shoul d
be
t he most i mpor t ant consi der at i ons .
Aski ng
si mpl e quest i ons of a number of r esi dent s i s
one way t o get t he necessar y i nf or mat i on
.
The pr ocesses of nei ghbor hood i nvol vement
and par t i ci pat i on can devel op i n t he peopl e
ser ved by a nei ghbor hood cent er an act i ve con-
cer n about ser vi ces by maki ng t he pr ogr ams,
bot h exi st i ng and l ocal l y i ni t i at ed, r espond
di r ect l y t o needs t hat t hey t hemsel ves have
i ndi cat ed
Respondi ng t o
Nei ghbor hood Needs
Once t he nei ghbor hood' s uni que mi x of needs
ar e pi npoi nt ed, ar r angement s shoul d be made
t o
decent r al i ze i nt o t he cent er exi st i ng pr o-
gr ams whi ch can meet t hese needs. Wr i t t en
agr eement s bet ween
t he ser vi ce agency and
t he cent er cangover n t he t er ms of each decen-
t r al i zat i on. These agr eement s
shoul d cl ear l y
def i ne t he or gani zat i onal chai n of command
wi t hi n t he nei ghbor hood cent er
: what ki nd of
pr ogr amwi l l be of f er ed, and
what pr ocedur al
and ot her changes
ar eagr eed t o by bot h par t i es
i n oper at i ng
t he pr ogr amt hr ough t he f aci l i t i es
of t he cent er .
Pr ogr ams
must not be i mposed on nei ghbor -
hoods but shoul d gr owout of expr essed nei gh-
bor hood
needs and t he capaci t y of nei ghbor -
hood
peopl e t o use t hem. Wher e no exi st i ng
pr ogr amcan adequat el y r espond t o def i ni t e
nei ghbor hood needs, t he cent er may want t o
devel op and oper at e newpr ogr ams .
Deci si ons about what pr ogr ams and gr oups
wi l l oper at e t hr ough t he cent er wi l l hel p det er -
mi ne t he physi cal r equi r ement s of t he f aci l i t y.
At t he pr esent t i me, cent er s var y i n
si ze and
f unct i on f r om si ngl e- deck r ef er r al uni t s
t o
hi ghl y compl ex, speci al l y desi gned f aci l i t i es
i ncor por at i ng awi de r ange
of
ser vi ces
. Ther e i s
no si ngl e model .
I n an ur ban envi r onment ,
t he nei ghbor hood
cent er mayoper at e
out of a si ngl e st or ef r ont ,
f r om many of f i ces scat t er ed t hr oughout t he
ar ea, or f r oma cl ust er
of
bui l di ngs
.
I n
a r ur al
envi r onment , wher e
t r anspor t at i on i s mor e
di f f i cul t and nei ghbor s ar e
mor e wi del y di s-
per sed t han i n ci t i es,
cer t ai n var i at i ons maybe
mor e f easi bl e
.
Rur al Var i at i ons
I n r ur al ar eas, t he nei ghbor hood cent er maybe
a syst emof f aci l i t i es on wheel s, a f l eet of ser -
vi ce buses t hat cont i nual l y t r avel f r ompl ace t o
pl ace wi t hi n t he ar ea
ser ved
by t he cent er .
Oper at i ng f r oma
smal l admi ni st r at i ve
cent er ,
one ki nd
of mobi l e uni t can t r avel t hr oughout
a count y, spendi ng
a day or t wo ever y week or
ever y
ot her week par ked near a nei ghbor hood
of poor peopl e. Such uni t s may ser ve onl y f or
r ecr ui t ment , i nt ake, di agnosi s, and r ef er r al
t o nonmobi l e, nondecent r al i zed ser vi ces . They
mayal so t ake t he f or mof si ngl e- pur pose uni t s.
Mobi l e
publ i c heal t h uni t s ar e an exampl e of a
t r avel i ng si ngl e- pur pose ser vi ce t hat has
pr oved successf ul i n many ar eas. The event ual
goal shoul d be t r ul y mul t i pur pose uni t s whi ch
go wher e t he poor ar e and ser ve as many of
t hei r needs as possi bl e. Mobi l e uni t s do not
have t o oper at e f r om a si ngl e admi ni st r at i ve
cent er . Anot her var i at i on i nvol ves car r yi ng pr o-
gr ams, on a r ot at i ng schedul e, t o a number of
nei ghbor hood cent er s scat t er ed t hr oughout
t he ser vi ce ar ea. These cent er s may be l ocat ed
i n abandoned school houses, ol d homes, gr ange
hal l s, chur ch hal l s, or ot her avai l abl e apace
whi ch has been t ur ned i nt o an appr opr i at e
f aci l i t y. Each of t hese i n- t he- f i el d cent er s woul d
have a skel et on st af f of r esi dent wor ker s who
woul d do out r each wor k on a f ul l - t i me basi s.
The i ndi vi dual communi t ywi l l have t o deci de
whi ch o1 t hese model s i s most appr opr i at e
t o l ocal condi t i ons . For many communi t i es,
e combi nat i on of t he t wo may be t he most
wor kabl e sol ut i on.
Somet ypi cal ser vi ce
pr ogr ams coul d consi st
of t he f ol l owi ng :
The
Housi ng and Rent Cl i ni c woul d advi se
and
assi st t enant s on t hei r pr obl ems, conduct
housi ng
i nspect i ons andver i f y compl ai nt s, and
wor k wi t h ci t y agenci es on t he pr ompt handl i ng
of housi ng pr obl ems .
NEI GHBORHOODSERVI CE
CENTERS
Tenant and Bl ock Or gani zat i on and Educa-
t i on woul d hel p exi st i ng t enant gr oups i dent i f y
and act on pr obl ems, conduct conf er ences
and t r ai ni ng sessi ons on t enant s' r i ght s, emer -
gency act i on, sel f - hel p t echni ques t o i mpr ove
apar t ment s and eval uat i on of ur ban r enewal
needs, and woul d or gani ze newgr oups .
Coor di nat ed Pr ocessi ng of Housi ng Ser vi ce
and Communi t y Faci l i t i es, Compl ai nt s, and
Request s . The cent r al of f i ces of t he nei ghbor -
hood
boar ds woul d coor di nat e compl ai nt s
on
housi ng and r equest s f or publ i c f aci l i t i es and
t ake t hem up
wi t h ci t y agenci es, mai nt ai n
r ecor ds, and conduct st udi es of t he ef f ect i ve-
ness of ci t y ser vi ces .
Housi ng Repai r and Mai nt enance Ser vi ce.
Anonpr of i t cor por at i on woul d r epai r and
r ehabi l i t at e housi ng, empl oyi ng ( and t r ai ni ng)
yout h and unempl oyed adul t s as t he l abor
f or ce
.
Consumer educat i on cl i ni cs woul d hel p
peopl e get t he most f or t hei r money by pr ovi d-
i ng i nf or mat i on t hr ough l ect ur es and t he di s-
t r i but i on of wr i t t en mat er i al . Par ent s wor k-
shops woul d assi st par ent s t o under st and
t he school syst emand encour age t her e t hr ough
gr oup di scussi ons t o
t ake
a mor e act i ve par t
i n
wor ki ng
wi t h
t he school s
f or t he educat i on
of t hei r chi l dr en.
Empl oyment ser vi ces woul d pr i mar i l y of f er
i nf or mat i onand r ef er r al t o appr opr i at e sour ces
of j obs and t r ai ni ng .
AHeal t h Conser vat i on and Educat i on Uni t
woul d assess t he heal t h needs of r esi dent s,
devel op pr ogr ams t o meet
t hem, and f aci l i t at e
t he del i ver y of t he ci t y' s heal t h ser vi ces .
Anci l l ar y
ser vi ces woul d consi st of soci al
ser vi ces and l egal ser vi ces . Soci al ser vi ces
woul d pr ovi de counsel i ng t o i ndi vi dual s and
f ami l i es on a shor t - t er m basi s- - f or exampl e,
a di sput e wi t h an empl oyer or get t i ng a chi l d
r ei nst at ed i n school - and l ong- r ange hel p wi t h
such pr obl ems
as mat er i al and
chi l d- r ear i ng
di f f i cul t i es . Teams of i ndi genous wor ker s
woul d oper at e under a super vi sor .
I n addi t i on,
t her e woul d be homemaker s and home t ech-
ni ci ans t o hel p wi t h management of
f ami l y
budget s, t o pr ovi de t empor ar y
chi l d
car e so
t hat mot her s can keep appoi nt ment s at ot her
agenci es, and an escor t ser vi ce
f or t he aged.
Ther e woul d be speci al educat i onal pr ogr ams
f or unwed par ent s, wi t h a par t i cul ar ef f or t
t o i nvol ve f at her s; a ser vi ce f or t he aged and
i sol at ed ; and t he use of ment al heal t h r e-
sour ces on a cont r act ual basi s.
Thr oughout , r ef er r al s woul d be made t o
t hese pr ogr ams by t he nei ghbor hood st af f
and t her e woul d be ar ef er r al pr ogr amt o f aci l i -
t at e coor di nat i on wi t hi n t he cent er s and wi t h
ot her communi t y agenci es .
EMBASSI ES
DESI GNCONSI DERATI ONS FOR
OFFI CE BUI LDI NGS
The bui l di ng char act er shoul d expr ess :
" I t s r epr esent at i onal and of f i ce bui l di ng
nat ur e
" The nat ur e of t he bui l di ng i n t er ms under -
st ood by and compat i bl e t o t he host count r y
" Qual i t y wi t hout ost ent at i on or l uxur y
" Adef er ence t o l ocal ar chi t ect ur al t r adi t i on
and mat er i al s
Gener al pl anni ng shoul d i ncl ude :
" Easy and di r ect pedest r i an access and
egr ess, i ncl udi ng pr ovi si ons f or t he physi cal l y
handi capped.
" Easy vehi cul ar access
and egr ess
wi t h
pr ovi si on f or adequat e vi si t or s, and st af f par k-
i ng al ong wi t h t he necessar y ser vi ce access
t o
bui l di ng. Shel t er shoul d
be
pr ovi ded
at mai n
ent r ance f or pr ot ect i on dur i ng i ncl ement
weat her .
" Ar r angement of publ i c spaces f or conve-
ni ent ser vi ce t o t he publ i c .
" Ar r angement of sensi t i ve ar eas
r emot e
f r ompubl i c .
" Ef f i ci ent ci r cul at i on empl oyi ng maxi mum
use of doubl e l oaded cor r i dor s .
" Pr ovi si on f or
bui l di ng expansi on ei t her
ver t i cal l y, hor i zont al l y or bot h.
" Physi cal secur i t y of bui l di ng by per i m-
et er wal l s and/ or f ences, set backs f r ompr op-
er t y l i nes, ext er i or l i ght i ng, easy cont r ol of
ent r ances and vi sual cont r ol of st ai r ways and
el evat or s .
Cl i mat i c and l ocal consi der at i ons i ncl ude:
Humi di t y
Dust cont r ol
Ext r eme t emper at ur es
I nsect cont r ol
Sun and i ncl ement weat her cont r ol
Ear t hquakes
Fl oodi ng
The Basi c Space Modul e
The basi c space modul e of 75 sq f t r epr esent s
t he nor mal space al l ocat i on f or i ndi vi dual
desk per sonnel engaged
i n
cl er i cal act i vi t i es .
I ncr ement s of t hi s modul e wi l l pr ovi de of f i ces
of pr oper si ze f or i ndi vi dual s or gr oups havi ng
ot her f unct i onal space r equi r ement s . Thus, an
of f i ce of 150 sq f t wi l l accommodat s a si ngl e
r epor t i ng of f i cer or t wo cl er k- t ypi st s ; an of f i ce
of 225 sq f t wi l l pr ovi de f or an of f i cer of super -
vi sor y r ank, t wo secr et ar i es, or t hr ee cl er k-
t ypi st s . The 75- sq- f t modul e t hus est abl i shes a
means by whi ch t he bui l di ng can be syst emat i -
cal l y desi gned f or f l exi bi l i t y of par t i t i oni ng t o
sui t space needs .
The t ypi cal si ngl e of f i ce of 150 sq f t r epr e-
sent s a pr ef er r ed r oomshape of 8 f t 8 i n. wi de
by 17 f t 6 i n. deep. These pr opor t i ons have
been pr oved t o accommodat e r equi r ed f ur ni -
t ur e
f or one or t wo per sons dependi ng on r ank
and
f unct i on. Si mi l ar l y f or of f i ces of l ar ger si ze,
f ur ni t ur e
and space needs wi l l be sat i sf i ed i f
t he 17- f t 6- i n
.
dept h
i s r et ai ned uni f or ml y and
t he wi dt hs ar e var i ed i n accor dance wi t h net
ar ea
r equi r ement s .
Di mensi onal Li mi t at i ons
The f ol l owi ng r epr esent mi ni mum
cl ear cei l i ng
hei ght s . Adj ust ment s may
be r equi r ed i n some
i nst ances t o accommodat e speci f i c
r equi r e-
ment s .
Cl assi f i ed conf er ence r oom. . . . . . .

. l of t
Cl assi f i ed mai l and
communi cat i ons space . . . . . . . . . . . l of t
Mechani cal space . .

. . . . . . . . . . . Var i es- t o be
ascer t ai ned i n
each case
Typi cal of f i ce space . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9f t
Gener al st or age ar eas . .

. . . . . . . . . 10 f t
Pl anni ng Fl exi bi l i t y
The f ol l owi ng space st andar ds
ar e est abl i shed
f or pur poses of pl anni ng consi st ency and cost
cont r ol and f or t hese r easons shoul d be ad-
her ed t o . Thi s does
not pr ecl ude var i at i ons
wher e such ar e necessar y t o pr ovi de
f or speci al
r equi r ement s at a par t i cul ar post
.
I n addi t i on t o
speci f i c space var i at i ons, t he si t e and l ocal e
may di ct at e t hat t he ser vi ce f unct i ons may
pr ef er abl y be l ocat ed i n a st r uct ur e separ at e
f r omt he of f i ce bui l di ng.
SPACE STANDARDS FOREMBASSY
OFFI CE BUI LDI NGS
The f ol l owi ng net ar eas ar e r ecommended f or
t he var i ous t ypi cal embassy st af f r equi r ement s
and f unct i ons . Space var i at i ons bet ween t he
cl ass 1, 11, 111, and I Vpost s ar e i ndi cat ed under
t he post cl assi f i cat i ons .
An ast er i sk ( ' ) i ndi -
cat es t hose f unct i ons
or spaces r equi r i ng
addi t i onal eval uat i on
speci f i cal l y t o accommo-
dat e t he speci al need at each post
.
Of f i ce of
t he Ambassador
Thi s sect i on i s a sensi t i ve ar ea and shoul d
be
l ocat ed on
an upper f l oor and separ at ed
f r om
t he gener al
publ i c ar eas . Access t o t he ambas-
sador ' s
and deput y chi ef of mi ssi on' s of f i ces
shoul d be
t hr ough and cont r ol l ed by t he secr e-
t ar i es' of f i ce.
The r ecept i on ar ea shoul d be
separ at e
but conveni ent t o t he secr et ar i es'
of f i ce. ( See Tabl e 1 . )
Pol i t i cal Sect i on
Thi s i s a Sensi t i ve
sect i on whi ch r epor t s
di r ect l y t o t he ambassador and shoul d be
l ocat ed accor di ngl y. ( See Tabl e 2. )
Economi c
Sect i on
Thi s
sect i on shoul d
be
conveni ent l y l ocat ed
f or easy publ i c access al t hough not neces-
sar i l y on t he mai n gr ound f l oor except i n t he
case
of
t he
commer ci al l i br ar y. Thi s l at t er
f unct i on and any di r ect l y associ at ed of f i ce
shoul d be i mmedi at el y avai l abl e
t o t he publ i c .
( See Tabl e
3
. )
Consul ar Sect i on
The si ze of t hi s sect i on wi l l var y gr eat l y accor d-
i ng t o t he vol ume of t he consul ar act i vi t y. At
TABLE t Embassy Space f or Ambassador i al Sect i on
Cl ass post , net sq f t
I I I I I I I V
Ambassador ' s of f i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 525 450 450
Pr i vat e
l avat or y
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 75 75 50 50
Coat cl oset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deput y
chi ef of mi ssi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 375 300 300
Secr et ar i es ( t wo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 225 225 225
Fi l e
al cove
and ki t chenet t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 75 75 75
Recept i on ar ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 225 225 150
Conf er ence r oom
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
600 525
450 375
TABLE 2 Embassy Space f or Pol i t i cal Sect i on
Cl ass post , net so f t
I I I I I I I V
Chi ef pol i t i cal sect i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 300 225 225
Secr et ar y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 225 150 150
Pol i t i cal r epor t i ng of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 150 150 150
Recept i on ar ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 150 150 150
Pol i t i cal of f i cer s ( each)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 150 150
Cl er k- t ypi st s 1150 sq f t
f i r st , pl us 75 sq f t each addi t i onal )
Gover nment al and
Publ i c
EMBASSI ES
hi s i mmedi at e st af f , especi al l y t hose
comi ng
i n cont act wi t h l ocal busi nessmen
and t r ades-
peopl e, shoul d be on t he gr ound
f l oor near
t he mai n ent r ance. The
communi cat i ons
compl ex shoul d be separ at e a
nd i n a mor e
r emot e ar ea, pr ef er abl y near t he
ambassador ,
as i t wi l l cont ai n t he mai l and
f i l e r ooms,
communi cat i ons r oom, vaul t , and
i nci ner at or
f or cl assi f i ed mat er i al . Thi s ar ea
wi l l be con-
t ai ned i n a concr et e vaul t accessi bl e
t hr ough
one cont r ol l ed ent r ance.
Communi cat i on
: Compl ex* Thi s f aci l i t y i s subj ect
t o
changi ng r equi r ement s and t o shar p
var i a-
t i ons bet ween post s . Ther ef or e,
i t i s i mpr act i -
cal t o est abl i sh
gener al space r equi r ement s .
I nst ead, r equi r ed ar eas
wi l l be det er mi ned
by t he depar t ment on a case
basi s f or each
bui l di ng pl anned.
Thi s f unct i on i s t o be desi gned
and con-
st r uct ed
i n accor d wi t h " Mi ni mum
Physi cal
Secur i t y St andar ds of For ei gn
Ser vi ce Of f i ce
Bui l di ngs" and shoul d be l ocat ed
on t he t op
f l oor r emot e f r omal l publ i c ar eas
and access .
some post s t hi s wor k woul d
be handl ed by one
of f i cer r equi r i ng one
r oom; at ot her s, t he
compl et e oper at i on woul d
r equi r e one or
mor e f l oor s and sever al
wai t i ng r ooms. I t s
var i ed f unct i on i s t o
pr ocess vi sas, ci t i zen-
shi p, vet er ans' af f ai r s,
not ar i al s, shi ppi ng,
and soci al secur i t y.
Thi s sect i on wi l l r equi r e
i t s own f i l e r oom, i t s own
wai t i ng ar eas ( f or
l ar ger post s pr ef er abl y t wo, one
f or i mmi gr ant s
and one f or noni mmi gr ant s) , t oi l et
f aci l i t i es,
f i nger pr i nt i ng f aci l i t i es, conf i dent i al
i nt er vi ew-
i ng r oom, and mai l st or age boxes
f or Amer i can
ci t i zens . By i t s publ i c nat ur e i t shoul d be
on
t he gr ound f l oor near t he mai n
ent r ance or
possi bl y have an ent r ance of i t s
own.
Onl y mi ni mum ar eas ar e
r ecommended
her e because of t he wi de
var i at i on bet ween
consul ar act i vi t i es i n and bet ween
cl assi f i ca-
t i on of post s . Speci f i c apace al l ocat i ons
wi l l
be
det er mi ned by need on an
i ndi vi dual case
basi s . ( See Tabl e 4. )
Admi ni st r at i on Sect i on
The oper at i on of t hi s
sect i on wi l l not be
conf i ned t o one ar ea of t he bui l di ng
but wi l l
be di st r i but ed t hr oughout . The r esponsi bi l i t i es
consi st of gener al housekeepi ng of t he post ,
super vi si on of bui l di ng per sonnel , post expen-
di t ur es, message cent er or communi cat i ons
compl ex, mai nt enance per sonnel , Mar i ne
Guar ds, et c . The admi ni st r at i on of f i cer and
705
TABLE 3 Embassy Space
f or Economi c Sect i ont
Cl ass post , net so t i
I I I I I I I V
Chi ef of
economi c sect i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375 300 225 225
Secr et ar y- r ecept i oni st ( i ncl udi ng wai t i ng ar ea) . . .
300 225 225 225
Economi c r epor t i ng of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 225 150 150
150
Labor of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 225 150
150
Commer ci al of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 225 150 150
Ot her s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
150 150 150 150
Agr i cul t ur al of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 150 150 150
Assi st ant s ( each) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
150 150 150 150
Commer ci al
l i br ar y' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
425 375 375 300
Cl er k- t ypi st s ( each) . . . . . . . . . .
75 75 75 75
Tr ansl at or s l each) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
75 75 75
t
Not e: At some post s one of t he above, such as
agr i cul t ur al , may be l ar ge enough t o
war r ant a separ at e sect i on.
TABLE 4 Embassy Space f or Consul ar Sect i on
Basi c mi ni mum`
not sq f t
Consul ar of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . .
225
J uni or of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150
Cl er ks ( each) . . . . . . . . . , . . .
75
St enogr apher s l each) . . . . . . . . . 75
Wai t i ng r ooms .
225
Two t oi l et s f or
above . . . . . 75
Fi l e r ooms f or i mmi gr ant
or vi sa f i l es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Vaul t ( vi sa, not ar i al f ees,
et c .
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Vet er ans' af f ai r s . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Ci t i zenshi p of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Not ar i al s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Shi ppi ng and st or age . . . . . . . . . . 150
TABLE 5 Embassy
Space f or Admi ni st r at i ve Sect i on
Cl ass post ,
net so f t
I I I I I I I V
Admi ni st r at i ve of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375 300 225 225
Admi ni st r at i ve assi st ant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 225 150 150
Secr et ar y- wai t i ng . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
300 300 225 225
St enos and cl er ks ( 150
so f t f i r st , pl us 75
sq
f t each addi t i onal )
Gener al ser vi cest
Gener al ser vi ces
of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 225 150
150
Assi st ant gener al ser vi ces
of f i cer ( s) , each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 150 150 150 150
Secr et ar i es, st enos,
cl er ks ( 150 sq f t f i r st ,
pl us 75 sq f t
each addi t i onal )
Budget
_
and f i sca
Budget and f i scal of f i cer . . ~ . . . . . .
225 225 150 150
Di sbur si ng of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 150 150
Vaul t ( i f r equi r ed)
. . . . _ . . .
25 25 25 25
Account i ng
cl er ks ( each) . . . . . -
75 75 75 75
Wai t i ng space"
( pr ovi de count er )
. . . .
225
150 150 150
Ti me
and payr ol l ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 225
150 150
- 1 - Not e
: Addi t i onal non- desk per sonnel
such as chauf f eur s, mai nt enance and char
f or ce
wi l l occupy space desi gnat ed under Mai nt enance
and Ser vi ce Space.
TABLE 6 Embassy Space f or
Li ai son At t ach
Cl ass post , net sq f t
I i l I I I I V
Chi ef of l i ai son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 225
150 150
Li ai son of f i cer s ( each) . . . . . . . .
150 150
150 150
Secr et ar i es ( 150 sq f t f i r st ,
pl us 75 sq f t
Recept i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 225 150
150
Phot o and dar k r oom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 225 150 150
Vaul t and i nci ner at or `
150 150 75
75
EMBASSI ES
The communi cat i on compl ex
wi l l nor mal l y
consi st
of
t he
f ol l owi ng :
Ant e and r eadi ng r oom
Cl assi f i ed mai l and f i l e r oom
vaul t
I nci ner at or
Communi cat i on r oom( s)
Of f i ce( s)
Lavat or y
Li ai son At t ach
Thi s sect i on shoul d be l ocat ed on or near t he
t op f l oor of t he bui l di ng, usual l y adj acent
t o
t he communi cat i ons ar ea. ( See
Tabl e 6. )
Mi l i t ar y At t aches ( Ar my, Navy, Ai r )
Thi s space wi l l var y accor di ng t o post . The
post mayhave one or al l t hr ee ser vi ces r epr e-
sent ed. For t he most par t , t hi s oper at i on wi l l
be of a cl assi f i ed nat ur e and shoul d be r emot e
f r om t he publ i c . I n some post s t he mi l i t ar y
at t achs
wi l l have t hei r own communi cat i on
compl ex and vaul t . Aphot o l abor at or y may be
r equi r ed f or each ser vi ce. ( See Tabl e 7. )
Uni t ed St at es
I nf or mat i on Ser vi ce
Thi s
sect i on may not al ways be l ocat ed at a
post . I t i s al so possi bl e t hat t hi s act i vi t y may
be l ocat ed away
f r omt he of f i ce bui l di ng pr oper
and i n a mor e advant ageous
l ocat i on i n t he
mi dt own sect i on. The l i br ar y i s t he l ar gest
uni t
i n t he I nf or mat i on Ser vi ce. Many post s
i ncl ude a pr oj ect i on r oom or
t heat er et t e f or
mot i on pi ct ur es .
Thi s act i vi t y shoul d be on
t he gr ound f l oor or basement .
Si nce USI S act i vi t i es of t en t ake pl ace
af t er
hour s, when t he mi ssi on i s
cl osed, t he ser vi ce
shoul d have a separ at e ent r ance so
t hat t he
r est of t he bui l di ng can be separ at ed
and
l ocked f or secur i t y
r easons
. ( See
Tabl e 8. )
USI S Li br ar y The super vi sor s' of f i ces
shoul d
be 150 sq f t net and l i br ar y assi st ant s'
of f i ces
shoul d be based upon75 sq f t per desk
per son-
nel r equi r ed. Because of t he ext r eme var i at i on
of t he si ze of l i br ar i es bet ween post s, i t i s
i mpr act i cal t o st i pul at e st andar d spaces f or
t he var i ous
l i br ar y f unct i ons. I nst ead, t he
USI S space
r ecommendat i ons shoul d emanat e
f r om t he post and
shoul d
be
based upon an
accur at e sur vey of t he need i n each
case
.
Thi s
need shoul d be est abl i shed
by t he number of
vol umes i n t he col l ect i on and t he
aver age
peak number of peopl e pat r oni zi ng t he
l i br ar y.
USI S Li br ar y spaces
i ncl ude t he f ol l owi ng:
706
TABLE 7 EmbassySpace f or Mi l i t ar y At t ache
Cl ass
post , net so f t
I I I I I I I V
Mi l i t ar y at t ach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 300 225 225 150
Mi l i t ar y assi st ant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 150 150
Enl i st ed men ( 150 sq f t f i r st , pl us 75 sq f t
Ci vi l i an assi st ant . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 150 150
Cl er k st enogr apher s 1150 sq f t f i r st , pl us
75 sq
f t each addi t i onal )
Recept i on
r oomand r ecept i oni st ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
225 225 150
( Thi s
r ecept i on r oomcan be shar ed by
t he t hr ee ser vi ces)
f i l e- communi cat i ons'
I var i es)
. . . . . .
. 375 300 225
150
Vaul t and i nci ner at or ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 75 75
Phot o and dar k
r oom . . . . . 225 225 150 150
. . . . . 300 225 225 150
TABLE 8 EmbassySpace
f or Uni t ed St at es I nf or mat i on Ser vi ce
Cl ass
post , net sq f t
I I I I I I
I V
Publ i c af f ai r s
Publ i c af f ai r s of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 300 225 225
J uni or of f i cer s ( each)
. . . . . . . .
150 150 150 150
Secr et ar y- st eno 1150 sq f t f i r st , pl us 75 sq f t
Recept i on r oom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 225 150 150
Cul t ur al af f ai r s
Cul t ur al af f ai r s of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
225 150 150
Secr et ar y- st eno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 150
150 150
Assi st ant s or t r ansl at or s ( 150 sq f t f i r st ,
pl us 75 sq f t each addi t i onal )
pr ess sect i on
Pr ess
of f i cer s l each)
. . . . . . .
150 150 150 150
Tr ansl at or s ( 150 sq f t f i r st , pl us
75 sq f t
Cl er k- st enogr apher s 1150 sq f t f i r st ,
Publ i cat i ons of f i cer s 1150 sq f t f i r st ,
Pr ess mor que* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
300 225 150
St or age` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
300 300 225 150
Dupl i cat i on uni t ' l ot phot o l ab ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375 300 225 150
Mot i on
pi ct ur e sect i on
Mot i on pi ct ur e of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225 225 150 150
Assi st ant s 1150 sq f t f i r st , pl us 75 sq f t
Pr oj ect i oni st s 1150 sq f t f i r st , pl us 75 sq f t
Cl er k- st enogr apher 1150 sq f t f i r st ,
pl us 75 sq f t each addi t i onal l
Fi l ml i br ar y and edi t i ng' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 225 150
150
Fi l mand pr oj ect or ' r epai r and st or age . . . 300 300
225 225
Pr oj ect i on and vi ewi ng r oom" ( mi n. 300 sq f t )
Dar k r oom 150
150 150 75
Radi o sect i on
Radi o of f i cer s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 150 150 150
Assi st ant s 1150 sq f t f i r st , pl us 75 sq f t
each
addi t i onal )
Cl er k- st enogr apher ( 150 sq f t f i r st ,
Audi ovi sual st udi o'
St udi o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375 375
Cont r ol r oom
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 300
St or age r oom' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 75 75
Exhi bi t s sect i on
Exhi bi t s of f i cer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 150 150
Assi st ant s 1150 so f t f i r st , pl us 75 sq f t
St udi o wor kr oom' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
300 300 225
Exhi bi t s ar ea" l i n l obbyl . . , . . . . . . . . . . 375
300 225 150
St or age r oom( basement )
. . , . . . .
. 600 450 300
225
Mi scel l aneous USI S ar eas
Separ at e l obby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 450 375 300
Mai l r oom( near ser vi ce ent r ance)
. . . . .
375 300 225 225
Conf er ence r oom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 375 300 225
Di st r i but i on and mai l i ng uni t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 375 300 225
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
EMBASSI ES
Readi ng r oomand st acks
Ref er ence sect i on
Wor kr oom( book r epai r )
Per i odi cal s sect i on
Pr i vat e r eadi ng r oom( r esear ch)
Musi c r oom
Chi l dr en' s l i br ar y
Cat al ogi ng
Super vi sor ' s of f i ce
Li br ar y assi st ant s
Book
st or age
Roof Pent house
On t he r oof may be
l ocat ed t he el evat or ma-
chi ne r oomand t he
bui l di ng' s ai r - condi t i oni ng
equi pment . Space f or
t hese shoul d be al l ocat ed
as r equi r ed
by equi pment and
need. ( See Tabl e
9. )
Gar age
or Par ki ng Ar ea
To t he ar eas not ed
above t her e may be added
gar age f aci l i t i es or out si de
par ki ng, or a
combi nat i on of bot h,
dependi ng on si t e.
The f ol l owi ng i t ems
ar e t o be consi der ed as
necessar y:
Par ki ng ar ea ( x number of car s)
Wash and gr ease r ack
Di spat cher ' s of f i ce
Chauf f eur s dayr oomand t oi l et
Bi cycl e r acks
Under gr ound gasol i ne st or age t ank
( i ncl udi ng pump)
Vehi cl e r epai r shop and t ool
st or age
TABLE
9 Embassy Space f or
Mi scel l aneous Funct i onal and Ser vi ce
Ar eas
cl ass
post , net sq f t
I I I I I I I V
Conf er ence r oom( uncl assi f i ed)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
600 525 450 375
Women' s r est
r ooml edi acent t o a t oi l et ) . . . . . . . 225
225 150 150
Lobby end r ecept i on ar ea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
750
600 525 450
Mar i ne guar d r oom l of t or near
l obbvl
. . . . . . .
225 225 150
150
Ext r a
of f i ces. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150 150
150
V. I . P . of f i ces 1150 sq i t each) . . . . . . . . _ . .
450 300 150 150
Medi cal "
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
525 450 375
300
Ser vi ce
ent r ance ( l oadi ng dock and
r ecei vi ng) . . . . 300 225 150 75
Uncl assi f i ed
mai l r oom( near ser vi ce ent r ance) . . . .
300 225 150 150
Gener al suppl y
r oom' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
450 375 225 150
Gener al st or age r oom" . . . . . . . . . . . . .
900 750 600 450
Snack bar "
( ki t chenet t e andf ood st or age) . . . . . .
750 600 450 300
Tel ephone equi pment
r oom' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
225 150 75
Mechani cal
equi pment ' ( heat i ng and
ai r condi t i oni ng) . . . . . . .
1, 050
900 750 600
Repai r shop( s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
600 450 450 300
Char f or ce ( l ocker s end t oi l et s) . . . . . .
450 450
300 225
Tr ash and i nci ner at or
r oom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 225
150 150
El ect r i cal t r ansf or mer and
swi t chboar d . . . . . . . . . 450 375
300 150
St andbv gener at or r oom
( i t r equi r ed)
. . . . . . . .
525
375 225 150
Messenger s' l ocker r oom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150 150
75 75
Wat er st or age t anks
( basement or
separ at e f r ombui l di ng) _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ - - -
POST OFFI CES
Fi g. 1

Gr oss ar ea, 1, 500 sq f t .
U. S. Naval Faci l i t i es Engi neer i ng Command, Depar t -
ment of t he
Navy,
Washi ngt on, D. C.
Fi g. 3

Gr oss ar ea,
5, 300 sq f t .
Fi g. 2 Gr oss ar ea, 3, 750 sq f t .
708
Gover nment al
and Publ i c
ACCESS
RAMPS FORTHE
HANDI CAPPED
Ar omp i s def i ned as a sl opi ng
wal kway whi ch
i s at t ached t o a bui l di ng as a means of movi ng
f r om one f l oor el evat i on t o anot her
wi t hout en-
count er i ng any obst r uct i on.
Ar amp must be at l east 4f t wi de.
Ramp sl opes
must not be gr eat er t han 8. 33 per cent ( 1 i nch
i n 12) . ( See Fi g. 1. ) I f a r amp sl opes 5 per cent
( 1 i nch i n 20) or l ess, and t her e i s no dr opof f ,
t hen no handr ai l wi l l be r equi r ed. I f r amp sl ope
i s gr eat er t han 5 per cent , and t her e i s no dr opof f ,
t hen one handr ai l wi l l be r equi r ed. See handr ai l
r equi r ement s
i n Fi g. 5.
Ramps shal l have at l east a 5' - 0" st r ai ght l evel
sur f ace at t he bot t omt o al l owst oppi ng di s-
t ance f or wheel chai r s. ( See Fi g. 2)
Ramps shal l have a 3' - 0" l ong
i nt er medi at e-
l evel pl at f or m at 30' - 0" i nt er val s f or r est
and saf et y
.
( See
Fi gs
. 3 and
4. )
Ramps shal l have l evel pl at f or ms wher ever t hey
t ur n
t o
al l ow
t ur ni ng and st oppi ng
space
f or wheel chai r s.
An I l l ust r at ed Handbook of t he Handi capped, Sect i on
of t he Nor t h Car ol i na St at e Bui l di ng Code
. Ronal d Mace,
AI A, and Bet sy Losl et t , Ral ei gh, N
. C. ,
1977.
Fi g. 1 .
Fi g. 2

St r ai ght - r un r amp.
Fi g. 3

Ramp wi t h t ur ni ng pl at f or m.
Fi g. 4

Romp wi t h
i nt er medi at e swi t chback pl at f or m.
Fi g. 5 Handr ai l r equi r ement s.
709
PUBLI CTOI LET ROOMS FOR
THE HANDI CAPPED
TOI LET STALL
A
5'
x
5'
st al l
i s usabl e by
most peopl e and
has t he f ol l owi ng r equi r ement s.
1 . St al l must be 5 x 5 f t
2. W. C. cent er l i ne i s 1 f t 6 i n f r omsi de wal l
3. 32 i n door di agonal l y opposi t e W. C.
4. Handr ai l ext ends 1 f t 6 i n i n f r ont of W. C.
1' / 2
i n
O. D. , 1 t / 2 i n f r omwal l , 13
i n above seat
5. St andar d par t i t i on t oe cl ear ance
An
I l l ust r at ed Handbook of t he
Handi capped, Sect i on
of t he Nor t h Car ol i na St at e Bui l di ng Code,
Ronal d Mace,
AI A, and Bet sy Lasl et t , Ral ei gh, N. C. , 1977.
Fi g. 2

Suggest ed ent r y
and pr i vacy scr een
ar r angement t o pr event door
swi ngi ng out i nt o t he cor r i dor . Door s may swi ng i n or out
.
710
Fi g. 1 Due t o addi t i onal l engt h of handi capped t oi l et
st al l s
i t
i s suggest ed t hey be l ocat ed of end of t oi l et
r ooms as shown her e.
Fi g. 3
Toi l et st al l el evat i on and pl an.
M
Commer ci al
REGI ONALSHOPPI NGCENTERS

713
RETAI L SHOPS

730
ShowWi ndows

735
Women' s Wear

736
Men' s Wear

739
Bookshops

740
GI NShops

740
J ewel r y Shops

741
Bar ber Shop

743
Tai l or and Cl eaner

743
Beaut yShop

744
Shoe- Repai r Shop

744
Fl or i st Shops

744
Dr ugst or es

745
Li quor St or es

746
Shoe St or es

749
SUPERMARKETS

751
BANKS

753
BANKVAULTS

754
RESTAURANTS ANDEATI NGPLACES

755
Rest aur ant Seat i ng

759
Food
Bar s

763
Ser vi ng Uni t s

764
Li quor
Bas

765
Nondi ni ng Spaces

766
KI TCHENS

768
OFFI CES,
GENERAL

780
Wor k
St at i ons

782
Pr i vat e and
Semi pr i vat e

788
Conf er ence Rooms

790
Layout

791
Space

792
Pl anni ng

793
CLEARANCES FORPRI VATE OFFI CES

798
CLEARANCES FORGENERALOFFI CES

798
I NSURANCE COMPANI ES

800
MEDI CALOFFI CES

801
RADI OLOGI CALOFFI CES

806
DENTALOFFI CES

807
LAWOFFI CES

810
OPHTHALMOLOGI CALOFFI CES

814
PARKI NG

817
Aut omobi l e Di mensi ons

817
Car Cl assi f i cat i ons

822
PARKI NGGARAGES

824
PARKI NGLOTS

835
AUTOMOBI LE
SERVI CE STATI ONS

839
Aut omot i ve
Shop

843
Gas Fi l l i ng and
Ser vi ce St at i ons

844
AUTOMOBI LE DEALER
CENTERS

845
TRUCKDEALER
ANDSERVI CE FACI LI TI ES

854
RADI O
STATI ONS

858
TVSTATI ONS

865
HOTELS

870
MOTELS

899
COMPUTER( EDP)
FACI LI TI ES

912
PHOTOGRAPHI C
LABORATORI ES

915
FUNERALHOMES

916
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL
SHOPPI NG
CENTERS
By LATHROP DOUGLASS,
FAI A
BASI CHI STORY ANDTRENDS
Ashoppi ng cent er i s a compl ex of r et ai l st or es
end r el at ed f aci l i t i es pl anned as a uni f i ed gr oup
t o gi ve maxi mum shoppi ng conveni ence t o
t he cust omer and maxi mumexposur e t o t he
mer chandi se.
The concept i s not new. The
agor a of t he t ypi cal ci t y of anci ent Gr eece
was essent i al l y a shoppi ng cent er i n t he hear t
of t he busi ness di st r i ct . The Emper or Tr aj an' s
ar chi t ect , t he Gr eek sl ave Apol l odor us, bui l t
a shoppi ng cent er adj acent t o t he Roman
For umi n
A. D. 110. I t had a t wo- l evel encl osed
and vent i l at ed mal l l i ned wi t h open- f r ont ed
shops
st ar t l i ngl y si mi l ar t o t oday' s most up-
t o- dat e concept .
The t ypi cal Ar abi an souk,
or mar ket , of t he Mi ddl e Ages al so had nar r ow,
weat her - pr ot ect ed mal l s l i ned wi t h open-
f r ont ed shops .
The past t wo decades, however , have seen
such a t r emendous devel opment i n pl anned
shoppi ng f aci l i t i es i n t he Uni t ed St at es t hat
t oday' s cent er has, i n f act , become a new
bui l di ng t ype.
Fi r st ,
popul at i on gr owt h l ed t o out war d
expansi on of t he ci t i es and t he bui l di ng up
of t he vast r esi dent i al subur bs . Downt own
congest i on, due t o i ncr eased car owner shi p
and i nadequat e st r eet s, weakened t he down-
t own mer chant s and pr ompt ed t hemt o set up
br anches i n t he subur ban per i pher y i n or der
t o be mor e conveni ent t o t hei r cust omer s . As
a r esul t of t hese act i vi t i es on a l ar ge scal e,
a
whol e newi ndust r y was bor n . Each subur ban
di st r i ct soon had i t s own maj or shoppi ng
cent er and sever al mi nor ones . Such di st r i ct s
each had cl ear l y def i ned t r ade ar eas .
Anot her
maj or change t hen set i n: Vast l y
i mpr oved, hi gh- speed
ci r cumf er ent i al hi ghways
soon t ended t o put
al l t hese subur ban cent er s
i n compet i t i on
wi t h each ot her . At t he same
t i me, t he decl i ne
of r et ai l busi ness and decay
of bui l di ngs i n t he
cent r al busi ness di st r i ct s
began
f or ci ng, i n sel f - def ense, a r evi t al i zat i on
of downt own
.
As a r esul t
of t hese t wo newf act or s, t he
shoppi ng
cent er i ndust r y i s t oday poi nt i ng i n
t wo new,
si gni f i cant di r ect i ons . Fi r st , t he
subur ban
cent er s ar e becomi ng
megacent er s,
compl et e
wi t h sever al depar t ment st or es,
of f i ce
bui l di ngs, mot el s, amusement s,
and,
of cour se,
par ki ng f aci l i t i es . Second,
t he
cent r al busi ness di st r i ct s ar e maki ng a de-
t er mi ned st and t o count er act t he ever - gr owi ng
subur ban
compet i t i on by embar ki ng
on
pr o-
gr ams
f or const r uct i on of new hi gh- speed
connect or
r out es t o downt own and
const r uc-
t i on of
maj or downt own r enewal
pr oj ect s,
al so
compl et e wi t h st or es, of f i ces,
hot el s,
amusement s, and par ki ng f aci l i t i es,
usual l y
i n decked
gar ages due t o t he hi gh
downt own
l and cost .
TYPES OF CENTERS
Nei ghbor hood Cent er ( Subur ban)
Thi s i s a r owof st or es
cust omar i l y ( but not
al ways) i n a st r i p,
or l i ne, par al l el i ng t he
hi ghway and wi t h
par ki ng bet ween t he l i ne
of st or ef r ont s and t he
hi ghway. Ser vi ce i s by
al l ey i n t he r ear . Rangi ng f r om
20, 000
t o
100, 000 sq f t of space, t hese pr oj ect s usual l y
cont ai n a super mar ket and a dr ugst or e, of t en
a var i et y st or e, and a hal f - dozen or mor e
ser vi ce- t ype st or es . They cat er t o a
ver y
l i mi t ed t r ade ar ea and ar e not nor mal l y
com-
pet i t i ve wi t h t he maj or cent er s . Af ewof t he
newer of t hese cent er s have t hei r r et ai l uni t s
cl ust er ed ar ound an encl osed " mi ni - mal l . "
I nt er medi at e or Communi t y- Si ze Cent er
Thi s al so i s usual l y a st r i p of st or es but sub-
st ant i al l y l ar ger t han t he nei ghbor hood cent er
and usual l y cont ai ni ng a so- cal l ed " j uni or "
depar t ment st or e as t he maj or uni t . Thi s t ype
i s vul ner abl e t o compet i t i on f r om t he l ar ger
cent er s and hence has decl i ned i n desi r abi l i t y.
The par ki ng pat t er n i s nor mal l y si mi l ar t o t hat
of t he nei ghbor hood cent er .
Regi onal Cent er ( Subur ban)
Thi s cont ai ns one t o f our depar t ment
st or es
pl us 50 t o 100 or mor e sat el l i t e shops and
f aci l i t i es, al l f r ont i ng on an i nt er nal
pedest r i an
mal l , or shoppi ng wal kway.
Par ki ng com-
pl et el y sur r ounds t he bui l di ng gr oup so
t hat
al l st or es f ace i nwar d t o t he
mal l wi t h t hei r
" backs" t o t he par ki ng ( Fi g.
1) .
Wi t h t oday' s r i si ng l and cost s
and di mi ni sh-
i ng suppl y of sui t abl e
l ar ge t r act s, t her e has
been a gr owi ng t r end
t owar d doubl e- decked
par ki ng t o save l and ar ea
.
I t i s
si mpl y a mat t er
of t he r el at i on bet ween t he
l and cost and t he
cost
of t he par ki ng deck ( Fi g. 2) .
Ther e i s al so a st r ong t r end t owar d
doubl e
decki ng of t he st or es t hemsel ves
so t hat t he
cent r al pedest r i an mal l has t wo
i nt er connect -
i ng l evel s, each l i ned wi t h shops
.
The
doubl e-
l evel mal l i s al so due,
i n par t , t o t he need t o
keep hor i zont al wal ki ng ( shoppi ng)
di st ances
wi t hi n r eason . As l and cost s
cont i nue t o r i se
and pr oj ect s t o gr ow
l ar ger , t hr ee- and f our -
l evel mal l s wi l l , no doubt ,
become common.
Renewal Pr oj ect s
( Downt own)
Because of t hei r cor npl exi t y
i n mat t er s l egal
and
pol i t i cal - - - as wel l as physi cal - - downt own
cent er s
ar e st i l l , t o some ext ent , i n t i r e exper i -
ment al
st age. The t r end i s t owar d a cl ose
i nt egr at i on, on t wo or mor e shoppi ng l evel s,
of
depar t ment st or es, shops of al l sor t s .
r est aur ant s, et c . The
mul t i l evel mal l s may
connect di r ect l y
or by br i dges t o ot her shop-
pi ng f aci l i t i es, hot el s,
of f i ce bui l di ngs, t heat er s,
and par ki ng gar ages .
Because of hi gh l and
cost s,
al l par ki ng i s nor mal l y mul t i decked and
can be above,
bel ow, or , bet t er , l at er al l y
cont i guous t o t he
shoppi ng f aci l i t i es . The
downt own
t r end i s t owar d a mul t i l evel pat -
t er n
i nt er connect i ng t he essent i al par t s of
t he cent r al
busi ness di st r i ct .
DEVELOPMENT ANDFI NANCI NG
Shoppi ng
cent er s ar e cust omar i l y pr omot ed
and
owned by devel oper s whose pr i mar y
mot i ve i s a r et ur n on t hei r i nvest ment and,
t o a
l esser ext ent , by depar t ment st or es or
Fi g
.
1
713
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL SHOPPI NG CENTERS
Fi g . 2
ot her mer chant s who ar e l ooki ng f or new
out l et s t o i ncr ease t hei r sal es vol ume. Wi t h
t he advent of r api d i nf l at i on, t her e i s al so a
st r ong t r end t owar d par t i ci pat i on i n owner -
shi p by t he i nst i t ut i ons, such as i nsur ance com-
pani es, who i l l t he past conf i ned t hei r act i vi t y
mer el y t o l endi ng money t o t he devel oper or
mer chant .
Cust omar i l y
t he devel oper , r egar dl ess of
what i ndi vi dual
or gr oup he r epr esent s, can,
wi t h good j udgment and ski l l , set up t he
pr oj ect on t he basi s of , l et
us say, a 10 per cent
i nvest ment of
hi s own money and t he r emai n-
i ng
90 per cent as a l ong- t er m l oan f r om an
i nsur ance
company or ot her i nst i t ut i on. As
t he l ong- t er m
l oan usual l y does not become
avai l abl e
unt i l compl et i on of t he pr oj ect , t he
devel oper
bor r ows needed i nt er i m money, or
shor t - t er m
f i nanci ng, usual l y f r om a bank.
The
dol l ar val ue of t he l ong- t er m l oan i s
pr i mar i l y cal cul at ed
as a mul t i pl e of t he ant i ci -
pat ed r ent r ol l ;
t hat i s t o say, i t i s based on a
cer t ai n number of
t i mes t i r e t ot al pr oj ect ed
annual r ent
col l ect i bl e f r omal l t he commi t t ed
t enant s who
have accept abl e cr edi t r at i ngs .
As t he l oan
i s based pr i mar i l y oi l t he r ent s and,
t her ef or e, i s not
af f ect ed by over r uns i n t he
const r uct i on cost of
t i r e j ob, i t i s obvi ous t hat
t he const r uct i on
budget becomes of ut most
i mpor t ance. Wi t h onl y, say, 10
per cent of t he
t ot al j ob cost as hi s i nvest ment and
90 per cent
bor r owed, an over r un of 10
per cent wi l l , i n
act ual i t y, doubl e t he amount of money
t hat
t he devel oper must i nvest . Ot her wi se,
he wi l l
have t o sel l out , go bankr upt , or
cut ever y
possi bl e cost he can, even i f i t damages t he
popul ar i t y
of t he pr oj ect . The vi t al i mpor t ance,
as a r esul t of t hi s pat t er n, of a r eal i st i c
and
i nvi ol abl e budget shoul d be cl ear .
THE TEAM
At t he ear l i est possi bl e st age i n t he
concept
of t he pr oj ect , pr ef er abl y even bef or e acqui si -
t i on
of t he l and, a devel oper , i . e . , owner ,
shoul d
assembl e hi s pr of essi onal t eam. For a smal l
nei ghbor hood cent er , such a t eam mi ght
consi st sol el y
of t he owner and t he ar chi t ect ,
especi al l y
i f t he owner i s exper i enced i n t hi s
t ype of
l easi ng.
714
For t oday' s
r egi onal cent er s and downt own
r enewal
pr ogr ams, however . t he essent i al
t eam i nvol ves,
i n addi t i on t o t he devel oper
( who may
be
an
i ndi vi dual or a l ar ge devel op-
ment
cor por at i on) , t he ar chi t ect : t he mar ket
anal yst ; t he l easi ng
agent ; t he mor t gage
br oker ; t he engi neer s
( usual l y r et ai ned by
t he ar chi t ect
and i ncl udi ng mechani cal , st r uc-
t ur al , and si t e) ; t he at t or ney
; t he publ i c r el a-
t i ons advi sor ; and ot her
occasi onal l y needed
speci al i st s . The l ar ger
and mor e compl ex t he
pr oposed pr oj ect , t he mor e
necessar y i t i s
t hat each of t hese
member s of t he t eam be
exper i enced not
onl y i n hi s own pr of essi on
but al so i n t he
speci f i c f i el d of shoppi ng
cent er devel opment .
I t i s desi r abl e, i n f act ,
t hat t hey par t i ci pat e, as
par t of t he t eam, i n
maj or deci si on maki ng .
THE ECONOMI CSURVEY ORMARKET
ANALYSI S
Pr i or t o any pl anni ng act i vi t y and of t en pr i or
t o acqui si t i on of t he l and, t he mar ket anal yst
makes a compl et e sur vey of t he ant i ci pat ed
t r ade ar ea sur r oundi ng t he pr oposed si t e f or
t he cent er . The boundar i es of t he t r ade ar ea
cust omar i l y depend on accept abl e aut omobi l e
dr i vi ng
t i me t o t he cent er . Fr equent l y t he
t r ade ar ea i s br oken i nt o a pr i mar y ar ea, wher e
a hi gh per cent age of t he i nhabi t ant s woul d
shop at t he cent er , and one or mor e secondar y
ar eas wher e, due t o compet i t i on or t o dr i vi ng
t i mes or ot her r easons, a smal l er per cent age
woul d
be ant i ci pat ed. The anal yst assembl es
dat a on exi st i ng popul at i on, f ut ur e popul at i on
t r ends, i ncome l evel s, car owner shi p, exi st i ng
shoppi ng f aci l i t i es
and t hei r pr obabl e f ut ur e
compet i t i ve
ef f ect , and al so pr oj ect ed f aci l i t i es
al r eady
announced or l i kel y t o be announced
by ot her devel oper s .
He est i mat es t he pr obabl e
mor t al i t y r at e of
t hese pr oposed pr oj ect s- i . e. ,
howmanywi l l
never be bui l t - - and t he compet i -
t i ve ef f ect of
any sur vi vor s . The anal yst , f r om
hi s avai l abl e
st at i st i cal r ecor ds, and based on
t he
i ncome l evel , popul at i on, et hni c or i gi ns,
and ot her char act er i st i cs
of t he t r ade ar ea,
t hen makes est i mat es of
t he amount of f ami l y
i ncome l i kel y t o
be al l ocat ed t o such cat egor i es
as f ood, dr ugs, f ur ni t ur e,
women' s and men' s
cl ot hes, shoes, depar t ment st or e pur chases,
et c . , et c . ; and, f r om t hese est i mat es, he
pr e-
par es char t s i ndi cat i ng t he r ecommended t ot al
amount of f l oor ar ea t o be bui l t and howmuch
of t hi s f l oor ar ea shoul d be devot ed t o t he
var i ous ki nds
of mer chandi se and ser vi ces .
These dat a
t hen f or m t he basi s f or t he ar chi -
t ect ur al
pl anni ng. No maj or pr oj ect shoul d be
under t aken wi t hout an adequat e mar ket
anal ysi s .
I t i s axi omat i c t hat success goes t o t he
devel oper who " get s t her e t he f ust est wi t h
t he most est , " as t i r e ol d sayi ng goes . I f t he
pr oj ect i s t oo sl owi n comi ng t o f r ui t i on, a
compet i t i ve cent er , secur i ng a f i r m hol d on
t he avai l abl e
busi ness . may be bui l t .
I f
a pr oj ect i s t oo l ar ge f or t he t r ade ar ea, i t
cannot be suf f i ci ent l y r ent ed, and t he unr ent ed
space may
cause i t t o f ai l . I f i t i s t oo smal l
f or t he t r ade
ar ea, i t wi l l i nvi t e t he const r uct i on
of
compet i t i ve cent er s and may l ose out due
t o t hi s compet i t i on
. I n t he past t hi s det er mi na-
t i on of si ze, i
. e. , t ot al st or e ar ea, was per haps
t he most vi t al
deci si on t o be made and one t hat
coul d be r eadi l y pi npoi nt ed
f r oma t hor ough
mar ket sur vey by a f i r m of sound j udgment .
Today, however , wi t h t he vast i ncr ease i n
ci r cumf er ent i al
hi ghways, i t has been con-
cl usi vel y est abl i shed
t hat t r ade ar ea boundar i es
no l onger can
be pi npoi nt ed . Asur pr i si ng
number of shopper s now
t ake
advant age of
cent er s on t he opposi t e
si de of a ci t y because
of t he new
hi gh- speed per i pher al hi ghways .
Today ever y aspect of a cent er ' s concept ,
pl anni ng, and desi gn must be of t he best f or
sur vi val i n t he f ace of compet i t i on .
Aschool can
be
unf unet i onal , but t he chi l -
dr en st i l l have t o go
t o school
. Ahome may
have mar r y bad f eat ur es, but t he f ami l y wi l l
st i l l l i ve t her e. Even a f act or y bui l di ng can
have i t s f aul t s . A shoppi ng cent er , however ,
depends on t he whi ms of i t s cust omer s,
most l y f emal e, f or i t s success . I f , because of
i nconveni ence or unsui t abl e mer chandi se or
f or any ot her r eason, i t does not have t he
pr oper appeal , t he cust omer s si mpl y wi l l not
go t her e t o shop, and t he pr oj ect may become
a f ai l ur e.
SI TE SELECTI ON
The f ol l owi ng cr i t er i a nor mal l y appl y:
- A si t e avai l abl e f or devel opment and
l ocat ed wi t hi n t he t r ade ar ea r ecommended
i n t he mar ket anal ysi s .
- Locat i on easi l y accessi bl e t o at l east one
exi st i ng or shor t l y t o be const r uct ed maj or
hi ghway, pr ef er abl y t o t wo or mor e maj or
hi ghways . A l ocat i on l i t er al l y bor der i ng on
one or mor e maj or hi ghways i s desi r abl e f or
i t s adver t i si ng
i mpact on passi ng car s, but
t hi s i s not
necessar y i f sui t abl e access r oads
exi st bet ween t he hi ghway and t he si t e.
" Adequat e
pr esent and f ut ur e capaci t y of
adj acent
hi ghways f or t hr ough t r af f i c pl us
t hat t o
be gener at ed by t he cent er .
- Land cost i n pr oper
r el at i on t o t ot al
capi t al cost and t o
obt ai nabl e r ent s .
- Adequat e si ze
and sui t abl e shape t o
per mi t pr oper pl anni ng of
t he mer chandi si ng
ar ea and a pr oper
number of par ki ng spaces .
Wher e acr eage i s l i mi t ed
and hi gh l and cost s
ar e j ust i f i ed, par ki ng can
be on decks and
t he whol e pr oj ect can
be mul t i l evel .
- Zoni ng sui t abl e f or
pr oposed use or at
l east a r easonabl e
chance t hat such zoni ng
may be obt ai ned. Zoni ng
changes ar e of t en
di f f i cul t , expensi ve,
and t i me- consumi ng t o
make.
- Ut i l i t i es avai l abl e
or i nst al l abl e at accept -
abl e cost .
- Subsur f ace gr ound condi t i ons t hat can
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL
SHOPPI NG CENTERS
be over come at accept abl e cost , such as r ock,
swamp, t r unk sewer s, st r eams, et c.
" No easement s or ot her l egal r est r i ct i ons
t hat wi l l i nt er f er e wi t h pr oper pl anni ng .
- Topogr aphy t hat wi l l per mi t as near t o an
i deal pl an as possi bl e wi t hout i ncur r i ng exces-
si ve gr adi ng or dr ai nage cost s
.
I t i s not ed,
however , t hat i t i s usual l y bet t er i n pr i nci pl e t o
move a mi l l i on yar ds of ear t h t han t o compr o-
mi se e pl an t hat wi l l gi ve maxi mum
cust omer
conveni ence and pr oper st or e r el at i onshi ps .
Ot her cr i t er i a t hat ar e desi r abl e
but not
essent i al i ncl ude :
" Adequat e si t e ar ea f or f ut ur e
expansi on
and i ncl usi on of suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es,
such as
of f i ce bui l di ngs, mot el s, et c
. Ther e i s l i t t l e
r i sk i n t he acqui si t i on
of such addi t i onal
l and, as l and val ues al ways go up wi t h t he
const r uct i on of a maj or cent er .
- Pr oxi mi t y
t o publ i c t r anspor t at i on ( i n t he
case
of l ar ger
ci t i es) .
- Possi bi l i t y of i nt egr at i ng t he l and wi t h
ot her mut ual l y
benef i ci al uses such as t own
cent er s,
r ecr eat i on, housi ng, et c .
-
Pr ot ect i on of t he pr oj ect f r om undesi r -
abl e nei ghbor i ng devel opment s t hr ough
achi evement of sui t abl e zoni ng of adj acent
l end
.
SCHEMATI CPLANNI NG
Fol l owi ng
acqui si t i on of t he si t e and compl e-
t i on of
t he economi c sur vey, i t i s cust omar y
f or t he devel oper
t o r et ai n a sui t abl y exper i -
enced ar chi t ect who pr oceeds t o wor k out ,
f r om
t he mar ket sur vey and physi cal i nf or ma-
t i on per t ai ni ng t o t he
pr oper t y, a si mpl e sche-
mat i c sol ut i on. Thi s shows bui l di ng si zes and
ar r angement , gr oss l easabl e ar eas, mal l s and
publ i c space, par ki ng l ayout , access r oads,
met hod of ser vi ci ng, and ot her basi c aspect s
of t he concept , i ncl udi ng al l per t i nent st at i st i cs .
Thi s mat er i al , i n conj unct i on wi t h t he economi c
sur vey, i s t hen used by t he devel oper i n ap-
pr oachi ng t he depar t ment st or e pr ospect s .
The ar chi t ect ' s wor k nor mal l y i s suspended
at t hi s poi nt unt i l t he depar t ment st or es ar e
commi t t ed. Many pr oj ect s never go beyond
t hi s st age and, i n any case, t her e i s usual l y a
subst ant i al l apse of t i me bef or e
t he pr oj ect
goes ahead.
The maj or pr i nci pl es of schemat i c pl anni ng,
i n addi t i on t o conf or mi ng t o t he l easabl e ar ea
r ecommendat i ons of t he economi c sur vey,
ar e ( 1 ) conveni ence and
comf or t f or t he cus-
t omer , and ( 2)
maxi mum mer chandi si ng
pot ent i al f or t he t enant
st or es . Cust omer
conveni ence demands ease of
vehi cul ar access
t o and f r om t he si t e
; ease and adequacy of
par ki ng ; r easonabl e wal ki ng di st ances ; si mpl e,
di r ect pedest r i an shoppi ng r out es wi t h mi ni -
mumobst r uct i ons and i nconveni ences . I t
i s
axi omat i c t hat a shopper r ar el y goes wher e
t her e i s i nconveni ence of any sor t .
Maxi mum mer chandi si ng pot ent i al means
t he gi vi ng t o each t enant i n t he pr oj ect of a
r easonabl y equal oppor t uni t y t o capt ur e a
por t i on of t he cust omer ' s t r ade. The means
of achi evi ng t hi s i s nor mal l y based on t he
concept of " anchor s, " or " pul l s, " t hat i s t o
say, t hose mer chandi si ng uni t s t hat have
maxi mumappeal t o t he cust omer . The t ypi cal
shopper i s usual l y at t r act ed t o a cent er pr i mar -
i l y by t he t ype and r ange of mer chandi se
of f er ed by t he maj or depar t ment st or es . Thi s
appeal i s suppl ement ed by t he oppor t uni t y
f or conveni ent compar i son shoppi ng
i n t he
many smal l er or sat el l i t e st or es . Because of
t he cust omer act i vi t y gener at ed by t he appeal
of t he depar t ment st or es, t hese maj or uni t s
ar e spaced at st r at egi c spot s, such as at each
end of a one- or t wo- l evel pedest r i an mal l
whose l engt h i s l i ned on each si de wi t h t he
smal l er
sat el l i t e st or es . The f l owof cust omer s
f r om t hese maj or uni t s t o each ot her t hen
dr aws peopl e past t he smal l er st or es, wher e
t hey st op en r out e f or i mpul se andcompar at i ve
shoppi ng.
The key t o t hi s pl anni ng i s t he avoi dance
of any dead ends or out - of - t he- way l ocat i ons
f or t he smal l er st or es and t he concent r at i on
of al l shoppi ng on cl ear l y def i ned r out es
connect i ng
wi t h maj or " anchor s, " or " pul l s, "
i . e . , t he depar t ment st or es .
Dat e on st or e si zes, mal l desi gn, par ki ng
l ayout , et c . ar e i ncl uded i n ot her sect i ons of
t hi s ar t i cl e.
I NTEGRATI ONWI THTHE COMMUNI TY
For many year s t he t ypi cal shoppi ng cent er
has been a l ow, f l at bui l di ng mass r esembl i ng
an i sl and sur r ounded by a vast , bar r en ocean
of asphal t . Landscapi ng has been i nadequat e,
and i nt egr at i on of any sor t wi t h t he communi t y
has been compl et el y l acki ng . Wi t h t he compet i -
t i ve need, however , f or i ncr easi ng t he si ze of
cent er s and i ncl udi ng wi t hi n t hei r gener al
scope of f i ce bui l di ngs, hot el s, housi ng, et c . ,
t he r esul t i ng mor e compl ex pl anni ng r equi r e-
r nent s have gi ven r i se t o a bet t er oppor t uni t y,
as wel l as t o gr eat er ur gency, f or t he t r ue
i nt egr at i on of t he st or es and par ki ng wi t hi n
a l ar ger maj or compl ex, such compl ex i n t ur n
pr oper l y i nt egr at ed wi t h t he exi st i ng nei ghbor -
hood. The i mpor t ance of t hi s i nt egr at i on has
been emphasi zed i n t he concept s of t he " new
t owns" ar i si ng i n Eur ope and el sewher e . Pl an
i nt egr at i on wi t h t he nei ghbor hood has, i n f act ,
become a must f or l ar ge cent er s and a
f act or
not t o be i gnor ed even f or t he smal l est ones .
Such i nt egr at i on i nvol ves t he space i nt er -
r el at i onshi p bet ween t he nei ghbor hood
and
pr oj ect ' s bui l di ngs, r oadways, par ki ng, l and-
scapi ng, and pedest r i an wal ks . I t can
be a
power f ul means of assur i ng l ong- r ange
f ut ur e
r eel est at e val ues, bot h f or t he shoppi ng
pr oj ect and f or t he ent i r e sur r oundi ng
com-
muni t y, whet her
commer ci al or r esi dent i al .
Wher e l and
cost s per mi t , i t i s obvi ousl y
desi r abl e t o obt ai n cont r ol of t he l end sur -
r oundi ng t he cent er , not onl y t o pr ot ect t he
cent er but
t o t ake advant age of t he i nevi t abl e
i ncr ease
i n
val ue and devel opment pot ent i al
of
such
l and
.
PLANNI NG
FOREXPANSI ONANDSTAGED
CONSTRUCTI ON
I t has al ways been consi der ed good pr act i ce
t o bui l d r et ai l
space as near l y as possi bl e
commensur at e
wi t h mar ket sur vey r ecom-
mendat i ons
. Today, however , t wo pr obl ems
of t en conf r ont
t he devel oper :
a. Wi t h
t he i ncr easi ng ext ent of per i pher al
hi ghways
and t he spect acul ar gr owt h of
t he subur bs i n many
ci t i es, i t l i es become
i ncr easi ngl y di f f i cul t
t o est i mat e t he f ut ur e
pot ent i al
of a par t i cul ar cent er and hence
t he amount of f ut ur e
space needed
t o
mai nt ai n
i t s compet i t i ve
posi t i on .
b. Wi t h
t he i ncr easi ng number of cent er s
wi t h t wo t o f our
depar t ment st or es, t he
si t uat i on
ar i ses i n whi ch one or mor e such
st or es, however necessar y t hey may be t o t he
pr oj ect and
however eager t hey may be t o be
i ncl uded, may f or good r easons of t hei r own
wi sh an openi ng dat e a year or mor e l at er t han
t he of f i ci al
openi ng dat e set f or t he cent er .
Ther ef or e, i t has become mor e and mor e
cust omar y t o do ei t her or bot h of t he f ol l owi ng:
a. Pl an f or
a mor e or l ess i ndet er mi nat e
expansi on
at some unspeci f i ed f ut ur e dat e.
b. Pl an f or one or mor e speci f i c st ages of
const r uct i on,
each t o be under t aken as a
successi ve
par t of a mor e or l ess cont i nuous
const r uct i on
oper at i on.
I n t he l at t er case, i . e. , t wo or mor e speci f i cal -
l y schedul ed const r uct i on st ages, t he pr obl em
becomes mor e one of l easi ng t han of pl anni ng .
The pr oj ect i s pl anned f or t he f i nal st age, and
i t becomes t he l easi ng br oker ' s pr obl emas t o
howmuch space he can l ease at t op r ent s i n
t he f i r st st age and how much i t becomes
necessar y t o l eave f or t he l at er st age or st ages
due t o t he i ni t i al absence of one or mor e
depar t ment st or es . Ther e al so ar i ses t he
pr obl emof t he const r uct i on cont r act . I f st age
one i s compl et ed bef or e st age t wo i s sent out
f or bi ddi ng, t hen t he bi ddi ng can be t r ul y
compet i t i ve. But when t he second st age begi ns
bef or e compl et i on of t he f i r st st age, i t may be
di f f i cul t t o secur e bi ds or t o negot i at e a r eason-
abl e pr i ce wi t h t he cont r act or al r eady on t he
j ob. A met hod occasi onal l y used on l ar ge
cent er s, andone whi ch appl i es i n t hi s si t uat i on,
i s f or t he gener al cont r act or or t he owner ' s
bui l di ng or gani zat i on t o cl ear l y est abl i sh t hat
mor e t han one subcont r act or i n each maj or
t r ade wi l l be ut i l i zed and t her eby t o ensur e a
cont i nui ng compet i t i ve at mospher e. Thi s
pr ocedur e al so has t he advant age of al l owi ng
smal l er subcont r act or s t o bi d on par t s of
l ar ge j obs .
I n t he case, however , of pr ovi di ng f or
expansi on at some undet er mi ned f ut ur e dat e,
t he si t uat i on i s di f f er ent and much mor e
di f f i cul t t o r esol ve. Mer el y t o pr ovi de
excess
l and ar ea f or f ut ur e use i s usual l y an
unaccept -
abl e sol ut i on . Thi s i s because pr oper i nt egr a-
t i on of t he f ut ur e unknown f aci l i t i es wi t h t he
exi st i ng cent er may t ur n out
t o be di f f i cul t i f
not i mpossi bl e. Thi s, i n t ur n, weakens t he
t r ade pot ent i al of t he over al l enl ar ged pr oj ect
.
The pr oper pr ocedur e usual l y
i s
t o
mast er - pl an
t he ent i r e avai l abl e si t e so t hat a t hor oughl y
accept abl e f i nal pr oj ect can
r esul t
. I t
i s not ed,
however , t hat any
mast er pl an f or t he enl ar ge-
ment of a cent er at some i ndet er mi nat e
t i me,
say t hr ee
year s
or
mor e i n t he f ut ur e, must
i n ever y
case t ake i nt o consi der at i on t he
f ol l owi ng :
The
most cr i t i cal t i me f or anycent er what so-
ever i s t he year i t opens and usual l y al so t he
succeedi ng t wo
year s of i t s l i f e. I t ei t her
becomes a
success wi t hi n t hose year s, or i t
becomes,
f or
t he t i me bei ng at l east , a f ai l ur e .
Fewdevel oper s
wi t h t hei r smal l equi t y i nvest -
ment
and
hi gh mor t gage payment s can af f or d
t o
r et ai n owner shi p of a l osi ng oper at i on f or
a suf f i ci ent
l engt h of t i me t o t ake advant age
of any ul t i mat e
success .
Ther ef or e,
t he mast er pl an f or t he si t e
must pr ovi de f or as near l y
per f ect an i ni t i al
st age as i s possi bl e
. I f , t hen, i n f i ve or t en
year s t he
cent er becomes so popul ar t hat t he
devel oper deci des
t o
enl ar ge
i t , t he cent er ' s
popul ar i t y and
sal es pot ent i al ar e al r eady
cl ear l y est abl i shed
and t he per f ect i on of t he
f i nal pl an i s of much l ess i mpor t ance
.
Expansi on of i ndi vi dual st or es i s a di f f er ent
pr obl em. Speci al pr ovi si on f or such expansi on
may
be made by
( 1)
addi ng f ut ur e f l oor ( s) ,
( 2)
l at er al cont i guous const r uct i on, ( 3) use of
ar eas hel d i n r eser ve f or t hi s pur pose i n
basement s and
mezzani nes, or ( 4) el i mi nat i ng
adj acent t enanci es and t aki ng over t hei r space.
I n al l cases i nvol vi ng an i ncr ease i n t he
pr oj ect ' s gr oss l easabl e ar ea ( G. L. A. ) , added
par ki ng must be pr ovi ded t o compensat e and
mai nt ai n pr oper r at i o of G. L . A. t o car st al l s .
Regar dl ess of t he pr ogr amof phased con-
st r uct i on or of f ut ur e expansi on, t her e ar e t wo
addi t i onal i t ems t hat must at al l t i mes be
t aken
i nt o
consi der at i on i n any schedul e :
1 . Ashoppi ng cent er does by f ar i t s gr eat est
71
5
Commer ci al
amount of busi ness i n t he t wo mont hs bef or e
Chr i st mas . I t s next busi est season i s bef or e
East er , and t he next busi est , af t er t hat , i s
pr i or t o " back t o school . " Ther ef or e, shoppi ng
cent er s i n gener al and depar t ment st or es i n
par t i cul ar cust omar i l y set openi ng dat es t hat
ar e
i nvi ol abl e. Any ser i ous post ponement can
j eopar di ze t he heavy i nvest ment i n mer chan.
di se f or t hat par t i cul ar season . I t i s cust omar y,
t her ef or e, i n al l shoppi ng cent er oper at i ons t o
schedul e t he wor k backwar d f r omt he manda-
t or y and i nf l exi bl e openi ng dat e and al l ow
adequat e t i me
f or
f i xt ur i ng and
st ocki ng t he
st or es
.
2.
For publ i c i mpact and gener al publ i c
accept ance i n a
shoppi ng cent er ' s ear l y year s,
i t i s gener al l y desi r abl e t o
schedul e t he l easi ng,
pl anni ng, and const r uct i on so t hat al l st or es
can open
at once. Thi s avoi ds t he publ i c
i nconveni ence
and bad publ i c r el at i ons of a
mal l wi t h many bar r i cades, et c . , due t o
un-
f i ni shed st or es, as wel l as t he unf avor abl e
cust omer r eact i on f r om l i mi t ed mer chandi se.
GENERAL DESI GNANDPLANNI NG
CRI TERI A
Col umn Spaci ng
Si gni f i cant di mensi on i s al ong t he mal l as t hi s
i nvol ves t he
wi dt hs, i . e . , f r ont ages, of st or es .
Of t en used
spaces ar e 20, 25 and 30 f t , wi t h
t he
l ast t he r oost f l exi bl e. Di mensi on f r ommal l
t o r ear
of st or e can be set by t he most economi -
cal
st r uct ur al syst em. I t i s essent i al t o ar r i ve
at t he most economi cal st r uct ur al syst em, as
t he r oof i s a maj or cost f act or .
St or e Dept hs
For
onest or y st or es i n Amer i ca, bui l di ngs
ar e usual l y 120 t o 140 f t deep, somet i mes mor e
t o accommodat e l ar ger st or es . I f t her e ar e
basement s
or mezzani nes, t he dept h di mensi on
usual l y can be r educed 20 t o 25 per cent . I n
Eur opean cent er s and ot her s wi t h many ver y
smal l st or es, t her e i s a pr obl em i n howt o
achi eve shal l owdept h wi t hout i ncur r i ng hi gher
cost s f r om gr eat er mal l l engt hs i n r el at i on
t o
f l oor ar ea. One of t en used and desi r abl e
devi ce i s t o " dog l eg, " or " el l , " a l ar ger st or e
ar ound a smal l er st or e.
Cl ear Hei ght s
These var y f r om 10 t o 14 f t or mor e, wi t h 12
f t a good aver age. Above t hi s cl ear hei ght ,
t her e must be adequat e space f or ai r - condi -
t i oni ng duct s, r ecessed l i ght s, st r uct ur al
syst em, et c .
Duct s and Shaf t s
The shel l s of t he bui l di ngs must be f l exi bl e
enough t o accommodat e any r easonabl e t enant
r equi r ement s . I t i s essent i al t hat t he mechani -
cal engi neer set up a schedul e of t he l ocat i on
and si zes of t he pr i nci pal duct r uns and shaf t s
t o avoi d ser i ous f ut ur e space pr obl ems. Thi s
r equi r ement i ncl udes speci al exhaust vent i l a-
t i on t hr ough t he r oof and al l ot her mechani cal
i t ems t hat can be ant i ci pat ed.
Cent r al Pl ant vs . I ndi vi dual HVACSyst em
Regar dl ess of whi ch met hod i s used, t he space
t o be occupi ed by al l equi pment must be
det er mi ned, bot h i n si ze and l ocat i on, i n t he
ear l i est pl anni ng st ages . Cent r al pl ant equi p-
ment can be i n a separ at e bui l di ng, on t he
pr oj ect r oof , or el sewher e so l ong as i t i s
716
economi cal as t o desi gn and l engt h of r uns .
I ndi vi dual pl ant s i n each st or e r equi r e r oof
space, cool i ng t ower s, et c .
Roof Equi pment Conceal ment
The i nexcusabl e eyesor es so of t en seen can
be avoi ded by pr oper coor di nat i on of wor k
bet ween t he l easi ng agent , t he ar chi t ect , and
t he mechani cal engi neer and t he r esul t i ng
pr ovi si on of pr oper l y l ocat ed and desi gned
r oof scr eens and encl osur es .
Ext er i or Wal l s
As t hese may have,
dependi ng on
each
st or e' s
r equi r ement s, ser vi ce door s, publ i c ent r ance
door s, t r ash r ooms, showwi ndows, et c . , a
modul ar
desi gn
t hat
can sui t abl y accommodat e
f or vi sual ef f ect any of t hese f eat ur es
i s ver y
desi r abl e
. Show
wi ndows and publ i c ent r ances
ar e r ar e on par ki ng l ot
f acades, as i t has been
f ound t hat t he gr eat maj or i t y
of cust omer s
ent er st or es
f r om
t he
mal l r at her t han di r ect l y
f r omt he par ki ng l ot .
Publ i c ent r ances f r om
t he par ki ng l ot usual l y occur onl y
f or
depar t -
ment st or es, f or st or es open on Sundays, and
f or such t enant s as r est aur ant s, dr ugst or es,
and
t he l i ke.
Anar chy vs . Regi ment at i on
I n t he or i gi nal shoppi ng cent er s, t her e of t en
was no desi gn cont r ol at al l , wi t h a r esul t i ng
anar chy of si gns, mat er i al s, and desi gn. Thi s
si t uat i on gr adual l y changed t o one wher e so
much r i gi d cont r ol was exer ci sed t hat t he
pr oj ect s became f ar t oo monot onous . Pr oper
desi gn cal l s f or a homogeneous whol e wi t h
t he wi dest possi bl e l at i t ude f or i ndi vi dual
desi gn of each st or e. Gener al l y t he gr eat est
possi bl e l at i t ude ( i n goodt ast e) shoul d be gi ven
t o t he mal l f acades, wi t h f ai r l y sever e r est r i c-
t i ons pl aced on t he ext er i or f acades . Thi s gi ves
i nt er est i n t he i nt er i or , wher e i t i s desi r abl e,
and uni t y of desi gn f or t he ext er i or .
Tr af f i c
The car capaci t y of al l cont i guous r oadways
used f or i ngr ess and egr ess must be suf f i ci ent
t o accommodat e pr esent and f ut ur e t hr ough
t r af f i c pl us t he t r af f i c gener at ed
by
t he shop-
pi ng cent er . Pr oper si gnal cont r ol s, r eser voi r
Fi g . 3
TYPI CAL
RESERVOI RLANES,
RI NG ROAD,
ANDPARKI NGSYSTEM
A=RESERVOI RLANES

O=SECONDARYPARKI NG
B=RI NGROAD

E=FUTURE
PARKI NG
C=PRI MARYPARKI NG

RESERVE
l anes, di vi der st r i ps, and ot her t r af f i c cont r ol
f eat ur es must be pr ovi ded. I t shoul d al ways
be kept i n mi nd t hat a cent er wi t h, say, 5, 000-
car par ki ng andan aver age t ur nover on Fr i days
of , say, f our car s per par ki ng space, accom-
modat es a t ot al number of car s per day t hat
woul d st r et ch, i f t r avel i ng i n a l i ne on t he
hi ghway, al l t he wayf r omNewYor k t o Bost on .
Because of t he compl exi t y of t he t r af f i c pr ob-
l em, t he devel oper or hi s ar chi t ect f r equent l y
hi r es a t r af f i c engi neer t o assur e hi msel f t hat
t he hi ghways have adequat e capaci t y and t hat
t he cent er can accommodat e smoot hl y t he
i ngr ess and
egr ess
of cust omer s' car s . The
t r af f i c engi neer i s, however , i nt er est ed i n
speed and smoot h f l ow of t r af f i c, whi l e t he
ar chi t ect f or t he pr oj ect
shoul d be mor e
concer ned wi t h conveni ence, si mpl i ci t y, and
cust omer ' s f r eedomof choi ce i n sel ect i ng her
r out e and par ki ng pr ocedur e ( Fi g . 3) .
LEASI NG
Cust omar i l y
t he sat el l i t e st or es and al l ot her
f aci l i t i es,
r et ai l or ot her wi se wi t h t he except i on
of t he depar t ment st or e, ar e l eased by t he
devel oper . The devel oper
may
l ease one or
al l t he
depar t ment st or es and
bui l d t hem t o
t he t enant ' s r equi r ement s, or he may sel l or
l ease t he l and t o one or mor e, i n whi ch
case
t he depar t ment
st or e desi gns and
const r uct s
i t s own f aci l i t i es wi t hi n t he est abl i shed l i mi t s
and r equi r ement s of t he over al l pr oj ect .
The sat el l i t e l eases
usual l y
pr ovi de f or a
mi ni mumannual r ent ( on whi ch t he mor t gage
cal cul at i on i s based) pl us or agai nst an over age
r ent consi st i ng of a per cent age of t he st or e' s
gr oss annual sal es . I t i s t he l at t er pr ovi -
si on whi ch makes t he success of each i ndi vi d-
ual st or e so i mpor t ant t o t he devel oper and
whi ch compensat es hi mf or f ut ur e i nf l at i on .
I t put s t he devel oper and t enant i nt o a sor t of
par t ner shi p.
I t
i s
obvi ous t hat t he i ndi vi dual r ent t er ms
must r ef l ect
not onl y t he cost of t he l and and
over al l pr oj ect cost s but al so
t he amount of
speci al wor k done by t he devel oper f or t he
i ndi vi dual t enant .
I n
t he
past , t he devel oper
i nst al l ed much of t he t enant ' s speci al
r equi r e-
ment s
and
r ecei ved
a pr opor t i onal l y hi gher
r ent . The t r end t oday, however ,
i s f or t he
devel oper t o suppl y t he shel l of
t he pr emi ses
onl y, wi t h each t enant i nst al l i ng at hi s own
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL
SHOPPI NG CENTERS
expense t he cei l i ng
and f l oor f i ni shes, decor ,
mal l st or ef r ont ,
and some of t he ai r - condi -
t i oni ng equi pment
i t ems . Tr ade f i xt ur es,
except i n unusual
ci r cumst ances, ar e al ways
i nst al l ed by t he t enant .
As t he l easi ng pr ogr am
t akes t i me t o con-
summat e, i t i s
absol ut el y essent i al t hat t he
l easi ng pr oceed
si mul t aneousl y wi t h t he
ar chi t ect ur al desi gn
and dr awi ngs and t hat
t he l easi ng agent
and t he ar chi t ect and hi s
engi neer s keep i n
cont i nuous communi cat i on .
Ot her wi se, l ong del ays and
expensi ve changes
ensue.
I n vi ewof t he i mpor t ance of
t he depar t ment
st or es i n gener at i ng cust omer
t r af f i c f or t he
pr oj ect , t hei r l ease t er ms
usual l y pr ovi de
onl y a mi ni mum( i f any) pr of i t f or t he
devel oper .
The
pr of i t on t he devel opment as a whol e
must
t hen
come f r om pr opor t i onat el y
hi gher r ent s
f r om
t he sat el l i t es . For t hi s r eason,
when
t he
owner of a cent er i s a devel oper
and not
a depar t ment st or e, i t i s essent i al
t hat at
l east hal f t he t ot al r et ai l ar ea be
occupi ed by
hi gh- r ent sat el l i t es .
TENANT MI X
Tenant
" mi x" i s t he name f or t i r e pl an r el at i on-
shi pt o each
ot her of t he var i ous t ypes of st or es
and f aci l i t i es
. Pr oper t enant mi x exposes t he
cust omer t o a var yi ng sequence of di f f er i ng
t ypes
of mer chandi se. I f each st or e t ype
i s
pr oper l y
l ocat ed i n r el at i on t o ever yot her st or e
t ype, i t has been demonst r at ed t hat each
st or e
wi l l r ecei ve i t s maxi mumsal es vol ume.
I n such
cases, t he cent er wi l l be successf ul
and al l
t enant s, pl us t he devel oper ,
wi l l pr of i t . I f t he
r el at i onshi ps ar e not cor r ect ,
many of t he
st or es may not r ecei ve t hei r f ai r shar e
of t he
cust omer ' s dol l ar , and bot h
t he i ndi vi dual
st or e and t he devel oper wi l l suf f er
. The de-
vel oper may not , i n such cases,
r ecei ve any
r ent based on per cent age of
sal es vol ume,
and t he
st r engt h of t he cent er as a whol e wi l l
be weakened
. Ther e ar e many t heor i es on
pr oper
t enant mi x . I t has been f ai r l y wel l
est ab-
l i shed,
however , t hat wi t h f ew except i ons
and r egar dl ess
of l engt h of mal l s or number
of
mai l l evel s, a gener al l y mi xed
pat t er n of hi gh
and l ow
pr i ces, sof t goods and har d goods,
r et ai l and
ser vi ces pr oduces t he best i ndi vi dual
sal es vol umes and over al l success .
THE MALL
The pedest r i an mal l has
become t he f eat ur e of
t oday' s shoppi ng cent er ,
whet her t he pr oj ect
i s i n t he
subur bs or i n t he cent r al busi ness
di st r i ct . The
pedest r i an Mal l has t he f ol l owi ng
char act er i st i cs :
a. The
mal l usual l y consi st s of t he pr i nci pal
mal l , t he
maj or pedest r i an shoppi ng st r eet
of
t he pr oj ect ,
and one or mor e subsi di ar y
ap-
pr oach
mal l s or access r out es connect i ng
t he
mai n mal l
wi t h t he par ki ng ar eas
or adj acent
st r eet s .
b. Wi t h
f ewexcept i ons, al l st or es have
t hei r
pr i nci pal
ent r ance on t he mai n mal l
or , l ess
desi r abl y,
on appr oach mal l s, whet her or
not
t hese
st or es have addi t i onal ent r ances t o par k-
i ng l ot s
or adj acent st r eet s .
c . The mal l
can be on one l evel or
on' t wo or
mor e
super i mposed l evel s . Each mal l
l evel
shoul d, however ,
avoi d sl opes or st eps
wi t hi n
i t s own wal kways
t o avoi d hi ndr ance t o shop-
pi ng and
a sour ce of acci dent s .
d. The
mal l can be ( 1) open, wi t h weat her
pr ot ect i on
consi st i ng sol el y of
cont i nuous
canopi es
al ong t he st or e f r ont s, ( 2) compl et el y
cover ed but open t o t he ai r , or ( 3)
compl et el y
encl osed, necessi t at i ng heat i ng i n wi nt er
and
ai r - condi t i oni ng i n summer .
The t r end has been al most
excl usi vel y
t owar d t he encl osed cl i mat i zed
mal l except
wher e
weat her condi t i ons ar e i deal or some
ot her f act or makes t he open mai l
pr ef er abl e.
Encl osed mal l s have been i n t he
f or mof huge
cour t s
; t hey have been wi de, nar r ow,
st r ai ght ,
ci r cui t ous, empt y, or f i l l ed wi t h
ameni t i es ;
t hey
have had one l evel or t wo or mor e l evel s ;
and t hey
have been l i ght ed by skyl i ght s or
sol el y
by ar t i f i ci al means
( Fi g. 4) .
The t r end
has been st eadi l y away f r omwi de
mal l s and
cour t - t ype mal l s . Cur r ent l y wi dt hs of
30 t o
40 f t ar e out number i ng wi dt hs of 50 f t
or mor e. The
wi der mal l s r equi r e mor e l and-
TYPI CAL SECTI ONOF 2 STORYMALL
SHOWI NG
NARROWERLOWERLEVEL
SOMETI MES USED
TO
GI VE BETTERVI SI BI LI TY
BETWEENLEVEL'
AND
I NCREA E I FASABLE AREA
.
Fi g . 4
scapi ng
and f eat ur es t o avoi d a
bar r en at mo-
spher e.
They al so r equi r e mor e cubage
and
hence ar e l ess economi cal despi t e
t he possi bi l -
i t y of hi gh r ent s f r omki osks and
si mi l ar f ea-
t ur es spot t ed al ong t hei r l engt hs .
Fur t her mor e,
and most i mpor t ant ,
nar r owmal l s f aci l i t at e
back and f or t h compar i son
shoppi ng f r omone
si de t o t he ot her and hence
si gni f i cant l y ai d
t he cust omer ' s exposur e t o
t he mer chandi se.
Al ogi cal t r end i s t owar d st r et ches
of nar r ow
mal l , gener al l y devoi d of ameni t i es,
punct uat ed
by moder at e- si zed cour t s
i n f r ont of depar t -
Mer i t st or es or el sewher e
whi ch become
cust omer magnet s . The cour t s
have gr eat er
l i ght i ng i nt ensi t y, gr eat er
hei ght , and spect ac-
ul ar f eat ur es such as
f ount ai ns, l ush l and-
scapi ng, and monument al scul pt ur e
.
The l engt h of mal l s
gener al l y shoul d not be
mor e t han 800 f t ( pr ef er abl y
l ess) bet ween
depar t ment st or es or ot her
maj or f eat ur es ;
but , i n t he case of mor e
t han t wo depar t ment
st or es, t ot al l engt h can be
subst ant i al l y mor e.
Because of t he hi gh downt own
l and cost s
and i ncr easi ng l and
cost s i n t he subur bs, pl us
t he shor t age of si t es
of adequat e ar ea, t he t wo-
l evel Mal l i s becomi ng
a st andar d sol ut i on;
i n due cour se, mal l s
of t hr ee l evel s or mor e
wi l l doubt l ess i ncr ease
i n number . Such
mul t i - evel s make t he shoppi ng ar eamuchmor e
compact and wal ki ng
di st ances shor t er .
I n connect i on wi t h
any t wo- l evel ( or mor e)
mal l , i t i s vi r t ual l y
mandat or y t hat each l evel
be as
i mpor t ant as ever y ot her l evel ; ot her wi se,
one l evel wi l l become
t he l evel , al l t he st or es
wi l l want t o be
on t hat l evel , and t he ot her l evel
wi l l be second
choi ce, wi l l command l ower
r ent s, and
hence, i n al l pr obabi l i t y, wi l l not
economi cal l y
j ust i f y i t s const r uct i on.
To achi eve t hi s
equal i t y of desi r abi l i t y, of
cust omer appeal ,
and of r ent bal ance, i t i s
essent i al t hat bot h ( or
al l ) l evel s have:
a. Equal l y
conveni ent accessi bi l i t y f r om
par ki ng ar eas by means
of t wo or mor e l evel s
of i mmedi at el y adj acent
par ki ng, whet her on
gr ade or on
decks or by means of ot her devi ces
t o equal i ze t he par ki ng
conveni ence.
h. No mal l dead end on any
l evel wi t hout a
depar t ment st or e as i t s t er mi nus
.
c . Adequat e ver t i cal
t r anspor t at i on bet ween
l evel s, usual l y one or mor e set s
of escal at or s
and sever al set s of conveni ent st ai r s
.
d. Vi sual i nt er connect i on of
l evel s t hr ough
t he Maxi mumuse of open wel l s
per mi t t i ng
maxi mumvi si bi l i t y of one l evel ' s
shops and
cust omer s f r omt he
ot her .
MALL AMENI TI ES
Wi t h
t he advent of t he pedest r i an mai l
came t he
need
t o gi ve i t i nt er est and gl amour
as an
enhancement t o t he over al l cust omer appeal
of t he
cent er . Thi s i nt er est or gl amour
i s nor -
mal l y
non- i ncome pr oduci ng ; but ,
i n t he case
of
smal l r et ai l ki osks f or such i t ems
as keys,
st ocki ngs,
phot o suppl i es, and sof t
dr i nk f aci l -
i t i es,
ver y hi gh r ent s can be obt ai ned
because
of t he conspi cuous and hi gh- exposur e
l oca-
t i ons .
Mal l ameni t i es gener al l y i ncl ude,
i n addi t i on
t o l andscapi ng, whi ch wi l l be el abor at ed
on i n
anot her sect i on, most of t he
f ol l owi ng i t ems :
"
Tr ash and ash r ecept acl es, a
mandat or y
ai d
i n pr event i ng l i t t er .
" Di r ect or i es of one sor t or
anot her t o f aci l -
i t at e
f i ndi ng speci f i c st or es .
" Publ i c t el ephone i nst al l at i ons .
" Seat i ng gr oups and i ndi vi dual
benches f or
r est i ng, al t hough many pl anner s bel i eve
i t i s
bet t er t o have f r equent cof f ee st ands
bot h f or
bet t er cont r ol and t o pr oduce i ncome.
Many
al so bel i eve t hat , i n downt own
ar eas, i t i s of t en
bet t er t o avoi d benches so as
t o di scour age
l oi t er i ng by undesi r abl e
el ement s .
" Fount ai ns, pr oper l y
desi gned f or publ i c
pr ot ect i on f r omwat er
hazar ds . ( Wat er seems
t o have a uni ver sal appeal
. )
" Ki osks of var i ous si zes
and shapes, gen-
er al l y l ess t han 250 sq f t , t hough
t her e i s a
t r end t o l ar ger ones .
" Locker s
( occasi onal l y) f or st or i ng pur -
chases whi l e cont i nui ng
t o shop.
" Scul pt ur e
or ot her ar t f or ms as
maj or
desi gn f eat ur es .
" Mi scel l aneous i t ems occasi onal l y used t o
cat ch t he publ i c i nt er est , such as
bi r dcages,
ki ddy mazes, f ashi on mi r r or s,
cl osed- ci r cui t
TV, cl ocks, cont i nuous musi c,
f ashi on pl at -
f or ms, exhi bi t ar eas, et c . I t i s
not ed t hat i n t he
case of exhi bi t ar eas, i t i s necessar y
t o pr ovi de
adequat e Mal l - access door s f or
br i ngi ng i n
l ar ge i t ems t o be exhi bi t ed .
Mal l l i ght i ng shoul d be l ow- keyed and
i ncan-
descent , shoul d l end i nt er est t o dar k
or monot -
onous ar eas,
and shoul d, except i n maj or
cour t s, al l ow
t he st or ef r ont s t o be t he Mai n
at t r act i on
.
Nat ur al
l i ght i s of t en used i n mod-
er at i on
t o gi ve var i et y of ef f ect and somet i mes
t o save
power cost , but gener al l y nat ur al
l i ght
must be
l i mi t ed i n or der t o avoi d di l ut i on of t he
i mpact of t he st or ef r ont s al ong t he
mal l . As
mal l s ar e cust omar i l y open l at e
af t er noons
and
eveni ngs, adequat e ar t i f i ci al
i l l umi nat i on
must be pr ovi ded r egar dl ess of
t he ext ent of
t he nat ur al l i ght .
Mal l mat er i al s
ar e of gr eat i mpor t ance.
Gen-
er al l y speaki ng, t hey shoul d r ef l ect
t he qual i t y
l evel of t he pr oj ect , be st ur dy enough
t o r esi st
vandal i sm, and r equi r e mi ni mum
mai nt enance .
As an exampl e, f l oor mat er i al s
on pr oj ect s var y
f r om
har dened cement t o t er r azzo, t i l e,
or
mar bl e,
and now, occasi onal l y, t o car pet i ng.
I t i s
not ed t hat t he f l oor of a mal l i s ver y con-
spi cuous
and t he char act er , qual i t y, and ease
of
mai nt enance of i t s sur f ace mat er i al s shoul d
be pr i mar y consi der at i ons .
717
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL SHOPPI NG
CENTERS
STOREFRONTS ANDSI GNS ONTHE MALL
Open mal l s r equi r e gl azed st or ef r ont s, and
hence t hei r r equi r ement s ar e si mi l ar t o t hose
of t he t ypi cal ci t y st r eet . Encl osed, cl i mat i zed
mal l s can have open st or ef r ont s, i
. e. ,
t he maj or
par t
of t he st or e' s
f r ont age can be wi t hout
showwi ndows and compl et el y open,
so t hat
t he shopper can ent er t he st or e vi r t ual l y wi t h-
out bei ng awar e she has done so . At ni ght t he
st or e
i s pr ot ect ed by sl i di ng gl ass panel s or
r ol l - up gr i l l es.
Gener al l y speaki ng, except f or cer t ai n
l i mi t a- i onsonuseof mat er i al sand, mor epar t i c-
ul ar l y, on st or e si gns, t het enant i s encour aged
t o use as much i magi nat i on and var i et y i n hi s
st or e f r ont age as possi bl e t o gi ve gl amour ,
i nt er est , and appeal not onl y t o hi s own st or e
but t o t he mal l as a whol e. Cust omar i l y t he
st or ef r ont as wel l as t he st or e i nt er i or
i s de-
si gned by a f i r m
r et ai ned by t he i ndi vi dual
st or e r at her t han by t he devel oper .
Except f or what ever devi ces ar e
used t o
achi eve over al l uni t y and har mony,
t he mal l
f r ont age can be t r eat ed compl et el y at t he wi l l
of each t enant , subj ect onl y t o such r est r i ct i ons
as ar e r ecor ded i n t he l ease t er ms. I t i s
essen-
t i al , however , t hat such t er ms gi ve t he devel -
oper and hi s ar chi t ect t he r i ght of f i nal appr oval
at t hei r sol e di scr et i on. Si gns ar e pr i mar i l y
ei t her f or st or e i dent i f i cat i on or f or gener al
adver t i si ng of t he st or e
.
The
f or mer has
e
l egi t i mat e pl ace i n t he shoppi ng
cent er
con-
cept . The l at t er gener al l y does not . The l ar ger
t he st or e, t he gr eat er t he j ust i f i cat i on f or a
si gn, as t he l ar ger st or es ar e t he magnet s t hat
at t r act t he publ i c . Endl ess ext er i or si gns f or t he
smal l er
st or es
ar e conf usi ng,
unsi ght l y, and
usel ess t o st or e, owner , and cust omer . The
passer by cannot r ead t he conf usi on
of smal l er
si gns,
and
t heshopper who has al r eady par ked
get s
no
i dent i f i cat i on val ue f r om smal l - st or e
ext er i or si gns as t her e i s l i t er al l y no
way
f or
her t o r el at e any
such
si gn
t o i t s own st or e
once she has par ked her car and ent er ed t he
mal l
syst em
.
Si gns, on t he ot her hand, ar e a necessi t y
wi t hi n t he mal l t o i dent i f y t he i ndi vi dual st or es .
Si gns shoul d be si mpl e, easi l y gr asped, i n good
t ast e, and so ar r anged as t o be vi si bl e at cl ose
r ange as wel l as at a di st ance. Too of t en st or e
i dent i f i cat i on t o t he passi ng pot ent i al cust omer
i s omi t t ed i n f avor of huge si gns l egi bl e onl y at
a di st ance t hat may not exi st . Pr oper l y de-
si gned and l i ght ed si gns can gr eat l y enhance
t he i nt er est and appeal . Si gn r egul at i ons
shoul d accompany each l ease, and al l si gns
must be subj ect t o f i nal appr oval f r om t he
owner and hi s ar chi t ect t o ensur e pr oper
har mony.
Si gns or pyl ons on t he ext er i or t o i dent i f y
t he shoppi ng cent er i t sel f ar e a common pr ac-
t i ce but of dubi ous val ue. Ar egi onal pr oj ect
wi t h i t s hal f - mi l e of const r uct i on i s so con-
spi cuous t hat anyt hi ng mor e t han si mpl e
i dent i f i cat i on i s usual l y unnecessar y.
EXTERI OR FACADES
Some of t hemaj or sat el l i t e st or es
desi r e st or e-
f r ont s on t he ext er i or of
t he compl ex, i . e. , par k-
i ng l ot f acades . The t r end, however ,
whet her
by st or e pr ef er ence f or si mpl er
cont r ol or by
devel oper
pr ef er ence
f or
economy, i s t o r educe
t o a mi ni mumt he number
of showwi ndows
and publ i c ent r ances
on t he ext er i or f acade.
Exper i ence
has shown t hat t he publ i c does not
l i ke t o ent er a mal l
t hr ough anyt hi ng but t he
r egul ar mal l
ent r ances or el se t hr ough maj or
718
st or es such as depar t ment st or es . Fur t her -
mor e, t he whol e t heor y of t he pr esent - day
shoppi ng cent er i s t o get t he cust omer s as
qui ckl y as possi bl e i nt o t he mal l , f r om whi ch
t he shoppi ng pr ocess or i gi nat es . Depar t ment
st or es i nsi st on havi ng di r ect ent r ances on t he
par ki ng l ot as wel l as t he mal l , but her e agai n,
ext er i or showwi ndows ar e usual l y cut t o t he
mi ni mum.
Eveni n t he cent r al - busi ness- di st r i ct pr oj ect s,
wher e some of t he st or es f r ont on bot h ci t y
st r eet s and t he mal l , exper i ence
has
shown
t hat t he maj or i t y of t he shopper s ent er t he
st or es f r om
t he
mal l s
r at her t han f r om t he
ci t y
st r eet s, and many st r eet ent r ances have
been cl osed of f .
I n t he mat t er of
mat er i al s, t he t r end i s t owar d
per manence t hr ough good but not el abor at e
qual i t y and t he use of masonr y and r el at ed
t ypes of mat er i al .
Amaj or pr obl emof r ecent or i gi n t hat r e-
qui r es car ef ul sol ut i on i s t hat r esul t i ng f r om
t he f act t hat t her e may be sever al depar t ment
st or es, i n addi t i on t o t he sat el l i t e st or es, each
desi gned by a di f f er ent ar chi t ect . Achi evement
of har mony of desi gn can, t her ef or e, become
di f f i cul t .
The pr obl emof vi si bl e mechani cal equi p-
ment i s al ways a ser i ous one. Mechani cal
desi gn and dr awi ngs shoul d al ways be car e-
f ul l y checkedf or vi sual aspect s, and when such
equi pment i s vi si bl e, consi der at i on has t o be
gi ven t o sui t abl e met hods of conceal ment ,
whet her by masonr y scr eens or what ever .
SERVI CI NG
Ser vi ci ng i nvol ves t he del i ver y of goods t o t he
var i ous st or es and al so t he r emoval of t r ash
andgar bage. I n t he si mpl e st r i pcent er , t he ser -
vi ci ng i s cust omar i l y by an al l ey i n t he r ear of
t he st r i p of st or es . I t i s desi r abl e t o conceal
t he al l ey f r om adj acent nei ghbor hood ar eas
by a wal l or l andscapi ng.
I n t he one- l evel
r egi onal subur ban cent er ,
ser vi ci ng
i s cust omar i l y by one of t he f ol l ow-
i ng :
a. Under gr ound ser vi ce t unnel ,
usual l y
under t he mal l ,
connect i ng di r ect l y t o t enant -
l eased basement s whi chconnect , i n t ur n, t o t he
st or es above. Thi s syst emavoi ds al l
unsi ght -
l y
t r ash, keeps par ked t r ucks out of t he way,
and avoi ds al l ocat i on of pr i me par ki ng space
t o ser vi ci ng. I t al so r el egat es nonsel l i ng act i v-
i t i es t o t he basement , r eser vi ng t he mai n f l oor
f or sal es
. The t unnel adds, however , 3 per cent
or mor e t o t he t ot al
cost of t he const r uct i on
and mor e or
l ess necessi t at es t he i ncl usi on of
basement s .
Thi s, i n t ur n, cal l s f or r eal i st i c
l easi ng and f i nanci ng of
t hese basement ar eas
i f t hey ar e
t o be sel f - suppor t i ng f i nanci al l y.
b. Ser vi ce
cour t s on t he per i pher y of t he
bui l di ng compl ex.
These ar e usual l y par t i al l y
shi el ded f r om
publ i c vi ewby masonr y wal l s
6 t o 10 f t hi gh or hi gher
.
Thei r cost i s mi ni -
mum, but
t hey occupy space t hat i s expensi ve
i f l and cost s ar e hi gh
and t hat coul d ot her wi se
be ut i l i zed f or pr i me par ki ng. The i nt er i or s of
t he
cour t s ar e obj ect i onabl e i n appear ance and
can r ar el y be adequat el y scr eened. Fur t her -
mor e t hese cour t s can usual l ybe made di r ect l y
accessi bl e t o onl y a por t i on of t he st or es pr es-
ent . Thi s t ype of pr oj ect nor mal l y has no base-
ment space.
c . Over - t he- cur b and si dewal k di r ect l y f r om
t he st r eet . Thi s i s t he cheapest and uses t he
l east l end, but i t r equi r es r i gi d enf or cement
of cl eanl i ness by t he pr oj ect management ,
del i ver y of mer chandi se and r emoval of t r ash
gener al l y bef or e or af t er busi ness hour s, and
t he mandat or y i ncl usi on of t r ash r ooms i n
each st or e.
Gener al l y speaki ng, mar ket s, depar t ment
st or es, r est aur ant s,
end dr ug and var i et y st or es
have
t he gr eat est demand f or adequat e ser -
vi ce f aci l i t i es .
Ser vi cet r ucki ng
r out es on t he si t e ar e of t en
separ at ed f r om
cust omer r out es, but t hi s
ar r angement
i s gener al l y not necessar y as t he
r el at i vel y f ew
number of t r ucks per day i n a
t ypi cal shoppi ng cent er pr esent s no t r af f i c
pr obl em
. I n t he case of si dewal k del i ver y, t he
par ked t r ucks pose pr obl ems, and pol i ci ng
may be r equi r ed t o pr event t he accumul at i on
of t r ash .
I n mul t i l evel pr oj ect s, t he use of st r at egi -
cal l y pl aced f r ei ght el evat or s i s necessar y.
These usual l y connect t o f i r epr oof passages
at t he r ear of t he st or es ( whet her on an upper
l evel or bel owgr ade) and of t en ser ve al so as
f i r e exi t s . Wi t h t hi s t ype of pr oj ect , necessi -
t at i ng ser vi ce cor r i dor s, ser vi ce cour t s can
usual l y be f ewer and mor e concent r at ed.
Mezzani nes ar e occasi onal l y used t o pr o-
vi de st or age and nonsel l i ng space. Such f aci l -
i t i es have val ue i n t hat t hey r educe t he dept h
of space r equi r ed and hence t he l and occu-
pi ed, but t hey r ar el y pr oduce savi ngs i n con-
st r uct i on cost because of t he need f or gr eat er
hei ght of st or e- bui l di ng r oof s f or adequat e
cl ear ances .
CLI MATE CONTROL
Today vi r t ual l y al l commer ci al space such
as
st or es, of f i ces, hot el s, and
pedest r i an mal l s
ar e mai nt ai ned
t he year r ound wi t hi n cer t ai n
l i mi t s as t o t emper at ur e and r el at i ve humi di t y
.
I n
most
cl i mat es t hi s means heat i ng and
humi d.
i f i cat i on i n t he wi nt er ,
cool i ng and dehumi d-
i f i cat i on i n t he summer ,
and at l east vent i l at i on
i n t he
i nt er medi at e seasons.
The
pr obl emof cool i ng i s pr opor t i onat el y
mor e
i mpor t ant t han heat i ng, even i n r el a-
t i vel y
col d cl i mat es, because of t he necessi t y
t o
compensat e f or t he body heat and moi st ur e
emi t t ed by
cr owds of peopl e and t he heat f r om
el ect r i c l i ght i ng, especi al l y t he i ncandescent
t ype
. I t i s not uncommon, even i n t he nor t h,
f or
t he cool i ng syst em of a depar t ment st or e
t o
oper at e al most i nt o t he wi nt er season.
When t hi s cl i mat i zat i on of commer ci al space
began t o be adopt ed i n t he ear l i er shoppi ng
cent er s, i t was f r equent l y a mat t er of t enant
choi ce andexpense. The devel oper woul d sup-
pl y t hemi ni mum
heat i ng r equi r ed by t hecode,
and
each t enant woul d t hen deci de whet her
or not t o i nst al l hi s own ai r - condi t i oni ng sys-
t em. Thi s
met hod i s st i l l used i n nei ghbor hood
st r i p
cent er s. As ai r - condi t i oni ng became mor e
uni ver sal ,
however , i t became l ogi cal f or t he
devel oper t o t ake advant age of hi s st r onger
buyi ng posi t i on and have t he ai r - condi t i oni ng
i nst al l ed on hi s own account as i ndi vi dual
syst ems i n each of t he st or es of hi s pr oj ect ,
char gi ng each t enant enough mor e r ent t o com-
pensat e f or t he cost and havi ng each t enant
r esponsi bl e f or oper at i on and mai nt enance.
Compr essor s and f ans, as wel l as " cool i ng
t ower s" r equi r ed i n t he case of l ar ger st or es,
wer e i nst al l ed i n basement s, on mezzani nes,
and on r oof s. Roof i nst al l at i ons, necessar y
bot h f or l ower cost and engi neer i ng r equi r e-
ment s, became l ar ge and unsi ght l y. Thi s l ed t o
ef f or t s t o concent r at e t he equi pment as much
as possi bl e and t o sur r ound i t wi t h l i ght wei ght
or , pr ef er abl y, masonr y scr een wal l s cr eat i ng
pent houses on t he r oof s
.
Wi t h t hi s syst emof
Commer ci al
ai r - condi t i oni ng, each t enant al ways pai d t he
r et ai l el ect r i c r at e appl i cabl e t o t he ser vi ce
r equi r ed by hi m.
I n t he l at e 1960s, a newt r end set i n f or t he
l ar ger r egi onal cent er s . The devel oper and hi s
mechani cal engi neer f ound t hey coul d pr of i t -
abl y wor k out a syst em i nvol vi ng a cent r al
cool i ng and heat i ng pl ant f or t he ent i r e pr oj -
ect ,
met er i ng and sel l i ng chi l l ed wat er and
hot
wat er t o each of t he t enant s and, of cour se,
pr ovi di ng
compl et e ai r - condi t i oni ng and heat -
i ng f or t he
mal l and ot her publ i c space. I n t hi s
t ype
of oper at i on t he devel oper i nst al l s t he
cent r al
pl ant , al l t he equi pment f or t he mal l ,
and t he
di st r i but i on l i nes f or t he heat ed and
chi l l ed wat er t o t he
i ndi vi dual t enant spaces .
Usual l y each t enant and/ or
st or e owner t hen
i nst al l s t he heat exchanger ,
f ans, and di st r i -
but i on duct s wi t hi n hi s
own pr emi ses . The
devel oper buys el ect r i c
power at l owr at es
because of t he l ar ge amount
pur chased, and
t he i ndi vi dual
t enant pays t he devel oper f or
t he wat er used at a
l ower r at e t han t hat whi ch
he woul dhave had t o
pay i n t he case of hi s own
i ndi vi dual pl ant .
However , t he t enant st i l l pays
enough t o al l owt he
devel oper t o make a pr of i t
ont he over al l cent r al
pl ant oper at i on. Because
of t hi s
demonst r abl e and somet i mes ver y sub-
st ant i al annual
pr of i t f r omt he sal e of heat ed
and chi l l ed wat er , t he
devel oper can f i nance
t he
cent r al pl ant so t hat i t does not i ncr ease
hi s equi t y
i nvest ment . Thi s had not been t r ue
bef or e
t he 1960s .
I n some
st at es t he devel oper can go even
f ur t her
and
set
up a so- cal l ed t ot al ener gypl ant ,
pr oduci ng t he
el ect r i ci t y i t sel f by means of gas
or
ot her f uel s . Such syst ems ar e, i n ef f ect ,
pr i vat e
ut i l i t y compani es and subj ect t o st at e
l aw.
Shoul d t he devel oper wi sh t o st ay out of t he
pr obl ems of negot i at i on wi t h t enant s and
oper at i on
of t he cent r al pl ant , t her e ar e com-
pani es t hat wi l l under t ake, f or sui t abl e
r emu-
ner at i on, t he const r uct i on, oper at i on,
and
owner shi p
of t he syst em on behal f of t he
devel oper . I n t hi s case, i t i s obvi ous t hat
f i nanci al and engi neer i ng r esponsi bi l i t y of t he
oper at i ng
company must be cl ear l y est abl i shed.
I t i s al ways essent i al t hat desi gn pr ovi -
si on be
made i n t he ear l i est st ages of t he pl an-
ni ng f or
al l i t ems of mechani cal equi pment ,
wi t h
al l owance f or f l oor space, f or wei ght ,
f or
cei l i ng cl ear ances, and f or sui t abl e vi sual
ef f ect s of
suppl y and exhaust gr i l l es, especi al l y
i n mal l s .
PARKI NG ANDTRAFFI C
The need f or par ki ng was one of t he pr i mar y
f act or s l eadi ng t o t he devel opment of t he shop-
pi ng cent er concept . Pr ovi si on of adequat e and
conveni ent par ki ng i s, i n f act , a basi c r equi r e-
ment of any shoppi ng cent er , r egar dl ess of
i t s
si ze or l ocat i on. I n subur ban ar eas wher e
al most al l t he t r ade comes by aut omobi l e, a
r at i o of bet ween 5 and 6 car spaces per 1, 000
sq f t of l easabl e st or e ar ea i s mandat or y . I n
t he cent r al busi ness di st r i ct , wher e mass
t r anspor t at i on and wal k- i n t r ade can be count -
ed on f or a subst ant i al par t of t he cl i ent el e,
t he r at i o can go down t o as l owas 2 . 5 t o 3
car s per 1, 000 sq f t .
I n st r i p cent er s, cust omer par ki ng i s gen-
er al l y
bet ween t he r oadway and t he l i ne of
st or ef r ont s .
I n r egi onal subur ban cent er s, t he par ki ng
nor mal l y i s on gr ade and compl et el y sur r ound-
i ng t he. shoppi ng compl ex . Wher e l and
cost s
appr oach t he cost of par ki ng decks,
i t i s be-
SI MPLE CONTI NUOUS HEDGE
FORCONCEALI NG
" OCEANOF ASPHALT. "
Fi g . 5
719
I DEAL LOCATI ON
FORHEDGES
( 3
FT MI N. HEI GHT) TO
CONCEAL OCEANOF
ASPHALT"
SPACI NG FORCONTI NUOUS
TREE HEDGE
SPACI NGFORBOSQUE
ORFORMALMASS OF
SMALL TREES
comi ng mor e f r equent t o
deck at l east a por t i on
of t he
si t e ar ea, of t en wher e t opogr aphy ai ds
t he
si t uat i on .
I n cent r al - busi ness- di st r i ct pr oj ect s,
because
of
ver y hi gh l and cost , t he par ki ng usual l y t i es
t o be mul t i decked and i s
pr ef er abl y cont i guous,
connect i ng di r ect l y wi t h
di f f er ent l evel s of t he
cent er . I t can al so,
f or f ur t her economy of l and
use, be above t he r et ai l
f l oor s on decks as r oof
par ki ng; or , mor e cust omar i l y,
i t can be bel ow
t he r et ai l l evel s
i n basement or par t i al base-
ment l ocat i ons . Though
basement par ki ng i s
t he l east desi r abl e f r omt he
vi ewpoi nt of t he
shopper ' s nor mal psychol ogy
and i s al so l east
desi r abl e f r omt he const r uct i on
cost poi nt of
vi ew, i t i s a r el at i vel y common
ar r angement
due t o i nadequat e l and ar ea and
t o t he l egal
aspect s of t he f eder al ur ban r enewal
pr ogr ams .
I n such pr ogr ams, i n or der t o conser ve
l and
ar ea and cost , t he devel oper
f r equent l y can
bui l d t he compl ex on ai r r i ght s
over mul t i -
decked gar age f aci l i t i es bui l t by one
or anot her
gover nment agency.
I t has been st at ed by
aut hor i t i es on t he sub-
j ect , however , t hat f or cust omer
accept ance i t
i s bet t er t o have par ki ng above
gr ade, even up
t o si x or ei ght l evel s, t han t o have
i t mor e t han
one or t wo l evel s bel owgr ade
.
I n t he mat t er of
par ki ng l ayout , car st al l s
can be set at angl es
( say, 70' j t o t he l anes,
whi ch t hen r equi r es
oneway t r af f i c ; or st al l s
can be at 90' t o t he
l anes, per mi t t i ng t wo- way
t r af f i c . The f or mer i s easi er
f or t he act ual posi -
t i oni ng of t he car i n t he
st al l but mor e compl i -
cat ed and
i nf l exi bl e f or t he cust omer , due t o
t he oneway pat t er n.
Al t hough bot h ar e com-
monl y used, t he 90
ar r angement i s some-
what
mor e f r equent f or gr ade par ki ng wher eas
t he angl ed
syst em i s mor e cust omar y f or
gar ages and
decks .
Par ki ng l anes, i ncl udi ng t he st al l s on each
si de,
r ange f r om60 t o 64 f t i n wi dt h f or 90
par ki ng and
f r om
56
t o 58 f t f or angl ed par ki ng.
I n
any decked par ki ng l ayout , i t i s i mpor t ant
t hat deck wi dt hs be
mul t i pl es of t hese st andar d
di mensi ons
. Ot her wi se, wast ed deck ar ea sub-
st ant i al l y i ncr eases t he cost per car of t he
par ki ng wi t hout any of f set t i ng advant ages .
I n t he case
of mul t i - use cent r al - busi ness- di s-
t r i ct
st r uct ur es, t he pr oper
Col umn
spaci ng,
r equi r ement s of
par ki ng, mer chandi si ng,
of f i ces, and hot el
use var y consi der abl y, and
t he
pl anni ng becomes ver y i nvol ved. Pr act i cal
deci si ons must be made as t o whi ch f aci l i t y
gover ns,
and i n no case must t he " t ai l be
al l owed t o wag t he dog. "
I n t he t ypi cal shoppi ng cent er , par ki ng i s
pr ovi ded by t he devel oper . I n t he case of cen-
t r al - busi ness- di st r i ct r enewal pr oj ect s,
how-
ever , par ki ng may be pr ovi ded by a
par ki ng
aut hor i t y, r enewal agency, or ot her s . I t may or
may not be l eased t o t he
devel oper , or i t may
be bui l t by t he devel oper and l eased
t o a par k-
i ng aut hor i t y or ot her s .
I n t he case of doubl e- l evel mal l s
i n t he
subur bs, t opogr aphy can be an ai d r at her t han
a hi ndr ance t hr ough pr ovi si on of on- gr ade
par ki ng at t wo di f f er ent l evel s- - one
par ki ng
ar ea at t he l evel of t he upper mal l , t he ot her
at
t he
l ower , t hus equal i zi ng t he par ki ng access
and conveni ence f or each l evel of t he mal l .
Ther e ar e a number of r amp syst ems f or
decked par ki ng and var i ous pat t er ns of par ki ng
l anes or bays f or bot h r amped and gr ade par k-
i ng . I n t he case of gr ade par ki ng, l anes or bays
shoul d gener al l y be at r i ght angl es t o t he bui l d-
i ng f acades t o enabl e shopper s t o wal k di r ect l y
t o t he bui l di ng compl ex wi t hout t hr eadi ng
t hr ough par ked car s, as wi t h l anes par al l el t o
t he f acades .
COMPACTEDMASS OF
TREES FORSCALE
EFFECT
Commer ci al
LANDSCAPI NG
Thi s vi sual l y i mpor t ant el ement of shoppi ng
cent er desi gn r ar el y r ecei ves t he at t ent i on and
budget i t s i mpor t ance deser ves- Most sub-
ur ban cust omer s have gar dens and ar e l and-
scape- consci ous . Never t hel ess, t her e
ar e
l i t er al l y hundr eds of shoppi ng cent er s t hat
ar e sur r ounded by bar r en oceans of
monot o-
nous asphal t - Thepr i mar y
r eason
f or
t hi s si t ua
t i on i s t hat t he l andscapi ng
i s i nst al l ed l ast ,
i s
not
r el at ed di r ect l y t o t he bui l di ng const r uc .
t i on oper at i on, and consequent l y i s vul ner abl e
t o " cor ner cut t i ng" by
t he devel oper , especi al l y
i f t he pr oj ect cost i s r unni ng over t he budget
The l andscapi ng i n t he r egi onal , t hat i s t o
say, subur ban cent er usual l y has t wo compo-
nent s : i nt er i or , i . e. , t he l andscapi ng i n t he mal l ,
andext er i or , i . e. , t hat out si de t hebui l di ngs and
i n t he par ki ng ar eas. Because of t he cl i mat e
cont r ol i n t he t ypi cal encl osed mal l , t r opi cal
pl ant i ng can be mai nt ai ned pr ovi ded t hat ade-
quat e l i ght , wat er , and dr ai nage ar e suppl i ed
andt her ei s pr oper mai nt enance. Al t hough mal l
l andscapi ng shoul d not be l uxur i ous t o t he
poi nt of bl ocki ng vi ews of st or es and i nt er f er -
i ng t oo much wi t h cr oss- mal l shopper t r af f i c,
mal l l andscapi ng can become a ver y power f ul
at t r act i on t o shopper s and pr ovi dea gr eat deal
of adver t i si ng andpubl i c r el at i ons val ue. When
condi t i ons ar e not sui t abl e f or l i vi ng pl ant s,
good r esul t s can somet i mes be obt ai ned wi t h
pr oper l y f abr i cat ed
ar t i f i ci al mat er i al .
For t he ext er i or l andscapi ng of
t he
pr oj ect ,
t he pr i nci pal pr obl ems ar e ( 1) t he
budget
; ( 2)
pr oper scal eand ef f ect i n
r el at i on t o t he bui l d-
i ngs ; ( 3) sui t abl e mai nt enance, i ncl udi ng t he
pr obl ems i nvol ved i n snowr emoval ; ( 4) t he
necessi t yf or obt ai ni ng maxi mum
vi sual
i mpact
t he f i r st year of t he cent er ' s oper at i on.
As t o t hi s l ast i t em, t he devel oper i s not so
concer ned wi t h howt he pl ant i ng wi l l
l ook
i n 10 year s because t he f i r st 3 year s of t he
cent er ' s oper at i on ar e t he most cr i t i cal .
I t
i s
dur i ng t hose
year s
t hat
ever yt hi ng must be at
i t s best , and
success i s or i s not est abl i shed
As t o scal e and ef f ect , i t i s obvi ousl y di f f i cul t
t o obt ai n sat i sf act or y r esul t s when a bui l di ng
mass maybe as much as 2, 000 f t l ong and onl y
20 f t hi gh, and wher e vast acr es of par ki ng
must be l ai d out wi t h maxi mumconveni encef or
t hose par ki ng t hei r car s ( Fi g. 5) .
The f ol l owi ng basi c cr i t er i a, i f used wi t h
i magi nat i on and a r easonabl e budget , can pr o-
duce maxi mumef f ect s f or mi ni mumcost s:
a. Mass ef f ect s t hr ough cl ose spaci ng of
sever al t r ees or bushes i n cl umps or r ows-
Bet t er t o gr oupf i ve t r ees a f ewf eet apar t t han
t o spot t hemsi ngl y, such as at ends of par ki ng
l anes, wher e t hey wi l l be l ost vi sual l y.
b. Concent r at i on of t he pl ant i ng near t he
bui l di ngs wher e i t wi l l have t he most ef f ect ,
and not on t he per i pher y.
c. Use of l ong l i nes of hedges ( not l ess
t han 3 f t hi gh, and of i nexpensi ve pl ant mat e-
r i al i f necessar y) wher ever t he par ki ng pat t er n
wi l l per mi t . The hedges cut t he l i ne of si ght
f r omt he nor mal eye l evel at 5 f t and, especi al l y
i nsi de a car , at 4 f t - I f t he hedges ar e pr oper l y
l ocat ed, t hey can ef f ect i vel y conceal f r omvi ew
l ar ge ar eas of t he par ki ng pavement . Thi s can
go a l ong way t owar d pr event i ng t he
" see of
asphal t " ef f ect .
d. I nst al l at i on of t he
maxi mumsi zed pl ant
mat er i al t he budget wi l l per mi t
.
Bet t er t o omi t
par t s
of t he pl ant i ng
and use cheaper var i et i es
of mat er i al t han t o have t o wai t 10 year s f or t he
pl ant s t o pr oduce t he pr oper ef f ect .
As t he r egi onal cent er s must gr owl ar ger ,
mor e compl ex, and mor e gl amor ous
t o mai n-
t ai n t hei r compet i t i ve posi t i ons, t he qual i t y
and ext ent of t he l andscapi ng on f ut ur e
pr oj -
ect s shoul d st eadi l y i mpr ove
.
720
LI ST OF STORES BYLOCATI ONS
For
r ef er ence pur poses, t he al phabet i cal l y
ar r anged l i st s bel owr epr esent a check l i st of
st or es t hat t he Counci l ' consi der s ar e
sui t abl e
f or t hesever al cat egor i es of
r eal est at e l ocat i on
i n shoppi ng ar eas-
No . 1
Locat i ons ( 100 Per cent or " Hot Spot " )
1. Baker y
2- Boys cl ot hi ng
3- Candy st or e
4- Chi l dr en' s wear
5. Cosmet i cs and
per f ume
6. Cost ume j ewel r y
7. Depar t ment st or e
8. Dr ugst or e
9- Fi ve and
t en
10. Fl or i st
11.
Gi f t shop
12-
Gi r l s' appar el
13- Gr ocer y ( cash and car r y)
14- Handker chi ef s and handbags
15.
Hosi er y shop
16. I nf ant s' wear
17. J ewel r y
18. Leat her goods and l uggage- ( depends
on abi l i t y t o pay hi gh r ent )
19. Li nger i e
20- Men' s cl ot hi ng
21. Men' s f ur ni shi ngs
22. Mi l l i ner y
23. Novel t i es
24. Opt i cal shop
25. Paper back book st or e
26- Phot ogr aphi c suppl i es and camer as
27 . Popcor n and nut s
28 . Pr escr i pt i ons ( may not
be possi bl e
because of dr ugst or e)
29. Rest aur ant
30 . Shoes, chi l dr en' s
31. Shoes, men' s
32- Shoes, women' s
33- Spor t swear , women' s
34. Tobacconi st
35- Toi l et goods
36. Var i et y st or e
37. Women' s wear
The f ol l owi ng shops may go equal l y wel l
i n ei t her No- 1 or No . 2 l ocat i ons :
1. Caf et er i a
2. Dr y goods
3. Newsst and
4. Ser vi ce gr ocer y
No . 1 l ocat i ons shoul d
be hel d
l ar gel y
f or
shops t hat keep open on cer t ai n
common
ni ght s-
No . 2 Locat i ons ( Near t he 100 Per cent
Ar ea)
1- Ar t st or e and ar t i st s' suppl i es
2. At hl et i c goods
3. Aut o suppl i es
4. Bank
Abank shoul d not
be
i n
a no- 1 l ocat i on,
as i t has l i mi t ed open hour s and when cl osed
has a deadeni ng ef f ect on adj acent shops-
5- Bar ( l i quor )
6. Ber ber
shop ( basement
i n
t he
no . 1
l ocat i on)
When deci di ng on wi dt h of a bar ber shop,
consi der car ef ul l y t he number of l i nes of
bar ber chai r s i n or der t hat space wi l l not be
wast ed.
7. Beaut y shop
J . Ross McKeever l ed. ) , The Communi t y
Bui l der s
Handbook, Ur ban Land I nst i t ut e, Washi ngt on,
D. C. ,
1968.
Communi t y Bui l der s Counci l
of
t he Ur ban
Land I nst i -
t ut e.
8- Bookst or e
9. Chi na and si l ver
10. Cl eaner s and dyer s ( pi ckup)
11- Cockt ai l l ounge
12 . Cor set shop
13- Del i cat essen ( al so i n no . 1 l ocat i on
i n some cases)
14- El ect r i cal appl i ances
15. Fr ui t and veget abl e mar ket ( shoul d be
consi der ed i n r el at i on t o r egul ar gr ocer )
16-
Gl ass and chi na
17- Laundr y agency
18- Li nen shop
19- Li quor st or e
20. Mat er ni t y cl ot hes
21- Pen shop
22- Radi o and t el evi si on
23. Sewi ng machi nes and suppl i es
24- Spor t i ng goods
25- St at i oner y and gr eet i ng car ds
26. Tel egr aph of f i ce
27. Theat er ( or no . 3 l ocat i on)
28 . Wool ens and yar ns
The f ol l owi ng shops may go equal l y wel l
i n ei t her no- 2or no- 3 l ocat i ons:
1. Gas, power , and l i ght company of f i ces
2. Ti cket of f i ces
3- Toy shop
No . 3 Locat i ons
1- Ar my goods st or e ( or i n no . 4 l ocat i on)
2. Ar t needl ewor k shop
3. Baby f ur ni t ur e
4. Bui l di ng and l oan of f i ce
5. Chi nese r est aur ant
6- Chr i st i an Sci ence Readi ng Room ( or
second f l oor i n no- 2)
7. Dance st udi o ( or no . 4 l ocat i on)
8. Doct or s and dent i st s
Doct or s and
dent i st s ar e not f avor ed i n
cent r al l ocat i ons
. J ani t or i al expense
f or
doct or s'
of f i ces i s at l east t wi ce as hi gh as f or
or di nar y of f i ce space- Al so, t hey ar e har d
t enant s
t o pl ease as t o mai nt enance-
9. Dr aper y and cur t ai n shop
10 . El ect r i cal equi pment and r epai r
11-
Expr ess of f i ce ( a popul ar ser vi ce t hat
hel ps bui l d up a r et ai l ar ea)
12- Fur ni t ur e ( pays l ow r ent per squar e
f oot )
13. Har dwar e
14. Heal t h f oods st or e
15- Hobby shop
16- I nt er i or decor at i on
17- Ladi es' and men' s t ai l or ( or second
f l oor i n no- 1 or no . 2 l ocat i ons)
18- Mor t gage l oan of f i ce ( or second f l oor
i n no . 2 l ocat i on)
19. Of f i ce suppl i es and of f i ce f ur ni t ur e
( pays l owr ent per squar e f oot )
20. Opt omet r i st and opt i ci an ( or no . 1 or 2)
21. Pai nt st or e
22. Phot ogr apher s ( or second f l oor i n no- 1
or no- 2 l ocat i ons)
23- Pi ano st or e ( l owr ent )
24. Pi ct ur es and
f r ami ng ( l owr ent )
25- Post of f i ce
26. Power and l i ght of f i ces
27 . Real
est at e of f i ces ( or no-
4)
28. Shoe
r epai r
29, Taver n
30 . Ti cket of f i ces
31- Tr avel bur eau ( or no . 2 l ocat i on)
No- 4 Locat i ons
1. Aut omat i c f ami l y l aundr y ser vi ce
2. Bowl i ng al l eys
3- Car pet s and
r ugs, or i ent al
4.
Di aper ser vi ce
5. Dog or cat hospi t al ( wi t hout out si de r uns)
6- Dr i ve- i n
eat i ng pl aces
7.
Radi o and t el evi si on br oadcast i ng st at i on
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL
SHOPPI NG
CENTERS
By VI CTORGRUEN, AI A*
The shoppi ng cent er
i s one of t he f ew
new bui l di ng t ypes cr eat ed i n
our t i me.
Because shoppi ng
cent er s r epr esent gr oup-
i ngs of st r uct ur es
and because of t he un-
der l yi ng cooper at i ve
spi r i t i nvol ved, t he
need f or
envi r onment al pl anni ng
f or t hi s
bui l di ng t ype i s
obvi ous. Wher e t hi s need
has been f ul l y under st ood,
shoppi ng cent er s
have t aken on t he char act er i st i cs
of ur ban
or gani sms
ser vi ng a mul t i t ude of
human
needs and act i vi t i es
.
SELECTI NG THE SI TE
Locat i on
For t he
pur poses of t hi s di scussi on, t he
t er m" l ocat i on"
i ndi cat es t he gener al ar ea
i n whi ch t o sel ect
a shoppi ng cent er si t e.
The mer i t s of l ocat i on, whet her
t he l and
has al r eady been acqui r ed or i s
bei ng
sought , must
al ways be subj ect ed t o
car e-
f ul economi c
anal ysi s . I f t he si t e has al -
r eady been acqui r ed, t he
economi st di r ect s
hi s st udy t owar d t he economi c
char ac-
t er i st i cs of t he l ocat i on i n
an ef f or t t o
deci de whet her
t he par t i cul ar pr oper t y
shoul d be devel oped
as a shoppi ng cent er
pr oj ect , and i f so, what
i t s si ze and char -
act er shoul d be. I f t he si t e
has not yet
been acqui r ed,
t he economi st must
make
a st udy of t he
gener al ar ea wi t hi n
whi ch
t he most sui t abl e
l ocat i on can be pi n-
poi nt ed. Thi s over - al l st udy
may i nvol ve
as l ar ge
an ar ea as t he met r opol i t an
ar ea
of a l ar ge ci t y
.
Fi r st , an anal ysi s
i s made of t he
t ot al
avai l abl e economi c
pot ent i al of t he gen-
er al ar ea . The sear ch i s
gr adual l y nar -
r owed down t hr ough anal ysi s of
var i ous
segment s of
t he l ar ger ar ea; a
speci f i c
ar ea wi t hi n
t he chosen segment t hat seems
t o of f er t he most
advant ageous pot ent i al
i s t hen exami ned, and
f i nal l y, a def i ned
l ocat i on wi t hi n t hi s speci f i c
ar ea i s chosen.
I f
pr oper l y under t aken, t hi s
pr ocedur e wi l l
usual l y est abl i sh
t he most sui t abl e l ocat i on
f or a shoppi ng cent er
.
I nher ent i n any
economi c anal ysi s i s a
st udy of t he f ol l owi ng f act or s :
Popul at i on
I ncome
Pur chasi ng power
* The i l l ust r at i ons and
cer t ai n ot her
mat er i al i n t hi s sect i on hone been
r e- pr i nt ed, wi t hper mi ssi on, f r omShop-
pi ng Towns USA
by
vi ct or Gr uen
and
har r y Smi t h,
publ i shed by
Rei nhol d
Publ i shi ng Cor p. , NewYor k ( 1960)
.
Fi g. 6 . Schemat i c pl an of a
shoppi ng cent er l ocat i on
Shown i n t he Pl an ar e t r act e ar ea. ,
means
Of
access,
and Var i ous bar r i ers t o accessi bi l i t y
.
72 1
Compet i t i ve f aci l i t i es
Accessi bi l i t y
Ot her r el at ed consi der at i ons .
At t ent i on must be pai d
not onl y t o t he
exi st i ng popul at i on but al so t o
pr ospect s
f or f ut ur e
gr owt h, whi ch may be
f or ecast
by r ef er ence t o
past gr owt h r at es, t he
t r end of popul at i on
shi f t s, and t he avai l -
abi l i t y
of r emai ni ng sui t abl e
l and f or r esi -
dent i al
devel opment .
Popul at i on
i n f or ecast i ng t he
popul at i on t r end f or
t en or
f i f t een year s, consi der at i on
must be
gi ven t o
such f act or s as exi st i ng popul a-
t i on densi t y,
zoni ng r est r i ct i ons, physi cal or
manmade bar r i er s t o
t he devel opment of
new r esi dent i al ar eas
( mount ai ns, wat er -
ways, i ndust r i al ar eas, publ i c par ks,
ceme-
t er i es,
ai r por t s) , and ot her l and uses
t hat
woul d
f or est al l r esi dent i al devel opment .
The composi t i on of
t he popul at i on i n
t he t r ade ar ea, as f ar as
r aci al or eco-
nomi c char act er i st i cs ar e
concer ned, i s i m-
por t ant i n var i ous r egi ons of t he count r y
.
I n ar eas wher e st r ong
t r adi t i ons or pr ej u-
di ces
exi st , i t may be
unr easonabl e t o
expect
t hat var i ous et hni c gr oups
wi l l shop
t oget her . Al so,
i t i s unr easonabl e t o expect
t hat per sons of
l ow or mi ddl e- i ncome
gr oups wi l l pat r oni ze
a hi ghqual i t y t ype of
shoppi ng
cent er or , conver sel y,
t hat per sons
i n t he hi ghest
i ncome gr oups wi l l shop gen-
er al l y i n cent er s
t hat f eat ur e medi um- or
l owpr i ced mer chandi se .
Tr ade ar ea
The t er m
" t r ade ar ea" i s nor mal l y de-
f i ned as
" t hat ar ea f r om whi ch i s ob-
t ai ned t he maj or por t i on of t he
cont i nui ng
pat r onage necessar y f or t he st eady
sup-
por t of t he
shoppi ng cent er . "
The
def i ni ng f act or s used i n del i neat i ng
a t r ade ar ea var y f r om cent er t o
cent er .
They i ncl ude, but ar e not l i mi t ed t o,
t he
si ze and i nf l uence of t he pr oposed r et ai l
f aci l i t i es,
pl anni ng and desi gn char act er i s-
t i cs, t r avel t i me t o
and
f r om
t he l ocat i on,
t he exi st ence of nat ur al or
manmade bar -
r i er s- such as r ai l r oads and r i ver s- - t hat
Fi g. 7. The pl anni ng t eam
722
Commer ci al
woul d l i mi t accessi bi l i t y ei t her i n f act or
psychol ogi cal l y, and t he exi st ence of com-
pet i t i ve f aci l i t i es. Thus t he t r ade ar eas f or
var i ous l ocat i ons
wi l l not necessar i l y as-
sume si mi l ar si zes or shapes ( Fi g. 6) .
Si t e qual i f i cat i ons
I t
i s
i mpor t ant t hat t he l and t o be
used possess, t o t he gr eat est degr ee pos-
si bl e, t he f ol l owi ng qual i f i cat i ons :
1 . The si t e must be l ocat ed i n t he most
desi r abl e gener al ar ea as est abl i shed by
t he economi c sur vey.
2. The si t e must be owned or cont r ol l ed
by t he devel oper , or
of f er t he possi bi l i t y
of acqui si t i on .
3. Land cost must be i n keepi ng
wi t h
over - al l economi c consi der at i ons .
4. Exi st i ng zoni ng must per mi t shoppi ng
cent er devel opment , or
a r easonabl e l i ke
l i hood of r ezoni ng must exi st .
5 . The si t e must cont ai n suf f i ci ent l and
t o per mi t const r uct i on of f aci l i t i es t o meet
t he sal es pot ent i al .
6. The l and must be i n one pi ece,
f r ee
of i nt er veni ng r oadways, r i ght s- of - way,
easement s, maj or wat er ways, or ot her ob-
st acl es t hat woul d f or ce devel opment i n
separ at ed por t i ons .
7.
The t opogr aphy and shape of t he si t e
must per mi t advant ageous pl anni ng and
r easonabl y
economi cal const r uct i on
.
B. The sur r oundi ng r oad pat t er n and
accessi bi l i t y must al l ow f ul l ut i l i zat i on of
t he busi ness pot ent i al
.
9.
The st r uct ur e must be vi si bl e f r om
maj or t hor oughf ar es .
14. Sur r oundi ng l and uses shoul d
be
f r ee of compet i t i ve devel opment s, and, i f
possi bl e, shoul d be of a nat ur e t hat en-
hances t he oper at i on of t he shoppi ng
cent er .
Rar el y wi l l a
si t e compl et el y
f ul f i l l al l
t he
above r equi r ement s,
and
advant ages
wi l l have t o be wei ghed and bal anced
agai nst shor t comi ngs . I f t he si t e al r eady
exi st s, i t i s somet i mes di f f i cul t t o separ at e
t he af f ect i on an owner may have f or i t
( because of f ami l y sent i ment or ot her
r easons) f r om t he har d f act s of sui t abi l i t y,
but i t i s wel l t o r emember t hat most poor l y
oper at i ng cent er s i n t he Uni t ed St at es ar e
l ocat ed on j ust such
" acci dent al "
si t es .
I t
i s, of cour se, possi bl e t hat an exi st i ng si t e
may al so f ul f i l l t he st andar d r equi r ement s,
but
det er mi nat i on
shoul d be
made onl y
af t er t he same t hor ough scr ut i ny
and an-
al ysi s t hat woul d be gi ven t o a si t e t o be
pur chased .
The f ol l owi ng
l i st i ndi cat es
t he r el at i ve
i mpor t ance of var i ous consi der at i ons
i n si t e
sel ect i on :
Locat i on ( val ue of 50)

Val ue
Popul at i on
wi t hi n 1
mi l e- quant i t y 5
Popul at i on wi t hi n 1 mi l e- qual i t y 3
Popul at i on wi t hi n 5 mi l es- - - quant i t y 7
Popul at i on wi t hi n 5 mi l es- - - qual i t y

4
Popul at i on f r om r ur al ar ea-

2
quant i t y
Popul at i on f r omr ur al ar ea- qual i t y

1
Pedest r i an t r af f i c shoppi ng at

4
adj acent
st or es
Pedest r i an
t r af f i c
near by f or ot her

3
pur poses
Publ i c t r anspor t at i on

5
Aut omobi l e t r af f i c- quant i t y

4
Aut omobi l e t r af f i c- - - avai l abi l i t y

4
Di r ect i on of popul at i on gr owt h

7
Ar ea ( val ue of 15)
Si ze of pl ot

15
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL
SHOPPI NG CENTERS
Physi cal char act er i st i cs ( val ue of 25)
Shape of pl ot f or desi gn

4
Pl ot not di vi ded by t r af f i c l anes

8
Locat i on on ar t er i al s f or ease of

4
t r af f i c cont r ol
Cost of cl ear i ng and gr adi ng

2
Cost of ut i l i t i es and dr ai nage

2
Vi si bi l i t y

3
Sur r oundi ng ar eas

2
Avai l abi l i t y ( val ue
of
10)
Ease of acqui si t i on and t i me

6
Cost

4
100
ZONI NG
Cont r ar y t o
ni net eent h- cent ur y pr ecept s
of st r i ct separ at i on of i ndust r i al
and r esi -
dent i al l and, br ought about by r api d i n-
dust r i al i zat i on, most pr ogr essi ve pl anner s
and zoni ng boar ds
t oday r ecogni ze t hat
not al l t ypes of nonr esi dent i al
act i vi t i es ar e
necessar i l y undesi r abl e i n pr edomi nant l y
r esi dent i al
ar eas.
The moder n
shoppi ng cent er t hat i nt e-
gr at es commer ci al ,
busi ness, ent er t ai nment ,
and cul t ur al f aci l i t i es wi t hi n a
car ef ul l y
pl anned f r amewor k, separ at es var i ous
modes of t r af f i c f r om one anot her , and
pr ovi des f or t he pr ot ect i on of sur r oundi ng
r esi dent i al ar eas f r om any obj ect i onabl e
uses,
has
made
a si gni f i cant cont r i but i on
i n t hi s di r ect i on.
The devel oper may encount er any of t he
f ol l owi ng zoni ng condi t i ons :
1. The
si t e i s
commer ci al l y
zoned, or
zoned f or a " l ower " use, i n whi ch case
t her e i s no pr obl em.
2. The communi t y has not yet adopt ed
a zoni ng
mast er pl an, and t he l ocal pl an-
ni ng boar d i s wi l l i ng t o gr ant sui t abl e
zoni ng.
3. The ent i r e si t e ar ea i s zoned r esi -
dent i al l y,
or
onl y a smal l por t i on, usual l y
a nar r ow st r i p
al ong
t he
hi ghways,
i s
zoned f or commer ci al use. The owner wi l l
t hen have t o appl y f or r ezoni ng of al l or
par t
of
t he si t e
.
THE PLANNI NG TEAM
Dependi ng
on
t he si ze and compl exi t y
of t he pr oj ect , t he pl anni ng t eam
mi ght ,
i n nei ghbor hood and i nt er medi at e cent er s,
consi st of t he devel oper , t he ar chi t ect , and
i n some i nst ances,
a l easi ng consul t ant or
l ease br oker . I n pr oj ect s of gr eat er com-
pl exi t y and si ze, such as r egi onal shop-
pi ng cent er s, i t may be wel l t o add t o t he
t eam an exper i enced consul t ant i n r eal
est at e
mat t er s,
wel l
ver sed i n shoppi ng
cent er economi cs ( Fi g
. 7) .
723
THE
PLANNI NG SCHEDULE
Shoppi ng cent er pl anni ng i s a l engt hy
pr ocess i n whi ch each st ep must l ogi cal l y
f ol l owf r omt he pr evi ous one. I mpat i ent or
snap deci si ons
may r esul t i n cat ast r ophe .
Fi r st , a t ent at i ve pl anni ng and const r uct i on
schedul e i s out l i ned whi ch may be di vi ded
i nt o f i ve phases :
Expl or at or y phase
Pr el i mi nar y phase
Fi nal pl anni ng phase
Const r uct i on phase
Openi ng phase.
For r egi onal cent er s, each of t hese phases
i s l i kel y t o be
cl ear l y def i ned and even
subdi vi ded i nt o var i ous st ages
; f or smal l er
cent er s t he act i vi t y may be consol i dat ed
i nt o f ewer st ages .
1 . Expl or at or y phase: Al l per t i nent ci r -
cumst ances and condi t i ons ar e t hor oughl y
pr obed,
and
t he concept ual
i mage
of
t he
shoppi ng cent er i s est abl i shed.
2. Pr el i mi nar y phase: Negot i at i ons wi t h
maj or t enant s and f i nanci ng i nst i t ut i ons
or e under t aken, and necessar y adj ust ment s
ar e made.
Pr el i mi nar y dr awi ngs i ndi cat i ng
al l ar chi t ect ur al and engi neer i ng aspect s
ar e compl et ed. Pr el i mi nar y speci f i cat i ons
ar e wr i t t en, and a r el i abl e pr el i mi nar y
cost est i mat e i s ar r i ved at .
3 . Fi nal
pl anni ng phase
:
Wor ki ng dr aw-
i ngs and speci f i cat i ons ar e compl et ed, es-
t abl i shi ng a r el i abl e basi s f or compet i t i ve
bi ddi ng and f or const r uct i on. Bui l di ng per -
mi t s
ar e obt ai ned. I nvi t at i ons t o bi d ar e
wr i t t en.
4. Const r uct i on phase: Cont r act s ar e
awar ded. The ar chi t ect i s engaged i n
gener al super vi si on, suppor t ed by cl er ks-
of - The- wor ks who ar e usual l y r et ai ned by
t he devel oper .
The
ar chi t ect chooses
ma-
t er i al s, sel ect s col or s, and i nt egr at es l and.
scopi ng and ar t wor k . The devel oper and
t he economi st ar e act i ve i n compl et i ng
l easi ng, get t i ng t he cent er on an oper a-
t i onal basi s, and pr epar i ng f or t he open-
i ng.
5. Openi ng phase: The openi ng i s an
i mpor t ant event t hat cal l s f or i magi nat i on
as wel l as car ef ul pl anni ng. I n r ecent
year s,
shoppi ng cent er s of var yi ng
si ze
t hr oughout t he count r y have been opened
wi t h cer emoni es r angi ng f r om t he qui et ,
unobt r usi ve openi ng of a f ew st or es at a
t i me,
t o
moss openi ng cer emoni es l ast i ng
f or sever al days and f eat ur i ng var i ous
ki nds of at t ent i on- get t i ng pr omot i ons .
Ti mi ng
I t i s di f f i cul t t o est i mat e t he t i me per i ods
necessar y f or each phase
of t he
pl anni ng
schedul e, because of f l uct uat i ons i n
si ze
and compl exi t y of t he pr oj ect , avai l abi l i t y
of maj or t enant s and of f i nanci ng, cl i mat i c
condi t i ons, and t he l i ke
.
The f ol l owi ng
t abul at i on gi ves t i me r anges f or
r egi onal
pr oj ect s pr oceedi ng under nor mal
condi -
t i ons:
Ti me span,
Expl or at or y
phase

weeks
( 26 t o 56 weeks)
Feasi bi l i t y st udy

8 t o

12
Concept ual pl anni ng st age

4t o

6
Pr esent at i on st age

4t o

8
Devel opment st age

10 t o

30
Pr el i mi nar y phase
( 10 t o 22 weeks)
Adj ust ment st age

4t o

10
Consol i dat i on st age

6
t o

12
Fi nal pl anni ng
phase

20 t o 30
Const r uct i on phase
( 62t o 114weeks)
Bi ddi ng

4t o

6
Gener al bui l di ng
const r uct i on

52 t o 100
Tenant s'
bui l di ng- i nt er i or

6t o

8
const r uct i on
Tot al f or pl anni ng and

118t o 222
const r uct i on
( 27t o 51 mont hs)
For
i nt er medi at e cent er s ( 100, 000
t o
300, 000
sq f t ) , a r easonabl e
t i me span
i s 18 t o 40 mont hs
; f or nei ghbor hood
cent er s t he span,
dependi ng l ar gel y on
t enant
avai l abi l i t y, i s l i kel y t o r ange
f r om
12
t o 24mont hs .
SPACE
ALLOTMENTS
The
ar chi t ect ' s wor k st ar t s wi t h
t he pl an-
ni ng of t he si t e. For
t hi s t ask he must
have at hi s
di sposal t he f i ndi ngs of t he
economi c
anal ysi s est abl i shi ng t he t ot al
r ent al
ar ea t hat can be suppor t ed
by t he
shoppi ng pot ent i al , br oken
down i nt o mai n
mer chandi si ng
cat egor i es . He must have
some i dea of ot her
uses t o whi ch t he l and
shoul d
be devot ed, and an i dea
of
ot her
pr obabl e zoni ng pr obl ems .
On t he basi s
of f easi bi l i t y st udi es,
he
now
has a gen-
er al i dea of t r af f i c and
accessi bi l i t y, as
wel l as f ul l
i nf or mat i on about physi cal
condi t i ons of t he
si t e ( i ncl udi ng a t opo .
gr aphi c sur vey)
and, as a r esul t of t est
bor i ngs,
about soi l condi t i ons.
Somet i mes
he al so knows t he basi c
r equi r ement s of
t he pot ent i al maj or t enant
or t enant s.
Wi t h t hi s i nf or mat i on,
he begi ns pl an-
ni ng by car ef ul l y
al l ocat i ng por t i ons of
t he l and
t o speci f i c uses . These uses f al l
i nt o
seven basi c cat egor i es :
Commer ci al
1 . St r uct ur es
a. For r et ai l pur poses ( r et ai l ar eas)
b. For ser vi ce pur poses ( heat i ng and
ai r - condi t i oni ng pl ant s, el ect r i c sub-
st at i ons,
mai nt enance
shops,
t r uck
r oads, l oadi ng docks, and equi p-
ment st or age)
c .
For ot her commer ci al uses ( of f i ces
and r ecr eat i onal f aci l i t i es)
d, For publ i c use such as ci vi c
and
soci al f aci l i t i es ( communi t y cent er ,
audi t or i um, exhi bi t i on space, and
chi l dr en' s
pl ay ar eas)
2. Car st or age ar eas
a. Sur f ace par ki ng l ot s
b. Doubl e- deck or mul t i pl e- deck ga-
r ages
3. Pedest r i an
ar eas
a . Mal l s, cour t s, l anes, and pl azas
b. Cover ed pedest r i an ar eas, such as
publ i c cor r i dor s and cover ed mal l s
or cour t s
4. Aut omobi l e
movement ar eas
Di st r i but i on r oad syst emon si t e
5. Publ i c t r anspor t at i on ar eas
Bus r oads, bus t er mi nal s, and t axi
st ands
b.
Buf f er ar eas
Landscaped ar eas
separ at i ng car
st or age ar eas or ser vi ce ar eas f r om
t he publ i c r oad syst em, or ar eas sep-
ar at i ng par ki ng ar eas f r om one an-
ot her or par ki ng
ar eas f r om ser vi ce
ar eas
7. Reser ve ar eas
Por t i ons of si t e t o be hel d i n r eser ve
724
f or t he pl anned
gr owt h of t he shop-
pi ng cef f i t er .
SI TE PLANNI NG PRI NCI PLES
The al l ocat i on
of
space f or t hese and
possi bl y ot her uses
shoul d be gui ded by
cer t ai n pl anni ng pr i nci pl es i n or der t o
at t ai n t he hi ghest f easi bl e pr oduct i vi t y of
t he l and over an ext ended per i od of t i me:
( 1) Saf eguar d
sur r oundi ng ar eas agai nst
bl i ght ; ( 2) Expose r et ai l f aci l i t i es t o
maxi -
mum f oot t r af f i c ; ( 3) Separ at e var i ous
mechani zed t r af f i c t ypes f r om one anot her
and f r om f oot t r af f i c ; ( 4) Cr eat e a maxi -
mum
of
comf or t and conveni ence f ar shop-
per s and
mer chant s ; and ( 5) Achi eve or der -
l i ness, uni t y, and beaut y.
Foot t r af f i c
Exposur e of al l i ndi vi dual st or es i n a
shoppi ng cent er t o t he maxi mum amount
of f oot
t r af f i c i s t he best assur ance of
hi gh sal es vol ume. Subur ban
busi ness r eal
est at e of t en has been eval uat ed
on t he
basi s of
passi ng aut omobi l e t r af f i c- an
eval uat i on whi ch
over l ooks t he f act t hat
aut omobi l es do not buy
mer chandi se. I t i s
onl y af t er t he dr i ver of even t he
most ex-
pensi ve
car l eaves i t and becomes
a pe-
dest r i an t hat he
can become a buyer
.
Ther ef or e, i f shoppi ng
cent er s ar e t o pr os-
per , dense f oot t r af f i c must
be cr eat ed.
" Shoppi ng t r af f i c, " t he act of
wal ki ng f r om
st or e t o
st or e, cr eat es t he l i f ebl ood of
a
shoppi ng cent er ; and pr oper ci r cul at i on
of
t hi s shoppi ng t r af f i c ensur es busi ness success .
Bear i ng i n
mi nd t he r el at i ve i mpor t ance
i n each i nst ance of t he si ze of
t he cent er ,
t he shape of t he si t e, t he char act er
of
t he t enancy, and ot her r el at ed ci r cum-
st ances, i t i s possi bl e t o wei gh t he ad-
vant ages
and dr awbacks of var i ous t ypes
of si t e pl anni ng t o achi eve t he
desi r ed
f oot t r af f i c . The manner i n whi ch si t e
pl anni ng can i nf l uence t he quant i t y of
shoppi ng t r af f i c i s
i l l ust r at ed i n t he sche-
mat i c pl ans ( Fi gs. 8 t hr ough
14)
di scussed
bel ow
.
The degr ee of compl et eness of t he
sepa-
r at i on bet ween t r anspor t at i on and pedes-
t r i an ar eas depends on t he si ze of t he
shoppi ng cent er
.
I n a
si ngl e commer ci al
bui l di ng, t hi s separ at i on becomes
ef f ect i ve
onl y af t er t he cust omer has ent er ed
t he
st or e. I f t her e ar e t wo bui l di ngs, i t
mi ght
be possi bl e
t o ar r ange a separ at ed pe-
dest r i an ar ea bet ween
t hem. The chances
t o cr eat e separ at ed
pedest r i an ar eas ar e
sl i ght l y hi gher i n an i nt er medi at e
cent er .
I n a r egi onal cent er , compl et e
separ a-
t i on i s al most al ways possi bl e and shoul d
be ef f ect ed
. Even i n t he smal l est gr oupi ng
of st or es, such as a
nei ghbor hood cent er ,
i t i s possi bl e t o achi eve
a cer t ai n amount
of separ at i on by means of
br oad si de-
wal ks wi t h l andscapi ng, l ow gar den wal l s,
and t he l i ke.
St r i p cent er wi t h cur b par ki ng ( Fi g
. 8) :
I n t hi s pl an, t he shoppi ng cent er
i s com-
pr i sed of a r ow of st or es ext endi ng
2, 000
Fi g . B. St r i p cent er wi t h cur b
par ki ng
Fi g . 11. Mal l cent er wi t h onl y
one magnet
Fi g. 13. Cl ust er - t ype cent er
Fi g. 14. " I nt r over t ed" cent er
Fi g. 12. Mal l
cent er wi t h
magnet
cent r al l y pl aced
Fi g. 10.
Doubl e- st r i p cent er wi t h
of f - st r eet
par ki ng
Commer ci al
f t al ong t he hi ghway. The shopper par ks
at t he cur b i n f r ont of t he st or e, t r ansact s
hi s busi ness,
and t hen i s l i kel y t o ent er
hi s car and dr i ve of f . Shoppi ng
ar
f oot
t r af f i c i s l i mi t ed .
St r i p cent er wi t h of f - st r eet par ki ng ( Fi g .
9) : Thi s shoppi ng cent er consi st s of a
2, 000- f t - l ong r ow of st or es set back f r om
t he
hi ghway suf f i ci ent l y t o per mi t par ki ng
i n f r ont . The si dewal k, or
cover ed wal kway,
encour ages f oot t r af f i c al ong t he st or e
f r ont s . Thi s
pl an gener at es a cer t ai n
amount of shoppi ng
t r af f i c and t hus i s
cl ear l y super i or t o t he t ype
shown i n Fi g .
8. Shoppi ng t r af f i c i s never t hel ess
l i mi t ed,
chi ef l y because of
t he 2, 000- f t di st ance
bet ween t he ext r eme ends of
t he st r i p. The
shopper may r et ur n t o hi s car af t er each
t r ansact i on
and dr i ve t o t he next st or e on
hi s l i st , i gnor i ng
i nt er veni ng mer chant s .
Doubl e- st r i p cent er
wi t h of f - st r eet par k-
i ng ( Fi g. 10) : Her e, t he st r i p i s di vi ded
i nt o t wo r ows of st or es, f aci ng each ot her
al ong a pedest r i an
mal l , wi t h par ki ng on
f our si des . A " magnet " ( depar t ment st or e,
j uni or depar t ment st or e, or ot her maj or
t enant st or e) i s pl aced at each end. The
2, 000- f t
st r i p
of
st or es
i s
nowdi vi ded i nt o
t wo 1, 000- f t - l ong st r i ps . Wi t h t he di st ance
bet ween t he t wo magnet s now onl y hal f
as gr eat , f oot t r af f i c wi l l be gr eat er and
t he i nt er veni ng st or es wi l l
pr of i t accor d-
i ngl y. Al so, t he cr eat i on of a hi ghl y desi r -
abl e pedest r i an ar ea shi el ded f r om t he
noi se, smel l s, conf usi on, and hazar ds of
aut omobi l e t r af f i c wi l l cont r i but e t o gr eat er
shoppi ng t r af f i c .
Mal l cent er wi t h onl y one magnet ( Fi g.
1 1 ) : I n t hi s pl an, t he exi st ence of
onl y one
magnet , l ocat ed at t he ext r eme end of
t he pedest r i an mal l , r educes shoppi ng
t r af f i c because of l ack of i nt er change. The
st or es f ar t hest f r om t he magnet wi l l par -
t i ci pat e ver y l i t t l e i n t he t r af f i c i t gener at es .
Mal l cent er wi t h magnet cent r al l y pl aced
( Fi g. 12) : The ar r angement of t he pedes .
t r i an mal l i s t he same as t hat shown i n
Fi g. 11, except t hat t he magnet i s moved
t o a cent er posi t i on on one si de of t he
mal l Thi s modi f i cat i on r epr esent s a con,
si der obl e i mpr ovement over t he pr evi ous
exampl e
Cl ust er - t ype cent er ( Fi g.

13) .

The

maj or
t enant i s pl aced i n t he cent er of a cl ust er
ar r angement .
Near l y
oi l
st or es t hus be-
come nei ghbor s of t he most power f ul shop-
pi ng- t r af f i c pul l er .
' ' I nt r over t ed" cent er ( Fi g . 14) : Thi s t ype
exempl i f i es what mi ght be cal l ed t he " i n-
t r over t ed" cent er , i n whi ch al l st or e f r ont s
ar e t ur ned t owar d t he i nsi de of t he bui l d-
i ng cl ust er . Ent r y i nt o i ndi vi dual
st or es
di -
r ect l y
f r om t he par ki ng l ot i s di mi ni shed
or compl et el y excl uded . Shoppi ng
t r af f i c i s
f unnel ed t hr ough a l i mi t ed number of
en-
t r ance
ar cades i nt o pedest r i an ar eas- o
pl an t hat mar kedl y i ncr eases
t he densi t y
of
shoppi ng t r af f i c and cont r ol s i t s di r ect i on
.
Separ at i on of t r af f i c t ypes
1. Pedest r i an f r om
t r anspor t at i on: The
separ at i on of pedest r i an ar eas f r om
t r ans-
por t at i on ar eas i s one of t he cor ner st ones
of good pl anni ng
.
The
const ant movement
of vehi cl es wi t hi n t r anspor t at i on ar eas
i n-
evi t abl y cr eat es a cer t ai n amount of
danger , noi se, f umes, and
conf usi on, whi ch
di st r act t he shopper and di mi ni sh shoppi ng
enj oyment .
2.
Ser vi ce f r om cust omer t r af f i c : Ser vi ce
t r af f i c i n shoppi ng cent er s r epr esent s
a
consi der abl e por t i on of mechani zed t r af f i c .
Even i n t he smal l est shoppi ng cent er , ser v-
i ce vehi cl es f or del i ver i es, pi ckups,
gar -
bage and t r ash col l ect i on, r epai r cr ews,
const r uct i on and f i xt ur e cont r act or s, and
ut i l i t y compani es cr eat e a si gni f i cant por .
t i on of t he over - al l t r af f i c .
Separ at i on of
ser vi ce t r af f i c f r om cust omer t r af f i c i s es-
sent i al and may be accompl i shed on one
or t wo l evel s
.
Ser vi ce ar eas on t he
mer chandi si ng or
gr ound l evel i n t he f or m of t r uck r oads,
ser vi ce cour t s, and ot her t ypes of l oadi ng
f aci l i t i es, ar e pr act i cal i n
t he nei ghbor hood
and i nt er medi at e cent er s . Good
pl anni ng
pr i nci pl es demand t hat such ar eas be
pr oper l y
shi el ded by scr een wal l s or l and
scapi ng and
t hat ser vi ce vehi cl es be abl e
t o ent er or l eave wi t hout
i nt er f er ence f r om
aut omobi l es or pedest r i ans .
Ser vi ce
ar eas
on
nonmer chandi si ng l evel s
per mi t t he most
pr oduct i ve space t o be
t ot al l y f r eed f r om ser vi ce
f unct i ons . Onl y
t he l ar ge cent er can achi eve t hi s separ a-
t i on, f or whi ch t her e ar e a number of
possi bl e
ar r angement s . The t r uck t unnel
under t he shoppi ng cent er mal l i s
an ex-
pensi ve sol ut i on t hat i s mor e t al ked about
t han used. Ser vi ce r oads l ocat ed at t he
basement l evel pr ovi de a l ess expensi ve
sol ut i on and ar e
wi del y
used
. Wher e sub-
sur f ace or t opogr aphi cal condi t i ons
make
t he const r uct i on of basement s i mpr act i cal ,
ser vi ce
and st or age ar eas may be pl aced
above t he
mer chandi si ng l evel and con-
nect ed t o i t by r amps .
3. Publ i c t r anspor t at i on f r om cust omer
t r af f i c : Separ at i on of publ i c t r anspor t at i on
f r om cust omer
t r af f i c i s essent i al . The de-
si gner must al so consi der
t he
space
needs
f or publ i c t r anspor t at i on . Gener ous ar -
r angement s f or publ i c car r i er s wi t h wel l -
l ocat ed
and wel l - pr ot ect ed wai t i ng ar eas
wi l l encour age t r anspor t at i on
compani es t o
use t hem. Space r equi r ement s f or exi st i ng
and f ut ur e publ i c t r anspor t at i on f aci l i t i es
shoul d be di scussed at t he out set of
si t e
pl anni ng wor k, and i f possi bl e, pr ovi si ons
shoul d exceed t he r equi r ed mi ni mum. St or -
age space f or buses shoul d be pr ovi ded
on or near t he si t e so t he
company can make ext r a f aci l i t i es
avai l -
abl e f or peak per i ods, especi al l y at cl osi ng
hour s .
Or der l i ness, uni t y, and beaut y
The concept of or der l i ness, uni t y, and
beaut y i s
a maj or pl anni ng pr i nci pl e; i t
must be appl i ed t o
ever y
maj or
and mi nor
aspect of t he pr oj ect , and must per meat e
al l ar chi t ect ur al expr essi ons . Landscapi ng,
si gns, t he ar chi t ect ur e of st r uct ur es, ar chi -
t ect ur al
t r eat ment
of spaces bet ween
st r uc-
t ur es, composi t i on of st r uct ur es i n r el at i on
t o one anot her , col or s, and mat er i al s- al l
must adher e t o t hi s vi t al pr i nci pl e.
PLANNI NG THE SURROUNDI NGAREA
The t er m " sur r oundi ng ar ea"
can be
under st ood ei t her i n i t s nar r owest sense,
t hat i s, st r i ps of l and on t he opposi t e si de
of
t he publ i c r oads adj oi ni ng t he shoppi ng
cent er , or
i n i t s wi dest sense: t he ent i r e
communi t y wi t hi n whi ch a shoppi ng
cent er
i s l ocat ed .
A r eci pr ocal r el at i onshi p exi st s bet ween
a shoppi ng
cent er and i t s sur r oundi ng ar ea.
A wel l - pl anned cent er can exer t a hi ghl y
i nvi gor at i ng i nf l uence an t he ar ea sur -
r oundi ng i t , whi l e a wel l - pl anned sur -
r oundi ng
ar ea can add i n l ar ge measur e
t o t he pr osper i t y of t he cent er .
Conver sel y,
a poor l y pl anned or unpl anned commer -
ci al gr oupi ng of st or es can have a det er i -
or at i ng ef f ect on i t s sur r oundi ng ar ea,
whi l e t he success of even
t he best - pl anned
cent er can be endanger ed by a poor l y
pl anned or bl i ght ed sur r oundi ng ar ea . The
degr ee t o whi ch ef f ect i ve pl anni ng can be
appl i ed depends on t he gener al l ocat i on
of t he cent er , t he si ze of
t he cent er , t he
i nvest ment pol i cy of t he devel oper ,
and
exi st i ng zoni ng and economi c condi t i ons .
I n gener al , i f t he si t e f or a shoppi ng
cent er i s t he one
r emai ni ng pi ece of l and
wi t hi n a compl et el y bui l t - up ar ea,
t her e
wi l l obvi ousl y be meager possi bi l i t i es f or
i nf l uenci ng t he
char act er of t he sur r ound-
i ng ar ea. Shoppi ng cent er s i n such
ar eas
usual l y oper at e under t he handi cap of
havi ng t o be f i t t ed i nt o exi st i ng ar ea and
t r af f i c condi t i ons . On t he
ot her hand, one
shoul d consi der t he undoubt ed
advant age
of bei ng pr ovi ded wi t h a f ul l y devel oped
buyi ng
pot ent i al ,
725
Fi g. 16 . Revi sed zoni ng pl an
The pl an r epr esent s t he ar chi t ect ' s suggest i ons f or t he sur r oundi ng l and use
f or t he same shoppi ng cent er showni n Fi g. 1. 5. The r evi si ons ensur e cont r ol of
t he sur r oundi ng l and by t he devel oper.
726
Commer ci al
Fi g. 15. Or i gi nal zoni ng pl an
f l i c Pl an- shows Zoni ng Condi t i ons as t hey
exi st ed
When
t he
or i gi nal Shoppi ng Cent e was Pr oj ect ed.
727
Fi g. 17. Pl an f or expansi on
Nor t hl and Cent er , D( t r oi t; Vi ct or Gr uen
Associ at es, Ar chi t ect s .
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL
SHOPPI NG CENTERS
Most shoppi ng cent er s do not f al l i nt o
t hi s cat egor y
si nce i t woul d be r ar e t o f i nd
a suf f i ci ent l y l ar ge si t e
f or such const r uc-
t i on wi t hi n a f ul l y bui l t - up
ar ea. Lar ge
t r act s of l and can usual l y be f ound onl y on
t he f r i nge of subur ban devel opment s or i n
compar at i vel y empt y ar eas bet ween sub-
ur ban gr owt h. Thi s f act
appl i es especi al l y
t o t he l ar ge r egi onal shoppi ng cent er and,
t o a l esser degr ee, t o t he i nt er medi at e
one.
Wi t h some pl anni ng, however , bot h
t ypes can cr eat e suf f i ci ent
pul l i ng power
t o r educe t he di sadvant age of bei ng
at
some di st ance f r om densel y popul at ed
ar eas
.
The gr eat est oppor t uni t y
f or ef f ect i ve
pl anni ng of sur r oundi ng ar eas
i n r el at i on
t o t he shoppi ng cent er i s af f or ded when
newcommuni t i es ar e pr oj ect ed. Then i t i s
of t en
possi bl e
t o
set asi de, i n t he mast er
pl an, si t es of
i deal
si ze .
Whet her t he shoppi ng cent er
devel oper
acqui r es sur r oundi ng l and wi t h t he i nt en-
t i on of devel opi ng i t hi msel f , or i nt ends
t o negot i at e wi t h t he owner s of such l and
i n or der t o per suade t hem t o devel op
al ong t he l i nes of best common i nt er est ,
i t
i s
i mpor t ant
t o make
a
compr ehensi ve
pl an
f or t he l and use of t he sur r oundi ng
ar ea ( Fi gs. 15 and 16 n.
PLANNI NG FOREXPANSI ON
Pl anni ng f or expansi on shoul d
be
con-
si der ed i f t he shoppi ng cent er i s l ocat ed
i n a st eadi l y gr owi ng ar ea. I n such a si t ua-
t i on t he depar t ment st or e and ot her maj or
st or es wi l l of t en expr ess t he desi r e t o en-
l ar ge when t hei r sal es
vol ume
r eaches a
st at ed f i gur e .
I n or der t o make pl anni ng f or ex-
pansi on f easi bl e, cer t ai n pr er equi si t es must
exi st . The car r yi ng pot ent i al
of
sur r oundi ng
publ i c r oads must
be
suf f i ci ent
t o
absor b
addi t i onal t r af f i c l oads . The si t e must be
l ar ge enough t o per mi t t he devel oper t o
hol d space i n r eser ve f or addi t i onal bui l d-
i ng, par ki ng, and t r af f i c ar eas ; al t er na-
t i vel y, addi t i onal l y cr eat ed i ncome must
be such as t o j ust i f y capi t al i nvest ment
f or doubl e- deck or mul t i pl e- deck par ki ng
st r uct ur es
at
t he t i me of enl ar gement .
Most
i mpor t ant , t he devel oper must be r eason-
abl y cer t ai n t hat t he gr owi ng buyi ng po-
t ent i al of t he ar ea wi l l not
be
mor e ef f i -
ci ent l y
ser ved
by exi st i ng
or f ut ur e
com-
pet i t i on. For exampl e, i f sui t abl e shoppi ng
cent er si t es exi st wi t hi n t he t r ade ar ea,
t he l i kel i hood of such f ut ur e compet i t i on i s
gr eat . These and ot her r el at ed f act or s
must
be
car ef ul l y
consi der ed bef or e
maki ng
a deci si on t o pl an f or expansi on .
I f i t i s deci ded t o pl an wi t h a vi ewt o
expansi on, cer t ai n measur es must be t aken .
Si nce t he
desi r e of
depar t ment
st or es
and
ot her maj or t enant
st or es f or gr owt h i s
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL
SHOPPI NG CENTERS
usual l y best met
by pr ovi si ons f or ver t i cal
addi t i ons, t he
const r uct i on of l ar ger f oun-
dat i ons
and heavi er col umns as wel l as
r oof sl abs st r ong enough t o car r y f ut ur e
f l oor l oads ar e r equi r ed .
Hor i zont al gr owt h
i s di f f i cul t
t o accompl i sh wi t hout dest r oyi ng
t he r el at i onshi p bet ween shoppi ng cent er
bui l di ngs and ot her
el ement s . Land must
be hel d
i n
r eser ve f or t he enl ar ged par k.
i ng
needs t hat wi l l be cr eat ed by ex-
panded shoppi ng f aci l i t i es . When
t he or i gi -
nal const r uct i on
i s compl et ed, t hese r eser ve
ar eas wi l l have
t o be pr oper l y l andscaped
i n or der not t o mar t he over - al l appear -
ance of t he cent er . Cent r al ai r - condi t i on-
i ng and heat i ngpl ant
st r uct ur es must be
di mensi oned
t o pr ovi de space f or addi -
t i onal
equi pment , and al l under gr ound
ut i l i t y l i nes shoul d be of suf f i ci ent si ze t o
meet ul t i mat e needs . The gener al pl an
shown i n Fi g. 17 i ndi cat es exi st i ng st r uc-
t ur es and pr ovi si ons f or expansi on .
PLANNI NG FOR DEVELOPMENT
I NSTAGES
Pl anni ng f or devel opment i n st ages
shoul d be consi der ed i f t he shoppi ng
cent er
si t e i s l ocat ed i n an
ar ea t hat has not
r eached i t s
ul t i mat e popul at i on pot ent i al
and i f a qui ck accel er at i on of popul at i on
gr owt h may be expect ed. Anot her mot i va-
t i on f or devel opment i n
st ages may be
t he desi r e of a l and owner t o make some
i mmedi at e use of hi s l and even t hough f ul l
ut i l i zat i on wi l l be pr act i cal onl y i n
f ut ur e
year s .
Pl anni ng f or devel opment i n st ages can
be successf ul l y accompl i shed onl y i f a
t ot al mast er
si t e- use pl an i s compl et ed
bef or e const r uct i on or even det ai l ed pl an-
ni ng of t he f i r st st age i s under t aken.
TRAFFI C
Tr af f i c pl anni ng, an i nt egr al par t of
pl anni ng t he si t e and t he sur r oundi ng ar ea,
pl ays an i mpor t ant r ol e i n t he pr oper
f unct i oni ng and success
of t he shoppi ng
cent er . I t
shoul d be bor ne i n mi nd, how-
ever , t hat t he shoppi ng cent er i s not t o
be pl anned t o ser ve t r af f i c ; r at her ,
t r af f i c
i s t o be pl anned
t o
ser ve t he
shoppi ng
cent er
.
Basi c t r af f i c pl anni ng concer ns t he
pl anni ng t eam as a whol e and t he ar chi -
t ect i n par t i cul ar .
Bef or e t he
si t e i s f i nal l y deci ded upon,
ser i ous
consi der at i on must be gi ven t o i t s
accessi bi l i t y. I t i s essent i al t o gat her al l
i nf or mat i on about exi st i ng r oads and
t he
t r af f i c- car r yi ng
capaci t i es of t he sur r ound-
i ng
r oad syst em, as wel l as t o est abl i sh
t he expect ed addi t i onal t r af f i c l oad gen-
er at ed by t he newshoppi ng
cent er
.
Al t hough t he
ar chi t ect wi l l avai l hi msel f
of t he assi st ance of a t r af f i c engi neer , t he
speci al i st
shoul d not be expect ed t o f ur -
ni sh basi c concept s but shoul d assi st t he
ar chi t ect i n f i ndi ng sol ut i ons wi t hi n
t he
f r amewor k
of
gener al
and speci f i ed pl an .
ni ng ai ms
. Tr af f i c pl anni ng i s t he r esponsi .
bi l i t y of t he ar chi t ect si nce i t i s par t of
t he gener al pl anni ng
of
t he cent er .
Ai ms of t r af f i c pl anni ng
1 . Easy t r af f i c f l ow
on
sur r oundi ng
r oad
syst em
. The exi st ence of ent er pr i ses t hat
woul d r esul t i n a const ant ent er i ng and
exi t i ng of car s al ong t he r oads
opposi t e
t he shoppi ng cent er
woul d di sr upt t he f l ow
of t r af f i c and i s t her ef or e hi ghl y undesi r -
abl e. ( Thi s i s one r eason why pr oper pl an-
ni ng of t he sur r oundi ng ar ea
i s so
i m-
por t ant
. ) The exi st ence of many si de r oads
opposi t e t he shoppi ng cent er woul d al so
i nt er f er e wi t h good t r af f i c f l ow. The pl an-
ner ' s mai n t ask i s t o see t o i t t hat
aut o-
mobi l es
can ent er t he si t e wi t hout sl ow-
downs .
2. Ef f ect i ve t r ansf er of r oad t r af f i c ont o
t he si t e. I f aut omobi l es wer e
dr i ven di -
r ect l y f r om an
adj oi ni ng hi ghway ont o
par ki ng- l ot
l anes, chaos woul d r esul t , The
ci r cul at or y r oad t hat f unct i ons as a t ur n-
of f l ane f r om t he hi ghway,
maki ng possi bl e
a gr adual change
of speed f r omf ast - mov.
i ng t r af f i c
t o sl ower par ki ng- l ot t r af f i c,
pl ays an ext r emel y i mpor t ant r ol e
.
3. Even and ef f ect i ve di st r i but i on
of
t r af f i c
on t he si t e
. The cust omer shoul d be
f r ee t o dr i ve t o any of t he par ki ng ar eas
t hat sur r ound t he cent er so t hat
he
may
come as cl ose
as possi bl e t o t he st or e
wher e
he
wi l l
make hi s f i r st pur chase.
Secondar y t r af f i c movement s wi t hi n t he
par ki ng ar ea must
be
f aci l i t at ed
. I n l ar ger
cent er s, ar r angement s
must be made t o
guar ant ee
t he easy f l ow of ci r cul at or y
t r af f i c, avoi di ng any i nt er f er ence wi t h
pe-
dest r i ans wal ki ng t o and f r om
t he cent er ' s
st r uct ur es .
4.
Conveni ent and ef f i ci ent ar r angement
of car st or age f aci l i t i es. The ai m of t he
par ki ng- l ot l ayout shoul d not be
t o
achi eve
t he gr eat est possi bl e
number of par ki ng
st al l s,
but r at her t o ensur e t he gr eat est
possi bl e
t ur nover of car s dur i ng a gi ven
per i od, Par ki ng capaci t y i s a val i d measur -
i ng st i ck onl y i f
i t denot es t he number of
conveni ent l y
ar r anged and di mensi oned
par ki ng st al l s .
Wal kways f or pedest r i ans wi l l r esul t i n
gr eat er saf et y f or shopper s and wi l l el i mi -
nat e t he sl owi ng
down of vehi cl es, but
wi l l r educe t he number of par ki ng spaces
i n any ar ea. Sur f aci ng of good qual i t y
wi l l speed par ki ng and
r educe
mai nt e-
nance cost s . Lanes shoul d
be
cl ear l y num-
ber ed wi t h
si gns vi si bl e t o t he mot or i st s
when ent er i ng t he l ot as wel l as when
r et ur ni ng f r om shoppi ng. Pr oper i l l umi na-
728
t i on i s essent i al f or
saf et y and speed of
par ki ng oper at i ons
.
No
f or mul a f or pr opor t i oni ng par ki ng
ar ea
t o sal es ar ea i s r ecommended. Exi st -
i ng
successf ul shoppi ng cent er s
pr ovi de
f r om 3 t o 9 car
spaces per 1, 000 sq f t
of r ent abl e
ar ea; however , each pr oj ect
must be deci ded on i t s own
mer i t s .
An
al l owance of 400
sq f t per st al l , i ncl ud-
i ng dr i ves,
wal ks, and l andscapi ng, i s
r ecommended. Wi de st al l s ar r anged
at a
45- deg angl e per mi t t he
f ast est and most
comf or t abl e par ki ng.
The maxi mum si ze
r ecommended
f or a si ngl e par ki ng l ot i s
800
car s.
5. Separ at i on of ser vi ce
vehi cl es f r om
cust omer car t r af f i c .
For ser vi ce vehi cl es
( t r ucks, t r ai l er s,
and gar bage- and t r ash-
col l ect i ng
vehi cl es) , separ at e r oads, br anch-
i ng of f f r om t he gener al r oad
syst em at
poi nt s r emoved as f ar
as possi bl e f r om
t he shoppi ng ar ea,
shoul d be pr ovi ded .
I deal l y- and t hi s
can be accompl i shed i n
l ar ge
r egi onal shoppi ng cent er s- separ at e
ent r ances and exi t s
t o
t he
publ i c r oad sys-
t em shoul d be pl anned . I f
t hi s ar r ange-
ment i s not
f easi bl e, t he ser vi ce r oads
shoul d
br anch of f f r om t he per i met er ci r -
cul at or y r oad or , i n smal l er
cent er s, f r om
gener al ent r ance and exi t
r oads bef or e
such r oads t ake
an t he char act er i st i cs of
par ki ng
l anes . Under no ci r cumst ances
shoul d ser vi ce vehi cl es cr oss r oads t hat
di r ect l y ser ve par ki ng
oper at i ons. Publ i c
vehi cl es shoul d be si mi l ar l y
separ at ed f r om cust omer car t r af f i c.
CHARACTER
OF THE BUI LDI NGS
The
shoppi ng cent er est abl i shes a new
envi r onment r esul t i ng f r omt he bandi ng
t o-
get her of i ndi vi dual busi nesses i n
cooper a-
t i ve f ashi on wi t h t he
ai m of cr eat i ng
gr eat er commer ci al ef f ect i veness t hr ough
uni f i ed endeavor . I t i s i mpor t ant t hat t he
i ndi vi dual char act er i st i cs
of
t he par t i ci pant s
not be suppr essed,
but encour aged. I t i s
equal l y
i mpor t ant , however , t hat a st r ong
common denomi nat or be cr eat ed t o t i e t he
i ndi vi dual ent er pr i ses i nt o a
homogeneous
uni t , These
dual ai ms can be achi eved by
ski l l f ul
pl anni ng and desi gn. Bui l di ngs f or
si ngl e t enancy, f or exampl e, ar e pl anned
not onl y i n accor dance wi t h t he speci f i c r e-
qui r ement s
of
t he
speci f i c t enant , but al so
i n har mony
wi t h t he char act er of t he over -
al l shoppi ng cent er ar chi t ect ur e. Such bui l d-
i ngs t hus of f er a var i at i on of t he mai n
t heme r at her t han t he
i nt r oduct i on of a
new
one ( Fi g. 18) .
Regi ment at i on i s as much t o be shunned
as anar chy. Compl et e cont r ol
of
st or e- f r ont
desi gn r esul t s i n monot ony
and dul l ness,
and di mi ni shes
t he enj oyment of wi ndow
shoppi ng, whi ch t hr i ves on exci t ement cr e-
at ed by ever - changi ng desi gns and col or s .
72
9
Commer ci al
REGI ONAL SHOPPI NG
CENTERS
The
cooper at i ve spi r i t i s best
expr essed i f
i ndi vi dual desi gn
of t enant st or es i s
en-
cour aged wi t hi n
est abl i shed l i mi t s ;
ar ound
t hese
i ndi vi dual desi gn
ar eas t her e must
be a
f r amewor k of ar chi t ect ur al l y
con-
t r ol l ed ar eas
l ar ge enough and
t r eat ed
wi t h suf f i ci ent
f or cef ul ness t o
hol d t he
var yi ng expr essi ons
f i r ml y t oget her ( Fi g
.
19) .
and pr ovi de
pl aces f or r est and
r el axat i on .
Al l t he senses
shoul d be r ewar ded.
Tr ees,
f l ower s, f ount ai ns,
scul pt ur e, and
mur al s,
as wel l as t he ar chi t ect ur e
of f r eest andi ng
st r uct ur es,
ar e vi t al par t s of
t he over - al l
scheme. Publ i c
event s such as
f ashi on
shows, hol i day
cel ebr at i ons, and exhi bi -
t i ons ar e al l par t s of t he
l i f e i n t hese
open
spaces, as ar e snack bar s,
out door
caf es, and
r est aur ant s .
Shoppi ng must
t hus be under st ood as
mor e t han a ut i l i t ar i an
act i vi t y. The en-
vi r onment shoul d be so at t r act i ve
t hat cus-
t omer s
wi l l enj oy t hese t r i ps, wi l l
st ay
l onger , and r et ur n
mor e of t en. Thi s wi l l
r esul t i n cash r egi st er s
r i ngi ng mor e of t en
and r ecor di ng hi gher sal es .
PEDESTRI ANAREAS
Open spaces must be mor e t han nar r ow
l anes bet ween l ong r ows of st or es
. They
must be busy and col or f ul , exci t i ng
and
st i mul at i ng, must make wal ki ng enj oyabl e,
St or es of var yi ng dept h
and wi dt h can
be
ar r anged bet ween
mul t i pl e- t enant st r uct ur es by ski l l f ul
di vi si on and or i ent at i on of
st or es
Fi g . 18. Dept h r equi r ement s f or t enant st or es
Gr eat er dept h i s needed i f shoppi ng t r af f i c moves on bot h si des
of i ndi vi dual st or es
Gr eat er dept h
i s needed i f del i ver y i s at back of st or e on
gr ound l evel and st or age
f aci l i t i es have t o be pr ovi ded on
gr ound l evel f or each t enant
Smal l dept h i s needed i f ser vi ce f aci l i t i es
ar e i n basement s and
pedest r i an t r af f i c
moves onl y on one si de of
st r uct ur e
Fi g . 19. St or e- f r ont desi gn
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
By MURRAYS. COHEN, AI A,
Ar chi t ect
GENERAL
Peopl e l ove t o l ook, wi ndow- shop, and buy.
Shoppi ng as an exper i ence shoul d pr ovi de f un,
whi ch i n t ur n pr ovi des pr of i t s . Asuccessf ul
st or e or shop i s one t hat i s desi gned t o mer -
chandi se i n addi t i on t o l ooki ng good. Ast or e
can be di vi ded i nt o t wo pr i nci pal par t s : t he
ext er i or , whi ch gi ves i dent i f i cat i on, encom-
passes t he st or ef r ont , showwi ndows, and di s-
pl ays, and t he i nt er i or , wher e t he pr omi se of
t he st or ef r ont di spl ay i s del i ver ed. Br i ef l y
st at ed, t he st or ef r ont i ni t i at es t he sal e, and t he
i nt er i or consummat es i t .
The st or ef r ont and t he desi gn of t he f acade
must be at t r act i ve i n or der t o cat ch t he shop-
per s' at t ent i on and t o dr awt he cust omer s i n
f r omt he st r eet or f r omt he mal l i n shoppi ng
cent er s . Gr aphi c i dent i f i cat i on, wi t h bol d col or ,
l i ght i ng, l et t er i ng, and l ogos, and at t r act i ve
di spl ay of mer chandi se ar e t he i ni t i al st eps .
I n encl osed mal l s, t he gl ass- encl osed show
wi ndows ar e of t en el i mi nat ed or mi ni mi zed.
The " showwi ndow" di spl ays ar e set up i n a
l ar ge vest i bul e, per haps el evat ed or on por t abl e
pl at f or ms, and become par t of t he i nt er i or .
Hence t he demar cat i on bet ween t he ext er i or
and t he i nt er i or i s not physi cal , r at her t he t wo
ar e i nt egr at ed, and i t i s di f f i cul t t o def i ne wher e
one ends and t he ot her begi ns . Thi s i s par t i c-
ul ar l y t r ue i n encl osed shoppi ng mal l s . The
open or no f r ont gener al l y Pr omot es mor e
i mpul se buyi ng; depar t ment st or es wi l l of t en
make t hei r ent r ances an ext ensi on of t he mal l
so t hat t he shopper wi l l be easi l y ent i ced i nt o
t he st or e. When door s ar e used, ei t her on t he
st r eet or on t he mal l , t hey shoul d be wel l
mar ked and easy t o f i nd . Ent r ance t o t he i n-
t er i or shoul d be easy, r el at ed t o i nt er i or t r af f i c
f l owand l ayout , and shoul d be accessi bl e t o
ver t i cal t r anspor t at i on, i f any.
PRI NCI PLES
OF RETAI L SHOP DESI GN
I n
or der
t o
desi gn
sat i sf act or y shops, t he f i r st
r equi r ement i s an under st andi ng of t hose por -
t i ons of cur r ent mer chandi si ng t heor i es whi ch
af f ect t he desi gn pr obl em. Br i ef l y, ' ' mer chan-
di si ng psychol ogy" consi st s of , f i r st , ar ousi ng
i nt er est ; second, sat i sf yi ng i t .
Wi t h
st apl e
goods t he f i r st phase
i s
al most
aut omat i c . When nonst apl es, accessor i es, or
speci al t i es ot her t han " demand" goods ar e t o
be sol d, met hods of ar ousi ng i nt er est
may
be-
come mor e compl ex .
The second phase- - - t he act ual
sal e- i nvol ves
f act or s of conveni ence whi ch ar e desi r abl e i n
or der t o make buyi ng easy, t o sat i sf y cust om-
er s compl et el y, and t o achi eve economy of
space and t i me f or t he st or e management .
Bot h phases af f ect t he desi gn of r et ai l shops,
and ar e cl osel y i nt er r el at ed . I n some cases t he
pl anni ng pr obl ems i nvol ved cannot be segr e-
gat ed. Amor e det ai l ed l i st i ng of st eps i n t he
mer chandi si ng pr ocess, as t hey af f ect shop
desi gn, f ol l ows
:
At t r act i ng Cust omer s
Thi s can be accompl i shed by means of adver -
t i si ng, pr i ces, showwi ndowdi spl ays, or new
730
Fi g. t

Pr i nci pl es of shop desi gn. Mer chandi se i s l ocat ed
accor di ng t o cl assi f i cat i on: st apl e goods ar e unobt r usi vel y
yet accessi bl y pl aced; l uxur y i t ems ar e spot t ed wher e t he pr ospect i ve cust omer cannot hel p but be
at t r act ed t o t hem.
Whi t e count er ar eas ar e al l ocat ed t o ser vi ces : cashi er , wr apper , i nf or mat i on, et c .
or r emodel ed quar t er s, whi ch occupi es much of
a mer chant ' s ef f or t s . Of t hese, st or ef r ont s and
di spl ay wi ndows ar e i mpor t ant t o t he st or e
desi gner .
I nduci ng Ent r ance
Show wi ndows, i n addi t i on t o at t r act i ng
passer sby, shoul d i nduce t hem t o ent er t he
st or e . Showwi ndows may be opened up t o di s-
pl ay t he shop' s i nt er i or ; or cl osed i n, t o gi ve
pr i vacy t o cust omer s wi t hi n. Door l ocat i ons
r equi r e st udy i n r el at i on t o pedest r i an t r af f i c
f l ow, gr ades of si dewal ks and st or e f l oor s, and
i nt er i or l ayout of t he shop. I n col der cl i mat es
dr af t s and Out door t emper at ur e changes can be
cont r ol l ed at t he door .
Or gani zi ng St or e Spaces
Or gani zi ng st or e spaces, and consequent l y t he
mer chandi se t o be sol d, i nt o depar t ment s,
enabl es cust omer s t o f i nd obj ect s easi l y, and
per mi t s
st or ekeeper s t o keep cl ose check on
pr of i t s or l osses f r omvar i ous t ypes of goods .
St or e l i ght i ng and " dr essi ng" ar e si mpl i f i ed.
Even smal l shops benef i t f r om a measur e of
depar t ment al i zat i on ; i n l ar ge shops, t he pr ac-
t i ce
becomes essent i al as met hods of t r ai ni ng
sal espeopl e, of handl i ng, cont r ol l i ng, and
wr appi ng st ock become mor e compl ex .
I nt er i or Di spl ays
I nt er i or di spl ays r equi r e par t i cul ar at t ent i on i n
speci al t y shops . Types r ange f r om di spl ays
of st apl e goods whi ch assi st cust omer s i n se-
l ect i on,
t o di spl ays of accessor i es whi ch t he
sal e of st apl es may suggest t o t he cust omer .
Pr obl ems of ar r angement wi t h r egar d t o mer -
chandi se, depar t ment s, and r out es of cust om-
er s' appr oach ar e i nvol ved.
Rel i ef f r omt he r epeat ed i mpact of mer chan-
di se sal es ef f or t s and di spl ays i s necessar y
i n most shops . Exper i enced sal espeopl e can
t el l at a gl ance t he cust omer who i s sat i at ed
wi t h shoppi ng and t oo bewi l der ed t o buy. Af t er
he has been r ef r eshed by a br i ef
r est ,
t he
cus-
t omer ' s i nt er est can be
r ecapt ur ed qui ckl y.
Such r el axat i on may
be ment al or physi cal , or
bot h.
Conveni ences
Conveni ences
i nt ended pr i mar i l y f or t he cus-
t omer s' benef i t , whi l e
not st r i ct l y al l i ed t o t he
pr obl ems of at t r act i ng
t r ade or sel l i ng goods,
ar e necessar yt o
some t ypes of shops . Af l or i st ,
f or i nst ance,
pr ovi des a car d- wr i t i ng desk or
count er i n hi s shop. I n
ot her shop t ypes, par t i c-
ul ar l y t hose whose
pr i ces ar e above t he aver -
age, such
ext r a pr ovi si ons ar e of t en hi ghl y
desi r abl e. Conveni ences of
t hi s ki nd i ncl ude:
t el ephone boot hs, dr i nki ng f ount ai ns, l avat o-
r i es or powder r ooms, desks f or wr i t i ng car ds
or checks, st ool s or chai r s at count er s or i n
speci al sal es r ooms, and vani t y t abl es or t r i p-
l i cat e mi r r or s f or cer t ai n t ypes of appar el
f i t t i ng r ooms .
I n r egar d t o f i ni shes and equi pment , t he
i dea may be ext ended t o i ncl ude : f l oor sur -
f aci ng f or comf or t ; acoust i c t r eat ment of
cei l i ngs and possi bl y wal l s ; i l l umi nat i on of
pl easant , somet i mes speci al , qual i t y; and ai r
condi t i oni ng . Al l t hese have been f ound pr of i t -
abl e i nvest ment s i n var i ous cases . Thei r neces-
si t y or desi r abi l i t y depends t o an ext ent on t he
t ype of shop, i t s l ocat i on, or t he cl i mat e of t he
l ocal i t y.
I NTERI ORS
The successf ul r et ai l shop i s an ef f i ci ent sel l i ng
machi ne or sal es f act or y. I n addi t i on t o ser -
vi ci ng t he cust omer s, t he empl oyees have t o
be consi der ed so t hey can gi ve bet t er ser vi ce
t o t he cust omer .
Mer chandi se and space must be or gani zed t o
hel p t he cust omer i n maki ng a sel ect i on and t o
hel p t he sal es per son i n sel l i ng . Easy ci r cul a-
t i on and exposi ng t he cust omer t o t he maxi -
mumamount of mer chandi se ar e par t of good
desi gn . Avoi d monot ony i n ci r cul at i on and di s-
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
pl ay of mer chandi se. Wher e
possi bl e, do not
hesi t at e t o be
bol d or
even
shocki ng . Thi s
st i mul at es
t he
cust omer
and hi s ur ge t o buy.
The l ocat i on and desi gn of t he cashi er
and
wr appi ng uni t ar e i mpor t ant and pr ovi de f or
sever al per sons t o be
ser vi ced. Of t en t hi s act s
as a cont r ol cent er
.
Fl exi bi l i t y so t hat
f i xt ur es and depar t ment s
can be
moved or modi f i ed i n par t of pr esent - day
mer chandi si ng . Fi xt ur es
shoul d be mi ni mi zed
and mer chandi se emphasi zed.
Desi gn and usa
f i xt ur es so t hat f ul l at t ent i on i s
t hr own on
t he mer chandi se. Sur veys muet be made
f or
each par t i cul ar t ype of st or e, i t s mer chandi se,
oper at i on, and per sonnel t o
det er mi ne act ual
si zes and r equi r ement s. Do not desi gn f i xt ur es
so t hat a sal esper son has t o r each mer chandi se
on t oo hi gh a shel f or st oop t oo l ow.
Det er mi ne whet cust omer accessor i es ar e
r equi r ed: seat i ng i n gener al , count er s, t abl es,
mi r r or s, t el ephones, dr i nki ng f ount ai ns, r est
r ooms, speci al l i ght i ng, and f l oor cover i ngs .
Accessor i es wi l l var y, dependi ng on t he st or e' s
l ocat i on and t he t ype of cust omer , as wel l an
t he nat ur e of t he mer chandi se.
Locat i on of st ock r ooms, or of r eser ves,
must be car ef ul l y consi der ed so t hat t he sal es-
per son dosa not have t o l eave a cust omer f or
t oo l ong a per i od.
Fi t t i ng anddr essi ng r ooms shoul d be l ocat ed
conveni ent l y near t he I t embei ng sol d.
Sel l i ng Ar eas
Depar t ment al i zat i on

Benef i t s t o be der i ved
f r om
segr egat i on of mer chandi se by t ypes have
been
t ouched upon pr evi ousl y. Al l t hese ar e f ac-
t or s i n decr easi ng t he aver age t i me per sal e,
an i mpor t ant f i gur e i n l ar gest or e
account -
i ng and i n smal l st or es wi t h r ush
per i ods
( Fi g. 1) .
Wi t hi n each depar t ment , and as a
gui de when
r el at i ng depar t ment s t o each ot her
and
t o t he
pat h of t he t ypi cal cust omer t hr ough t he st or e,
mer chandi se and ser vi ces can be
anal yzed by
cl assi f i cat i on . Most obj ect a can be pl aced
i n
one of t he f ol l owi ng cl asses, r el at i ng t hem t o
t he needs of cust omer s :
I mpul se, or l uxur y, goods ar e hi gh- pr of i t
ar t i cl es, usual l y ( but not necessar i l y) hi gh i n
pr i ce.
Conveni ence i t ems ar e st ocked f or t he
passer by whohappensi n, but whomay r et ur nf or
ot her
pur chases i f pr oper l y i mpr essed. Of t en
t hese ar e not
i n t hemsel ves st r i ct l y pr of i t abl e
mer chandi se.
Demand goods ar e al so st apl es, l i ke con-
veni ences,
but ar e ar t i cl es whi ch t he cust omer
st ar t s out
wi t h a def i ni t e i dea of pur chasi ng.
These at t r act
hi m t o t he st or e and he buys
t hem- ot her goods
must be sol d t o hi m.
These
cl assi f i cat i ons necessar i l y over l ap;
but , i n a shop
whose t ype of cust omer can be
f or ecast , di vi si ons
al ong some such l i nes ar e
possi bl e
. Si gns ar e not al ways necessar y; each
depar t ment
may be desi gnat ed by di spl ay of
t ypi cal
ar t i cl es an a ki nd of post er .
Cust omer Fl ow The accompanyi ng di agr ams
based uponanal yses
of t r af f i c i ndi cat e t he pos-
si bi l i t y of
or gani zi ng depar t ment s i n r el at i on t o
t he f l owof cust omer s
t hr ough t he st or e.
I nt er est i n ar t i cl es on
di spl ay was f ound t o
be i nver sel y
pr opor t i onal t o t he number di s-
pl ayed af t er a l ow
l i mi t had been r eached. A
cent r al l ocat i on i n a gr oup seemed
t o l ead t o
i ncr eased i nt er est i n a pi ct ur e
. One i mpor t ant
concl usi on i s t hat what a cust omer
seen i s
mor e i nf l uenced by t he
ar r angement of t he
space and t he wal ki ng habi t s of
cust omer s,
t han by t he i nt r i nsi c
qual i t y of t he obj ect s
exhi bi t ed . Tendenci es t o t ur n t o t he
r i ght , t o be
at t r act ed bydoor ways, t o
choose t he wi der of
t wo ai sl es, and t o be
f at i gued by t oo much
mat er i al on di spl ay ar e
al l of ut most i mpor -
t ance t o t he st or e
pl anner .
St or e ser vi ces muet al so be
anal yzed i n r el a-
t i on t o cust omer f l ow.
Sao- Ser vi ce Oper at or s of l ar ge st or es have
f ound t hat sel f - ser vi ce speeds up
sel l i ng. For
t hat r eason t hei r st ock i s easi l y
accessi bl e t o
t he shopper . Of t en, t oo, cust omer s
i nsi st upon
handl i ng mer chandi se, and ar e mor e easi l y
sol d when t hey can get t hese f i r st - hand i mpr es-
si ons . As
a r esul t , many st or es have abandoned
t he
sel l i ng- over - t hecount er pl an, whi ch de-
cr eases f r ee sal es space, and r el y upon open
wal l f i xt ur es, wal l di spl ays, and di spl ay t abl es
whenever
possi bl e .
I n di r ect cont r ast t o t hi s t ype i s t he excl usi ve
shop
whi ch keeps i t s st ock i n cl osed f i xt ur es
or i n t he st ockr oom, per mi t t i ng sel ect i on of
mer chandi se onl y by sampl e di spl ays . Some
speci al t y shops wor k ent i r el y on t hi s basi s .
Shel f Si zes These ar e f ar f r om st andar di zed.
However , as
det er mi ned by r eal est at e val ues,
and mer chandi si ng,
st r uct ur al , f i xt ur e, and
ai sl e space
r equi r ement s, shops wi t h one cus-
t omer ' s ai sl e
onl y
ar e
usual l y 12 t o 15 f t wi de
by 50 t o 60 f t
l ong i n l ar ge ci t i es ; and 15 t o 18
f t .
wi de
by 60 t o
80 f t l ong i n smal l er ci t i es .
These di mensi ons appl y
par t i cul ar l y t o shops
i n 100
per cent r et ai l di st r i ct s
.
Hei ght s ar e mor e easi l y det er mi ned. Base-
ment s 8
t o
9 f t hi gh, i n t he cl ear , per mi t eco-
nomi cal st ock
st or age. Gr ound f l oor s ar e
pr ef er abl y appr oxi mat el y 12 f t hi gh I f no mez-
zani ne i s
i ncl uded ; mezzani nes at l east 7 f t
6 i n. above
f l oor l evel wi l l accommodat e most
f i xt ur e hei ght s
.
Hei ght f r om mezzani ne f l oor
t o cei l i ng may be as
l owas 6 f t 6 i n . i f used f or
ser vi ce space onl y;
7
f t
i s t he pr ef er r ed mi ni -
mumf or publ i c use.
Typi cal Count er and Case Layout s
Cent er I sl and
Type i l l ust r at ed, L =13 f t avg.
mi n . ; W=9 f t 6 i n. t o 13
f t . I sl ands com-
posed of showcases onl y, L =10 f t mi n . ; W
=5
f t
10 i n. t o 6 f t 3 i n . For f l oor t abl es, L =
4 t o7f t ; W=2f t 6i n. t o 3f t .
Ai sl e Wi dt hs

For cl er ks, mi n. =1 f t 8 i n. ; de-
si r abl e, 2
f t
t o 2 f t 3 i n. For mai n publ i c ai sl es,
mi n. ~=4 f t 6 i n. ; avg. , 5 f t 6 i n. t o 7 f t ; usual
max
. , 1 1 f t . Secondar ypubl i c ai sl es, 3 f t t o 3 f t
6
i n.
See Fi gs . 2 and 3.
Di spl ays
The segr egat i on of di spl ays i n ar eas speci f i cal -
l y desi gned f or t he pur pose, and i n l ocat i ons
sel ect ed wi t h r espect t o ent r ances and cust om-
er t r af f i c f l ow, i s easi l y accompl i shed i n depar t -
ment al i zed st or e pl anni ng ( Fi g . 4) .
Di spl ay Sur f aces Locat i ng
di spl ay sur f aces per -
pendi cul ar t o t he l i ne of ent r ance may
r esul t i n
angul ar pl ans, or i n t he usa
of scr eens or f r ee-
st andi ng di spl ay cases, as i ndi cat ed
i n t he di a-
gr am. Locat i ons f or di spl ay ni ches, al coves,
et c . ,
maydependon space r equi r ement s
of t he
var i ous
shop depar t ment s and upon t he r el a-
t i onshi p t o cust omer f l owl i nes .
I n
a shop,
" ar chi t ect ur e" i s pr ef er abl y secon-
dar y
i n i mpor t ance t o t he mer chandi se di s-
pl ayed
. Thi s does not mean t hat ever y i nch of
space
must be cr owded wi t h goods " on di s-
pl ay, "
because such pr act i ce causes l oss of
cust omer i nt er est .
Scab An
i mpor t ant f act or i n di spl ay i s t he
r el at i on
bet ween t he possi bl e vi ewi ng di st ance
and t he scal e of t he mer chandi se. Thus a st ai r -
way si de wal l or nar r owpassage i s sui t ed f or
smal l scal e di spl ay onl y. Vi st as, on t he ot her
hand, and di spl ays opposi t e door ways, have
mor e car r yi ng power and consequent l y can be
bol der . Vi st as, or a sense of per spect i ve, can
al so be cr eat ed by l i ght i ng emphasi s. When a
l i ght ed di spl ay i s pl aced at t he r ear wal l under
a mezzani ne space whi ch i s sl i ght l y dar ker t han
t he st or e pr oper , a spat i al r el at i onshi p i s set up
whi ch depends mor e upon
t he
r el at i ve i nt ensi -
t i es of l i ght t han upon
act ual di st ance
. I t
i s pos-
si bl e t o dr amat i ze obj ect a on di spl ay, t o make
t hemst and apar t f r omt hei r nei ghbor s and i n
t hi s
way
suggest
t hat t hey ar e
mor e desi r abl e
.
Ont he ot her hand, i t i s not al ways best t o sep-
ar at e cost l y and i nexpensi ve obj ect s . Low-
pr i ced mer chandi se may of t en be sol d by con-
t r ast wi t h hi gh- pr i ced obj ect s, and vi ce ver sa.
Choi ce of met hod depends t o an ext ent on t he
pr obl em under consi der at i on .
Accessi bl e zonas, r at her t han l ow or hi gh
di spl ays, ar e par t i cul ar l y val uabl e i n sel f - ser -
vi ce por t i ons of t he shop. J ust as showwi n-
dowbul kheads ar a r i si ng and gl ass hei ght s
decr easi ng, so t he f i xt ur es i nsi de t he st or e
ar e br i ngi ng mar chandi se wi t hi n r each and con-
cent r at i ng I t f or emphasi s .
Show
Wi ndows
These
ar e desi gned pr i mar i l y
wi t h t he ef f ect upon pot ent i al cust omer s i n
mi nd; ease i n changi ng di spl ays I s al so i mpor -
t ant . Wi ndows must be " dr essed" qui ckl y; i f
t hey ar e har d t o wor k wi t h,
t hey
wi l l not
be
changed as of t en as mer chandi si ng pol i ci es
i ndi cat e t o be necessar y. Var i et y and
t i me-
l i ness of di spl ays ar e consi der ed essent i al .
The di agr ams i n Fi g . 5 i l l ust r at e one set
of pr i nci pl es whose
use i ncr eases t he val ue
of di spl ays . The same pr i nci pl es may be ap-
pl i ed t o hor i zont al pl anni ng ; t he " shadow- box"
t ype of wi ndow, wi t h l i mi t ed di spl ay
space,
i s consi der ed most ef f ect i ve by di spl ay desi gn-
er s . I n conj unct i on wi t h
t hese,
i t shoul d be
not ed t hat bul khead hei ght s
t end t o i ncr ease
as t he si ze of obj ect e
di spl ayed decr eases, t o
per mi t mor e mi nut e exami nat i on of mer chan-
di se.
Gl azi ng of t ypes whi ch
do not i nt er f er e wi t h
vi si on wi l l mat er i al l y
i ncr ease t he
showwi n-
dow' s val ue. Pat ent ed
syst ems, whi ch el i mi -
nat e r ef l ect i ons,
ar e avai l abl e; so ar e t ypes of
gl ass sui t ed t o speci al
condi t i ons, such as heat -
r esi st i ng gl ass
.
Wi ndow
backs may be cl osed or open, de-
pendi ng on t he t ype of shop
and t he degr ee
of
cust omer pr i vacy
desi r ed . When backs ar e
open, conf usi on
of di spl ay and shop i nt er i or
may be avoi ded by usi ng
t empor ar y or per ma-
nent scr eens or panel s
as backgr ounds .
Wi ndowdr essi ng
may be done i n f ul l publ i c
vi ewi n cer t ai n t ypes
of shops, as
j ewel r y or
gi f t shops . I n ot her
cases, venet i an bl i nds
or ot her t ypes
of gl ass cur t ai ns may be r e-
qui r ed. Appar ent si ze of gl ass ar ea may be
changed t o accommodat e var yi ng
di spl ays by
usi ng var i abl e val ances and
si depi eces .
St or age space i s r equi r ed f or di spl ay acces-
sor i es, f or ms, bl ocks, pl at f or ms, panel back.
gr ounds, and seasonal
changes of
f l oor
pads
or car pet s .
Ease
of wi ndow
dr essi ng may be ai ded
i n
sever al
ways . Access panel s shoul d be l ar ge
enough f or easy passage f or men and mat e-
r i al s
. Access passages, segr egat ed f r om t he
shop' s i nt er i or , may be pr ovi ded. Dummy wi n-
dows may be pr ovi ded, somet i mes on r ol l i ng
pl at f or ms .
Show- Wi ndowLi ght i ng

I n manyst or es ot her t han
speci al t y shops, l i ght i nt ensi t i es have been
i ncr eased f ar above r equi r ement s f or or di nar y
vi si on, i n
an ef f or t t o over come r ef l ect i ons .
73
1
732
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Fi g. 2
SECTI ONS
t hr u TYPI CAL
FI XTURES and AI SLES
CLERKS AI SLES . Mi ni mumwi dt h l ' - 8' ,
r ecommended 2' - 0" t o 2' - 3" . Wi de ( of f or gr ocer y) 3=0"
PUBLI CAI SLES .

Mai n,
mi n.
wi dt h 4' - 6;
avq.
5' - 6" t o 7' - 0"
max/ mum
l
l ' - O"
Secondar y,

mi n.
3' - 0" .
r ecom. 3' - 6"
733
Fi g. 3
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
734
Commer ci al
RETAI L
SHOPS
DI SPLAYS
OPPOSI TE
DOORWAYS
I SOLATI ONOF DI SPLAYS
BY
ANGULARPLANNI NG
NO
SCALE
Fi g. 4
Thi s has al so
been consi der ed a means of
compet i ng wi t h
adj acent st or e wi ndows .
Shop
Ent r ances Show wi ndows cannot st op
at mer el y at t r act i ng
and st oppi ng passer sby.
Pat r ons must be i nduced t o
ent er t he shop.
St eps ar e
consi der ed i nadvi sabl e. When
a change i n gr ade i s
necessar y, and i t i s t oo
gr eat f or a r amp, t he
st eps may be i n t he st or e,
wel l l i ght ed.
I t i s necessar y t o
pr ovi de some f or mof pr o-
t ect i on f r omdr af t s at
ent r ances, par t i cul ar l y i n
col d cl i mat es .
I n ai r - condi t i oned st or es, i n
or der t o mai nt ai n
t he condi t i oni ng syst ems
ef f i ci ency at a
maxi mum, a seal bet ween i ndoor
and
out door ai r may be needed.
Vest i bul es
of f er such pr ot ect i on, and may be
made r emovabl e
i n summer mont hs . Revol vi ng
door s ar e
of t en essent i al wher e wi nd pr essur es
ar e hi gh, when vol ume of t r af f i c i s gr eat , or
when ai r condi t i oni ng i s used.
Wor k Ar eas
Wr appi ng
and Cash Regi st er Count er

Locat i ons
f or
t hese r equi r e st udy. The t ype of shop
wi l l
det er mi ne whet her t hese ser vi ces shoul d be
out i n t he open or conceal ed, near or r emot e
f r om t he door ; posi t i oned t o per mi t a
sal es-
cl er k t o make change whi l e f aci ng t he door way,
or , as some manager s pr ef er , t o do not hi ng
el se when r i ngi ng up sal es . I n ot her shops,
a
cashi er i s consi der ed t o pr ovi de bet t er
cont r ol
and ef f i ci ency. Some shops have a separ at e
r oom
or
cur t ai ned al cove f or wr appi ng and
cashi er space,
or a basement or mezzani ne
ser ved by dumbwai t er and
pneumat i c
t ube
I F
i g . 6) .
A
cash
r egi st er and wr appi ng count er i n an
al cove near t he door , whi ch per mi t s t he cl er k
t o
f ace t he shop and door way, i s desi r abl e i n
smal l shops wher e busi ness i s hur r i ed, or
wher e f or l ong per i ods one cl er k must sel l ,
or der , wr ap. r i ng up sal es, make change, and
wat ch t he shop. Ast or e wi t h a nar r owent r ance
mi ght bet t er have t hese ser vi ces r emot e t o
avoi d cr owdi ng at t he door way. The separ at e
wr appi ng r oom, basement , or ot her space i s
used i n st or es wi t h a mor e l ei sur el y t r ade, or
when, as i n mar r y gi f t shops, goods ar e
f r agi l e
and r ar el y car r i ed out by t he cust omer . I t i s
l ess conf usi ng and l ess " commer ci al ' ' i n ap-
pear ance f or t he shop as a whol e t o have t hi s
ser vi ce out si de of t he sel l i ng space. However ,
such pl anni ng i ncr eases cust omer s' wai t i ng
t i me.
Pr oper l ocat i on of t he cash r egi st er f or saf et y
may al so be dependent upon a wi de var i et y of
f act or s such as number of sal espeopl e, t ype of
showwi ndowback ( open or cl osed ones whi ch
conceal t he shop f r omt he si dewal k) , and t ype
of nei ghbor hood ( busy or qui et ) .
Ther e i s i n t he mor e excl usi ve smal l shops
a t endency awayf r omt he use of cash r egi st er s .
Some mer chant s consi der t hem t oo commer -
ci al i n appear ance and pr ovi de a si mpl e cash
dr awer , somet i mes wi t hout a bel l al ar m. Thi s
nat ur al l y i s a case of i ndi vi dual pr ef er ence and
r el i abi l i t y of per sonnel .
Wast e Basket Space
f or wast e basket s shoul d
be pr ovi ded i n each depar t ment . Thi s can be
ar r anged
under
a count er or
i n
a
back f i xt ur e
near t he
wr apper
by omi t t i ng t he base. When i n
a
count er
wi t h r ecessed t oe- space
at t he f r ont ,
such wast e basket space wi l l have a
smal l
l edge- t he t opof t he t oe space- - - whi ch shoul d
be cont i nuousl y
br aced
.
Of f i ces Mezzani ne space over l ooki ng t he st or e
i s
t he
most popul ar l ocat i on
f or management
of f i ces
. Venet i an
bl i nds
ar e
of t en used as a
scr een; semi - obscur e gl ass may be used ;
t r anspar ent mi r r or s
can al so be
used, but t he
space t hey conceal must be
dar ker
t han
t he
st or e si de. Apr act i cal way of doi ng t hi s on a
mezzani ne used f or wor ki ng of f i ces i s t o r un
t he cor r i dor al ong t he f r ont of t he mezzani ne,
separ at i ng t he mi r r or - scr een f r omt he of f i ces .
WOMEN' S WEARSPECI ALTY SHOP
Thi s t ype of st or e i s usual l y one. of t wo t ypes :
1
.
A chai n- st or e oper at i on,
usual l y sel l i ng
at
l ower pr i ces wi t h gr eat er quant i t i es, whi ch
r equi r es mass di spl ay and mass sel l i ng, some-
t i mes a
mul t i pl e- f l oor oper at i on. Ther e i s
usual l y mor e sel f - ser vi ce and l ess cont act and
sel l i ng r equi r ed
by t he
sal esper son. Al l mer -
chandi se i s up f or war d i n sel l i ng
ar eas .
2. A medi um-
and
hi gher - pr i ce
oper at i on,
usual l y a smal l st or e, most of t en
owner - oper -
at ed
.
Ther e i s mor e per sonal sel l i ng and
cl oser
cont act bet ween sal esper son and cust omer .
The
smal l er
st yl i sh st or e does
not necessar i l y
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
ShowWi ndows
Fi g. 5 Det er mi ni ng opt i mumshow- wi ndowdept hs . Wi t hi n a 60" cone, t he aver age human eye sees
comf or t abl y, wi t hout appr eci abl e physi cal ef f or t . Opt i mumvi ewi ng pl anes ar e t hose i n whi ch obj ect s
on di spl ay can be seen i n t hei r ent i r et y wi t hout causi ng t he eye t o encompass ar cs gr eat er t han 60" .
Di agr am 1 i l l ust r at es a gr aphi c met hod of det er mi ni ng opt i mumvi ewi ng pl anes f or gi ven bul khead
hei ght s. Di agr am2 shows t he appl i cat i on of t hese pr i nci pl es t o second- f l oor wi ndows ;
si ght l i nes
ar e
l i mi t ed by pr act i cabl e wi ndowdi mensi ons . Di agr am3 ext ends basi c pr i nci pl es t o i ncl ude bot h basement
and f i r st - f l oor l evel s, seen t hr ough one wi ndow.
735
Fi g.
7

( a) J ewel r y and l i nger i e. ( b) Neckwear and pant i es.
736
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Women' s Wear
have al l demand mer chandi se on di spl ay.
The mer chandi se i s br ought out f r om st ock
r ooms . ( See Fi gs . 7 t o 9. )
The ext er i or
of t he l ower - pr i ce st or e, l i ke t he
i nt er i or , wi l l have
l ar ge di spl ays, hence l ar ge
showwi ndows wi t h
l owbul kheads. The vest i -
bul e, or di st ance f r omt he
bui l di ng l i ne t o t he
ent r ance door s, i s usual l y
gr eat er t han f or t he
aver age st or e. The smal l er st yl i sh
st or e wi l l
have a smal l er showwi ndow, or per haps
no
showwi ndow, onl y a di spl ay pl at f or m whi ch
i s r eal l y par t of t he st or e.
The i nt er i or f or bot h t ypes of st or es i s
de-
par t ment al i zed, and t he st or e i s
di vi ded i nt o
r el at ed depar t ment s . The f r ont par t of t he
st or e
wi l l have t he i mpul sei t ems such as bags,
gl oves, hosi er y, l i nger i e, sweat er s, and cos-
t ume j ewel r y, wi t h t he
cashi er
and wr appi ng
count er . The
r ear
wi l l
have t he
demand mer -
chandi se such as dr esses, coat s, sui t s, r obes,
and spor t swear . The cases f or t hi s mer chan-
di se ar e of t en set away f r om t he wal l s t o
pr ovi de space behi nd f or t he f i t t i ng r ooms,
st ock, al t er at i ons, and wor k r oom.
CASH
REGI STERSTAND
REQUI REMENTS
A ELECTRI C OUTLET
FOR REGI STER
B CASHDRAWER FOR RUSHPERI ODS
C COMPARTMENTS FOR ACCOUNTI NG BOOKS
0
TELEPHONE
WRAPPI NGCOUNTERREQUI REMENTS
A
COMPARTMENTS FOR PAPERBAGS
B COMPARTMENTS FOR
PAPERSHEETS
C

PAPERROLLWI THCUTTER
ALTERNATE
: -
UPENDED
18 ",24' 30" ETC .
0

TWI NE B SUNDRYDRAWER
HOLE I N
WRAPPI NGTOP FORTWI NE
STOCKSI ZES USUALLY
DETERMI NED
BY OWNER
Fi g. 6
Fi g.
9 Di spl ay and st or age uni t s
.
737
Commer ci al
RETAI L
SHOPS
Women' s
Wear
Good
gener al l i ght i ng f or mai n ar eas, l i ght i ng
pat t er n
i n ar eas ar chi t ect ur al l y separ at ed, can
var y
f r omt he gener al l i ght pat t er n
.
Adj ust abl e
spot l i ght s
f or changi ng di spl ays and speci al
l i ght i ng
shoul d be pr ovi ded at f i t t i ng mi r r or s
or
over count er s
.
Car pet shoul d be used
t hr oughout
except i n st ock or wor k r ooms
.
I n
shops f or women' s cl ot hi ng and haber -
dasher y,
t he t ur nover of st ock must be r api d,
as
st yl es qui ckl y become obsol et e
.
Most
ar t i cl es,
ot her t han accessor i es whi ch ar e
easi l y
damaged or l ost , ar e cur r ent l y at l east
par t l y
sol d on a sel f - ser vi ce basi s
.
Nonsel l i ng
Ar eas
A
wor kr oomf or mar ki ng mer chandi se, maki ng
smal l
r epai r s, andpr epar i ng ar t i cl es f or di spl ay
i s
needed
.
Ahangi ng pol e, some shel vi ng,
and
space f or i r oni ng boar d use ar e r equi r ed
.
The
mi ni mumar ea can be 4 by 6 f t
.
Lar ger
shops
may have a compl et e al t er at i on depar t -
ment
( Fi g
.
10)
.
Sal es
and Di spl ay Ar eas
Depar t ment al i zi ng
i s necessar y, due t o t he
var i ed
ki nds of mer chandi se sol d
.
Novel t y
j ewel r y,
st ocki ngs, gl oves, and sweat er s ar e
al l
pl aced near t he st or e ent r ance
;
coat s,
dr esses,
and hat s ar e f ar t her back i n t he shop
.
Sweat er s
and kni t t ed sui t s ar e kept on shel v-
i ng,
usual l y gl ass, because hangi ng st r et ches
t hem
out of shape
.
The hat depar t ment r equi r es
some
separ at i on f r om t he r est of t he shop
.
I t
has been f ound i mpor t ant i n al l appar el
shops
t o have sever al di spl ay ni ches, r eal l y
i nt er i or
showwi ndows wi t h or wi t hout gl ass,
whi ch
shoul d be l i ght ed, f or t he di spl ay of
ensembl es
and r el at ed accessor i es
.
Thi s i s
al most
essent i al t o suggest associ at ed ar t i cl es
.
Tr i pl e
mi r r or s ar e needed wher e cl ot hi ng i s
t o
be t r i ed on
.
Doubl e mi r r or s, angl ed t o one
anot her ,
may pr ove as sat i sf act or y as t r i pl e
mi r r or s .
Hand and t abl e, wal l or count er mi r -
r or s
ar e needed i n mi l l i ner y depar t ment s ( Fi gs
.
11
and 12)
.
Fi g.
8
Bl ouse
and l i nger i e or bag and scar f count er s
.
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Women' s Wear
HANGI NG CASES
TYPI CAL CASE FOR
DRESSES AND
COATS
LENGTHS.
4' - 0" ,
5' - O
; 6' - O;
14 HANGERS PERFT OF ROD
ROBE
B
NEGLI GEE GASES
REQUI RE DOORS MAYOMI T
APRON; EVENI NGCLOTHES
CASES, OMI T APRON
ACCOMMODATES 12 HANGERS PER
FOOT OF
CARRI ER
DOORDESI GN MUST PERMI T PASSAGE
OF GARMENTS ANDHANGERS
DOUBLE- DECKED
BLOUSE
B SKI RT CASE
LENGTHS
4' - 0" ,
5' - 0" ,
6' - 0' ;
I 4HANGERS PERFOOT OF ROD
UNDERWEARand
KNI T
GOODS
CASES
ELEVATI ON
HOSI ERYCASE
SECTI ONS
COSTUME
J EWELRY GLOVES HOSI ERY
TYPI CAL FLOORCASES ORCOUNTERS
SECTI ON
ELEVATI ON
HOSI ERY, GLOVES
SECTI ON
HOSI ERY, HANDBAGS
TYPI CAL WALL
FI XTURES
ACCESSORYCASES
PLAN.
TRY- ON
TABLE
PLAN.
FLOOR
CASE
ELEVATI ON
SECTI ON
WALL CASES f or WORKROOMS
Fi g. 10

Women' s wear cases.
738
SECTI ON

SECTI ON
WALLCASES f or
SALES; LENGTHS, 4' - 0" ,
5' - 0
MI LLI NERY
FI XTURES
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Women' s Wear ; Men' s Wear
MEN' S WEAR
Count er s and cl er ks' ai sl es ar e sel dom, i f
ever ,
i ncl uded i n cl ot hi ng sal es space, but ar e or di -
nar i l y r equi r ed i n combi nat i on wi t h wal l cases
f or haber dasher y and accessor i es . One or mor e
f i t t i ng r ooms ar e necessar y i n cl ot hi ng depar t -
ment s ; a smal l f i t t i ng pl at f or m, one st ep hi gh
and appr oxi mat el y 4 f t by 4 f t , i s somet i mes
needed. Chai r s and smoki ng st ands ar e st an-
dar d equi pment . " Dayl i ght " l i ght i ng f i xt ur es
ai d i n
mat chi ng or det er mi ni ng col or s .
Nonsel l i ng Ar eas
St ock r ooms, wi t h space
f or about 20 per cent
of t he st or e' s t ot al st ock, ar e usual l y
suf f i ci ent
f or peak- l oad seasons .
I f al t er at i ons t o cl ot hi ng
ar e made on t he pr emi ses,
a t ai l or shop, wi t h
wat er and el ect r i cal
connect i ons f or pr essi ng
and sewi ng machi nes, i s
r equi r ed. Wr appi ng
count er s f or cl ot hi ng
depar t ment s ar e of t en
l ocat ed i n wor kr ooms ; f or
haber dasher y, wr ap-
pi ng count er s ar e usual l y
combi ned wi t h
cashi er ' s space, whi ch i s
l ocat ed conveni ent l y
t o bot h depar t ment s ( Fi gs
.
13 t o
15) .
Mechani cal Syst ems

Li ght i ng
of t r i pl e and ot her
mi r r or s and f i t t i ng r ooms i s ext r emel y
i mpor -
t ant . St r ong di r ect over head l i ght s ar e t o be
avoi ded because t hey cast unf l at t er i ng shad-
ows. Wel l - di f f used i ndi r ect l i ght wi t h di r ect
si de l i ght has been f ound f ai r l y sat i sf act or y
.
Speci al " dayl i ght " f i xt ur es and l amps ar e
hel pf ul i n col or mat chi ng.
Fi g. 11

Fi t t i ng r ooms; 3 by 4 f t i s mi ni mumsi ze.
Fi g. 13 I sl and di spl ay cases .
( a)
Boy' s
f ur ni shi ngs accessor i es . ( b) Men' s f ur ni shi ngs
st ock shel vi ng. ( c) Fr ont vi ew.
739
Fi g. 12 Tr i pl e mi r r or s .
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Men' s Wear ; Book; Gi f t
FLOORCASES ORCOUNTERS
UNDERWEAR
HATS
WALL CASES
TRI PLE
MI RROR
Fi g. 14 Men' s wear cases.
BOOKSHOPS
Each cust omer i n a bookshop r equi r es pr i vacy,
di r ect access t o t he books di spl ayed, and suf -
f i ci ent l i ght f or comf or t abl e vi si on whi l e r ead-
i ng . Bookbuyi ng cust omer s l i ke t o br owse, and
not hi ng i s l ess at t r act i ve t o t hemt han cr owded
ci r cul at i on.
Sal es and Di spl ay Spaces
The f i r st r equi r ement i s a pl an whi chby means
of l owbook
shel vi ng pr ovi des al coves or sel l -
i ng
r ecesses i nt o whi ch cust omer s can be
dr awn
out of t he mai n ci r cul at i on . Such an
ar r angement
i ncr eases l i neal f eet of shel vi ng.
The second i mpor t ant st ep i s t o assur e f ai r l y
hi gh
i nt ensi t i es of l i ght i ng, not onl y on shel ves
and di spl ays,
but ever ywher e t o per mi t book
r eadi ng
wi t hout di scomf or t at any pl ace i n t he
shop.
The t hi r d st ep
i s t he desi gn of st or e f i xt ur es
whi ch sel l books
.
Desi gn of St or e Fi xt ur es
Thi s r equi r es consi der abl e st udy. The f r ont
cover of a book i s t hr ee or f our t i mes as wi de
as t he
backst r i p
.
Consequent l y, di spl ay whi ch
f eat ur es
t hi s maxi mumdi mensi on secur es t he
maxi mum
di spl ay val ue of j acket desi gn and
t i t l e l et t er i ng.
For t hi s r eason t her e i s a t r end,
par t i cul ar l y not i ceabl e i n chai n bookshops, t o
use t he most accessi bl e ar ea of t he f i xt ur e,
at about hand hei ght , f or f r ont - cover di spl ay.
Ther ear e some di sadvant ages t o t hi s pr act i ce,
i ncl udi ng
l oss of st ock space and unt i di ness
r esul t i ng
f r ompi l i ng books t oo hi gh on count -
er s. Thi s l at t er pr act i ce al so makes access t o
l ower
di spl ayshel ves di f f i cul t . Some ot her wi se
wast e space behi nd ver t i cal
" f r ont - cover '
di spl ays may
be used f or st ock . Use of sl opi ng
count er s,
wi t h r i ms hi gh enough t o r et ai n onl y
one l ayer of books, wi l l
pr event t he second
pr act i ce.
Al l
shel vi ng shoul d be wi t hi n nor mal r each-
i ng di st ance; t he maxi mum
hei ght t o whi ch t he
aver age adul t
can r each i s f r om6 f t 3 i n. t o
6 f t 6 i n .
Di spl ay and st ock t abl es may be i n-
t r oduced i n wi der al coves
. Ai sl es not l ess t han
3 f t wi de ar e pr ef er r ed;
mai n ci r cul at i on ai sl es
ar e not usual l y
gr eat er i n wi dt h t han 6 f t or
6 f t 6 i n. , f or l ar ge shops .
These consi st of
wr appi ng and cash r egi st er
space, smal l of f i ce
and empl oyees' l avat or y,
and necessar y r oom
f or mechani cal syst em
equi pment .
Locat i on of al l of t hese var i es wi t h
eachj ob. I n smal l ,
" one- man" shops, wr appi ng,
cash r egi st er , and
of f i ce space may be com-
bi ned and
l ocat ed near t he ent r ance f or easy
super vi si on. I n
no case shoul d t hese ar eas
obt r ude upon
cust omer space.
Li ght i ng and Ai r
Condi t i oni ng
Li ght i ng i s pr ef er abl y
hi gh i n i nt ensi t y and
wi t hout gl ar e.
Di r ect l i ght i ng
concent r at ed on t he f i xt ur es'
sel l i ng zone- - - t he ar ea
of t he count er and of
t he t wo or t hr ee
shel ves i mmedi at el y above
count er hei ght - - has
been f ound sat i sf act or y.
Li ght sour ces ar e
best conceal ed. Compl et e
ai r condi t i oni ng wi l l ai d
i n pr eser vi ng st ock,
and i s of t en necessar y
t o i ncr ease t he comf or t
of cust omer s i n t he r at her conf i ned al cove
spaces.
GI FT SHOPS
The pr obl em
i n desi gni ng gi f t shops i s com-
pl i cat ed
by t he var i et y and number of obj ect s
whi ch
must be di spl ayed. Mer chandi se i s
sel dom bought
wi t hout seei ng and handl i ng
ei t her t he
act ual obj ect or a sampl e. Cl eani ng
and
ar r angi ng such a var i ed, f r agi l e st ock i s
a ser i ous mai nt enance
pr obl em.
Sel l i ng and I nt er i or Di spl ay Ar eas
Depar t ment al i zi ng
t he st ock i s val uabl e but
di f f i cul t
t o achi eve, and i s or di nar i l y accom-
pl i shed di f f er ent l y
f or each j ob, dependi ng on
t he gener al
t ype
of
mer chandi se. Obj ect s may
be ar r anged
accor di ng t o mat er i al , t ext ur e, end
col or ; or accor di ng t o
f unct i on
;
or i n mi xed
gr oupi ngs coor di nat ed
accor di ng t o pr obabl e
740
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Gi f t ; J ewel r y
use. Bot h
cl assi f i ed and mi xed gr oupi ngs ar e
consi der ed essent i al . Ti mes and seasons
f or var i ous t ypes of
mer chandi se must be
consi der ed and di spl ay
space pr ovi ded t o
accommodat e t hese
changes i n posi t i ons and
i mpor t ance r el at i ve t o t he r egul ar st ock
.
Shel vi ng i s r equi r ed f or al l smal l
obj ect s,
such as gl asswar e, pot t er y,
si l ver , et c . Si zes
r ange f r om8 t o 12 and even
20 i n. i n wi dt h;
bel owcount er hei ght , shel f or st ock
space i s
of t en encl osed t o pr ot ect obj ect s
whi ch mi ght
be
damaged by dust . Sal es count er s
ar e usual l y
el i mi nat ed; al t hough, agai n, f or smal l ,
per i sh-
abl e ar t i cl es, gl ass showcases may
be advi s-
abl e . Cl osed di spl ays wi t h conceal ed
sof f i t
l i ght i ng have been f ound val uabl e f or
such
obj ect s of speci al val ue or f r agi l i t y,
ar t i cl es
whi ch det er i or at e i f l ef t i n t he open
( l eat her ,
si l ver , pl ast er , ungl azed t er r a col t s) . Sal e
of
gi f t mer chandi se i mpl i es t he wr i t i ng of car ds
and not es f or encl osur e, and of checks . One
or mor e desks shoul d be pr ovi ded f or cus-
t omer s f or t hese pur poses . I t has been sug-
gest ed t hat space shoul d be pr ovi ded f or
t el ephone books f or addr esses .
ShowWi ndows
Most gi f t shop wi ndowbacks ar e open, or
par t i al l y so, i n or der t o gi ve vi ews t hr ough i nt o
t he shop. Li ght ed i nt er i or di spl ays vi si bl e
t hr ough open backs of t en at t r act cust omer s .
Fl exi bi l i t y i s somet i mes demanded; t hat i s, a
wi ndowwi t h a back whi ch may be open or
" cl osed at
wi l l . Li ght ed r ecessed shel vi ng i n
t he wi ndowsi de or backs, or on
adj ust abl e
br acket s,
expl oi t s var i ed di spl ay l evel s .
Nonsel l i ng
Ar eas
St ock
r ooms r equi r e a r ange of si zes
of shel v-
i ng,
f r om 8 t o 12 or 20 i n. wi de, as
wel l as
cl osed
cupboar ds f or obj ect s whi ch
mi ght be
damaged
by dust .
The
r ecei vi ng and packi ng r oom
wi l l have
t o handl e l ar ge
quant i t i es of i nf l ammabl e pack-
i ng
mat er i al .
Awr appi ng
t abl e, 3 f t 6 i n. by 5 f t , wi t h t wo
paper r ol l s,
18, 24 t o 30 i n. l ong i s usual l y
suf f i ci ent .
Wei ghi ng scal es ar e r equi r ed.
J EWELRYSHOPS
J ewel r y st or es r ange f r om t he smal l shop
whi ch sel l s f i ne, expensi ve, and excl usi ve i t ems
t o t he
commer ci al cr edi t st or e whi ch di spl ays
and sel l s
i n vol ume, and t hen t o t he cost ume
j ewel r y shop. J ewel r y, at al l pr i ces, i s an i m-
pul se
i t emand so needs good vi sual appeal .
The bet t er
j ewel r y st or e i s a smal l st or e wi t h
a smal l f r ont and may be t he open or see-
t hr ough t ype. Di spl ays ar e on an i ndi vi dual
basi s,
uncl ut t er ed, ver y wel l i l l umi nat ed, and
up hi gh f or easy, cl ose exami nat i on. Thi s st or e
i s
never sel f - ser vi ce; i t r equi r es i ndi vi dual
l ei sur el y at t ent i on t o t he cust omer . Di spl ays
and count er s ar e i ndi vi dual uni t s . Smal l t abl es,
somet i mes combi ned wi t h a smal l di spl ay or
showcase ( Fi g. 16) , ar e f or t he cust omer and
sal esper sont o si t downdur i ng t he t r ansact i on .
Ver y excl usi ve shops wi l l have pr i vat e sal es-
r ooms f or speci al cust omer s . Somet i mes t hese
ar e gl ass encl osed and have dr apes t hat ar e
dr awn when t he r oomi s used and compl et e
pr i vacy r equi r ed.
Wal l di spl ays ar e shal l ow, i ndi vi dual , gl ass-
encl osed, and i nt ensel y i l l umi nat ed. The r epai r
depar t ment shoul d be l ocat ed at t he r ear of
t he st or e and compl et el y vi si bl e t o t he cust om-
er t hr ough gl ass .
Al ar ger st or e may have sever al
depar t ment s
such as
si l ver war e, gi f t s, cr yst al , gl ass, and
chi na whi ch may be di spl ayed on and sol d
f r omopen shel ves
agai nst
t he wal l s, wi t h no
count er s,
or f r om
i sl and count er
uni t s .
Al l j ewel r y i t er ns
ar e
r emoved f r omt he show
wi ndows, di spl ays, and cases and
put i nt o t he
vaul t when t he st or e i s cl osed. Di spl ay
cases
have
smal l
r emovabl e t r ays t hat
ar e t r ansf er r ed
wi t h t he j ewel r y i nt o a speci al sect i on
of t he
vaul t made t o r ecei ve t hese t r ays . Pr ot ect i on
i s i mpor t ant and must be consi der ed
i n t he
ear l y par t of t he desi gn wi t h t he agency t hat
wi l l pr ovi de t he ser vi ce. Li ght i ng i s cr i t i cal ,
pr i mar i l y
i ncandescent ,
wi t h bl ue f l uor escent
t o of f set t he yel l owi n t he i ncandescent
.
Pr ovi de suf f i ci ent count er
mi r r or s and occa-
si onal
f ul l - l engt h mi r r or s
.
I n t he bet t er st or e cash i s gener al l y
handl ed
f r oma cash dr awer at t he wr appi ng
count er
l ocat ed
i n t he
r ear
or i n
t he
of f i ce. The ent i r e
st or e must be i nconspi cuousl y
vi si bl e f r omt he
Fi g . 15

Umbr el l a di spl ay.
SECTI ON
741
742
Fi g. 17

Cost ume j ewel r y.
Commer ci al
RETAI L
SHOPS
J ewel r y
Fi g. 16
J ewel r y.
st ock r oom
or of f i ce. Thi s maybe done wi t h t he
use of oneway mi r r or s .
Thecr edi t j ewel r y st or e, or t hepopul ar pr i ce
st or e, cat er s t o vol ume i n bot h cust omer s and
mer chandi se. Count er s ar e of t he st andup
t ype; not i ndi vi dual
( Fi g. 17) . Two, t hr ee, or
mor e ar e
combi ned i nt o a si ngl e l ong uni t .
Di spl ays on t he i nt er i or andt he
showwi ndows
wi l l have a mass di spl ay of i t ems . The cashi er
and wr appi ng desk ar e l ocat ed at
t he f r ont of
t he st or e f or bet t er cont r ol .
J ewel r y i s
sol d by per sons t r ai ned t o gi ve
i ndi vi dual
at t ent i on t o each cust omer . Pat r ons
ar e gi ven l i t t l e oppor t uni t y t o
handl e mer chan-
di se except i n t he pr esence of a sal esper son
.
Val uabl e
st ock i s or di nar i l y l ocked i n a vaul t
each
ni ght , and t he ent i r e st or e must be
' ' dr essed" each
mor ni ng.
Sal es and Di spl ay Ar eas
These ar e di vi ded i nt o a gener al sal esr oomf or
or di nar y cust omer s, and one or mor e pr i vat e
r ooms f or cust omer s who wi sh t o buy expen-
si ve i t ems, usual l y pr eci ous st ones .
No count er s, i n t he or di nar y sense, ar e pr o-
vi ded; i t has been f ound pr ef er abl e t o have
not hi ng bet ween cust omer and sal esman. Bot h
si t at t abl es, 2 f t by 3 f t i n si ze, whi ch ar e
spaced at
9t o 10 f t i nt er val s f or pr i vacy. A
f ew
di spl ay cases ar e used, and st ock dr awer s t o
hol d
j ewel r yt r ays. Di spl ay t abl es f or
st at i oner y
and wat ches
ar e somet i mes f i t t ed wi t h
di spl ay
dr awer s, t he f ul l si ze of t he t abl e, and vi si bl e
t hr ough
a gl ass t op. Wal l cases ar e of t en
r e-
cessed
i n sal esr oomwal l s .
Pr i vat e sal es cubi cl es may be f r om 6 t o
7
f t
by f l t o 10 f t . Fur ni t ur e shoul d
i ncl ude 3 or
4
chai r s and a sal es t abl e .
Show
Wi ndows
They usual l y have hi gh bul kheads, ar e smal l
i n si ze, and have opaque backs.
Di spl ays ar e
usual l y l i mi t ed, and smal l i n scal e.
Gl azi ng
shoul d i nt er f er e wi t h vi si on as l i t t l e as possi bl e
.
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
J ewel r y; Bar ber ; Tai l or and
Cl eaner
Pr ot ect i on of st ock i s
i mpor t ant , al t hough
t her e
ar e f ewdel et er i ous
i nf l uences agai nst whi ch
j ewel r y must be
pr ot ect ed. Pear l s
and i vor y
wi l l not st and heat .
Si l ver wi l l t ar ni sh; wat ches
and cl ocks must
be oi l ed and r egul at ed.
A
j ewel r y pol i shi ng
shop may be needed
i n a
r oomadj acent t o
t he gener al of f i ces. Thi s i s
about 8 by 8f t
wi t h benches, shel ves, si nk, and
el ect r i cal t ool s.
Pr ot ect i on agai nst t hef t
i s pr ovi ded or di nar i l y
by keepi ng st ock i n a
vaul t at ni ght , and by
i n-
st al l i ng al ar m syst ems
at al l wi ndows
and
door s. Wher eavai l abl e,
var i ous pr i vat e,
pol i ce,
or si mi l ar
pr ot ect i ve agency syst ems ar e
usual -
l y i nt er connect ed.
Conveni ences i nst al l ed
f or cust omer s' com-
f or t i ncl ude pr i vat e
t el ephone boot hs, dr i nki ng
f ount ai ns, and a
l avat or y, as wel l as vani t y
t abl es .
Of f i ces may
i ncl ude spaces f or manager ,
cl er i cal depar t ment ,
t el ephone swi t chboar d,
and r egi st r y ( accur at e
r ecor ds of pur chases
ar e usual l y r equi r ed
by l aw) . Of f i ces ar e of t en
i n mezzani nes . Shi ppi ng
depar t ment s maybe i n
basement s or f i r st
f l oor s .
BARBERSHOP
The
t ypi cal f i ve- chai r bar ber shop
can be ac-
commodat ed i n
a st or e 14 by 42 f t . i n si ze.
Ashop
f or a smal l communi t y
or di nar i l y has
a si ngl e shampoo
basi n; i f i ndi vi dual basi ns
ar e
r equi r ed at al l bar ber chai r s,
space r e-
qui r ement s have t o be
sl i ght l y i ncr eased ( Fi g.
18) .
SHOP
CLEARANCES
a.
10' 9"

a.
0' - i O"
b. 4' 6"

f
. 12' - O"
t o 14' 0"
c. 7' 6"

g. 2' - 6"
d.
4' - 0"

Mani cur e t abl e:
1'
. 4"
a 2' - 6"
CHAI RUNI T
a. 3' - 0"

d. 4' 6"

g.
6' - 0"
b. 1'
6"

e. l ' - 0"

h. 0'
6"
c. 1' - 6"

f . l ' - 0"

1 . 01 - 3"
C~I AI R UNI T
Fi g. 19

Tai l or and cl eaner .
TAI LOR
ANDCLEANER
The schemat i c pl an
her e pr esent ed shows
ar eas r equi r ed
f or t he var i ous f unct i ons
i n a
compl et e smal l t ai l or i ng
and cl eani ng est ab-
l i shment
. I f a t ai l or s shop i s t he onl y
r equi r e-
ment ( f or
pr essi ng and r epai r s) and cl eani ng
wor k i s sent out , cl eani ng and
boi l er - r oom
ar eas
may
be
omi t t ed ( Fi g . 19) .
PRESSI NGUNI T
Vacuum
st eamuni t : 2' 6'
x
7' 9 "
pr essi ng
machi ne: 5' - 9" x 3' - 0" , 5' - 0" ,
or 6' - 0"
Tabl es and r acks:
2' - 0" wi de, 15 l , n.
f t .
HANDWORK
AREA
Tabl es
: 3' - 0" x 6' 0" . 2' - 6"
x 5' - 6"
Sewi ng :
3' - 6" x 6' - 0"
Fi ni shi ng boar d:
4' x0" x 6' 0"
Hangi ng r ack: 2'
0" wi de,
4i / ? l i r e . f t .
743
PUBLI C
S04MATI C
PLAN
WANDWORK
Fi g.
18 Bar ber shop.
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Beaut y; Shoe- Repai r ; Fl or i st
BEAUTYSHOP
The t ypi cal smal l beaut y shop has t o cont ai n
at l east si x t o ei ght boot hs i n or der f o do
enough busi ness t o be successf ul . I f mani cur -
i ng i s
t o be done i n boot hs, 20%of t he shop' s
t ot al ar ea i s devot ed t o wai t i ng r oom. I f mani -
cur e t abl es ( 15 by 30 i n. , wi t h
5
f t . bet ween
t abl es) have t o be pl aced i n wai t i ng space,
t he 20%pr opor t i on mayhave t o be enl ar ged
( Fi g. 20) .
DI MENSI ONS
a. l ' - 0" f o l ' - 6"

d. 3' - 0"
b. l ' - 0"

e. 6' - 6" t o T- 0"
c. 5' - 0" , 6' - 0" ,
T- 0"

f .

3' - 6" t o T- 0"
( f or

st andar d

g. 6' - 6" t o T- 0"
wal l cabi net s)
Fi g . 20 Beaut y shop.
Fi g . 21

Shoe r epai r shop.
SHOE- REPAI RSHOP
Dat a ar e based on r equi r ement s f or a one-
man shop, possi bl y
wi t h hel per . Door i s al -
ways at one si de of showwi ndow; smal l wi n-
dowi s somet i mes
omi t t ed. Lar ge wi ndowcon-
t ai ns 10-
t o 12- i nch- wi de wor kbench. Boot hs
f or " whi l e- you- wai f "
ar e st andar di zed at 1
f t
.
8 i n
.
wi de, wi t h 2- i n. ar mr est s bet ween;
dept h i s var i abl e.
Shoeshi ne benches ar e
never
pl aced opposi t e wai t i ng boot hs ( Fi g.
21) .
DI MENSI ONS
a. 5' - 6"

d. 6' - 0"

1. 6' - 0"
b.
5' - 8"

0. I I ' - 0"

I
. 3' - 6"
t . 5' - 0" st d . f or f . 2' - 6"

h
.
S' - 6"
2 chai r s
: 6' - g. 6' - 0"

1. 3' - 6"
0" si ze al so h. 7' - 0"

a. 13' - 0"
avai l abl e
Cool i ng coi l s
ar e usual l y pl aced i n t he t ops
of cases, wi t h compr essor s i n basement
spaces .
Wor kr ooms ar e r equi r ed f or pr epar i ng speci al
di spl ays, f l or al pi eces, and f or st or i ng wat er i ng
cans,
r i bbon,
t wi ne,
paper , boxes, and addi -
t i onal pot t er y
.
Wor kr oomsi zes ar e not st an-
dar di zed. Asi nk
wi t h a hi gh col d
wat er
t ap,
or hose,
i s r equi r ed f or f i l l i ng wat er i ng cans .
Ri bbon
i s st ocked i n r ol l s f r om ' t o 10 i n
.
wi de. Boxes
ar e st acked on t abl es or shel ves
f or
each day' s t r ade ; 150 boxes i s an aver age
f or
moder at el y l ar ge shops . Tabl e may be 4 by
8 f t ; box shel ves
may be 1 t o 3 f t deep.
and pot t er y. Shel f di mensi ons
depend
on
t he
st ock t o be car r i ed. Desk space f or sever al per -
sons, f or wr i t i ng gi f t car ds, i s anot her r equi r e-
ment . Desks may be of t he st andup t ype,
pos-
si bl y at t ached t o col umns .
Fi ni ShOS Fl oor s bot h i n publ i c-
spaces and i n
r ef r i ger at ed cases, must be i mper vi ous t o
wat er ; l i nol eum, t i l e, gl ass br i ck, and si mi l ar
mat er i al s have pr oved sat i sf act or y. Wal l s ar e
of t en mi r r or ed, si nce r epeat ed r ef l ect i ons ar e
f ound t o be hel pf ul t o t he sal e of st ock.
Mechani cal Syst en15

St or e t emper at ur es ar e hel d
down t o appr oxi mat el y 500 f or best condi -
t i ons . Ref r i ger at ed cases ar e kept at 42 t o 50` F
f or r oses and some ot her speci es of f l ower s .
FLORI ST SHOPS
I n f l ower shops, sel l i ng and di spl ay ar eas ar e
combi ned, and t emper at ur es must be kept l ow
t o pr event l oss of st ock. Showwi ndows ar e
al most al ways compl et el y open, t o di spl ay t he
ent i r e shop' s i nt er i or .
Sel l i ng and I nt er i or Di spl ay
Ref r i ger at ed cases i nsi de t he st or e ar e usual -
l y r ai sed of f t he f l oor on
a bul khead
f or
ease
i n
r eachi ng i n and i n cl eani ng. Maxi mumdept h
f or r each- i n cases i s f our f eet . Sl i di ng gl ass
door s ar e usual l y st andar d .
Shel vi ng and r acks ar e r equi r ed f or
vases
744
Commer ci al
RETAI L
SHOPS
Beaut y, Shoe Repai r , Dr ug
DRUGSTORE
PLANDI MENSI ONS
0.
8' - 6"

111 . 21' - 6"
b. 32' 6" ( wal l

g.
14' - 6"
cases,

count er ,

h. 6' - 9" t o T- 0"
st epped

count -

I . 5' - 9" t o 8' - 0"
er )

I .

4' - 6"
t o 5' - 8"
C. 10' - 6"

( var i es wi t h
d. 9' - 0"

count er dept h)
t r . 13' 0"
SODABOOTHS
a. l ' - 4"

C. 4' - 8" mi n.
b. 2' - 0"

d. 3' - 6" mi n .
SODA BOOTHS
Fi g. 22 Dr ugst or e.
Fi g. 23

Phar macy ar ea of
dr ugst or e.
DRUGSTORES
Today' s dr ugst or e i s no l onger t he smal l nei gh-
bor hood phar macy or " wet " st or e t hat i ncl uded
a soda f ount ai n
wi t h t abl es . I t i s nowei t her a
smal l
" dr y" st or e, pr i mar i l y handl i ng pr escr i p-
t i ons,
sundr i es, and cosmet i cs, or t he l ar ge
var i et y t ype
of st or e, ver y of t en par t of a chai n
oper at i on wi t h cer t ai n
depar t ment s l eased out .
I n addi t i on t o t he
depar t ment s al r eady men-
t i oned f or t he smal l st or e, i t may
have a com-
pl et e l uncheonet t e
and depar t ment s f or t obac-
co, f i l m, gr eet i ng
car ds, books, and cer t ai n
househol d i t ems
t ypi cal of t he var i et y st or e.
The l ar ger
st or e ver y of t en i s par t of a shoppi ng
cent er
compl ex .
St or ef r ont s ar e
si mpl e, gener al l y t he open
or see- t hr ough t ype,
wi t h shal l owdi spl ay wi n-
dows wi t h hi gh
pl at f or ms.
I nt er i or must be wel l
or gani zed and gr ouped
or
depar t ment al i zed . The pr escr i pt i on depar t -
ment usual l y i s i n t he r ear of t he
st or e, wi t h a
smal l seat i ng or wai t i ng ar ea .
Thi s i s si mi l ar
t o t ypi cal depar t ment st or e
sel l i ng, whi ch
f or ces t he pr escr i pt i on cust omer
t hr ough t he
ent i r e st or e and past t he i mpul se
i t ems . Ver y
of t en t he t obacco sect i on
wi l l
al so be l ocat ed
i n t he r ear , f or t he
same
r eason, t hough
some
oper at i ons
pr ef er
t o handl e t obacco at t he
cashi er al ong wi t h f i l m. The l uncheonet t e nor -
mal l y i s at t he f r ont , as i s t he cosmet i cs depar t -
ment , wi t h dr ugs and sundr i es cent er ed, and
t he book
depar t ment and t el ephones agai n f av-
or ed i n t he r ear
.
Lar ge oper at i ons
wi l l have sever al cont r ol l ed
checkout
count er s at t he f r ont , wi t h separ at e
cash r egi st er s at
t he phar macy and l unch-
eonet t e.
745
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Dr ug; Li quor
The onl y depar t ment s r equi r i ng or usi ng
count er ser vi ce ar e pr escr i pt i ons, cosmet i cs,
t obacco, f i l m, and r adi os . Al l ot her sel l i ng i s
f r omopen di spl ays, gondol as, and wal l shel v-
i ng, usual l y cont i nuous f or f l exi bi l i t y i dent i cal
t o t hat used f or super mar ket s and wi t h a cur -
t ai n wal l and cont i nuous l i ght cor ni ceet t he t op
of t he shel vi ng.
I f t he pr escr i pt i on and phar macy wor k ar ea
i s el evat ed one or t wo st eps above t he mai n
f l oor , i t pr ovi des a bet t er vi ewand cont r ol of
t he ent i r e st or e. The l ayout and oper at i on of
t he
pr escr i pt i on depar t ment var i es wi t h t he
i ndi vi dual phar maci st . Thewor k ar ea i s di vi ded
i nt o awet and dr y or es wi t h a wor kt abl e, st ai n.
l ess- st eel si nk wi t h hot andcol d wat er , and a r e-
f r i ger at or . I n addi t i on t o bot t l e end cont ai ner
st or age, gener al l y under t he wor kbench, space
i s r equi r ed f or pr escr i pt i on f i l es, cur r ent and
pest . Keepi ng good r ecor ds i s mandat or y by
l aw( Fi g
. 23).
By A. PETERFLORI ODesi gner - Consul t ant
LI QUORSTORES
The l i quor st or ewi l l consi st of
many i deas such
as :
1. Zoned and col d wal l
r ef r i ger at i on
2. Per pet ual i nvent or y
syst ems
3. Ref r i ger at ed gondol as
4. El ect r oni cai r f i l t er syst em t o
r emove
dust and di r t f r omsal es
ar ea
5. Aut omat i c checkout syst ems
6. End of pi l f er age
7. Newappr oaches
t o ext er i or st or e desi gn
Newpr oduct i deas such as :
1. Fr ozen and r ef r i ger at ed cor di al s, l i queur s
2. Compl et e l i nes of powder ed cockt ai l s,
mi xed dr i nks
The r api dl y gr owi ng " spendabl e i ncome" of
t heAmer i can publ i c i s t he si ngl e l ar gest f act or ,
f or t he per pet ual st r eamof newpr oduct s and
newpackagi ng t hat ent er s t he r et ai l l i quor i n-
dust r y const ant l y i s sl owl y
br i ngi ng about
newi deas i n pr oduct devel opment and pr od-
uct pr esent at i on whi ch, i n t ur n, cr eat e new
demands and newr equi r ement s
f or equi pment
manuf act ur er s and st or e desi gner s .
Al l t hese newi t ems cr eat e newpr obl ems of
mer chandi si ng t echni ques . I n conj unct i on
wi t h
t hese newpr oduct s, t he per cent age of women
cust omer s i s ever i ncr easi ng
.
Wi t hi n t he next
10 year s,
womenwi l l out number men cust om-
er s, as l i quor i n one
f or m
or
anot her
i s
becom-
i ng mor e and mor e of a st apl e i t em
i n
t he
aver -
age Amer i can
home.
Womenshopper s ar emor e
demandi ng, mor e
cr i t i cal , and mor e suscept i bl e t o a
pr oper l y
desi gned
mer chandi si ng l ayout i n an at t r act i ve
wel l - l i ght ed st or e, and t hey ar e bi gger i mpul se
i t embuyer s t han
men.
( And t hey al so
cont r ol
most
of t he f ami l y money. )
The sel l i ng ar ea
wi l l ei t her be cover ed wi t h
car pet i ng, whi ch
wi l l
be speci al l y
desi gned
wi t h a
f oambacki ng t hat wi l l el i mi nat e a l ar ge
per cent age of bot t l e
br eakage i n t he sal es ar ea,
or f l oor t i l e t hat
wi l l never need pol i shi ng.
The mer chandi si ng
l ayout wi l l be compl et el y
di f f er ent t han we knowt oday,
wi t h t he use of
Li quor St or e Management Manual ,
r epr i nt ed
f r om Li quor St or e Magazi ne, Mar ch 1968. Cc
1968 by J obson Publ i shi ng Cor p. , NewYor k,
N. Y-
746
zonedand col d
wel l r ef r i ger at i on. Appear ance-
wi se, t he shel vi ng wi l l basi cal l y l ook as i t does
pr esent l y, but each shel f wi l l have t emper at ur e
cont r ol as
r equi r ed t o hol d each cat egor y of
mer chandi se
at a
cor r ect hol di ng t emper at ur e.
Wal k- i n cool er s wi l l be el i mi nat ed as s means
of r ef r i ger at i on.
One exampl e of t he usage of t he col d- wal l
met hod i s as
f ol l ows
:
99per cent of ever y l i quor
st or ei n t he Uni t ed St at es t oday has a
par t i t i on
wal l separ at i ng t he back r oomf r omt he sal es
ar ea, and i n al most ever y case t he cool er i s
ei t her i n f r ont of t hi s par t i t i on or t he par t i t i on i s
bui l t f l ush wi t h t he f r ont of t he cool er , wi t h t he
col d- wal l i dea, when t he par t i t i on i s bui l t . Col d
panel s wi l l be bui l t r i ght i nt o t he wel l wi t h up-
r i ght s pl aced ever y f our f eet f or adj ust abl e
shel vi ng. Al l t hecan beer and bever ages can be
mer chandi sed t hi s way, f or combi nat i on case
beer , can beer , and bever age mer chandi si ng.
The zoned r ef r i ger at i on i dea wi l l be used so
t hat case beer can be st acked 2 or 3 cases deep
and wi t h adj ust abl e shel ves f or l oose mer chan-
di se. Thi s met hod can be appl i ed t o any l engt h
and wi dt h of f l oor apace r equi r ed, Thi s same
i dea wi l l be used t o encompass t he wi ne wal l
shel vi ng. The shel f mer chandi se wi l l mai nt ai n
a t emper at ur e r ange of 37' t o 61 ' whi ch can be
adj ust ed t o hol d et a pr esel ect ed t emper at ur e,
and per cent age of humi di t y t o pr oper l y cont ai n
t he pr oduct .
The same met hod of zoned r ef r i ger at i on wi l l
be used on al l gondol as t hat wi l l be used t o
mer chandi se est at e end chat eau bot t l i ng of
wi ne; cor di al s and l i queur s ( t hat can be hel d i n
a f r ozen or r ef r i ger at ed st at e, t her eby
of f er i ng
mor e t r ue f l avor and t ast e t han i s nowpossi -
bl e) ; gour met f oods and can beer .
I t wi l l have an el ect r oni c pi l f er age det ect i on
syst emsuch as t he sensor mat i c det ect i on sys-
t emwhi chuses a sensi t i zed dot i n t hepr i ce t ag
or st i cker . I t i s al most i mpossi bl e t o f i nd t he
dot wi t hout speci al equi pment .
I f t he package or ar t i cl e i s pr oper l y checked
out t hr ough a cashi er , t he dot i s desensi -
t i zed by equi pment under t he count er. I f t he
shopl i f t er conceal s t he package or ar t i cl e and
get s by t he cashi er , t he dot cont i nues t o gi ve
of f el ect r oni c si gnal s t hat ar e pi cked up by a
sensi t i ve det ect or
at
t he exi t , not i f yi ng secur i t y
of f i cer s t hat a t hef t i s t aki ng pl ace.
Locat i on Anal ysi s
Downt own Ci t y Locat i on
- Advant ages

Pedest r i an t r af f i c i s pr i nci pal
advant age. Al so avai l abi l i t y of busi ness mar -
ket .
" Di sadvant ages

Hi gh r ent al s, compet i t i on,
l ack of par ki ng f aci l i t i es .
Subur ban
- Advant ages Upper i ncome cust omer s
.
Consi der abl e home ent er t ai nment . Good gi f t
mar ket .
" Di sadvant ages

Lack of st r eet t r af f i c. Hi gh
del i ver y cost s .
I ndust r i al
- Advant ages Excel l ent cust omer pool .
Bot h busi ness and l abor .
- Di sadvant ages Peak sel l i ng per i ods. Pay
days, af t er wor ki ng hour s
.
Need f or
l ot s of
smal l si zes.
Resi dent i al
- Advant ages Regul ar cust omer s. Oppor -
t uni t y f or pr omot i on.
- Di sadvant ages Cust omer s i n mi xed i n-
come gr oups . Ther ef or e, need t o mai nt ai n
var i et y of ser vi ces .
Shoppi ng Cent er
- Advant ages

Heavyt r af f i c l ocat i ons. Good
par ki ng f aci l i t i es .
- Di sadvant ages

Most l y f emal e t r af f i c. Di s-
t r act i on of ot her
t ypes of st or es .
Hi ghway Locat i on
- Advant ages

Cust omer
conveni ence. Heavy
aut omobi l e
t r af f i c.
"
Di sadvant ages
Not
easy
t o " st op" cus-
t omer s . Need f or ext ensi ve
par ki ng f aci l i t i es .
As ment i oned above, t her e ar e
oppor t uni t i es
t o do busi ness r egar dl ess of t he
l ocat i on .
Consi der at i ons i n Li quor St or e Desi gn
Among t he posi t i ve mar ket i ng t r ends t hat
ar e
af f ect i ng l i quor st or e desi gn t oday
ar e t he f ol -
l owi ng :
1. The change i n buyi ng t r ends of t he con-
sumer publ i c
2. The newdr i nki ng sophi st i cat i on
of con-
sumer s
3. The emer gence of womenas l i quor
st or e
cust omer s
4. The home ent er t ai nment boom
5 . The const ant
f l ow of newbr ands, new
pr oduct s, newsi zes
ent er i ng t he mar ket t o
most t he newdemands of
consumer s
Ther e ar e al so some negat i ve
t r ends, and
st or es must be
desi gned
t o
cope wi t h t hem.
They ar e:
1 . The shor t age of exper i enced per sonnel
2.
Thehi gh
cost
of over head enddai l y oper a-
t i on
3. Ext r eme pr i ce compet i t i on i n many sec-
t i ons of t he count r y
4. Pi l f er age pr obl ems i n some ci t y ar eas
5. Regul at i ons, r egul at i ons, r egul at i ons
I n or der t o pr oper l y l ay out and desi gn a
l i quor oper at i on, t he f ol l owi ng poi nt s must be
cover ed i n or der t o achi evet he ut most ef f i ci en-
cy, f l exi bi l i t y, economy of oper at i on,
and pr of i t :
1 . Locat i on anal ysi s
2.
St r uct ur al
ar r angement
3.
Li quor mer chandi si ng " pr obl em" ar eas
4.
Pr oduct
pl acement
5 . Check- out syst em
6.
Tr af f i c cont r ol
7 . Fi nanci ng
8. I nt er i or desi gni ng
9. Si gns and di spl ay
t echni ques
10 . Ref r i ger at i on
r equi r ement s
11 . El ect r i cal r equi r ement s
12.
Pl umbi ng r equi r ement s
13 .
Ai r condi t i oni ng r equi r ement s
14. Heat i ng r equi r ement s
See Fi g. 24f or some possi bl e l ayout s
.
I nt er i or
Desi gn
Thebasi c pl an andoper at i on of al i quor st or e i s
t hat of sel f - ser vi ce, i . e. , open shel vi ng, but wi t h
a suf f i ci ent number of cl er ks avai l abl e t o hel p
cust omer s. Women ar e doi ng mor e shoppi ng
i n l i quor st or es, par t i cul ar l y t he nei ghbor hood
st or e, and ar e i mpul se buyer s- t hey need and
expect assi st ance i n maki ng sel ect i ons .
St or ef r ont s ar e usual l y t he compl et el y open,
see- t hr ough t ype wi t hout any wi ndowbacks
si nce many st at es r equi r e t he ent i r e i nt er i or
of t he st or e t o be vi si bl e f r omt he st r eet . Be-
f or e st ar t i ng any pl ans or sket ches, check
car ef ul l y
wi t h l ocal and st at e
l i quor aut hor i -
t i es about any
speci f i c
r equi r ement s or r est r i c-
t i ons
because t hey var y i n each
ar ea . Mer chan-
di se i n showwi ndows may be pr ot ect ed
by
gr i l l es or si mi l ar devi ces. Of t en onl y one
ent r ance may be per mi t t ed, except when t he
st or e
i s
wi t hi n
a shoppi ng cent er
. Asepar at e
del i ver y ent r ance
i s
desi r abl e, but must be wel l
cont r ol l ed f r omt he of f i ce and, i f possi bl e, f r om
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Li quor
t he cashi er . Ext er i or har dwar e shoul d be
omi t t ed on t hi s door .
Show- wi ndowpl at f or ms shoul d not be t oo
deep, f r om4f t 0 i n . t o 5 f t 0 i n. and shoul d be
on t he l owsi de, f r om 6 t o 24 i n . maxi mum
abovet hef l oor . On t heext er i or , pr ovi si on must
be made f or pr ot ect i on whent he st or e i s cl osed
by use of an over head r ol l i ng gr i l l e or a f ol di ng
gat e.
Thi s pr ot ect i on shoul d be over al l show
wi ndows and t he ent r ance door . The ent i r e
pr emi ses i ncl udi ng al l wal l and r oof openi ngs,
such as ai r i nt akes and exhaust s, must be pr o-
t ect ed
by a
wel l - desi gned al ar m syst em.
The i nt er i or wi l l be depar t ment al i zed t o t heex-
t ent t hat har d l i quor s, wi nes, and beer ar e al l
gr ouped and di spl ayed di f f er ent l y. Har d l i quor s
ar edi spl ayedand sol d f r omshel vi ng not unl i ke
t hat of a super mar ket or super - dr ugst or e, i n-
cl udi ng t he t ypi cal pr i ce or l abel hol der on t he
shel f edge, and ar ewel l i l l umi nat ed f r oma l i ght
cone at t he t op of t he shel vi ng.
Domest i c, i nexpensi ve wi nes may be di s-
pl ayed
and sol d f r omshel vi ng si mi l ar t o t hat
f or har d l i quor . Gener al l y wi nes ar e st or ed
l yi ng down
as
i n
a
wi ne r ack except t hat sever al
bot t l es
woul d
be
gr ouped i n one openi ng and
di r ect l y under or over t he openi ng woul d be an
upr i ght bot t l e car ef ul l y di spl ayed t o gi ve good
vi si bi l i t y f or r eadi ng t he l abel . Bei ng abl e t o
r ead t he l abel onawi ne bot t l e i s a must f or t he
cust omer . Anot her met hod i s t o have sl opi ng
shel ves wi t h t heangl e changi ng t o gi ve a bet t er
vi ewof t he l abel . Agai n, al l shel vi ng i s t o be
wel l i l l umi nat ed. An i l l umi nat ed wi ne chi l l er ,
wi t h di spl ays, i s a must si nce many wi nes
must be ser ved chi l l ed and a good, st eady
cust omer can be devel oped i f he or she knows
t hat a chi l l ed wi ne can be pi cked up f or i m-
medi at e use. Pul l - out shel ves, whi ch hol d sev-
er al bot t l es, ar eal so handy so a cust omer may
accumul at e a sel ect i on or awai t a deci si on
on f i nal sel ect i on.
Beer and mi xer s shoul d be l ocat ed at t he r ear
and t o t he si de and, i f possi bl e, st or ed and
di spl ayed i n r each- i n r ef r i ger at i on. Wher e pos-
si bl e, bui l d t hese accommodat i ons i nt o t he
wal l . Loadi ngor r ef i l l i ng f r omt he r ear i s hi ghl y
desi r abl e f or t hi s bul ky mer chandi se.
Agi f t ,
or
speci al t y,
sect i on and i mpul se
i t ems shoul d be adj acent t o or par t of t he
cash-
i er or ser vi ce count er
.
Ot her i mpul se i t ems,
such as gour met f oods, bar
accessor i es, and
gi f t war e shoul d be l ocat ed so t hat t hey ar e easi -
l y vi si bl e f r om t he ext er i or .
The cashi er , or ser vi ce count er , i s
gener al l y
l ocat ed t owar d t he r ear of t he st or e, except
f or
ver y l ar geoper at i ons wher echeck- out count er s
and ser vi ce car t s, as
i n super mar ket s, ar e
somet i mes used
. When i n t her ear , t he count er
t o accommodat e at
l east t wo
cust omer s at t he same t i me. Di scuss
wi t h t he oper at or
of t he st or e t he speci al r e-
qui r ement s f or t he
wor ki ng
si de
of t hecount er :
t he var i ous
si zes of bags, wr appi ng mat er i al s,
r ecei vi ng
compar t ment s f or i nvent or y t ags,
handl i ng of cash, and cash r egi st er secur i t y.
An of f i ce wor ki ng ar ea i s r equi r ed . I f possi bl e,
l ocat e i t so t hat f r omi t del i ver i es can be con-
t r ol l ed anda vi ewof t he cashi er and of t he en-
t i r e st or e i s possi bl e. The ent r ance door must
be
equi pped t o announce t he ent er i ng or l eav-
i ng of any per son. Li quor st or es ar e pr i me t ar -
get s f or hol d- ups and pi l f er age.
The cent er of t he f l oor i s gener al l y kept f r ee
of
f i xed f i xt ur es ; use por t abl e gondol as or
i sl ands. Di spl ays of t en ar e made up of mer -
chandi se and cont ai ner s and wi t h mat er i al f ur -
ni shed by t he suppl i er s. By keepi ng t he cent er
of t he f l oor f l exi bl e, di r ect i on and l ocat i on of
di spl ays can be changed.
I n addi t i on t o t he gener al l i ght i ng and l i ght -
i ng over shel vi ng, pr ovi de adj ust abl e spot l i ght s Fi g. 24

Typi cal l i quor st or e l ayout s. ( a) Smal l , sel f - ser vi ce . ( b) Semi - sel f - ser vi ce. ( c) Lar ge sel f - ser vi ce .
74
7
t hr oughout t he cei l i ng ar ea t o hi ghl i ght di s-
pl ays and accent downl i ght s over t he cash-
i er .
For f l oor cover i ng, car pet i s pr ef er r ed i n t he
sel l i ng ar eas, or per haps wood, and har d f l oor
cover i ng f or t he st or age ar eas.
I f st or age i s on a l evel above or bel owt he
sel l i ng f l oor , a bel t conveyor shoul d be i n-
st al l ed . To expedi t e t he handl i ng of t he heavy
mer chandi se, por t abl e r ol l er conveyor s shoul d
be used wher e t her e ar e l ong st ock ai sl es .
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Shoe
By MURRAY
S. COHEN, AI A, Ar chi t ect
SHOE STORES
Di f f r ent r equi r ement s and cust omer demands
have gener al l yr equi r ed separ at e st or es f or men,
women,
and chi l dr en . Ashoe st or e i s a vol ume
t r ade oper at i on
and
i s
hi ghl y compet i t i ve.
The st or ef r ont i s t hesee- t hr ough t ype, wi t h a
l ar ge encl osed showwi ndowf or di spl ay of t he
maxi mumnumber of shoes . Aver age dept h of
t he showwi ndowi s f r om4f t 6 i n. to 5 f t 0 i n.
wi t h pl at f or ms 2 f t 0 i n . above t he f l oor . Dust
on shoes shows up ver y qui ckl y, downgr adi ng
t he mer chandi se, t hus showwi ndows shoul d
be encl osed and have t i ght sl i di ng or hi nged ac-
cess door s. Acei l i ng di spl ay gr i d
f aci l i t at es t he
handl i ng of suspended
i t ems
.
I n showwi n-
dows, l i ght i ng must be pr edomi nant l y
i ncan-
descent ; f l uor escent l i ght i ng
i s used onl y t o
pr ovi de gener al i l l umi nat i on.
Pr ovi de an ex-
haust t o r educe t he heat bui l dup f r om
t he
l i ght s . Fl oor s wi l l somet i mes
have r emovabl e
pl ywood panel s t o whi ch changeabl e mat er i al s
ar e f ast ened by t he wi ndowt r i mmer .
The i nt er i or of t hi s t ype of st or e must be
ar r anged t o accommodat e t he maxi mumnum-
bar of
seat s
al l owi ng ef f i ci ent
ci r cul at i on f or
t he sal emen' s t r af f i c r out e f r omst ock t o
cus-
t omer and not cr owdi ng
t he
f i t t i ng
spaces i n
f r ont of
cust omer ' s chai r s . Chai r s must be com-
f or t abl e and have ar ms t o pr ovi de separ at i on
bet ween cust omer s. Pr ovi de pl ent y of f i xed or
por t abl e shoe- l evel f i t t i ng mi r r or s as wel l as
occasi onal f ul l - l engt h mi r r or s so t hat cust om-
er s can get a f ul l vi ewof t hei r ent i r e f i gur e.
The shoe shel vi ng gener al l y has some exposed
space i n t he sal es ar ea and some conceal ed i n
r ear or si de st ock r ooms or ar eas. Exposed
shel vi ng i n sal es ar eas shoul d not be hi gher
t han can be r eached wi t hout
a st ep
st ool ; con-
ceal ed
or st ock- r oomshel vi ng
can
ext end
up
t o 10 f t 0 i n. Wher et he hei ght i s avai l abl e, t wo
l evel s, l i ke l i br ar y st acks, can
be
used. Acel l ar
st or er oomi s r equi r ed f or r eser ves . ( See Fi gs .
E5 t o 27. )
Cashi er count er shoul d be cent r al l y l ocat ed
f or good cont r ol and accessi bi l i t y. The hose
bar , accessor i es, and i mpul sei t ems ar egener al -
l y l ocat ed near or adj acent t o t he cashi er
.
I f possi bl e, ar r ange f or r ear del i ver y of mer -
chandi se. An empl oyee t oi l et , a combi nat i on
wor kbench f or mi nor r epai r s, and a desk
shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he st ock r oom, wi t h
qui ck access t o sal es r oom. I n cer t ai n men' s
st or es sel l i ng a bet t er or hi gher - pr i ced shoe
t her e wi l l be a shoeshi ne
st and ser vi ced by t he
por t er or handyman .
Fl oor s i n t he sel l i ng ar ea must be car -
pet ed. I n encl osed shoppi ng mal l s t he car -
pet i s of t en ext ended out i nt o t he vest i bul e
.
St ock r ooms can have
har d f l oor cover i ng.
Women' s st or es usual l yar emor e pl ush,
have
mor e of a sal on set t i ng, and
have l ess
exposed
st ock i n t he sal es
ar ea. Seat i ng i s mor e
i nf or -
mal , wi t h l ove seat s and gr oupi ngs
i n addi t i on
t o t he i ndi vi dual wel l - uphol st er ed seat .
Adj acent t o or par t of t he cashi er count er
t her e i s an ext ensi ve hosi er y, gl ove, handbag,
and ot her mat chi ng accessor i es ar ea. Asl i pper
bar i s usual l y a separ at e sect i on .
I n t he ar ea or st or e f or chi l dr en i t i s hi ghl y
desi r abl e t o have a r ai sed pl at f or m, accessi bl e
by st eps, so t hat t he sal esman can bet t er ob-
ser ve t he f i t t i ng
and wal ki ng wi t hout havi ng t o
bend or l i e
down on t he f l oor .
Fi g . 25

( a) Sock hat . ( b(
Shoeshi ne st and.
748
Fi g.
26
Men' s
shoe st or e
.
PLAN
FORWI DE SHALLOWSTORE
FOOT
MI RROR
74
9
Commer ci al
RETAI L
SHOPS
Shoe
750
Fi g. 27

( a) Showcases: open st ock
shel ves ( h) Hose count er.
Commer ci al
RETAI L SHOPS
Shoe
Commer ci al
SUPERMARKETS
By
HERBERT ROSS
Ar chi t ect ur al l y,
t he super mar ket i s a l ar ge-
scal e empor i umof
mer chandi se t hat doesn' t
have t o shout t o be
not i ced.
Pr oper l y si t uat ed on
i t s si t e, t he super mar ket
and any " sat el l i t e shops, " at t ached
or not
( shops whi ch can
be ent er ed f r omt he mar ket
or f r om a separ at e
out si de ent r ance) of f er a
per ki ng r at i o of 3 . 6 sq f t t o 1 sq
f t of t ot al st or e
ar ea. To obt ai n t he necessar y
par ki ng ar ea i n
ar eas wi t h hi gh l and cost s,
r oof t op and base-
ment par ki ng shoul d be
consi der ed. The sat el -
l i t e shops such as conveni ence
gr ocer y st or es,
l i quor and dr ugst or es, and a
car r y- out f ood
shop r emai n open af t er t he
super mar ket has
cl osed f or t he day.
New, f r eest andi ng super mar ket s
aver age
22, 700 sq f t t o 31, 000 sq f t
wi t h 75 t o 80 per -
cent of t he t ot al st or e devot ed
t o sel l i ng space
and t he r emai ni ng 20 t o 25
per cent of f l oor
space devot ed t o ser vi ce ar eas
such
as
st or age
cool er s, pr epackagi ng ar eas,
gr ocer y st or age,
et c . Weekl y sal es per squar e
f oot of sel l i ng
space var y f r om $3. 10/ sq f t t o $3
. 75/ sq f t
( Fi g. 1) .
About 50 per cent of t he
super mar ket s t ot al
equi pment and f i xt ur e i nvest ment i s
i n r ef r i g-
er at i on equi pment - meat ,
dai r y, pr oduce,
f r ozen f ood, del i cat essen, and t he
st or age
cool er s necessar y f or each depar t ment .
The
r emai ni ng 50 per cent
i s devot ed t o gr ocer y
i t ems- - hal f of whi ch can be
nonf ood i t ems,
such as housewar es, sof t goods, gl asswar e,
heal t h, and beaut y ai ds . The
most i mpor t ant
squar e f oot age i s t hat r equi r ed by t he
checkout
st ands- - one
f or each $10, 000. 00 of
pr oj ect ed
weekl y vol ume pl us an addi t i onal
check- st and
f or f ut ur e expansi on ( t hi s i s onl y a r ul e
of
t humb
f i gur e and var i es wi t h t he r egi on of t he
count r y and t he t ype of ser vi ce t he
mar ket
pr ovi des t he cust omer ) . The accompanyi ng
pl an,
adapt ed t o t he i ndi vi dual oper at i on r e-
qui r ement s, pr ovi des a pr act i cal gui de
i n t he
l ayout of a super mar ket .
Assumi ng
pr oper l ocat i on of t he st or e on
t he
si t e, one whi ch makes i t most accessi bl e
t o t r af f i c
and par ki ng, t he next st ep woul d be
t o deci de
on t he conf i gur at i on of t he st or e.
Gener al l y, f r eest andi ng mar ket s t end t o be
r ect angul ar i n shape, wi t h t he nar r ower por t i on
f or mi ng t he f r ont - t o- r ear di mensi on. Si nce
most of t en t he del i ver i es ar e at t he
r ear , t he
var i ous back r oom ar eas ( pr epar at i on
and
st or age)
ar e l ocat ed at t he r ear of t he
bui l di ng,
l eavi ng t he sel l i ng space mor e or l ess
squar e.
At t hi s poi nt , t he met hod of
const r uct i on
must
be consi der ed, par t i cul ar l y t he l ocat i on
of any col umns . I deal l y, t hese
shoul d be kept
out of t he shoppi ng ai sl es .
Assumi ng a 7 f t 0 i n.
ai sl e bet ween 4f t 0 i n. wi de shel vi ng
i sl ands,
col umns spaced i n a
mul t i pl e of 11 f t 0 i n . wi l l
keep t he col umns out of t he ai sl es .
( Shel vi ng
can be cut t o f i t ar ound col umns,
and t hi s i s
pr ef er r ed t o col umns i n t he
shoppi ng ai sl es . )
Al t hough r ef r i ger at ed f i xt ur es have
been and
can be l ocat ed al most anywher e on t he
sal es
f l oor , most of t en t hey ar e l ocat ed at
t he wal l s .
They t end t o be t oo l ar ge and bul ky t o
be
pl aced i n any cent r al l ocat i on, wher e t hey
Fi g .
1 Typi cal f r eest andi ng super mar ket .
woul d obst r uct t he over al l vi ewof
t he st or e.
The r ef r i ger at ed cases shoul d be pl aced
as
near as
pr act i cabl e t o t hei r associ at ed
wor k
r ooms and st or age cool er s . Thi s al so
appl i es
t o
t he ser vi ce depar t ment s such as t he del i ca-
l essen, i n- st or e baker y, and snack bar .
Si nce al l mer chandi se pur chases must
be
f unnel ed t hr ough t he checkout count er s, t hey
ar e al l
l ocat ed i n one l ocat i on ( usual l y at t he
f r ont of t he st or e near t he exi t door ) .
The
si ze of t oday' s super mar ket makes
t he
use of sel f - cont ai ned
r ef r i ger at ed cases
( wi t h
a f ewexcept i ons) i mpr act i cal
. Ther ef or e,
some
sor t of cent r al i zed
r ef r i ger at i on syst em i s
empl oyed. ( Al l maj or
r ef r i ger at i on equi pment
manuf act ur er s of f er a
f or m of cent r al i zed r e-
f r i ger at i on syst emand
al l ar e basi cal l y al i ke. )
Such a syst emut i l i zes a
bank of compr essor s
and condenser s
( ai r - or wat er - cool ed) l ocat ed
i n
one r oomwi t h l i qui d
r ef r i ger ant r unni ng t o
t he i ndi vi dual cases and t he
heat ed gas bei ng
r et ur ned t o t he condenser s .
75 1
TOTAL
STORE AREA

= 30, 000 SO. FT .
TOTALSALES AREA

22, 500 SO. FT .

TOTAL
SERVI CE AREA

=

7, 500 SQ.
FT.
TOTALPARKI NG
AREA

=108, 000 SO. FT.
I RECOMENDEDI
TOTAL.
ANTI CI PATED
WEEKLYSALES
$90
( @$3
. 75 PERSQ. FT OF

-

, 00000 .
SALES
AREA)
TOTALCHECKOUTS
( ONE FOREACH
$19r 000 00
OF SALES PLUS ONE

10
FOREXPANSI ON)
Commer ci al
SUPERMARKETS
By
EGMONT ARENS, I ndust r i al Desi gner
Good vi si on
ar e
( dr awi ng at l ef t )
demands t hat t op shel f be
not over
5 f t . 3 i n.
hi gh,
per mi t t i ng an
angl e
of
vi ewnot mor e t han 15 above
t he hor i zont al . Easy- t o- r each
zone
st ar t s at about 15 i n.
above t he
f l oor , t he mi ni mumhei ght f or t he
bot t omshel f . Face of cans or . pack-
ages shoul d be as near l y at
r i ght
angl es t o eye as pr act i cal . Cans f or
bot t om shel ves ar e nowdesi gned
t o be l egi bl e
l yi ng
on
t hei r si de.
Lengt h of " super i sl and" uni t s
var i es, 9 f t . bei ng t he l ongest i n
common use. Di st ance bet ween
shel f suppor t s var i es about a nor m
of
2 f t .
6
i n. Suppor t s shoul d be set
back t o per mi t an appear ance of
uni nt er r upt ed mer chandi se
.
SECTI ON
FRUI T $VEGETABLE BI NS
HALF - SECTI ON
SUPER- I SLAND
SECTI ON
BREADSHELVES
NOTE- SHELVES MAYBE
' / 2" THI CKPLYWOOD
SECTI ON
CAKE
SHELVES
NOTE - SHELVES
MAY
BE
U2'
THI CK PLYWOOD
752
SECTI ON
CHECK- OUT
COUNTER
ELEVATI ON
END
DI SPLAY
ELEVATI ON
TUt i t
BLE

DI SPLAY
NOTE - PLANMAYBE
SEMI CI RCULARORRECTANGULAR.
CUSTOMERS
ARE NOT APT TODI S
TURB ASYMMETRI CAL DI SPLAY,
C( ) nr x) nt APF PI Ar Fn AT RAWDOKA
NOTE - DOTTEDLI NE I NDI CATES
I MPORTANT AREA FORSMALL
ARTI CLES ORFORMERCHANDI SE
SUBJ ECT TO' I MPULSE BUYI NO' .
SUPER- SHELVI NG
NOTE -
SHELVES MAY
BE 1%6" BOARDS.
NOTE - PLANMAYBE
SEMI - CI RCULAROR
RECTANGULAR
Commer ci al
BANKS
Newbank
mer chandi si ng syst ems
have been
f ol l owed by a
newbank ar chi t ect ur e
whi ch no
l onger needs t o
f ol l ow t he ol d i di om
t hat a
bank must r et ai n
i t s al oof di gni t y.
St abi l i t y
and st r engt h ar e
st i l l t o be pr eser ved
i n t he
i mage
of t he bank,
but not t o ext r emes .
Banker s of t oday
have r ecogni zed
t he
i ncr eased
mobi l i t y of
t he nat i on and t he
f i nan-
ci al needs
of t he aver age
homeowner ,
and i n
combi ni ng t he t wo have
ar r i ved at a new
expr essi on
and i mage f or
t he bank. I n pr oj ec-
t i on of
f ut ur e t r ends, t hese
banker s i ndi cat e
t hat t he
bank of t he next decade
wi l l bl end
exci t ement
and at t r act i on
wi t h di gni t y and a
moder n f eel i ng
of sol i di t y. " The
banks wi l l be
made mor e
i nvi t i ng t hr ough t he
f ur t her use of
gl ass, col or ,
and ar t ; and by
of f er i ng t hei r
ser vi ces mor e
conveni ent l y;
and t hr ough
i ncr eased
poi nt of cont act at t he
st r eet and
t hr ough dr i ve- i n
f aci l i t i es . " '
The i nnovat i on of
t he dr i ve- i n and
wal k- up
wi ndowr ecogni zes
t oday' s i nf or mal ,
mobi l e
l i vi ng and ext ends
t he bank' s
ser vi ces t o
make t hem
mor e at t r act i ve and
mor e conven-
i ent t o t he
publ i c . El ement s t hat
r emai n open
af t er r egul ar banki ng
hour s, such as a
meet i ng
r oom, savi ngs depar t ment ,
and saf et y
deposi t
vaul t , ser ve t he needs
not onl y of t he
cust omer
of t he bank but of
t he gener al publ i c as
wel l .
Fl exi bi l i t y, t hen, becomes
a key wor d i n bank
desi gn. Thebank of
t oday cannot subsi st
under
t he
ol d i dea t hat a
bank i s f or money
onl y,
especi al l y when i t s i mage
i s concer ned
wi t h
publ i c act i vi t i es al ong
wi t h r egul ar
banki ng
act i vi t i es .
The
pl ace i n whi ch t he
bank' s t r ansact i ons
t ake
pl ace shoul d be
at t r act i ve, f r i endl y, and
uni mposi ng
; a mi ni mum
obst r uct i on bet ween
t he cust omer
and t he bank' s
r epr esent at i ves
i s a must .
However ,
bef or e any desi gn
r equi r ement s
can be made,
t he bui l di ng r equi r ement s
( bot h
per sonnel
and depar t ment al )
must be f i r ml y
est abl i shed
and t he basi c phi l osophy
of bank-
i ng oper at i ons
and bui l di ng desi gn
agr eed
upon .
DESCRI PTI ONOF SPACES
1 . Publ i c spaces
a. Lobby. Thi s must be easi l y
accessi bl e
t o t he publ i c 11 cont ai ns
r ecept i on/
i nf or mat i on, l oan of f i cer s, t el l er s,
and
check- wr i t i ng desks.
( 1) I f l ocat ed on t he
l ower l evel or
' Banki ng, vol . 56, pp.
57- 58, Febr uar y, 1964
.
second f l oor of
a bui l di ng, escal a-
t or s ar e r ecommended
f or publ i c
conveyance t o t he
l obby.
( 2)
Tel l er s shoul d be l ocat ed
so t hat
t hey ar e easi l y accessi bl e
and so
t hat
t he spaces
sur r oundi ng t hem
al l ow
easy ci r cul at i on
of t he
publ i c .
( 3) Loan
of f i cer s and ot her s
who have
di r ect cont act
wi t h t he cust omer
shoul d be
r eadi l y avai l abl e.
( 4)
Check- wr i t i ng desks shoul d
be
pl aced so as
not t o bl ock ci r cul a-
t i on, especi al l y
of t he l i neup
space i n f r ont
of t he t el l er s.
b. Tel l er s ar e
usual l y l ocat ed at one
si de
of t hebank t o al l ow
f or expansi on. Thi s
i s usual l y
consi der ed t o be
t he most
f l exi bl e of al l
schemes .
C. Of f i cer s' pl at f or m
. Thi s shoul d
pr o-
vi de open
space f or cont act
of f i cer s,
cubi cl es f or
col l ect i on of f i cer s,
and
of f i ces f or
t he i nst al l ment l oan
and
commer ci al
l oan of f i cer s . A
conf er ence
r oomshoul d be
pr ovi ded i n t hi s
ar ea
unl ess t he need
war r ant s mor e t han
one.
d. Access t o t he
saf et y deposi t
vaul t
shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or cust omer s
.
Access t o t he
money vaul t f or
t el l er s
shoul d be
pr ovi ded.
2. Oper at i ons . Thi s i s
t he depar t ment t hat
makes sur e t he bank
i s r un on a st eady,
pr of essi onal basi s. I t
t akes car e of al l
t he cl er i cal wor k r equi r ed t o
r un t he bank
and keep i t s r ecor ds
i n or der .
a.
Bookkeepi ng depar t ment
. Thi s shoul d
be i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o
t el l er s, si nce
t hi s
i s wher e t he
t el l er s r ecei ve and
gi ve
al l t he i nf or mat i on
t hey need.
6. Pr oof
depar t ment . Thi s i s
not acces-
si bl e t o
t he publ i c . I t can
be separ at ed
f r om
t he ot her ar eas, but
shoul d be
f ai r l y cl ose t o t he dat a
pr ocessi ng
ar ea .
c. Dat a
pr ocessi ng ar ea. Speci al
ai r
condi t i oni ng
i s r equi r ed her e .
Fal se
f l oor s ar e
r ecommended
t o house
t he el ect r i c
cabl es .
d. Cl er i cal ,
mai l , and ot her
var i ous
mi nor
ser vi ces as r equi r ed
by t he
i ndi vi dual
si t uat i on. The mai l
r oom
i s usual l y
l ocat ed i n cl ose
pr oxi mi t y
t o t he pr oof
depar t ment .
e.
Fi r epr oof r ecor ds
vaul t , t o ser vi ce
pr oof , t r ust , and
bookkeepi ng depar t -
ment s. Thi s does
not have t o be
adj acent t o al l
t hr ee, but access
must be pr ovi ded
f or al l t hr ee.
753
f . Saf et y
deposi t vaul t , f i r epr oof
. Thi s
pr ovi des
boxes f or t he
st or age and
saf ekeepi ng of
cust omer s'
val uabl es .
Coupon
boot hs of mi ni mal si ze and
a
conf er ence
r ooml ar ge enough t o
hol d
10 t o 20 peopl e
g. Gener al ser vi ces
. Thi s i ncl udes
t oi l et s, empl oyees'
l ounge, snack
bar , mechani cal
equi pment , mai nt e-
nance, and PBX.
J r . Dr i ve- i n and wal k- up
t el l er s. These
t el l er wi ndows ar e an
essent i al par t
of
a bank. Thei r desi gn
shoul d be
car ef ul l y consi der ed wi t h
r egar d t o
f l owof
t r af f i c and secur i t y.
i . Tr ust
depar t ment . Thi s i s
one of t he
bank' s
maj or ser vi ces
t o t he publ i c .
I t i s her e
t hat t r ust s, pr obat es,
ac-
count s,
et c. , ar e put i n
ef f ect and
car r i ed out
. Thi s ar ea al so
needs a
l awyer s'
depar t ment .
j . Audi t or i um/ meet i ng
r oom
abl e t o seat
200 t o 300.
Thi s r oomi s most l y
used
by t he publ i c
and i s of t en
l oaned
r ent f r ee.
Rest r oom
f aci l i t i es, a
st age, st or age
space, and cof f ee
bar
shoul d be i ncl uded
. Thi s r oom
shoul d
be t hought
of as an al l - pur pose
r oom.
I n addi t i on t o
ser vi ng as a
meet i ng
r oom, i t wi l l
f aci l i t at e t he t r ai ni ng
of
bank per sonnel
.
3. Execut i ve sui t e.
Usual l y i ncl udes of f i ces
f or t he seni or
vi ce- pr esi dent s, boar d
member s, and
pr esi dent pl us al l
t he
per sonnel t hey need t o
cont i nue t hei r
busi ness . Aconf er ence
r oomand boar d
of di r ect or s'
meet i ng r oom ar e r e-
qui r ed.
4. Bui l di ngs. I t i s t he
dut y of t hi s
depar t -
ment t o mai nt ai n
t he physi cal
bui l di ng,
keep r ecor ds, and
col l ect r ent al f ees
f or
al l spaces i n t he bui l di ng
owned by
t he
bank.
5.
Legal depar t ment .
Thi s depar t ment
keeps t he bank' s l egal
busi ness i n or der
.
A
l i br ar y/ conf er ence
r oom i s usual l y
i ncl uded i n t hi s ar ea.
6 . Dat e
pr ocessi ng. Thi s
depar t ment hel ps
t o
f aci l i t at e and
pr ocess t he bank' s
checki ng, payr ol l ,
oper at i ons, and
ot her
pr ocedur es .
7 .
Mai l r oom. The mai l r oom
usual l y con-
t ai ns
t he addr essogr aph,
mi cr of i l m
equi pment , dupl i cat i ng
machi nes, and
ot her
equi pment necessar y
t o r un t hi s
oper at i on
. Thi s ar ea shoul d
be l ocat ed
near a
ser vi ce yar d or
el evat or and i n
conj unct i on
wi t h t he
pr i nt i ng/ pur chasi ng
depar t ment .
Commer ci al
BANKVAULTS
Fi g. 1

The above
pl ans ar e r ecommended f or si ngl e- ai sl e vaul t s
up t o 14' i nsi de cl ear wi dt hs . I nt er i or
vaul t di mensi ons shoul d
be est abl i shed i n accor dance wi t h i ndi vi dual
r equi r ement s and t he emer gency
vaul t vent i l at or
shoul d be l ocat ed t hr ough a conveni ent wal l ar ea t hat
i s exposed i nsi de t he bui l di ng.
Locat i on of t he vaul t al ar mcont r ol
cabi net i s desi gned [ si c] by " A" and shoul d
be r ecessed i n t he
vaul t wal l when i f i nt er f er es wi t h t he r emoval of t he
bond boxes . When t he vaul t wi dt h i s 14' or
mor e,
r ef er t o doubl e- or mul t i pl e- ai sl e vaul t
pl ans . ( Mosl er Saf e Co . )
VAULT PLAN- E ( 14' Wx 16' Dx B' HI NSI DE)
I 224 sq . f t . i nsi de f l oor ar ea .
2. 36 l i n . f t f or s d boxes .
3.
12
l i n
f t
f or
i oder a
VAULT PLAN- D
114' Wx 14' Dx 8' HI NSI DE)
l . 196 sq, f t . I nsi de f l oor ar ea.
2. 26
l i n . f t . f or
s . d.
boxes
.
3.

12 l i n . f t . f or l ocker s_
Fi g. 2 The above pl ans ar e r ecommended f or
doubl e- ai sl e vaul t s f r om14' t o 16' i nsi de cl ear wi dt hs .
I nt er i or vaul t di mensi ons shoul d be est abl i shed i n
accor dance wi t h i ndi vi dual r equi r ement s and t he emer -
gency vaul t vent i l at or and emer gency door
shoul d be l ocat ed t hr ough a conveni ent wal l ar ea t hat i s
exposed i nsi de t he bui l di ng. Locat i on of t he vaul t al ar mcont r ol
cabi net i s desi gned [ si c] by " A. " When
pl anni ng vaul t s wi t h t hr ee or mor e ai sl es, r ef er t o t he
mul t i pl e- ai sl e bank vaul t pl ans . ( Mosl er Saf e Co . )
754
Commer ci al
RESTAURANTS ANDEATI NG PLACES
By LENDALH. KOTSCHEVARand
MARGARET E. TERRELL
SPACE REQUI REMENTS
Adequacy of space wi l l i nf l uence bui l di ng
and
oper at i ng cost s and ef f i ci ency. When space
i s
t oo smal l , l abor t i me end ef f or t ar e l i kel y t o
i ncr ease end t he vol ume and qual i t y of out put
decr ease. When i t i s t oo l ar ge, bui l di ng and
mai nt enance cost s ar e excessi ve.
Deci si ons per t ai ni ng t o apace al l owance
maybe
st r ongl y af f ect ed by t he l i mi t at i ons
of
i nvest ment f unds and avai l abl e space. Ampl e
space i s
somet i mes pr ovi ded by means of l ow-
cost
mat er i al s and equi pment of such i nf er i or
qual i t yt hat t hey have shor t and unsat i sf act or y
ser vi ce
l i f e. I n ot her i nst ances, space i s
r est r i ct ed
t o a poi nt wher e i t pr ohi bi t s pr of i t -
abl e
vol ume or t he best ut i l i zat i on of l abor .
Space
al l owances i n r el at i on t o i nvest ment
shoul d be
bal anced i n t er ms of ( 1) pr oposed
per manence of
t he f aci l i t y, ( 2) acut eness of
need f or t he speci f i c
oper at i on, ( 3) essent i al s
f or oper at i ng ef f i ci ency,
( 4) desi r abl e st andar ds
i n t er ms
of appear ance, sani t at i on, and good
qual i t y of pr oduct i on
and ser vi ce, and ( 5)
i mmedi at e and
f ut ur e cost s, depr eci at i on,
upkeep, and
mai nt enance.
Fact s pecul i ar t o t he
par t i cul ar est abl i shment
shoul d be used as t he
basi s f or det er mi ni ng
space needs.
Requi r ement s wi l l var y f or
f aci l i t i es of a gi ven t ype
and vol ume. Locat i on ;
t ype of oper at i on ;
cl i ent el e; f r equency of
del i ver i es of suppl i es
; ki nd of f ood used, such
as f r esh, f r ozen, or
canned; and t he compl et e-
ness of pr ocessi ng t o
be done wi l l cause
var i at i on i n pr oduct i on
and st or age r equi r e-
ment s. The pol i ci es of
t hose i n char ge wi l l
have an i nf l uence. Cer t ai n
gener al i nf or mat i on,
such as number s t o be
ser ved, t ur nover ,
ar r i val r at e, andt ype of ser vi ce,
wi l l be hel pf ul
i n deci di ng di ni ng ar ea needs.
St udy i s r equi r ed t o
cl ar i f y i mmedi at e and
f ut ur e needs i n f ood
pr oduct i on. Choi ces
shoul d be made bet ween
meat cut t i ng or
por t i on- r eady meat s, a
baki ng sect i on or use
of
commer ci al l y bakeapr oduct s,
and t heuse of
unpr ocessed ver sus pr ocessed
f oods . I f
enl ar gement i s pr obabl e, st udi es made
bef or e
t he
bui l di ng i s pl anned as t o howspace may
be
added and howt he i ni t i al pl an shoul d be
desi gned t o mi ni mi ze ul t i mat e cost ,
wi l l be
hel pf ul
.
I t i s
wel l t o bl ock out space al l owances
accor di ng
t o f unct i ons t hat t he
f aci l i t y i s t o
per f or m.
Cal cul at e ar ea r equi r ement s
i n
t er ms of :
( 1) vol ume and t ype of ser vi ce,
( 2)
amount
and si ze of equi pment t o be used,
( 3)
number
of wor ker s r equi r ed, ( 4) space
f or
needed
suppl i es, and ( 5) sui t abl e t r af f i c ar ea.
The
di ni ng ar ea l ocat i on and space
al l owance
ar e usual l y
det er mi ned f i r st , t he pr oduct i on
ar eas next i n
t er ms of speci f i c r el at i onshi p
t o t he
di ni ng ar ea, and t he ot her sect i ons an
r equi r ed t o
t hese. Pl anner s shoul d be car ef ul
i n accept i ng
gener al apace r ecommendat i ons.
Ther e
ar e many var i at i ons .
Food Ser vi ce
Pl anni ng, J ohn Wi l ey &
Sons,
NewYor k,
1967 .
755
Di ni ng Ar ea
Space f or di ni ng ar eas i s usual l y
based on t he
number of squar e f eet per per son
seat ed t i mes
t he number of per sons seat ed at one t i me.
Spat e
Requi r ement s The pat r on' s si ze
and t he
t ype
and qual i t y of ser vi ce shoul d be
consi d-
er ed. Smal l chi l dr en may r equi r e onl y
8
sq f t
f or a t ype of ser vi ce i n whi ch an adul t
woul d
need
12 sq f t f or comf or t . Abanquet seat i ng
al l owance mi ght be as l i t t l e as 10 aq f t
per
seat and t hat f or a del uxe r est aur ant as much
as 20
sq f t . The amount of ser vi ng equi pment
i n t he di ni ng ar ea and l i neup space wi l l i nf l u-
ence needs. Lost apace must be
consi der ed.
The di ner ' s comf or t shoul d
gover n al l ow-
ance. Cr owdi ng i s di st ast ef ul t o many
peopl e
.
I t i s l i kel y t o be t ol er at ed mor e
r eadi l y by
youngst er s t han by adul t s . I t i s mor e accept -
abl e i n l owcost , qui ck- ser vi ce uni t s t han
I n
t hose f eat ur i ng l ei sur el y di ni ng. Bot h young
and ol d enj oy havi ng suf f i ci ent el bowr oom
and enough space so t hat di shes of f ood
and
bever age ar e not cr owded. Pl ace set t i ngs
f or
adul t s usual l y al l ow24 i n. and f or chi l dr en
18 t o 20 i n. ( Tabl e 1)
.
Al l of t he
ar eas i n a di ni ng r oomused f or
pur poses ot her
t han seat i ng ar e a par t of t he
squar e
f oot age al l owed f or seat i ng. Thi s does
not i ncl ude
wai t i ng ar eas, guest f aci l i t i es,
cl oakr ooms, and
ot her si mi l ar ar eas. Excessi ve
l oss or use
of space f or ot her t han seat i ng
i n t he
di ni ng ar ea wi l l , however , i ncr ease
needs. St r uct ur al
f eat ur es of t he r oomshoul d
be consi der ed.
Wi dt h and l engt h of t he r oom,
t abl e andchai r si zes,
and seat i ng ar r angement s
af f ect capaci t y.
Ser vi ce st at i ons
may be est i mat ed i n t he
pr opor t i on of one
smal l one f or ever y 20 seat s
or al ar ge cent r al one
f or ever y 50 t o 60 pl aces .
The advi sabi l i t y of
havi ng a cent r al ser vi ng
st at i on wi l l be
i nf l uenced by t he di st ance of
t he di ni ng ar ea f r om
t he ser vi ng ar ea. I t i s of
speci al val ue when
pr oduct i on and di ni ng ar e
on di f f er ent f l oor s .
Pl umbi ng and wi r i ng and
whet her suppl i es ar e
del i ver ed mechani cal l y
wi l l i nf l uence
l ocat i on of t he st at i ons . Smal l
subst at i ons
f or si l ver , di shes, naper y, bever -
ages, i ce, but t er ,
and condi ment s maymeasur e
20 t o 24 i n. squar e
and 36 t o 38 i n. hi gh. The
si ze of cent r al
st at i ons var i es f r omt hat f or a
smal l encl osed r oom t o t hat
of a scr eened
sect i on measur i ng
appr oxi mat el y 8 t o 10 f t
l ong by 27 t o 30 i n. wi de
by 6 t o 7 k hi gh.
Tabl e
si ze wi l l i nf l uence pat r on comf or t
and
ef f i ci ent
ut i l i zat i on of space. I n a caf et er i a,
f or
exampl e, wher e pat r ons maydi ne an
t hei r
t r ays, i t I s
i mpor t ant t hat t he t abl e be of ade-
quat e si ze
t o accommodat e t he number of
t r ays l i kel y
t o be t her e. Four t r ays 14 by 18
i n . f i t bet t er on a
t abl e 48 i n. squar e t han on
s t abl e 36
or 42 i n. squar e. Smel l t abl es, such
as 24 or
30 i n. squar e, ar e economi cal f or seat -
i ng but ar e
uncomf or t abl e f or l ar ge peopl e.
They ar e
onl y sui t abl e i n cr owded ar eas f or
f ast t ur nover
and l i ght meal s. Tabl es havi ng
common wi dt h
and hei ght al l owi ng t hemt o be
f i t t ed t oget her
wi l l gi ve f l exi bi l i t y i n seat i ng
ar r angement s. These
ar e par t i cul ar l y good f or
banquet t e or cockt ai l - t ype
bench seat i ng
al ong a
wal l . Tabl es f or. boot hs ar e di f f i cul t
f or wai t r esses
t o ser ve i f t hey ar e l onger t hen
4 f t . The wi dt h of boot hs
i ncl udi ng seat s and
t abl e i s
commonl y 5h f t . Al unch
count er
wi l l have a
mi ni mumwi dt h of 16 i n. and
a
maxi mumwi dt h of 24t o
30 i n. The l i near f eet
ar e cal cul at ed on
t he basi s of 20 t o 24 i n. per
seat . The maxi mumar ea
best ser ved by one
wai t r ess i s gener al l y 16 f t of
count er . Thi s
wi l l gi ve ei ght t o t an seat s.
U- shaped count er s
make maxi mumuseof space
and r educe t r avel .
Space i n dept h of 8' /r t o
11 f t wi l l be r equi r ed
f or ever y l i near f oot
of count er . Thi s wi l l pr o-
vi de 3 t o 4 f t of publ i c
ai sl e, 2j &f t f or ai sl e
space f or empl oyees. A
wi dt h of 41hf t i s desi r -
abl e wher e empl oyees
must pass .
Cal cul at e ai sl e space
bet ween t abl es and
chai r s t o i ncl ude passage
ar ea and t hat occu-
pi ed by t he
per son seat ed at t he t abl e. A
mi ni mum
passagear ea i s 18 i n. bet ween chai r s
and, i ncl udi ng
chai r ar ea, t abl es shoul d be
spaced 4 t o 5 f t apar t
. Ai sl es on whi ch bus
car t s or ot her mobi l e
equi pment i s t o be
moved shoul d be si zed
accor di ng t o t he wi dt h
of such equi pment.
The best ut i l i zat i on of space
can of t en
be ar r i ved at t hr ough t he use
of t empl at es
or scal ed model s . Di agonal
ar r angement
of squar e t abl es ut i l i zes space
bet t er t hen
squar e ar r angement and yi el ds a
mor e t r oubl e-
f r ee
t r af f i c l one. Lanes t hat pass
bet ween
backs
of chai r s ar e l i kel y t o be
bl ocked when
guest s ar i se or ar e bei ng seat ed.
Tabl e hei ght s i n school s shoul d
be chosen
f or t he comf or t of chi l dr en. I n uni t s
pat r oni zed
by many gr ades a compr omi se
hei ght wi l l be
needed bet ween t he 30 i n.
nor mal l y used f or
adul t s and t he 24i n. sui t abl e
f or chi l dr en, or
t wo si zes maybe used i n di f f er ent
sect i ons of
t he r oom
. At abl e l engt h t o most
f our , si x, or
ei ght i s
pr ef er abl e t o l onger ones .
Number
of Per sons Al l owance The
number of
per sons t o be seat ed at
one t i me i s t he second
poi nt of i nf or mat i on
needed f or cal cul at i on
of t he
di ni ng r oomsi ze. The t ot al number
of
seat s
r equi r ed at one t i me, mul t i pl i ed
by t he
space
r equi r ed f or each seat , wi l l gi ve
t he
t ot al
number of squar e f eet needed
i n t he
TABLE t
Squar e Feet per Seat Used f or
Var i ous Types of
F
o
od Oper at i ons
Type of oper at i on
Squar e l oot per seat
Caf et er i a,
commer ci al . . . . . . .
18- 18
Caf et er i a, col l ege
and
i ndust r i el . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12- 15
Caf et er i a, school
l unchr oom. . . .
9- 12
Col l ege r esi dence,
t abl e ser vi ce . . . . . . . . . .
12- 15
Count er ser vi ce . . . . . . . . . . .
18- 20
Tabl e ser vi ce, hot el ,
cl ub r est aur ant . . . . . . . . . . .
15- 18
Tabl e ser vi ce,
mi ni mumeat i ng . . . . . . . . .
11- 14
Banquet ,
mi ni mum . . . . . . . .
10- 11
756
Commer ci al
RESTAURANTS ANDEATI NG PLACES
di ni ng ar ea. The number of t i mes a
seat i s
occupi ed dur i ng a gi ven per i od
i s commonl y
r ef er r ed t o as " t ur nover . " The
t ur nover per
hour , t i mes t henumber of
seat s avai l abl e, gi ves
t het ot al number of
pat r ons who can be ser ved
i n an hour . I f peak
l oads, or number t o be
ser ved at one t i me, ar e
known, t he number of
seat s r equi r ed
can be est i mat ed.
Tur nover r et ea t end t o var y,
f or t hey ar e
i nf l uenced by such
f act or s as t he amount of
f ood
eat en, t he el abor at eness of t he ser vi ce,
and
t he di ner ' s t i me al l owance. Abr eakf ast
meal of f ewf oods maybe eat en mor e qui ckl y
t han di nner , and
a si mpl e f ar e f ast er t han e
many- cour se
meal
.
Tur nover i s qui ckest i n
di ni ng r ooms
wher e f ood has been pr epar ed
i n
advance f or f ast ser vi ce and wher e pat r ons
ser ve
t hemsel ves and bus t hei r soi l ed di shes .
The
t ur nover t i me i s speeded up 10 per cent
by pat r ons r emovi ng t hei r soi l ed di shes an t hat
t abl es ar e qui ckl y avai l abl e f or ot her guest s .
Del uxe ser vi ce f or l ei sur e di ni ng, i nvol vi ng
r emoval and pl acement of sever al cour ses,
t akes t he l ongest t i me . Al t hough speci f i c
t ur nover mayver y f r om10 mi nut es t o 2hour s,
act ual eat i ng t i me i s nor mal l y 10 t o 15 mi nut es
f or br eakf ast , 15 t o 20 mi nut es f or l unch, end
30 t o 40 mi nut es f or di nner .
The cal cul at i on of occupancy of seat s i n a
di ni ng r oom must t ake i nt o consi der at i on
a
cer t ai n per cent age of vacancy, except wher e
a gi ven number ar e seat ed at one t i me
accor d-
i ng t o assi gnment . I n t abl e- ser vi ce di ni ng
r ooms t hi s has been est i mat ed as 20 per cent
of t ot al capaci t y, i n caf et er i as f r om 12 t o 18
per cent , and f or count er oper at i ons 10
t o
12 per cent . Many f act or s i nf l uence t hi s per -
cent age, such as pat r ons ar r i vi ng at di f f er ent
t i mes, i r r egul ar r at e of t ur nover , and r el uct ance
t o shar e a t abl e wi t h st r anger s.
The t abl e si zes used i n t he di ni ng
r oomwi l l
af f ect occupancy. I t i s of t en desi r abl e t o
pr ovi de f or gr oups var yi ng f r omt wo t o ei ght ,
wi t h a pr edomi nance i n
most
di ni ng
r ooms
of t hose f or t wo peopl e. The " deuces"
may be
of a si ze and shape t hat can be put
t oget her t o
f or mt abl es f or l ar ger gr oups
.
I n
met r opol i t an
ar eas wher e many t end t o di ne
al one, wal l
bench- t ype seat i ng and
t abl es f or t wo wi t h a
cent er r i dge or l i ne
denot i ng spacef or one have
been used successf ul l y. Chai r s wi t h
a " t abl et -
ar m" t hat wi l l f ol d a t r ay have
been used f or
f ast t ur nover i n cr owded
ar eas.
The ut i l i zat i on of seat i ng
capaci t y t ends t o
be gr eat er f or caf et er i as
t han
f or
t abl e ser vi ce.
The pat r on mayspend 25 t o 50 per cent
of t he
t i me whi l e seat ed at t he t abl e wai t i ng
f or
ser vi ce. The caf et er i a di ner may begi n
eat i ng
es soon as he i s seat ed.
One caf et er i a l i ne
can ser ve f our t o ei ght pat r ons per mi nut e
dependi ng on ( 1) t he speed of
t he ser ver s,
( 2) t he el abor at eness
of f ood sel ect i on, ( 3)
conveni ence of t he l ayout ,
and ( 4) t he t ype
of pat r ons . At t hese
r at es, 240 t o 480 pat r ons
wi l l need t o be
seat ed wi t hi n an hour . I f t he
t ur nover r at e i s t wo per
hour , t hen f r om 120
t o 240 seat s wi l l
be used. However , i f 15
per cent of t he
t ot al capaci t y at t he peak per i od
r emai ns unf i l l ed, t hen
bet ween 140 and 280
seat s wi l l be r equi r ed.
An addi t i onal 14 t o
28 seat s or 10
per cent woul d be needed i f t he
pat r ons do not bus
t hei r soi l ed di shes .
Pat r onage
est i mat es f or f aci l i t i es of di f f er ent
t ypes
maybe gui ded by t he number of per sons
i n r esi dence,
enr ol l ment s i n a school , an
i ndust r y' s
payr ol l , t he member shi p of a cl ub,
or t he
amount of t r af f i c i n an of f i ce or shop-
pi ng ar ea. I n
each case a cer t ai n per cent age
maynor mal l y be
expect ed t o di ne i n t hef aci l i t y
pr ovi ded. The
per cent age wi l l be i nf l uenced
by such f act or s
as i t s l ocat i on i n r el at i on t o
ot her f aci l i t i es,
t he pat r on' s buyi ng power ,
t he pr i cepl an ( on t he basi s of
subsi dy or pr of -
i t ) , pat r on' s meal t i me
al l owance, and conven-
i ence of t he l ocat i on.
The pat r onage est i mat e f or e col l ege
caf et e-
r i a shoul d t ake i nt o consi der at i on t he
number
of st udent s who l i ve at home, ar e member s
of
a l i ve- i n gr oup, such as an or gani zed
house,
and t he number of ot her di ni ng
f aci l i t i es
avai l abl e on or near t he campus. A
col l ege
r esi dence pr ovi di ng t abl e ser vi ce
may have
t o
al l ow
a seat i ng capaci t y t hat i s 110 per cent
of occupancy i f a pol i cy exi st s f or havi ng
" speci al guest " occasi ons and seat i ng al l
at
one t i me.
An i ndust r i al l unchr oommay ser ve as f ew
as 25 per cent and as manyas 90 per cent
of t he
payr ol l . Cl ues t o pr obabl e pat r onage
may be
dr awn f r omsuch f act or s as near ness
t o ot her
eat i ng f aci l i t i es, wage
r at es, t ype of wor k,
pr i ces t o be char ged,
conveni ence, qual i t y,
and at t r act i veness . The
at t i t ude of manage-
ment t owar d t he l unchr oom
mayaf f ect pat r on-
age al so . Pr i de i n pr ovi di ng
a good ser vi ce f or
t he i ndust r i al f ami l y as opposed
t o a t ake- i t -
or - l eave- i t at t i t ude t ends
t o wi n f avor abl e
r esponse.
The si ze of a di ni ng r oom
i n a hospi t al
shoul d be det er mi ned
as t o whet her i t i s t o be
used f or empl oyees,
pat i ent s, or guest s, or
anycombi nat i on of t hese
. The t ype of hospi t al
and t he number of
ambul at or y pat i ent s shoul d
al so be consi der ed.
The t ype of hospi t al wi l l
al so i nf l uence t he number
of per sonnel em-
pl oyed. The r at i o of
per sonnel t o pat i ent s
wi l l ver y f r om1 t o 3,
dependi ng on howmuch
speci al car e i s r equi r ed or
howmuch t eachi ng
end r esear ch ar e done.
Good f ood and r eason-
abl e pr i ces wi l l
at t r act a hi gh per cent age of
t hose el i gi bl e t o set i n
t he f aci l i t y .
School l unch
par t i ci pat i on var i es 25 t o 75
per cent and
a good per cent age f or pl anni ng
i s 60 t o 75 per cent of
enr ol l ment . Wher e
pr i ces ar e l ow, t he f ood good,
meal sel ect i ons
appeal i ng, and
t he f ood ser vi ce car ef ul l y
i nt egr at ed wi t h t he
educat i onal pr ogr am, t he
per cent age wi l l
be hi gh.
Banquet
seat i ng r equi r es pl anni ng because
maxi mum
seat i ng pot ent i al means maxi mum
pr of i t s
. Fol di ng t abl es 30 i n. wi de ar e popul ar .
These ar e obt ai ned i n var yi ng l engt hs, but 72
and 96 i n .
ar e commonl y used. The spaci ng
f or
t he l egs shoul d be such as t o al l owf or
comf or t abl e seat i ng when t he t abl es ar e j oi ned
end
t o end and pl ace set t i ngs ar e l ai d on
24- i n. cent er s.
Rest aur ant oper at or s shoul d consi der space
i n r el at i on t o pat r onage vol ume essent i al f or
a pr of i t abl e busi ness . Labor , f ood, end oper at -
i ng cost s must be met and a pr of i t r eal i zed
t hat cover s
r i sk- bear i ng ef f or t expanded and
r et ur n on i nvest ment . Essent i al i ncome i s
wei ghed i n t he l i ght of pr obabl e pat r onage and
pr obabl e aver age check. The number of seat s
pr ovi ded i n pl anni ng must cover t hi s
need
.
Fl exi bi l i t y i n seat i ng capaci t y i s of t en desi r -
abl e. Peopl e do not l i ke t o be cr owded nor do
t hey enj oy t he l onel y exper i ence of bei ng
seat ed i n a huge ar ea occupi ed by onl y a f ew.
Spar se pat r onage cr eat es an i mpr essi on of
poor popul ar i t y. Separ at e r ooms, f ol di ng
door s, scr eens, or ot her at t r act i ve devi ces can
be used t o r educe si ze of an ar ea dur i ng sl ack
per i ods. Sect i ons l ef t open shoul d be t hose
easi est t o ser ve. Bal coni es, back r ooms, or
ot her l eas desi r abl e space can of t en be used
f or over f l ownumber s t hat occasi onal l y r equi r e
ser vi ce.
Acommon exper i ence i n many di ni ng r oom
oper at i ons i s t he need f or mor e seat i ng
at
one meal t han at ot her s . Thi s may be due
ei t her t o i ncr eased number s or di f f er ent
t ur nover r at es. Ar esi dence caf et er i a ser vi ng
600 men has an over f l ow r oom seat i ng 100,
whi ch i t uses onl y at di nner . The ni ght meal
i s not onl y l ar ger but t he men di ne i n a mor e
l ei sur el y f ashi on . The
r oomi s avai l abl e
f or
ser vi ng ot her
gr oups at br eakf ast and l unch.
Commer ci al r est aur ant s l ocat ed i n shoppi ng
or of f i ce ar eas of t en
have a
heavi er
demand
at noon t han
at t he
di nner
hour . Rooms used
f or gener al pat r onage
at noon
may
be cl osed
at
ni ght
or pr ovi de space f or pr i vat e di nner
par t i es. Ent r ances t o t hese r ooms shoul d not
r equi r e passage t hr ough t he mai n di ni ng
r oom. Conveni ence f or speci al ser vi ce i s
i mpor t ant .
Pr oduct i on
Ar eas
Af r equent l y used r ul e f or al l ot t i ng apace f or
t heki t chen i s t hat i t shoul d be one- t hi r d t o one-
hal f t he ar ea of t he di ni ng r oom. I t has been
f ound unsat i sf act or y, however , t o go by a set
space al l owance f or t hi s ar ea. Det ai l ed st udy
of space al l ocat i ons l eads t o t he concl usi on
t hat per cent ages i n r el at i on t o t he di ni ng ar ea
ar e " compl et el y unr eal i st i c and unr el i abl e. "
An anal ysi s of speci f i c needs i s r equi r ed. Many
f act or s i nf l uence space r equi r ement s, such as :
1 . Type of pr epar at i on and ser vi ce
2. Amount of t he t ot al pr oduct i on done i n
t he uni t
3. Vol ume i n t er ms of t he number of meal s
ser ved
4. Var i et y of f oods of f er ed i n t he menu
5.
El abor at eness of pr par at i on and ser vi ce
6.
Amount of i ndi vi dual ser vi ce gi ven, as i n
a
hospi t al t r ey ser vi ce
7.
Seat i ng and ser vi ce pl an, whet her on one
f l oor or many
The
cost of pr ovi di ng space, equi pment , and
l abor i s suf f i ci ent t o mer i t car ef ul cal cul at i on
of t he beat t ype of oper at i on bef or e pl anni ng.
New
pr oduct s on t he mar ket , newcooki ng
met hods, and newequi pment avai l abl e shoul d
be eval uat ed. The use of pr epr ocessed pr o-
duct s
i n
many met r opol i t an ar eas has made a
pr onounced change i n t he amount of space
al l ot t ed f or bake shop, meat cut t i ng, end vege-
t abl e pr epar at i on ar eas. Wher e por t i on- cut
meat s ar e r eadi l y avai l abl e, i t i s quest i onabl e
whet her even a l ar ge est abl i shment can af f or d
t o equi p and pr ovi de ski l l ed l abor f or a but cher
shop. The use of l ar ge quant i t i es of f r ozen
f oods af f ect s st or age needs . The cost end
qual i t y of mar ket pr oduct s, t hei r avai l abi l i t y,
and t he f r equency of del i ver i es ar e al l t o
be
consi der ed.
Var i et y i n menu sel ect i on and el abor at i on of
f oods t end t o i ncr ease space needs i n wor k
ar eas and st or age. Smal l amount s of numer -
ous i t ems do not per mi t st acki ng and bul k
packagi ng. El abor at i on of f ood of t en
i nvol ves
i ndi vi dual por t i on t r eat ment , wi t h i ndi vi dual
casser ol es, f or exampl e,
as compar ed t o bul k
st eam t abl e
pans . Ahospi t al f ood ser vi ce
r equi r i ng many speci al di et s ser ves as a com-
mon exampl e of menu var i et y end i ndi vi dual
por t i on t r eat ment i mposi ng
speci al space
r equi r ement s .
Theequi pment pr ovi ded wi l l af f ect t he space
needs. Gar bage and r ef use, f or exampl e,
may
r equi r e a si zabl e ar ea f or st or age awai t i ng
pi ckup. Di sposal uni t s f or f ood gar bage, i nci n-
er at or f or
bur nabl e r ef use, and a cr usher
f or
t i n cans wi l l gr eat l y r educe t he amount t o be
hel d . Fr equencyof
gar bage
col l ect i on wi l l mi ni -
mi ze t he space needs.
St r uct ur al f eat ur es of t he
bui l di ng
may
i nf l uence
t he ut i l i zat i on of space. The shape
of t he ki t chen,
l ocat i on of vent i l at i on
and
el e-
vat or shaf t s, suppor t col umns and par t i t i ons
shoul d be consi der ed i n
r el at i on t o an
ef f i ci ent
l ayout
f or
wor k
.
The l ocat i on of ent r ances
and
Commer ci al
RESTAURANTS AND
EATI NG PLACES
exi t s f or a good
f l owof t r af f i c, wi ndowpl ace-
ment , sui t abl e space,
and r el at i onshi p of sec-
t i ons need consi der at i on
. El i mi nat e par t i t i ons
whenever possi bl e ; t hi s
wi l l r educe space
needs and al so per mi t easi er
super vi si on of
pr oduct i on ar eas.
Ki t chens ser vi ng a
smal l er number r equi r e
a l ar ger
squar e f oot age per meal
t han t hose
ser vi ng a l ar ger number . The
f ol l owi ng dat e
used
f or i ndust r i al caf et er i as show
t he r at e at
whi ch
space needs per meal t end t o
decr ease
as t he number ser ved i ncr eases
( Tabl e 2) .
si de bysi de. Ahei ght of 34i n
. ,
commonl y
used
as
a wor ki ng hei ght , shoul d be
eval uat ed i n
t er ms
of speci f i c wor k done and
equi pment
used.
Ai sl e space
shoul d per mi t f r ee, easy move-
ment of essent i al
t r af f i c. The mi ni mumwi dt h
f or a l ane
bet ween equi pment wher e one per -
son wor ks
al one i s 36 and 42 i n. wher e mor e
t han one i s
empl oyed and wher e wor ker s must
pass each ot her
i n t hepr ogr ess of wor k. Wher e
mobi l e equi pment i s
used, 48 t o 54 i n. ar e
r ecommended. At l east 60
i n . ar e needed f or
mai n t r af f i c l anes wher e
wor ker s r egul ar l y
pass each ot her wi t h
mobi l e equi pment . I f
wor ker s or equi pment must st and
i n t he l ane
whi l e wor ki ng, appr opr i at e
space shoul d be
al l owed f or t hi s . Thought
shoul d be gi ven t o
apace
f or door s openi ng i nt o an
ai sl e and f or
handl i ng l ar ge pi eces of
equi pment , such as
r oast i ng
pans, baki ng sheet s, and
st ock pot s .
Mai n
t hor oughf ar es shoul d not pass
t hr ough
wor k cent er s. Compact ness i s essent i al
f or
st ep- savi ng
. I t i s wel l f or t he wor k cent er s t o
be
i n cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o mai n t r af f i c l anes, wi t h
easy access
t o t hem. I t i s i mpor t ant bot h
t o
avoi d
di st r act i on f r om out si der s passi ng
t hr ough
wor k cent er s and t o conser ve space.
Wor k
cent er s at r i ght angl es t o t raf f i c
l
anes
ar e
ef f i ci ent ( Fi g. 1) .
The
per cent age of f l oor ar ea cover ed
by
equi pment var i es accor di ng t o pr oduct i on
needs and t he t ype of equi pment used. Asat i s-
f act or y l ayout
maycl ai ml ess t han 30 per cent
of t ot al space f or equi pment whi l e
wor k ar eas,
t r af f i c l anes, and space ar ound
equi pment f or
easy oper at i on
and cl eani ng may r equi r e 70
per cent
or mor e.
For hospi t al pr oduct i on and ser vi ce ar eas,
20 t o
30 sq f t per bed i s suggest ed. The need
i s r educed as t he number of beds i ncr eases-
appr oxi mat el y 30 sq f t per bed f or a 50- bed,
and
20
sq
f t per bed f or a 200- bed hospi t al .
Thi s al l owancedoes not i ncl ude maj or st or age
ar eas,
di ni ng r ooms, empl oyee f aci l i t i es, or
f l oor ser vi ng pant r i es .
Ser vi ng Ar eas
Space
al l owance of ser vi ng ar eas shoul d be
adapt ed t o
t he needs of t he speci f i c f aci l i t y.
The menu,
or gani zat i on of wor k, and number
ser ved
wi l l i nf l uence si ze. The t ype of ser vi ce
wi l l al so be i nf l uent i al
i n di ct at i ng space
needed.
I n caf et er i as t he count er l engt h
shoul d be
r egul at ed by t he var i et y and
vol ume. Excess
space par t i al l y f i l l ed i s unat t r act i ve,
but cr owd-
i ng i s al so undesi r abl e.
An est i mat e t hat may
be used f or al l ot t i ng wi dt h i s
14 f t . Thi s al l ows
f or 4f t as pat r on l ane space,
1 f t t r ey el i de, 2 f t
count er wi dt h, 4' /r f t f or wor ker s, and
2' /r f t
f or back bar
. The si ze of t he t r ay shoul d di ct at e
t hewi dt h of
t he t r ay sl i de. Theaver age l engt h
of count er s
i n col l ege r esi dence hal l s and
hospi t al s i s f oundt o
be 30 t o 32 f t , whi l e t hose
757
i n school
l unchr ooms aver age ar ound 15
t o 20
f t .
Some commer ci al caf et er i a count er s
may
be 70 t o 80 f t l ong,
but count er s over 50 f t l ong
ar e f r equent l y consi der ed
i nef f i ci ent . Twent y
f eet i s usual l y t hought
of as a mi ni mumbut ,
under speci al condi t i ons and
wher e a l i mi t ed
menu i s ser ved, 6 t o 8 f t may
be suf f i ci ent .
The t r end i s t owar d shor t er
count er s wi t h
mobi l e ser vi ng uni t s or di sh hol der s
set at r i ght
angl es
t o t he count er . Smoot her
ser vi ce and
gr eat er speed ar e achi eved .
Count er hei ght
may
be set at comf or t abl e l evel s f or
wor ker s
and
pat r ons
.
School s mayhave l ower count er s
so
t hat chi l dr en may see t he f ood
and push
t hei r t r ays
al ong a sl i de as t hey ar e
ser ved.
For l i t t l e
f ol k, 28 t o 30 i n . i s desi r abl e,
wi t h
count er s
nar r owso t hat ser ver s may r each
over t o assi st a
chi l d. Asol i d t r ay sl i de t ends
t o r esul t i n f ewer acci dent s
t han t hose made of
bar s or
t ubi ng. Pl ast i c t r eys measur i ng 9by 12
i n . , compar t ment ed,
and of past el col or s ar e
popul ar
. .
Sl i des
f or t hesemaybe on t he ser ver s'
si de of t he count er
f or ease of ser vi ce and t o
el i mi nat e spi l l age or
acci dent s. The chi l d pi cks
upt he compl et ed ser vi ce at
t he endof t he l i ne.
Some pl anner s use, as a
r ough gui de, one
count er or l i ne f or ever y 250 t o
300 pat r ons
ser ved, but ar r i val r at e, speed
of ser vi ce, and
t ur nover ar e mor e
r el i abl e f act or s t o consi der
i n est abl i shi ng t he number of
l i nes r equi r ed.
Hospi t al ser vi ce
space wi l l depend upon
whet her cent r al
or f l oor ser vi ce i s used, t r ays
ar e set up
i n ser vi ng pant r i es, and modi f i ed
di et s ar e set up
i n l i ne or i n a di et ki t chen.
Space must be
al l owed f or bul k f ood t r ucks,
t r ay t r ucks, smal l t r ay car t s,
or speci al di s-
pensi ng uni t s used.
Shor t - or der
uni t s wher ef ood moves di r ect l y
f r ompr oduct i on t o
t he consumer r equi r e t he
l east ser vi ce space
. The need f or an i nt er -
medi at e st at i on
i s el i mi nat ed. St ep- savi ng com-
pact ness saves
space. The uni t s r equi r i ng t he
most space ar e
t hose f ur ni shi ng el abor at e or
hi ghl y i ndi vi dual i zed
ser vi ce.
Recei vi ng and St or age
Ar eas
Spaceal l ocat i on
f or r ecei vi ng and st or age must
be based on speci f i c
needs
.
The vol ume and
t ype of i t ems r ecei ved
and st or ed shoul d be
consi der ed. Al t hough t he
aver age oper at i on
mayf i nd a dock 8 f t deep and
12 f t l ong suf f i -
ci ent f or r ecei vi ng i t ems, t hi s
woul d not be
suf f i ci ent f or a l ar ge one. The space
r equi r e-
ment i n squar e f eet f or f ood st or agef or
30 days
has been cal cul at ed by some as
appr oxi mat el y
one hal f t het ot al ser ved or ,
i f 1, 000 ar e ser ved,
500 sq f t may be used as a t ent at i ve
f i gur e f or
t ot al f ood st or age needs. Cases
of 6/ 10' s
st acked 6 cases hi gh on f l at t r ucks
wi l l have e
bear i ng wei ght of appr oxi mat el y 250 t o
300 I l l
per sq f t . Ski d si zes shoul d be 3 by
2' /t f t by
8 t o 12 i n. hi gh. Wher e heavy i t ems, such as
10- gal cans of mi l k, ar e st or ed, bear i ng
wei ght s
maybe i ncr eased. One case of 6/ 10' s,
24/ 2' 4' s,
or 24/ 2' s wei ghs appr oxi mat el y
50
I l l
end
occupi es 1 cu f t .
Common St or age
The vol ume of canned f ood
needed t o ser ve
100 per sona t hr ee meal s dai l y
f or onemont h i s est i mat ed at
cases of 6/ 10' s or equi val ent .
The maxi mum
st ack hei ght wi l l be 8 or
9
cases
or appr oxi -
mat el y 72 i n . Accessi bi l i t y
of i t ems t hat di f f er ,
as
wel l as vol ume, wi l l gover n
t he number of
st acks needed. At ot al of 3 cu
. f t per st ack
i s
est i mat ed t o i ncl ude f l oor space
cover ed by
a case
of canned f ood, pl us a
shar e of ai sl e
space. One t housand cases pi l ed
ei ght hi gh i n
125 st acks wi l l r equi r e 375 sq
f t or a st or age
ar ea appr oxi mat el y 20 by 20 f t .
St or er oom
ai sl es maybe as nar r owas 36 i n
. ,
but
42 or 48
Pl anner s
ar e of t en asked t o make est i mat es
of space needs
bef or e havi ng an
oppor t uni t y
t o make pol i ci es
or det ai l ed pl ans f or
oper a-
t i ons. Fi gur es
t hat wi l l be f ound usef ul
i n
maki ng such
est i mat es ar e gi ven
i n Tabl e 3 .
These f i gur es
per t ai n t o aver age ki t chen
ar eas
f ound i n
di f f er ent t ypes of f ood f aci l i t i es .
Thei r
use i s t o be
r egar ded as t ent at i ve
and t o be
measur ed car ef ul l y
i n t er ms of speci f i c
needs.
The squar e
f oot age gi ven i s t o be mul t i pl i ed
by
t he maxi mum
number of meal s
est i mat ed per
hour of ser vi ce, i n
or der t o f i nd t he t ot al
space
r equi r ement .
Af t er pr oduct i on
pol i ci es have been
est ab-
l i shed, wor k ar eas may
be bl ocked out i n t er ms
of t he equi pment
needs and t he number of
wor ker s r equi r ed
t o do t he wor k i n a
sect i on.
Li near space, dept hs,
and hei ght s f or wor k
cent er s shoul d
be cont r ol l ed i n t er ms of
aver -
age
humanmeasur ement s
. Thi s wi l l i ncl ude
t he
r each t o and gr asp of
mat er i el or equi pment
used i n wor ki ng. The
l engt h and wi dt h of t he
wor k t abl e i s adj ust ed i n t er ms
of t he amount
and
si ze of equi pment t hat wi l l
r est on i t dur i ng
t he
pr ogr ess of wor k. The
l i near measur ement
wi l l ver y
i n t er ms of t he number
of wor ker s
usi ng i t
at one t i me.
The
wi dt h of t he t abl e may be
24t o 30 i n.
unl ess
di shes or f ood cont ai ner s ar e
t o r est
at
t heback of t he t abl e. Tabl es
36 i n. wi de ar e
pr ef er abl e whent heback
of t hear ea i s used f or
such st or age. Wher e
t wo wor ker s wor k oppo-
si t e each
ot her , a t abl e42 i n. wi de maybe used.
Awor k ar ea of 4t o 6 l i n f t wi l l be wi t hi n con-
veni ent r each of t he aver age per son. Tabl es 8
t o 10 k
l ong ar eused i f t wo peopl e ar ewor ki ng
TABLE 3
Squar e Feet of Ki t chen Space per Meal
f or Food Faci l i t i es of
Di f f er ent Type
and Si ze
Est i mat ed maxi mummeal s per
hour
200 or l ess 200- 400 400- 800
800- 1, 300 1, 300- 7, 500
Caf et er i as . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 . 5- 5 . 0 5. 0- 4. 0 4. 0- 3. 5
3. 5- 3. 0 3. 0- 1. 8
Hospi t al s . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. 0- 4. 5
12. 0- 4. 5 11. 0- 4. 5 10
. 0- 4. 0 8 . 0- 4. 0
Hot el s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. 0- 4. 0
7. 5- 3. 0 6 . 0- 3. 0 4. 0- 3
. 0 4. 0- 3 . 0
I ndust r i al
l unchr ooms . . . . . 7. 5- 5. 0
4. 0- 3. 2 3. 5- 2. 0 3. 0- 2. 0
2 . 5- 1 . 7
Lunch count er s . . . . . . . . .
7. 5- 2
. 0
2. 0- 1. 5
Rai l r oad
di ni ng car . . . . . .
Rest aur ant s ( ser vi ce)
-
1 . 6
7. 0- 4. 0
5. 0- 3. 6 5 . 0- 3. 6 5
. 0- 3. 0 5. 0- 3 . 0
School
l unchr ooms . . . . . . . 4. 0- 3. 3
3. 3- 2. 2 3 . 0- 2. 0 2
. 5- 1. 6 2. 0- 1. 6
TABLE 2 Var i at i on
t o Number s
Ser ved
i n Space
Needs i n Rel at i on
Squar e f eet
Var i at i on i n
Meal l oad
per meal
squar e f eet
100- 200 5 . 00
500- 1, 000
200- 400
4. 00
800- 1, 600
400- 800 3 . 50
1, 400- 2, 800
800- 1, 300 3 . 00
2, 400- 3, 900
1, 300- 2, 000 2. 50
3, 250- 5, 000
2, 000- 3, 000
2. 00
4, 000- 6. 000
3, 0
00- 5, 000 1 . 85 5, 500- 9, 250
Commer ci al
RESTAURANTS ANDEATI NG
PLACES
mat ed 0. 1
t o
0. 3
cu f t per meal ser ved.
Addi -
t i onal
l ow- t er nper at u r e or r ef r i ger at ed space
i n t er ms of r each- i ns was not cal cul at ed . I n
some cl i mat es, r ef r i ger at ed space must be pr o-
vi ded f or dr i ed f r ui t s, nut s, cer eal s, and ot her
f oods t o pr event weevi l and i nsect i nf est at i on.
Awal k- i n becomes f easi bl e f or an oper at i on
ser vi ng 300 t o 400 meal s per day, and r ef r i ger -
at ed pass- t hr oughs can be added when f r om
400 t o 500meal s ar e ser ved per day. Awal k- i n
5 t o 6 f t wi de does not per mi t st or age on bot h
si des wi t h adequat e
ai sl e space.
St or age space
of 1
h
t o 2 f t shoul d be al l owed on ei t her si de
of t he ai sl e. I f cr at es or cases ar e st or ed, t hi s
mayhave t o be i ncr eased.
Ai sl es
of 30 i n. ar e
usual l y t oo nar r ow; 42 i n. ar e desi r abl e. I f
mobi l e equi pment
i s
moved i n and out , ai sl es
mayhave t o be wi der . Wal k- i ns t hat ar e 8t o 9
f t wi de andabout 10
f t
l ong
ar e
mi ni mum
si ze.
Thi s al l ows f or t wo
st or age ar eas
30 i n. wi de
wi t h
a
3
t o
4
f t ai sl e. I f added wi dt h i s desi r ed
f or st or age space i n t he cent er , al l owance f or
st or agear eas of about 3
f t
wi de and 42 i n. mi ni -
mumai sl es shoul d
be pr ovi ded
.
Lar ge
wal k- i ns
maybe desi gned f or l i f t
t r uck
oper at i on, wi t h
door s openi ng
f r omt he r ecei vi ng dock on one
si de and i nt o t he ki t chen opposi t e. I f t hi s i s
done and l i f t
t r ucks ar e used, space must be
pr ovi ded i n
st or age ai sl es f or t hei r
wor ki ng
end t ur ni ng ar ound
.
Door s shoul d be a mi ni -
mumof 42 i n. wi de t o admi t l ar ge cr at es and
cont ai ner s or be si zed
t o sui t
mobi l e equi p-
ment . Door s t o
l ow- t emper at ur e ar eas
ar e
most
of t en pl anned t o open i nt o a r ef r i ger at ed ar ea.
I f t hi s i s not done
a heat i ng
devi ce
may
have
t o be i nst al l ed
on a door openi ng
i nt o
a
war m
ar ea t o pr event i t s f r eezi ng t i ght f r omconden-
sat i on. About 12 t o 15
sq f t must
be
kept
f r ee
f or ever y door openi ng
. About
45
I b
of f r ozen
f ood, i f st acked i n cases, can be st or ed per
cubi c f oot . About 30 t o 35 I b of r ef r i ger at ed
f ood can be st or ed per cubi c f oot .
Sani t at i on Ar eas
Di shwashi ng Ar ea The space r equi r ed f or t he
di shwashi ng oper at i on depends on t he met h-
ods and equi pment used. I n al l i nst ances t her e
must be adequat e r oomt o r ecei ve t he vol ume
of soi l ed di shes l i kel y t o ar r i ve at any one t i me,
pl us space f or scr api ng,
st acki ng, and pl aci ng
i n basket s on a conveyor of a machi ne or i nt o a
pr er i nsi ng oper at i on. The di mensi ons maybe
onl y 30 t o 36 i n. f or a si ngl e t ank machi ne,
60 t o 72 i n. f or si nks, or 7 t o over 30 f t f or a
conveyor - t ype machi ne. The r equi r ement s i n
t hecl ean di sh ar ea wi l l var y.
I t
i s i mpor t ant t hat
t her e be enough space f or di shes t o be exposed
t o ai r f or suf f i ci ent t i me t o ai r - dr y bef or e st ack-
i ng . For a basket - t ype machi ne, i t i s wel l t o
al l owspace equal t o t hat r equi r ed f or t hr ee
basket s, a st ack of t r ays, and t hr ee or f our
st acks of di shes . For basket machi nes, i t i s
usual l y r ecommended t hat t he cl ean di sh ar ea
occupy 66 per cent of t he t ot al t abl e space
and t he soi l ed di sh ar ea, 40 per cent .
Met hods used f or t r anspor t i ng and st or i ng
di shes wi l l i nf l uence space needs. Wher e
mobi l e st or ageequi pment i s used, mor e space
i s needed f or t he sever al uni t s t han wher e
one car t i s used f or t r anspor t i ng and i s r epeat -
edl y l oaded and unl oaded. At abl e sur f ace i s
desi r abl e f or sor t i ng, t r eat i ng, or i nspect i ng
si l ver and ot her t abl ewar e. The i nst al l at i on of
e domest i c washer and dr i er i n t he di shr oom
may r equi r e space.
Pot end Pan Sect i on Pr ovi de a soi l ed ut ensi l
col l ect i on
ar ea adequat e f or t he l ar gest vol ume
t hat nor mal l y ar r i ves i n t he sect i on at one t i me.
The
busi est per i ods ar e l i kel y t o occur when
pr epar at i on cont ai ner s ar e empt i ed f or ser vi ce
men i s 84' / i n . and of women 81
i n. Use of t he
t op shel f f or l i ght , bul ky
packages, such as
cer eal , i s r ecommended.
Ref r i ger at ed
and
Low- Temper at ur e St or age Ther e
ar e many
f act or s
af f ect i ng space needs f or
r ef r i ger at ed
and
l ow- t emper at ur e f oods.
Acr oss- t he- boar d
f i gur es
gener al l y shoul d be
used onl y i n pr el i mi nar y est i mat es
.
The
quan-
t i t y st or ed at one t i me wi l l di ct at e t he
st or age
needs
.
Var i at i on i n t he t ype of
st or age al so wi l l
be i ndi cat ed by t het ypes of i t ems t o be
st or ed
.
Al l ocat i on
i n pr el i mi nar y
pl anni ng may be as
f ol l ows: 20 t o 35 per cent f or meat ( por t i on-
r eady meat s r equi r e ' / t o
' / ,
l ess
space t han
car cass or
whol esal e
cut s) ; 30 t o 35 per cent
f or f r ui t s
and
veget abl es ; 20 t o 25 per cent f or
dai r y pr oduct s, i ncl udi ng t hose i n ser vi ng
ar eas
; 10 t o 25 per cent f or f r ozen f oods
; and
5 t o 10 per cent
f or car r y- over
f oods, sal ads,
sandwi ch mat er i al , and baker y pr oduct s
.
A
r equi r ement of 15 t o 20 cu f t of r ef r i ger at i on
per 100
compl et e meal s has al so been used by
some pl anner s
.
Ot her s
st at e
1
t o
1' /
cu f t
of
usabl e
r ef r i ger at or
space shoul d be pr ovi ded
f or ever y t hr ee meal s ser ved. Anal ysi s of a
number of awar d- wi nni ng i nst al l at i ons i ndi -
cat ed
t hat appr oxi mat el y 0. 25
t o
0. 50 cu
f t
of
r ef r i ger at ed
wal k- i n
space was pr ovi ded per
meal ser ved, and f r ozen wal k- i n
space
appr oxi -
i n. ar e pr ef er r ed. Wi der ai sl es may
be r equi r ed
i f t r ucks ar e used. A3- f t ski d on
a hydr aul i c
j ack
needs maneuver i ng r oom. I f r ol l i ng
bi ns
or gar bagecans ondol l i es ar e
used f or st or age,
pl an l ocat i on f or t hese. I f
cans or bi ns ar e
under shel ves, adj ust hei ght
of bot t om shel f
t o cl ear and al l owf or wor k
space f or r emovi ng
f ood f r om t hese cont ai ner s
. Fi xed shel vi ng
wi l l be beat when pl anned t o sui t t he si zes of
i t ems st or ed . Consi der bot h i nt er space and
dept h sui t abl e. Condi ment bot t l es,
cer eal pack-
ages, and canned goods di f f er i n
packagesi zes
and i n st acki ng qual i t y. The
dept h of a shel f
shoul d
accommodat eei t her
t hewi dt h or l engt h
of
t he
case,
and t he i nt er space
shoul d be ade-
quat e f or t he number t o be st acked one on t op
of anot her . Al l ow1' / t o 2 i n. as f r ee space
f or
ease
of posi t i oni ng. Add
t hi ckness of shel v-
i ng t o i nt er space
when
st at i ng measur ement s
bet ween cent er s.
Posi t i on
heavy i t ems
t o
r educe l i f t i ng
and
f aci l i t at e
di spensi ng. Dr ums of oi l and
vi negar
shoul d have spi got s and be equi pped wi t h
pumps or l ocat ed on cr adl es. Tabl e sur f ace
and scal es shoul d be l ocat ed f or conveni ent
i ssui ng of dr y st or es . Pl an t o have al l pr oduct s
at l east 6 i n. abovet hef l oor or movabl e t o f aci l -
i t at e cl eani ng of st or age ar ea . Li mi t hei ght
of t op shel f f or easy r each wi t hout ai d of st ool
or st epl adder . The aver age ver t i cal r each of
758
Fi g. 1

Fl owdi agr amshowi ng
f unct i onal r el at i onshi ps .
Commer ci al
PLACES
759
Fi g. 2

Banquet t e seat i ng ar r angement s and l i mi t i ng
di mensi ons i ncl udi ng space f or access and
ser vi ce.
Fr ed Lawson, Rest aur ant Pl anni ng and Desi gn, The
Ar chi t ect ur al Pr ess, Lt d. , London, 1973.
Fi g. 1

Seat gr oupi ngs
ar ound r ect angul ar and ci r cul ar t abl es.
Commer ci al
Fi g. 4

Tabl e and chai r uni t s .
760
al l di mensi ons
i n f eet and i nches
Abs.
i
Des. Comf or t -
Mi n. Mi n. abl e
3- 0 3- 6 3- 9
Ap Publ i c ci r c' n
I
t o t o t o
4- 6 5- - 0 5- - 0
- 3- 6
4- - 0 4- 0
As Ser vi ce ai sl e t o t o t o
4- 6
5- 0 5- 6
I - 8
2- 0 2- 0
B To wal l t o
t o t o
2- 0
- -
2- 6 3- 0
0 6
C Bet ween uni t s t o t o I - 0
8 I - 0
1- 8
2- 3 2- 4
Lengt h
t o t o t o
2- 0 2- 4 2- 6
I - 8 2- 2
_
2- 4
Wi dt h
t o t o t o
2- 0
2- 3 2- 6
Abs. Des. Comf or f -
Mi n. Mi n. abl e
' I - 10
2- 3 3- 0
Ap Publ i c
ci r c' n t o
t o t o
4- 6
5- 0 5- 0
3- 0 3- 6 3- 9
As
Ser vi ce ai sl e t o t o t o
3- 6
4- 0 4- 0
0 4
C
Bet ween uni t s t o
t o 6
3
6
I - 8
_
2- 3 2- 4
Lengt h
t o t o t o
2- 0 2- - 4 _ 2- 6
1- 8 2- 2 2- 4
Wi dt h
t o t o t o
2- 0 2- 3
2- 6
" Lower r ange
onl y i f chai r s, et c. , do not pr oj ect i nt o ai sl e
Fi l l . 4( cont i nued)

Tabl eand chai r uni t s.
761
Commer ci al
*For seat i ng uni t s f or mor e t han 4 per sons.
r ound t abl es ar e usual l y r ecommended ; di am-
et er dependi ng on
per i met er necessar y t o seat
r equi r ed number .
hAbs. Des. Comf or t -
Mi n. Mi n. abl e
Ser vi ce
or
pub.
3 . 6 t o 4- 6 4- 6 t o 5- 0 5- 0 t o 5- 6
ci r c' n
To Wal l
2- 0 2- 0
t o 2- 6
2- 0
t o 3- 0
CBet ween uni t s 0 t o I - 0 1- 0 I - 6
Lengt h 3- 6 3- 10 t o 4- 0 4- 0
Wi dt h I - 8 t o 2- 0
2- 0 t o 2- 3 2- 4 t o
2- 6
Abs.
Mi n.
I Des.
Mi n.
Comf or t -
abl e
Ser vi ce or pub.
ci r c' n
2- 0
t o
3- 6 2- 6 t o 4- 6 3- 0 t o 5- 0
C Bet ween uni t s 3- 0 t o
3- 6 3- 6
t o 4- 0
3- 9 t o 4- 0
Lengt h 3- 6
3- 10
t o 4- 0
4- 0
Wi dt h
I - 8 t o
2- 0 2- 0
t o 2- 3
2- 4 t o 2- 6
Abs.
_
Des. Comf or t -
Mi n. Mi n. abl e
AP
Publ i c
ci r c' n_
I
3- 0
t o 3- 6 3- 6 t o 4- b 3 6 t o 4- 6
_
As
Ser vi ce
_
2-
- - 2
3- 0
_I I I
To
wal l _ 6 t o I - 0 10 t o _I - 0
_I -
0 t o
I - 3
C Bet ween
1- 6 I - 10 2- 0
uni t s
_Di amet er
_2- 8 _2- 10
2- 10
, L Per i met er
1- 10 I 2- 0 2- 2
per seat
Commer ci al
2 PERSONS FACE TOFACE
2 PERSONS SI DE
BYSI DE
di mensi ons
i n f eet
and i nches
Fi g. S Boot hs.
762
BOOTHFURNI TURE HEI GHTS
- A6s.
_
Des.
Comf or t.
Mi n. Mi n,
abl e
H 3- 0 t o 3- 6
3- 6
+- - - 0
S 1- 5 t o 1- 6 I - 5 t o 1- 6
1- - 6
2-
5 2- 5 t o 2- 6
2- 6
W 1- 8
t o 2- 0 2- 0 t o 2- 2 2- 4 t o 2- 6
Seat I - 4 t o I - 5 I - 5
t o
I - 6
1- 6 f o I - 8
Spl ay 0 t o 0- 3 0- 2 t o
0- 3
0- 31/
2 t o 0- - 4
4PERSONS
Al as .
Des. Comf or t -
Mi n.
Mi n. abl e
Ser vi ce 2- 6
3- 0 3- - 6
Aend pub. , t o t o
t o
ci r c' n 3- 0 4- 0 5- - 0
3- 9 4- 0
Lengt h
3- b t o t o
4- 0 4- 2__
4- 10
5- - 2 5- - 8
Wi dt h t o
t o t o
5- 6 5- 6
5- 10
Abs.
Mi n
.
Des.
__
Mi n
.
Comf or t - -
_
abl e
Ser vi ce
Aand pub. l
2- 6
t o
3- 0
t o
3- 6
t o
ci r c' n 3- 0 4- 0 -
5- 0 - -
2 2. _
Lengt h 2- 0 t o
2- - 6
j 2- 6
- - 4-
_
10-
5_- 2
_
5- 8
Wi dt h t o t o t o
5- 6 5- 6 5- 10
Abs. Des. !
Comf or t -
Mi n.
Mi n. abl e
Ser vi ce
Aand pub. 2- 6
3- 0 3- 6
ci r c' n __
Lsngf h 3- - 6 3- 9
4- 0
-
Wi dt h 3- 0 3- 3 3- 6
Not e : Thi s t ype
not or di nar i l y r ecommended.
Commer ci al
PLACES
Food
Bar s
HEI GHTS
763
DROPPED
FLOOR
LEVEL FLOOR
di mensi ons
i n
f eet and i nches
STANDARD( st r ai ght )
TYPE
Var i at i ons i n Shape
Range of Di mensi ons
B __
Bi l l
__2- _6_'
. ?_3=_6
_
3- 0 t o 3- 6
Wor k
_. 1- _
2
t o-
. 3__. 3_- _
2- 4 t o 2- 7
N 7 t o 10
t o 2- 8
$
1
- 6
t o 2- 6
Fi g. 6 Food bar s .
_B 3 . 0 t o 3 .
6
_
K 2- 4 t o
2- 10
S
_
I - 6 t o 2- I
X
__
j
I - 2 t o I -
3
Wor k
2. 4 t o 2- 6
Usual Mi ni mum
A 2- 6 t o 3- 6
B 2- 6 t o 4- 6
C
t o 5- 6
_-
- 2- 9
I
Abs .
Desi r abl e
Mi n. Mi n.
X
No cooki ng equi pment
I - 6 2- 0
X Wi t h cooki ng equi pt .
2- 0 _2- 6
Y
I
per son
2- 0
2- 3
Y 2 or mor e per sons
z
2- 6 _
I - 10
2- 9 _
2- 0 _
E
9 __I - 2
Ap
3 .
6 4- 6
B
I - 0 I - 2
CC
I - 10 2- 0
Commer ci al
RESTAURANTS
AND
EATI NGPLACES
Ser vi ng
Uni t s
SERVI NG
TABLE ( &si deboar d)
SERVI NG
CART
TRAY STAND
WATERCOOLER
PW7

Si amwi p uni t s.
764
Al os . Des. Comf or t -
I
Mi n. Mi n. abl e
As Ser vi ce onl y
2- 6 3- 0
-
3- 6
- -
- P - - - - - -
- -
u bI i c ci r c' n 2- 0
. -
2- 6
-
3- 0
C
Cl ear ance t o ad-
2 0 2- 3
2- 6
j acent uni t s
- -
Lengt h I
-
Wi dt h
42" i s
a~er dge
.
Di spl ay t abl es ( Mr s
d' oeuvr es, et c. ) usual l y 5' 0" x 2' 0" ;
( wi nes) . VVr ound
f i bs .
- - -
Mi n,
Des.
Mi n.
_As__ Ser vi ce on
l y
ur n r adi us
__2- 0
30
2- 6
V
6 Door , openi ng wi dt h 2- 0 2- 6
Appr ox . ar ea when
st or ed : 38" x 21
; s
- x 35"
Abs .
Des. Comf or t -
Mi n.
Mi n
.
abl e
As Ser vi ce _onl y_ 2- 6
3- 0 3- 6
Ap Publ i c ci r c' n 2- 0
2- b 3- 0
C
Cl ear ance t o ad-
2- 0
2- 3 2- 6
j acenf uni t s
" I ( t r ay) t
_
Wi dt h ( t r ay)
- , Depends on t ype
of r est aur ant .
Appr ox . ar ea of st and,
st or ed : 5" x 20" x 34"
Abs
Mi n.
Des.
Z. I
Comf or t -
abl e
As
Ser vi ce onl y 3- 0
1 3- 6
Ap Publ i c ci ' n 1
2- 2- 6 1
3- 0
C
Cl ear ance t o ad-
Can ar r ange on t op or
f r ont
j acenf uni t s
Lengt h
Depends o- i
capaci t y and i f
gl ass st or age
Wi dt h i ncl uded
.
Commer ci al
Li quor
Bar s
CURVEDTYPES: Radi us R shoul d be at l east
2 f t . ; ot her di mensi ons as f or st r ai ght t ypes .
Bar l engt h: Al l owf r om I f t . 8 i n . t o I f t . 10 i n, per
per son f or st andup bar s ; 2 f t . f or each st ool .
Bar dept h : No i ncr ease
i n
dept h i s needed
f or mor e
t han I bar t ender , as each man shoul d be pr ovi ded
wi t h hi s
own
" set - up' ' space i n t he wor k
count er and
back- bar
.
Ser vi ce bar s : These ar e usual l y f r om 6 t o 8 f * .
l ong,
f or - r nan ser vi ce ; f r om 10 t o 12 f t
.
l ong i f 2 bar -
t ender s ar e needed f or peak ser vi ce per i ods . No
f cot r ai I , count er over hang, or st ool s ar e
r equi r ed .
Locat i on i s of t en adj acent t o
ki t chen and conceal ed
f r om pat r ons ;
however , adver t i si ng val ues somet i mes
cause
i t
t o
be set i n pucl i c vi ew. I n t he l at t er case,
a r ope
r ai l or si mi l ar devi ce, t o di scour age pat r ons
f r omst andi ng at t t i e bar , i s of t en advi sabl e,
di mensi ons i n f eet and i nches
765
Fi g. 8

Li quor bar s.
BAR
HEI GHTS
RAI L ORSTEP
P - 7
f o
10
H=7 t o 10
STRAI GHT
TYPE- wi t h or
wi t hout st ool s
Usual
Mi n.
l Usual
Max .
B
_
BB
Cab
_
S
3- 6
3- 6
3- 0_t o_3- I O_
2- 4 t o 2- 6
3- 9
3- 9
S- 0
- -
t . 5- 7
2- 7
Wor k
2- 4
i
2- 6
X I - 0 t o
1- 2 1- 2
t o
1- 3
Abs .
Mi n.
Des .
Mi n.
Comf or t -
abl e
Ap
Publ i c ai sl e
3- 6 t o 4- 6
4- - 0
t o
S- 0 _4- 6 t o 6- 0
B St ool t o
wal l I - 0t o - 6 - 2
t o - 6 - 4 t o
I
- 6
CCSt ool ,
cent . t o cent . I - 9 t o 2- 0
2- 0 2- 2 t o 2- 6
_E St ool
t o bar
9 t o I - 0 I - 0
I - I t o I - 2
X
Back bar
I - 6 t o I - 8 I - 8 t o 2- 0
2- 0 t o 2- 3
Y Bar t ender ' s ai sl e
2- 0 t o 2- 2
2- 6 3- 0
Z Bar
2. 3 t o 2. 6
_
2- 5 t o 2- 6 2- 8
t o 2- 9
Commer ci al
Nondi ni ng
Spaces
di mensi ons i n f eet and i nches
Fi g. 9 Nondi ni ng spaces .
CHECKROOM
CASHI ER' SDESKandCOUNTRR
and i mmedi at el y f ol l owi ng ser vi ce when ser -
vi ce equi pment i s br ought f r om t he ser vi ng
ar eas. Adi sposal or a r emovabl e st r ai ner above
a dr ai n i s desi r abl e f or wast e r emoval .
When al l owi ng space f or t he pot and pan
sect i on, 40 sq f t i s gener al l y r egar ded as a mi ni -
mumf or t he smal l est uni t . The f r ee wor k ai sl e
bet ween t he si nks and ot her equi pment shoul d
be 4 f t wi de. The space al l owance above t he
mi ni mumwi l l var y wi del y dependi ng upon t he
t ype equi pment used and t he vol ume of pot s
and pans handl ed. Less space i n r el at i on t o t he
maxi muml oad may be r equi r ed wher e a me-
chani cal washer
i s
used
and f ewer l abor hour s
wi l l be
spent
i n
handl i ng a l ar ge vol ume per
uni t
handl ed
.
Mi scel l aneous Sani t at i on
Ar eas
For washi ng
mo-
bi l e equi pment , space i s needed wher e
spl ash-
i ng can be conf i ned and t hat has sat i sf act or y
dr ai nage. Thi s ar ea may
be adj acent t o t hedi sh-
washi ng sect i on or t o t he
pl ace wher e can
washi ng i s done . The si ze and t ype of equi p-
ment t o be handl ed wi l l gover n t he
space
needs .
Ast or age ar ea f or emer gency cl eanup equi p-
ment i s needed i n conveni ent r el at i onshi p t o
di ni ng
r ooms and wor k sect i ons . Spi l l age and
br eakage cr eat e unsi ght l i ness and ar e acci dent
hazar ds. I mmedi at e car e usual l y does not r e-
qui r e heavy or l ar ge equi pment but may be
handl ed by a smal l br oom, dust pan, smal l mop,
and bucket not used f or maj or cl eani ng . A
mobi l e uni t may be desi gned t o car r y t hese
t hi ngs, or a smal l cl oset may be pr ovi ded.
Maj or cl eani ng equi pment r equi r ed wi l l de-
pend on t he f l oor s, f i ni shes, and f ur ni t ur e t o
be cl eaned. Det er mi ne whet her a power sweep-
er , scr ubber , and waxer ar e t o be used.
Space
maybe r equi r ed f or st or age of j ani t or suppl y
car t s and f or mi scel l aneous r epl acement i t ems,
such as l i ght bul bs. Pr ovi si on wi l l be needed
f or st or i ng, empt yi ng, cl eani ng, andf i l l i ng mop
t r ucks and f or cl eani ng and ai r - dr yi ng
wet
mops
.
Empl oyee Faci l i t i es
Faci l i t i es
f or
empl oyees may i ncl ude l ocker
and l ounge ar ea, t oi l et s, shower s, t i me- r ecor d-
i ng equi pment , hand basi ns near wor k ar eas,
and di ni ng r ooms. An empl oyee ent r ance
shoul d be so l ocat ed t hat t he empl oyees may
go di r ect l y t o t he dr essi ng r ooms wi t hout
passi ng t hr ough t hedi ni ng r oomor pr oduct i on
ar ea.
Locker and Lounge Ar ea Empl oyee possessi ons
shoul d be pr ot ect ed i n a sui t abl y saf e and sani -
t ar y condi t i on whi l et heempl oyees ar e at wor k.
Whet her i ndi vi dual l ocker s or common cup-
boar d, suf f i ci ent
space shoul d be
al l owed f or
per sonal cl ot hi ng t o hang wi t hout cr owdi ng or
wr i nkl i ng . I f cupboar ds ar e used f or cl ot hi ng,
a separ at e space shoul d be af f or ded f or st r eet
cl ot hi ng and f or uni f or ms, and i ndi vi dual
par cel
l ocker s shoul d be pr ovi ded f or st or age of
pur ses and ot her val uabl es. The hei ght of t he
space f or cl ot hi ng shoul d per mi t t he l ongest
gar ment t o hang st r ai ght wi t hout wr i nkl i ng.
The dept h f r omf r ont t o back shoul d be a mi ni -
mumof 20 i n.
Sui t abl e si ze f or an empl oyee l ounge de-
pends l ar gel y on schedul i ng of wor ker s and t he
pol i ci es of i ndi vi dual est abl i shment s . Many
oper at or s di scour age l oungi ng i n t he dr essi ng
r oomand r ecommend t he empl oyees' di ni ng
ar ea f or t hi s . Ot her s havi ng br oken shi f t s on
t hei r schedul es f avor an ext r a r oomf or l oung-
i ng. I n al l cases benches or chai r s ar e t o be
pr ovi ded upon whi ch wor ker s may si t whi l e
changi ng cl ot hes and shoes. Acot or daybed,
36 i n. by 6 f t , shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he wo-
men' s r oom.
Toi l et s and
Shower s

The l ocat i on of t oi l et f aci l i -
t i es near wor k
ar eas i s pr ef er r ed over a r emot e
l ocat i on i n
pr omot i ng good heal t h habi t s, l es-
seni ng
l oss
of
l abor t i me, and per mi t t i ng cl oser
empl oyee
super vi si on. Separ at e f aci l i t i es
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or men and women. Tt l ey
shoul d be
separ at ed f r omf ood ar eas by a hal l -
way
or
doubl e ent r ance. Suppl y onewash bowl
f or ever y 8 t o 10 wor ker s, one t oi l et st ool f or
ever y 12 t o
15 women, and one ur i nal and one
t oi l et st ool f or
ever y 15 men. Toi l et compar t -
ment s measur e appr oxi mat el y 3 by 41/ , t o 5 f t .
The
t ype of empl oyees, t he cl i mat e, ki nd of
wor k, and condi t i ons of wor k wi l l i nf l uence
t he need f or shower f aci l i t i es . Shower s wi l l
be appr eci at edand used byempl oyees wor ki ng
i n hot , humi d ki t chens . Exper i ence has demon-
st r at ed t hat t hey ar e l i t t l e used i n l ocal i t i es
wher e t he weat her i s cool most of t he year ,
t he wor k ar eas wel l vent i l at ed, and wor ker s
dr awn f r oman i ncome gr oup who have good
f aci l i t i es at hor ns.
Ti me- r ecor di ng Equi pment Pr ovi de space f or a r e-
cor der near and wi t hi n vi ewof t heof f i ce. Wal l -
hung car d r acks of suf f i ci ent capaci t y ar e
r ecommended f or t he number of wor ker s, bot h
f ul l and par t t i me, who ar e l i kel y t o be em-
pl oyed dur i ng an account i ng per i od. Est i mat ed
space f or a cl ock r ecor der i s appr oxi mat el y
18 i n. wi de by 12y. i n. deep and 18 i n. hi gh,
and a r ack of 50 car ds appr oxi mat el y l y, by
2%by 34' { i n .
Gener al Consi der at i ons The si ze of empl oyee
f aci l i t i es has been f ound t o var y wi del y . Smal l
oper at i ons may t i nt suppl y l ocker s and may
have onl y a t oi l et and l avat or y f or wor ker s.
Some do not pr ovi de separ at e di ni ng ar eas.
Expedi ency i n al l owi ng ampl e space may be
t emper ed by cost of space, avai l abl e r oom,
and t he acut eness of need. Tot al space used
766
Abs.
Mi n.
Des
.
Mi n.
Con'
t or t .
abl e
di p 3- 0 4- 0 6- 0
As 2- 6 2- 9 3- 3
i I - 0 I - 6 I - 9
C 2- 0 3- 0 5- 0
6 I - 6 I - 9 2- 0
W I - 10 2- 0 2- 0
Commer ci al
RESTAURANTS
ANDEATI NG
PLACES
Nondi ni ng
Spaces
may
be i ncr easedwher e mai n t oi l et
and l ocker
ar eas ar e
r emot el y l ocat ed end addi t i onal
f aci l -
i t i es ar e
pr ovi ded near wor k ar eas. I t may
be
decr eased
wher e t he f ood f aci l i t y i s a par t
of
a l ar ger
or gani zat i on pr ovi di ng f aci l i t i es
f or
ot her wor ker s
as i n a hospi t al or i n a hot el .
Guest
Faci l i t i es
Comf or t and
cor di al i t y shoul d char act er i ze
t he ent r ance and
wai t i ng ar ea f or guest s . The
si ze of t he ar ea shoul d be based
on pr obabl e
need f or wai t i ng, t ype
of ser vi ce, and number
of per sons l i kel y t o congr egat e at
one t i me.
I f t her e i s a l ounge or hal l way
adj acent t o t he
di ni ng r oom, t hi s may pr ovi de some
wai t i ng
space.
Locat e t he publ i c t el ephone, cost
r ack, and
t oi l et f aci l i t i es i n conveni ent r el at i onshi p
t o t he
wai t i ng ar ea. I n col l ege di ni ng r ooms
pr ovi de
ampl e space f or books as wel l an coat s.
I n
r esi dences, a hal l way appr oachi ng
t he di ni ng
r oom
wi l l l essen t he wear on t he
l ounge.
At t r act i ve
benches or seat s ar e r ecommended
.
TABLE ANDCHAI R UNI TS
Dat a on space
al l ocat i ons and cl ear ance
con-
t ai ned
i n Fi gs . 2 t o 8 i s pr esent ed as an
ai d
i n det er mi ni ng
capaci t i es, desi r abl e
seat i ng
l ayout s, and
necessar y cl ear ances .
I nf or -
mat i on was f ur ni shed
by t he J ohn Van Range
Co . and Al ber t Pi ck
Co . , r est aur ant
equi pment
speci al i st s ; Loui s A.
Br own, ar chi t ect ; and
t he
Br unswi ck- Bel ke- Col l ender Co .
Tabul at i ons ar e di vi ded i nt o t hr ee gr oups .
The most l uxur i ous est abl i shment s
or di nar i l y
use as mi ni ma t he l ar gest f i gur es
gi ven, and
vi ce- ver sa.
BOOTHS
Ther e ar e, i n some l ocal i t i es, code and ot her
r est r i ct i ons on boot h f ur ni t ur e di mensi ons .
Aut hor i t i es
havi ng l ocal j ur i sdi ct i on shoul d
be consul t ed. One
desi gner consul t ed r egar ded
t he 2- per son boot h ( si de- by
si de) as a wast e of
space; ot her s r ecogni ze t hat
condi t i ons may
ar i se when no ot her t ype of
f ur ni t ur e wi l l suf -
f i ce. Boot hs f or mor e t han
f our per sons ar e not
commonl y encount er ed.
NONDI MI NG SPACES
Di agr ams, t abl es and ot her
dat e gi ven i n Fi g.
9 and bel owi l l ust r at e
onl y a f ewof t he many
t ypes of nondi ni ng spaces
and cl ear ances r e-
qui r ed . Dat a
i ncl uded her e may, however , sug-
gest met hods of
sol vi ng most pr obl ems .
Cashi er
Pr ef er r ed l ocat i on f or t he
cashi er ' s desk or
count er , accor di ng t o t he
Al ber t Pi ck Co . , i s on
t her i ght hand si de of t hedoor
when l eavi ng, i n
or der t o avoi d cr oss- t r af f i c and
r esul t i ng con-
gest i on. Di mensi ons
var y f r omt hose gi ven i n
t het abl eaccor di ng t o what
mer chandi sei s sol d
by t he cashi er and can beat be
det er mi ned i n
conj unct i on wi t h each j ob. I f quant i t i es of
t obacco, et c. , ar esol d, a back wal l case maybe
necessar y.
Coat Checki ng
Fi gur e 9 i l l ust r at es onl y one
t ype of check
r ooml ayout ; sel ect i on of t ype and si ze depends
on t he j ob under consi der at i on. I t i s
gener al l y
consi der ed uneconomi cal , except i n t he most
l uxur i ous r est aur ant s, t o pr ovi de check r ooms
capabl e of
accommodat i ng gar ment s f or t he
peek l oad of pat r ons, f or t he
f ol l owi ng r easons:
( 1) Womenusual l y
do not check coat s; ( 2) not
al l mal e pat r ons check coat s;
( 3) space r e-
qui r ed can usual l y be used ot her wi se
t o gr eat er
advant age. The Al ber t Pi ck Co .
est i mat es t hat
appr oxi mat el y 5 gar ment s can be
hung per
l i near f oot oneach si de of t he t ype of
r acks di a-
gr ammed.
Use of coat t r ees i n di ni ng ar eas
i s f or med
" necessar y but never desi r abl e. " These
occupy
appr oxi mat el y 20 by 20 i n . , ar e
72 i n. hi gh, and
can accommodat e 8 gar ment s per
cost umer .
Over shoe r acks ar e consi der ed undesi r abl e;
umbr el l a r acks, desi r abl e i n check r ooms.
Tel ephone Faci l i t i es
Boot hs ar e
usual l y pr ef er r ed t o t el ephone
j acks, pr obabl y because
of cost s of i nst al l at i on
and of r el ocat i ng
wi r i ng when r edecor at i ng or
r epl anni ng. Boot he
shoul d be out of di r ect
vi si on yet conveni ent t o
di ni ng and l ounge
ar eas. One boot h
per 50 seat s i s t he usual
r at i o or one phone j ack
per di ni ng boot h.
76
7
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
The gr eat est ar eas f or ef f i ci ency i n manuf act ur -
i ng have been i n t he ar eas of r educed wor k
f l ow. I ndust r i al engi neer s l ear ned a l ong t i me
ago t hat t he movement of a pr oduct f r omone
spot t o anot her does not of i t sel f i mpr ove t he
pr oduct . The pr ocess of movi ng t akes t i me,
cost s money, i s dehumani zi ng and may, i n f act ,
cause pr oduct damage. I ndust r y has evol ved
al l t ypes of i magi nat i ve met hods f or r educi ng
t r avel and, wher e i t was essent i al ,
cause i t
t o happen wi t h t he l east
amount of human
assi st ance and at t he l owest possi bl e cost .
The f ood ser vi ce i ndust r y, unt i l r ecent l y,
has gener al l y f el t t hat t hese
t echni ques wer e
not appr opr i at e, pr i mar i l y
because of t he past
avai l abi l i t y of l owcost hel pand t he
accept ance
of what wer e consi der ed
t r adi t i onal wor k
met hods. Wi t h shar pl y r i si ng
l abor cost s and
wi t h t he need f or gai ni ng t he f ul l pr oduct i vi t y
of t echni cal l y t r ai ned peopl e, t he i ndust r y i s
r api dl y adopt i ng i mpr oved mat er i al
handl i ng
concept s .
The
evol ut i on
of
a f ood ser vi ce scheme
whi chr equi r es t he smal l est number
of st eps or
di st ances t o be t r avel ed i s devel oped usi ng 80
per cent common sense and 20 per cent t echni -
cal know- how. I n pl anni ng a newor moder ni zed
f aci l i t y, t he desi gner must cont i nual l y ask t wo
quest i ons: ' ' Why?" and " How?" Andt he cl assi c
answer ,
" I t ' s al ways been done t hi s way, " i s
no l onger accept abl e.
Si nce t he ar chi t ect ur al
r el at i onshi p,
bot h
hor i zont al l y and ver t i cal l y, of t he var i ous
el e-
ment s i n t he
pr oj ect i s t he f i r st consi der at i on,
t he" why" quest i on must be askedf i r st at ever y
st ep
i n
t hepr ocess. Many desi gner s est abl i sh a
wor k- f l owpl an bef or e endeavor i ng t o ef f ect
t he i nt er r el at i onshi pof t he var i ous ar eas. Each
oper at i on has i t s own uni que f eat ur es and onl y
by cont i nual l y aski ng at each st ep t he ques-
t i on, " why, " wi l l t he most ef f ect i ve pl an evol ve.
Usual l y f oodst uf f s ar e r ecei ved and i mme-
di at el yst or ed. Gener al l y t her e ar e r ef r i ger at ed,
f r ozen, anddr y st or age ar eas and t hese l ogi cal -
l y shoul d be adj acent t o r ecei vi ng ar eas and
shoul d al so be r eadi l y accessi bl e t o t he pr ep-
ar at i on f aci l i t i es . I t i s of t en appr opr i at e t o
have not onl y maj or st or age ar eas but al so
i nt er i m, smal l er st or age f aci l i t i es . As t he cost
of l abor i ncr eases, manydesi gner s ar e r et hi nk-
i ng t he ol d concept of havi ng a si ngl e wal k- i n
r ef r i ger at or , f or exampl e, and l ocat i ng smal l er
pr ocess r ef r i ger at or s st r at egi cal l y t hr oughout
t he l ayout .
Cer t ai n of t he pr epar at i on pr ocesses maybe
l ocat ed i n separ at e f l oor s . Abaker y, f or exam-
pl e, maybe t ucked out of t he way, but t hought
must be gi ven t o t he f l owof mat er i al s t o and
away f r omt hi s ar ea. Gener al l y t he pl an i s a
cont i nuous pr ocess, al ways movi ng f or war d
f r omone st ep t o t he next , wi t h backt r acki ng
or cr oss- ovens l i mi t ed as f or as possi bl e.
I n most f eedi ng oper at i ons, al l of t he pr o-
duct i on ul t i mat el y ends i n t he ser vi ng ar ea,
and car e must be t aken t o est abl i sh t he f l ow
of t he f i ni shed f ood t o t he cust omer , whet her
Ki t chen Pl anni ng

Megaunt ,

vol
.

7,

no .

4,
f our t h quar t er , 1970. Nar br ace
Encycl opedi a
of
Pr of essi onal Ki t chen Pl anni ng
i t be i n a si t - down di ni ng r oomon t he same
f l oor or t o pat i ent s i n a mul t i - st or y hospi t al
.
Thi s, i n essence, compr i ses t he hear t of t he
pr i mar y wor k f l ow and i f any st eps can be
el i mi nat ed i n t he pr ocess, t hi s wi l l be of bene-
f i t t o t hose who wi l l oper at e t he f aci l i t y.
I n addi t i on t o t hi s basi c f l ow, we f i nd pe-
r i pher al f l owpat t er ns whi ch may be cycl i cal
i n nat ur e; f or exampl e, t he pr epar at i on ut ensi l s
have t o be scr aped, washed, st or ed, and t hen
r et ur ned t o t he wor k ar eas; di ni ng r oom ser -
vi cewar e under goes a si mi l ar but mor e com-
pl ex pr ocess. And dur i ng al l t he pr ocesses
t her e i s agener at i on of wast e, somet i mes f r om
t he r ecei vi ng ar ea; cer t ai nl y f r omt he pr epar a-
t i on and ser vi ng ar eas, as wel l as f r om t he
washi ng f aci l i t i es . Al l t hi s wast e mat er i al must
t r avel t o some poi nt of di sposal whi ch i n many
cases i s adj acent t o t he r ecei vi ng ar ea . The
wor k f l ow i n
each
of
t hese
suppl ement ar y
pr ocesses l i kewi se must be consi der ed and
mi ni mi zed ( Fi g.
1) .
Ther e ar e ot her ar chi t ect ur al f eat ur es t hat
must be consi der ed i n addi t i on t o t he i nt er -
r el at i on of t he spaces : t he pr oper hei ght of
l oadi ng t r ucks, t heel i mi nat i on of door
saddl es,
wal k- i n r ef r i ger at or s and f r eezer s at f l oor l evel ,
t hedesi gn
of el evat or s and dumbwai t er s
whi ch
ar e t he pr oper si ze and whi ch st op f l oor f l ush
and f or l oadi ng.
The means or
equi pment necessar y f or
t he
t r anspor t of f ood i n pr ocess i s t he next consi d-
er at i on, and t he quest i on " how" must be
answer ed. Al l t hi ngs consi der ed, t he wheel i s
t he basi c " how. " Wher ever possi bl e, dol l i es,
t r ucks, car t s, wagons and r ol l i ng r acks shoul d
be empl oyed.
The sour ce of suppl y and met hod of del i ver y
ar e t he f i r st consi der at i ons . Ther e ar e many
suppl i er s who of f er t hei r pr oduct s pal l et i zed
f or qui ck, easy t r ansf er t o t he r ecei vi ng ar ea.
Ot her s st r ap quant i t i es of boxes t oget her . The
desi gner must concer n hi msel f not onl y wi t h
what i s cur r ent l y i n pr act i ce but what mi ght
be done,
and adapt hi s equi pment t o meet
t he nat ur e
of i ncomi ng pr oduct s . Once i n t he
bui l di ng, var i ous met hods ar e used. Some
f aci l i t i es have been
desi gned ar ound a si ngl e
t i er r ack whi ch
i s used f or ever yt hi ng f r omt he
i ni t i al r ecei vi ng
t o f i nal ser vi ce. Ot her desi gns
i nvol ve t he use
of a var i et y of speci al pur pose
vehi cl es :
of t en t he heavy dut y pl at f or m t r uck,
r ol l i ng shel ves or movabl e pal l et s f or t he
r ecei vi ng and
st or i ng pr ocess; t hen goi ng t o
speci al pur pose pan r acks f or movi ng f ood i n
pr ocess t o t he ser vi ng ar ea, wi t h st i l l ot her
speci al pur posecar t s f or
soi l ed and cl ean di sh
handl i ng. Ther e
ar eas
many
var i at i ons of t hese
combi nat i ons as t her e ar e f ood ser vi ce oper a-
t i ons and t her e ar e t r ucks and car t s f or ever y
concei vabl e use. I t behooves t he desi gner t o
make t he sel ect i on of t he pr oper car t s i n evol v-
i ng t he f ood ser vi ce scheme.
Dumbwai t er s, el evat or s, di sh t abl es, ser vi ng
count er s, wor k t abl es, door ways and r ef r i ger a-
t or s al l must be desi gned keepi ng i n mi nd t he
speci f i c vehi cl es t o be used. I n maj or i nst al l a-
t i ons, t her e ar e some exci t i ng newconcept s
usi ng car t s whi ch ar e t r anspor t ed by over head
monor ai l s. Anot her newt echni que ut i l i zes
bur i ed cabl es i n t he f l oor al ong whi ch
car t s
move f r ompl ace t o pl ace wi t hout assi st ance,
f ol l owi ng
el ect r i c i mpul ses i n t he cabl e.
Ther e ar e speci al consi der at i ons t o whi ch
t he desi gner must addr ess hi msel f , such as
secur i t y, super vi si on,
saf et y
and
empl oyee
mor al e. Next t o t he
banki ng busi ness, t he f ood
ser vi ce
i ndust r y i nvol ves i t sel f i n a pr oduct
whi ch has gr eat uni ver sal appeal . Secur i t y,
t her ef or e, must be an over r i di ng consi der at i on.
On paper , t he wal k- i n r ef r i ger at or t hat opens
di r ect l y ont o t he l oadi ng ar ea may seemgr eat ,
but
unf or t unat el y,
human nat ur e bei ng what i t
i s, empl oyees wor ki ng
wher et hey
woul d be out
of
vi ewar e
of t en t empt edt o conspi r e t o accept
shor t del i ver i es
or sl i p mer chandi se out
f or
t hei r own
use. Recei vi ng ar eas, t her ef or e,
shoul d
be open and vi si bl e t o management .
Super vi sor s shoul d be l ocat ed
i n st r at egi c
ar eas wher e t hey have a commandi ng vi ewof
t he i mpor t ant oper at i ons . Some schemes
i ncl udeel evat ed
of f i ces wher e
super vi sor s
can
scan
a
maj or
por t i on of t he ent i r e oper at i on,
seei ng not onl y t he pr epar at i on ar eas but al so
ser vi ng
ar eas .
Saf et y consi der at i ons i ncl ude pr ovi di ng
adequat e wi dt h of ai sl es, l i mi t i ng wei ght s on
car t s, pr ot ect i ng passageways adj acent t o
danger ous machi ner y, et c.
Empl oyee mor al e i s i ncr easi ngl y i mpor t ant .
Mi ni mi zi ng t he i sol at i on of empl oyees i n dul l
st or er ooms by t hemsel ves can i mpr ove pr o-
duct i vi t y.
I t woul d be i mpossi bl e f or t he desi gner t o
cr eat e al l t he wor k ar eas i n such a f ashi on
t hat t r anspor t was el i mi nat ed. I t woul d al so be
i mpossi bl e t o make use of ever y speci al pur -
pose car t avai l abl e. I t i s t he desi gner ' s j ob
t o wei ghal l of t he f act or s i nvol ved and t o con-
si der f r equency, quant i t i es t o be moved, t he
wei ght s i nvol ved and t hen compr omi se t hese
var i ous r el at i onshi ps t o
come up
wi t h
a
wor k-
abl e scheme.
Af t er t he si ze of each
ar ea
has been det er -
mi ned, many
desi gner s cr eat e a
scheme of
space r el at i onshi ps t o t he pr oper scal e i r r e-
spect i ve of t he ar chi t ect ur al conf i gur at i on t o
whi ch t hey must
conf or m
. Andonl y af t er t hey
have evol ved t he best t heor et i cal scheme do
t hey t r y t o f i t i t i nt o t he space avai l abl e. Un-
f or t unat el y, i n t he
past t he
wor k ar eas of t he
f ood ser vi ce f aci l i t y f r equent l y have been l ef t
t o t heendand f i t t ed i n as best t hey
coul d. Wi t h
t he t r emendous cost of bui l di ng,
equi pment
and t he mechani cal ser vi ces r equi r ed pl us t he
i ncr easi ng cost of l abor , t hi s i s oneof t he maj or
pl anni ng consi der at i ons t hat shoul d be gi ven
pr i or i t y not onl y i n t he al l ocat i on of space
but i t s r el at i onshi ps t o f ood ser vi ce and ot her
bui l di ng
f unct i ons.
AI SLE SPACE
Many of t he pr obl ems whi ch exi st i n
ki t chens
ar e due t o i nadequat e t hought of t he f l ow
sequences of f ood
t hr ough
t he ki t chen. The
mat t er of
ai sl e
spaces i s of gr eat
i mpor t ance
i n
t he f ood
f aci l i t y. Ther e ar e some
gener al
r ul es, comment s and
r ecommendat i ons
whi ch
can be made f or t ypi cal est abl i shment s .
1, Separ at e wor k and t r af f i c ai sl es as much
768
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Fi g . f

War d gal l ey. Wor kf l ow
r ender i ng f or a hospi t al f ood ser vi ce
pr ogr am. ( Col d di st r i but i on
and war d heat i ng
met hod.
769
770
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
as possi bl e. Thi s may be
done by l ocat i ng
t r af f i c ai sl es par al l el or
per pendi cul ar t o t he
wor ki ng ai sl es .
2 . Tr af f i c ai sl es shoul d be made t o ser ve
t wo
depar t ment s wher e possi bl e.
Tr af f i c ai sl es
agai nst wal l s can ser ve onl y t he one depar t -
ment
adj acent t o t he ai sl e.
3 .
Ai sl es ar ound t he per i met er of ki t chen
have
sever al di sadvant ages :
a . They ser ve
onl y one depar t ment .
b. They ut i l i ze a l ar ge ar ea when
compar ed
t o t he r emai ni ng ar ea.
For exampl e: a 5- f t - wi de
ai sl e r unni ng ar ound t he ent i r e
per i met er of a
40- sq- f t ar ea uses al most 25 per cent of t he t ot al
ar ea
avai l abl e.
c . Pat hs
al ong t he per i met er of a r oom ar e
t he
l ongest pat hs avai l abl e bet ween depar t -
ment s, r equi r i ng
i ncr eased movi ng t i me.
Remember , movement per as
adds not hi ng
t o a pr oduct except cost .
4. Tr af f i c ai sl es and especi al l y wor k
ai sl es
t hat ar e t oo wi de r equi r e
many ext r a st eps,
of t en whi l e per sonnel ar e car r yi ng
r el at i vel y
heavy l oads . Ai sl es shoul d be si zed accor di ng
t o t he gui des above.
I t i s def i ni t el y not r ecommended t o move
t r af f i c t hr ough ai sl es wher e wor ker s must
const ant l y cr oss bet ween t wo st at i ons
on
ei t her si de of t he ai sl e. The wi dt h of t he ai sl e
becomes excessi ve and t hi s coul d become
danger ous ( Fi g . 2) .
Wor k ai sl e gui de

Wi dt h, i n.
For 1 per son wor ki ng . . . . . . . . .
24 t o 38
( Keep t o mi ni muml
For 2 per sons wor ki ng back
t o back . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42
For per sonnel who must pass

30 " - t he di st ance
equi pment whi ch pr oj ect s i nt o

of pr oj ect i on i nt o
t he ai sl e

t he ai sl e
Tr af f i c ai sl e gui de
For 2 per sons t o pass . . . . . .

. . 30
For 1 t r uck t o pass one per son-

24 +-
maxi mum
oneway t r af f i c

t r uck
wi dt h
For 2 t r ucks t o pass- one- way

20 +-
maxi mum
t r af f i c

t r uck wi dt h
For 2 t r ucks t o pass- t wo- way

30 +t he sumof
t r af f i c

t r uck wi dt hs
Mul t i - usage ai sl e gui de ( t hese ar e not r ecom-
mended but must somet i mes be empl oyedl
For per sonnel passi ng 1 wor ker at
hi s st at i on . . . . . . . . . .

42
For per sonnel passi ng 2 wor ker s,
back- t o- back at t hei r st at i ons . . . 48
For t r ucks passi ng 2 wor ker s,
back- t o- back at t hei r st at i ons . . . 60
- j
t r uck wi dt h
LOCATI NG FOOD
WASTE DI SPOSERS
Food wast e
di sposer s
can
be suppl i ed wi t h a
number
of di f f er ent t ype assembl i es maki ng
t hemsui t abl e f or
pr act i cal l y anyposi t i on wher e
f ood wast e occur s .
When
t r yi ng t o deci de upon t he di sposer
and assembl y most sui t abl e
f or use at t he
soi l ed di sh t abl e, a
number of quest i ons
shoul d f i r st be
answer ed :
1 . I s t her e
suf f i ci ent r oomon t he soi l ed
di sh t abl e f or a cone
bowl or si nk- or must
space be conser ved?
2. Wi l l t he di sposer be
used t o handl e pr ep-
ar dt i on wast e i n addi t i on t o t he
wast e r et ur ned
t o t he di sh t abl e?
3. Wi l l t her e be a quant i t y of mi l k cont ai ner s
and ot her paper wast e t o di spose of ?
4. Wi l l Mor e t han one oper at or
be usi ng
t he same machi ne?
5. Does t he
di shwashi ng machi ne have
bui l t - i n pr ewash, or
wi l l t he pr er i nsi ng oper a-
t i on be done
over t he di sposer , or made a par t
of a machi ne
i ncor por at i ng bot h f eat ur es?
6. Wi l l compar t ment - t ype
t r ays be used?
I n i nst al l at i ons wher e t he
unl oadi ng ar ea f or
soi l ed di shes i s ver y l i mi t ed and t he
desi gner
cannot af f or d t he space t hat a cone bowl or
si nk r equi r es, t her e i s a di sposer
assembl y
t hat t akes no mor e space t han t hat
al l owed
f or a scr ap- bl ock. Thi s woul d be st r i ct l y a
di sposer
oper at i on.
When t he f ood
wast e di sposer i s t o be used
f or di sposi ng
of bot h pr epar at i on wast e and
t abl e scr aps, t he
assembl y shoul d have bui l t - i n
f l exi bi l i t y. Acone bowl
wi t h r emovabl e st ai n-
l ess st eel sl eeve of f er s
t hi s
.
Wi t h t he st ai nl ess
st eel per f or at ed sl eeve r emoved,
t he cone bowl
becomes a l ar ge r ecei vi ng hopper - one
t hat
accept s l eaf y wast e wi t h ease.
Wi t h t he st ai n-
l ess st eel per f or at ed sl eeve and
scr ap- bl ock
i n posi t i on, t he assembl y i s t hen
sui t abl e f or
scr api ng of wast e and cont r ol of
si l ver war e
t hat mi ght acci dent al l y be pul l ed
or dr opped
i nt o t he cone bowl .
Over head pr er i nse can be i nst al l ed
above
t he
di sposer i f desi r ed. However , i t i s
di f f i cul t
t o
pr event t he st r eamf r omt r avel i ng
over t he
t abl e. Recessi ng t he cone bowl
i n
a
shal l ow
si nk wi l l assi st i n conf i ni ng t he r i nse
- st ar .
When one di sposer i s t o be used by t wo
or
mor e oper at or s, pl acement of t he
machi ne
and t he desi gn of t he t abl e t akes
on added
i mpor t ance
. Wher e t wo oper at or s ar e t o use
one
machi ne, an i sl and t ype of
i nst al l at i on
sat i sf i es
t he r equi r ement . I f mor e t han
t wo
oper at or s
ar e t o be ser ved by one di sposer ,
a
t r ough i s most sui t abl e.
Knowi ng t hat t he scr api ng of wast e i s but
t he f i r st st ep t owar d pr epar i ng t abl ewar e f or
t he washi ng oper at i on and t hat si ze and t ype
of di shwashi ng machi ne gover ns t he amount
of
pr epar at or y wor k needed, you may be i nt er -
est ed i n t wo machi nes t hat i ncor por at e di s-
poser s whi ch have been speci f i cal l y desi gned
f or
wor k ahead of t he di shwasher machi ne.
When wor ki ng ahead of a di shwashi ng
machi ne t hat does not i ncor por at e pr ewash,
t he pr epar at or y
oper at i on must be per f or med
as a separ at e
oper at i on i n t he pr ewash si nk
or as a scr api ng,
pr ef l ushi ng, and di sposi ng
and t hi s makes f or an excel l ent pr epar at or y
oper at i on. Basi cal l y t hi s
machi ne consi st s
of a wash t ank, a r eci r cul at i on
pump,
a sep-
ar at or conveyor , si l ver - sal vage basi n and a
f ood wast e di sposer .
The machi ne shoul d occupy a posi t i on
bet ween t he poi nt wher e t he soi l ed di shes l and
and wher e t hey ar e t o be sor t ed whi l e wai t i ng
t o be r acked.
Si nce wat er may be used t o t r anspor t wast e
f r om t he f ood wast e di sposer , t hi s machi ne
f i r st uses t he wat er f or scr api ng, t hen r euses
i t as a t r anspor t i ng medi um. For most ef f i ci ent
oper at i on, t he machi ne shoul d be used
whi l e
sor t i ng, as a combi ned, r at her t han a separ at e
oper at i on.
Sor t ed t abl ewar e t hat i s wai t i ng t o be r acked
car r i es suf f i ci ent wat er t o act ual l y soak smal l
pi eces of f ood wast e t hat may st i l l be cl i ngi ng
t o t he t abl ewar e.
On t he di sh t abl e i nst al l at i ons wher e t her e
wi l l be t wo or mor e oper at or s pr epar i ng t abl e-
war e at t he soi l ed di sh t abl e andwher e t he di sh-
washi ng machi ne i ncor por at es bui l t - i n pr e-
wash, a t r ough
t ype scr api ng
and di sposi ng
oper at i on
of f er s speed
and f l exi bi l i t y. The
oper at or s t hen
can move t o
t he wor k l oad
r at her t han movi ng t he l oad t o some one posi -
t i on . An i nst al l at i on of t hi s t ype can be one
t hat uses f r esh wat er
f l owi ng wi t hi n t he t r ough
or one wher e t her e i s a
l ar ge vol ume of r eci r -
cul at ed wat er mi xed wi t h a smal l amount of
f r esh wat er conveyi ng t he
wast e t o t he f ood
wast e di sposer .
I n pl anni ng f or t he most sui t abl e
i nst al l at i on,
t hought must be gi ven t o t he wi dt h
and l engt h
of t he t r ough and whet her i t wi l l be st r ai ght ,
L shape, or some ot her desi gn.
I f t he t r ough i s shor t and st r ai ght , a f r esh
wat er t r ough i nst al l at i on wor ks wel l . The di s-
poser i s usual l y at t ached t o t he l ower end of
t he t r ough sect i on
and t he f r esh wat er br ought
i n at t he opposi t e
end and
at
i nt er medi at e posi -
t i ons
al ong
t he t r ough
. Si nce wat er i s t he car r y-
i ng agent f or t he gr ound f ood
wast e l eavi ng
t he di sposer , a t r ough i nst al l at i on of f er s
doubl e
usage f or t he wat er as i t i s f i r st
used t o move
t he scr aped wast e al ong t he
t r ough t o t he
di sposer . The same wat er i s t hen used t o t r ans-
por t t he gr ound wast e t o t he sewage syst em
.
I n i nst al l at i ons wher e a r eci r cul at i ng
wat er
conveyor endf ood wast e di sposer i s t o be used
i n conj unct i on wi t h a t r ough appl i cat i on, t he
desi gner or consul t ant i s per mi t t ed t o use
i magi nat i on i n hi s pl anni ng. L- shape or U- shape
t r oughs ser vi ng an ent i r e ar ea can become
r eal i t y wher e t her e i s 65 t o 70 gal l ons per
mi nut e of r eci r cul at ed wat er wi t h whi ch t o
wor k.
Wi t h quant i t i es of wat er movi ng i n a t r ough,
wast e moves f r eel y wi t hout oper at or assi s-
t ance. On some
i nst al l at i ons t abl ewar e i s
act ual l y pr esoaked
i n cer t ai n sect i ons of t he
pr ef abr i cat ed
t r ough wi t hout i nt er f er i ng wi t h
t he f or war d f l ow
of f ood wast e t o t he di sposer .
Veget abl e Pr epar at i on
When choosi ng a f ood wast e di sposer f or
i nst al l at i on f or a veget abl e pr epar at i on ar ea,
t he desi gner shoul d keep i n mi nd t hat he wi l l
be
want i ng t o di spose of l ar ge, l eaf y - sal e,
and t he openi ng i nt o t he di sposer shoul d be
abl e t o handl e t hi s wast e. He
shoul d choose
an assembl yal ong wi t h t he di sposer
t hat of f er s
t hi s conveni ence.
Wher e t her e i s t o be a
f ai r l y heavy wor k
l oad i n t he veget abl e pr epar at i on
ar ea, some
consul t ant s have f ound a
t wo- compar t ment
si nk desi r abl e. The f i r st
compar t ment mea-
sur es 24by 36 by 6 i n. I t i s her e t he
t r i mmi ng
and di sposi ng of f ood wast e
t akes pl ace. The
veget abl es ar e t hen r i nsed i n
t he second com-
par t ment t hat measur es 16 by 24 by
12 i n.
Shoul d a desi gner choose t o i nst al l
t he di s-
poser i n
t he wor k t abl e adj oi ni ng a si nk, t her e
ar e a
number of assembl i es t hat ar e desi gned
f or
t hi s appl i cat i on. Gener al l y, t he assembl y
consi st o of a cone bowl f i t t ed wi t h a
r ubber
scr ap
bl ock. Wat er can ei t her be di r ect ed i nt o
t he cone
bowl t hr ough a wat er i nl et
el bow
or an el evat ed
gooseneck. Wi t h t he l at t er t ype
of i nl et , t he
wat er ser ves a doubl e pur pose
i n t hat
t he veget abl es can be washed under t he
st r eam
. The wat er ent er i ng t he di sposer t hen
car r i es t he
gr ound wast e t hr ough t he wast e
l i ne.
Pot Si nk
The pot and pan
ar ea i s anot her l ocat i on wher e
consi der at i on shoul d be
gi ven t o t he i nst al l a-
t i on of a
f ood wast e di sposer because t her e
i s consi der abl e
amount of wast e r et ur ned on
t he ut ensi l s .
The di sposer can be
f i t t ed wi t h a si nk dr ai n
f i t t i ng and
i nst al l ed at t he base of t he si nk
or i ncl uded wi t h a sui t abl e
assembl y and made
a
par t of t he wor k t abl e adj oi ni ng t he si nks .
771
Fi g. 3
Fi g. 4
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Ar ea Desi gnat i ons
1. War ewashi ng

4
.
Hot Food Pi ckup
2. Wai t er s'
Pant r y

5. Hot Food Pr epar at i on
3. Col d
Food Pr epar at i on

6. Checki ng Ar ea
Fi g. 2

Movement t hr ough
t r af f i c ai sl e at t he caf e/ bat
ki t chen f aci l i t i es, Hot el Commodor e
.
Al t hough
t her e i s no har d
andf ast r ul e
when
choosi ng
t he pr oper si ze
di sposer , t her e i s
a
r el at i onshi p
bet ween hor sepower ,
si ze of open-
i ng t o t he
di sposer and t he
si ze of t he
gr i nd-
i ng chamber
.
THE MAI N
COOKI NGAREA
The mai n
cooki ng depar t ment
i s t he hear t
of
t he ki t chen
and deser ves
speci al car e i n
de-
si gni ng .
Bot h meat and veget abl es
ar e usual l y
cooked
i n t hi s ar ea.
Ser vi ng i n t abl e
ser vi ce
r est aur ant s may
t ake pl ace f r omor near
t hi s
ar ea. I n ot her
i nst al l at i ons, t he cooked
f ood i s
t r anspor t ed
a consi der abl e di st ance
t o t he
ser vi ng ar ea.
I n gener al , i t has
been f ound
advi sabl e t o cook
such i t ems as veget abl es
i n
smal l bat ches as
cl ose as possi bl e t o t he
ser v-
i ng t i me. Thi s
consi der at i on r equi r es
t hat at
l east t he veget abl e
cooki ng shoul d be
done
as near t o t he
ser vi ng ar ea as possi bl e.
I n f act ,
some i nst al l at i ons
ut i l i zi ng caf et er i a
count er s
have pr ovi ded
smal l , hi gh speed veget abl e
st eamer s di r ect l y
on t he caf et er i a
count er .
Meat s maybe
pr epar ed i n l ar ge
bat ches but
t he t r end i s t owar ds
st agger i ng of t he
st ar t
and compl et i on
of meat cooki ng even
t hough
no equi pment may
be saved because
of t he
l ong pr ocessi ng
t i me as compar ed t o t he
ser v-
i ng per i od
.
The t r end
i n t he desi gn of t he mai n
cook-
i ng ar ea has
been t owar ds t he pr ovi si on
of
r oast
ovens separ at e f r om t he
r anges . Thi s
r educes f r i ct i on
bet ween t hose
usi ng r ange
t op and t he
oven.
The f l ow
char t bel owi ndi cat es
t he r el at i on
of t he mai n
cooki ng ar ea t o t he ot her
ki t chen
depar t ment s
.
( Fi g
. 3. )
The l ayout of t he mai n
var i es gr eat l y f r om
i nst al l at i on t o i nst al l at i on.
I n
gener al , t he t abl e
ser vi ce r est aur ant wi l l
ser ve f r omt hi s ar ea, and
t hi s r equi r es consi d-
er at i on
. I n many cases
wher e f ood i s cooked
t o
or der , i nsuf f i ci ent
r ef r i ger at ed or f r ozen
f ood st or age space has been
pr ovi ded i n t he
mai n cooki ng ar ea.
Sever al consi der at i ons
ar e necessar y bef or e
t ypi cal depar t ment al
l ayout s ar e pr esent ed
.
1 . The br oi l er
shoul d be at t he end of
t he
l i ne- - away f r omt he
t r af f i c i n f r ont of t hecook-
i ng equi pment . Adequat e
r ef r i ger at i on and
wor k space shoul d
be pr ovi ded f or t he
br oi l er
oper at or .
Tr adi t i onal Fr ench
ki t chen ar r angement s
assi gn t he
br oi l i ng, car vi ng and
r oast i ng
dut i es t o t he br oi l er
oper at or . I t i s not al ways
necessar y t o f ol l ow
t hi s pr act i ce i n t oday' s
ki t chens.
2. Fr yer s may
be l ocat ed near t he br oi l er
i f
t he same per son
wi l l oper at e t hemor t hey
may
be l ocat ed at t he
f ar end of t he r ange
bat t er y.
Suf f i ci ent wor k t abl e
spaceandan ar ea t o
dr ai n
f r i ed f oods must be
pr ovi ded i n addi t i on
t o
r ef r i ger at i on and i n
some cases f r eezer
st or age
space.
3. The st eamt abl e
or ser vi ng ar ea, i f i t
i s
t o be f r omt he
same ar ea as cooki ng,
shoul d
be near t he
br oi l er s and f r yer s .
4. The space
bet weencook' s t abl e and
cook-
i ng
equi pment shoul d be at
a mi ni mumbut
shoul d
pr ovi de f or openi ng
of r ange ovens,
st eamer s,
ar e
.
I f t r af f i c or
t r ucks ar e ant i ci -
pat ed, gr eat er
space t han
nor mal i s r equi r ed.
5. Al l
heat - pr oduci ng
equi pment shoul d be
vent ed t o an
ef f ect i ve exhaust
hood. Local
l aws
shoul d al so be checked
on t hi s poi nt.
6. Equi pment
whi ch i s pl aced
agai nst a wal l
shoul d have
suf f i ci ent space
f or cl eani ng
behi nd
t he equi pment.
One t o t wo f eet ar e
r ecommended
.
7. I t i s
pr ef er abl e t o
pr ovi de br eaks i n
ext ended
cook' s or ser vi ng
t abl es f or access
by r ooks.
Ext ended
par al l el , back- t o- back
ar r angement s
mayr equi r e br eaks
i n t he equi p-
ment
f or si mi l ar r easons.
8.
Pl at e war mi ng f aci l i t i es
have t r adi t i onal l y
been
pl aced i n f r ont of
t he cook' s t abl e
i n
wai t er ser vi ce
r est aur ant s. Thet r end, however ,
has been t owar d
pr ovi si on of pl at e war mi ng
f aci l i t i es whi ch
ar e di r ect l y accessi bl e
t o t he
ser ver s.
PREPARATI ONAREAS
Meat Pr epar at i on
The meat pr epar at i on
depar t ment s t ake
meat s
as del i ver ed and
conver t t hem i nt o
pr oduct s
sui t abl e f or f ur t her
pr ocessi ng i n t he
mai n
cooki ngar ea . The
speci f i c dut i es of t hi s depar t -
ment have
changed si gni f i cant l y i n
r ecent
year s. Ther e was a
t i me when cooks di d
most
of t he pr epar at i on
at t he mai n cooki ng
ar ea.
Thi s gave wayt o
a meat pr epar at i on
depar t -
ment wher e but cher s
pr epar ed t he meat s
f or
t he cooks. The
meat was t hen i ssued
t o t he
i n such a r eady- t o- cook
quant i t y t hat
por t i on cont r ol was
r eadi l y
obt ai nabl e.
The t r end now, i n al l but
t he ver y
l ar ge i nst al l at i on,
has been t owar ds t he
i n-
cr easi ng pur chase
of meat i n a r eady- t o- cook
st at e. The
t heor y, whi ch of t en i s val i d,
i s t hat
t he var i ous packi ng
houses wi t h t hei r
ski l l ed
mass- pr oduct i on
wor ker s can per f or m
t hi s
oper at i on
mor e economi cal l y. Af ur t her
benef i t
i s t hat meat
st or age space i s decr eased- - of t en
up t o 40 per cent - by
t he pur chase of
r eady- t o-
cook
meat s.
The f l ow
char t f or a t ypi cal meet
pr epar at i on
ar ea wi t h i t s
r el at i onshi ps t o t he ot her
ki t chen
depar t ment s
i s shown i n Fi g. 4.
Hol di ng
i n a r ef r i ger at ed ar ea may
pr ecede
cooki ng
. I n some i nst ances, meat s
ar e pr e-
par ed a
day or mor e pr i or t o
cooki ng.
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Fi g. 5
Sal ad Pr epar at i on
The sal ad pr epar at i on sect i on ut i l i zes i n-
gr edi ent s pr epar ed i n t he veget abl e pr epar a-
t i on sect i on and/ or i t ems f r omt he f r ui t
and
veget abl e r ef r i ger at or . Some mi nor amount of
meet and dai r y pr oduct s may al so
be used
i n var i ous sal ads. I n t abl e ser vi ce
r est aur ant s,
t he sal ad depar t ment s may be i ncl uded
wi t h
t he pant r y or gar de manger .
Such t ypi cal de-
par t ment s ar e shown
wi t h t he ser vi ng depar t -
ment s. Some i nst al l at i ons,
however , combi ne
t he sal ad and veget abl e
pr epar at i on depar t -
ment s
. I n
t hose i nst al l at i ons usi ng caf et er i a
count er s, t he sal ads pass di r ect l y
f r om t he
sal ad pr epar at i on ar ea t o t he
count er . Pass
t hr ough r ef r i ger at or s ar e qui t e
usef ul i n mi ni .
mi zi ng t he st eps r equi r ed t o ser vi ce
t he caf e-
t er i a count er especi al l y i f
sal ads wi l l be pr e-
par ed
dur i ng t he ser vi ng
per i od
.
The f l owchar t ( Fi g. 5) f or a t ypi cal
pr epar a-
t i on ar ea shows t he r el at i onshi p of
t hi s depar t -
ment t o t he ot her ki t chen
depar t ment s. The
number of t r i ps, met hod of t r anspor t at i on and
amount s whi ch ar e t o be t r anspor t ed
bet ween
t he depar t ment s shoul d det er mi ne
t he r el at i ve
l ocat i on of t he sal ad pr epar at i on
ar ea. For
exampl e, i f sal ads ar e t o
be made wi t h a con-
st ant
f l ow
of mat er i al s f r om t he veget abl e
pr epar at i on depar t ment and a st or i ng of com-
pl et ed sal ads i n mobi l e r ef r i ger at ed t r ucks
unt i l r eady f or movi ng t o t he ser vi ce ar ea,
t hen t he l ocat i on of t hi s depar t ment shoul d
be as cl oset o t he veget abl e pr epar at i on depar t -
ment and r ef r i ger at or as possi bl e. Wi t h such a
pr oduct i on syst em, i t i s not necessar yt o l ocat e
t hi s depar t ment near t he ser vi ce f aci l i t i es .
On t he ot her hand, suppl i es may be bat ch
del i ver ed end a const ant f l owof sal ads t o t he
ser vi ng ar eas wi l l be mai nt ai ned. For such an
oper at i on t he l ocat i on of t he sal ad pr epar at i on
ar ea shoul d f avor t he ser vi ng f aci l i t i es .
The wor k met hods t o be f ol l owed i n t he pr ep-
ar at i on of sal ads det er mi ne t he pr eci se l ayout
of t hi s depar t ment . As wi t h t he ot her ki t chen
depar t ment s, f ood shoul d f l owas much as
pos-
si bl e i n a cont i nuous di r ect i on f r om t he st ar t
of t he depar t ment t hr ough pr ocessi ng and on
t o t he next depar t ment . Some i nst al l at i ons,
especi al l y t hose pr ocessi ng l ar ge number s of
t he same or si mi l ar sal ads, ar e
abl e t o appl y
t he pr i nci pl es of mass pr oduct i on
and mass
assembl y t o t he desi gn of t he sal ad
pr epar at i on
depar t ment .
Veget abl e
Pr epar at i on
Theveget abl epr epar at i on depar t ment
pr epar es
f r esh veget abl es f or cooki ng
and sal ads . I n
some
i nst al l at i ons, as pr evi ousl y not ed, veget a-
bl es
used
i n
sal ads ar e pr epar ed i n t he sal ad
pr epar at i on depar t ment . Pr i or t o t he l ayout
of t hi s depar t ment , t he pr eci se f unct i ons and
oper at i ons whi ch wi l l be per f or med shoul d be
det er mi ned.
The f l owchar t f or t he veget abl e pr epar at i on
ar ea ( Fi g. 6) shows i t s r el at i onshi p t o t he ot her
depar t ment s
i n t he ki t chen .
I n
many i nst ances veget abl es ar e pr epar ed
t he day bef or e t hei r usage by t he sal ad and
772
Fi g . 6
each f i l l i ng cont ai ner
i s put i n i t s cust omar y
pl ace.
The " i n- use"
br ead suppl y shoul d be kept
at t he l ef t of
t he sandwi ch boar d. Many f ood-
ser vi ce
est abl i shment s use a cont ai ner whi ch
hol ds 3 t o 4var i et i es of
br ead or a sel f - l evel i ng
br ead di spenser
whi ch moves each sl i ce i nt o
posi t i on.
For t he ef f i ci ent handl i ng
of ser vi ng pl at es,
t her e i s a sel f - l evel i ng
di sh di spenser , whi ch
al l ows t he
di shes t o " pop" i nt o posi t i on. Thi s
equi pment can
be r ecessed at t he r i ght hand
cor ner of
t he count er t op f or t he f i nal st ep i n
sandwi ch
pr epar at i on. These di spenser s ar e
avai l abl e wi t h
hot or col d cont r ol s .
Sel ect t oast er s and gr i l l s f or per f or mance,
capaci t y, t her most at i c cont r ol s, andeasy cl ean-
i ng. Pr oduct i on vol ume i s t he det er mi ni ng
f act or i n t hei r si ze and ar r angement , but
acces-
si bi l i t y t o t he wor ker i s of pr i me i mpor t ance.
Adj acent t o t he sandwi ch cent er shoul d be
a doubl e compar t ment si nk. I n i nst al l at i ons
wher e t he sal ad and sandwi ch cent er s ar e adj a-
cent , t hi s si nk can, of cour se, ser ve bot h uni t s.
Pr ovi dean
accessi bl e
st or age ar ea f or smal l
wor ki ng t ool s, such
as
kni ves, spat ul as,
scoops, spoons, cut t er s, and ot her r el at ed
equi pment .
The l ayout of a sandwi ch cent er must of t en
f i t di f f er ent shaped spaces . The equi pment
l i st ed above can be ar r anged i n
a st r ai ght
l i ne,
a U- shape, a ci r cl e, a cor ner , or as an ai sl e.
I n each avai l abl e space, t he equi pment shoul d
be ar r anged as ef f i ci ent l y
as
possi bl e.
WORK FLOWI NOTHERAREAS
Ser vi ng Faci l i t i es
The
t ype and ar r angement of ser vi ng f aci l i t i es
var i es gr eat l y f r omi nst al l at i on t o i nst al l at i on.
Rest aur ant s
use pant r i es and r ange bat t er i es.
Empl oyee f eedi ng f aci l i t i es use caf et er i as,
snack bar s, et c. Hospi t al s use t r ay makeup
conveyor s, caf et er i as f or empl oyees and st af f ,
and somet i mes decent r al i zed t r ay makeup
f aci l i t i es as f l oor pant r i es .
Themaj or ser vi ce depar t ment s i n a t abl e ser -
vi ce r est aur ant ar e t he r ange bat t er y and
pant r y. The depar t ment al l ayout s f or t he mai n
cooki ng depar t ment i l l ust r at e t ypi cal ar r ange-
ment s of t hi s ar ea wi t h pr ovi si ons f or ser vi ce.
The pant r y and col d ser vi ce ar e of t en uni t ed
i n one ar ea of t he ki t chen. I n ot her i nst al l a-
t i ons, sal ads and col d
meat s ar e
pr epar ed i n
one ar ea and
desser t s,
bever ages, and some
ot her i t ems i n t he pant r y.
The t r end seems t owar d t he combi nat i on of
t hese t wo
ar eas
and
t owar d t he
movement of
many of t he
pant r y i t ems as
r ol l s, but t er and
bever ages t o wai t r ess st at i ons l ocat ed at
st r at egi c poi nt s i n t hedi ni ng r oom. Sel f - ser vi ce
of sal ad, col d meat and pant r y i t ems by
t he
wai t er s and wai t r esses i s ever i ncr easi ng i n
mai n cooki ng uni t s. I n such cases t he pr epar ed
veget abl es must be st or ed i n hol di ng r ef r i ger a-
t or s . The veget abl e r ef r i ger at or i s usual l y used
f or t hi s pur pose, but ver y l ar ge
i nst al l at i ons
and t hose i nst al l at i ons whi ch do not
have
t he
wal k- i n r ef r i ger at or s on t he same f l oor as pr ep-
ar at i on and cooki ng wi l l pr ovi de hol di ng
r ef r i ger at or s.
The l ayout of t he veget abl e pr epar at i on
shoul d f ol l owas cl osel y as possi bl e t he pr o-
cessi ng st eps. Typi cal l ayout s var y dependi ng
on t he st at e of t he r awmat er i al s and t he oper a-
t i ons t o be per f or med.
Sandwi ch St at i ons
Ef f i ci ent
f ood pr oduct i on r equi r es pl anned
ar r angement of equi pment . The si ze of t he
oper at i ons t o be handl ed wi l l det er mi ne di men-
si ons. I t must pr ovi de ampl e space f or i ngr edi -
ent s, t ool s and a l ogi cal wor k f l ow. The hei ght
must per mi t
t he wor ker t o mai nt ai n good
post ur e, use t he l east amount of ener gy, and
st and i n
a r el axed posi t i on. Wher e shor t
handl ed
t ool s ar e used, t he aver age r ecom-
mended hei ght i s 36 i n. Al t o- adequat e t oe
space at t hebot t omedge of count er . The wi dt h
of
t he wor k count er must pr ovi de comf or t abl e
r eachi ng ar eas, wi t hout t he necessi t y of t he
wor ker st r et chi ng. Si xt een i nches f r om each
el bowi n al l wor ki ng di r ect i ons i s t he aver age
comf or t abl e r eachi ng ar eas, wi t hout t he neces-
si t y of t he wor ker st r et chi ng.
Acount er t op of har d mapl e or synt het i c
r ubber - pl ast i c composi t i on i s pr ef er r ed. I f
t he i nst al l at i on has a met al or ot her t op, a
l ar ge cut t i ng bl ock wi t h a har d sur f ace can be
pl aced on i t . Have count er t op pr oj ect at l east
1' / i nches beyond t he f r ont of uni t t o pr event
cr umbs f r omcol l ect i ng on shel f or door gasket
bel ow.
Pr ovi de a f ood- wast e cont ai ner r ecessed
i n t he r i ght hand si de of t he count er f or " as
you go" cl eani ng of t he wor ki ng sur f ace. I t
shoul d
be
easi l y accessi bl e f or
r emoval ,
empt yi ng and cl eani ng.
Bot h t he pl acement angl e of t he f i l l i ng con-
t ai ner s and t hei r sequence
ar r angement
f or
l ef t
t o r i ght wor ki ng of t he
sandwi ch maker wi l l
st r eaml i ne
oper at i ons . The f i l l i ngs ar e mor e
accessi bl e
i f t hecont ai ner s t i l t sl i ght l y f or war d
t owar d t he wor ker .
Spr eadi ng of sandwi ches
i s an aut omat i c
r each- end- t ouch pr ocedur e i f
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
The l ar ge
oper at i on ut i l i zi ng hor i zont al
con-
veyor s can appl y
i ndust r i al engi neer i ng
pr i nci pl es t o t he
br eakdown of pat r on or pat i ent
t r ays
.
Gl ass washi ng, l ong
a maj or pr obl em
i n f ood
ser vi ce, i s now
bei ng bet t er handl ed
l ar gel y
t hr ough t he cont r ol
of washi ng, r i nsi ng
and
wat er addi t i ons . I n
most i nst ances, i t i s
not at
al l i mpr act i cal
t o wash gl asses i n t he same
machi ne as di shes,
i f t hey ar e washed
shor t l y
af t er
t hewat er has been
changed. Ot her i nst al -
l at i ons
ut i l i ze a gl ass
washer wi t h a separ at e
soi l ed
gl ass t abl e or
use t he same t abl es as
f or
soi l ed di shes .
Some
i nst al l at i ons,
especi al l y l ar ger hot el s,
f i nd i t
necessar y t o pr ovi de
a separ at e si l ver
r oom wher e
hol l owwar e may
be cor r ect l y
cl eaned,
bur ni shed and
mai nt ai ned . Such an
ar ea usual l y
can pr ovi de a
bet t er means f or
cont r ol of
expensi ve si l ver .
The f l ow
char t ( Fi g. g)
shows t he t ypi cal
r el at i onshi p
of t hi s depar t ment
t o ot her s
wi t hi n
t he f ood
ser vi ce i nst al l at i on
.
t abl e
ser vi ce r est aur ant s, especi al l y i t speed
of ser vi ce and mi ni mi zat i on of ki t chen
wor ker s
i s of
i mpor t ance.
Bake Shop
Of al l t he pr epar at i on
depar t ment s whi ch mi ght
be l ocat ed away
f r om t he mai n ki t chen,
t he
bake shop i s usual l y l east af f ect ed
by such a
l ocat i on . The maj or
di f f er ences of a r emot e
bake shop ar e t he
r equi r ement s of addi t i onal
pot washi ng and
r ef r i ger at i on f aci l i t i es . Ovens
shoul d t hen be l ocat ed
i n
t he
bake shop, and
t hi s usual l y pr event s
t hei r dual usage by t he
mai n cooki ng depar t ment .
Though some f ood ser vi ce
i nst al l at i ons st i l l
pr epar e t hei r own yeast
br eads, i t i s gener al l y
advi sabl e t o have t hi s
ser vi ce r ender ed by a
commer ci al baker y. Sor ne
baker i es wi l l pr epar e
yeast br eads t o speci al
or der i f demand i s suf -
f i ci ent . The compl et el y
sel f - cont ai ned i nst al l a-
t i ons and some of t hose
f eat ur i ng speci al t i es
do- and wi l l cont i nue
t o- - pr epar e t hei r own
yeast br eads .
Many i nst al l at i ons do pr epar e
past r i es on t he
pr emi ses .
Successf ul f r eezi ng
of pr epar ed i t ems f or
baki ng has enabl ed
t he t ypi cal shop t o become
much mor e ef f i ci ent
i n r ecent year s. St udi es
have shown t hat
f r eezi ng of some i t ems may
even be
hel pf ul wi t h r espect t o t he qual i t y
of
t hef i ni shed pr oduct
. Thi s has made i t possi bl e
t o pr epar e r el at i vel y
l ar ge quant i t i es of an i t em
usi ng mass pr oduct i on
t echni ques of pr epar a-
t i on and baki ng
t hemas needed. For such as
oper at i on, af r eezer
capabl e of f r eezi ng as wel l
as st or i ng pr epar ed
i t ems i s necessar y- Such
a f r eezer i s cal l ed
a shar p f r eezer.
I n gener al , t he
bake shop shoul d be near t he
st or age ar ea, bot h
dr y and r ef r i ger at ed, and
near t hepot washi ng ar ea.
Locat i on near ser v-
i ng f aci l i t i es i s of r el at i vel y
mi nor i mpor t ance
i f mobi l e r acks ar e used t o
t r ansf er suf f i ci ent
quant i t i es of bakedgoods t o
mi ni mi ze t he num-
ber of t r i ps r equi r ed. The
f l owchar t ( Fi g. 7)
shows t he
r el at i onshi p of t he t ypi cal bake
shop t o
t he ot her ki t chen depar t ment s.
The l ayout wi t hi n t he bake shop shoul d f ol -
l owt he t ypi cal pr ocessi ng st eps as much as
possi bl e. The oven shoul d be near t he l andi ng
t abl ewi t h suf f i ci ent space i n f r ont of t he oven
t o r emove baked goods wi t h a peel whi ch
r eaches t o t he i nner most cor ner s of t he oven.
I n gener al , as much cl ear space shoul d be pr o-
vi ded i n f r ont of a bake oven as t he bake oven
i s deep,
f r ont t o back . The pr oof box shoul d be
near t he oven
as shoul d t he baker ' s t abl e. The
mi xer , past r y st ove
or
hot pl at e and st eam-
j acket ed
ket t l e, i f used, shoul d be near t he
baker ' s
t abl e
.
The f l ow char t
f or a t ypi cal pot washi ng
depar t ment i s
shown i n Fi g . 10. Not e t hat pot ,
pan and ut ensi l
st or age, whi l e not shown
on
t he f l owchar t , must
be consi der ed. Thi s i s apt
t o occur i n each
depar t ment f r omwhi ch pot s
ar r i ve and i n t wo
pl aces i n t he pot washi ng
ar ea: pr i or t o cl eani ng
and subsequent t o
cl eani ng.
773
Fi g. 10
Fi g . 9
Pot Washi ng
Many
smal l er i nst al l at i ons t r y t o ut i l i ze
t he
same si nks f or
pot washi ng and
veget abl e or
sal ad pr epar at i on.
Thi s pr act i ce i s not
r ecom-
mended. A
mi ni mumof t wo compar t ment s-
pr ef er abl y t hr ee
compar t ment s wi t h a
gr ease
or ski mmer compar t ment
bet ween t he
f i r st
t wo compar t ment s- i s
r ecommended.
The
mai n cooki ng,
baki ng and ser vi ng depar t ment s
ar e t he maj or sour ce
of pot s, pans and ot her
ut ensi l s . I n many
i nst al l at i ons, a r el at i vel y
l ar ge st or age ar ea f or
soi l ed pot s i s r equi r ed
as
t hey ar e not washed at
t he same t i me as
r ecei ved i n t he pot
washi ng depar t ment . Thi s
i s especi al l y t r ue i f t he
same per sonnel oper at e
t he di shwashi ng machi nes
and t he pot washi ng
depar t ment .
Fi g. 8
Ref r i ger at ed
St or age
Thepr oduct i on pr ocesses i n a
ki t chen ar e char -
act er i zed by
r el at i vel y f ewr ecei pt s of r ef r i g-
er at ed suppl i es compar ed
t o movement s
bet ween t he r ef r i ger at ed st or age
ar ea and t he
pr epar at i on depar t ment s.
For t hi s r eason, i t
i s suggest ed t hat l ocat i on of t he
r ef r i ger at ed
st or age be cl ose t o t he pr epar at i on
depar t -
ment s ( see Fi g. 8) .
I n some i nst ances t he f l owchar t
wi l l be t r nod-
i f i ed by pr epar at i on pr ocedur es whi ch ar e t o
be f ol l owed. For exampl e, some
i nst al l at i ons
wi l l par t i al l y pr epar e veget abl es
pr i or t o
st or age.
Too of t en when t he r ef r i ger at ed
st or age
ar eas and pr epar at i on depar t ment s ar e
l ocat ed
on di f f er ent f l oor s, t he t i me r equi r ed t o
wai t
f or el evat or s i s excessi ve.
Anot her ar r angement i s t o have t he
r ef r i g-
er at ed st or age and pr epar at i on depar t ment s
near r ecei vi ng, t hen move t o t he
f i nal pr epar a-
t i on and pr oduct i on depar t ment s
. Thi s ar r ange-
ment i s bet t er t han t hat above but i s
st i l l l i mi t ed
by ver t i cal t r anspor t at i on.
An advant age of
such a l ocat i on i s t hat t he par t
of t he meat
and veget abl es whi ch i s scr ap i s cl oser
t o t he
gar bage st or age ar ea.
I n gener al i t i s r ecommended t hat t he f r eezer
st or age open i nt o a r ef r i ger at or r at her t han
di r ect l y i nt o t he war mer ki t chen . Wi t h such
an
ar r angement , t her ef r i ger at or mi ght be made
f or dual pur pose usage, as a r ef r i ger at or or
f r eezer
. Thi s wi l l pr obabl y be qui t e usef ul
i n
t he f ut ur e wi t h t he
t r end t owar d i ncr easi ng
usage of f r ozen f oods. An al t er nat e l ocat i on of
t he st or age
f r eezer
i s
near t he mai n cooki ng
ar ea. Thi s
mi ni mi zes t he di st ance t r avel ed
on t he par t
of t he cooks i n obt ai ni ng f ood whi ch
i s pur chased
i n
a
r eady t o cook st at e .
Di shwashi ng
I n t he past , ext r eme
emphasi s was pl aced on
l ocat i ng
t hi s depar t ment ei t her adj acent t o a
caf et er i a
ser vi ce di ni ng r oom or as t he f i r st
" por t - of - cel l "
i n a ki t chen ser vi ng a t abl e ser -
vi ce
di ni ng r oom. Wi t h t he i ncr easi ng usage of
ver t i cal
and hor i zont al conveyor s, t hi s be-
comes of
l esser i mpor t ance, and i ncr easi ng
at t ent i on
can be pl aced on l ocat i ng t he di sh-
washi ng
ar ea near t he l ocat i on of di sh usage-
t he ser vi ng
and/ or pr epar at i on ar eas as t he
mode
of oper at i on di ct at es . I t i s not unusual ,
nor
i mpr act i cal , t o l ocat e t he di shwashi ng on
a f l oor ot her
t han t he di ni ng r oomf l oor .
Asepar at e di shwashi ng r oomwhi ch i s wel l
vent i l at ed, l i ght ed and has noi se- absor bi ng
sur f aces
wi l l be f ound a gr eat ai d i n l ower i ng
t he
hi gh- - of t en obj ect i onabl yhi gh- noi se l evel
commonl y f ound i n ki t chens .
Fi g. 7
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
By Max Fengl er
KI TCHENPERSONNEL
AND
THEI R
FUNCTI ONS
.
Chef de cui si ne ( ki t chen chef ) i s r esponsi bl e
f or pur chase of
goods,
cost
cont r ol ,
set t i ng up
t he menu, and super vi si on of per sonnel and
hygi ene
i n
t he
ki t chen
ar ea.
. Sous- chef ( ki t chen chef ' s assi st ant ) r epr esent s
t he
ki t chen chef i n hi s absence; i n a l ar ge
or gani zat i on, he f akes over some of t he chef ' s
dut i es
.
. Sauci er ( sauce cook) pr epar es al l sauces and
t he meal s t hat go wi t h t hem, as wel l as al l f i sh
di shes ( al t hough i n l ar ge or gani zat i ons t her e i s
a poi ssoni er ) ; he i s r esponsi bl e f or t he wor k at
t he ki t chen r ange, and i n medi umsi zed
est abl i shment s he assumes t he f unct i ons of t he
chef ' s assi sant .
. Rot i sseur ( r oast , f r y, and gr i l l cook)
I n
l ar ge
r est aur ant s, t her e i s,
i n addi t i on,
a
gr i l l adi n.
.
Ent r emet i er ( soup,
veget abl e, and
si dedi sh
cook)
I n l ar ge r est aur ant s a pot agi er pr epar es soups
and br ot hs .
. Gar demanger
suppl i es t he r eady- t o- cut
meat and f i sh pr epar at i on, t he col d appet i zer s,
hor s d' oeuvr es,
and
sal ads .
I n l ar ge
r est aur ant s,
t hi s wor k i s di vi ded bet ween t he hor s d' oeuvr i er
( appet i zer cook) and t he boucher ( but cher ) .
. Pt i ssi er makes cooki es, cakes, i ce cr eam,
and ot her desser t s ; i n l ar ge r est aur ant s, t he wor k
i s di vi ded
among
t he gl aci er ( i ce
cr eammaker ) ,
conf i seur ( f i ne past r y cook) , and boul anger ( baker
of br ead,
r ol l s, and ot her baked goods) .
. Commi s ( j uni or cook) i s avai l abl e t o chef s
of sect i ons .
. Sal admanor gi r l pr oduces and ser ves var i ous
ki nds of sal ads and i n
some r est aur ant s
i s
r esponsi bl e f or t he smor gasbor d ( hor s d' oeuvr es)
and i s
subor di nat e t o t he gar demanger .
. Casser ol i er cl eans, car es f or , and ser vi ces al l
pans, cooki ng equi pment , and ki t chen machi nes .
. Ki t chen boy cl eans t he ki t chen, hel ps wi t h
t he pr epar at i on of di shes, and has ot her dut i es .
. Cont r l eur i s i n char ge of suppl i es, cont r ol s
t hei r pl acement and st or age, and does t he
i nvent or y bookkeepi ng.
. Gouver nant e accept s goods, exer ci ses
cont r ol , super vi ses t he economat , dr y st or age,
l i nen, and cl eani ng mat er i al s, and hands out
st apl es.
. I n Eur opean r est aur ant s, t he bar l ady i s
r esponsi bl e f or
al l
bever ages and of t en i s
t he
r epr esent at i ve f or t he management , and, i n
smal l er r est aur ant s, over sees
t he
wai t er s.
. Ar gent i er i s r esponsi bl e f or t he car e of si l ver .
" Of f i ce boy
. Di sh washer
Rest aur ant Ar chi t ect ur e andDesi gn, Uni ver se Books,
NewYor k, 1971.
774
Fi g. 3

Lar ger est aur ant ki t chen f or r es-
t aur ant s wi t h many pr i vat e par t y and
conf er ence
f aci l i t i es or wi t h commi ssar y
and
cat er i ng capaci t y f or ot her busi -
nesses
. Sui t abl e al so f or l ar ge hot el
wi t h l ar ge
r est aur ant f or t he gener al
publ i c.
Capaci t y: 800- 1, 000 per sons
( e. g. ,
200 seat s and f our f ol d r eoccu-
pancy) . Wai t er s' passageway: t angen-
t i al , wi t h
f ood buf f et si t uat ed i n f r ont.
Thewai t er has
access t o bever ages and
ot her i t ems
f r omt he wai t er s' passage-
wayi n t he
ki t chen and f r omt he di ni ng
r oomsi de
as wel l . The buf f et l ooks over
t he di ni ng
r ooms. Ki t chen: Li near ar -
r angement
wi t h f i t t ed ber t hs f or l ar ge
appar at us. See Legend
f or expl anat i on
of number s. .
Fi g. 1

Hot el or r est aur ant ki t chen
or Fr ench r est au-
r ant of hi gh st andar d. Capaci t y f or
mai n meal s:
Hot el - 100- 200 per sons/ menu,
100 per sons/ i s
t o
car t e.

Rest aur ant - 200- 300

per sons / meal t i me
f r om 11: 30 t o 1: 30. Wai t er s'
passageway: t angen-
t i al . Ki t chen: Li near ar r angement wi t h l ar ge
i nst al -
l at i ons i n t he r ear . See Legend f or
expl anat i on of
number s.
Fi g. 2

Hot el or r est aur ant ki t chen. Ca-
paci t y:
Wi t h t hi s l ayout , a 200- seat r es-
t aur ant
wi l l be abl e t o handl e t hr ee f ul l
si t t i ngs
. Thi s l ayout can al so t ake car e
of ahot el wi t h
100 guest s andcan al so
accommodat e a
r est aur ant open t o t he
gener al
publ i c, an out door r est aur ant ,
and a pr i vat e
di ni ng ar ea f or par t i es
and conf er ences
( al t oget her , 400
guest s) .
Wai t er s' passageway: i n t he
cent er . Ki t chen: Li near
ar r angement
wi t h l ar gei nst al l at i ons i n t he r ear .
See
Legend f or expl anat i on of number s.
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Legend f or
Rest aur ant and Hot el
Ki t chen Layout s ( Fi gs
. 1 t o 6)
( Layout s : Scal e 1 : 300)
1. Wai t er s' passageway- meal and bever age
count er - di sh r et ur n
2. Di shwashi ng ar ea ( di shes, gl asses, si l ver )
3. Bever ages- pr epar at i on and ser vi ng
4. Past r y ( cooki es, cakes, i ce cr eam,
desser t ) -
pr epar at i on and ser vi ng
S. Col d ki t chen ( col d appet i zer s, sal ad,
f i sh) -
pr epar at i on and ser vi ng
6. War mki t chen- sauci er / r 6t i sseur ar ea
( sauces,
r oast s, gr i l l , f i sh) - pr epar at i on
i ncl udi ng l ar ge
appar at us ar ea and ser vi ng
7. War mki t chen- ent r emt i er ar ea ( soups,
vege-
t abl es, ent r es) - pr epar at i on i ncl udi ng l ar ge
appar at us ar ea and ser vi ng
8. Pot and pan washi ng- casser ol i er
ar ea
9. Veget abl e pr epar at i on
10. Meat pr epar at i on
11. Veget abl e col d %f or age
12. Meat col d st or age
13. Economat ( dr y st or age)
14. Bever age col d st or age
15. Li nen, di sh, cl eani ng suppl i es st or age
16. St apl e goods st or age
17
.
Goods accept ance and cont r ol
18. Empt y goods and gar bage col l ect i ng r ooms
Fi g. 7

Snack bar ( Pub, t aver n, bi st r o, caf , or r est aur ant ) .
Capaci t y:
55- 60 seat s ( f i ve- or si x- f ol d r eoccuponcy over l uncht i me, t wof ol d i n
t he eveni ng; al ot her t i mes, a wel l - r un caf , cake, and snack busi ness) .
The ki t chen deal s pr i mar i l y wi t h r eady- t o- ser ve ar t i cl es
.
I n a ci t y busi -
ness wi t h dai l y del i ver y, t he st or age space does not have t o be espe-
ci al l y l ar ge.
Legend:
1.
Meal and bever age ser vi ng count er
2.
Di shwasher
2a. Di sh
r et ur n
3.
Bever age buf f et wi t h mi xer , t oast er , i ce- cr eamcont ai ner , et c.
4. Oven and smal l past r y
st at i on
S. Gar demanger
6 . Sauci er / r 6f i sseur
6/ 7. Range
7. Ent r emf i er
7a. Cooki ng
vat and hi gh- per f or mance st eamcooker
6/ 7b. War mi ng
cupboar d and war mser vi ng count er wi t h war mi ng
l amps
8. Pot and pan
washi ng
11. St or age, empt y
goods, of f i ce; i nst ead of col d st or age r ooms-
col d st or age and f r eezer cupboar ds
19. Empl oyees' t oi l et s
G1. Bar count er - al so f or meal s
G2. Di ni ng r oomwi t h t abl e seat i ng
G3. Guest s' t oi l et s/ makeup
r oom/ t el ephone boot hs
775
Fi g. 6

Lar ge r est aur ant ki t chen f or r est aur ant s wi t h many auxi l -
i ar y r ooms, bowl i ng al l eys, gar den, and a snack bar pr oj ect i ng
i nt o t he mai n di ni ng r oom. Sui t abl e f or a hi ghl y f r equent ed ci t y
r est aur ant or f or an excur si on spot wi t h var i ous conf er ence r ooms,
et c . Capaci t y: 1, 000- 1, 200 per sons. Wai t er s' passageway: t angen-
t i al . Buf f et and washi ngup zone ( di sh r et ur n) pl aced i n f r ont . The
wai t er can pi ck up dr i nks and ot her i t ems at t wo pl aces i n t he
ki t chen, t he dr i nks comi ng par t l y f r omt he bar . Ki t chen: War m
ki t chen as wal l st r uct ur e wi t h cent r al ser vi ng ar ea; col d ki t chen
and past r y ar ea di vi ded wi t h t wo
ser vi ng ar eas each, symmet r i -
cal l y
ar r anged
. See Legend f or expl anat i on of number s .
Fi g. 5 Rest aur ant ki t chen. Capaci t y: Thi s ar -
r angement i s concei ved f or a ver y busy ci t y r es-
t aur ant of good qual i t y ( appr oxi mat el y 600 per -
sons- e. g. , 150 seat s wi t h f our f ol d r eoccupancy) .
Wai t er s' passageway: i n t he cent er . Ki t chen: The
cooki ng, r oast i ng, gr i l l , and f r yi ng appar at us ar e
pl anned as wal l st r uct ur es . See Legend f or expl a-
nat i on of number s.
Fi g. 4 Rest aur ant ki t chen especi al l y sui t ed
f or ci t y or excur si on r est aur ant s . Capaci t y:
as i n Fi g. l . Wai t er s' passageway: t angent i al .
Ki t chen: The cooki ng, r oast i ng, gr i l l , and f r y-
i ng appar at us ar e pl anned as wal l st r uct ur es.
See Legend f or expl anat i on of number s.
Fi g. 9

Rest aur ant wi t h f i nger - shaped bar and aut omas f or qui ck l unch
ser vi ce i n r est aur ant s f or passer sby, caf et er i as, depar t ment st or es,
hi ghway r est aur ant s . Capaci t y: 500 per sons per hour . Ki t chen: pr epar a-
t i on of pr ecooked meal s, sal ads, and i ce cr eam.
776
Legend:
1. Ser vi ce passage f or U- shaped or f i nger - shaped count er
l d. Aut omat s f or sel f - ser vi ce
2. Connect i on of t wo f i nger s wi t h di shwasher havi ng t wo cover s
ser vi ceabl e on bot h si des; adj oi ni ng ar e t wo si nks each
3. Cof f ee machi ne, r ef r i ger at or s, soup vat st or age
4/ S. Sal ad and i ce cr eampr epar at i on
4/ Sa. Col d count er - sal ad, i ce cr eam, desser t
6/ 7. Fr yi ng pan, soup cooker , and ot her cooki ng equi pment
6/ 7a. War mcount er - bai n- mar i e, f r yer , gr i l l pl at es
11. Economaf , col d st or age, and f r eezer space, st apl es r oom( del i v-
er y, empt y goods r oom, of f i ce, per sonnel cl oakr ooms and washr ooms
not i ncl uded)
GGuest r ooms wi t h st andi ng r oomand seat s ( aut omat ser vi ce wi t h
di sposabl e di shes)
Legend:
I d. Sel f - ser vi ce buf f et wi t h gr i l l and f r y uni t
l e. Sal ad dr essi ngs, spi ces, cut l er y r eser ves
l f . Cashi er
2. Di shwasher
2a. Di sh r et ur n
3/ 4. Sandwi ch uni t , cakes, i ce cr eam, cof f ee, bever ages ; ser vi ce
avai l abl e at an out door caf e
So. Col d pr epar at i on t abl e
6/ 7. Def r ost i ng, war mi ngup appar at us f r ont , ser vi ceabl e on t wo
si des ( convect i on ovens, heat i ng appl i ances f or t he Nacka syst emor
Rgt her mi c ovens)
11. Col d st or age and st or age ( var i es i n si ze accor di ng t o syst em
of ser vi ci ng and r hyt hmof del i ver y)
11a. Ref r i ger at or f r ont , ser vi ceabl e on t wo si des
l I b. Del i ver y, empt y goods, i nt er medi ar y st or age, per sonnel cl oak-
r oom
12. Ki osk- sal es on t he i nsi de and t o cust omer s on t he st r eet
E 1. Ent r ance f r omst r eet
E2. Ent r ance f r ombui l di ng ( depar t ment st or e, of f i ce bui l di ng, et c. )
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Fi g. 8

Sel f - ser vi ce
r est aur ant sui t abl e f or depar t ment st or es or of f i ce
bui l di ngs. Ki t chen: no
i ndependent pr oduct i on; out si de del i ver y and
pr epar at i on
vi a
deep- f r eeze,
boi l i ng- i n- t he- bag ( Nacka) , or Rg-
t her mi c
met hods .
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Fi g. 10

Rest aur ant f or t r avel er s ( Hi ghway
r est aur ant , or caf - r est au-
r anf at a
busy i nt er sect i on i n t he ci t y) .
Capaci t y:
. Snack- 45- - 50
seat s ( 200 per sons
ever y hour )
.
Rest aur ant - 80 seal s- ( t wo- or
t hr eef ol d r eoccupancy dur i ng
meal s;
of ot her t i mes, cof f ee, i ce
cr eam, past r y, and sandwi ch ser -
vi ce)
. Gr i l l - - 10
seat s ( one- or t wof ol d
r eoccupancy, hi gh st andar d
ser -
vi ce)
Ki t chen: l i near - wal l
ar r angement , appr oxi mat el y equal bal -
ance
bet ween f r eshl y pr epar ed
meal s and r eady- t o- ser ve meal s
.
St or age, empt y goods, and
per sonnel cl oakr ooms i n t he cel l ar
.
Legend
:
1 . Wai t er s' passageway
l a. Ser vi ce cor r i dor f or
snacks, and col d meal and past r y- ser vi ng
count er f or r est aur ant
1/ 3. Wai t er s- Bever age
sel f - ser vi ce
2. Di shwasher
4. Past r y
S. Col d ki t chen
6/ 7. War mki t chen
( r oast , gr i l l , f r y) , bai n- mar i e
i n t he ser vi ng
count er
6/ 7a. Cooki ng and
f r yi ng appar at us ( 2 vat s, 1 pan)
8. Pot and
pan washi ng
9/ 10. Meat
and veget abl e pr epar at i on
11. St or age
f or t he day
l l a. Cupboar d
gr oup, cool ed and not cool ed
12. Ki osk f aci ng
t he st r eet
12a. Ci gar et t e
machi ne
17. Goods
del i ver y
17a. Of f i ce
17b.
El evat or t o cel l ar
19. Empl oyee
t oi l et s
G1. Snack
ar ea wi t h about 40 seat s and
seat s at t he bar
G2.
Rest aur ant
G3.
Gr i l l r est aur ant , possi bl y wi t h smal l
bar f or espr esso cof f ee,
aper i t i f s, whi sky, and ot her spi r i t s
G4. Guest s
t oi l et s
Fi g. 11

Lar ge hot el - r est aur ant ki t chen al so f or l ar ge r est aur ant s wi t h
some auxi l i ar y r ooms and wi t h out si de del i ver i es or pr oduct i on f or
ot her or gani zat i ons ( var i ant of Fi gs. 3
and
6) .
Capaci t y: 800- 1000
per sons. Wai t er s' passageway: i n t he
cent er , wi t h a speci al ser vi ng
l i nk t o t he gar den ( or , f or i nst ance, t o a bowl i ng al l ey) and
di r ect l y
connect i ng t o t he auxi l i ar y r ooms . Ki t chen: Li near ar r angement
wi t h
r ear si de of l ar ge appar at us.
Legend:
1 . Wai t er s' passageway
l a. Meal and bever age
ser vi ng t o gar den
l b. Access t o auxi l i ar y r ooms
2. Di shwashi ng ar ea
3. Bever age
ser vi ng ar ea
3a.
Bever age col d st or age ( day cel l ar )
4. Past r y
5. Col d
ki t chen
6 .
War mki t chen- sauci er / r uf i sseur ar ea
7. War mki t chen- ent r emt i er ar ea
8.
Pot and pan washi ng
11. Col d st or age and st or age r ooms
11a. Accesses t o del i ver y, empt ygoods r oom, and i nt er medi ar y st or -
age, of f i ce, per sonnel cl oakr ooms and t oi l et s
S Ser vi ce accessor i es ( cash r egi st er )
Fi g. 12

Caf - r est aur ant wi t h t ear oom, or a ci t y r est aur ant i n a busy
di st r i ct .
. Caf : al cohol - f r ee bever ages, except f or bot t l ed beer
; past r y and
smal l meal s- col d and war m
. Tear oom: al cohol - f r ee bever ages, past r y, sandwi ches. Capaci t y
:
About 150 seat s ( cont i nuous ser vi ce f r omear l y mor ni ng t o
mi dni ght
or l at er ) . Ki t chen: ext ensi ve use of pr ecooked
meal s; l i t t l e st or age.
Legend:
1. Wai t er s' passageway
l a. Ser vi ng st at i ons and cash
r egi st er
2. Di shwasher
3. Bever age buf f et wi t h mi xer ,
t oast er , i ce cr eamcont ai ner , et c.
4. Past r y
4a. Past r y oven
5.
Sandwi ch uni t
6.
Def r ost i ng and heat i ng equi pment , soup vat s
7. Oven, gr i l l , f r yi ng appar at us
8.
Pot and pan washi ng
11. Day st or es, empt y goods ( st apl e goods i n cel l ar )
15. Li nen st or age
17. Del i ver y
170. Of f i ce
19. Empl oyees' washr ooms, cl oakr oomf or wai t er s ( cl oakr oom
and washr ooms f or ki t chen empl oyees i n cel l ar )
G1. Tear oom
G2. Caf 6- r est aur ant
G3. Ter r ace or gar den
04. Washr ooms
G5. Tel ephone boot hs
777
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Fi g. 13 St udent di ni ng hal l or caf et er i a wi t h t wo- si ded sel f - ser vi ce buf f et and conveyor
bel t . Capaci t y: 12 per sons per mi nut e X2- _24per sons . Wi t hout cash payment : hour l y capaci t y,
1, 400 per sons . Wi t h cash ci r cul at i on: hour l y capaci t y, 1, 100 per sons. Seat i ng: at l east 340
seat s . Ki t chen: f ul l y equi pped l i near ar r angement , pl anned f or aut omat i c equi pment .
Legend:
l a. Pl at t er
and cut l er y t r ol l ey
I b. Di st r i but i on
hel p, r egul at i on of conveyor - bel t speed, di et ar y f ood st or age
l c . Conveyor
bel t f or st andar d menu
I d. Sel f - ser vi ce buf f et - Menu:
1 soup of t he day

var i ous sal ads
1 st ew

var i ous desser t s
1 st andar d menu

dai r y pr oduct s
1 di et ar y f ood

5 col d bever ages ( beer , wi ne, car bon-
2 col d meal s

at ed bever ages, j ui ce)
l e. Sal ad dr essi ngs, condi ment s, cut l er y
I f . Cash r egi st er
2. Di shwasher
2a. Soi l ed- di sh conveyor bel t
4. Past r y
5. Gar demanger
So. Por t i oni ng t abl e f or col d meal s, sal ads, and desser t s
6 . Roast ki t chen, possi bl y wi t h r oast i ng out omat s
6a. War m- st or age t r ol l eys- por t i oni ng of meat , sauces, di et ar y f oods
7. Cooki ng ki t chen, possi bl y wi t h aut omat i c st eamcooker s
7a. War m- st or age t r ol l eys f or por t i oni ng of veget abl es, ent r i es
11.
Access t o t he st or age r ooms, del i ver y, and auxi l i ar y
r ooms
Fi g. 14 St udent di ni ng hal l or
caf et er i a wi t h f our sel f - ser vi ce buf f et s . Capaci t y: at l east
1, 500 per sons per hour . Seat i ng: at l east 400 seat s .
Ki t chen: out si de del i ver y of meal s wi t h
st andar d or conveyor - t ype el evat or .
Legend:
I d. Sel f - ser vi ce buf f et - menu as i n Fi g. 13
I a. Ci r cul ar devi ce f or sal ad dr essi ngs,
condi ment s, ext r a cut l er y, et c .
l g
.
Pr epar at i on t abl e wi t h t r ol l ey
st and
2.
Di shwasher
2a
. Soi l ed- di sh r et ur n
11. St andar d or conveyor - t ype el evat or connect i on t o meal - pr epar at i on ki t chen
77
8
Commer ci al
KI TCHENS
Fi g. 15

St udent di ni ng hal l or caf et er i a wi t h
sel f - ser vi ce car r ousel . Ca-
paci t y: af t er t he i ni t i al phase, 1, 400 per sons per hour . Seat i ng:
at l east
400 seat s. Meal del i ver y f r oma cent r al ki t chen- deep- f r eeze, boi l - i n-
t he- bag ( Nacka) , and R6gi t her mi c syst em.
Legend:
17. Li near - ar r angement ki t chen wi t h aut omat s . For l ar ge
out put , t her e
ar e appr opr i at e appl i ances f or st eami ng and baki ng.
18. Li near - ar r angement ki t chen wi t h t r anspor t - equi pment syst em. I n
t he f or egr ound: di sh washi ng; soup, veget abl e, and ent r 6e vat s; st ove
f or gener al pur poses and di et ar y f oods ; sauces and meat s .
19. Thr ee- t i er car r ousel ( Mai son Tr i caul t , Par i s) of 2- met er di amet er ,
wi t h a t r oy sl i de.
l d. Sel f - ser vi ce t hr ee- t i er ed car r ousel
Bel ow: 2 col d di shes, var i ous sal ads, desser t s ( par t l y on i ce)
Cent er : war mmeal s, 3 war mdi shes, 2 gr i l l ed or f r i ed di shes ( wi t h
war mi ng l amps above)
Above: sandwi ches, past r y, et c.
t o. Sal ad dr essi ngs, condi ment s, ext r a cut l er y, et c.
2. Di shwast er ( st acki ng ar ea, 3 t anks, dr yi ng zone)
2a. Soi l ed- di sh conveyor bel t
3. Bever age sel f - ser vi ce ar ea
So. Por t i oni ng t abl e f or col d di shes and sal ads
5b. Por t i oni ng t abl e f or desser t s, sandwi ches, et c.
6/ 7. War mi ng
and def r ost i ng appl i ances
6/ 7o .
Por t i oni ng t abl e f or war mmeat s
On
.
Tr ol l ey st or age
11. Meal del i ver y f r omt he cent r al
ki t chen, access t o t he suppl y and
auxi l i ar y r ooms
I l a. St or age cupboar ds f or col d goods
and ot her goods del i ver ed
f r omt he cent r al ki t chen
779
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
By FRANKMEMOLI
CORE LOCATI ON
Cent r al ( I nt er i or )
Thi s l ocat i on has
a number of advant ages .
I t al l ows al l
wi ndow
space
t o be ut i l i zed as
r ent abl e of f i ce space
and dependi ng upon t he
conf i gur at i on
of
t he
bui l di ng pl an wi l l per mi t
of f i ces of var yi ng dept hs t o
r ecei ve nat ur al
l i ght . The cent r al l ocat i on i s al so
ext r emel y
conveni ent i n t er ms
of
access
and i n some
cases may be equi di st ant
f or al l si des
.
Thi s
si mpl i f i es ar ea di vi si on and pr ovi des
good
f l exi bi l i t y
of t enant di st r i but i on i n t he same
way, Hor i zont al
ut i l i t y r uns may al so be r el a-
t i vel y equi di st ant f r om t he
cor e. Combi ned
wi t h a squar e
bui l di ng pl an, bear i ng ext er i or ,
and cor e wal l s t hi s
l ocat i on per mi t s a f l oor
pl an f r ee of col umns
and
t hus
t ot al l y f l exi bl e
f or of f i ce l ayout .
Whi l e t hi s cor e
l ocat i on
has
def i ni t e ad-
vant ages, i t al so has some
dr awbacks. One
di sadvant age i s
t hat t hecent r al i nt er i or l ocat i on
l i mi t s t he dept h
of of f i ces i n t he mi dzone of
each f l oor , t hus
af f ect i ng t he el ement of f l exi -
bi l i t y i n of f i ce l ayout . Anot her f l oor - ar ea- con-
sumi ng
char act er i st i c of t hi s cor e i s t hat i t
r equi r es an access
cor r i dor
ar ound
i t s per i m-
et er .
Of f - Cent er
( I nt er i or )
Li ke t he cent r al - i nt er i or cor e, t he of f - cent er
i nt er i or cor e per mi t s al l wi ndowor bui l di ng
per i met er space t o be used f or of f i ces. How-
ever , i t pr esent s somewhat mor e f l exi bi l i t y i n
maxi mumdept h and ar r angement of spaces .
Thi s can be par t i cul ar l y desi r abl e wher e l ar ge
open spaces such as secr et ar i al or cl er i cal
pool s ar e r equi r ed. I t al so af f or ds t he oppor -
t uni t y of devel opi ng smal l secl uded spaces
i n
t he r el at i vel y nar r owpor t i on of t he f l oor pl an
wher et he cor e i s cl osest t o t he ext er i or wal l s .
Thi s cor e l ocat i on may pr esent some pr ob-
l ems of access . Because i t i s of f - cent er , i t i s
somewhat r emot e and t hus l ess conveni ent t o
t he f ar si des and cor ner s of t he bui l di ng. I f
t her e i s mul t i pl e- t enant occupancy on any
gi ven f l oor , a l ong access cor r i dor wi l l be r e-
qui r ed as wi l l be a per i met er cor r i dor ar ound
t he cor e i t sel f . The of f - cent er l ocat i on may
al so l essen f l exi bi l i t y of t enant di st r i but i on .
Spl i t
( I nt er i or )
The pr i nci pal advant age of a spl i t cor e i s t hat
i t vi r t ual l yel i mi nat es t he need f or a per i pher al
cor r i dor on t he cor e. Access t o t hi s cor e i s
f r omt he ar ea bet ween i t s spl i t el ement s and
not f r omt he ar ea ar ound i t s edges. Thi s per mi t s
mor e f l exi bi l i t y of f l oor - ar ea di vi si on, l eavi ng
even t he ar ea i mmedi at el y adj acent t o t he cor e
avai l abl e f or of f i ce space. Dependi ng on t he
wi dt h of t he access space i n t he cent er of t he
cor e, t hi s space may be put t o di f f er ent uses
on di f f er ent f l oor s . At t he gr ound, or ent r y,
l evel t hi s ar ea can become a l obby, whi l e on
f l oor s wher e el evat or s do not st op t hi s space
can be used f or addi t i onal of f i ce space.
78
0
Ext er i or
Unl i ke t he t hr ee i nt er i or cor e l ocat i ons di s-
cussed, t he pr i mar y advant age of an ext er i or
cor e ar r angement i s t hat i t l eaves t he ent i r e
f l oor ar ea of t he bui l di ng avai l abl e f or t enant
use. I n addi t i on, t he cor e does not compl i cat e
t hef l oor pl an ei t her f unct i onal l y or st r uct ur al l y.
Wi t h t hi s t ype of ar r angement , maxi mumf l exi -
bi l i t y i s achi eved wi t h r espect t o t enant di s-
t r i but i on, of f i ce dept h, and l ayout . Si nce t he
cor e cr eat es a " dead wal l " or por t i on t her eof ,
i t maybe used
as
abuf f er bet ween t he bui l di ng
and
an
adj oi ni ng
pr oper t y
whi ch may have
obj ect i onabl e
. Locat i on on t he
out si de
of
t he
bui l di ng
al so
per mi t s t he cor e
t o act as a poi nt of t r ansi t i on bet ween
onebui l d-
i ng and anot her of possi bl y di f f er ent scal e.
Some pr obl ems ar e al so cr eat ed by pl aci ng
t he cor e on t he out si de of a
bui l di ng. The
pr i mar y dr awback
i s
t hat , i n t he case of mul t i -
t enant occupancy, t he cor e
r equi r es a l ong
access cor r i dor l esseni ng f l exi bi l i t y
of t enant
di st r i but i on. I n addi t i on, t he cor e occupi es
desi r abl e wi ndow
space so
t hat t he of f i ces
i mmedi at el y
adj acent t o t he cor e may
not r e-
cei ve any nat ur al l i ght .
GENERAL
PRI NCI PLES
Wor k Fl ow
The r el at i onshi p of i ndi vi dual s, as det er mi ned
by oper at i ng pr ocedur es, must be t he gov-
er ni ng f act or i n any l ayout . The devel opment of
a l ayout whi ch conf or ms t o and compl ement s
t he pr edomi nant wor k f l owr equi r ement s of an
of f i ce i s per haps t he most i mpor t ant phase of
space pl anni ng. Byt he syst emat i c st udy of t he
oper at i ons, pr ocesses, and pr ocedur es i n-
vol ved i n i ndi vi dual ( or gr oup) t asks, t he
pl anner can assi st management by pr ovi di ng
wor k st at i on pat t er ns whi ch ensur e a smoot h,
st r ai ght - l i ne f l owof wor k. I t shoul d be under -
st ood t hat space pl anni ng does not conf l i ct
wi t h or over l ap t he f i el d of met hods and sys-
t ems anal ysi s . The r ol e of t he space pl anner i s
t o gai n a knowl edgeof t he f unct i ons, as devel -
oped, and t o t r ansl at e t hemi nt o t he best
space
l ayout possi bl e wi t hi n t he l i mi t at i ons i mposed
by bui l di ng char act er i st i cs, f i scal al l ot ment s,
et c.
St r ai ght - Li ne
Pr i nci pl e I n a wel l - pl anned
of f i ce,
paper
goes
f r omone desk t o
anot her wi t h t he
l east amount of handl i ng, t r avel i ng,
and del ay.
Wor k shoul d pr ogr ess i n a ser i es of
st r ai ght
l i nes wi t h a gener al f or war d movement ,
avoi d-
i ng cr i escr oss mot i on and backwar d
f l ow.
When t he l ayout i s bei ng devel oped, t he
f l ow
pat t er n can be t r aced f r omdesk t o desk. Cau-
t i on must be exer ci sed, however , si nce t he
st r ai ght - l i ne wor k pr i nci pl e cannot be adapt ed
t o al l act i vi t i es, par t i cul ar l y t hose headquar t er
or depar t ment al of f i ces whose st af f act i vi t i es
do not l end t hemsel ves
t o
assembl y- l i ne pr oc-
essi ng.
Gui de f or Space Pl anni ng &Layout , Gener al
Ser vi ces Admi ni st r at i on, Publ i c Bui l di ngs
Ser vi ce, Washi ngt on, D. C.
Wor k St at i ons
Al l wor k st at i ons,
whet her i n a pr i vat e of f i ce or
i n open space, ar e r educed t o uni t s of f ur ni t ur e
and equi pment . See Fi g. 1 f or t he wor k st a-
t i ons most f r equent l y
used. The basi c uni t
of wor k st at i ons ar e
desks and t her ef or e r e-
qui r e t he most
consi der at i on . The f ol l owi ng
gener al r ul es
ar e appl i cabl e
i n posi t i oni ng
desks :
1.
Desks shoul d f ace t he same
di r ect i on un-
l ess t her e i s a compel l i ng f unct i onal r eason t o
do ot her wi se. The use of t hi s t echni que pr o-
vi des f or st r ai ght wor k
f l ow pat t er ns, f aci l i -
t at es communi cat i ons, and
cr eat es a neat and
at t r act i ve appear ance.
2. I n open ar ea, consi der at i on shoul d be
gi ven t o pl aci ng desks i n r ows of t wo
.
Thi s
met hod
wi l l
per mi t t he use of bank- t ype par t i -
t i ons as a di vi der f or t hose act i vi t i es whi ch
r equi r e vi sual pr i vacy whi l e st i l l obt ai ni ng
maxi mumut i l i zat i on
.
3. Desks shoul d be spaced at a di st ance of
6 f t f r omt he f r ont of a desk t o t he desk behi nd
i t . Thi s di st ance shoul d be i ncr eased t o
7
f t
when desks ar e i n r ows of t wo, i ngr ess and
egr ess i s conf i ned t o one si de of t heai sl e, or i n
i nst ances wher e mor e t han t wo desks si de by
si de cannot be avoi ded.
4. I n pr i vat e of f i ces t he
desk shoul d be
posi t i oned
t o
af f or d t he occupant a vi ewof t he
door .
5. I n open wor k ar eas t he
super vi sor shoul d
be l ocat ed adj acent t o
t he r ecept i oni st or
secr et ar yAccess t o super vi sor y
wor k st at i ons
shoul d not be t hr ough t he wor k ar ea.
6. Desks of empl oyees havi ng
consi der abl e
vi si t or cont act shoul d be l ocat ed near t he
of -
f i ce ent r ance. Conver sel y, desks of empl oyees
doi ng cl assi f i ed wor k shoul d be away
f r om
ent r ances.
" Execut i ve Cor e" Concept
Most newbui l di ng desi gns pr oduce a
bl ock-
t ype st r uct ur e whi ch i s wel l
l i ght ed and ai r
condi t i oned, and whi ch i s di vi ded
by a f ew
access cor r i dor s r adi at i ng f r om a cent r al
ser -
vi ce cor e. Thi s t ype of
const r uct i on per mi t s
devel opment of space pl ans
based on t he
" Execut i ve Cor e" concept
. Thi s concept , or
t echni que, pl aces
al l or a maj or i t y of t he pr i -
vot e of f i ces i n t he cor e ar ea
and al l ocat es space
al ong t he bui l di ng per i met er
f or ot her s . I t has
pr oved ver y sat i sf act or y
i n many cases wher e
i t has been used and has
pot ent i al i n most new
bui l di ngs i n whi ch l ar ge, or
r el at i vel y l ar ge,
gr oups of " l ower
echel on" empl oyees wi l l be
housed.
Thi s concept ar i ses f r omt he
pr emi se t hat
empl oyees per f or mi ng
r out i ne t asks whi ch
keep t hemat t hei r desks
al most t heent i r e wor k
day r equi r e t he psychol ogi cal advant ages
of
wi ndowspace. On t he ot her
hand, super vi sor s
and execut i ves ar e f r equent l y
cal l ed upon t o
l eave t hei r of f i ces f or meet i ngs, super vi sor y
t our s, et c. , and i nt er i or of f i ces,
i f pr oper l y
desi gned and decor at ed, ar e compl et el y accep-
t abl e f or t hem. Al so, t he occupant s of pr i vat e
of f i ces gener al l y r ecei ve t he gr eat est
number
of vi si t or s ; i n f act , t he need t o r ecei ve
many
vi si t or s i s per haps t he j ust i f i cat i on most
f r e-
quent l y gi ven f or pr i vat e of f i ces. The l ocat i on
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
of pr i vat e of f i ces i n t he cor e f aci l i t at es t he han-
dl i ng of vi si t or s and keeps t hemf r omt he gen-
er al wor k ar eas .
Ot her Pl anni ng Consi der at i ons
The appl i cat i on of t he f ol l owi ng consi der at i ons
wi l l assi st t he space pl anner t o at t ai n
f unc-
t i onal ef f ect i veness i n t he f i nal l ayout :
1 . Empl oyees per f or mi ng cl ose wor k shoul d
be i n t he best - l i ght ed ar eas . Gl ar i ng sur f aces
whi ch af f ect vi si on shoul d be i dent i f i ed and
cor r ect ed.
2. Cl ot hes l ocker s i n an of f i ce l ayout ar e
out of dat e and wast ef ul . Lar ge r ooms or open
ar eas shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h hangi ng space
f or coat s and shel ves f or hat s, packages, and
ot her mat er i al . Space not sui t abl e f or wor k
st at i ons shoul d be used whenever possi bl e.
3.
Heavy equi pment gener al l y shoul d be
pl aced agai nst
wal l s or col umns i n or der t o
avoi d f l oor over l oadi ng.
4.
Be
saf et y consci ous . Do not obst r uct
exi t s,
cor r i dor s, or st ai r ways . Compl y wi t h
f i r e saf et y codes gover ni ng ai sl es, exi t s, et c .
5.
Wher e f r equent i nt er vi ews wi t h t he gen-
er al publ i c ar e r equi r ed, as i n per sonnel of f i ces,
t he use of i nt er vi ewcubi cl es shoul d be consi d-
er ed
.
Such
cubi cl es need onl y be l ar ge enough
f or t he
i nt er vi ewer , t he appl i cant , and a smal l
desk
or t abl e.
6. I n
oper at i ons whi ch r equi r e empl oyees
t o
wor k awayf r omt hei r of f i ce, wi t h onl y i nf r e-
quent vi si t s t her e t o f i l e r epor t s, at e . , consi d-
er at i on shoul d be gi ven t o assi gni ng t wo or
mor e empl oyees t o each desk . Ot her consi d-
er at i ons i ncl ude t he pr ovi si on of 45- i n. desks
and t he use of common wor k t abl es, wi t h t he
assi gnment of f i l e cabi net dr awer s t o each
empl oyee i n whi ch t o keep paper s, et c .
The pr i vat e of f i ce i s t he most cont r over si al
pr obl emf aci ng t he space pl anner . The assi gn-
ment of pr i vat e of f i ces and t he t ype of par t i -
t i oni ng t o be used ar e i ssues t o be set t l ed by
t op management act i ng on t he advi ce and r ec-
ommendat i ons of t he space pl anner . Pr i vat e
of f i ces shoul d be assi gned pr i mar i l y f or f unc-
t i onal
r easons, i . e. , nat ur e of wor k, vi si t or t r af -
f i c, or f or secur i t y r easons . When pr i vat e
of f i ces ar e pr ovi ded, t hey shoul d be onl y l ar ge
enough f or t he occupant t o conduct hi s nor mal
busi ness
wi t h a r easonabl e degr ee of di gni t y
( Fi g. 2) .
The f ol l owi ng ar e some of t he f act or s
r equi r i ng
consi der at i on pr i or t o maki ng t he
assi gnment :
Cl assi f i cat i on Gr ade
The necessi t y f or a pr i vat e
of f i ce cannot be
di r ect l y r el at ed t o t he cl assi -
f i cat i on gr ade of t he
empl oyee.
Super vi sor s i n Open Specs
Super vi sor s who ar e
wor ki ng wi t h
t hei r empl oyees, r at her t han
pl anni ng
f or
t hem, shoul d
gener al l y be i n t he
same
r oomor open space wi t h t hem. The
super vi sor
may
be
separ at ed f r omt he bal ance
of hi s sect i on by a di st ance of sever al f eet
whi ch
per mi t s a degr ee of pr i vacy.
Pr est i ge
Af r equent j ust i f i cat i on f or a pr i vat e
of f i ce i s t o
i mpr ess vi si t i ng r epr esent at i ves of
i ndust r y, and t he
gener al publ i c, wi t h t he
i mpor t ance or
di gni t y of
t he of f i ci al
bei ng con-
t act ed. Recent st udi es of of f i ce
pl anni ng i n
pr i vat e i ndust r y t end t o r ef ut e such a
posi t i on.
They showmany hi ghl y pai d empl oyees housed
i n at t r act i ve
open space. Moder at el y si zed pr i -
vat e of f i ces
ar e pr ovi ded onl y f or upper - echel on
of f i ci al s . The
of f i ces of many t op execut i ves
of l ar ge,
nat i onal l y known compani es ar e l ess
t han 250 sq f t each.
The pr ovi si on of a pr i vat e
of f i ce, or t oo l ar ge a pr i vat e
of f i ce, f or a Gov-
er nment of f i ci al may gi ve t he t axpayer s an
adver se i mpr essi on.
Secur i t y Requi r ement s The space
pl anner hear s
many r easons why
peopl e i n Gover nment need
pl aces wher e conf i dent i al
di scussi ons can be
hel d and a var i et y of suggest i ons as t o
how
t hi s shoul d be accompl i shed. The pr i vat e
of f i ce
i s t he most popul ar , i f not al ways
t he
most
pr act i cal , sol ut i on. The Feder al est abl i shment
undoubt edl y has a gr eat er pr obl em i n t hi s
r espect t han many br anches of busi ness .
I n addi t i on t o t he secur i t y r equi r ement s, t he
Gover nment i s f aced wi t h pr i vacy si t uat i ons
i nvol vi ng i nvest i gat i ve agenci es and ot her
act i vi t i es
whi ch have occasi on t o i nqui r e i nt o
t he most conf i dent i al aspect s of i ndi vi dual s'
per sonal
l i ves and t he oper at i ons of busi ness
concer ns. Ther e i s no
quest i on
as
t o t hese per -
sons'
ent i t l ement t o r easonabl e pr i vacy r egar d-
l ess
of whet her t hey ar e summoned t o t he
of f i ce, appear
vol unt ar i l y t o r ender assi st ance,
or
avai l t hemsel ves of ser vi ces of f er ed by t he
agency.
Ther e
ar e
al t er nat i ves, however , i n
det er mi ni ng t he met hods t o
be used t o sat i sf y
t he var i ous
r equi r ement s
Si zes
of Pr i vat e Of f i ces

I t i s desi r abl e t hat pr i vat e
of f i ces be a mi ni mumof 100 sq f t and a
maxi -
mumof 300 sq f t each i n si ze, dependi ng upon
t he r equi r ement s of t he occupant . See sket ches
of most wi del y used pr i vat e of f i ces . Onl y i n
cases wher e i t i s necessar y f or t he occupant
t o meet wi t h del egat i ons of 10 or mor e peopl e
at l east once a day shoul d t he si ze appr oach
300 sq f t . For t he aver age Gover nment f unc-
t i on, t he pr i vat e of f i ce shoul d not exceed 200
sq f t .
Semi pr i vat e Of f i ces
The semi pr i vat e of f i ce i s a r oom, r angi ng i n
si ze f r om 150 t o 400 sq f t , occupi ed by t wo
or mor e i ndi vi dual s . These of f i ces can be
encl osed by cei l i ng- hi gh, t hr ee- quar t er - hi gh,
or bank- t ype par t i t i ons . Exampl es of semi -
pr i vat e of f i ces ar e shown. Because of t he l oss
of f l exi bi l i t y i nt r oduced by t he use of t he
par t i t i ons
r equi r ed t o encl ose t hese of f i ces,
t he same r i gi d r evi ew gi ven pr i vat e of f i ces
shoul d be
empl oyed. Gener al l y, t he need t o
house member s of a
wor k t eamor ot her gr oups
of empl oyees assi gned t o a common t eak i s
an accept abl e j ust i f i cat i on f or semi pr i vat e
acccr 111nr odat i ons .
Gener al or Open
Space
The
f ol l owi ng par agr aphs descr i be some of t he
f act or s
af f ect i ng good of f i ce l ayout i n gener al
or open space:
Gener al " Gener al
of f i ce space" r ef er s t o an
open ar ea occupi ed by
a number of empl oyees,
super vi sor s, f ur ni shi ngs, equi pment , and
ci r cul at i on
ar ea. Lar ge open ar eas per mi t
f l exi bi l i t y
end ef f ect i ve ut i l i zat i on, ai d of f i ce
communi cat i ons, pr ovi de bet t er l i ght and
vent i l at i on,
r educe space r equi r ement s, make
possi bl e bet t er f l owof
wor k, si mpl i f y super -
vi si on, and
el i mi nat e par t i t i on cost s . I n many
cases, however ,
openspace housi ng f or mor e
t han 50 per sons shoul d
be subdi vi ded ei t her
by use of
f i l e cabi net s, shel vi ng, r ai l i ng, or
l owbank- t ype
par t i t i ons .
Open- Ar ea Wor k
St at i ons The space al l ocat ed t o
t hese wor k st at i ons i s based on
t he f ur ni t ur e
and equi pment necessar y t o per f or m
t he wor k
assi gned as wel l as on
ci r cul at i on ar ea. The
space assi gned t o any
speci f i c wor k st at i on
may be i ncr eased due t o speci al
f ur ni t ur e and
equi pment r equi r ement s
associ at ed wi t h t he
par t i cul ar posi t i on.
Ci r cul at i on
Thi s i s t he ar ea r equi r ed t o
conveni ent l y
per mi t i ngr ess and egr ess t o wor k
st at i ons .
The si ze of an ai sl e shoul d be gover ned
by
t he amount of t r af f i c i t bear s . The
f ol l owi ng
st andar ds wi t h r egar d t o i nt er nal ci r cul at i on
wi l l be appl i ed i n space pl anni ng sur veys :
1 . Ai sl es l eadi ng t o mai n exi t s
f r omar eas
whi ch car r y subst ant i al t r af f i c ( mai n
ai sl es)
shoul d be 60 i n . wi de.
2 .
Ai sl es whi ch car r y a moder at e amount
of t r af f i c
( i nt er medi at e ai sl es) shoul d be 48
i n. wi de.
3.
Ai sl es bet ween r ows of desks ( secondar y
ai sl es)
shoul d be appr oxi mat el y 36 i n. wi de.
Conf er ence Requi r ement s
Conf er ences, meet i ngs, and assembl i es ar e an
i mpor t ant par t of Gover nment oper at i ons .
Si nce
t her e i s no est abl i shed st andar d suggest -
i ng t he number of conf er ence r ooms based on
t he number of peopl e, t he needs wi l l var y
wi del y
among agenci es or agencycomponent s,
dependi ng l ar gel y on t he nat ur e of t hei r wor k.
Whenever possi bl e, t he est abl i shment of
conf er ence r ooms shoul d be based on
need
est abl i shed f r ompast r ecor ds and exper i ence,
r at her t han
on ant i ci pat ed needs . Unnecessar y
conf er ence space
i s of t en al l owed because
pl anni ng i s not based on such r ecor ds of
demonst r at ed need. The space pl anner shoul d
al ways eval uat e t he ut i l i zat i on of exi st i ng con-
f er ence
r ooms bef or e r ecommendi ng ot her s
( Fi g. 3) .
Conf er ence Space i n Pr i vat e Of f i ces VS. t he
Conf er -
ence
Room Conf er ences ar e best conduct ed
i n space
desi gned f or t hat pur pose. Con-
f er ence space shoul d not be pr ovi ded i n
pr i vat e of f i ces . I n l i eu of l ar ge of f i ces, i t i s
desi r abl e t o
pr ovi de a conf er ence r oomadj oi n-
i ng
t he of f i ce of a t op of f i ci al who hol ds a
l ar ge number
of conf er ences and near by
conf er ence
r ooms f or of f i ci al s wi t h
mor e
l i mi t ed r equi r ement s . Separ at e conf er ence
r ooms
per mi t maxi mum ut i l i zat i on
t hr ough
schedul i ng
at an appr opr i at e l evel of manage-
ment . Wher e f easi bl e, t r ai ni ng and conf er ence
r equi r ement s shoul d be pool ed and conf er ence
space used
as auxi l i ar y of f i ce ar ea f or vi si t or s .
Locat i on of Conf er ence Rooms
The conf er ence
r oomshoul d be cent r al l y
l ocat ed t o t he user s .
I nt er i or space, whi ch i s not t he
most desi r -
abl e f or of f i ce pur poses, i s wel l
sui t ed f or
conf er ence use. Thi s l ocat i on
el i mi nat es out -
si de di st r act i on and t he need f or wi ndow
cover -
i ngs dur i ng vi sual pr esent at i ons .
Access t o
conf er ence r ooms shoul d be t hr ough
cor r i dor s
or t hr ough r ecept i on ar eas .
Si zes
of Conf er ence Rooms Conf er ence
r ooms
shoul d be desi gned t o accommodat e
aver age
but not maxi mumat t endance. Ext r a
chai r s can
be
used t o achi eve addi t i onal
seat i ng. See
i l l ust r at i ons of pr ef er r ed l ayout of
conf er ence
r ooms of var i ous si zes .
Recept i on
Ar eas and Vi si t or Cont r ol
Vi si t or s
r ecei ve t hei r f i r st i mpr essi on
of an
or gani zat i on
f r omt he decor and l ayout
of t he
r ecept i on ar ea. I t
shoul d be at t r act i ve,
nest ,
busi nessl i ke, and
above al l , adequat e
t o ac-
commodat e nor mal
vi si t or t r af f i c . An al l ow-
ance of 10 sq f t
f or each vi si t or t o be ser ved
may be used f or
space al l ocat i on. For exampl e,
i f space i s
r equi r ed f or a t ot al of f i ve vi si t or s
at any gi ven
t i me, a t ot al of 50 aq f t shoul d
be used i n
pl anni ng t he space. Si ze, decor ,
and equi pment wi l l
depend l ar gel y on t he t ype
and vol ume of vi si t or
t r af f i c ; t hus speci al
781
Commer ci al
OFFI CES,
GENERAL
Wor k
St at i ons
Fi g . 1

Recommended wor k
st at i ons .
782
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Wor k St at i ons
Fi g. 1 ( cont . )

Recommended wor k st at i ons .
783
784
Fi g. t ( cont . )

Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Wor k
St at i ons
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Wor k St at i ons
Fi g. 1 ( cent . )

Recommended wowk st at i ons
.
785
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Wor k St at i nn-
WORKSTATI ON

14A- 43 $Q. FT.
14B
-
52 SQ.
FT. ( wi t h f i i *
eabi nat )
14C- 55 SQ. FT.

( wi t h ar m ehai r )
Fi g . 1 ( coat . )

CUBI CLE
A- 51 Sq. Ft . ( wi t h ai sl e space) CUBI CLE B -
786
Commer ci al
OFFI CES,
GENERAL
Wor k St at i ons
83
Sq. Ft . ( wi t h ai sl e space)
Fi g .
1
( cont . )

CUBI CLE C- 83
Sq. Ft . ( wi t h ai sl e space)
787
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Pr i vat e and Semi pr i vat e
Fi g. 2

Recommended l ayout s
f or pr i vat e and semi pr i vat e of f i ces.
788
78
9
Fi g. 2 ( cant
. )

Recommended l ayout s f or pr i vat e and semi pr i vat e of f i ces .
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Pr i vat e and Semi pr i vat e
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Conf er ence Rooms
Fi g. 3

Recommended l ayout s f or conf er ence r ooms.
790
Commer ci al
OFFI CES,
GENERAL
Layout
pl anni ng
wi l l be r equi r ed t o meet speci f i c
needs.
The r ecept i oni st shoul d be pl aced so
as t o
command a cl ear vi ew of t hose ent er -
i ng and be easi l y
accessi bl e t o vi si t or s .
St or age Space
Of f i ce space
shoul d not be used f or bul k st or -
age. Onl y
wor ki ng i nvent or i es of of f i ce sup-
pl i es and ot her
mat er i al s shoul d be mai nt ai ned
i n of f i ces, pr ef er abl y
i n st andar d suppl y cabi -
net s . Secondar y space, such as
basement
ar eas, shoul d be used t o l ocat e suppl y oper a-
t i ons .
Speci al Requi r ement s
" Speci al r equi r ement s"
r ef er s t o space ot her
t han t hat r equi r ed f or f ur ni t ur e
and equi pment
usual l y f ound i n
of f i ce oper at i ons and whi ch
i s essent i al t o t he wor k of
t he agenci es . The
space pl anner must i dent i f y
t hese speci al r e-
qui r ement s i n t he ear l y st ages
of t he space
pl anni ng .
I nt er i m Space Al l owances Tabl e
1 gi ves al l ow-
ances t o be used by The
Gener al Ser vi ces
Admi ni st r at i on i n space pl anni ng
f or agenci es,
or el ement s t her eof ,
whi ch do not have Occu-
pancy Gui des, i ncl udi ng
agency headquar t er s
act i vi t i es . These al l owances ar e cancel ed
i m-
medi at el y upon publ i cat i on of
t he appr opr i at e
Occupancy Gui de.
ness, such as pr oduct i on,
pr oduct i on engi -
neer i ng, qual i t y cont r ol , shi ppi ng and
r ecei v-
i ng, cost account i ng, i ndust r i al engi neer i ng,
dat a
pr ocessi ng, i nvent or y, et c .
However , al l of f i ce f unct i ons can be cat -
al oged i nt o one of t hese si x gr oups :
1 . Management
2
.
Fi nance
3. Sal es
4. Gener al ser vi ces
5. Techni cal ser vi ces
6 . Pr oduct i on
Her e ar e some poi nt er s f or pl aci ng
t hese
gr oups i n t he best of f i ce l ayout posi t i on t o per -
mi t smoot h oper at i on.
The Management Gr oup
The
t op management
gr oup i s usual l y ar r anged
t oget her , of t en i n
a sor t of chai n of command
. They wi l l be r ea-
sonabl y i sol at ed f r om
gener al of f i ce t r af f i c
and casual i nt er r upt i ons .
They ar e f r equent l y
ar ound t he edge of t he of f i ce,
but t hey may
al so be i n t he cent er
.
The t op
of f i ci al i s per -
haps t he chai r man of
t he boar d or t he pr esi -
dent , end he nat ur al l y
wi l l have t he l ar gest
and best appoi nt ed of f i ce
. The t op execut i ves
need mor e space
not onl y f or pr est i ge but
because t hey have mor e
t han t he usual amount
of vi si t or s and meet i ngs .
I f a conf er ence r oom
i s used, t he si ze of
t he i ndi vi dual of f i ces can
be r educed somewhat .
Ther e i s a t r end away
f r omt he over abundant
of f i ce f or t he t op ex-
ecut i ves,
undoubt edl y encour aged by t he hi gh
cost of of f i ce
space r ent al . The newer de-
si gned, space- savi ng
f ur ni t ur e, however ,
makes
t he r educed space pr act i cal
f r om an
ef f i ci ency
st andpoi nt . I t i s not unusual
i n t he
newer of f i ces t o
f i nd t he t op management men
i n of f i ces
about 12 by 15 f t i n si ze.
The
Fi nanci al Gr oup Al t hough t he f i nanci al
execut i ves have r esponsi bi l i t i es t hat ext end
i nt o t he gener al of f i ce and i nvol ve a consi der -
abl e
per cent age of t he cl er i cal f or ce, t he
execut i ves need not be on t he spot . Super -
vi sor s
can r un t he show wi t h l i t t l e mor e
connect i on t o
t he boss t han t hr ough i nt er coms
or i nt er of f i ce
mai l .
I t i s pr obabl y
mor e i mpor t ant t o put t he
account i ng f unct i on
near wher e i t pi cks up
t he or der s
f r om t he sal es depar t ment . The
account i ng
f unct i ons usual l y l i ne up accor di ng
t o t he syst em
pr ocedur e, goi ng i n a st r ai ght
l i ne t hr ough such
act i vi t i es as cr edi t checks,
or der pr ocessi ng,
i nvent or y cont r ol bi l l i ng,
and f i nal l y account s
r ecei vabl e.
The pur chasi ng depar t ment
has a l ot of
cont act wi t h vendor s, so
i t shoul d be near
t he ent r ance or r ecept i on
r oomt o avoi d exces-
si ve t r af f i c .
Par t of pur chasi ng has t o be t i ed
t o t he account i ng
f unct i on t hr ough t he handl i ng
of
r equi si t i ons, shi ppi ng not i ces, and vendor s'
i nvoi ces .
The per sonnel
depar t ment i s usual l y cl ose
t o t he r ecept i on
ar ea so t hat t hey can i nt er vi ew
j ob appl i cant s
and ot her cal l er s wi t hout
gener al
di sr upt i on of t he of f i ce ar ea.
The dat a
pr ocessi ng act i vi t y usual l y cor nea
at t he
end of t he l i ne, but i t shoul d be out of
t he t r af f i c
swi r l and i n a spot wher e t he noi se
can be conf i ned.
The Sal es Gr oup

Ever y f i r mhas some sor t of a
sal es f unct i on
whi ch st ar t s t he act i vi t y of t he
company.
For t hi s r eason t her e i s a consi der -
abl e amount of
communi cat i on bet ween i t end
al l t he ot her
f unct i ons of t he of f i ce. The sal es
gr oup f r equent l y has vi si t or s and
needs a l ot
of
space f or cat al ogs and speci f i cat i on f i l es,
so t hat each
per son t her e pr obabl y has a
l i t t l e
mor e t hen
t he aver age amount of
f l oor space .
Pr i ci ng,
est i mat i ng, and cor r espondence
ar e
l ar ge f unct i ons
i n t he sal es gr oup. Many
sal es gr oups need a conf er ence r oomor an
al l - pur pose
r oomt hat can be used f or t r ai ni ng,
meet i ngs,
demonst r at i ons,
and
conf er ences
wi t h t he
engi neer i ng and pr oduct devel opment
gr oup.
The Gener al Of f i ce Gr oup
Thi s i s t he gr oup
t hat pr ovi des gener al ser vi ces
f or al l of t he
ot her f unct i ons, such as
cent r al f i l es, st eno-
gr aphi c ser vi ce, l i br ar y,
mai l handl i ng, dupl i cat -
i ng, and gener al communi cat i ons .
The r ef er ence f unct i ons l i ke
cent r al f i l es,
t he l i br ar y, and t he
st enogr aphi c pool ar e
nor mal l y i n t he cent er of al l t he
ot her f unct i ons
i n
t he of f i ce. The mai l handl i ng i s
at ei t her
end
of t he of f i ce wor k f l ow.
Dupl i cat i ng
ser vi ces
ar e nor mal l y i sol at ed because
of t he
noi se
andf umes, and may be near t he
f unct i on
t hat cal l s
most f r equent l y f or t hi s
ser vi ce,
such as shi ppi ng
end r ecei vi ng r ooms .
The t el ephone swi t chboar d i s par t of t he j ob
of t he
r ecept i oni st , and i s nat ur al l y
i n t he
r ecept i on ar ea .
I n a mor e compl i cat ed
com-
muni cat i ons set up
i t mi ght be i n a cent er by
i t sel f , conveni ent t o
t he ot her of f i ce act i vi t i es .
Techni cal Ser vi ce Gr oup Techni cal ser vi ces such
as t he engi neer i ng, dr af t i ng, and desi gn
peopl e
ar e nor mal l y l ocat ed near t he act i vi t i es
t hey assi st , such as manuf act ur i ng, sal es, and
pr oduct i on . When t hey deal wi t h pr oduct i on
and syst ems wor k t hey ar e f r equent l y out
i n
t he pl ant .
The
Pr oduct i on Gr oup The pr oduct i on gr oup i s
usual l y i n a second of f i ce, set up out i n t he pr o-
duct i on pl ant . I t i s j ust as i mpor t ant t o t he
busi -
ness as t he gener al of f i ces and shoul d have t he
same amount of consi der at i ons, di gni t i es, and
f aci l i t i es . Thi s i s not al ways t he case, unf or t u-
nat el y,
but
wher e
i t
has been t he pol i cy t o put
t hi s of f i ce gr oup on a par wi t h t he gener al
of f i ces, an i mpr ovement
i n wor k and gener al
mor al e has been accompl i shed.
I n any l ar ge- scal e pl anni ng, ot her f act or s
besi des
avai l abl e space wi l l nat ur al l y i nf l uence
t he
deci si on f or t he f i nal pl aci ng of any par t i cu-
l ar depar t ment . The shi ppi ng and r ecei vi ng
depar t ment s,
f or exampl e, coul d har dl y be
pl aced on t he t op
f l oor even t hough t hei r
space
r equi r ement s woul d f i t per f ect l y i nt o
a gi ven ar ea on t he t op
f l oor .
St udy
t he Or gani zat i on Char t
The
ar r angement of t he of f i ce f unct i ons wi l l
act ual l y
be a pr oj ect i on of t he or gani zat i on
char t
of t he f i r m, l ocat ed wi t h r espect f or t he
f l ow
of wor k and t he physi cal r equi r ement s
of each
depar t ment .
The or gani zat i on char t wi l l showt he depar t -
ment s and sect i ons
whi ch make up t he f i r m,
l i ke t he execut i ve, of f i ces, sal es, account i ng,
engi neer i ng, pr oduct i on, r esear ch, and pur -
chasi ng
. The char t wi l l al so gi ve a cl ue t o t he
i nt er r el at i onshi p of t he depar t ment s .
Rel at i vel y
mi nor act i vi t i es ar e bet t er pl aced
ar ound t he maj or
of f i ce act i vi t i es r at her t han
i nt egr at ed
wi t h t hem. When mor e apace I s
needed, t he maj or
act i vi t i es can be expanded
wi t h l ess di sr upt i on si mpl y by
movi ng a mi nor
act i vi t y over
a desk or t wo .
Each depar t ment
and di vi si on has a good
r eason
f or bei ng i n one l ocat i on r at her t han
anot her
. Her e ar e t en gui des f or det er mi ni ng
what t hat l ocat i on
shoul d be. When t he depar t -
ment i s pr oper l y
assi gned t o a maj or ar ea,
mi nor changes can
be made l at er wi t hout an
upheaval i n t he basi c
pat t er n. Some depar t -
ment s wi l l nat ur al l y
qual i f y i n sever al of
t hese gui des,
and t hen i t wi l l be a mat t er of
choosi ng t he l ocat i ons
whi ch seem t o of f er
t he beat compr omi se.
791
OFFI CE LAYOUT BY
FUNCTI ON
The of f i ce oper at i on i s
l i ke
a
l ar ge machi ne
whi ch needs t o have
al l of i t s par t s synchr o-
ni zed and movi ng smoot hl y
. Each of f i ce f unc-
t i on must mesh smoot hl y
wi t h t he ot her s wi t h
a mi ni mumof f r i ct i on
.
The of f i ce machi ne' s sour ce of power i s
i n-
f or mat i on, and i t i s t he pur pose
of good of f i ce
l ayout desi gn t o
per mi t t hi s i nf or mat i on t o
f l ow smoot hl y, avoi di ng
unnecessar y t ur ns
and t r aps . Ther e i s cer t ai nl y
no one of f i ce
l ayout t hat wi l l f i t
al l compani es, any mor e
t han t her e i s an al l - pur pose
machi ne, but t her e
ar e some r easonabl y good
pr i nci pl es of l ayout
by f unct i on t hat coul d be
appl i ed t o any of f i ce
si t uat i on .
Si x Basi c Of f i ce Funct i ons
I f you wer e t o make a l i st of
t he t ypi cal of f i ce
f unct i ons, you woul d
f i nd i t qui t e a l ong one.
Ever y of f i ce needs
management , communi ca-
t i ons, f i l i ng, bi l l i ng,
payment s, payr ol l , pur -
chasi ng, and account i ng
. Ot her f unct i ons ar e
added accor di ng t o t he
pur pose of t he busi -
Nowt o Pl an Your Of f i ce Space, Nat i onal
Of f i ce
Pr oduct s Associ at i on, Washi ngt on, D. C. ,
1968 .
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Space
1 . Conveni ence t o t he
Publ i c Those
depar t ment s
havi ng
t he gr eat est number of
vi si t or s shoul d
be l ocat ed so t hat t he vi si t or s have
a shor t ,
di r ect , and conveni ent r out e f r om t he
mai n
ent r ance t o t he depar t ment sought
.
The
sal es,
pur chasi ng, and empl oyment or
per sonnel
depar t ment s usual l y have t he most
vi si t or s .
Conveni ent access i s not onl y
enj oyed by t he
vi si t or s but i t of f er s t he l east
di st ur bance t o
t he wor k of empl oyees
.
2. Fl ow of Wor k Depar t ment s havi ng t he
cl osest wor ki ng connect i ons shoul d be pl aced
cl osest t oget her . When t hi s i s done, t he wor k
f l ows wi t h a mi ni mumwast e of t i me bet ween
oper at i ons . Sal es and adver t i si ng depar t ment s
nor mal l y wor k t oget her ; so do t he sal es and
cr edi t
depar t ment s, cost and payr ol l depar t -
ment s . When t hey ar e t oo f ar apar t , unneces-
sar y wal ki ng t i me
i s i ncr eased or t he t el ephone.
swi t chboar d or
i nt er coms ar e over wor ked.
3 . Equi pment
Used Some depar t ment al oper a-
t i ons r equi r e
t he use of speci al equi pment
r equi r i ng
ext ensi ve wi r i ng, pl umbi ng, or vent i -
l at i on equi pment . Movi ng depar t ment s of t hi s
t ype r equi r es expensi ve al t er at i ons . Obvi -
ousl y, t wo such
depar t ment s shoul d not be
l ocat ed
t oget her because of t he di f f i cul t y of
l at er expansi on.
Some sect i ons of
a depar t ment may use
noi sy equi pment .
They may use t el et ypes,
t abul at i ng equi pment , r epr oduct i on equi pment ,
and si mi l ar speci al i zed equi pment . Typi ng and
st enogr aphi c sect i ons,
because of t hei r con-
cent r at i on, wi l l pr oduce a hi gher noi se l evel
t han a si mi l ar number of machi nes scat t er ed
t hr oughout t he ar ea. To mi ni mi ze di st ur bance
t o t he r est of t he empl oyees, t hese sect i ons ar e
commonl y segr egat ed i nt o sound- t r eat ed
r ooms.
4. Cent r al i zed Funct i ons Sect i ons and f aci l i t i es
t hat ser ve t he ent i r e of f i ce shoul d be cent r al l y
l ocat ed and easi l y accessi bl e t o al l who use
t hem. Cor r espondence andst enogr aphi c pool s,
cent r al f i l es, cost account i ng, and t abul at i ng
ar sexampl es . Of cour se, r est r ooms, wat er f oun-
t ai ns, and suppl y cabi net s shoul d be pr ovi ded
i n suf f i ci ent number s and conveni ent l y l ocat ed.
5. Conf i dent i al
Ar eas
Cer t ai n
f unct i ons of a busi -
ness may be of
a conf i dent i al nat ur e t hat
r equi r es t hemt o be i sol at ed f r om ot her s
i n
t he of f i ce and f r omt he gener al publ i c
. Cent r al
f i l es, t he paymast er , t he cont r ol l er ,
end l egal
of f i ces ar e exampl es .
6 . Conf er ence Rooms Conf er ence and t r ai ni ng
r ooms shoul d be r easonabl y near t hose depar t -
ment s t hat use t hemt he most . I f t he
of f i ce i s
ai r condi t i oned, t he r oomcan
be
i n
t he i nt er i or
of t he space t o el i mi nat e t he di st r act i on of
wi ndows and t o pr ovi de mor e wal l di spl ay ar ea
.
7 . Fr ei ght El evat or s Depar t ment s r ecei vi ng and
del i ver i ng l ar ge quant i t i es of mat er i al s shoul d
be l ocat ed near t he f r ei ght ar ea f or
ease of
handl i ng, l ess t i me and l abor , and l ess di st r ac-
t i on of ot her wor ker s . Mai l , st ockr oom, and
machi ne depar t ment s ar e i n
t hi s cat egor y
.
8. Shi ppi ng Dock Shi ppi ng and r ecei vi ng act i vi -
t i es and mai l r ooms
shoul d obvi ousl y be near
t he poi nt of
ent r ance and exi t of mat er i al .
9. Ser vi ce Faci l i t i es

Eat i ng, medi cal , and l ounge
f aci l i t i es
ar e gener al l y on t he l ower f l oor s t o
r educe
el evat or t r af f i c . The number and t ype of
empl oyees i n a par t i cul ar depar t ment mi ght
be consi der ed i n
l ocat i ng i t near t hese f aci l -
i t i es
.
792
10. Passenger El evat or s

Whenan of f i ce occupi es
mor e t han one f l oor , el evat or ser vi ce wi l l be
mor e
ef f ect i ve when t he depar t ment s wi t h
l ar ge
cl er i cal f or ces ar e on t he l ower f l oor s .
The f undament al uni t ( modul e) f or of f i ce
space
pl anni ng i s t he i ndi vi dual wor ker , seat ed
at hi s or her desk or wor k st at i on. The space
al l owance assi gned t o each wor ker can be
ei t her l i ber al or economi cal dependi ng upon
space l i mi t at i ons or t he ki nd of at mospher e
desi r ed i n t he of f i ce.
I n l ar ger of f i ces wher e t her e
ar e many
r out i ne j obs,
space st andar ds t end t o be eco-
nomi cal . Wher e t he
wor k i s speci al i zed, wher e
t her e ar e many vi si t or s, or wher e hi gh
mor al e
i s pr omot ed, space
assi gnment i s apt t o be
mor e gener ous . Lar ger
f i r ms t end t o be mor e
economi cal t hen smal l er
ones, f or t he ext r a
space means ext r a r ent al
cost s or mor e bui l d-
i ngs . Smal l er f i r ms have
f ewer r out i ng oper a-
t i ons and t end t o have
mor e gener ous space
al l owances
.
I n t he gener al of f i ce ar ea, al l ot ment of 100
sq f t per cl er i cal wor ker
i s gener al l y consi der ed
a l i ber al
st andar d; 65 sq f t i s an economi cal
st andar d
. Ei ght y squar e f eet woul dbe a r eason-
abl e aver age.
FI VE GUI DES FORSPACE ALLOWANCES
Good space ut i l i zat i on does not necessar i l y
moon al l ocat i ng t he l east possi bl e wor ki ng
space per per son. On t he cont r ar y, t oo l i t t l e
wor ki ng space may r educe t he wor ker ' s
ef f i ci ency and wast e many t i mes t he savi ngs
made by any r educt i on i n t he squar e- f oot r ent al
cost s . Good space ut i l i zat i on, i n i t s br oad
meani ng, al l ot s mor e space t o t hose posi t i ons
whose act i vi t y j ust i f i es i t , and r educes t he
space wher e t her e i s a sur pl us .
Ther e i s no accur at e scal e of space al l ow-
ances whi ch wi l l make l ayout pl anni ng aut o-
mat i c . We can gi ve you her e, however ,
some
gui del i nes whi ch have been est abl i shed f r om
a
l ar ge number of sur veys made of
of f i ces, bot h
commer ci al and gover nment al . These sugges-
t i ons wi l l hel p you make a br oad
est i mat e of
your space r equi r ement s or wi l l
ser ve as a
check agai nst your own
ut i l i zat i on of space.
We can br eak down t he t ypes of
space
r equi r ed i n t he t ypi cal of f i ce i nt o f i ve
cat ego.
r i es as f ol l ows :
1. Of f i ce apace
2. Fi l e space
3. Speci al equi pment
4. St or age space
5. Speci al r ooms
Let ' s di scuss t hese f i ve space cat egor i es
separ at el y.
Of f i ce
Space Al l owance
The f ol l owi ng
t ypi cal al l owances i ncl ude space
f or
depar t ment al ai sl es, space t o move about ,
space f or
occasi onal vi si t or s and consul t at i on,
r est r ooms,
f ount ai ns, speci al f i l es, gener al
of f i ce
equi pment , bookcases, and coat r acks .
I t does not
i ncl ude mai n ai sl es, cor r i dor s, or
t he
space cover ed by t he ot her f our space
cat egor i es .
Squar e f eet
Top execut i ve
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400- 600
J uni or execut i ves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100- 200
Super vi sor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80- 100
Oper at or at 60 i n. desk. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55
Oper at or et 55 i n. desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50
Oper at or
at 50 i n
.
desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45
Oper at or s ar e assumed t o be et desks si de by
si de, t wo i n a r ow. Add space f or f i l e and si de
chai r i f needed.
The use of L- shaped f ur ni t ur e f or wor k
st at i ons wi l l gi ve mor e sur f ace r oomt han t he
st andar d desks, but t he f l oor space wi l l be
r oughl y equi val ent when t he wi dt h i s t he same
as desks above.
Fi l e Space Al l owance
The act ual space t aken up by a f i l e cabi net and
i t s open dr awer
i s easi l y measur ed.
I t
i s
di f f i -
cul t
t o est i mat e howmuch shoul d be added t o
t hese measur ement s f or wor ki ng ar ea unt i l
deci si ons ar e made on ar r angement of t he
f i l i ng ar ea.
I n
gener al , each open f i l e cabi net wi l l r equi r e
t he f ol l owi ng space al l owance wi t hout consi d-
er at i on of anywor ki ng ar ea i n f r ont of t he open
dr awer :
Squar e f eet
St andar d
l et t er f i l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
St andar d l egal
f i l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7
Si de- openi ng
l et t er f i l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6%,
Si de- openi ng

l egal f i l e .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

7
j r
Speci al Equi pment
Al l owance
Cer t ai n speci al t ypes
of of f i ce machi nes r equi r e
mor e space t han nor mal l y
al l owed i n an est i -
mat e based on t he aver age
cl er k or t ypi st posi -
t i on. Any space
t aken up by t he f ol l owi ng
equi pment endt hei r
oper at or s shoul d be added
t o t hat consi der ed f or t he r egul ar of f i ce
space.
1 . Tabul at i ng equi pment
2 . Dupl i cat i ng equi pment
3 . Tel ephone swi t chboar d
4. Tel et ype equi pment
5. Ti me cl ock space
6 . Ot her speci al equi pment
St or age Space Al l owance
St or age r equi r ement s depend on t he
nat ur e
of t he f i r m' s wor k, i t s
age, and t he i ncl i nat i on
of t he admi ni st r at i on t o r et ai n r ecor ds
. Her e
ar e some
st or age space r equi r ement s whi ch
shoul d be consi der ed
:
1 .
Vaul t s
2. St ockr ooms
3
. Tr ansf er f i l es
4. Shel vi ng
5. J ani t or
suppl i es and equi pment
6 . St ock
r ooms
7. Coat
r ooms
Speci al Rooms
Al l owance
Dependi ng
on t he t ype of busi ness, of f i ces wi l l
r equi r e r ooms
of a si ze mat ched t o t hei r use.
These wi l l i ncl ude
:
1 . Recept i on
r oom
2. Wai t i ng
r oom
3. I nt er vi ewi ng
r oom
4.
Exami nat i on r oom
5. Conf er ence
r oom
6 . Exhi bi t r oom
7. Medi cal
r oom
8. Lunchr oom
9. Empl oyee l ounge
10. Rest r oom
11. Mai l r oom
The mor e common r ooms wi l l
have t he f ol -
l owi ng t ypi cal space
al l ot ment s, based on t hei r
use by 15 peopl e
.
Squar e f eet
Recept i on r oom. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
.

400
Wai t i ng or i nt er vi ewi ng r oom. . . . . . . . . . .

200
Conf er ence r oom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

500
Add appr oxi mat el y 10 sq f t f or each addi -
t i onal per son t o be pr ovi ded f or .
Commer ci al
OFFI CES,
GENERAL
Pl anni ng
By J OSEPH
KLEI MAN, Ar chi t ect ,
Fr ei di n, Kl ei man,
Kel l eher , NewYor k, N. Y.
Fi g . 4 Of f i ce pl anni ng : desks- si zes .
Fi g . 5 Of f i ce pl anni ng :
Seat i ng - si zes-
793
CHAI R DI MENSI ONS
LOUNGE
CHAI RAND
SOFADI MENSI ONS
VARI OUS DRAWER
ARRANGEMENTS FOR
PEDESTALS
DESKS- SI NGLE OR
DOUBLE PEDESTAL
WORKTABLES
ARE OF SI MI LARDI MENSI ONS
FOREXECUTI VE
DESKS WI THRETURNS,
RETURNS ARE
AVAI LABLE AT THE SAME
HEI GHT AS THE DESK
SURFACE
AMI NI MUMCLEAR
WI DTHOF 22" SHOULD
BE PROVI DED
FORKNEE ROOM, 24" I S
ARTI ST ANDDRAFTI NGDESKS ORTABLES
PEDESTALS
FOR SECRETARI ALRETURNS WI LL
BE
REDUCEDI N HEI GHT
THE EQUI VALENT OF ONE
PENCI L DRAWER
STANDARDSI ZE ENGI NEERI NGOR
ARCHI TECTURAL
DRAFTI NG
TABLES
ARE
37 1 / 2" x 431/ 2 " D
x 60" - 72" - 84" Wx 37" H.
DESK
DI MENSI ONS
SECRETARI AL
SWI VEL
RI GI D
STACK CHAI R
RI GI DAND
ADJ USTABLE
SI DE CHAI R
ARMCHAI R
ARMCHAI R
DRAFTI NG
STOOL
STD.
RANGE STD. RANGE STD. RANGE
STD. RANGE STD
RANGE STD. RANGE
W l ' - 5"
1' - 4- 1' - 8" 2' - 4"
l ' - G" f - 5" - 2' - O 1' - 8" l ' - 4" - 2' - O"
D1' - 71/ z'
1' - 6- 2' - 0" 2' - 3" 1' - B' =2' - 6" 1' - 10 1' - 7=2' - 8"
1' - 9" 1' - 7' - 1' - 16 1' - B 1' - 6' - 2' - d'
1' - I d' 1' - 6- 2' - 8"
H2' _ 6" 2' - 5- 2' _10" 2' - 9" 2' - 6"
3' - 0" 2' - 6" 2=4' =2' - 10" 2' _6"
2' - 4- 2- 9" 3' - 0" 2- 11- 3- 6" 2' - 6"
2' - 4- 2' - 10"
H 1' - 5" i - d- 1' - 8" 1' - 5" l ' - 4' - 1' - 10"
1' - 6" 1' - 4' =f - 7" 1' - 5"
1' - 6"
1' - 5' =1' - 7"
LOUNGE
CHAI R SOFA
STD. RANGE
W2' - 6" 2' - 6" - 3' - 4"
D,
HANDHi
SI MI LAR
D
H
H
2' - 7"
2' - 6"
l ' - 3"
2' - 2' - 3' - 4' 1
2' - 1' - 3' - 4"
2SEATS- 5' - 0
; - 6' - 7"
3SEATS- 6=O' =7=6"
4SEATS- 7=8' =9' - 0"
DE SKS
RETURNS
FOREXECUTI VE
DOUBLE
SI NGLE
DESK
RETURNS
ARE
AVAI LABLE
PEDESTAL PEDESTAL
AT
SAME
HEI GHT
AS DESK
STANDARD RANGE
STANDARD RANGE STANDARD RANGE
D
2' _6. . 2' _p, r 3~~
2' - 6" 2
,
0
,
_
.
33

1, _
H
2'
5
. .
2_4- =
2
. =6,
_
-
. _2,
5, "
2' 4'
2,
'
_
. - 2- 2"
2'
"
2' - 3'
L 5' - 0
__- 4
6 "
~ O" - - 0 3- 9"
- 7=0
3 0
_
1 - ~)
- 5' - 0
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Pl anni ng
TYPI CAL
LATERAL FI LE AND
OVFRFI LE STORAGE
DI MENSI ONS
SI DE AI SLE
NOTES:
DI MENSI ONS SHOWNARE BASEDON
2' - 6" x 5' - 0" DESKS
FORPLANNI NG
PURPOSES SECRETARI AL
ANDCLERI CAL AREAS
REQUI RE 45 TO60
SQ. FT. PERPERSONI NCLUDI NG
AI SLES,
ADD10 TO
15 SQ. FT. FORSI DE
CHAI RS
" BACK
TOBACK" AND" FACE TOFACE"
PLACEMENT OF DESKS CANSAVE SPACE
BUT SHOULDBE
AVOI DEDI F POSSI BLE .
MULTI PLE- PERSON
OFFI CES
ALL I NFORMATI ON
CONTAI NEDONTHI S
PAGE CANAPPLY TOMULTI PLE
PERSON
OFFI CES .
Fi g . 7

Of f i ce pl anni ng : cl ear ances f or secr et ar i al ar eas and gener al cl er i cal of f i ces .
79
4
STORAGE
ANDLI BRARYSHELVI NG
STORAGE ANDWARDROBE CABI NETS
Fi g . 6

Of f i ce pl anni ng : f i l es and st or agesi zes
.
NOTE : SI MI LARAI SLE CLEARANCES
SHOULDBE
APPLI EDTOSTORAGE ORBOOK
SHELVI NG
PLAN- VERTI CAL FI LES
FI LES ANDOVERFI LE STORAGE
LATERAL
FI LES
VERTI CAL
FI LES
FI LE DRAWERS MAYBE USEDFOR
STORAGE I NLI EUOF
OVERFI LE
UNI TS
TYPI CAL
OVERFI LE
VERTI CAL FI LE
STORAGE
AND
DI MENSI ONS
OVERFI LE
STORAGE
OVER2 OVER3
LETTERLETTER
DEPTH - - _- 2_' - 41/ 2"
2' - 4
1 / 2"
2' - 4
1
/ 2
- LETTER
1' - 2 7/ 4
2' _- 5 3
/ 4" 2' - 113/ 4"
WI DTH
LEGAL I ' - 5W' 3- 83' 4 4- 53/ 4"
2 DR. 2 6"
3
DR
.
Y- 5"
2
2" 2 _2"
__. _
4'
-11" 3
3~d"
HEI GHT 5 DR_.
- ~
DI MENSI ONS OF I S MANUFAC-
TURERS WI LL_ VARYSLI GHTLY
CABI NET DI MENSI ONS .
DEPTH 16 l ' - 10 , 2' - 0" - _
WI DTH l ' - 6" , 2' - O" , 3' - O"
HEI GHT
2' - 6" , 3' - G' : 5' - 6' : 6' - 6
SHELVI NGDI MENSI ONS
6 9
1 t '
DEPTH
WI DTH
3' - 6- ' _4' - 0"
HEI GHTS
AS DESI RED
FI LES
_
.
. __QV~F7~ l
. E
STORAGE
LETTER
1' - 3" 1' _3"
DEPTHLEGAL 1' - 6"
WI DTH2' - 6~, 3' - 0~3
62- 6' , 3' - 0, 3- 6
2 DR
2' - 5
THEN
I NCREASE
2- 2
1
0
FOREACHI and
ADDI TI ONAL 3' - 1"
DRAWER
THAN
HEI GHT 7 DRAWERS
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Pl anni ng
Fi g. 9 Pl anni ng modul e f or l ayout of gener al of f i ce
space.
Fi g. 10

Pr i vat e of f i ce wi dt hs usi ng a modul e of 4 t o
5 f t wi t h cont i nuous wi ndows.
( b)

Two- wi ndowof f i ce
Fi g. 11

Pr i vat e of f i ce
wi dt hs usi ng a modul e of 4t o 5
Not e. al l pl ans dr awn wi t h out si de
at bot t om
Fi g .
12

Rel at i on
of
pl anni ng modul e and wal l modul e
t o col umn spaci ng and l ocat i on
.
Fi g. 8

Of f i ce pl anni ng : l ayout s
f or pr i vat e of f i ces.
Of f i ce l ayout i s of t en based upon a modul e
der i ved f r om st andar d f ur ni t ur e end equi p-
ment and t he necessar y cl ear ances . For
l ar ge gener al of f i ces, t he pl anni ng uni t or mod.
ul e i s based upon one desk and chai r
and
i s
t hus about 5 by 6 f t . Si nce t hi s di mensi on i s
al so sat i sf act or y f or ai sl es bet ween r ows of
desks t hemodul e can be used t o f or ma r egul ar
gr i d f or t he pl anni ng of l ar ge of f i ce ar eas ( Fi g.
9) .
I n t he l ayout of pr i vat e of f i ces t he cont r ol -
l i ng f act or s ar e t he mi ni mumpr act i cal of f i ce
l ayout wi t h t he wal l and wi ndowdesi gn. A
pl anni ng modul e of 4t o 5 f t wor ks r easonabl y
wel l f or t hi s pur pose. Wi t h t hi s modul e t he
smal l est of f i ce ( 2 modul es) woul d be B t o 10
f t wi de, and a conveni ent r ange of of f i ce si zes
i s pr ovi ded i n i ncr ement s of one modul e ( Fi g.
10) . I f t he ext er i or wal l consi st s of cont i nuous
wi ndows, one modul e i n wi dt h, t hen t he of f i ce
wi dt hs ar e l i mi t ed t o even modul es. I f
wi n-
dows al t er nat e wi t h sol i d wal l s, t hen of f i ce
wi dt hs do not have t o be i n even modul es
but
may var y wi del y ( Fi g . 11) . Thi s t ype of wal l
desi gn per mi t s gr eat er f l exi bi l i t y i n of f i ce l ay-
out at t he expense of l ess nat ur al l i ght i n t he
of f i ces.
The pl anni ng modul e and t he ext er i or wal l
modul e must be r econci l ed wi t h t he st r uct ur al
modul e or col umn bay. I f al l t hese modul es
coi nci de, t hen t he wal l or wi ndowuni t s adj a-
cent t o t he col umn must be smal l er t han t he
i nt er medi at e uni t s ( Fi g. 12a) . I f t he wal l uni t s
ar e kept uni f or mi n si ze, t hen t he pl anni ng
modul e i s i nt er r upt ed by t he col umn wi dt h
( Fi g. 126) . I f t he col umns ar e set i nsi de t he
wal l s, t hey do not i nt er f er e wi t h t he wal l mod-
ul e but t hey cr eat e a ser i ous l i mi t at i on on t he
l ayout of pr i vat e of f i ces ( Fi g. 12c) . I f t he col -
umns ar e set out si de t he wal l s, t hen t he pl an-
ni ng modul e and t he wal l modul e ar e not
af f ect ed by t hem( Fi g. 12d) .
Col umn spaci ng most f r equent l y used i n
mul t i st or y st eel - f r amed of f i ce bui l di ngs i s
ar ound 25 f t , cent er t o cent er . Recent t r end i s
t owar d l ar ger spaci ng; 30 t o 35 f t i s not uncom-
mon. Fl exi bi l i t y of i nt er i or space i s so i mpor -
t ant
i n
of f i ce
bui l di ng desi gn t hat t he ext r a cost
of cl ear span
f r ami ng wi t h t he el i mi nat i on of
al l i nt er i or col umns i s somet i mes consi der ed
wor t hwhi l e; cl ear spans of 60 t o 70 f t have
been used.
795
CLOSET PANTRY
UNI T
PRI VATE
TOI LET
PRI VATE
TOI LET
DRI NKI NG
FOUNTAI N
TELEPHONE
SWI TCHBOARD ( o) One- wi ndowof f i ce
CONFERENCE ROOM
Commer ci al
OFFI CES, GENERAL
Pl anni ng; Landscapi ng
Ef f i ci ency of an of f i ce bui l di ng
desi gn i s mea-
sur ed by
t he r at i o of r ent abl e space t o
t ot al
space.
Aver age ef f i ci ency i s
about 70 per cent ;
maxi mumpossi bl e i s
about 85 per cent . The non-
r ent abl e
space consi st s of t he
el evat or s, st ai r s,
and t oi l et s andt hei r
associ at ed l obbi es, cor r i dor s,
pi pe and
duct shaf t s, and j ani t or ' s
cl oset s. These
f aci l i t i es ar e usual l y
pl anned i n a compact uni t
cal l ed
t he ser vi ce cor e. For pr el i mi nar y
assump-
t i ons, t he number of
el evat or s r equi r ed may
be
est i mat ed
on t he basi s of one el evat or per
25, 000
sq f t of r ent abl e
ar ea. El evat or l obbi es shoul d
be 6
t o 9 f t wi de i f el evat or s
ar e on one si de
onl y; 10 t o 12
f t i f el evat or s ar e on bot h si des.
Cor r i dor s ar e usual l y 5 f o 6
f t wi de ( Fi g . 13) ,
wi der i f
ver y l ong, nar r ower i f ver y shor t.
r ent al space,
t he ser vi ce cor e maybe moved com-
pl et el y out si de t he of f i ce space.
When t hi s scheme
i s combi ned
wi t h cl ear span f r ami ng, t he ul t i mat e
i n f l exi bi l i t y i s achi eved ( Fi g . 15) .
Fl oor - t o- f l oor
hei ght s ar e usual l y about 12 f t ,
r angi ng f r om11 t o 14 f t . Fi ni shed cei l i ng
hei ght s
ar e gener al l y about 8t o 8Ya
f t . The space above
t he cei l i ng i s r equi r ed f or duct s and
r ecessed l i ght -
i ng. I n or der t o avoi d
excessi ve dept hs i n t hi s
ut i l i t y space, gi r der s ar e somet i mes desi gned
wi t h
openi ngs i n t he web t o
per mi t t he passage of
duct s.
per sonnel and " gener al
of f i ce" per sonnel . The
of f i ces ar e desi gned wi t h no f i xed
wal l s or par t i -
t i ons. The ent i r e f l oor space
i s t r eat ed as open
space wi t h movabl e scr eens, pl ant s, and f ur ni t ur e
ar r angement s ut i l i zed t o cr eat e
f unct i onal wor k
gr oups
. Wi t h t he el i mi nat i on of f i xed wal l s or
par t i t i ons, a maxi mumdegr ee of
l ong- t er mf l exi -
bi l i t y can be achi eved. I t shoul d be
r ecogni zed,
however , t hat i n a t ot al l y open f l oor
space wi t h-
out wal l s or par t i t i ons, pr ovi si on f or t el ephone
and el ect r i cal out l et s must be made
ei t her t hr ough
a compl ex under f l oor el ect r i cal duct syst em or
t hr ough a syst em
t hat af f or ds t he oppor t uni t y
t o dr op t el ephone and el ect r i c l i nes f r om
t he cei l -
i ng t o t he wor k
st at i ons bel ow. I t shoul d al so
be r ecogni zed t hat i n t hi s t ype of open
oper at i on,
f act or s such
as l i ght i ng, noi se cont r ol , and ai r
condi t i oni ng wi l l pr esent t echni cal
pr obl ems t hat
must be deal t
wi t h and sol ved i n or der t o i nsur e
a physi cal envi r onment conduci ve
t o a sat i sf ac-
t or y
wor k si t uat i on.
Whi l e pr esent i ng t echni cal
pr obl ems t o t he of -
f i ce
pl anner , t hese pr obl ems can be sol ved wi t h
car ef ul st udy and engi neer i ng
know- howwi t hi n
t he exi st i ng t echnol ogy. I t i s t he opi ni on of t he
aut hor t hat al t hough
t he of f i ce l andscapi ng con-
cept of f er s many advant ages, i t may al so
cr eat e
many
newpr obl ems unl ess i t i s appl i ed af t er a
ver y t hor ough st udy of al l f act or s r el at ed
t o over -
al l of f i ce
envi r onment .
OFFI CE
LANDSCAPI NG"
Anumber of l ar ge U. S
. cor por at i ons have been
exper i ment i ng wi t h an open
pl anni ng syst em
known i n t he space- pl anni ng
and desi gn pr of es-
si on as " of f i ce l andscapi ng. "
Thi s concept of
pl anni ng or i gi nat ed
i n West Ger many and has
been used ext ensi vel y
i n Eur opean of f i ce oper a-
t i ons.
I t i s i nt ended t o cr eat e an open,
f l exi bl e
l ayout by gr oupi ng
per sonnel and t hei r wor k st a-
t i ons i n accor dance wi t h gr oup
communi cat i ons
and wi t h
i nt er depar t ment al wor k f l owand r el a-
t i onshi ps.
The pr oponent s
of t he l andscapi ng concept
mai nt ai n t hat of f i ce pl anni ng shoul d not
be based
upon t he t r adi t i onal
or gani zat i on char t of com-
mand
st r uct ur e, but r at her on t he gr oupi ng
of
per sonnel i n open
space al ong t he l i nes of i nt er -
per sonal r el at i onshi ps andgr oup
communi cat i ons .
When t hi s
concept
i s
appl i ed i n i t s most l i t er al
f or m, i t means t he el i mi nat i on of
pr i vat e of f i ces,
wi t h no di st i nct i on made
bet ween " management "
Fi g. 13 Cor r i dor wi dt h based on
r equi r ement s of
human f i gur as.
Maur i ce Mogul escu,
Pr of i l Thr ough Desi gn, Amer i -
can Management Associ at i on,
NewYor k, 1970.
Si nce t he f l oor space
wi t hi n 25 t o 30 f t f r om
t he ext er i or wal l br i ngs pr emi umr ent al s,
of f i ce
bui l di ngs ( si t e or zoni ng
consi der at i on asi de) t end
t o
assume a sl abl i ke shape, 60 t o 70
f t wi de
by 150 f t or mor e
l ong, wi t h t he ser vi ce cor e i n
t he cent er ( Fi g. 14) . For gr eat er
f l exi bi l i t y i n t he
Fi g. 14

Typi cal sl ab pl an wi t h ser vi ce cor e at cent er .
1MODUU = Sa *
4MODULSS = 100*
&MODUUS =1s0*
Fi g. 15

Maxi mum
f l exi bi l i t y of r ent al ar ea achi eved by
use of
cl ear - span f r ami ng and separ at e ser vi ce t ower .
" MODULaa
=
225
4,
Fi g. 1

Typi cal modul ar of f i ce pl ans.
12MODULI S =
300 O
16MODULI $
o 400
4-
796
Repr i nt ed, by per mi ssi on of t he publ i sher , f r omPr of i l
Thr ough
Desi gn, Maur i ce Mogul escu, ( c) 1970 by Amer i -
can
Management Associ at i on, I nc . , pages 41- 43. Al l
r i ght s r eser ved.
797
Fi g. 3 Typi cal open of f i ce pl an.
Fi g. 2

Typi cal modul ar pr i vat e of f i ce pl an wi t h secr et ar i al ar ea.
Commer ci al
OFFI CES,
GENERAL
Pl anni ng
79
8
Commer ci al
CLEARANCES FORPRI VATE OFFI CES
Fi g. 1

Cl ear ances i n var i ous t ypes of of f i ces .
STANDARDDESK,
PLUS BOOKCASE,
ANDPASSAGE
STANDARDDESK,
PLUS PASSAGE
t YPI ST, PLUS
PASSAGE
Fi g. 2

Desk cl ear ances.
799
Commer ci al
CLEARANCES
FORGENERALOFFI CES
Fi g. 3

St andar d cl ear ances
f or l egal and l et t er - si zed f i l es .
Commer ci al
I NSURANCE COMPANI ES
I nsur ance
company f aci l i t i es can
be
di vi ded
i nt o t wo cat egor i es :
1. The
home
of f i ce
2. The br anch
r egi onal
of f i ce
I n gener al , i t has been f ound t hat i nsur ance
compani es woul d r at her r ent or l ease
of f i ce
space t han own t hei r own bui l di ng.
HOME OFFI CE
Unl i ke t he br anch r egi onal
of f i ce, t he home
of f i ce does not have i nsur ance
agent s . Home
of f i ce oper at i ons
ar e mai nl y concer ned wi t h
cl er i cal and secr et ar i al wor k
necessar y t o
mai nt ai n cl ose oper at i onal
cont act wi t h t he
br anch of f i ces. The
home of f i ce i s i nvol ved
wi t h ( 1) t he pr ocessi ng
of pol i ci es, ( 2) suppl y-
i ng st andar d company
f or ms and pol i ci es, ( 3)
keepi ng bot h act i ve and
dead r ecor ds on pol i cy-
hol der s and f i l es on i ssuance
and payment s,
and ( 4) dat a pr ocessi ng.
Ahome of f i ce needs
sever al mor e
or l ess st andar d f aci l i t i es, and i t
i s wi t h t hese t hat t hi s sect i on i s concer ned
.
Audi t or i um/ Agent Tr ai ni ng Ar ea
Thi s space i s
used mai nl y f or i nsur ance agent
t r ai ni ng
pur poses, but on occasi ons i t can be
used f or
r egi onal agent conf er ences. I t shoul d
have
a st age wi t h f aci l i t i es f or a scr een
f or
t r ai ni ng movi es and sl i des . I t shoul d be f l exi bl e
enough t o accommodat e t wo or mor e smal l
gr oups wi t h maxi mumsepar at i on and
a
l ar ge
gr oup
of 200
t o
300
per sons.
Mai l Room
The mai l i s handl ed t hr ough a cent r al mai l ar ea
wi t h br anch mai l ar eas i n each maj or depar t -
ment of t he home of f i ce. Mai n
f l ow of mai l
goes t o t wo mai n depar t ment s:
1 . I ssuance depar t ment
2. Cl ai ms depar t ment
Account i ng Ar ea
Thi s ar ea deal s wi t h agent
commi ssi ons, per -
sonnel payr ol l , cl er i cal and
secr et ar i al wor k,
and phot ost at copyi ng.
Ar eas shoul d be pr o-
vi ded f or t he di r ect or of account i ng and head
of t he secr et ar i al st af f . Asmal l saf e i s r equi r ed
f or pet t y cash and var i ous essent i al
docu-
ment s. Al ar ge f i r epr oof saf e i s r equi r ed f or
st or age of al l maj or document s, such as dead
pol i ci es, et c. Thi s ar ea shoul d al so have a
st or agear ea f or st at i oner y and st andar d f or ms
per t i nent t o t hi s depar t ment .
I ssuance Ar ea
I n t hi s ar ea ar e made up t he di f f er ent t ypes
of
800
i nsur ance
pol i ci es t hat ar e t o be i ssued by
t he
company as st andar d l i f e i nsur ance
pol i cy
f or ms
. Ar eas shoul d be pr ovi ded f or t he di -
r ect or of i ssuance end head of t he secr et ar i al
st af f . Ast or age ar ea f or st at i oner y i s
r equi r ed
.
Under wr i t i ng Ar ea
I n t hi s ar ea, pol i ci es ar e checked i n or der
t o
det er mi ne secur i t y r i sks of pr ospect i ve
i n-
sur ees . An of f i ce f or t he di r ect or of
under wr i t -
i ng shoul d be pr ovi ded . Thi s ar ea al so has
space f or f i l i ng cabi net s t o hol d dead and
l i ve
f i l es .
Gr oup Sal es I nsur ance Ar ea
I n t hi s ar ea, r ei ssuance and gr oupsal es i nsur -
ance i s handl ed. An of f i ce f or t he di r ect or
of
gr oup sal es i nsur ance shoul d
be pr ovi ded,
al ong wi t h st or age and f i l i ng space.
Cl ai ms Ar ea
Thi s ar ea handl es al l i nsur ance cl ai ms f r om
al l
br anch r egi onal of f i ces. Thi s ar ea
shoul d al so
have an of f i ce f or t he di r ect or of cl ai ms
. An
ar ea shoul d be pr ovi ded f or act i ve and dead
f i l es
of pol i cyhol der s .
Agency Ar ea
I n t hi s ar ea, al l cont r ol s
of oper at i onal aspect s
and di ssemi nat i on
of i nf or mat i on t o br anch
r egi onal of f i ces occur s . Al l br anch r egi onal
of f i ce
pol i ci es ar e handl ed her e. Asepar at e
f i l i ng
cabi net f or each br anch of f i ce agency
i s r equi r ed.
Pol i cyhol der s' Ser vi ce Ar ea
Thi s ar ea handl es al l weekl y pr emi ums
and
mont hl y debi t payment s f r om
pol i cyhol der s .
An act i ve payment f i l es
and r ecor ds ar ea i s
r equi r ed. Adi r ect or ' s of f i ce and
st or age ar ea
ar eal so r equi r ed.
Dat a Pr ocessi ng Ar ea
Al l dat a pr ocessi ng and t abul at i on i s done i n
t hi s
ar ea. I t shoul d be soundpr oof ed and
r equi r es speci al ai r - condi t i oni ng. Al l dat a
pr ocessi ng machi ner y shoul d be accessi bl e
f r om
al l si des, and f al se f l oor s ar e r ecom-
mended i n whi ch t o house t he cabl es . Ast or -
age ar ea f or f or ms per t i nent t o t hi s ar ea i s
r equi r ed .
Audi t i ng Ar ea
Thi s ar ea shoul d be cl ose t o t he pol i cyhol der s'
ser vi ce ar ea and t heunder wr i t i ng ar ea because
newpol i ci es ar e not i ssued unt i l pol i cyhol der s
have compl i ed wi t h al l r equi r ement s. Thi s
ar ea al so cont r ol s t he bookkeepi ng and pay-
ment r ecor ds f or i ndi vi dual pol i cyhol der s .
Ther eshoul d be adi r ect or ' s of f i ce and an of f i ce
f or t he head of t he secr et ar i al st af f . Ast or age
ar ea i s r equi r ed.
Pr i nt i ng Ar ea
Thi s ar ea handl es t he pr i nt i ng of al l company
st at i oner y, l et t er heads, f or ms, et c. Agener ous
st or age ar ea i s r equi r ed, bot h f or smel l i t ems
and bul k st or age.
Recept i on Ar ea
Thi s ar ea shoul d be adj acent t o t he execut i ve
of f i ces and shoul d cont ai n t he mast er swi t ch-
boar d f or al l i ncomi ng and out goi ng cal l s. A
secr et ar y i s needed her e al ong wi t h t he PBX/
r ecept i oni st . Enough ar ea shoul d be al l owed
t o seat about t en peopl e.
Execut i ve Of f i ce Ar eas
Auni que and handsome of f i ce i s r equi r ed f or
t he chai r man of t he boar d. Ot her of f i ces ar e
r equi r ed f or a pr esi dent , f or seni or vi ce- pr esi -
dent s, and f or j uni or vi ce- pr esi dent s. The
desi gn of t hese of f i ces i s usual l y det er mi ned,
as t o si ze and f ur ni shi ngs, by r equi r ement s set
f or t h byt he i ndi vi dual compani es. Pr i vat e r est
ar eas may be pr ovi ded but ar e not necessar y.
Aconf er ence r oom i s r equi r ed and shoul d
accommodat e at l east 20 peopl e.
Mai n St or age
Ar ea
Shoul d be of
suf f i ci ent si ze t o handl e al l st an-
dar d
pol i ci es, st at i oner y, agent br ochur es,
pamphl et s,
et c.
BRANCH
REGI ONAL OFFI CE
The
br anch r egi onal of f i ce i s t he home base
f or t he company' s
r egi onal i nsur ance agent s, .
The publ i c
does not usual l y ent er t he br anch.
Payment s ar e al l handl ed by check. Ther e ar e
t wo t ypes
of br anch r egi onal of f i ces:
1. Gener al
agent t ype
2.
Manager t ype
The gener al
agent t ype i s desi gned by t he pr i -
vet s i nsur ance
agent and t he bui l der . The man-
ager t ype
f ol l ows a st ander d desi gn set by t he
home of f i ce. Basi cal l y,
a cent r al ar ea i s r e-
qui r ed f or
secr et ar i al and cl er i cal wor k. Thi s
ar ea shoul d not be accessi bl e t o t he agent s .
Agent
of f i ces, conf er ence r oom, execut i ve
of f i ces, and l i br ar y shoul d sur r ound t he cent r al
ar ea f or ease of oper at i on.
Commer ci al
MEDI CAL OFFI CES
The ei ght basi c el ement s
of a medi cal of f i ce
ar e:
1. Recept i oni st - cont r ol st at i on
busi ness
of f i ce
2. Wai t i ng r oom
3.
Consul t at i on r oom
4. Exami nat i on and t r eat ment r oom
5.
Labor at or y i ncl udi ng
EKGand BMR
6.
X- r ay
7
.
Ut i l i t y
and ser vi ce ar eas
6 .
Toi l et
Amedi cal pr act i ce f aci l i t y
can have no f i xed,
i deal pl an
. Fi r st , no t wo
i ndi vi dual s or gr oups
of i ndi vi dual s t hi nk al i ke or
wor k al i ke. Second,
t he physi cal and geogr aphi cal
l i mi t at i ons
whi ch char act er i ze a medi cal
pr act i ce f aci l i t y,
whet her f or a new
bui l di ng, a r emodel ed bui l d-
i ng, or r ent al space, do
not per mi t t he adopt i on
of any si ngl e pl an . Each
f aci l i t y must be cus-
t om- made t o expr ess
t he i ndi vi dual i t y and t o
sat i sf y t he wor ki ng habi t s
of t hose who wi l l
use
i t .
The ei ght basi c el ement s f ound
i n near l y al l
medi cal of f i ces can be t hought of as t he
" bui l d-
i ng bl ocks
. " Whi l e t hese ei ght el ement s
may
change
i n si ze and shape dependi ng
on met h-
ods
of oper at i on, t hey ar e al ways
i nt egr at ed
i n t he
medi cal pr act i ce f aci l i t y, or t hei r
count er -
par t
i s conveni ent l y
avai l abl e ( Fi g. t ) .
I n t he f ol l owi ng pages
wi l l be f ound dr aw-
APl anni ng Gui de f or Physi ci ans'
Medi cal
Faci l i t i es, edi t ed
by t he Amer i can Medi cal
Associ at i on and
publ i shed t hr ough a
gr ant
made by t he
Sear s- Roebuck Foundat i on.
i ngs and
expl anat i ons of each of t he
ei ght
el ement s,
and f ur t her exampl es
of howt hey
can be
combi ned and expanded .
1 . RECEPTI ON
ANDBUSI NESS OFFI CE
The r ecept i oni st ,
who, i n t he smal l medi cal
pr act i ce f aci l i t y
i s al so t he doct or ' s assi st ant ,
t he bookkeeper , and
t he bi l l col l ect or . i s t he
hub ar ound whi ch t he
of f i ce r evol ves . She
shoul d be so
pl aced t hat she can keep an eye
on al l t he
wor ki ngs of t he of f i ce. She shoul d
see and
acknowl edge t he ar r i val of t he
pat i ent
and must f ol l ow
t he pr ogr ess of t he doct or
so
t hat t he pat i ent
f l owhas pr oper di r ect i on
. I f
she di scusses
bi l l s and appoi nt ment s,
t he
space shoul d
be l ar ge enough f or ot her s
be-
si des her sel f ,
and pr i vat e enough t hat
her con-
ver sat i ons ar e
not gener al l y over hear d.
For t he
l ar ger of f i ce t he f unct i ons
ment i oned
above may be
spl i t among t wo, t hr ee or even
mor e per sons
. The r ecept i oni st st i l l shoul d
be abl e t o
see t he ent r ance and t he
wai t i ng
r oom. I f she i s
t oo f ar r emoved t o wat ch t he
pr ogr ess of t he doct or
she has t o be i nf or med
by t he nur se
assi st ant of t hi s pr ogr ess so
she
can keep t he
f l owof pat i ent s comi ng.
I f t her e i s a
separ at e busi ness manager -
bookkeeper ,
a pr i vat e space shoul d be
pr o-
vi ded f or
wor ki ng on r ecor ds, and di scussi ng
bi l l s wi t h
pat i ent s . I t i s advi sabl e t hi s of f i ce be
l ocat ed so
t hat i t i s accessi bl e t o out goi ng
pat i ent s .
The exi t f r omt hi s of f i ce shoul d per -
mi t pat i ent s
t o l eave wi t hout backt r acki ng, or
goi ng
t hr ough t he wai t i ng r oom
. Pr oper r el a-
t i onshi p
t o t he ent r ance wi l l al so assi st
i n t he
cont r ol of del i ver i es t o t he of f i ce ( Fi g
.
2)
.
2.
RECEPTI ON- WAI TI NG ROOM
The pat i ent s r ecei ve
t hei r f i r st i mpr essi on f r om
t he wai t i ng r oom
.
I t s
appear ance may i ndi cat e
t he t ype of car e
t hey can expect t o r ecei ve
.
Awai t i n a
cr owded, out - of - dat e r oomcan
depr ess anddi sgr unt l e
even t hebest and st ead-
i est of pat i ent s .
The chai r s, t abl es,
and l amps shoul d be
ade-
quat ei n number and
wel l spaced so as t o
make
r eadi ng possi bl e
and t o gi ve t he pat i ent s a
f eel -
i ng of f r eedom
. The pat i ent l oad pr ovi des
t he
onl y cr i t er i on f or t he
number of chai r s you
must
pr ovi de.
I f t he schedul e i s al ways
wel l mai n-
t ai ned, t he
wai t i ng ar ea need onl y be a
mi ni -
mum. I f t hedoct or
i s bur dened wi t h emer gency
cal l s and
ext ended house or hospi t al
cal l s,
t hen t he wai t i ng
r oomshoul d be mor e
ampl e.
Needl ess t o say,
some educat ed
t hought
shoul d be gi ven t o
decor at i on: t he wal l s,
uphol -
st er y, pi ct ur es, and
dr apes . Tast ef ul ,
har moni z-
i ng col or s whi ch ar e
cheer y r at her t han dr ab
ar e desi r abl e.
The over al l ef f ect shoul d
be
homel i ke and
r est f ul .
The wai t i ng
r oom pr ef er abl y shoul d
per mi t
a vi ewof t he
out si de and, i f possi bl e, t he
vi ew
shoul d be a
pl easi ng one. Fl ower s,
t r ees, or di s-
t ance ar e t he
best , but when t hi s i s i mpossi bl e
an
i nt er est i ng vi ew of peopl e and act i vi t y
i s
t he second
choi ce ( Fi g. 3) .
Fi g. 1
80
1
802
The
wai t i ng
r oomshoul d be r emoved f r om
t he act ual of f i ce act i vi t y. I t shoul d not be a
t hor oughf ar e f or t r af f i c, nor shoul d i t be an
of f i ce
f or
t he di scussi on of bi l l s and appoi nt -
ment s bet ween t he r ecept i oni st or of f i ce man-
ager and pat i ent s . I f one ent er s t he of f i ce
di r ect l y f r omout - of - door s,
i t i s wel l t o have a
l obby t o pr event dr af t s
. I f t he busi ness of f i ce
opens on t he l obby, i t
may wel l ser ve t o r ecei ve
t he
i ncomer and
t o det er mi ne hi s busi ness .
Thi s, i n t ur n, al l ows some t o be di r ect ed t o t he
wai t i ng r oomand ot her s t o be t aken di r ect l y
t o t he doct or wi t hout i ncur r i ng hur t f eel i ngs
and ar gument s f r om pat i ent s i n t he wai t i ng
r oom
.
3. CONSULTATI ONROOM
Thi s space i s gener al l y t he st oppi ng poi nt , at
some t i me, f or al l pat i ent s passi ng t hr ough t he
of f i ce. The pat i ent i s usual l y di r ect ed t her e f i r st
f or a di scussi on of sympt oms and pr ogr ess and
f or si mpl e exami nat i ons . He i s t hen sent t o an
exami nat i on
or t r eat ment r oom, f r omwhi ch he
may
r et ur n t o t he consul t at i on r oomf or f ur t her
di scussi on
and pr escr i pt i on. However , t her e
seems t o
be a t r end t o si mpl i f y and speed up
t hi s
pr ocedur e, i n a maj or i t y of i nst ances, by
concent r at i ng
t he ent i r e pat i ent vi si t t o t he
exami nat i on
r oom.
Thi s
enabl es t he physi ci an t o ut i l i ze anot her
r oomf or pat i ent
exami nat i on and t r eat ment .
The t heor y t hat
al l space be used f or exami -
nat i on and t r eat ment
or f or pur el y pr of essi onal
use has mer i t . However ,
t he aver age exami n-
i ng r oomi s spar sel y
equi pped and ver y i mper -
sonal . Pat i ent di scussi ons
and di agnost i c
r evi ews ar e bet t er handl ed i n
mor e comf or t abl e
and pr of essi onal sur r oundi ngs
.
A
pr oper l y
f ur ni shed consul t at i on
r oomcan have a benef i -
ci al ef f ect on bot h t he pat i ent
and t he physi ci an.
I n addi t i on physi ci ans
ar e cal l ed on by many
pr of essi onal det ai l men
and ot her i ndi vi dual s
i n t he medi cal f i el d. Such
cont act s ar e bet t er
handl ed i n a ni cel y
f ur ni shed- - but not el abo-
r at e- consul t at i on
r oom.
The consul t at i on r oom
need not be spaci ous,
Fi g. 2 Recept i on and busi ness
of f i ce.
but a cr amped,
cl osed- i n f eel i ng shoul d be
avoi ded.
Tast ef ul f ur ni t ur e, pi ct ur es and i nt e-
r i or col or s ar e desi r abl e ( Fi g. 4) .
4. EXAMI NI NG
ANDTREATMENT ROOM
I t i s i n t hi s r oom, wi t h i t s var i at i ons, t hat t he
doct or usual l y has hi s cl osest cont act wi t h t he
pat i ent . Thi s i s hi s wor kr oom. I t needs, f i r st
of al l , t o be ef f i ci ent . I n ot her wor ds, i t shoul d
be pr oper l y and adequat el y l i ght ed, wi t h al l t he
equi pment necessar y pl aced i n such a way as
t o per mi t t he doct or and hi s assi st ant s t o wor k
r api dl y and easi l y. Her e space cannot be
wast ed;
nei t her can i t be r educed beyond a cer -
t ai n mi ni mum. Unnecessar y st eps must be
el i mi nat ed ; yet t her e shoul d be r oomt o move
ar ound easi l y
and wi t hout i nt er f er ence.
Thi s
i s
one
r oomi n whi ch t he desi gn must
be
det er mi ned
by t he needs and t he wor ki ng
habi t s of t he
doct or . These must be i nvest i -
gat ed car ef ul l y
and t hor oughl y i n or der t hat
he may have what beat meet s hi s needs and
desi r es . Whi l e
he has been t r ai ned t o do many
t hi ngs wel l ,
despi t e adver se condi t i ons and
scant y
equi pment , t her e i s no needt o handi cap
hi mon hi s
home gr ounds .
Sel dom i s one exami nat i on or t r eat ment
r oom
enough
.
Two r ooms can of t en mor e t han
doubl e t he
doct or ' s capaci t y, andsome doct or s
have as many
as ei ght . Wher e t her e ar e sever al
r ooms,
pat i ent s can be pr epar ed ahead of t i me
by t he assi st ant s .
Fur t her mor e, a number of
pr ocedur es can
be handl ed by t he assi st ant s,
on di r ect i on
of t he doct or , whi l e he i s put t i ng
hi s t i me t o bet t er
use wi t h ot her pat i ent s . When
t hi s pr act i ce
i s f ol l owed i nt el l i gent l y and
i t
does not sl i p i nt o
an
i mper sonal
pr oduct i on
l i ne t echni que, i t r esul t s i n i ncr eased ef f i ci ency.
Wher e t he exami nat i on- t r eat ment r oom i s
used f or most of t he doct or - pat i ent cont act s,
i t i s necessar y t o pr ovi de a f ewt hi ngs not
f or mer l y f ound t her e. I t i s al so necessar y t o
pr ovi de f or t he pat i ent s' comf or t and conven-
i ence. For
t he doct or , a desk or wr i t i ng space,
andper haps a sat i sf act or y chai r f or
use
dur i ng
di scussi ons wi t h t he
pat i ent , may be ampl e
addi t i ons .
Commer ci al
MEDI CAL OFFI CES
Commer ci al
MEDI CAL OFFI CES
Fi g. 3 Recept i on- wai t i ng r oom.
For t he pat i ent ,
dr essi ng f aci l i t i es, cubi cl e,
mi r r or , cl ot hes hooks,
sl i pper s, chai r s or l ow
bench i n or i mmedi at el y
adj acent t o t he exami -
nat i on- t r eat ment r oom
ar e a gr eat conveni ence.
A comf or t abl e chai r ,
magazi nes, and an ash
t r ay ar e
al so advi sabl e t o ease t he pat i ent s'
wai t i ng
t i me when t he doct or i s del ayed wi t h
some ot her pat i ent ( Fi g. 5) .
5 . LABORATORY
Thi s r oomvar i es f r om a f ew shel ves, si nk,
st er i l i zer , et c . , i n t he cor ner of t he exami nat i on
r oomt o a compl et e l abor at or y i n a separ at e
r oom.
I n t he smal l er of f i ce i t i s best combi ned wi t h
ot her uses f or t he savi ng of space and of st eps .
The nur ses' wor kr oom, t he st or e r oom, t he
r ecover y r oom, anda spar e exami nat i on r oom
ar e al l possi bl e el ement s whi ch can, under
cer t ai n condi t i ons, be combi ned wi t h t he l ab-
or at or y. The i deal , of cour se, i s a r oomde-
si gned f or speci f i c l abor at or y pr ocedur es wi t h
adequat e equi pment and suppl i es . However ,
t he ext ent t o whi ch each doct or desi r es t o car r y
on hi s own pr ocedur es det er mi nes t he ext ent
t o whi ch t hi s i deal i s appr oached .
I n pl anni ng l abor at or y space, i t i s best t o
keep t wo f act or s i n mi nd. Acommon mi st ake
i s t o pr ovi de t oo l i t t l e count er space, so be gen-
er ous wi t h i t . Secondl y, r egar dl ess of si ze,
l abor at or y space shoul d be cont i guous wi t h
t oi l et f aci l i t i es and a pass- t hr ough shoul d be
pr ovi ded bet ween t he
t wo ar eas ( Fi g. 6) .
6. X- RAY
I f t he doct or i s pl anni ng t o use an x- r ay ma-
chi ne, pr ovi si ons f or housi ng i t must be made
i n t he pl anni ng st age. I t i s best t o deci de ear l y
exact l y what ki nd of x- r ay, dar kr oom, and
devel opi ng equi pment
t he doct or wi l l buy.
The pl anni ng r epr esent at i ves of
t he manuf ac-
t ur er s can be a par t of t he
pl anni ng t eamt hen,
wor ki ng cl osel y wi t h t he ar chi t ect or consul -
t ant
i n t he pr el i mi nar y st ages of pl anni ng.
Near l y al l st at e and ci t y codes nowr equi r e
l ead or concr et e pr ot ect i on i n al l i nt er i or wal l s
and door s of r ooms housi ng x- r ay equi pment .
I f spaces above or bel owar e i nhabi t ed, pr ot ec-
t i on i s al so r equi r ed i n f l oor s and cei l i ngs .
Ext er i or wal l s need not be pr ot ect ed.
Li kewi se, t her e ar e r at her st r i ngent code
r equi r ement s f or t he wi r i ng of x- r ay r ooms
and equi pment - i ncl udi ng separ at e ent r ance
ser vi ce
i n manycases . Thi s shoul d be checked
car ef ul l y. I n most cases, t he manuf act ur er ' s
r epr esent at i ve
wi l l be f ami l i ar wi t h wi r i ng
r equi r ement s, but i f he i s not o l ocal r esi dent ,
he may
not be f ami l i ar wi t h al l t he l ocal r ul es .
For t hi s r eason, i t i s best t o have t hi s r evi ewed
i ndependent l y. I f a
pass- t hr ough syst emi s t o
Fi g. 4 Consul t at i on r oom.
80
3
804
Fi g.
6 Labor at or y.
Commer ci al
MEDI CAL
OFFI CES
Fi g. 5 Exami ni ng
and t r eat ment r oom,
be i nst al l ed, or t he
t hr ough- wal l i mmedi at e
devel opi ng syst em
used, t he vi ewi ng r oom
must be l ocat ed
adj acent t o t hat wal l of t he
dar kr oom( Fi g.
7) .
7. UTI LI TYAND
SERVI CE AREAS
The l ocat i on
of ut i l i t y and ser vi ce ar eas shoul d
be pl anned
car ef ul l y i n ever y medi cal bui l di ng.
These ar eas
i ncl ude:
Ut i l i t y Room
i n a onest or y bui l di ng t hi s r oom
shoul d cont ai n
heat i ng and ai r - condi t i oni ng
equi pment ,
hot wat er heat er , j ani t or ' s si nk and
space f or j ani t or ' s
suppl i es . Some st at es wi l l
r equi r e separ at i on
of t he j ani t or ' s space f r om
t he heat i ng space.
Thi s r oot " shoul d not be
mor e t han 15 t o 20 f t f r om
an out si de wal l un-
l ess t he compr essor
i s t o be on t he r oof . Si ze
of t he r oomwi l l
depend on t he equi pment si ze,
andt hi s shoul d
be car ef ul l y checked i n pr el i mi .
nar y pl anni ng . Apegboar d wal l wi l l
be handy
i n t he j ani t or ' s ar ea. Some st at es wi l l
r equi r e
one or t wo f i r e wal l par t i t i ons end a f i r e door
i n
t hi s r oot " .
St or age Spaces St or age and ut i l i t y space
must
be pr ovi ded f or pat i ent wr aps, st af f
wr aps,
ut i l i t y paper goods and t owel s,
of f i ce suppl i es,
ol d f i l es, and t r eat ment and medi ci nal
needs
f or at l east one f ul l day i n each wor kr oom
.
Casewor k wal l s i n t r eat ment r ooms,
l abor a-
t or y, EKGand BMRr oom, cast r oom, and
ot her
wor kr ooms, wi t h sel f - cont ai ned si nk and
coun-
t er t op, wi l l l ar gel y sol ve t he l at t er
pr obl em.
The ot her cl oset s and st or age spaces wi l l
have
t o be l ocat ed conveni ent t o t he pl ace of
pr i n-
ci pal use.
LaV8t or y ROOMS

The number i s dependent
upon
conveni ence desi r ed and t he expense t he
doc-
t or wi shes t o under t ake. Faci l i t i es adj acent
t o
t he
wai t i ng r oot " f or pat i ent s, i n t he
wor k
ar ea f or st af f ,
and at l east one adj oi ni ng t he
l abor at or y ar e
al l desi r abl e. The doct or must
deci de howmany
he want s i n r el at i on t o t he
cost . Wal l hung
st ool s and l avat or i es ar e
r ecommended.
EQUI PMENT LI ST
Tl , e number s
appear i ng i n t he dr awi ngs
r ef er t o t he equi pment
l i st bel ow. Thi s l i st
shoul d be used i n
conj unct i on wi t h t he di a-
gr ams.
1. Lavat or y wi t h mi r r or
and t owel bar
2 . Si nk wi t h gooseneck
spout
3. Wat er cl oset
4.
Shower st al l
5. Gas l i ne
6. Ai r l i ne
7. Vacuuml i ne
Commer ci al
MEDI CAL OFFI CES
8. Pi ped oxygen
9. Si nk di sposal
uni t
10. St er i l i zer s- st i l l s,
et c.
11. Cei l i ng l i ght
12. Conveni ence out l et s,
110
13.
Conveni ence out l et s, 220
14. Wal l
l i ght
15. I nt er com
syst ems and buzzer cal l s
16. Tel ephone
syst em
17. Heat i ng
cont r ol s
18. Ai r - condi t i oni ng
cont r ol s
19. Radi ol ogi cal
devi ces
20. Speci al
oper at i ng l i ght s
21. Roomdi vi der s
22. Recept i oni st ' s
desk and count er
23. Speci al desk
24. Bookcases
25. Count er
open wher e st ool i s shown
26. Backspl ash
27. Reagent
shel f
28. Wal l hung
shel f
29. Wal l
cabi net
30. Wal l
hung char t i ng desk
31 . I nst r ument case
32 .
Equi pment t abl e or st and
33. Hook
st r i p
34.
Dr essi ng t abl e wi t h mi r r or
35. Mi r r or
36. Speci men passbox
37. Dr essi ng cubi cl e
38. St r ai ght chai r
39. Occasi onal chai r
40. Easy chai r
41. Love seat
42. Sect i onal seat
43. End t abl e
44. Magazi ne t abl e
45. Occasi onal t abl e
Fi g. i x- 18Y.
46. Fl oor
l amp
47. Tabl e l amp
48. Cost umer
49. Umbr el l a r ack
50. Toy cabi net
51. Pl ay desk
52. Chi l dr en' s
chai r
53.
Execut i ve' s desk
54. Execut i ve' s
desk chai r
55.
Secr et ar y' s desk
56.
Secr et ar y' s chai r
57. Bookcase
58. Wast e
r ecept acl e
59. Wor k
t abl e
60. Desk
l amp
61
. Fi l i ng cabi net
62. Suppl y
cabi net
63. St ep
st ool
64. Tr eat ment t abl e
65. Tr eat ment chai r - t abl e
66.
Physi ot her apy t abl e
67
. Couch
68
. Adj ust abl e st ool
69.
I nst r ument and suppl y cabi net
70 . I nst r ument st er i l i zer s
71. Exami ni ng l i ght
72 . Wast e r ecept acl e wi t h
f oot l ever
73. Cl i ni cal scal e
74. I ndust r i al t r eat ment
chai r
75.
Ref r i ger at or ( bi ol ogi cal )
76.
Pegboar d wi t h dr i p pan
77.
Pr essur e st er i l i zer
78.
I ncubat or
79.
Ser ol ogi cal wat er bat h
80.
Par af f i n oven
81.
Labor at or y t abl e
82 . Cent r i f uge
83 . Bunsen bur ner
84. Hot pl at e
85 . Basal met abol i sm
appar at us
86. El ect r ocar di ogr aph
87 . Por t abl e oper at i ng
l i ght
88. Oper at i ng t abl e
89. Mayo t abl e
90. Speci al i st ' s chai r
91. Cabi net wi t h
suct i on pump and coi n-
pr essed ai r
92. Ul t r avi ol et l amp
93. I nf r a- r ed l amp
94
. Di at her my shor t
wave uni t
95.
El ect r osur gi cal uni t
96.
Audi omet er
97.
Accessor y t abl e
98.
Woods l i ght
99. Baby scal e
100. Exami ni ng t abl e
101. Ur ol ogi cal x- r ay t abl e
80
5
102. I r r i gat or uni t
103. Pr oct oscopi c exami ni ng
t abl e
104. I r r i gat or uni t
105. I nst r ument
and suppl y cabi net
wi t h
suct i on appar at us
106. Gal vani c uni t
107. Pl ast er car t
108. Wheel chai r
109. Whi r l pool bat h
110. Par af f i n bat h
111. St al l bar s
112. Shoul der wheel
113. Pul l ey wei ght s
114. Ti mi ng devi ce
115. Couch
116. Readi ng l i ght
117. Eye oper at i ng l i ght
118. Gr eens' r ef r act or
119. Bi nocul ar opht hal moscope
120. Lens case on
cabi net
121. Ver t omet er
122. Vi si on char t
123 . Tangent scr een
124. Chi n r est
125. Sl i t l amp
126.
Ker t omet er
127.
Tr oposcope or synopt ophor e
128. Per i met er
129. Fl uor oscope
130. Fi l m i l l umi nat or
131. St er eoscope
132. Movabl e l ead- l i ned
scr een
133. Fi l mf i l i ng
cabi net s
134. Fi l mst or age
bi n
135.
Radi ogr aphi c and f l uor oscopi c com-
bi nat i on
uni t
136. Super f i ci al
x- r ay t her apy uni t
137. Deep
t her apy uni t
138. Cont r ol
uni t ( cur r ent cont r ol )
139. Movabl e
l ead- l i ned scr een
140 . Lead pr ot ect i on
141
. Lead- l i ned door ( l i ght pr oof )
142. Leaded
gl ass vi ewwi ndow
143. Casset t e pass box
144. Casset t e changer
145. Fi l mdr yer
146. St or age cabi net ( 4' / f t hi gh)
147. Loadi ng count er
wi t h f i l m st or age bi n
and cabi net s bel ow, saf e
l i ght and f i l m r ack
above
148. Devel opi ng t ank wi t h
( si ze) - - ( t i mer )
and
( saf e l i ght ) above
149. Fi l m washi ng t ank, wi t h
i l l umi nat or
above; wi t hout i l l umi nat or above
150. Bar i umsi nk i n count er , cabi net
bel ow,
r ecessed cabi net above
151. Fol di ng scr een
Commer ci al
RADI OLOGI CAL OFFI CES
Fi g . 1 Typi cal r adi ol ogi st ' s of f i ce.
Equi pment l i st
1 .
Cont r ol

5 . Casset t e
hol der
2. X- r ay t r ansf or mer

B.
Over head t ube conveyor
3. Tabl e

7.
Cei l i ng- mount ed r ai l s
4.
TVmoni t or on mobi l e car t

8. Aut oor ocessor
Commer ci al
DENTAL OFFI CES
By MARVI NCUTLER, AI D
ELEMENTS OF ADENTAL OFFI CE
Recept i on ( wai t i ng ar ea)
Busi ness of f i ce
Auxi l i ar y busi ness ar ea
Consul t at i on
or st udy ar eas
Audi ovi sual , pat i ent
educat i on
Hygi eni st ( var i abl e)
Tr eat ment r ooms ( var i abl e)
Labor at or y ( var i abl e)
Dar kr oom
X- r ay ( var i abl e)
St er i l i zi ng ar ea ( var i abl e)
St af f l ounge
Pr event i ve ar ea ( pat i ent
educat i on)
Envi r onment and t he
Pr of essi onal I mage
The dent i st , as opposed t o
a physi ci an ( unl ess
e speci al i st ) ,
i s l acked i nt o hi s envi r onment .
I n or der f or a
dent i st t o t r eat hi s pat i ent , he
must use ext ensi ve
t ool s and dent al equi pment
whi ch
r equi r e f i xed or semi f i xed Pl umbi ng
and ot her
bui l t - i n oper at i ng i nst r ument s and
ser vi ces .
The pl umbi ng ser vi ces t hat ar e neces-
sar y t o
f aci l i t at e t he oper at i on ar e wat er ( f i l -
t er ed) ,
ai r ( dr y, f i l t er ed) , suct i on ( wet or dr y) ,
wast e ( vent ed) , and
el ect r i ci t y. These ar e basi c
and essent i al i nput and out put el ement s .
The pr oper
l ocat i on of ser vi ces t o be per -
f or med i s essent i al
. The r el at i onshi p, vol ume,
and use of each
ar ea wi l l var y accor di ng t o
i ndi vi dual concept s
and needs . Whet her t he
dent i st i s a gener al
pr act i t i oner or a speci al i st ,
t r ai ni ng
and devel oped concept s or wor ki ng
habi t s var y, of t en
gr eat l y ( Fi g . 1) .
Wi t h t he
advent of semi f i xed or f l exi bl e
equi pment , t he dent i st can change or modi f y
hi s
oper at i ve pr ocedur es . Recent year s have
seen r adi cal
changes i n dent al concept s . Gov-
er nment
par t i ci pat i on t hr ough heal t h, educa-
Fi g. 2

Busi ness of f i ce and r ecept i on r oom.
Fi g. t

Dent al of f i ce f l owdi agr am
.
Fi g. 3

Pr i vat e of f i ce .
80
7
t i on, and wel f ar e pr ogr ams has made dent al
ser vi ces r eadi l y avai l abl e t o l ar ge number s
of t he popul at i on. Thi s has caused t he dent i st
t o expand hi s f aci l i t i es and i ncr ease t he number
of auxi l i ar y
and par adent al per sonnel . As a
r esul t of bot h t he i ncr ease i n pat i ent s and t he
const ant l y
changi ng dent al concept s, t he need
f or f l exi bi l i t y i n t he of f i ce i s
essent i al .
Recept i on
The i deal ar ea f or a si ngl e pr act i t i oner shoul d
be
appr oxi mat el y 150 sq f t mi ni mum, wi t h
t hr ee wal l s
unbr oken by door ways . Thi s al l ows
per i met er of space f or maxi mumseat i ng of f i ve
t o seven peopl e.
Li ght i ng
shoul d
be i ncan-
descent and di f f use. Bot h r ecessed
and bel ow-
cei l i ng l i ght sour ces shoul d be used
.
Busi ness
Of f i ce
OF
Secr et ar i al Ar ea
Thi s i s t he key or cont r ol poi nt i n t he manage-
ment of t he of f i ce. The dr awi ng
( Fi g . 2) r e-
f l ect s t he posi t i on t he r ecept i oni st assumes
i n r el at i on t o wai t i ng ar ea . Ful l vi sual cont r ol
i s mai nt ai ned t hr ough cl osed sl i di ng gl ass wi n-
dow. Appoi nt ment and f i nanci al ar r angement s
ar e
consummat ed
at
t hi s poi nt . Al l t r af f i c
and f l ow cont r ol i s r egul at ed by t he
nur se/
secr et ar y.
80
8
Fi g. 5 Tr eat ment r ooms.
ment s var y wi t h each
doct or and doct or ' s
concept as
wel l as wi t h f i el d condi t i ons . The
mai n
consi der at i on i s t o per mi t t he doct or t o
wor k i n a
st r essl ess or comf or t abl e wor ki ng
posi t i on
and envi r onment . The use
and pl ace-
ment of
one or t wo si nks depend upon
doct or ' s concept
. Fi gur es 4 and 5 showus a f ai r
amount of
st or age f or suppl i es and i nst r u-
ment s . Adequat e
wor k space and count er per -
mi t s doct or t o do bench
wor k wi t hout i nt er -
f er i ng wi t h
hi s chai r - si de assi st ant . Dur i ng t he
past f ewyear s,
doct or s have exper i enced a
const ant change
i n concept s . Ther ef or e, a
degr ee of
f l exi bi l i t y must be r ef l ect ed i n t he
pl anni ng. Amobi l e
i nst r ument cabi net can be
t ucked under t he count er
. Thi s i s necessar y t o
al l owdoct or a gr eat er
degr ee of change i n hi s
posi t i on whi l e t r eat i ng
hi s pat i ent . The empha-
si s i n t he t r eat ment r oom
shoul d be onef f i ci en-
cy, ease of mai nt enance,
and a pl easant at mo-
spher e f or t he pat i ent ,
doct or , and st af f .
Hygi eni st ' s Room
Al t hough t he si ze and f unct i on of t he
hygi en-
i st ' s r oommay di f f er f r omt hose of t he
r egul ar
t r eat ment r oom, i t i s not uncommon t o
equi p
t hi s r oom
i n t he same way as t he r egul ar t r eat - Fi g.
6 Hygi eni st ' s r oom.
E -
EG?RoSU( ' ~GE
G -

r f 2
0
. 02
M- M~Yp6uE
Cr ~t t ~ >: T
g
- SI r I K
Wb-
W15N$~t t J
Commer ci al
DENTAL OFFI CES
Pr i vat e Of f i ce
i n many of f i ces t he pr i vat e
consul t at i on r oom
ser ves mul t i pl e f unct i ons,
par t i cul ar l y i n t he
l ast f ewyear s, when t he
cost of space has be-
come so pr ohi bi t i ve and t he
doct or i s i nt er -
est ed i n i ncr easi ng t he number
of t r eat ment
r ooms wi t hi n a smal l over al l
space. Consul -
t at i on r oomdesks may t ake on sever al
shapes,
dependi ng on t he pr act i ce concept
of t he
doct or . He may wi sh t o mai nt ai n a
f or mal r el a-
t i onshi p wher eby he f aces t he pat i ent ,
who
si t s opposi t e t he desk. He may pr ef er an
i nf or -
mal ar r angement wher e he and
t he pat i ent si t
ar ound a " t abl e" r at her t han a
f or mal desk.
Act i ve st udy model s and di agnost i c
model s
shoul d be l ocat ed i n shal l ow desk
dr awer s
i n t he desk or i n t he near by st or age syst em
( Fi g. 3) .
Tr eat ment Room
The hear t of any dent al pr act i ce i s t he t r eat -
ment r oom. St or age, i nst r ument at i on, and com-
f or t abl e ar r angement of equi pment and i nst r u-
Fi g. 4 Tr eat ment r oom.
Commer ci al
DENTAL OFFI CES
FLOOR
PLAN
A B B
R
E V I
A T
I 0
N
S
ADMI N

- ADMI NI STRATI ON
CONF- Li en - CONFERENCE- LI BRARY
DK RI M

-
DARK
ROOM
DOR

-
DENTAL OPERATI NG ROOM
DPL

-
DENTAL PROSTHETI CS
EM

- ENLI STEDMEN
EW

- ENLI STEDWOMEN
J C

-
J ANI TORS CLOSET
M

- MEN
OFF

- OFFI CERS
POOR

-

PROSTHETI CS DENTAL
OPERATI NG
ROOM
RECOV

- RECOVERY
SOOR

- SURGI CAL DENTAL OPERATI NG ROOM
ST

- STORAGE
STERI L

- STERI LI ZATI ON ROOM
T

- TOI LET
VEST

- VESTI BULE
W

- - WOMEN
Fi g. 7 Dent al cl i ni c
pl an.
ment r ooms . Thi s wi l l al l owt he dent i st t o use
t hi s r oom, when needed, as an addi t i onal t r eat -
ment r oom( Fi g. 6) .
St er i l i zi ng Ar ea
The l ocat i on of t he st er i l i zi ng ar ea i s det er -
mi ned by var i ous f act or s : dent al pr ocedur al
concept s, t he avai l abl e space i n t he of f i ce,
and t he psychol ogi cal i mage t he doct or wi shes
t o obt ai n . The mat er i al s used her o shoul d be
about t he same as t hose i n t he l abor at or y.
Ther e shoul d be adequat e st or age space f or
t r ays and suppl i es, i ncl udi ng t he pr e- pr epar ed
t r ays as wel l as t hose whi ch wi l l be cl eaned up
at var i ous i nt er val s dur i ng t he nor mal wor ki ng
day. The aut ocl ave shoul d be pl aced out of t he
r each of chi l dr en, and t he ul t r asoni c cl eaner s
can be used mor e ef f i ci ent l y i f r ecessed i nt o
t he wor k- count er t ops .
The si ze and l ocat i on of suppor t ar eas such
as st er i l i zi ng, l abor at or y, dar k r oom, x- r ay ar ea,
et c . , wi l l depend i n par t on doct or ' s concept
as wel l as t he l ogi st i cs of t he space.
A
smal l
l abor at or y uni t i s mer el y used f or model pour -
i ng,
t r i mmi ng,
and st or age.
The si ze of many
l abs i s of t en l ar ger t o
accommodat e expanded
t echni cal ski l l s and ser vi ces . Some
doct or s
spl i t l ab dut i es i nt o t wo ar eas .
I n concl usi on, t he dent al of f i ce i s a pr of es-
si onal home. Li ke i t or not , t he
dent i st spends
t he most pr oduct i ve year s of hi s l i f e
i n i t -
mor e t han hal f hi s waki ng moment s. The of f i ce
does, t her ef or e, r ef l ect hi s per sonal i t y as
wel l
as hi s pr of essi onal i mage. I t can ei t her
assi st
t he doct or t o aspi r e t o gr eat er success
and
sat i sf act i on, or i t can sent ence hi t "
t o a pr o-
f essi onal l i f e of medi ocr i t y and apat hy
.
Fi gur e 7 shows a pl an f or a dent al cl i ni c .
809
Commer ci al
LAWOFFI CES
The r ent al ar ea per l awyer var i es f r om 230
t o 1, 212 sq f t . The medi an i s 455 sq f t , and t he
aver age i s 484sq f t .
Ami ni mumsi ze of f i ce i s i l l ust r at ed by Fi g. 1,
whi ch i s t wo modul es wi de by t hr ee modul es
deep. I f a 48- i n. modul e i s adopt ed, t he cl ear
di mensi ons wi t hout al l owance f or par t i t i ons
wi l l be 8 by 12 f t . The cl ear di mensi ons ( wi t h
par t i t i ons 4 i n. t hi ck) ar e gi ven i n f eet and
i nches, t he maxi mum desk si ze i s
gi ven i n
i nches, and t he net ar ea i s gi ven i n squar e f eet .
Lar ger of f i ces ar e i l l ust r at ed by Fi gs .
2
t o
8,
and sui t es
ar e
i l l ust r at ed by Fi gs . 9 t o 19. Wi t h
each i l l ust r at i on of a sui t e of r ooms compr i si ng
a l awof f i ce, t he di mensi ons and t he f ol l owi ng
squar e- f oot ar eas ( usi ng a 48- i n . modul e) ar e
gi ven:
" Rent al ar ea as cust omar i l y measur ed
" Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea as measur ed f or pr e-
l i mi nar y cost est i mat es
" Ar ea ( r ent al ) per l awyer
The f ol l owi ng abbr evi at i ons and
symbol s
ar e used wi t h t hese di agr ams :
P- pr i vat e of f i ce
R- r ecept i on r oomor ar ea
S- secr et ar y or st enogr apher s
F- f i l e r oomor space
L- l i br ar y
or l i br ar y
and conf er ence
r oom
C- conf er ence
r oom
V- vaul t
U- ut i l i t y, st or age, or wor k r oom
T- t oi l et r oom
N- nor t h
exposur e
>- nor t h exposur e
- exi t
THE SMALL OFFI CE
Fi gur e
9 shows
possi bl e
ar r angement s f or a
f i r mcomposed of onl y one l awyer . I f a si ngl e
l awyer s of f i ce must ser ve as a l i br ar y and
conf er ence r oom, and per haps al so accom-
modat e t he f i l es, i t shoul d be l ar ge enough f or
a conf er ence- t ype desk andf our or f i ve chai r s .
I t i s al most essent i al t o have a second r oom
f or use as a r ecept i on r oom and secr et ar y' s
of f i ce. I t i s bet t er t o have a separ at i on bet ween
t he secr et ar y' s space and t he r ecept i on space.
The f i l es maybe of suf f i ci ent vol ume t o r equi r e
a separ at e f i l e r oom.
Fi gur e 10 i l l ust r at es ar r angement s f or t wo
l awyer s ( ei t her par t ner s or cooper at or s) . I n
Fi g . 10c, wi t h a combi nat i on l i br ar y and con-
f er ence r oom, t he pr i vat e of f i ces coul d be
somewhat smal l er . Fi gur e 11 shows of f i ces f or
t hr ee l awyer s . Fi l es shoul d be separ at ed f r om
t he r ecept i on r oomand conveni ent t o t he cl er i -
cal empl oyees as i n Fi g. 11a, or i n a separ at e
r oomas i n Fi g. 116. I f one of f i ce i s l ar ge
enough f or conf er ences and t he book col l ect i on
not t oo l ar ge, t he l i br ar y and conf er ence r oom
may be el i mi nat ed. On t he ot her hand, some
f i r ms wi t h onl y t wo pr i nci pal s have a l ar ge
enough col l ect i on of books t o war r ant i ncl u-
LawOf f i ce Layout and
Desi gn, Commi t t ee on
Economi cs
of LawPr act i ce of t he Amer i can
Bar Associ at i on
.
810
Fi g . 3
Modul e

Of f i ce

Desk
Ar ea sf
3' - 8"

14' - 4" x 10' - 10"

60
x 40

155
4' - 0"

15' - 8" x 11' - 10"

60
x 40

185
4' - 4"

17' - 0" x 12' - 10"

60 x
40

218
Modul e

Of f i ce

Desk Ar ea sf
3' - 8"

T- 0" x 10' - 10"

52 x 32

76
4' - 0"

T- 8" x 1 l ' - 10"

60 x 40

91
4' - 4"

8' - 4"
x
12' - 10"

66
x 40

107
Modul e

Of f i ce

Desk

Ar ea sf
3' - 8"

10' - 8" x 10' - 10"

66 x 34

116
4' - 0"

11' $" x 1 l ' - 10"

66 x 40

138
4' - 4" 12' - 8" x 12' - 10" 66x40 163
Fi g
.
1
Fi g . 2
Commer ci al
LAWOFFI CES
( b)
Fi g
.
9

Of f i ces f or one l awyer . ( a) Rent al ar ea: 366 sq
f t , 12 by 28 f t .
( b)
Rent al ar ea: 560 sq f t , 20
by
28 f t .
( c)
Fi g. 10 Of f i ces f or
t wo l awyer s. ( al Rent al ar ea:
1, 008 sq f t , 36 by 28
f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 1, 140- sq
f t , 504sq f t per l awyer . ( b)
Rent al ar ea: 1, 008 sq f t ,
36 by 28 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea
: 1, 140 sq f t , 504sq f t
per l awyer . ( c) Rent al
ar ea: 1, 536 sq f t , 48 by 32 f t
.
Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea
: 1, 600 sq f t , 768 sq f t per l awyer .
611
Fi g. 8
Fi g. 7
Fi g. 4
Fi g. 5
Fi g. 6
Modul e Of f i ce
Desk Ar ea sf
3' - 8" J ' - 0" x 14' - 6" 52 x 32 102
4
1
- 0" T- 8" x 15' - 10"
60 x 40 123
4' - 4"
8' - 4"
x
17' - 2" 66 x 40 142
Modul e Of f i ce Desk Ar ea sf
3' - 8" 10' - 8" x 14' - 6" 60 x 34 155
4' - 0" 1l ' - 8" x 15' - 10" 66 x 40 186
4' - 4" 12' - 8" x 17' - 2" 66 x 40 217
Modul e Of f i ce
Desk
Ar ea
sf
3' - 8" 14' - 4" x 14' - 6" 66 x
40
208
4' - 0" 15' - 8"
x 15' - 10"
66
x
40 248
4' - 4" 17' - 0" x 17' - 2"
66
x 40
290
Modul e Of f i ce
Desk Ar ea sf
3' - 8" 18' - 0" x 14' - 6"
66 x 40 256
4' - 0" 19' - 8" x
15' - 10" 66 x 40 312
4' - 4" 21' - 4" x 17' - 2"
66 x 40 357
Modul e
Of f i ce Desk
Ar ea sf
3' - 8" 21' - 8" x 14' - 6" 66 x
40 314
4' - 0" 23' - 8" x 15' - 10" 66 x
40 378
4' - 4" 25' - 8" x 17' - 2"
66 x 40 438
Commer ci al
LAWOFFI CES
si on of a
si zabl e r oomf or use sol el y as a l i br ar y
as i n Fi g . 10c. Fi gur e
10a i s sui t abl e f or a
separ at e bui l di ng and Fi gs .
106 and c ar e f or
r ent al space i n an of f i ce bui l di ng.
THE MEDI UM- SI ZE OFFI CE
Whi l e f i r ms composed of mor e t han
t en l aw-
yer s gener al l y car r y on a di ver si f i ed pr act i ce
and hencechoose cent r al l ocat i ons, some f i r ms
of f i ve t o t en l awyer s mayl ocat e near t hei r pr i n-
ci pal cl i ent s. Thesel ect i on of space i n t hef i r st
st or y of a commer ci al bui l di ng or t he er ect i on
of a bui l di ng may be consi der ed. I f t he cl i ent el e
i s concent r at ed i n a subur ban cent er or smal l
sat el l i t e ci t y, or a ci t y of 50, 000 or smal l er ,
t he scal e of l and val ues maybe such t hat f i r st -
st or y space near t he commer ci al cent er coul d
be consi der ed. Becauseof t he hi gh cost of l and
i n t he cent er of l ar ge ci t i es, bui l di ngs,
t o be
f easi bl e, must be l ar ger t han needed by a si ngl e
l aw of f i ce ; hence sel ect i on of space i n an
el evat or ed of f i ce bui l di ng i s of t en t he onl y
answer .
The same ar ea whi ch i s pl anned f or t hr ee
l awyer s, as i s i ndi cat ed i n Fi g . 11a, may
be
r ear r anged t o accommodat e f i ve l awyer s, as
i ndi cat ed by Fi g. 12a. As r ear r anged, t he ar ea
of most of t he pr i vat e of f i ces i s t oo smal l
f or
conf er ences wi t h mor e t han one or t wo
vi si -
t or s, and secr et ar i al space maybe
i nsuf f i ci ent ;
but wher e
r ent al r at es ar e hi gh t hi s degr ee of
cr owdi ng may be
j ust i f i ed . Of f i ces f or f i r ms
wi t h f r omf i ve
t o t wel ve l awyer s ar e i ndi cat ed
by
Fi gs . 13 t o 17. The ar r angement shown i n
Fi g .
17
may be
expanded or cont r act ed t o pr o-
vi de f or as f ewas f our
l awyer s or as many as
t went y.
Secr et ar i es' desks shoul d
be cl ose t o t he
l awyer s' of f i ces
.
Some
f i r ms pr ef er each l aw-
yer ' s secr et ar yt o be j ust
out si de hi s of f i ce door
or i n an adj acent
pr i vat e of f i ce, as i n Fi g. 17.
I n gener al , however ,
mor e use can be made of
secr et ar i al ,
st enogr aphi c, and cl er i cal em-
pl oyees i f some
ar e i n a pool t o be dr awn upon
as needs ar i se
.
THE LARGE
OFFI CE
The pl anni ng of spacef or a l ar ge l awof f i ce may
be
i nf l uenced by t he si ze and shape of t he
space avai l abl e. The possi bi l i t y of secur i ng
adequat e, wel l - pl anned space i s enhanced
when t he f i r mact i vel y par t i ci pat es i n t he pr o-
mot i on of an of f i ce bui l di ng.
Fi gur e 18 i ndi cat es possi bi l i t i es of pl anni ng
l ar ge spaces . The same scheme wi t h l ar ger
of f i ces coul d pr ovi de f or 11 t o 18 l awyer s, or
coul d be enl ar ged t o accommodat e up t o 40
or mor e l awyer s. The pl an shoul d be based
upon a st udy of t he speci al
needs of each l aw-
yer and t he r el at i ons
bet ween member s of t he
f i r m.
SPACE FORA
COOPERATI VE GROUP
I n bui l di ngs pl anned f or
occupancy by a num-
ber of l awf i r ms, f aci l i t i es
may be pool ed, such
as
l i br ar y, vaul t , ut i l i t y space, and r ecept i on
r oom. Fi l es
shoul d be kept i n t he separ at e
of f i ces and
secr et ar i es' spaces . ( Fi g. 19. )
PLANELEMENTS
The most desi r abl e or i ent at i on
f or of f i ces and
wor kr ooms var i es i n di f f er ent
l ocat i ons, but
nor t h i s gener al l y pr ef er r ed. I n
Fi gs . 9t o 17,
t he most desi r abl e or i ent at i on
i s i ndi cat ed by
t he l ocat i on of t he l et t er N. Out si de
exposur e
812
Fi g. 13

Of f i ces f or si x l awyer s. ( a) Rent al ar ea: 1, 440
sq
f t ,
40 by 36
f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 1, 596 sq f t , 240
sq f t per l awyer .
( b)
Rent al ar ea: 1, 760 sq f t , 44 by 40
f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 1, 886 sq f t , 293 sq f t per l awyer .
Fi g.
14

Of f i ces f or seven l awyer s. Rent al ar ea:
3, 250
sq f t , 80 by
44 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 3, 772
sq f t , 503
sq f t per
l awyer .
Fi g. 11

Of f i ces f or t hr ee l awyer s. ( a) Rent al ar ea: 1, 152 sq f t , 36
by 32 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 1, 292sq f t , 384
sq f t per l awyer
.
( b)
Rent al ar ea: 1, 584sq f t , 44 by 36 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea
: 1, 748 sq f t , 523 sq f t per l awyer .
( a)

( b)
Fi g. 12

Of f i ces f or f i ve l awyer s. ( a) Rent al
ar ea: 1, 152 sq f t , 32 by 36 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea:
1, 292 sq f t , 230 sq
f t per l awyer . ( b) Rent al ar ea: 1, 456 sq f t , 52 by 28 f t .
Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 1, 620 sq f t , 291 sq f t per
l awyer .
Commer ci al
LAWOFFI CES
i s desi r abl e f or of f i ces and
advant ageous f or
l ar ge wor k ar eas,
conf er ence r ooms, l i br ar y,
and
r est r ooms. Cent r al l ocat i ons
ar e pr ef er r ed
f or l i br ar y,
f i l e r oom, and conf er ence
r ooms.
The
si ze of r ooms i s det er mi ned
i n par t by
t he pur pose
and ef f ect desi r ed, and
t he f ur ni -
t ur e chosen
. The desi r abi l i t y of
commodi ous-
ness may be wei ghed agai nst t he
r ent or i t s
equi val ent . I f space i s ai r condi t i oned,
smal l er
spaces
maybe t ol er at ed. Lack of commodi ous-
ness
may he of f set by t he use of r i ch
mat er i al s
and
ef f ect i ve decor at i on.
FURNI TURE
Ther ecept i on r oomshoul d have adequat e
seat -
i ng i n addi t i on t o t he r ecept i oni st ' s desk, and
per haps si de t abl es f or ash t r ays and maga-
zi nes. The mi ni mumequi pment f or a pr i vat e
of f i ce i s an execut i ve' s desk and chai r ,
one or
t wo chai r s f or vi si t or s,
and desk- hei ght
book-
cases. I f desk dr awer s ar e not adequat e, one
or mor e l et t er f i l es
maybe r equi r ed
. For l ar ge
of f i ces, a sof a,
si de t abl es, cof f ee
t abl e, and
even a conf er ence t abl e may be i ncl uded. The
f ur ni t ur e of conf er ence r ooms may he l i mi t ed
t o a t abl e and chai r s, but some or nament al
f ur ni t ur e maybe i ncl uded. I f t he r oot " maybe
di vi ded by a f ol di ng par t i t i on, t wo t abl es may
be needed . Lawyer s' l i br ar i es ar ef or r ef er ence,
and unl ess t hey ar et o be used al so as conf er -
ence r ooms, onl y one or t wo smal l t abl es
ar e
needed. Each secr et ar y' s space must
have i t s
desk and chai r , and f i l es shoul d be pl aced near -
by. For secur i t y, f i l e r ooms may be i ncl uded
i n t he pl an, anda vaul t maybe needed f or
val u-
abl e paper s . St or age spaces maybe equi pped
wi t h shel ves, coat hooks, et c. , combi ned wi t h
wor k space f or dupl i cat i ng equi pment . . Ut i l -
i t y r ooms ar e usual l y r equi r ed onl y i n separ at e
bui l di ngs ( r at her t han r ent al space) f or heat -
i ng and ai r condi t i oni ng equi pment , t r ans-
f or mer vaul t , mai n swi t ch and met er s, et c. A
smal l ki t chen or cof f ee bar may have a
hot
pl at e and si nk, or mor e compl et e convent i onal
ki t chen equi pment . Toi l et f aci l i t i es ar e usual l y
r equi r ed onl y f or l ar ge l awof f i ces or when
t he
of f i ces occupy compl et e separ at e bui l di ngs.
Acouch shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he women' s
t oi l et r oot " or i n a separ at e r est r oom.
I NTERI ORDESI GN
Lawyer s' of f i ces r equi r e l i t t l e i nt er i or
decor s-
t i on, but t her e i s a di scer ni bl e t endency
t o
make of f i ces homel i ke. Accessor i es used
shoul d be car ef ul l y sel ect ed. The most com-
mon wal l decor at i ons f ound i n l awyer s'
of f i ces
ar et he cer t i f i cat es of admi ssi on t o t he bar
and
di pl omas . These ser ve t he pur pose of
assur i ng
cl i ent s of t he l awyer ' s qual i f i cat i ons
.
Fi g. 18 Ar r angement
f or l ar ge f i r ms : 19 l awyer s.
Rent al ar ea: 23, 040 sq f t ,
144by 160 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al
ar ea: 23, 652 sq f t , 1, 212
Fi g. 19

Cooper at i ve bui l di ng f or seven l awyer s. Rent al
ar ea: 3, 340
sq f t , 44 by 76 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 3, 588
sq f t , 477 sq
f t per l awyer .
813
Fi g. 17 Of f i ces f or 12 l awyer s
. Rent al ar ea: 6, 720
sq f t , 56 by 120 f t .
Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 7, 076 sq f t ,
560 sq f t per l awyer .
Fi g. 16

Of f i ces f or ni ne l awyer s.
Rent al ar ea: 4, 096
sq f t , 64 by 64 f t .
Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 4, 356 sq f t , 455
sq f t per l awyer
.
Fi g. 15

Of f i ces f or ei ght l awyer s. Rent al ar ea: 3, 120
sq f t , 52 by 60 f t . Ar chi t ect ur al ar ea: 3, 348 sq f t , 390
Commer ci al
OPHTHALMOLOGI CAL OFFI CES
By BERNARDSPEROand ERNEST J . HASCH
Ef f i ci ent of f i ce l ayout cal l s f or t he use of cer -
t ai n basi c pr i nci pl es whi ch must be modi f i ed
t o meet t he r equi r ement s of avai l abl e apace,
per sonal habi t s, and i ndi vi dual pr ef er ences .
What mi ght be consi der ed ef f i ci ent by one
pr act i t i oner i s not necessar i l y so deemed by
t he next . I t i s axi omat i c t hat t he ones who seem
most pl eased wi t h t hei r of f i ce l ayout s ar e t he
ones
who have wor ked i n one or mor e of f i ces
bef or e
desi gni ng t hei r f i nal sui t es . Thei r l ayout
bet t er ser ves t hei r own habi t pat t er ns . Ther e-
f or e, i t i s wi se t o consi der each f act or as an
i ndi vi dual pr obl em and sol ve i t accor di ng t o
t he i ndi vi dual r equi r ement s as wel l as t o l i mi -
t at i ons of space.
Wai t i ng Room
The si ze of t he wai t i ng r oom depends on t he
pr act i t i oner ' s st yl e of oper at i on. Some adher e
cl osel y t o t hei r appoi nt ment schedul e ; ot her s
do not . Some must accommodat e a gr eat many
chi l dr en or expect a f ami l y gr oup wi t h many
pat i ent s. Some use a pr oduct i on- l i ne modus
oper andi i n whi ch assi st ant s pr ocess t he pa-
t i ent s t hr ough dr op ar eas or ot her checkup
st at i ons ; ot her s pr ef er t o do al l pat i ent wor k-
up t hemsel ves . So per haps a " ki ddi e ar ea" or
a " dr op ar ea" or bot h ar e r equi r ed. I n gener al ,
t he busy pr act i t i oner shoul d be abl e t o accom-
modat e f r om10 t o 12 peopl e and pr ovi de emer -
gency space f or 3 or 4mor e. About 2 f t of wal l
space i s needed f or each per son. The i dea t hat
wai t i ng r oomspace i s nonpr oduct i ve and t her e-
f or e wast ef ul i s a f al l acy. Few pr act i t i oner s
decr ease t hei r wai t i ng r oomspace i n subse-
quent of f i ces ; most of t hemi ncr ease i t .
I f t he wai t i ng r oomi s i nadequat e t o cont ai n
t he pat i ent l oad, i t i s hel pf ul t o use a syst em
of t r af f i c cont r ol i n whi ch pat i ent s ar e t r ans-
f er r ed f r omt he wai t i ng r oom, i n pr oper or der ,
t o oper at i onal r ooms t o awai t t he doct or . Thi s
means t hat ext r a r ef r act i on r ooms
or combi na-
t i on r ef r act i on- t r eat ment r ooms ar e r equi r ed-
or even a f i el d r oom, a muscl e r oom, or a phot o-
gr aphy r oom, i f t hese f unct i ons ar e t o be
per f or med i ndependent l y.
Cl oset s
Space t nuet be pr ovi ded f or pat i ent s' wr aps .
I f t he space avai l abl e does not l and i t sel f t o
i nst al l at i on of a cl ot hes cl oset , t hen r acks or
decor at i ve wal l - mount ed cl ot hes hanger s can
be used. Al t hough l ose ef f i ci ent , cl oakr oom
f aci l i t i es can be pl aced i n t he r ecept i oni st ' s
quar t er s or i n t he passageways i nt o t he doc-
t or ' s wor ki ng ar eas .
St or age
St or age i s an i mpor t ant , and of t en f or got t en,
i t emi n of f i ce pl anni ng. Amul t i t ude of suppl i es
ar e essent i al t o sust ai n a busy pr act i ce, and
t hey shoul d be r eadi l y avai l abl e when needed .
Pr of essi onal accessor i es and adj unct s ar e usu-
" I nt er nat i onal

Opht hal mol ogy

Cl i ni cs '
Uvei t i s,
Ef f i ci ent Of f i ce Management , vol .
3.
no .
2,
J une 1963, Li t t l e, Br own and Company,
Bost on, Mass .
814
al l y kept i n smal l cabi net s i n t he exami nat i on
r ooms, but gener al of f i ce suppl i es shoul d be
under t he commi ssi on of t he nur se or secr e-
t ar y. St or age cabi net s can be bui l t al ong cor r i -
dor s or above f i l es . Advant age shoul d be t aken
of any nat ur al st r uct ur al i ndent at i ons due t o
col umns or ot her st r uct ur al i r r egul ar i t i es ;
t hese ar e most usef ul f or const r uct i on of cabi -
net s, as t hey ar e nor mal l y wast e space ot her -
wi se .
Fi l es
The t ype of r ecor d char t s t o be used must f i r st
be det er mi ned and t hen t he appr opr i at e f i l es
sel ect ed
.
Roomf or f ut ur e f i l es shoul d be appor -
t i oned, especi al l y i f t he of f i ce i s t o be occupi ed
f or sever al year s . Fi l es shoul d be accessi bl e t o
t he r ecept i oni st and t he nur se, and ar e gener al -
l y l ocat ed i n t he r ecept i oni st ' s of f i ce. At t i mes
i t i s advant ageous t o r ecess f i l e
cabi net s
i nt o
a par t i t i on so t hat onl y t he f r ont s show, whi l e
t hei r bodi es j ut i nt o a l ess- needed ar ea of a
cont i guous r oom
. Thi s can have bot h aest het i c
andf unct i onal val ue. I f ot her space i s not avai l -
abl e, t he f i l e- cabi net ar ea i s al so a good pl ace
f or a smal l r ef r i ger at or .
Recept i oni st
The r ecept i oni st shoul d be abl e t o obser ve t he
ent i r e wai t i ng r oomand al so cont r ol t he f l ow
of t r af f i c of pat i ent s . Af t er r egi st er i ng t he
pat i ent , t he r ecept i oni st usual l y pul l s t he
r ecor d char t or st ar t s a newone i f necessar y.
The char t i s pl aced at t he doct or ' s di sposal by
means of t he par t i cul ar syst emused. Di f f er ent
syst ems ar e used. The char t can be pl aced i n
a r ack out si de t he exami nat i on r oomt o be used
next , or on a desk i n t he exami nat i on r oom;
some pr ef er j ust t o sel ect t he char t f r oma r ack
or e count er t op i n t he r ecept i on ar ea or pas-
sageway.
Dependi ng on t he l ocal i t y of t he pr act i ce, t he
habi t s of t he communi t y, and t he dut i es gi ven
t he r ecept i oni st , one of sever al r ecept i on
ar r angement s can be used. I f t he pr act i ce i s
l ocat ed i n a communi t y wher e an i nf or mal
r el at i onshi p bet ween publ i c and pr of essi on i s
t he r ul e, t he r ecept i oni st can be pl aced behi nd
a desk r i ght out i n t he wai t i ng r oomor behi nd
a count er t op. Of f i ce f ees, i f uni f or m, can be
quot ed and col l ect ed over a desk or a count er
t op. But i f hi st or i es ar e t o be t aken, i t i s nor mal -
l y advi sabl e t o i nst al l t he r ecept i oni st at a desk
behi nd a par t i t i on, or t o compr omi se wi t h a
hal f par t i t i on.
I f t he pr act i ce i s l ar ge, or expect ed t o be, i t
i n advi sabl e t o pr ovi de space f or t wo gi r l s i n
t he r ecept i oni st ar ea. Thi s i s par t i cul ar l y t r ue
i f t he l ocat i on i s consi der ed a per manent one.
I f not , a smal l busi ness of f i ce shoul d be
pl anned f or any f ut ur e exi gency.
Consul t at i on Room
Thi s i s an ar bi t r ar y t hi ng dependent on avai l -
abi l i t y of space and on per sonal pr ef er ences .
Many physi ci ans pr ef er t o i nt er vi ew pat i ent s
i ni t i al l y i n a pr i vat e of f i ce. Ot her s do so i n
t he exami nat i on r ooms, t hus savi ng t he t i me
i nvol ved i n t r ansf er r i ng t he pat i ent f r om con-
sul t at i on r oomt o exami nat i on r oom. Those
who wor k st r ai ght t hr ough and t hen must dash
of f t o ot her commi t ment s have l i t t l e need of a
pr i vat e of f i ce, per se; but t hose who wi sh t o
st op and r est dur i ng t he day need t he pr i vacy
of some of f i ce t o whi ch t hey can
r et i r e
.
I f
excessi ve space must be t aken i n or der t o
acqui r e a par t i cul ar sui t e, one r oomcan be
adapt ed f or use as a r el axat i on r oom, wi t h a
cot and bever ages and ot her comf or t s ; or i t can
be used as a dr essi ng r oomf or t he assi st ant s .
Ar oomof t hi s t ype can al ways be conver t ed t o
an exami nat i on r ooml at er , i f t he need shoul d
ar i se.
Exami nat i on Rooms
Exami nat i on r ooms can be r ef r act i on
r ooms,
t r eat ment r ooms, mi nor - sur ger y r ooms, f i el d
r ooms, phot ogr aphyr ooms, muscl e and
or t hop-
t i c r ooms, or any combi nat i on
t her eof . Ther e
was a t i me when r ef r act i ons wer e done i n one
r oom, t r eat ment i n anot her , f i el ds i n anot her ,
and per haps sl i t - l amp mi cr oscopy i n yet anot h-
er . Now, t her e i s a t r end t owar d mor e consol i -
dat i on, so t hat pr act i cal l y al l phases of a com-
pl et e eye exami nat i on can be done i n a si ngl e
r oom,
t hus
obvi at i ng t he t r ansf er of pat i ent
f r omr oomt o r oom. Thi s ar r angement i s a t i me-
saver , especi al l y i f al l par t s of t he exami nat i on
ar e done by t he eye doct or ; but i f assi st ant s
do par t of t he wor k- up, such as f i el ds or mus-
cl e t est i ng or even pr el i mi nar y vi si ons,
t her e
must be separ at e r ooms f or t he di f f er ent
f unct i ons .
Ref r act i on Room
Al t hough onl y one
r et r act i ng l ane can
be
used
at a t i me, i t i s gener al l y conceded
t hat
mor e
t han one i s needed by t he busy opht hal mol o-
gi st
.
Much t i me can be l ost
each
day
wai t i ng
f or hat s t o be donned or dof f ed,
wai t i ng f or
makeup t o be appl i ed, l i st eni ng t o wel l - meant
but t i me- consumi ng f ar ewel l s,
and
f i nal l y
wai t -
i ng f or anot her pat i ent t o be br ought i n and
pr oper l y set t l ed i nt o posi t i on. Wi t h a second
r oomavai l abl e, i t i s a si mpl e mat t er t o gi ve
f i nal i nst r uct i ons, bi d a cour t eous f ar ewel l
and st op i nt o t he next r oom, wher e a pat i ent
has
al r eady
been
seat ed, wi t h r ecor ds l ai d out
i n a conveni ent
pl ace and i nst r ument s pr oper l y
posi t i oned
f or i mmedi at e use. Someone al so
can assi st t he
depar t ur e of
t he pat i ent j ust
f i ni shed. Thi s
i s not a
ver y
i mpor t ant
i t emwhen
t he pr act i ce
has j ust st ar t ed, but
as i t f l our -
i shes, t i me
becomes
ext r emel y i mpor t ant .
I f i t i s not
possi bl e t o
have t wo i dent i cal
r ef r act i on l anes,
i t i s
hel pf ul
t o
set up a second
l ane i n a smal l er r oom, per haps a t r eat ment
r oom, whi ch can be used
when
t he pat i ent l oad
get s undul y heavy. Mi r r or s
or
speci al vi sual
char t s can be used, and st i l l t he r oomcan be
devot ed pr i mar i l y t o
some
ot her f unct i on .
The si ze of a r ef r act i on r oom depends not
onl y on t he space avai l abl e, but al so on t he
pr edi l ect i ons
of
t he pr act i t i oner .
Some
i nsi st
on
at l east a
20- f t l ane; ot her s f eel
t hat t hi s i s
r el at i vel y uni mpor t ant . Most f eel t hat a vi sual
l ane of f r om15 t o 20 f t i s sat i sf act or y. Di sr e-
gar di ng
ot her f act or s, t he char act er s on vi si on
char t s can
be si zed appr opr i at el y
f or any
di s-
Commer ci al
OPHTHALMOLOGI CAL
OFFI CES
t ance used. The si ze of pr oj ect ed char act er s
can be al t er ed by opt i cal means; char t s wi t h
r ever se char act er s can be used i n conj unct i on
wi t h a mi r r or ; char t s wi t h di r ect char act er s f or
a 10- f t di st ance ar e avai l abl e ; and somet i mes i t
i s f easi bl e t o use a t wo- mi r r or set up, i n whi ch
one of t he mi r r or s becomes a secondar y pr o-
j ect or t o gai n l engt h of pr oj ect i on.
I f t he l onger vi sual l ane i s consi der ed neces-
sar y, and space i s l i mi t ed, i t i s somet i mes f easi -
bl e t o use t unnel s t o at t ai n t he desi r ed di st ance
and yet conser ve space. Tunnel s can ext end
f r omf l oor t o cei l i ng, or can even be const r uct -
ed above
f i l es whi ch open out i nt o a di f f er ent
r oom. I n any case, i f t her e i s no obj ect i on t o
t he
so- cal l ed
" t unnel ef f ect " i n t he mi nd of t he
eye doct or , many space- savi ng
ar r angement s
ar e possi bl e wi t h t hi s met hod.
As ment i oned bef or e, many doct or s now
pr ef er
t o
do a compl et e eye exami nat i on, i n-
cl udi ng t r eat ment , i n a si ngl e r oom. Then t her e
must be r oomf or t he vi sual l ane wi t h t he r ou-
t i ne exami ni ng equi pment ( chai r , st ool s, t r i al
l enses, r ef r act i ng accessor i es, sl i t l amp) as
wel l as some f i el d equi pment ( per i met er ,
t angent
scr een)
and,
no
doubt , a consul t at i on
desk . Ther e shoul d al so be r oomf or medi ci nes,
t r eat ment cabi net , and per haps a t r eat ment
t abl e. Thi s woul d r equi r e a mi ni mumof 150
sq f t .
The t ype of equi pment sel ect ed wi l l det er -
mi ne, t o some ext ent , t he si ze of t he space
needed or , conver sel y, t he space avai l abl e
det er mi nes, t o some ext ent , t he t ype of equi p-
ment whi ch shoul d be used. I f t he l ar ger " de-
l uxe- t ype" pat i ent s' chai r i s used, i t shoul d be
posi t i oned about 4 f t f r oma wal l i n or der t o
ut i l i ze i t s adj ust abl e and r ecl i ni ng f eat ur es ;
and t hen a t r eat ment t abl e mi ght not be consi d-
er ed necessar y. On t he ot her hand, t he smal l er ,
l ess adj ust abl e chai r can be pl aced cl ose t o t he
wal l ; but a t r eat ment t abl e i s needed f or t onom-
et r y, t r eat ment , and mi nor sur ger y unl ess
t hese f unct i ons ar e t o be done i n anot her r oom.
Somet i mes t he posi t i oni ng of t he pr oj ect or
( f or vi si on l anes) pr esent s o pr obl em, per haps
because of cor ner s or ext r aneous par apher nal i a
ar ound t he pat i ent s' chai r . Ar ecent i nnovat i on
i s t he use of r emot e- cont r ol pr oj ect or s . These
pr oj ect or s, nowavai l abl e, can be mount ed i n
an out - of - t he- way posi t i on and be compl et el y
cont r ol l ed by f i nger t i p swi t ches on or ar ound
t he l ens cabi net . Wi t h t hi s ar r angement , t her e
i s no need t o r each i n f r ont of a pat i ent , or t ur n
awkwar dl y, t o change t he char act er s pr oj ect ed.
Fur ni shi ngs
1 . Del uxe
r ef r act i ng uni t
2 . Smal l
adj ust abl e chai r
3. Recl i ni ng t r eat ment chai r
4. Casual chai r
5 . Lens cabi net
6 . Sl i t l amp
7 . Pr oj ect or
B . Scr een
9 . Vi si on char t
10. Mi r r or
11 . Per i met er
12 . Tr eat ment cabi net
13. Tr eat ment t abl e
14. Tangent scr een
15. Cl ot hes r ack
16 . Desk
17. Fi l es
18. Cl ot hes cl oset
19. St or age cabi net
20. St or age cabi net 40 i n .
hi gh
21. St or age cabi net over
f i l es
22. Si nk
23. Wal l mount
25. Ref r i ger at or
26 . Shel f
27. Cl ot hes hooks
Ar eas
Rl

Wai t i ng r oom
R2

Wai t i ng f oam-
chi l dr en
R3

Dr op ar ea
R4 Recept i oni st -
busi ness of f i ce
R5

Nur se' s of f i ce
R6

Per sonnel l ounge
R7

Ref r act i on r oom
R8

Tr eat ment r oom
R9

Mi nor sur ger y
R10 Pr i vat e of f i ce
R11 Fi el d r oom
R12 Or t hopt i c- muscl e
r oom
R13 Phot ogr aphy
R14 St or age r oom
R15 Fi l es
R16
Washr oom
R17
Tunnel
Ar ea: 1, 150 sq f t , 44 by 29 f t
Of f i ce per sonnel : Two doct or s, one nur se, one
secr et ar y,
one r ecept i oni st
Uni t s avai l abl e:
One wai t i ng r oom 13 f t by 11 f t 2 i n . - 10 peopl e
One chi l dr en' s r oom6 f t 3 i n . b
y
5 f t 10 i n .
One dr op
ar ea
B f t by 2 f t
6 i n .

peopl e
One r ecept i on- busi ness of f i ce 10 by B f t
Fi g. 2

Pl an f or t wo- doct or
opt hal mol ogi cal of f i ce .
Thr ee r ef r act i on r ooms- t wo
20- f t l anes- by usi ng
" doubl e mi r r or " set up- - 12 f t 6 i n . by
9 i n . ;
by
usi ng
" doubl e mi r r or " set up- 11 f t by 9 i n .
One t r eat ment and mi nor - sur ger y r oom9 f t by
8 h 6 i n .
One f i el d r oom 9 by 7 f t
One phot ogr aphy r oom 8 f t by 6 f t 6 i n .
One nur se' s of f i ce- 13- f t l ane- 8 f t by
7 f t 10 i n .
Two washr ooms 4f t 6 i n, by
4
f t . 6 i n .
815
Ar ea : 752 sq f t , 32 by 26 f t
Of f i ce per sonnel
:
One doct or , one nur se, one r ecept i oni st
Uni t s avai l abl e :
One wai t i ng r oom17 f t 3 i n . by 8 f t 9 i n- 11 peopl e
One dr op ar ea 6 f t 2 i n . by 5 f t 6 i n .

peopl e
One r ecept i on of f i ce
11
f t 9 i n . b y 5 f t
Two r ef r act i on r ooms- one 18- f t l ane- 21 f t
by
8 f t
8 i n . ; one 18- f t l ane- 20 f t 9 i n . ; by 8 f t 8
i n .
One t r eat ment and mi nor - sur ger y r oom9 f t by 7 f t 6 i n .
One nur se' s of f i ce- f i el d r oom 7 f t 9 i n . b y 7 h 4 i n . -
wi t h 12- f t pr oi ect i on l ane above f i l es
Fi g . 1

Pl an f or one- doct or opt hal mol ogi cal of f i ce.
81
6
Commer ci al
OPHTHALMOLOGI CAL OFFI CES
I f
t wo
r ef r act i on
r ooms ar e t o be used,
i t i s
bet t er t o have t hem adj acent or adj oi ni ng, or
separ at ed by no mor e t han a smal l er t r eat ment
or mi nor - sur ger y r oom.
Mi scel l aneous Rooms
Si nce t he var i ous ser vi ces r equi r ed of
t he
opht hal mol ogi st ar e so i nt er r el at ed, r ef r act i on
r ooms nowusual l y cont ai n some t r eat ment
f aci l i t i es . But i t i s st i l l hel pf ul t o have a r oom
avai l abl e, possi bl y smal l er , whi ch can be used
f or t r eat ment , mi nor
sur ger y, and f i el ds . One
such r oom f or ever y t wo r ef r act i on r ooms
shoul d be adequat e, even i n t he l ar ger mul t i -
manned pr act i ces. I t i s advi sabl e t o have a
vi si on l ane i n t he mi scel l aneous r ooms when-
ever possi bl e. Al most any di st ance can be used
t o cr eat e a sat i sf act or y vi si on l ane.
Mi nor sur ger ycan be done i n anychai r wi t h
a headr est and a r ecl i ni ng back, but a chai r -
t abl e or a st at i onar y t r eat ment t abl e i s consi d-
er abl y mor e comf or t abl e t o t he pat i ent . The
exami ni ng chai r whi ch can be conver t ed i nt o a
f l at t r eat ment t abl e can ser ve
sever al pur poses .
I t can ser ve as a gener al t r eat ment
chai r f or
t onomet r y or mi nor sur ger y; i t can be a r ef r ac-
t i on chai r ; and i t can be posi t i oned at
t he
pr e-
scr i bed di st ance f r oma t angent scr een so t hat
cent r al f i el ds can be t aken f r omt he same chai r ,
t hus maki ng ef f i ci ent use of a
smal l er
r oom
.
Or t hopt i c r ooms, as such, ar e
sel dom
used
unl ess t he vol ume of t he pr act i ce af f or ds t he
use of an or t hopt i st . The di agnost i c wor k per -
f or med by most eye doct or s i s done i n one of
t he ot her oper at i onal r ooms; but i f or t hopt i c
t r eat ment s ar e t o be gi ven, a separ at e or t hopt i c
r oomi s i ndi cat ed.
Tr eat ment , mi nor sur ger y, and f i el ds can
usual l y be done i n a r oomof about 100 t o 130
aq f t , wi t h smal l er r ooms ser vi ng wel l f or any
si ngl e one
of
t he f unct i ons.
Fi gur e 1 i s a pl an desi gned t o gi ve t he nur se
and t he r ecept i oni st
compl et e cont r ol of t he
t r af f i c f l ow. The
r ecept i oni st cont r ol s t he
pat i ent s i n t he dr op ar ea and r ef er s t hemt o t he
nur se,
who does pr i mar y wor k- ups . Then t he
pat i ent s ar e
di r ect ed t o one of t he doct or ' s
r ef r act i on r ooms. The r ef r act i on r ooms ar e
i dent i cal , and shoul d be
equi pped i dent i cal l y.
Ther e i s a r oomf or t r eat ment and mi nor sur -
ger y,
and t he nur se coul d al so use
i t i n addi t i on
t o her f i el d r oom. St or age i s cent r al l y l ocat ed
i n t he cor r i dor .
Fi gur e 2 shows t hr ee r ef r act i on r ooms, one
nur se' s of f i ce, and t hr ee mi scel l aneous r ooms
t o f aci l i t at e pr ocessi ng a l ar ge pr act i ce t hr ough
t hi s sui t e. The nur se and any ot her assi st ant s
have access t o al l par t s of
t he sui t e, end t he
nur se has a 13- f t
vi si on
l ane
over t he f i l es .
Al l assi st ant s t o t he doct or s can cooper at e
ef f i ci ent l y
t o
r out e pat i ent s pr oper l y accor di ng
t o
t he
syst emused, end st i l l over see
t he over al l
oper at i on f r om var i ous vent age poi nt s . The
doct or s, under a pr oper syst em,
wi l l have
sever al r ooms i n whi ch t hey can
per f or mt he
var i ous f unct i ons r equi r ed. For i nst ance,
t he
phot ogr aphy r oom, whi ch i s sel dom used as
such, can be used f or t onogr aphy, goni oscopy,
and or t hopt i cs, or even as a per sonnel l ounge.
The chi l dr en' s wai t i ng r oomcan be kept under
const ant sur vei l l ance.
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
Aut omobi l e
Di mensi ons
Fi g. 1 Par ki ng di mensi ons f or 1978
passenger
car s. See pages 818- 821.
Mot or Vehi cl e Manuf act ur er s
Assn. of t he U. S . I nc . ,
Det r oi t , Mi chi gan, 1978.
GROUND
CLEARANCE DI MENSI ONS
TURNI NGDI AMETERDI MENSI ONS
EXTERI ORHEI GHT DI MENSI ONS
EXTERI ORWI DTHDI MENSI ONS
81
7
8118
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
. Q
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N
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N
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N
m
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1
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Commer ci al
PARKI NG
Aut omobi l e
Di mensi ons
819
NP
Y
N
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820
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PARKI NG
v1 n 1~
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821
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
Aut omobi l e
Di mensi ons
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822
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
Car
Cl assi f i cat i on
By CHARLES M. BOLDON
and RI CHARDF. ROTI
1971
DOMESTI CANDI MPORTEDPASSENGER
CARS- BYCLASSES
The
popul ar domest i c and i mpor t ed
passenger
car s ar el i st ed bel owi n seven
cl asses. The r at -
i ng cat egor i es ar e est abl i shed
on t he basi s of
squar e f eet of f l oor ar ea
cover ed by a vehi cl e.
Cl ass 60, f or exampl e,
cont ai ns vehi cl es wher e
t he r esul t ant of l engt h Xwi dt h
di mensi ons
f al l i nt o t he 60. 0 t o 69. 9 sq
f t ar ea r ange. Cl ass
70 cover s t he 70. 0 t o 79. 9
act f t ar ea r ange.
I t can be not ed t hat t he newdomest i c
sub-
compact s,
Pi nt o, Vega, and Gr eml i n, f al l
i nt o
t he upper
ar eas of Cl ass 70, di f f er i ng
con-
si der abl y
f r omCol t i n t hemi ddl e of
Cl ass 60.
Apar t
f r omVol vo and Mer cedes
280 SL-
r epr esent i ng appr oxi mat el y 1
. 2 per cent of t he
i ndust r y and4. 70 per cent of al l f or ei gn
makes- -
i mpor t s
ar e not consi der ed a subst ant i al
f act or
i n Cl ass 80.
Li st i ngs i n Cl ass 110 f or For d Cust om/
Gal axi e/ LTD, Pl ymout h Fur y/ GTandChevr ol et
Bi scayne/ I mpal a ar e based on st andar d sedan
di mensi ons . The hi gh pr opor t i on of st at i on
wagons
sol d of t hese model s has r ai sed t hese
vehi cl es i nt o Cl ass 120.
Vehi cl e Wi dt h
The t r end of over al l wi dt h f r om 1927 t o dat e
has beenabout 10 or 12 i n. The i ncr ease was
t o pr ovi de f or gener ous t hr ee- passenger r oom
i n t he f r ont seat of t he wi der car s and t o ap-
pr oach comf or t abl e t hr ee- passenger capaci t y
i n t he smal l er . Any i ncr ease i n t he wi dt h of
l ar ger car s woul dbe t o pr ovi de f or f our peopl e.
Thi s woul d amount t o anot her 18- 20 i n .
Manuf act ur er s do not
ant i ci pat e a one uni t
i ncr ease t o a f our - passenger f r ont seat . The
cur r ent gr owi ng demand i n passenger car e i s
f or
t wo- passenger uni t seat s, a f eat ur e pr e-
vi ousl y
conf i ned t o vehi cl es of speci al i nt er est .
Wi dt h of mot or vehi cl es usi ng f eder al hi ghways
i s
l i mi t ed
t o 96 i n. maxi mumi n most st at es .
Theexcept i ons, Connect i cut , Mai ne and Rhode
I sl and, al l ow 102 i n . maxi mumdi mensi ons .
Most of t he
wi dt h gai ns t ook pl ace i n t he
1930- 1942
per i od. The smal l est car s wi dened
out 4. 4 i n . ( f r om 65. 8 t o 70. 2 i n . ) . The bi g
t hr ee- passenger
car s i ncr eased 6. 4 i n . ( f r om
65. 5 t o 71. 9 i n. ) . The over al l aver age of al l
makes i ncr eased 6. 5 i n . ( f r om 68 . 5 t o 75
. 0
i n . ) . The gr eat est gai n was an i ncr ease of 8
. 8
i n.
by t he l ar gest l uxur y car s
Aconceal ed f act i n t he f i gur es
i s t hat r unni ng
boar ds
di sappear ed dur i ng t hi s per i od. I n
1930
r unni ng
boar ds 6 t o 8 i n, wi de on
each si de
wer e el i mi nat ed i n t he
bel l yi ng out pr ocess
t o obt ai n t hr ee- passenger
uni t s.
The gap bet ween
t oday' s wi dest car and
nar r owest car
i s once agai n i ncr easi ng. The
domest i c " mi ni - compact s"
l ed by t he Col t at
61
. 4 i n. ,
Vega at 65. 4 i n . , Pi nt o at 69. 4 i n . ,
and
Gr eml i n at 70. 6 i n.
cont r ast s shar pl y wi t h t he
79- 80 i n. t r adi t i onal " bi g
t hr ee" and l uxur y
car s .
Fr omA
Par ki ng St andar ds Repor t
Vol . 1,
by
Par ki ng
St andar ds Desi gn Associ at es, a j oi nt
vent ur e of Conr ad Associ at es & Ri char d F .
Rot i &Associ at es, 1971.
TABLE 3 Cl assi f i cat i on Syst em
Cl ass 60- -
Subcompact s: 50, Pont i ac
Fi r ebi r d
1 . Toyot a
C010118/ Spr i nt er
2.
Dat sun 8110 Sedan
Cl ass 100- I nt er medi at e
:
3. Toyot a
Cor ol l a Wagon
4. Dat sun
SPL311 Roadst er
51. Amer i can J avel i n
5 . Vol kswagen
Beet l e
52.
Rol l s
Royce- Si l ver Shadow
6. Dodge
Col t
53.
Dodge Chal l enger
7. Toyot a
Cor ona
54. Rol l s Royce- For mal Sedan
B. Toyot a
Landcr ui ser
55. Mer cur y Cougar
9. Dat sun
PL510 Sedan
56 . Chevr ol et Chevel l e/ Mal i bu
10,
Peugeot 304
57. Pont i ac LeMans
58. Dodge Char ger FI T
Cl ass
70- Subcompact s :
59. Pont i ac GTO
60. Chevr ol et Mont eCar l o
11. Dat sun
WPL510 Sedan
61. Ol dsmobi l e Cut l ass " S"
12. Vol kswagen
Super Beet l e
62. Bui ck G. S.
13. Por sche- al l
model s
63. For d Tor i no
14. Dat sun 240Z
64. Ol dsmobi l e F- 85
15. Vol kswagen
- Kar man Ghi a
16 . Vol kswagen Type
3/ Squar e back
Cl ass 110 - St andar d
17. Toyot a
Cor ona Mar k I I
18. Mer cur yCapr i
65. Amer i can Mat ador
19. Chevr ol et
Vega
66. Ol dsmobi l e Cut l ass Sedan/ Coupe
20. Audi Super
90/ St s . Wgn.
67. Ol dsmobi l e Cut l ass Supr eme
21. For d Pi nt o
68. Bui ck Skyl ar k
22. Amer i can Gr eml i n
69. Pl ymout h Sat el l i t e/ Road Runner
70. Mer cur y Mont ego
Cl ass 80- Compact :
71. Dodge Cor onet / Cust om/ Br ougham
72. Dodge Char ger 500/ Coupe/ SE
23. Vol vo
1800 E
73. Amer i can Ambassador
24. Vol kswagen 411 Sedan
74. For d Thunder bi r d
25. Peugeot 504
75. Pont i ac
Gr and Pr i x
28. Mer cedes 280SL
76. Chevr ol et Chevel l e Wgn.
27. Vol kswagen St e. Wagon
77. Pl ymout h Fur y/ GT
28. Toyot a Cr own
78. For d Cust om/ Gal axi e/ LTD
29. Toyot a Cr own Wagon
79. Li ncol n Mar k I I I
30. Audi t OOLS
80. Chevr ol et Bi scayne/ I mpal a
31. Vol vo 142/ 144/ 145 Wgn.
32. Toyot a Landcr ui ser Wgn.
Cl ass
120- Luxur y:
33. Chevr ol et Cor vet t e
34. Amer i can Hor net
81. Bui ck Ri vi er a
35.
36.
For d Maver i ck
Vol vo 164
82.
83.
Dodge Pol ar a
Pont i ac Cat al i na
37. Mer cur y Comet
GT
84.
Ol dsmobi l e Del t a 88
38.
Mer cedes 2201250
85. Bui ck
LeSabr e
86. Ol dsmobi l e Tor onado
Cl ass 90- Compact :
67 . Cadi l l ac
El Dor ado
88 .
Chr ysl er Newpor t / NewYor ker
39. Mer cur y Comet Sedan
89. Chevr ol et
I mpal a St a . Wgn.
40. Pl ymout h Val i ant / Dust er
90 . Mer cur y Mont er ey/ Cust om
41. Dodge
Dar t / Cust om/ Swi nger 91 . Mer cur y
Mar qui s/ Br ougham
42. Chevr ol et Nova
92. Pont i ac Bonnevi l l e
43.
Mer cedes 280S/ 280SE
93. Ol dsmobi l e Ni net y- Ei ght
44. Dodge Demon
94
.
Li ncol n Cont i nent al
45
.
Mer cedes, 280SE, Coupe 3. 5
95. Cadi l l ac Coupe De Vi l l e
46 . Pl ymout h
Bar r acuda
96. Cadi l l ac Sedan De Vi l l e
47
.
Chevr ol et Camar o
97. Bui ck El ect r a
48.
Mer cedes 280SEL
98. Chr ysl er I mper i al
49
.
For d Must ang
99. Cadi l l ac Fl eet wood 60
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
Over al l Lengt h

Dur i ng t he per i od
of 1930- 1942
maj or changes wer e made i n car
l engt h whi ch
had a sever e ef f ect on gar age desi gn
and
i nvest ment cost per car space
. The smal l est
car s i ncr eased over f our f eet
i n l engt h ( f r om
140. 1 i n. t o 193. 5 i n. ) . The f ami l y sedan,
For d,
Chevr ol et and Pl ymout h
" Bi g Thr ee" i ncr eased
31/ , f t ( f r om152. 9 i n. to 196. 1 i n . ) .
The aver age
of al l makes showed an over al l i ncr ease of
371/ , i n. ( f r om169. 3 i n. to 206. 8 i n . ) . The l uxur y
car s r egi st er ed a 21 i n. gai n ( f r om204. 9 i n. to
225. 9 i n. ) .
The 12- year per i od f r om 1946 t o 1958
br ought out t wo t r ends . Rambl er as t he smal l -
est car pi oneer ed t he r ever sal t owar d smal l er
car s i n 1952. I n 1954 t he l owpr i ce f ami l y
sedan ( For d, Chevr ol et and Pl ymout h) began
a
7- year i ncr ease i n car si ze f r om99 t o 118
sq f t .
Fr om1957 t o 1960 t he " t ai l - f i n" expl osi on
Fi g. 3

( a) Angl e
of appr oach. ( b)
Angl e of depar t ur e.
occur r ed l eadi ng t o a buyer s' r evol t agai nst
st r et ched- out sheet met al , f ol l owed by an
i ncr ease i n i mpor t s and i nt r oduct i on of domes-
t i c compact s . I mmedi at el y f ol l owi ng i nt r o-
duct i on of Uni t ed St at es compact s t he car
manuf act ur er s began an i nchi ng up pr ocess
unt i l t he 85 sq f t compact was 90 sq f t as
evi denced i n t he 1963- 1970 " shor t est car "
i ndi cat i on .
Dur i ng t he same per i od t he " l owpr i ce t hr ee' '
began an act i ve 7- year gr owt h per i od pr oj ect i ng
al l t hr ee i nt o t he l ar ger si ze cat egor y Cl ass
120.
Ramp Br eakover Angl e
The r amp br eakover angl e i s t he measur e of
abi l i t y of t he car t o
br eak over a
st eep r amp,
ei t her cl i mbi ng or descendi ng, wi t hout scr ap-
i ng
( see Fi g . 2) . The Soci et y of
Aut omot i ve En-
gi neer s
cal l s
f or
a mi ni mumof 10 degr ees as
a
desi gn st andar d
.
Anumber of model s have
not met t hi s
st andar d
i n
r ecent year s.
The
aver age
f or
al l gr oups has r emai ned r el at i vel y
const ant dur i ng t he per i od 1958- 1971 despi t e
appr eci abl e vehi cl e hei ght r educt i ons .
The r amp br eakover angl e i nf l uence can be
al t er ed t hr u use of desi gn t echni ques. Tr ansi -
t i onal bl ends t op and bot t om of r amps com-
posed of t wo or mor e br eak poi nt s can mul t i pl y
t he r amp st eepness, wi t h wor kabl e br eak
angl es, beyond t he nor mal capaci t i es of car or
dr i ver . I n exi st i ng st r uct ur es t hese pr obl ems
ar e over come by bui l di ng
a
pad of asphal t or
concr et e each si de of t he br eak poi nt . I n t hi s
manner car s havi ng a l ow br eakover angl e
can negot i at e pot ent i al cr i t i cal poi nt s wi t hout
scr api ng.
Long wheel base ear s combi ned wi t h l ow
cent er cl ear ance ar e most suscept i bl e t o i n-
adequat e br eakover angl es . Bui ck Ri vi er a,
Pont i ac Tempest , Ol dsmobi l e Tor onado, and
Li ncol n had l ower r amp br eakover angl es i n
1970 t han Soci et y of Aut omot i ve Engi neer s
desi gn st andar ds r ecommendat i on.
Angl e of Depar t ur e
Ar easonabl e mi ni mumval ue i s necessar y t o
r educe t he i nci dence of t ai l pi pe and r ear bump-
er dr aggi ng. The st andar d cal l s f or a mi ni mum
of 10 degr ees, vi ol at ed onl y i n t he 1957- 1959
per i od. Onl y one 1970 car , Mer cur y, met t he
mi ni mumst andar d. Most car s ar e subst ant i al l y
above 10 degr ees . The most cr i t i cal condi t i on
i s at dr i veways wher e t he apr on i s st eep, or a
combi nat i on of excessi ve cr own t o gut t er and
apr on sl ope.
Angl e of Appr oach
The
t r end of appr oach angl e of domest i c car s
f r om 1948 t o 1962
i ndi cat es a dr op i n t he
1957- 1959 per i od bel ow15 degr ees. The
st an-
dar d devel opedi n 1960 by t he Soci et yof Aut omo-
t i ve Engi neer s cal l s f or a mi ni mumval ue of 15
degr ees. The st andar d has been mai nt ai ned up
t o 1970 when r educed by Chr ysl er and
Dodge
t o 14. 0 and 14. 6 degr ees r espect i vel y. ( See Fi g.
3. )
Ramp Sl opes
The maxi mumr amp sl ope shoul d be 20 per cent .
For sl opes over 10 per cent , a t r ansi t i on at
l east
8 f t l ong shoul d be pr ovi ded at each end of
t he
r amp at one hal f t he sl ope of t he
r amp i t sel f .
( See Fi g. 4. )
Dr i veway Exi t s
A
r amped
dr i veway exi t r i si ng up t o a publ i c
si dewal k must have a
t r ansi t i on sect i on t hat i s
823
Fi g. 5
Dr i veway exi t s.
Fi g. 2 Ramp
br eakover angl e.
Fi g. 4

Ramp sl opes. ( Tr ansi t i ons ar e r equi r ed onl y i f r amp sl ope exceeds 10 per cent . )
Commer ci al
PARKI NGGARAGES
al most l evel ( maxi mumsl ope: 5 per cent ) bef or e
i nt er sect i ng t he si dewal k t o pr event t he hood of
t he car f r omobscur i ng t he
dr i ver ' s vi ew
of pedes-
t r i ans on t he wal k. Thi s t r ansi t i on shoul d be 16
f t
l ong. ( See Fi g.
5a. )
Pr oper t y l i ne wal l s shoul d al so be r egul at ed
so as not t o i nt er f er e wi t h t he dr i ver ' s vi ewof
pedest r i ans on a publ i c si dewal k. Wher ever an
exi t dr i veway i s par al l el and adj acent t o a pr op-
er t y l i ne wal l whi ch ext ends al l t he way f o a
si dewal k,
t he edge of
t he dr i veway shoul d
be
physi cal l y est abl i shed, by cur b or r ai l i ng, at l east
6
f t f r omt hat wal l . For each f oot t hat t he wal l
i s hel d back f r omt he si dewal k, t he r equi r ed di s-
t ance
bet ween dr i veway and wal l may be r e-
duced by one f oot . ( See Fi g. 5b. )
RAMP SYSTEMS*
Anumber of di f f er ent i nt er f l oor r amp syst ems
can be used t o
enabl e vehi cl es t o t r aver se t he
appr oxi mat e 10- f t ( 3- m) el evat i on bet ween par k-
i ng
l evel s . Some
of
t hese syst ems pr ovi de sepa-
r at e and excl usi ve r amps, whi l e ot her s make use
of
cont i nuous sl opi ng f l oor s t hat accommodat e
bot h par ked vehi cl es and i nt er f l oor t r avel .
Ramps maybe st r ai ght , cur ved, or a combi na-
t i on. No si ngl e r amp syst emi s best f or al l
appl i ca-
t i ons. The choi ce shoul d be based on si t e shape
and di mensi ons
and par ki ng demand char act er i s-
t i cs . Ramps maybe desi gned f or oneway
or t wo-
way
t r af f i c movement . However , one- l ane- wi de
r amps shoul d not be oper at ed on a r ever si bl e
t wo- way basi s.
I n some i nst ances, si t e t opogr aphy wi l l al l ow
di r ect
access t o sever al par ki ng l evel s f r omt he
st r eet syst em. Thi s i s a desi r abl e ar r angement ,
si nce
i t l eaves mor e space f or par ki ng and pr o-
vi des mor e f l exi bi l i t y f or t r af f i c di st r i but i on be-
t ween
t he
st r eet syst em
and
par ki ng f aci l i t y.
Ti me and conveni ence ar e i mpor t ant t o r amp
t r avel and shoul d
be consi der ed i n any compar i -
son of r omp t ypes. Act ual t r avel t i me on
r amps
var i es l i t t l e among di f f er ent r amp syst emt ypes;
however , some r amp syst ems have mor e pot ent i al
f or del ay caused by conf l i ct i ng t r af f i c movement s
t hat l i mi t r ampcapaci t y. Ot her f act or s i nf l uenci ng
r amp desi gn i ncl ude acci dent hazar ds, const r uc-
t i on
cost , and abi l i t y t o accommodat e vehi cl es
and dr i ver s conveni ent l y.
Anal ysi s of Ramp Movement s
Ar amp syst emi ncl udes any por t i on of st or age
f l oor s used by vehi cl es movi ng bet ween l evel s.
Near l y ever y successf ul r amp syst emr equi r es ve-
hi cl es t o f ol l ow an appr oxi mat el y ci r cul ar pat h
when t r avel i ng bet ween par ki ng l evel s .
The num-
ber
of 360- degr ee r ot at i ons r equi r ed t o ci r cul at e
t hr ough t he gar age and par ki ng st r uct ur e hei ght
ar e maj or concer ns, par t i cul ar l y i n sel f - par k de-
si gns
.
I t i s gener al l y desi r abl e t o l i mi t t he maxi mum
number of compl et e r ot at i ons t o f i ve or si x . De-
pendi ng on r omp syst emt ype, t hi s wi l l cont r ol
t he maxi mumdesi r abl e number of par ki ng l evel s
and l i mi t t he number of par ki ng spaces a dr i ver
must pass dur i ng gar age t r avel .
Dr i ver s ar e somet i mes di st r act ed or di st ur bed
by t he awar eness of hei ght when t r avel i ng on
upper par ki ng l evel s- a condi t i on t hat can be
accent uat ed i f par ki ng l evel s ext end hi gher t han
adj acent bui l di ngs. To r educe dr i ver di st r act i on,
* Par ki ng Gar age Pl anni ng andOper at i on, Eno Foun-
dat i on f or Tr anspor t at i on, I nc. , West por t ,
Conn. , 1978.
824
Fi g. 1 Par ki ng gar age exampl es t hat i ncor por at e adj acent - par ki ng r amp syst ems f or t r af f i c ent er i ng
and cl ear way r ampsyst ems f or t r af f i c exi t i ng t he f aci l i t i es .
par apet wal l s al ong dr i vi ng r amps shoul d be de-
si gned t o l i mi t t he dr i ver ' s vi ewof sur r oundi ngs
out si de t he par ki ng st r uct ur e.
Cl ear way and Adj acent Ramp Types

Ramp sys-
t ems may be di vi ded i nt o t wo t ypes, based on
t he amount of i nt er f er ence bet ween r amp t r af f i c
and par ki ng- unpar ki ng oper at i ons . Ramp syst ems
desi gned on t he " cl ear way" pr i nci pl e pr ovi de i n-
t er f l oor t r avel pat hs compl et el y separ at ed f r om
pot ent i al l y conf l i ct i ng par ki ng- unpar ki ng move-
ment s. Ramp syst ems i n whi ch par t or al l of t he
r omp t r avel i s per f or med on access ai sl es may
be cal l ed t he " adj acent par ki ng" t ype. The num-
ber of par ki ng st al l s adj acent t o t he r amp may
var y f r oma smal l number t o t he t ot al capaci t y
of t he f aci l i t y. ( See Fi g. 1. )
Cl ear way r amp syst ems pr ovi de t he saf est
movement wi t h l east del ayand, except f or
sl opi ng
f l oor desi gns, ar e pr ef er r ed f or sel f - par k desi gns.
However , t he cl ear way r amp syst em i s sel dom
f easi bl e f or smal l gar age si t es .
An adj acent - par ki ng l ayout r equi r es l ess ar ea
per par ki ng st al l because of t he t wof ol d use of
t r avel pat hs, and consequent l y can be used t o
advant age on smal l er l and par cel s. However , ad-
j acent - par ki ng
r amp desi gns ar e
mor e
suscept i bl e
t o t r af f i c movement del ays and pot ent i al acci -
dent - causi ng si t uat i ons .
The act ual t r avel speeds f or f r ee- movi ng vehi -
cl es on t he t wo t ypes of r amps do not var y
gr eat l y. Del ays on t he
adj acent - par ki ng t ype
r amp syst em caused by par ki ng- unpar ki ng ma-
neuver s ar e
di f f i cul t
t o measur e
but must be r ecog-
ni zed as a si zeabl e quant i t y. Del ays wi l l be
gr eat er
on
par ki ng l evel s near est t he st r eet l evel ,
si nce t hese l evel s al ways have l ar ger number s
of vehi cl es i n t he ci r cul at i on syst em
.
Concent r i c Ver sus Tandem Ramp Desi gn Ramp
syst ems al so can be cl assi f i ed as concent r i c or
t andem, dependi ng on whet her t he t r avel pat hs
of vehi cl es movi ng upand down bet ween par ki ng
l evel s r evol ve about t he same or separ at e cent er s.
Hel i cal l y- cur ved ( spi r al ) r amps ar e usual l y bui l t
concent r i cal l y t o save spaceandt o pr ovi de f l at t er
gr ades . St r ai ght r amp syst ems ar e desi gned i n
ei t her concent r i c or t andemconf i gur at i ons .
Vehi cl es t r avel i ng on a r amp syst emmay move
ei t her cl ockwi se or count er cl ockwi se. Count er -
cl ockwi se r ot at i on i s gener al l y pr ef er r ed i n t he
Uni t ed St at es and ot her count r i es wher e dr i ver s
cust omar i l y si t on t he l ef t si de i n vehi cl es si nce
i t pl aces dr i ver s on t he i nsi de of t ur ns, enabl i ng
bet t er vehi cl e handl i ng.
Par al l el Ver sus Opposed Ramp Desi gn

For vehi -
cl es t o r ot at e i n t he some di r ect i on on a r amp
syst em, up and down r amps must sl ope i n oppo-
si t e di r ect i ons, r equi r i ng r amp sur f aces t o be op-
posed. I f up and down
r amps sl ope i n t he same
di r ect i on, r amp sur f aces ar e par al l el and vehi cl es
must r ot at e i n opposi t e di r ect i ons .
Whi l e no si gni f i cant di f f er ence has been ob-
ser ved i n oper at i onal ease, i t i s
obvi ous t hat op-
posed r omp t ypes ar e saf er , si nce al l vehi cl es
must
t r avel
i n
t he
same
di r ect i on. Par al l el r amp
syst ems ar e consi der abl y cheaper t o const r uct ,
however .
Geomet r i c Ramp Types
For saf et y, conveni ence, and t r af f i c oper at i ng ef -
f i ci ency, t he pat h f ol l owed by t he
r amp t hr ough
t r af f i c on any f l oor of a par ki ng gar age shoul d
be shor t , wi t h mi ni mumt ur ns and
t r af f i c cr ossi ngs.
Ramp ar r angement s wi t hi n a gar age shoul d be
consi st ent , i n or der t o be as si mpl e and
compr e-
hensi bl e as possi bl e.
Ramp desi gn and
ar r angement ar e i nf l uenced
by ( 1) or i ent at i on of r amp t r af f i c f l owt o
mai n-
f l oor st r eet ent r ance and exi t poi nt s and t o ot her
r amp syst ems t hat mi ght exi st i n
l ar ger gar ages,
( 2) conf or mance of r amps wi t h access ai sl es
t hr oughout each f l oor ar ea, and ( 3) si t e
di men-
si ons.
St r ai ght - RampSyst ems

Ramps wi t hi n a st r ai ght -
r amp syst em
usual l y shoul d be " st acked" one
over anot her f or const r uct i on economyand t r af f i c
ci r cul at i on uni f or mi t y. The st acki ng of r amps cr e-
at es a " r amp- wel l . " Fr oma pl an vi ew, t he sum
of t he syst em' s r amp- wel l ar eas and t he f l oor
ar ea cont ai ni ng ai sl es used by r amp por t al - t o-
por t al t r af f i c
i s
t he r amp syst em' s ar ea, or enve-
l ope. Thi s ext ends ver t i cal l y t hr ough t he
par ki ng
st r uct ur e
( wi t h t he possi bl e except i on of r oof and/
or basement l evel s) .
For st r ai ght - r amp gar ages, t he r amp syst em
i s usual l y r ect angul ar l y shaped ( i gnor i ng cur ved
r ampends) , wi t h t he r amp wel l ( s) al ong t he st r uc-
t ur e' s l onger - si de di mensi on. Thi s i s because mor e
hor i zont al di st ance i s r equi r ed t o
sat i sf y r amp
gr ade cr i t er i a t han t o accommodat e vehi cul ar
movement bet ween r amp ends .
Fi gur e 2i l l ust r at es abasi c st r ai ght - r ampsyst em
havi ng a r amp- wel l on one si de onl y. I n t hi s sys-
t em, vehi cl es f ol l ow an el l i pt i cal pat h, most of
whi ch i s on f l at sur f aces . Fi gur e 3 i s a par al l el
st r ai ght - r amp syst em, wi t h r amp- wel l s on t wo
si des of t he st r uct ur e. Tur ni ng movement s
f or t he
up and down r amps ar e per f or med i n di f f er ent
ar eas, whi l e
t he
f l oor t r avel i s per f or med i n a
t wo- way movement al ong t he same ai sl e. De-
pendi ng on st r uct ur e wi dt h, t he f l oor t r avel coul d
be di r ect i onal l y separ at ed. The syst ems r epr e-
sent ed i n Fi gs . 2 and 3 ar e bot h ver y adapt abl e
t o ent r ance and exi t poi nt s on t he same st r eet
.
Fi gur e 4i s an adj acent - par ki ng t ype opposed
st r ai ght - r omp syst em.
Tr avel
pat hs f or t hr ough
up and down movement s f al l i n t he some ai sl e,
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
GARAGES
el i mi nat i ng t r af f i c cr ossi ng
poi nt s . Fi gur e 5 i l l us-
t r at es acl ear way t ype opposed st r ai ght - r amp sys-
t em. Ends
of opposed r amps on t he mai n f l oor
ar e poi nt ed i n opposi t e di r ect i ons, maki ng t hi s
t ype sui t ed t o
st r uct ur es wi t h ent r ance and exi t
poi nt s on separ at e st r eet s. Thi s desi gn can be
adapt ed
t o ent r ance and exi t poi nt s on t he same
st r eet , but r equi r es a 180- degr ee t ur n on t he mai n
f l oor - necessi t at i ng
addi t i onal space.
St r ai ght - r amp syst ems ar e advant ageous
i n r el -
at i vel y nar r ow
bui l di ngs. They r equi r e l ess f l oor
ar ea t han
hel i cal l y- cur ved r amps and ar e si mpl e
t o const r uct , par t i cul ar l y i n exi st i ng
st r uct ur es be-
i ng conver t ed t o
par ki ng gar ages. However , shar p
t ur ns, necessar y t o get on andof f
st r ai ght r amps,
ar e di sadvant ages
.
Spl i t - Level or
St agger ed- Fl oor Syst ems. The
st agger ed- f l oor par ki ng gar age,
i nvent ed by Fer -
nand E. d' Humy, i s
nowgener al l y r ef er r ed t o
as a spl i t - l evel gar age. I f i s
const r uct ed i n t wo
sect i ons, wi t h f l oor
l evel s i n one sect i on st agger ed
ver t i cal l y by one- hal f st or yf r om
t hose i n adj acent
sect i ons . Shor t
st r ai ght r amps, sl oped i n al t er nat e
di r ect i ons and separ at ed by t he
di st ance r equi r ed
t o easi l y make
a 180- degr ee t ur n bet weenr amps,
connect t he hal f - st or i es .
Any
combi nat i on of st r ai ght r amps can be ap-
pl i ed f o t he spl i t - l evel
f l oor syst ems. Tr af f i c r ot a-
t i on
di r ect i on may be t he same, i n whi ch case
t he ai sl es ar e oneway,
t her eby r educi ng conf l i ct s .
Tur ni ng
pat hs may over l ap, r equi r i ng l ess space
f or t he
r amp syst em. Rot at i on can be pr ovi ded
al so
i n opposi t e di r ect i ons, whi ch
si mpl i f i es r amp
const r uct i on by
havi ng up and down r amps on
t he same pl ane.
The
di vi si on bet ween spl i t - l evel st r uct ur e
hal ves
may be per pendi cul ar
t o t he st r eet or par al l el .
I n t he l at t er case, ei t her t he f r ont or
back hal f
may be
el evat ed. Spl i t - l evel f l oor s can over l ap
as much as 5 t o 6 f t ( 1. 5 t o 1 . 8
m) t o i ncr ease
space ef f i ci ency
and
make
nar r owsi t es wor kabl e.
Fi gur es 6 t hr ough 9i l l ust r at e
var i ous t ypes of
spl i t - l evel conf i gur at i ons .
Fi gur e 8i s t he most com-
mon t ype.
Spl i t - l evel
desi gns ar e par t i cul ar l y appl i cabl e
t o
smal l , hi gh- cost si t es wher e
maxi mumuse of
spacemust be achi eved.
Const r uct i on i s r el at i vel y
si mpl e, and t he desi gn f i t s wel l on
r ect angul ar
si t es . Thi s syst em
i s ef f i ci ent i n t er ms of
f l oor
space
per vehi cl e par ki ng st al l but ,
l i ke al l r amp
syst ems empl oyi ng
adj acent par ki ng, f r equent
conf l i ct s mayar i se bet ween
ci r cul at i ng t r af f i c and
par ki ng- unpar ki ng
vehi cl es .
One var i at i on i n t he
spl i t - l evel syst em uses
t hr ee separ at e
sect i ons, wi t h t he t wo endsect i ons
at equal el evat i ons and
st agger ed one- hal f st or y
wi t h r espect t o
t he cent er sect i on ( see
Fi g. 9) .
Fi f t y per cent f ewer t ur ns
ar e r equi r ed, t her eby
r educi ng
t r avel t i me. However , vehi cl es
par ked
on t he end sect i ons must be
dr i ven an ext r a hal f -
f l oor
when ent er i ng or l eavi ng. " Wr ong
way"
r amp t r avel i s al so
a gr eat er possi bi l i t y wi t h t hi s
t ype of
desi gn.
Sl opi ng- Fl oor Syst ems

The sl opi ng- f l oor
par ki ng
gar age,
i n i t s si mpl est f or m, cont ai ns
t wo adj acent
par ki ng modul es t i l t ed i n
opposi t e di r ect i ons, wi t h
cr oss- ai sl es at each end so t hat
vehi cl es t r avel i ng
t he l engt h of bot h
ai sl es make a 360- degr ee t ur n
t o move up or down one compl et e
par ki ng l evel
( Fi g. 10). Thus,
t her e i s no ar ea set asi de
f or
r amps i n t he or di nar y sense.
The cr oss- ai sl es may
be
sl oped or l evel .
Par ki ng i ndust r y
exper i ence i ndi cat es t hat
t he
sl opi ng- f l oor desi gn i s wel l - sui t ed t o
sel f - par k op-
er at i ons .
The r el at i vel y f l at f l oor sl ope ( cust om-
ar i l y
r angi ng bet ween 3 and 5
per cent ) per mi t s
comf or t abl e
par ki ng and pedest r i an wal ki ng
.
Be-
cause par ki ng i s adj acent t o t he
i nt er f l oor ci r cul a-
t i on
syst em, each ent er i ng cust omer has an oppor -
Fi g. 2

Par al l el
st r ai ght - r omp syst em
wi t h r amp
wel l s
on t wo st r uct ur e si des.
Fi g. 3

St r ai ght - r omp
syst emwi t h one r omp- wel l .
Fi g. 6 Two- way
st agger ed- f l oor r amp syst em.
Fi g. 9 Thr ee- l evel
Fi g. 7 Tandem
Fi g. 4

Adj acent - par ki ng t ype
opposed st r ai ght -
r amp syst em.
Fi g
. 5

Cl eor way- t ype opposed st r ai ght - r amp
syst em.
Fi g. 8

Thi s st agger ed- f l oor
syst empr ovi des par k-
i ng on l evel f l oor s
and desi r abl e oneway t r af f i c
f l ow.
Fi g. 10

Basi c
sl opi ng- f l oor concept.
825
Commer ci al
PARKI NGGARAGES
t uni t y
t o par k
i n t he f i r st
avai l abl e space.
However , t he oper at i onal pr obl ems i n adj acent
par ki ng can cause congest i on dur i ng peak out -
bound movement s i f cl ear way- t ype expr ess r amps
ar e not used.
Fl oor - t o- f l oor t r avel di st ance i s gr eat er i n sl op-
i ng- f l oor gar ages t han i n ot her t ypes of r amp
gar ages. However , t hi s i s of f set somewhat by
t he
oppor t uni t y
f or gr eat er
t r avel
speeds due t o
f l at sl opes and l onger t angent s .
For l ar ge
st r uct ur es
i t
i s desi r abl e t o have onl y
par t of t he f l oor ar ea sl oped, wi t h l evel f l oor
sect i ons at ends t o f or mcr oss- ai sl es . Ramp con-
nect i ons at mi dpoi nt s of opposi t e sl opi ng f l oor s
per mi t oneway t r af f i c ci r cul at i on ( Fi g . 11) . I t i s
possi bl e t o achi eve oneway t r af f i c ci r cul at i on i n
sl opi ng- f l oor l ayout s, wi t h par ki ng al ong ai sl es
on
ever yl evel ,
by
usi ng t wo
sl opi ng- f l oor gar age
uni t s pl aced end- t o- end. I n t he l evel cent er sect i on
wher e t he t wo uni t s meet , t r af f i c f l owcanchange
f r om up t o down and vi ce ver sa. Thi s per mi t s
f l exi bi l i t y f or angl ed par ki ng, l i mi t ed onl y by
avai l abl e si t e wi dt h ( Fi g . 12) .
Hel i cal l y Cur ved RompSyst ems

The hel i x ( spi r al )
r ampcan be asi ngl e sur f ace t hat per mi t s vehi cl es
t o t r avel on a cont i nuous hel i cal pat h bet ween
par ki ng l evel s . When t wo- way t r af f i c i s handl ed
on a si ngl e hel i x, t he out er l ane i s used f or up
movement s, si nce
i t has a l ar ger r adi us of cur va-
t ur e and l ower gr ade. Up movement s ar e usual l y
count er cl ockwi se and down movement s
cl ockwi se.
Hel i cal - r amp ent r ance and exi t poi nt s can be
l ocat ed on t he same si de or opposi t e si des of
t he r amp coi l . I n ei t her case, r amp access poi nt s
ar e l ocat ed di r ect l y above each ot her on each
succeedi ng f l oor
.
Hel i cal l y cur ved r amps shoul d
be of t hecl ear way t ype. Exampl es ar e i l l ust r at ed
i n Fi gs .
13
and 14.
The doubl e hel i x syst em( Fi g. 14) uses t wo hel i -
cal - pat h sur f aces
t hat
ar e
sl oped i n opposi t e di -
r ect i ons . One sur f ace can be used f or up move-
ment s, t he ot her f or down
movement s. The t wo
sl opi ng hel i cal sur f aces may be separ at ed or t hey
may be i nt er woven. Vehi cl e movement s f or
bot h
up and down t r avel di r ect i ons ar e made i n t he
same di r ect i on
of r ot at i on. I n t he Uni t ed St at es
and ot her count r i es usi ng l ef t - si de dr i ve vehi cl es,
count er cl ockwi se r ot at i on i s pr ef er r ed
.
I nt er woven doubl e
hel i x
syst ems
ar e
popul ar
i n t al l st r uct ur es ( 10 t o 12 par ki ng l evel s) because
t he number of 360- degr ee t ur ns can be r educed
by usi ng t wo separ at ed hel i cal sur f aces t o ser ve
al t er nat e par ki ng l evel s .
Tr adi t i onal l y, cur vi ng r amps ar e sai d t o be con-
t i nuous wher e t hey pr ovi de 360 degr ees of r ot a-
t i on bet ween t wo par ki ng l evel s. The noncont i nu-
ous hel i cal l y cur ved r amps t hat pr ovi de r ot at i on
t hr ough 180 degr ees ar e commonl y r ef er r ed t o
as semi ci r cul ar - al t hough t hi s def i ni t i on i s not
qui t e cor r ect , si nce t he cur ved sect i on i s hel i cal
i n shape.
Hel i cal l y cur ved r amps ar e most of t en l ocat ed
i n cor ner s of r ect angul ar st r uct ur es t o mi ni mi ze
f l oor - space l oss, or t hey ar e l ocat ed out si de t he
st r uct ur e when addi t i onal si t e ar ea i s avai l abl e.
Hel i cal l y cur ved r amps r equi r e mor e space t han
st r ai ght r amps, but t hey can of f er bet t er t r af f i c
oper at i on by pr ovi di ng gr adual t ur ni ng
as com-
par ed t o shar p t ur ni ng movement s usual l y r e-
qui r ed at ends of st r ai ght
r amps. I n addi t i on,
super el evat i on at ends of st r ai ght r amps mayr e-
qui r e undesi r abl e war pi ng of f l oor ar eas.
Expr ess
Exi t Ramps Lar ge par ki ng st r uct ur es
wi t h f r equent hi gh- t ur nover condi t i ons may be
ser ved best wi t h an expr ess r amp f or onedi r ect i on
of t r avel - usual l y f or exi t i ng t r af f i c. Expr ess
exi t s
can be cur ved or st r ai ght , and ar e desi gned al -
ways on t he cl ear way pr i nci pl e, pr ovi di ng one-
wayt r af f i c movement ( Fi g. 15) . They ar e gener al l y
desi r abl e t o ser ve hi gh- t ur nover t r ansi ent pat r on-
age. They i mpr ove oper at i ng ef f i ci ency by r educ-
i ng t r avel t i me and conf l i ct s- but may add si gni f i -
cant l y f o st r uct ur e cost s, si nce t hey i ncr ease t he
ar ea pr or at ed t o
each par ki ng
space i n det er mi -
nat i ons of space- use ef f i ci ency.
Ramp St andar ds
Ramp desi gn par amet er s gover ni ng t he accept a-
bi l i t y of such r amp f eat ur es as maxi mumgr adi ent
and mi ni mumr adi us of cur vat ur e have evol ved
f r omgar age oper at i ng exper i ence. The f ol l owi ng
di scussi on pr esent s
st andar ds
gener al l y used by
t he par ki ng i ndust r y.
Ramp Gr ades

Ramp gr ade ( sl ope) i s comput ed
by mul t i pl yi ng f l oor - t o- f l oor hei ght by 100 and
di vi di ng by t he r amp l engt h
.
The di f f er ence
be-
t ween r omp l engt h measur ed al ong t he sl ope or
hor i zont al l y i s negl i gi bl e. Gr ades on
cur vi ng
r amps ar e measur ed al ong t he out er r amp pave-
ment edge.
Maxi mumpr act i cal r ampgr ades ar epr i nci pal l y
l i mi t ed by saf et y consi der at i ons and t he psycho-
l ogi cal
ef f ect on dr i ver s, wi t h
hi l l - cl i mbi ng and
br aki ng abi l i t i es of aut omobi l es bei ng a second-
or y f act or . St eep r amps sl owt r af f i c movement
and can be par t i cul ar l y hazar dous when wet , r e-
qui r i ng dr i ver s t o be excessi vel y caut i ous .
Fi g. 13

Hel i cal r amps such as t hi s onecan
be used
ef f ect i vel y f or expr ess exi t i ng.
Fi g. 11

Sl opi ng- f l oor syst emwi t h cr ossover r amp
of mi d- poi nt .
Hel i cal
r omp syst ems can of t en be advant ageous f or st r uct ur es si t uat ed on odd- shaped si t es .
Fi g. 15

Exampl es of st r ai ght and hel i cal
expr ess exi t r amps.
Fi g. 12 Doubl e sl opi ng- f l oor syst emwi t h mi d-
poi nt cr ossover .
Rampbr eakover angl e i s l i mi t ed bywheel base
and vehi cl e gr ound cl ear ance, and i s
a measur e
of an aut omobi l e' s abi l i t y t o be dr i ven over t he
cr est f or med by t wo
conver gi ng sur f aces wi t hout
scr api ng i t s under si de. Rampbr eakover angl evar -
i es
i nver sel y
t o wheel base.
Angl es of appr oach and depar t ur e ar e
l i mi t ed
by
vehi cl e f r ont and r ear over hang and gr ound
cl ear ance. These vehi cl e cl ear ance angl es
det er -
mi ne an aut omobi l e' s abi l i t y t o r ol l over t he sag
poi nt ( l ower end of r amp) f or med by
di f f er ent
gr ades wi t hout scr api ng or t ouchi ng t he pavement
sur f ace.
The angl e of depar t ur e
i s
mor e cr i t i cal
because t he r ear over hang of vehi cl es i s gener al l y
l onger t han t he f r ont over hang.
St andar ds est abl i shed by t he Soci et y of Aut o-
mot i ve Engi neer s l i mi t t he r amp br eakover
angl e
t o no
l ess t han
10
degr ees; angl e of depar t ur e,
no l ess t han 10 degr ees; and angl e of
appr oach,
no l ess t han 15 degr ees. Vehi cl es desi gned t o
t hese
mi ni mum
st andar ds t heor et i cal l y
ar e abl e
t o t r aver se sag and cr est sect i ons at t he bot t om
and t op of a 17. 6 per cent r amp gr ade,
and t o
move t o f l at f l oor gr ades wi t hout need f or a gr ade
t r ansi t i oni ng
( bl endi ng)
ar ea
.
However , cent r i f ugal f or ce, causi ng vehi cl e sus
pensi on f o compr ess when cr ossi ng a sag poi nt ,
even at l owspeed, can r esul t i n vehi cl es scr api ng
pavement sur f aces . Wi t hout gr ade t r ansi t i oni ng
at t he r amp cr est , dr i ver si ght - di st ance
can be
l i mi t ed moment ar i l y, and cr ossi ng abr upt gr ade
changes can
be
uncomf or t abl e f or dr i ver s and
passenger s . Ther ef or e, r amp gr ades shoul d be
bl ended gr adual l y or t r ansi t i oned t o f l at t er f l oor
sur f aces .
Apr act i cal met hod of bl endi ng r amp gr ades
t o r el at i vel y f l at f l oor l evel s i nvol ves
usi ng a mi ni -
mum12- f t - l ong ( 3 . 7- m) t r ansi t i on sl ope equal t o
one- hal f of t he r amp gr ade. Fi gur e 17
i l l ust r at es
t hi s r amp gr ade t r ansi t i oni ng met hod. Ramp
gr ades of l ess t han 10 per cent can
be bl ended
sat i sf act or i l y wi t h a t r ansi t i oni ng sl ope shor t er
t han 12 f t ( 3. 7 m)
.
Ramp Wi dt h and Radi i For oneway st r ai ght
r omps, mi ni mumaccept abl e wi dt h i s 12 f t ( 3 . 66
m) ; and f or t wo- way st r ai ght r amps, wher e oppos-
i ng t r af f i c f l ows ar e not separ at ed, 22
f t
( 6 . 71
m) i s t he r ecommended mi ni mumwi dt h. Wher e
a bar r i er i s used bet ween l anes t o separ at e t r af f i c
f l ows, each l ane shoul d be at l east 12 f t ( 3 . 66
m) wi de f or t angent l engt hs. Ci r cul ar r amp l anes
gener al l y shoul d be 14- 18 f t ( 4. 3- 5. 5 m) wi de.
The r epeat ed t ur ni ng movement s of vehi cl es
t r avel i ng bet ween par ki ng l evel s i s a pr i mar y de-
si gn consi der at i on. The spi r al i ng pat h r adi us must
be kept mi ni mal t o conser ve space and r educe
t r avel di st ance. However , ver y shar p and unr e-
l i eved
t ur ni ng wi l l pr oduce a di zzyi ng ef f ect on
dr i ver s. To mi ni mi ze t hi s ef f ect , r amp syst ems can
be
l ai d out wi t h shar p cur ves separ at ed by shor t
t angent s or l ess shar pl y cur ved sect i ons
( Fi g . 18) .
Lat er al
cl ear ance f or a vehi cl e t r avel i ng a
cur ved pat h i s det er mi ned by a vehi cl e' s
out er -
most
cor ner poi nt r adi us ( usual l y t he f r ont bumper )
when i t i s t ur ni ng on a mi ni mumr adi us .
The i nsi de
edge of t r avel l ane r adi us must be l ess t han
t he
mi ni mumi nsi de r ear - wheel r adi us- but
not much
smal l er , or dr i ver s wi l l at t empt t o ent er t he
r amp
at t oo shar p an angl e. The
r el at i onshi p bet ween
t hese r adi i depends on r el at i ve vehi cl e posi t i on,
whi ch i s det er mi ned by
maxi mumst eer i ng angl e
and dr i ver st eer i ng i nput , ext r eme cor ner
di men-
si ons, and
speed. Cl ear ance i s usual l y pr ovi ded
f or t he vehi cl e wi t h t he l ar gest
out er most cor ner
poi nt r adi us .
Mi ni mumout si de r adi us f or asi ngl e- l ane
hel i cal
PARKI NGGARAGES
Commer ci al
Fi g. 16 Rel at i onshi p bet ween f l oor - t o- f l oor hei ght , r amp gr ade, and l engt h. ( SOURCE: Edmund R. Ri cker ,
Tr af f i c Desi gn of Par ki ng Gar ages, The Eno Foundat i on f or Hi ghway Tr af f i c Cont r ol , 1957, p. 115. )
Fi g. 17

Met hod of bl endi ng r ampand f l oor gr ades. Ver t i cal scal e i s exagger at ed t o showdet ai l . ( SOURCE:
Adapt ed f r om Edmund R. Ri cker , Tr af f i c Desi gn of Par ki ng Gar ages, The Eno Foundat i on f or Hi ghway Tr af f i c
Cont r ol , 1957, p. 117, )
For sel f - par k desi gns, maxi mumr amp gr ades
shoul d not exceed 15 per cent ; however , 20 per -
cent maxi mumr ampgr ades f or at t endant - par ki ng
gar ages ar e accept abl e. I n par ki ng st r uct ur es
wher e pedest r i ans ar e expect ed t o wal k on vehi -
cl e r amps, gr ades pr ef er abl y shoul d be no mor e
t han 10 per cent .
Fi gur e 16
gr aphi cal l y r el at es r amp gr ade and
l engt h wi t h f l oor - t o- f l oor hei ght s. For
i nst ance,
t hi s gr aph
shows t hat f or a sl ope of 13 per cent
and a r i se of 9f t or 2. 7
m( f l oor - t o- f l oor hei ght ) ,
a
r amp l engt h of 70 f t ( 21. 3 m) l ong i s
r equi r ed.
Si mi l ar l y, a f l oor - t o- f l oor hei ght of
11 f t ( 3 . 4 m)
and a r amp l engt h of 90 f t ( 27 m) r esul t s
i n a
sl ope ( r amp gr ade) of 12
per cent .
The maxi mumpr ef er abl e gr ade
f or sl opi ng-
f l oor sel f - par k gar ages i s
4per cent , and i n at t en-
dont - par k gar ages, 10 per cent .
Angl e par ki ng i n
sl opi ng- f l oor gar ages shoul d
be 60 degr ees or
gr eat er , t o mi ni mi ze gr avi t y r ol l - back of
vehi cl es .
Ramp Gr ade Tr ansi t i on Desi gn
Cr i t i cal vehi cl e
cl ear ances,
dr i ver comf or t , and saf et y consi der a-
t i ons i nf l uence t he desi gn of
r amp ends wher e
t hey
meet f l at t er f l oor sur f aces. Ramp br eakover
angl e, and t he angl es
of appr oach ( af f ect i ng f r ont
over hang
of vehi cl es) and depar t ur e ( af f ect i ng
r ear
over hang) ar e cr i t i cal vehi cl e cl ear ance
poi nt s . These angl es ar eest abl i shed f or
st at i onar y
vehi cl es wi t h
nor mal equi pment and l oad, i ncl ud-
i ng
passenger s and f uel .
Fi g. 18 Cur ved r amp syst emwi t h t angent sect i ons .
Fi g. 19

Hel i cal r ampdi mensi on st andar ds.
( SOURCE: Par ki ng Pr i nci pl es, Speci al Repor t 125 Hi ghway
Resear ch Boar d, 1971. )
TYPI CAL
FLOOR
Fi g.
1

Funct i onal pl an f or t wi n- spi r al gar age.
r amp i s 32 f t ( 9. 75 m) ; however , an out er
r adi us
of
35- 37 f t ( 10. 67- 11, 28 m) i s desi r abl e. Wi t h
hel i cal l y cur ved t wo- l ane r amp sur f aces,
t he out er
l ane need not be as wi de as t he l ane used on
t he i nsi de pat h. The out er l ane
r adi us i s l ess r e-
st r i ct i ve, al l owi ng dr i ver s t o t ur n at af l at t er angl e
t hat r equi r es l ess
ef f ect i ve wi dt h f or a t r avel pat h
( Fi g, 19) .
Romp Tur n Super el evat i on

Vehi cl es t r avel i ng on
cur ved pat hs ar e act ed on by cent r i f ugal f or ce
pr opor t i onal t o
t he squar e of t he vel oci t y and
i nver sel y pr opor t i onal t o t he r adi us of cur vat ur e.
Thi s cent r i f ugal
f or ce must be bal anced by ot her
f or ces
t hat ar e devel oped by si de- f r i ct i on of t he
t i r es on pavement ,
and super el evat i on ( banki ng)
of t he
r amp sur f ace. Al t hough speeds i n par ki ng
gar ages ar e l ow,
t ur ni ng r adi i ar e much smal l er
t han
t hose r equi r ed f or st r eet or hi ghways,
t hus
r esul t i ng i n r at her l ar ge
cent r i f ugal f or ces. Ramp
cur ves shoul d not be super el evat ed t oo
st eepl y,
because
ver y sl owdr i ver s mayhave di f f i cul t y i n
keepi ng away f r omt he i nsi de edge of t he
r amp
pavement and f ast dr i ver s may be encour aged
t o dr i ve at speeds gr eat er
t han condi t i ons of
gr ade
and si ght - di st ance saf el y per mi t .
Gar age r amp super el evat i on
shoul d be ap-
pr oxi mat el y t / 2- i n/ f t ( appr oxi mat el y 4cm/ m) of
r amp wi dt h at
t he poi nt of shar pest t ur ni ng, wi t h
l esser amount s adj acent t o
st r ai ght sect i ons or
st or age f l oor s .
Ramp
Appear ance

Some mot or i st s ar e r el uct ant
t o use r ampgar ages
becauset r avel pat hs i n par k-
i ng gar ages may combi ne nar r owl anes, st eep
gr ades, and shar p
t ur ns. Even dr i ver s accust omed
t o
gar age par ki ng depend on appear ance and
" f eel " i n
maneuver i ng t hei r vehi cl es .
Consequent l y i t i s desi r abl e t o usear chi t ect ur al
and opt i cal
ef f ect s t hat wi l l gi ve dr i ver s conf i -
dence and r educe possi bl e adver se psychol ogi cal
ef f ect s of
dr i vi ng i n r est r i ct ed spaces . Anobvi ous
means i s t o make si ght di st ances as
gr eat as
possi bl e and t o
pr ovi de abundant i l l umi nat i on.
The opt i cal t r i ck of obscur i ng hor i zont al and
ver t i cal l i nes of
r ef er ence may be used t o r educe
t he appar ent st eepness of r amp gr ades . Ramp
wal l s can be pai nt ed wi t h st r i pes cont r ast i ng t o
wal l col or , par al l el t o r amp
sur f ace or at st eeper
angl es . The nor mal angl es bet ween ver t i cal col -
umns and t het r avel way can be
obscur ed by pai nt
mar ki ngs, or adj acent st r uct ur al f eat ur es maybe
bui l t wi t h
ar chi t ect ur al l i nes par al l el or per pem
di cul ar t o r amp sur f aces .
Romp st r uct ur es shoul d be as open as pr act i ca-
bl e, t o pr ovi de
si ght di st ances and t o r educe
cl osed- i n i mpr essi ons. I n l ocat i ons wher e i ci ng
condi t i ons
ar e common, r amp syst ems shoul d be
pl aced i n bui l di ng i nt er i or s or ot her wi se pr ot ect ed
f r omweat her .
Ramp i l l umi nat i on shoul d be
gi ven speci al at -
t ent i on. Wal l openi ngs shoul d not be al l owed
wher e out si de
l i ght sour ces coul d bl i nd dr i ver s.
Ar t i f i ci al l i ght i ng shoul d t ake t he f or mof di f f used
i l l umi nat i on, and r ef l ect or s
shoul d be poi nt ed
away f r omt he di r ect i on of t r avel .
PARKI NG GARAGES
Typi cal Desi gns
I n t hef ol l owi ng pages t he f unct i onal pl ans and
desi gn f eat ur es of f i ve sel f - par ki ng f aci l i t i es ar e
pr esent ed. They ar e t ypi cal of t he moder n
Par ki ng Gar age Oper at i on, The Eno FOUnda-
t i on f or Hi ghway Tr af f i c Cont r ol , Saugat uck,
Conn. . 1961.
gar age pl anni ng t hat has evol ved dur i ng t he
past sever al year s.
I n Fi g . t , t he pl an f or a t wi n- spi r al
gar age i s
shown. The r amps, si t uat ed i n opposi t e cor -
ner s, ar e angl ed t o f aci l i t at e t hemovement f r om
t he f l oor s t o t he r amps. Ent r ances and exi t s
have been pr ovi ded ont wo st r eet s on separ at e
l evel s t o t ake advant age of t he di f f er ent el eva-
t i ons.
The wai t i ng ar ea- t wo el evat or s, r est r ooms,
cashi er ' s boot hs, and vendi ng machi nes- - i s i n
t he cent er of t he gar age . Ar et ai l ar ea ext ends
al ong t he ent i r e f r ont age of one of t he st r eet s
and
has a dept h of about 85 f t . Thef our t h l evel
of
t he gar age, or r oof deck, ext ends over t he
r et ai l ar ea. Ni net y- degr ee par ki ng i s empl oyed
t hr oughout
t he f aci l i t y.
Ast agger ed- f l oor or spl i t - l evel gar age i s
shown i n Fi g . 2. The r amp syst ems f eat ur e
separ at ed oneway
oper at i on, and access i s on
onl y one st r eet
. The over al l di mensi ons of t he
352- space f aci l i t y
ar e 120 by 240 f t . Ni net y-
degr ee par ki ng i s ut i l i zed
t hr oughout t he f our
f l oor s . The cashi er ' s boot h
i s at t he ent r ance,
PARKI NGGARAGES
Commer ci al
MAI NFLOOR
~I u" I n" I
" nl ~nl ~i
- TOUPPER FLOORS
TOBASEMENT
r
" t
-
~ 0~\
,

_L:

M
, t
I
FLOORS
I I I " I I I " I I
2
L
I
WAI TI NG
TAI RS
MJ
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
GARAGES
and t he st ai r s and el evat or s ar e st r at egi cal l y
l ocat ed i n t he cent er of t he f aci l i t y t o t ake
advant age of t he spl i t - l evel and t o af f or d mi ni -
mumwal ki ng di st ances .
I n Fi g . 3 a f unct i onal pl an i s
pr esent ed f or a
f aci l i t y wi t h st r ai ght r amps . The gar age has
oneway
ai sl es and angl e par ki ng. Act ual l y,
a por t i on of
t he ai sl es i s used i n t he f l oor - t o-
f l oor
ci r cul at i on. Ther e ar e t hr ee pedest r i an
el evat or s
and f our st ai r ways t o ser ve t he ei ght
f l oor s . Though
t he ent r ance and exi t wer e on
t he same st r eet , t hey ar e
wi del y separ at ed t o
r educe conf l i ct s .
The over al l di mensi ons of
t he f aci l i t y
ar e 183
by
165 f t .
I n a sl opi ng- f l oor or cont i nuous- r amp
gar age,
t he ai sl es ser ve t wo pur poses :
access t o t he
par ki ng st al l s,
and f l oor - t o- f l oor ci r cul at i on.
I n Fi g . 4, a t ypi cal gar age i s
shown whi ch
pr o-
vi des 90
. ,
par ki ng. One pedest r i an el evat or
and t hr ee st ai r ways have been pr ovi ded f or t he
f i ve- l evel f aci l i t y. The ent r ance and exi t ar e
on one st r eet . The di r ect i on of t r avel on t he
r amps has been r ever sed t o r educe t he conf l i ct
at
t he cont act wi t h t he oneway st r eet . Over al l
di mensi ons ar e 122 by 157 f t .
The pr epar at i on of a desi gn f or an i r r egul ar -
shape
si t e pr esent s many pr obl ems, especi al l y
when sel f - par ki ng i s t o be pr ovi ded . An exam-
pl e o1 a good desi gn i s pr esent ed
i n Fi g. 5
wher e a spi r al r amp i s i n t he cent er of t he ga-
r age.
The
ai sl es ar e oneway and t wo- way, and
90' ' par ki ng i s used t hr oughout t he
f aci l i t y.
For t he t hr ee- f l oor gar age, t her e i s
one
MAI NFLOOR
MAI NFLOOR
TYPI CAL FLOOR
TYPI CAL FLOOR
Fi g. 3 Funct i onal pl an f or st r ai ght - r amp gar age.
Fi g . 2

Funct i onal pl an f or st agger ed- f l oor gar age.
Commer ci al
PARKI NGGARAGES
TYPI CAL FLOOR
MAI NFLOOR
MAI N FLOOR
TYPI CAL FLOOR
Fi g. 5 Funct i onal
pl an f or concent r i c- spi r al gar age.
Fi g . 4

Funct i onal pl an
f ar sl opi ng- f l oor gar age.
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
GARAGES
pedest r i an
el evat or avai l abl e at pr esent . Pl ans
and ar eas ar e
pr ovi ded f or an addi t i onal el eva-
t or when war r ant ed
. Ther e ar e f our st ai r ways.
I n t he
oper at i on of t hef aci l i t y, an ent r ance has
been pr ovi ded on
one st r eet end t wo st r eet s
ar e used f or
exi t i ng .
Many
var i at i ons may be used i n gar age
desi gn. The
pr evi ous exampl es ar e t ypi cal
desi gns. Desi gn
cr i t er i a and st andar ds wer e
assembl ed i n a
r ecent st udy. ' The desi gns
must be t ai l or ed t o
t he avai l abl e l and.
By
GEOFFREY BAKERand BRUNO
FUNARO
RAMP GARAGES
Ramp
gar ages do not si mpl y mul t i pl y
t he par k-
i ng capaci t y
of a l ot by t he number of
par ki ng
l evel s added
. Consi der abl e space on each
l evel
wi l l be t aken by r amps and ci r cul at i on
ways
whi ch must be kept f r ee of par ked car s
. Onl y
on
t he upper most l evel ( or t he l ower most i n
t he
case of an under gr ound gar age) can car s
be
t empor ar i l y st or ed i n t he ai sl es
as t hey nor mal -
l y ar e i n an at t endant - oper at ed
par ki ng l ot .
On a sl opi ng l ot , devel oped
wi t h onl y t wo or
t hr ee per ki ng l evel s,
space nor mal l y r equi r ed
f or r amps may be r educed
. By connect i ng
adj acent st r eet s t o t he di f f er ent
par ki ng l evel s,
t hest r eet syst emi s,
i n ef f ect , i ncor por at ed i nt o
t he
gar age r amp syst em.
As most gar ages hencef or t h
wi l l be de-
si gned, we bel i eve, f or cust omer
sel f - par ki ng,
we
have t aken 12 per cent ( i . e. , a r i se
of 12 f t
i n ever y 100, or a 7 angl e of sl ope) as
t he
maxi mum
conveni ent r amp gr ade.
Act ual l y
publ i c use and accept ance
of a
r amp sl ope depends l ess upon t he
mechani cal
power and body di mensi ons of
t he car t han
upon t heappar ent hazar ds t o t he women
dr i ver
of
sl eep, nar r owsl opes, and shar p, bl i nd
t ur ns.
For
her al so t he t er r or of comi ng down
a r amp
i s l i kel y
t o be gr eat er t han t hat of
goi ng up,
especi al l y nowt hat so manycar s have aut omat -
i c shi f t s whi ch pr event t hem
f r om st al l i ng or
r unni ng backwar d on hi l l s .
To make a r amp seeml ess
conf i ned and
hazar dous, i t shoul d be oneway,
wel l - l i ght ed
but wi t hout di st r act i ng gl ar e,
and separ at ed
f r omopposi ng t r af f i c wi t h a wi de
di vi der st r i p.
Camouf l age pai nt i ng devi ces
may be used t o
make t he sl ope appear l ess
st eep. Hor i zont al
l i nes of r ef er ence can be obscur ed
wi t h wal l
st r i pes par al l el t o, or at a
st eeper angl e t han,
t he r oadway. Al ong
ei ght l i ne, par t i cul ar l y at
t he upper end of a r omp,
wi l l guar d agai nst
dr i ver s hesi t at i ng.
Thi s i n t ur n wi l l i ncr ease
speeds ( wi t hout decr easi ng
saf et y) , and so
I ncr ease t he r amp' s
t r af f i c capaci t y.
The shal l ower
and l onger t he r amp, t he mor e
space i t
r equi r es on each par ki ng l evel . The
onl y except i on t o
t hi s i s wher e t he whol e ga-
r age
becomes i n ef f ect a shal l ow- angl ed
r omp,
a wi de
r oadway wi t h a l i ne of 90
par ki ng on
each si de. Thi s spi r al s up
and ar ound i n a con-
Par ki ng,
Rei nhol d Publ i shi ng Cor p. , New
Yor k, 2d pt g . , 1963,
by per mi ssi on of
Van
Nost r and Rei nhol d
Company.
' Ri cker , Tr af f i c Desi gn of
Par ki ng Gar ages,
Eno
Foundat i on, 1957 .
addi t i on t o
t he r amp l engt h, whi ch wi l l ver y
accor di ng t o st eepness
( see pl an, Fi g. 3) .
Mi ni mumeconomi cal
wi dt h t ot al s 108 f t .
And st i l l , wi t h
t hese mi ni mumdi mensi ons,
t her e i s a qui t e
uneconomi cal r at i o of ci r cul a-
t i on space t o st or age
space on each par ki ng
f l oor. Onl y by
enl ar gi ng t he f l oor ar eas, whi ch
usual l y means
enl ar gi ng t he avai l abl e l ot si ze,
canmor e st or age space be
ser ved by t he same
amount of ci r cul at i on
space.
Ramp l engt h, of
cour se, can onl y be r educed
by st eepeni ng t he r amp
angl e or r educi ng
t he f l oor - t o- f l oor
hei ght bet ween par ki ng
f l oor s . The shape of a
r amp can be changed
and condensed by coi l i ng
i t i nt o a hel i x .
Locat i on and
shape of t he r amp syst em i s
par t i cul ar l y i mpor t ant on
t he ent r ance f l oor of
at t endant - oper at ed gar ages
. The f ur t her sway
t he r omp f r omt he
st r eet ent r ances, t he l ar ger
t he r eser voi r space,
end t he bet t er t he cushi on
agai nst del ay
and congest i on at per i ods
of -
peak
ar r i val .
I n gener al ,
as we have seen above,
t he
l ar ger each
per ki ng f l oor , t he mor e advant age-
ous t he
r at i o bet ween st or age space and
ci r cul at i onways
. The upper l i mi t on f l oor ar ea
I n a l ar ge gar age,
cust omer - oper at ed el eva-
t or s may
be i nsuf f i ci ent f or t hese peak per i ods.
Escal at or s
wi l l gi ve much bet t er ser vi ce under
t hese
condi t i ons ; but t hey wi l l pr obabl y be
j ust i f i ed
onl y i n a ver y l ar ge gar age.
I n a
par ki ng gar age of t hr ee f l oor s or
l ess,
st ai r s ar e
st i l l accept ed by t he publ i c .
I t
wi l l ,
however , gener al l y be wi ser t o
f i l l t he t op
f l oor
wi t h l ong- t er m por ker s, who ( per haps
t empt ed by
l ower mont hl y r at es) wi l l be mor e
wi l l i ng t o make t he cl i mb.
Types of Ramp Gar ages
Types of r omp gar ages
ver y wi del y. No
one pl an i s best f or al l si t es
or al l t ypes of ga-
r age
. The shape of t he l ot ,
ant i ci pat ed par ki ng
demand, whet her t he gar age i s t o
be desi gned
f or par ki ng by cust omer s or
by at t endant s,
l i mi t at i ons of cost and of
st r uct ur e ( par t i c-
ul ar l y i f t he gar age i s par t of
anot her bui l di ng
such as an of f i ce bl ock or an
audi t or i um) - al l
ar e
i mpor t ant f act or s when
deci di ng what i s
t he most ef f i ci ent t ype of r amp
desi gn f or t he
j ob.
t i nuous l i ne of war ped r ect angl es f i t t ed i nt o
t he
r ect angul ar shel l of t he bui l di ng.
The second f act or gover ni ng r amp
l engt h
i s
f l oor - t o- f l oor hei ght . The smal l er t hi s
di mensi on,
t he shor t er can be t he r amps. How-
ever , t he
f l oor - t o- cei l i ng cl ear hei ght shoul d
not be l ess t han 7/ , f t , and even t hi s wi l l r equi r e
many
r adi o aer i al s t o be r et r act ed or t i ed
down
at
t he gar age ent r ance. Thi n- f l oor st r uct ur al
sl abs
ar e par t i cul ar l y wor t hwhi l e i n gar age
const r uct i on
.
Each end of
t he r amp, wher e i t j oi ns t he par k-
i ng l evel ,
must be bl ended i nt o t he f l oor gr ade
over a mi ni mum
di st ance of 12 f t . The sect i ons
of a moder n car most
l i kel y t o scr ape gr ound at
t opor bot t om
of a sl ope ar e t he l ong over hangs
i n f r ont and
r ear beyond t he wheel base.
The ar ea r equi r ed
f or a r amp syst emwi l l be
most i mpor t ant
i n det er mi ni ng whet her a gi ven
pi ece of l and can be
pr of i t abl y devel oped wi t h
a mul t i st or y gar age
st r uct ur e. Af l oor - t o- f l oor
hei ght of 8' /
f t r equi r es a 12 per cent r amp
71 f t l ong ( see Tabl e 1) . Anot her
45 f t beyond
t hi s wi l l be needed f or a
r easonabl y conveni ent
t ur ni ng r adi us
i n ci r cul at i on l anes on each
par ki ng f l oor .
So t he
mi ni muml engt h needed f or t he si m-
pl est f or m of
par ki ng deck, wi t h a st r ai ght
r amp and on mor e
t han t wo l evel s, i s 90 f t i n
TABLE
1

Ramp Lengt h f or St r ai ght Ramps ( t o t he near est f oot )
i n at t endant - oper at ed gar ages wi l l be set by
t he
t i me r equi r ed t o wal k bet ween t he
f ur t hest
par ked car and t he cent r al i nt er f l oor
man l i f t
whi ch connect s wi t h t he ent r ance
check- i n
poi nt wher e car s ar e col l ect ed and
del i ver ed .
Thi s i nt er f l oor communi cat i on poi nt
shoul d
be as near as possi bl e t o t he cent r oi d of
t he
par ki ng f l oor . For at t endant s' aver age
wal ki ng
speed i s f ound t o be 5 f t per second;
t hei r
dr i vi ng speed aver ages 13 f t per second.
The l ayout of par ki ng st al l s shoul d be de-
si gned
t o mi ni mi ze t r avel t i me. One 100 f t
of ext r a
t r avel di st ance t o and f r oma par ki ng
st al l
wi l l add 7~ seconds t o dr i vi ng t i me, 20
seconds
t o wal ki ng t i me, t hus r educi ng each
at t endant ' s
par ki ng r at e by one car per hour .
I n a l ar ge
oper at i on wi t h hi gh t ur nover , t hi s
wi l l be r eveal ed by
ei t her an i ncr ease of l abor
cost s, or by l ong del ays
i n t he del i ver y of car s
t o
out goi ng cust omer s, or by need f or a l ar ger
r eser voi r t o
pr event del ay i n r ecept i on of
i ncomi ng car s
.
For
cust omer - per ki ng gar ages t he same
st andar ds of
wal ki ng di st ance shoul d appl y
as i n par ki ng l ot s : a
maxi mumwal k of 300 f t
f r om par ked
car t o gar age ent r ance. Most
i mpor t ant
her e i s al l owance f or peak per i ods
of i nt er f l oor
t r avel by cust omer s ent er i ng or
l eavi ng.
Spl i t - l evel
Fl oor - t o- f l oor hei ght f l oor s
Angl e, Ramp gr ade,
degr ees
per cent 8 f t 9 f t 10 f t 11 f t 12 f t 4 f t 5 f t
3 5
60 180 200 220 40 80 100
3yr 6
133 150 167 183 200 67 88
4
7 114 128 143 157 172 57 77
4, / 8
100 112 125 138 150 50 63
5
9 89 100 111 122 134 45 55
6 10 80 90 100 110 120 40 50
6' /
11 73 82 91 100 109 37 46
7 12 67 75 83 92 100 34
42
7y, 13 61 69 77 85 92 31 39
8
14 57 64 72 79 86 29 36
8y
15 53 60 66 73 80 27 33
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
GARAGES
To i mpr ove t he r at i o bet ween r amp ar ea and
par ki ng ar ea, t he r amp can be st eepened, a
oneway r amp can be used f or t wo- way t r af f i c,
t he r amp can be desi gned t o doubl e as
a
par k-
i ng ai sl e wi t h st al l s on each si de, car s may be
par ked i n t he ai sl es, and mor e r ows may be
doubl e- par ked. Ever y ana of t hese wi l l l ower
oper at i ng ef f i ci ency. None of t hem, except pos-
si bl y t he r amp whi ch doubl es as a par ki ng
ai sl e, ar e even t o be consi der ed i n a moder n
cust omer - par ki ng gar age.
Al l r amp syst ems except t he hel i cal need
ci r cul at i on l anes kept cl ear on each par ki ng
f l oor f or a cont i nuous pat h upwar d and down-
war d t hr ough t he bui l di ng.
Act ual l y al l r amp syst ems must ci r cl e i n
or der t o gai n suf f i ci ent l engt h wi t hi n t he bui l d-
i ng t o go upwar d at a r easonabl e sl ope. I n hel i -
cal r amps t hi s ci r cl i ng i s conf i ned
t o
t he
r amp.
I n al l ot her t ypes t he t ur ni ng
movement
( t hr ough
360 or 180
accor di ng t o r amp t ype
and f l oor l ayout ) i s made not on t he r amp but
on t he par ki ng f l oor s . Thi s t ur ni ng movement
can be made mor e easi l y on a banked hel i cal
r ampt han on t he f l at par ki ng f l oor s .
Mi ni mumsi t e wi dt h r equi r ed f or a r amp gar -
age i s 100 t o 110 f t , as shown bel ow; and even
t hen t her e i s a qui t e uneconomi cal r at i o be-
t ween par ki ng ar ea and r amp space. Ahel i cal
r amp woul d f i t a nar r ower si t e but wast e even
mor e space. For a nar r owsi t e, par t i cul ar l y a
cor ner l ot , t he el evat or gar age may be most
economi cal
. Mi ni mumwi dt h
of t he st r uct ur e
al one may be as l i t t l e as 60 f t . But t her e must be
access
on bot h si des of
t hi s,
f or ent r ance and
exi t . Ther e shoul d al so be of f - st r eet r eser voi r
space. So mi ni mumsi t e wi dt h, wi t h
a st r eet on
t he f r ont and one si de,
i s
80
f t
.
( see Fi g
.
6) .
I f t her e i s no si de st r eet , anot her
20 f t must be
added
t o
t he
f r ont age f or exi t l anes .
Of hel i cal r amp t ypes t he l east cost l y t o con-
st r uct i s usual l y t hat shown i n Fi g. 7. One- way
up anddown
l anes ar e on a si ngl e- banked sur -
f ace. The out er l ane i s used f or up t r af f i c, usual -
l y count er cl ockwi se,
so
t hat
car s keep t o t he
r i ght i n nor mal f ashi on .
The di amet er of t he
r amp i s cont r ol l ed by t he
r equi r ed t ur ni ng r adi us : a mi ni mumof 45
f t t o
t he f ace of t he out si de cur b of t he out er
l ane.
Ther e i s cr ossi ng of t r af f i c
at each par ki ng
f l oor connect i on, but dr i ver s have a
cl ear vi ew
each way.
I n t he ci r cul ar r amp shown i n Fi g. 7 t her e i s
no cr ossi ng of up and downt r af f i c, even at t he
par ki ng f l oor connect i ons . Each t r af f i c st r eam
i s conf i ned t o i t s own r ampal l t he way f r omt op
t o bot t omof t he bui l di ng.
As ent r ance and exi t poi nt s ar e at opposi t e
ai des of t he r ampcyl i nder , t he best posi t i on f or
t hi s t ype of r ampwi l l be near t he cent er of t he
par ki ng f l oor .
The sur f ace of t hese r amps can be f ul l y
banked bet ween f l oor s, but t hey must be f l at -
t ened at t he poi nt of connect i on wi t h each par k-
Commer ci al
PARKI NGGARAGES
TABLE 2 Hel i cal Ramps- Mi ni mumDi mensi ons
i ng f l oor , so t hat car s can t ur n of f and on wi t h-
out t oo shar p a br eak i n gr ade.
To avoi d scr api ng t he f l oor wi t h f r ont
or
r ear over hangs or some par t of t he under -
body of t he car , change of gr ade bet ween
f l oor
and r ampmust not be t oo sudden
. The bl endi ng
di st ance must be at l east as l ong as most
wheel base l engt hs- about 10 f t . As pr eci se
const r uct i on i n concr et e i s
not t o be expect ed,
i t i s wi ser t o
set 12 f t as mi ni mum. Asi mpl e
r ul e of t humb i s t o
make t hi s t r ansi t i on gr ade
hal f t he r amp gr ade . ( See
Fi g . 8. )
Hal f way bet ween t he
ci r cul ar and t he
st r ai ght r amp i n what may be cal l ed t he r ec-
t angul ar ci r cl e. Thi s i s so l ar ge
and so shal l ow
t hat i t nor mal l y f i l l s t he whol e bui l di ng,
and so
wi de t hat t her e i s a l i ne of r i ght - angl e
par ki ng
al ong each si de. The
f l oor s of t he gar age
become t i l t ed pl anes .
Abasi c di sadvant age of
t hi s pl an i s t hat a
t wo- way ci r cul at i on r oad
must al so ser ve as
a par ki ng ai sl e- and a ver y
l ong one t oo .
The i nevi t abl e r esul t i s conges-
t i on and del ay,
par t i cul ar l y at t he l ower l evel s
dur i ng
out goi ng r ush hour s .
Pr obabl y
t he si mpl est t ypes of r ampi n st r uc-
t ur e, pl anni ng, and oper at i on
ar e t he t wo- way
di vi ded
r amps set one above t he ot her at one
edge or
i n t he cent er of t he par ki ng f l oor .
( See Fi g. 9. )
Thi s i s qui t e economi cal of space, par t i c-
ul ar l y
on a l ot t hat i s r at her l ong and nar r ow.
Two- way
ci r cul at i on l anes on t he par ki ng f l oor
may be
hazar dous .
Her e t he up
and down t r af f i c st r eams have
been separ at ed.
Thi s pl an st i l l has t he advan-
t ages
of r ect angul ar shape and smal l r amp
ar ea. But t he up and down
ci r cul at i on l anes
i nt er sect on t he par ki ng f l oor
unl ess t he f l oor
ar ea i s so l ar ge t hat
each ci r cul at i on can be
kept wi t hi n i t s own
hal f on oneway l anes .
Fi g. 10
Onsome si t es i t may be
an advant age t o have
i n and out t r af f i c
wi del y separ at ed at st r eet
l evel , as i t i s her e.
I f t he up and
down r amps cr i sscr oss at each
f l oor ( l i ke an
Xi n el evat i on) , t he t wo t r af f i c
st r eams f l ow
i n
t he
same di r ect i on on each
par ki ng
f l oor , and conf l i ct i ng t r af f i c move-
ment s
ar e i mmedi at el y r educed.
By
pl aci ng up and down r amps at al t er nat e
edges
of each f l oor , t he up and down ci r cul a-
t i on i n t he r amp t ype
shown i n Fi g. 10 i s com-
pl et el y separ at ed
. Mor eover , t he t ur ni ng move-
ment s have been
cut i n hal f . The car has t o t ur n
t hr ough onl y
180 ( i nst ead of 360 as i n t he
pr ecedi ng r amp pl ans)
t o go up or down
t hr ough one
par ki ng l evel t o t he next . The
t r avel di st ance
on each f l oor i s al so r educed,
so t hi s t ype
of r amp l ayout usual l y shows
excel l ent l y f ast dr i vi ng t i me bet ween f l oor s .
At gr ound l evel t he i n and out
r amps poi nt
i n opposi t e di r ect i ons, so t hi s pl an
i s par t i c-
ul ar l y wel l f i t t ed t o any pi ece of
l and whi ch
r uns t hr ough a
bl ock so t hat i t has f r ont age on
t wo st r eet s .
The Spl i t - Level Gar age
The spl i t - l evel
gar age i s t he par ki ng equi val ent
of t he
spl i t - l evel house. One sect i on of a gar age
i s of f set
ver t i cal l y by hal f a st or y f r om t he
r emai nder of t he bui l di ng . ( See Fi g. 11. )
The
l engt h of each f l oor - t o- f l oor st r ai ght
r amp can t hen be
di vi ded i nt o t wo hal ves sep-
ar at ed f r omone
anot her i n pl an suf f i ci ent l y t o
al l owa
180' t ur n on t he par ki ng f l oor . Thi s
means a
mi ni mumdi st ance of 45 f t cent er - t o-
cent er of t he
r amps
.
Cl i mbi ng upwar d, or ont he r et ur n t r i p down,
f or Two Lanes Si de by
Si de, f eet
Radi us t o i nsi de
f ace of
out er cur b of out er l ane. . . . 45
Radi us of i nsi de l ane t o
i nsi de f ace of out er cur b . . . 32
Wi dt h of i nsi de l ane
bet ween cur bs . . . . . . . . . 12
Wi dt h of out si de l ane
bet ween cur bs . . . . . . . . . 11
Wi dt h of bor der
cur bs
( cur b hei ght : 6 i n. ) . . 1
Wi dt h of medi an cur b
I cur b hei ght : 6 i n
. ) . . . . . . .
2
Maxi mumsuper - el evat i on
on
r amp t ur ns . . . . . . . . . 0. 1 f t per f t of wi dt h
Commer ci al
PARKI NGGARAGES
Any of t he r amp and
ci r cul at i on syst ems
di scussed ear l i er can
be appl i ed t o t he spl i t -
l evel gar age
st r uct ur e.
Mechani cal
El evat or Gar ages
Mechani cal
el evat or gar ages ar e most sui t -
abl e on expensi ve
si t es whi ch ar e t oo smal l
f or
economi cal devel opment wi t h a r amp ga-
r age.
They ar e t he onl y pr act i cal means of
devel opi ng gar age space on deep l ot s wi t h
nar r ow
f r ont age .
Mechani cal
el evat or gar ages can be st r uc-
t ur al l y
ver y l i ght and open i f l ocal bui l di ng
codes al l ow.
The

t wo

pr i nci pal

makes - - - Bowser

and
Pi geon
Hol e- - bot h i mpose si mi l ar ci r cul at i on
pat t er ns
. Car s ent er t he cent r al el evat or hoi st -
way on one
si de and exi t on t he ot her . So t hi s
t ype of
gar age i s par t i cul ar l y wel l sui t ed t o
cor ner
si t es,
or
any i nt er i or l ot wher e t he l ong
si de abut s on an
al l ey whi ch can be used f or
exi t . I n such
cases t he mai n st r eet f r ont age
r equi r ed wi l l
be onl y 80 f t .
I f ent r ance
and exi t must be on t he same
f r ont age,
t he mi ni mumwi dt h r equi r ed wi l l be
appr oxi mat el y
100 f t . On a st r uct ur e above 10
st or i es i n hei ght ,
however , i f suf f i ci ent r eser -
voi r space i s pr ovi ded
at gr ound l evel t o cush-
i on peak ar r i val
per i ods ( wi t hout car s havi ng
t o l i ne up on t he
st r eet out si de) , t he l ot si ze
may have t o
be gr eat er t han t hi s mi ni mum.
Up t o a poi nt
t hi s wi l l depend al so upon t he
number of el evat or s used ( t he mor e
el evat or s,
t he hi gher t he speed of st or age
and del i ver y) ,
whi ch i n t ur n wi l l af f ect t he capi t al cost of such
a gar age st r uct ur e.
I n mechani cal
el evat or gar ages a mi ni mum
of one quar t er of each par ki ng l evel
ar ea i s
occupi ed by ci r cul at i on. When t her e
i s no
doubl e- r owpar ki ng ( whi ch
may ent ai l movi ng
f r ont - r owcar s t o r each t hose i n t he back) ,
ci r cul at i on space, i . e. t he el evat or hoi st way,
occupi es one t hi r d of t he ar ea on each
par ki ng
l evel . Ont he ot her hand, on a si t e 100
by
100
f t
a ci r cul ar r amp ( t he most condensed
t ype)
woul doccupy al most t wo- t hi r ds of
t he ar ea on
each l evel .
The Pi geon Hol e hydr aul i c el evat or
equi p-
ment moves on r ai l s
set on t he gr ound; t he
Bowser el ect r i c el evat or s ar e hung
f r om an
over head cr ane t r ack. I n
bot h syst ems t he
el evat or car moves
si mul t aneousl y i n a hor i -
zont al and a ver t i cal di r ect i on . Thi s
i s t he
al l - i mpor t ant di f f er ence bet ween t hese
el evat or
syst ems and t hose whi ch pr oved
unsuccessf ul
i n t he t hi r t i es .
Pi geon Hol e uses a dol l y, cont r ol l ed by t he
el evat or oper at or , f or movi ng t he car i n and
out
of t he el evat or . Bowser el evat or oper at or s dr i ve
t he car on and of f . The el evat or cont r ol panel
i s
wi t hi n
easy r each of t he oper at or as he si t s
i n t he car . An
i nt er comand si gnal l i ght syst em
connect s
t he el evat or s wi t h t he cashi er ' s con-
t r ol boot h
.
The Bowser
el evat or s ar e count er wei ght ed
so
t hat ,
i f
t he el ect r i c power f ai l s, t he gar age
can st i l l
be unl oaded. These el evat or s wi l l r i se
wi t hout power when
empt y. Loaded wi t h a car ,
t hey descend at a
cont r ol l ed r at e.
t he mot or i st negot i at es t hese shor t r amps
easi l y, so t hat par ki ng i n a r amp gar age seems
no mor e
compl ex or f r i ght eni ng t han any ot her
sor t
of
dr i vi ng.
At t he j unct i on poi nt bet ween t he t wo sec-
t i ons of t he
bui l di ng, wher e t he f l oor s ar e of f set
ver t i cal l y,
t hey al so over l ap hor i zont al l y. I n
t hese f ewf eet al ong t he edge of each f l oor
t her e i s onl y
hal f t he nor mal f l oor - t o- cei l i ng
hei ght f ound i n t he
r est
of
t he bui l di ng; but t hi s
i s suf f i ci ent
hei ght f or t he end f ewf eet of a car ,
f r ont or r ear . So her e t he par ked car s act ual l y
over l ap one above t he ot her , t o gi ve
a savi ng
of per haps f our t o f i ve
f eet i n t he over al l wi dt h
of t he st r uct ur e. On a nar r owl ot
t hese may be
t he f ewext r a f eet
necessar y t o accommodat e
mi ni mumpar ki ng l ot
di mensi ons t o t he di men-
si on of t he l ot .
Fi g . 11
Commer ci al
PARKI NG
LOTS
By FRANKHARRI SONRANDOLPH, P. E. , Pr of essor of Hot el
Engi neer i ng, Cor nel l Uni ver si t y
Par ki ng st al l s shoul d be bui l t t o ac-
commodat e t he l ar ger car s f r equent l y
used, al t hough not necessar i l y t he ver y
l ar gest
. Pl anni ng i n hopes of j ust medi um
and smal l si ze car s
i nvi t es di f f i cul t i es . The
l ar ger car s have an
over - al l l engt h
of
19
f t , over - al l wi dt h 6 f t 8 i n. , wi t h a wi de
open door pr oj ect i ng 3 f t 4 i n. beyond
t he over - al l wi dt h. The r amp angl e must
not exceed 7 deg. The l i mi t of t he f r ont
appr oach angl e i s 14 deg, whi l e t he cor -
r espondi ng angl e at t he r ear i s l i mi t ed t o
9
deg
.
When par ked at r i ght angl es t o
a cur b
or buf f er , t he f r ont over hangs gen-
er al l y does not exceed 2 f t 10 i n. , and
t he
r ear over hangs sel dom exceeds 4 f t
6 i n
.
These
di mensi ons need consi der at i on
when pl anni ng wi dt hs of si dewal ks af -
f ect ed by t he
over hang. A
5- f t
si dewal k
woul d have i t s usabl e
wi dt h r educed
al most t o zer o
by t he r ear over hang. The
f r ont over hang
may be t aken at 1 f t 6
i n. when
f i gur i ng cl osel y t he mi ni mum
f easi bl e spaci ng bet ween buf f er s f or a
mi ni mum
wi dt h par ki ng l ot . When a cen-
t r al dr i veway
i s used wi t h 90 deg par ki ng
on bot h
si des, t he space r equi r ed i s 62
I t wi de, but t he
space
bet ween
buf f er s
need be onl y 59 f t because of
t he over -
hang.
Asi ngl e st r i pe, 4 t o 6 i n
.
wi de,
may be
used t o mar k t he par ki ng st al l s . Bet t er
r esul t s i n cent er i ng t he car ar e obt ai ned
by usi ng t wo 5- i n. st r i pes, separ at ed by
1
f t
6 i n. , t o mar k t he st al l s . The st r i pes,
about 18 f t l ong, ar e j oi ned by a semi -
' Over hang beyond cur b or buf f er
i s
about 6 i n. l ess t han over hang di men-
si ons ( see sect i on on " Di mensi ons" )
whi ch ar e measur ed f r omt he cent er
of
t he
wheel .
Tabl e 1.

Par ki ng l ot
di mensi ons
8 i n. wi de, t her e i s onl y 1 f t 10
i n . be-
t ween car s . I f an adj acent car i s
onl y 6 i n
of f cent er and
t he car door i s 4i n .
t hi ck,
onl y 1 f t r emai ns
t hr ough whi ch t o
squeeze,
i f possi bl e.
Mot el par ki ng l ot s
pl anned f or maxi -
mumguest conveni ence,
mar k of f par ki ng
sf ol l s I t f t wi de
and 23 f t l ong, al l owi ng
ci r cul ar ar c at
t he i ncomi ng end
t o
f or m
an el ongat ed U ( Fi g.
3) . Exper i ence has
shown t hi s met hod t o be ver y sat i sf act or y
and f ul l y wor t h t he ext r a pai nt i ng.
Par ki ng st al l s shoul d
be at l east 9 f t
wi de, 10 f t wi de i f space
i s not t oo r e-
st r i ct ed. Par ki ng st al l s 8 f t 6 i n. wi de ar e
unsat i sf act or y because wi t h t he car
6 I t
Cur b
Lot wi dt h Lot wi dt h
l engt h
Mi ni mum Lot wi dt h Sq f t Lot wi dt h Sq f t 3
r ows - 1- Sq f t 4 r ows - + Sq f t
Angl e of st al l per St al l
dr i veway 1 r ow+per 2 r ows
- I -
per 2
per 2 per
Par ki ng wi dt h car dept h
wi dt h 1 dr i veway car f dr i veway car dr i veways
car dr i veways car
.
Al ong
-
cur b =
00
9
23
. . .
9
12
21
- ,
483
_
30' 34
5
1
'
391
60
345
-
10' 23' 10'
12' 22'
506
32' 368
54'
474
64'
368
30 9' 18' 17' 4"
11' 28' 4" 510 45' 8" 411 66' 2" 397
83' 6"
376
10' 20' 18' 3"
11' 29' 3" 585 47' 6" 475 68' 0" 453
86' 2"
431
45 9' 12' 9"
19' 10" 13' 32' 10" 420 52' 8" 336 79' 0" 376
98' 10"
315
10' 14' 2" 20' 6"
13' 33' 6"
490
54' 0"
383
80' 4" 379
100' 10"
358
60 9' 10' 5"
21' 0" 18' 39' 0" 407 60' 313 95' 0" 330
116' 0"
305
10' 11' 6" 21' 6" 18'
39' 6"
455
61'
351
95' 6" 366
116' 6"
335
90
9' 9' 19' 24'
43'
387
62' 279 105' 315 124' 279
10'
10' 19' 24'
43'
430
62'
310
105' 350 124' 310
f i r f r r I n h' i r r I
Commer ci al
PARKI NG LOTS
4 f t behi nd t he 19- f t car f or unl oadi ng
space whi ch i s advi sabl y cl ear of t he
dr i veway.
Par ki ng l ot s, excl usi ve of
dr i ves f or
ent er i ng t hem, r equi r e 350 sq f t per
car
as a ver y r ough, pr el i mi nar y f i gur e. The
wi dt h of t he avai l abl e space and t he de.
si r ed angl e of par ki ng ar e det er mi ni ng
f act or s i n economy. The ar ea per car
var i es f r om 279 t o 585 sq f t under con-
di t i ons cover ed i n t he t abul at i on of
par ki ng l ot di mensi ons . Acent r al dr i ve-
way wi t h t wo r ows of car s and 90 deg
par ki ng gi ves t he best economy. Di agonal
par ki ng i s easi er f or t he dr i ver , r educes
t he necessar y dr i veway wi dt h, but r equi r es
mor e t ot al space ( Fi g. 1 ) .
I n desi gni ng par ki ng spaces, end st al l s
shoul d be about 1 f t wi der t han usual ,
especi al l y
i f bounded by a bui l di ng or
ot her obst r uct i on or a dr i veway .
Par ki ng
spaces under bui l di ngs shoul d be 11 f t
wi de, wat chi ng out f or col umns,
and
shoul d have 7 f t hei ght i n t he cl ear
.
The par ki ng pat t er n t hat wi l l be most
sat i sf act or y f ul l y war r ant s car ef ul t hought
.
I t depends upon many f act or s i ncl udi ng
t he possi bl e l ocat i ons of access dr i ves .
These shoul d be 20 f t wi de f or t wo- way
t r af f i c or 12 f t wi de f or oneway t r af f i c
( Fi g. 2) . I f a r est r i ct ed si t e f r ont age r e-
qui r es a r i ght - angl e t ur nof f , t he dr i ve-
way shoul d be 25 f t wi de and t he cur b
shoul d have a 30 f t r adi us . Acur b r adi us
of l ess t han 18 f t i s i nadvi sabl e.
Asl ope of 6 per cent i s t he usual
maxi mumf or st at e hi ghways . Asl ope of
12 per cent i s cust omar y f or r amps, but
may be as
much
as 15 per
cent . The
par ki ng l ot shoul d
be
near l y l evel . The
cent r al
dr i veway may be cr owned,
wi t h
a 1 per cent sl ope dr ai ni ng t o t he edges
so t hat per sons on f oot wi l l f i nd t he dr i ve-
way r el at i vel y f r ee f r om wat er af t er r ai n
or f r om i ce i n wi nt er weat her .
souoce: Desi gn Gui de f or Per manent Par ki ng Ar eas,
Nat i onal Cr ushed St one Associ at i on, Washi ngt on, D. C. ,
1970.
Fi g. 3 Par ki ng pl an- 90 par ki ng.
Commer ci al
PARKI NGLOTS
Fi g. 1 Def i ni t i ons.
Fi g. 2

Par ki ng l ayout di mensi ons .
Fi g. 5 Par ki ng pl an- 60' par ki ng.
Fi g. 4

Par ki ng pl an- 45 par ki ng.
Commer ci al
PARKI NGLOTS
Fi g. 2. Pl an of
ser vi ce st at i on
wi t h one pump
i sl and, mi dbl ock
l ocat i on
Fi g.
3.
Pl an of ser vi ce st at i on wi t h t wo pump
i sl ands, mi dbl ock l ocat i on
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE SERVI CE STATI ONS
Dr awi ngs showt he st andar d pl an of
a
maj or oi l company f or a t wo- bay
ser vi ce
st at i on. Addi t i onal bays may be added
f or
l ar ger i nst al l at i ons .
Mi ni mum r ecommended di mensi ons
f or
bay door openi ng i s 10 by 10
f t . Over head
t ype door s ar e t he most ef f ect i ve
. Ser vi ci ng
pi t s have become obsol et e, t he
mechani cal
l i f t bei ng consi der ed mor e
pr act i cal .
Fi g.
1.

Pl an of t ypi cal
t wo- bay ser vi ce st at i on bui l di ng
Commer ci al
Fi g. 6

Two- and t hr oe- bay st at i ons
.
Fi g
.
5. Pl an of
ser vi ce st at i on wi t h t wo pump i sl ands, hi gh-
way l ocat i on
Fi g.
4. Pl an of ser vi ce st at i on
wi t h t wo pump i sl ands, cor ner
l ocat i on
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE
SERVI CE
STATI ONS
Fi g.
7

Exi st i ng nei ghbor hood ( l i ght commer ci al ) l ocat i on
.
Compi l ed and < : d~t ud by
Wi l l i am J C- - n, J r , Mar kct i nq Dopar t nu" i ~t .
Huni hk; Oi l 1, L H, - . f i ni ng Co . 1968
Fi g. 8

Pr oposed newur ban l ocat i on.
Compi l ed and edi t ed by
Wi l l i amJ Cr oni n, J r . , Mar ket i ng Depar t ment ,
Humbl e
Oi l &Rel i ni ng
Co . , 1968.
Commer ci al
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE
SERVI CE
STATI ONS
Aut omot i ve Shop
Fi g.
3
Fi g. 1
Fi g. 2
Fi g. 4
U. S. Noval Faci l i t i es Engi neer i ng Command, Depor t -
ment of t he Navy, Washi ngt on, D. C.
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE
SERVI CE STATI ONS
Gas- Fi l l i ng and Ser vi ce St at i ons
Fi g. 5
Fi g. 6
SI TE PLAN
Fi g. 7
U. S. Naval
Faci l i t i es Engi neer i ng
Command, Depar t -
ment of t he Navy,
Washi ngt on, D
. C.
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE DEALER
CENTERS
r esent s t he basi c physi cal i mage of t he deal er -
shi p as i t
f i r st
appear s t o t he
cust omer , i nf l u-
enci ng not onl y hi s or i gi nal val uat i on of
t he
f aci l i t y as
a
pl ace of busi ness
but al so hi s con-
t i nual i mpr essi on of
i t .
I t exer t s an
i mmeasur -
abl e but cer t ai n pr essur e on owner
r el at i ons.
Locat i ng t he Showr oom
The showr oomshoul d be l ocat ed i n a
posi t i on
of unobst r uct ed vi si bi l i t y- one t hat wi l l
r ead-
i l y at t r act t he at t ent i on
of peopl e passi ng by.
I t shoul d pr esent at a gl ance an
i mpr essi ve
and appeal i ng vi ewof t he
new
car s
on di spl ay.
I f t he
bui l di ng si t e i s on a cor ner , t he show-
r oom shoul d be
on
t he cor ner
f aci ng bot h
st r eet s
f or maxi mumvi si bi l i t y of i t s i nt er i or .
On an i nsi de l ot t he showr oomshoul d be pr o-
j ect ed i n f r ont of t he maj or por t i on of t he f aci l -
i t i es t o i ncr ease vi si bi l i t y and exposur e t i me.
Al ways pr ovi de maxi mumcust omer vi si bi l i t y.
Addi t i onal new
uni t di spl ay,
i f desi r ed, can
be pr ovi ded out si de t he showr oom under a
canopy or r oof ext ensi on, adj acent t o t he cus-
t omer ser vi ce r ecept i on ar ea or t hr ough use
of a l andscaped pat i o di spl ay ar ea. Theset ypes
Pl anni ng Pot ent i al
Adeal er shi p' s pl anni ng pot ent i al i s a r eason-
abl y expect ed annual newcar sal es pot en-
t i al , whi ch a pr oper l y l ocat ed deal er shi p wi t h
adequat e f aci l i t i es, and ef f ect i ve manpower
and management , shoul d be expect ed t o r et ai l
pr of i t abl y over t he busi ness cycl e. Pl anni ng
pot ent i al i s a measur e of t he sal es pot ent i al ,
based on t he act ual hi gh pr i ce gr oup mar ket
wi t hi n t he deal er shi p' s ar ea of sal es r esponsi -
bi l i t y and, as such, i s not necessar i l y a measur e
of t he deal er shi p' s past or expect ed r et ai l
uni t
sal es per f or mance. I t i s agai nst t hi s
pl anni ng
f i gur e t hat space gui des ar e
r ecommended.
SHOWROOM
The newcar showr oomper f or ms a mer chan-
di si ng and adver t i si ng f unct i on f or t he ent i r e
deal er shi p. The ext er i or shoul d be desi gned,
decor at ed,
and l i ght ed
so
i t
wi l l st and
out f r om
i t s i mmedi at e sur r oundi ngs i n an appeal i ng
way as wel l as i dent i f y t he busi ness qui ckl y
and be i nvi t i ng t o pot ent i al cust omer s. I t r ep-
Si t e
The
i deal woul d be a wi de, l evel , r ect angul ar
l ot on
t he cor ner of a pr i mar y t hor oughf ar e.
I f an
i nt er i or l ot must be used, i t shoul d have
wi de f r ont age f or
di spl ay pur poses and suf f i -
ci ent dept h f or f ut ur e expansi on. Whi l e i n
some cases t he subur bs maypr ovi de t he i deal
deal er shi p si t e, i n
met r opol i t an ar eas wi t h
space l i mi t at i ons
i t may be necessar y t o pl an
onexpandi ng upwar d, by addi ng l evel s t o pr es-
ent f aci l i t i es,
t o r el i eve gr owi ng pai ns.
Space Al l ocat i on
The si t e sel ect ed shoul d cont ai n suf f i ci ent
usabl e space t o pr ovi def or an adequat e bui l d-
i ng and t he necessar y out si de l ot ar ea. Or di -
nar i l y, t he space al l ocat i on i s appr oxi mat el y
60 per cent out si de ar ea and 40 per cent i nsi de
or under r oof ar ea. The i nsi de space of a deal -
er shi pi s or di nar i l y appor t i oned i nt o f our maj or
ar eas appr oxi mat el y as shown i n Tabl e 1.
TABLE 1

I nsi de Space Pr opor t i ons
These f i gur es ar e basi c aver ages, and t her e-
f or e wi l l not be exact l y t he same i n al l cases.
Sl i ght upwar d r evi si ons i n space al l ocat i on
shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he ser vi ce depar t ment
ar ea f or deal er shi ps doi ng a l ar ge ser vi ce
busi ness .
Out si despace appor t i onment gener al l y t akes
i nt o consi der at i on t he r equi r ement s f or used
car di spl ay, ser vi ce par ki ng, newcar st or age,
andempl oyee par ki ng . Spaceal l ocat i on among
t hese f our ar eas var i es accor di ng t o t he sal es
vol ume set up i n t he pl anni ng pot ent i al of t he
deal er shi p. I n gener al , t wi ce as much space
i s
al l ot t ed t o ser vi ce par ki ng as empl oyee par k-
i ng, and used car di spl ay r equi r es r oughl y
t wi ce t hespace needed f or newcar st or age.
Space Anal ysi s
The i l l ust r at ed bui l di ng l ayout was pr epar ed
as an exampl e, i n accor dance wi t h ( Fi g. 1)
r ecommendat i ons f or a convent i onal deal er -
shi p bui l di ng desi gn. ( See al so Tabl e 2. )
Squar e f eet
Pl anni ng Gui des, Gener al Mot or s Cor por a-
t i on, Det r oi t , Mi ch.
Fi g. 1
Per cent t ot al
I nsi de ar ea i nsi de space
Ser vi ce depar t ment . . . . . . - 70
Par t s depar t ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Showr oom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Admi ni st r at i on of f i ces . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Tot al bui l di ng ar ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 200
Showr oom
and admi ni st r at i ve of f i ces . . . . . . 7, 200
Par t s depar t ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 500
Ser vi ce depar t ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 500
Number of ser vi ce st al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE DEALERCENTERS
Does not i ncl ude r ecept i on st al l ar ea.
" For
l andscapi ng, bui l di ng set back and l ot ent r ance dr i veways
" ' As r equi r ed.
TABLE 2

Mi ni mumSpace Recommendat i ons
Space Gui de
Bui l di ng Ar ea
Lot Ar ea-
Par ki ng
and St or age
Tot al Bui l di ng &Lof
Ser vi ce I Demo &Empl oye Used Car NewCar
par ki ng par kI ng Di spl ay
St or age
0
o
Y
E
2
Y
YG
"pa Y
_
a
D
_
a 0
PV9 pi
i : "
C4
pw~
0
"
`
Y
^ . ~
. ` a
0
46
O
Hm
Y
r F
C
41
Y~
0 S
a~
N( I I < d<
7
-
N07
G
0
4f " N
[
j j < hJ 7 < <
0- 25 3, 750 5 . 850 9. 000 1 4 2, 000 1 . 000 1 750
8 2, 500 8 1 . 280 3 960 3 750 300
26- 50 5
. 700
10, 640 16. 340 1 7 3 . 500 1 . 200 1 1 . 000 14 4
. 480 7 2, 240 6 1. 920 6 1, 500 500
51- 75 6, 600 12. 770
19, 370
1
8 4, 000 1. 400 1 1 . 200 14 4, 480
8 2, 560 9 2, 880 9 2, 250 600
76- 100 7, 600 16. 850 24, 450 2
9
4
. 500 1, 600 1 1 . 500 18 5. 760 9 2, 880 13 4, 760 13 3, 250 800
10t -
125 8. 200 18. 980 27. 180 2 10 SM0 1, 700
2 1, 500 18 5, 760 10 3 . 200 16 5 . 120 16 4, 000 900
126- 150
9, 300 22. 490
31, 790
2 11 5, 500 1, 800 2 2. 000 22 7, 040 11
3, 620 19 6, 080 19 4. 750 1, 100
151- 175 9. 900 25 . 260 35, 160 2 12
6 . 000
1, 900
2 2000 24 7, 680 12 3 . 840 22 7, 040
22 5 . 500 1, 200
176- 200 11 000 28. 030 39. 030 2 13 6, 500
2000 2 2, 500 26 8, 320 13 4, 160 25 8. 000 25 6, 250 1, 300
201- 225 11 700 30, 900 42, 600
2 14
7, 000
2. 200 3 2, 500 28 8. 960 14 4. 480
28 8. 950 28 7, 000 1, 500
226- 250 13400 34, 730 48, 130
3 16 8. 000 2. 400 3 3, 000 32 10 . 240 16 5, 120
31 9, 920 31
7, 750 1 . 700
251- 275 14100 36, 860 50. 960 3 17 8. 500 2. 600 3
3, 000 32 10 . 240 17 5 . 440 34 10 . 880 34 8, 500 1, 800
276- 300 14. 800
1
40. 840 55, 640
3 18 9, 000 1 2. 800 3 3000 36 11. 520
18 5. 760 38 12. 160 38 9. 500 1, 900
01-
350
17, 30
47, 540 64. 840 4 21 10, 500 ' 3
. 300 3 3 . 500 42 13, 440 21 6320 44 14. 080 44 11. 000 2. 300
351- 400 19, 300 53, 080 72, 380 4
23 11, 500 3. 800 3 4000 46 14, 720
23
7
. 360 50 16 . 000 50 12. 500 2. 500
401-
450 1 20. 900 58. 720 7T620 4 25 12, 500 4. 400
4 4. 000 50 16. 000 25 8. 000 56
17, 920 56
14
. 000 2. 800
451- 500 ' i .
.
23. 500 65 . 890
89. 390 5 28 14. 000 5 000 4 4. 500 56
17, 920 28 8. 960 63 20 . 160 63 15, 750 3 . 100
501- 550 , 25, 400 72. 590 97. 990 5
31 15, 500
5, 400
4 4 . 500 62 19, 840 31 9. 920 69
22 060 69
17
. 250 3, 500
551- 600
27. 800 79. 190 106, 990 6 34 17. 000 5 . 800 4 5, 000
68 21
. 760
34 10 . 880 75 24, 000 75 18. 750 3. 800
601- 650 29. 700 85, 790 115 . 490
6 37 18. 500 . 6200 4 5 . 000 74 23 . 680 37 11 840 81
~
25 . 920 81 20. 250
4, 100
651- 700 31. 100 92000
123
100 7
39 19. 500 6, 600 1 4 5000 78 24. 960 39 12. 480 88 28. 160 86 22. 000 4. 400
701- 750
33, 500 98. 60 132. 10 7 42 21, 00 7. 00
1
4 5
. 500 84 26, 680 42 13 . 440 94 1 30 . 0110 94 23 . 500 4, 700
751- 800 35 . 400 105, 200
140, 600 8 1 45 22, 500 7 400 I 5 5. 500 90
i
28, 800 45 1 14
. 400 100 32, 000 100 25, 000 5000
800- 850 37. 800 111, 80 149. 600 a 48 24000 7, 800

5 6000 96 30, 720 48 15 . 360 106 33, 920 106
26 . 500 5. 300
851- 900 39. 700 119, 070 158, 770 9 51 25, 500 820
5 6. 000 102 32. 640 51 j 16 . 320 113 36, 160 113 20, 250 5. 700
901- 950 41, 100 124, 710 165, 710
9 53 26, 50 8, 600 1 5 6, 00 106 33 . 920 53 16960 119
39. 080 119 29, 750 6, 00
951- 1000 43 . 500 131, 310 174. 810 9
56 28, 000 9 000 I 5 650 112 35, 840 56 17 . 920 125 40, 000
125 31. 250 6, 30
101- 110 44. 900 141, 040 185, 840 10 58 29
. 00 9. 300 6 6500 116 37. 120 58 18. 560 138 44, 160 138 34, 500 6 . 700
1101A20
47, 100 151, 060 198, 160 10 61 30, 500 9, 600
6
7
. 000 122 39. 040 61 19. 520 150 48. 00 150 37, 500 7. 000
1201- 130 48
. 400
161
. 090 209. 490
11
63 31, 500 9. 900 6 7, 000 126 40 . 320 63 20 . 160 163 52. 160
163 40, 750
7
. 700
1301- 140 50 . 200 170 . 150 220 . 350 11
1
65 32. 500 10, 200
6
7
. 500 130 41. 600 65 20, 800 175 56. 000 175 43, 750 8000
1401- 1500
52, 000 180, 080 232, 000 11 !~ 67 33, 500 10, 500 6 8. 000 134
42, 880 67 21. 440 188 60, 160 188 47, 000 8. 600
1501- 1600 53, 800 190
. 200 244, 000 12 70 35 . 000 10 . 80 7 8. 000 140 44, 80 70 22, 40 200 64, 00
20 50, 00 9, 000
1601- 170 55, 600 200 . 030 255, &30 12 72 36. 000 11, 100 7
8, 50 144 46, 080 72 23, 040 213 68, 160 213 53 . 250 9, 500
1701- 180
56 . 90 209, 290 266, 190 12 74 37. 00 11 . 400 7 8. 500 146 47
. 360
74
23, 680 225 72, 00 225 56 . 250 10, 00
1801- 190 58, 700 219. 120 277
. 620 13 76 38, 000 11 . 700 7 9. 000 152 48, 640 76 24, 320 238 76. 160 238
59, 500
10, 500
1901- 2000 61, D00 229. 340 290. 340 13 79 39, 500 12. 000 7 9. 500 158, 50
560 79 25 . 280 250 80, 000 250 62500 11, 000
201- 210 62, 50
239, 170 301, 670 14 81 40. 500 12. 500 8 9. 500 162 51 . 840 81 25
. 920 263 84160 263 65, 750 11. 500
2101- 220 64. 50
248, 430 312. 930 14 93 41, 50 13, 00 8 10, 00 166 53, 120 83 26, 560 275 88. 000 275 68, 750 12. 00
2201- 230 66, 70 258. 060 323 . 760 14 85 42, 50 13. 500 8 10, 000 170
54, 400 85 27. 200 268 92, 160 288 72, 00 12, 30
2301- 240 68, 000 268, 280 336 . 280 15 88 44, 00 14. 00 8 10, 00 176 56
. 320 88 28. 160 300 96, 00 30 75 . 000 12. 80
2401- 250 71. 000 277, 810 348, 810
15 90 45 . 00 15, 500 8 10, 50 180 57. 60 90 20 . 80 313 10. 160 313 78250 13 . 00
2501- 2600 72. 500 287 270 359, 770 15 92 46, 00 16, 000
9 10 . 50 184 50 . 080 92 29. 440 325 104. 00 325 81 . 250 13 . 70
2601- 270 74
. 000 296 . 90 370 . 90 16 94 47, 000 16 . 50 9 10. 50 188 60 . 160 94 30 . 000 338 108, 160
338 84, 50
14
. 000
2701- 280 76, 500 307, 320
383, 820 16 97 48, 500 17, 000 9 11, 000 194 62. 080 97 31 . 040 350 112, 00 350
87
. 500 14, 700
2801- 2900 78, 000 316, 950 394, 950 17 99 49, 500 17. 500 9 7t , 000 198
63. 360 99 31, 680 363 116, 160 363 90 . 750 15 . 00
2901- 3000 79, 500 326 . 210 405, 710 17 101 50, 50 18, 00 9 11, 000 202 W. 640 1 101 32. 320 375
120. 000 375 93 . 750 15 50
3001 +l or
each 10, 1 " ' 225 - - - 50 - " " ' 45
' - - 225 " ' 125 " ' 125 " ' ' - '
Commer ci al
of newuni t
di spl ay ar eas ar e r el at i vel y i nex-
pensi ve t o
pr ovi de and can be ver y ef f ect i ve.
The
mi ni mumspace gui de f or i nsi de show-
r oomdi spl ay i s 500 squar e f eet per uni t . Leave
at l east
5 f t open ar ound each car . Thi s wi l l
al l owspace
so t hat t he cust omer may wal k
ar ound and open t he hood, door s, and t r unk
f r eel y. Al l owas much ext r a space as possi bl e
ar ound t he di spl ay, so t hat cust omer s can
st and back and get a goodvi ewof t he car f r om
al l angl es ( Fi g. 2) .
OFFI CES
Locat i on
Most deal er s have t hei r own pr ef er ence f or
t he l ocat i on of of f i ces . As a gener al r ul e, t he
of f i ce of a depar t ment manager shoul d be
pl aced cl ose t o t he act i vi t i es of hi s depar t ment
( Tabl e 3) .
TABLE 3 Aver age Of f i ce Si ze
t r ucks . Recommended wi dt h f or bui l di ngs
wi t h t wo r ows of st al l s . an ai sl e, and a 30- f t
ext ensi on on one si de, wi t h di r ect dr i ve- i n
st al l s, i s 100 f t . Recommendedwi dt h f or bui l d-
i ngs wi t h t wo r ows of st al l s, an ai sl e, and a
30- f t ext ensi on on each si de wi t h di r ect dr i ve-
i n st al l s i s 130 f t .
Cust omer Recept i on
The r ecept i on ar ea shoul d be i mmedi at el y
i nsi de t he ser vi ce ent r ance, decor at ed,
wel l
l i ght ed, and equi pped
t o cr eat e
t he best pos-
si bl e
i mpr essi on
and sel l i ng
at mospher e.
I t i s
st r ongl y
r ecommended t hat
t he cus-
t omer r ecept i on
ar ea be r emoved
f r om t he
pr oduct i ve ser vi ce ar ea. Thi s concept has
t he f ol l owi ng advant ages : ( t ) keepi ng vehi cl es
out of t he pr oduct i ve ar ea unt i l t hey
ar e r eady
t o be wor ked on ; ( 2) out si de ( canopy)
r ecep-
Fi g . 2
t he cust omer ' s needs as wel l as t he deal er ' s .
The ser vi ce depar t ment i s a " sal esr oom" f or
ser vi ce and shoul d be t r eat ed as such.
Basi c Consi der at i ons
The f ol l owi ng ar e f eat ur es t hat shoul d be
con-
si der ed basi c el ement s i n t he ser vi ce envi r on-
ment : t he cover ed, out - of - t he- weat her r ecep-
t i on ar ea, wel l - posi t i oned si gns t hat spel l out
t r af f i c f l ow, t he ser vi ce t ower t hat pr ovi des
vi sual cont r ol , i ncl udi ng a vi ew t hr ough t he
ser vi ce ent r ance and i nt o t he st r eet and over
t he r ecept i on ar ea and i nt o t he wor k ar eas,
t he cust omer l ounge and cashi er at one l oca-
t i on, conveni ent access t o t he l ounge wi t hout
t he need t o wander t hr ough t he ser vi ce depar t -
ment t o f i nd i t , wi de ent r ance and exi t l anes,
and uncr owded wr i t e- up ar eas wi t h suf f i ci ent
r oomf or cust omer conveni ence.
The t ype of bui l di ng shown i n Fi gs . 4 t o 6
r equi r es 120 sq f t per st al l f or access ar ea
whi ch r esul t s i n an aver age of 420 sq f t per
st al l . ( Wor k ar ea pl us access ar ea. ) An over -
age of an addi t i onal 80 sq f t per st al l i s r e-
qui r ed f or ot her nonpr oduct i ve
ser vi ce- r el at ed
ar eas such as a t ool r oom, l ocker r oom,
ser vi ce manager ' s of f i ce, and ot her ut i l i t y
ar eas . Thi s r esul t s i n an aver age ar ea r e-
qui r ement per st al l
f or
a convent i onal
70- f t
( i nsi de di mensi on) cent er - ai sl e t ype of bui l d-
i ng of 500 sq f t per st al l .
The space and st al l needs of t he ser vi ce
depar t ment ar e det er mi ned by expect ed busi -
ness . However , t he si ze and shape of t he l ot
and bui l di ng wi l l somet i mes di ct at e t he ser vi ce
depar t ment gener al l ayout and ar r angement .
For best ef f i ci ency, a ser vi ce bui l di ng wi dt h
of 70 t o 72 f t i s suggest ed. I t i s wi de enough
f or t wo r ows of car s and an ai sl e, and can
accommodat e a f ewt r uck st al l s . For t wo r ows
of wor k st al l s and an ai sl e, t he 70- f t
wi dt h i s
consi der ed an absol ut e mi ni mum.
Awi dt h of 80 f t i s r ecommended i f t he deal er
speci al i zes i n t r uck ser vi ce. and does not want
a bui l di ng wi t h di r ect dr i ve- i n st al l s . Recom-
mended wi dt h f or a bui l di ng wi t h a si ngl e r ow
of di r ect
dr i ve- i n st al l s
i s
30 f t f or passenger
car s and 35 f t mi ni mumf or t r ucks . Recom-
mended wi dt h f or bui l di ngs wi t h a doubl e
r owof di r ect dr i ve- i n st al l s i s 60 f t f or pas-
senger car s and 70 f t i f excl usi vel y used f or Fi g. 3
Addi t i onal consi der at i on shoul d
be gi ven t o
t he f ol l owi ng ar eas : wai t i ng
r oom, j ani t or
cl oset , wal k- i n vaul t , f i l e and r ecor d
r ooms,
t el ephone equi pment
r oom. Si zes of t hese
r ooms shoul d be i n
accor dance wi t h i ndi vi dual
r equi r ement s . I f
vendi ng machi nes ar e consi d-
er ed, i nst al l
t hem i n t he ser vi ce ar ea near a
wai t i ng r oom.
Gener al Of f i ces
The gener al of f i ce shoul d be
i n
a cent r al
l oca-
t i on, conveni ent t o al l oper at i ng depar t ment s,
wi t h adequat e l i ght i ng, heat i ng, and cool i ng
f or maxi mumpr oduct i vi t y.
The si ze of t he gener al of f i ce i s det er mi ned
by t he number of empl oyees and t he amount of
of f i ce equi pment . Suf f i ci ent space shoul d be
pr ovi ded f or t he st or age of st at i oner y, of f i ce
suppl i es, and pr omot i onal l i t er at ur e.
Vaul t
Abui l t - i n vaul t adj oi ni ng t he gener al of f i ce i s
cust omar y f or st or age of val uabl e document s .
I f t hi s i s not possi bl e space shoul d al ways be
pr ovi ded f or t i r e- r esi st ant equi pment t o pr o-
t ect i mpor t ant r ecor ds
( Fi g.
3) .
SERVI CE DEPARTMENT
J ust as capaci t y i s t he key t o pr of i t abi l i t y, over -
al l or gani zat i on and appear ance det er mi nes
t he oper at i ng ef f i ci ency and sal es appeal of t he
ser vi ce depar t ment . Deal er s have t o cr eat e
a bal anced ser vi ce envi r onment t hat ser ves
Aver age si ze, f t Ar ea,
sq f t
Deal er . . . . . . . . . . . 12 by 15 - -180
Gener al manager . . . . . 12 by 15 180
Sal es manager . . . . . . 10 by 12 120
Owner r el at i ons
manager . . . . . . . . .
10 by 12 120
Tr uck
manager . . . . . . 8 by 10 80
Used car manager . . . . 8 by 10 80
Sal es cl osi ng of f i ce . . . 8 by 8 64
Men' s and
l adi es' r ooms . . . . . . 8 by 8 64
Meet i ng r oom. . . . . . . 20 sq f t per per son
Gener al of f i ce . . . . . . 100 sq f t - I - 160 sq i t
x
number of
of f i ce empl oyees)
Fi g. 6

( a) Dr i va- i n st al l 60- f t - wi de ser vi ce bui l di ng. ( b) 7D- f t cent er - ai sl e ser vi ce bui l di ng.
Fi g. 5 Convent i onal 70- f t - wi de cent er - ai sl e ser vi ce bui l di ng.
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE
DEALERCENTERS
Fi g. 4

Combi nat i on convent i onal
cent er - ai sl e and dr i ve- i n st al l
wi t h heavy- dut y dr i ve- i n t r uck st al l s .
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE DEALER
CENTERS
can be used f or
washi ng t hese l ar ge vehi cl es
( Fi g. 10) .
St al l Di mensi ons
The wi dt h of st al l s i s made up of " car wi dt h"
pl us wor ki ngspace oneach si de of t he vehi cl e.
Thet ot al wi dt h var i es f r om10
f t t o
14f t accor d-
i ng t o st al l f unct i on ( Tabl e 4) .
Whenever a st al l i s next t o a wal l , add 2 f t
t o i t s wi dt h. Local bui l di ng or f i r e codes super -
sede t hese r ecommendat i ons i f t hey conf l i ct .
TABLE 4 St al l Di mensi ons
ci ent t r af f i c pat t er n i s one of t he most cr i t i cal
f act or s i n pl anni ng an ef f i ci ent ser vi ce depar t -
ment .
St al l Ar r angement
Pr oduct i ve st al l ar r angement
depends on si ze
of oper at i on,
number of speci al i zed t echni -
ci ans, and t he deal er ' s
pr ef er ence. However ,
her e ar e a f ewf undament al s t o keep i n
mi nd-
conveni ent l ocat i on of ent r ances
and exi t s,
easy access t o qui ck ser vi ce st al l s
f r omcus-
t omer r ecept i on ar ea, par t s count er
conveni ent
t o l ubr i cat i on and qui ck
ser vi ce st al l s, separ n-
t i on of body shop, and maxi mumef f i ci ency
of
ai sl e space by havi ng one access ai sl e
ser vi ng
t wo r ows of pr oduct i ve st al l s I Fi g . 7) .
The st andar d 70- f t - wi dt h pat t er n shown i n
Fi g. 8pr ovi des t hemost ef f i ci ent useof cover ed
ser vi ce space when an ai sl e i s r equi r ed. Long
andnar r ow, i t wor ks best i n smal l and medi um-
si ze oper at i ons . Wi t h onl y t wo mai n door s,
heat i ngcost s ar e l ow; and when l and i s ampl e,
expansi on i s si mpl y a mat t er of addi ng on-
wi t hout t he need f or maj or st r uct ur al wor k.
However , i f t he number of st al l s needed
r esul t s i n an excessi ve over al l l engt h, i t makes
super vi si on di f f i cul t and pl aces many st al l s
t oo r emot e f r omt hepar t s depar t ment .
Ser vi ce f aci l i t i es wi t h a hi gh per cent age of
" f ast i n- f ast
out "
cust omer s f i nd t heT pat t er n
ef f i ci ent . Not i ce t hat t hewr i t e- upar ea does not
conf l i ct wi t h t he pr oduct i ve st al l t r af f i c f l ow
ar ea. Car s can be moved di r ect l y i nt o st al l s-
or opt i onal l y, st r ai ght t hr ough t o t he ser vi ce
par ki ng ar ea, ensur i ng oneway t r af f i c f l ow.
Cl ear - span wi dt h i s 70 f t . Li ke t he I pat t er n,
expansi on i s r el at i vel y si mpl e ( Fi g. 9) .
Wi t h door s on one si de, i t i s suggest ed t hat
t he bui l di ng shoul d be 30 f t wi de. Wi t h door s
onbot h si des t her ecommended wi dt h i s 60 f t .
Di r ect dr i ve- i n st al l s pr ovi de a maxi mumnum-
ber of st al l s i n a mi ni mumf l oor ar ea and ar e
ver y economi cal t o const r uct . Al t hough t hese
bui l di ngs occupyl ess spacet hen t he 70- f t - wi de
bui l di ngs, t hey r equi r e mor e space on t he l ot
f or ser vi ce dr i ves and
ent r ance
t o
t he bui l di ng.
The 60- f t - wi de bui l di ng i s i deal f or t r uck ser.
vi ce because each doubl e t r uck st al l can ac-
commodat e t he l ar gest bus or t r act or - t r ai l er .
Of t en a combi nat i on of a 70- f t - wi de bui l di ng
wi t h 30- f t ext ensi on on one or bot h si des can
be used ver y advant ageousl y. The l ar ger span
of t he r oof beams can be 70 f t because t he
necessar y col umns do not i nt er f er e. Thi s
cr eat es a doubl e r owof st al l s on each si de of
t hecent r al ai sl e. Thecar s i n t he30- f t ext ensi on
ent er and l eave
t hr ough over head door s i n t he
si de of t he bui l di ng. Her e t he doubl e at ol l s
can be used f or ser vi ci ng buses or t r act or -
t r ai l er s and, i f t her e i s a doubl e wash r ack, i t
Ser vi ce St al l
Gener al - pur pose
ser vi ce st al l s shoul d be 12 f t
I n wi dt h. I n
speci al si t uat i ons, an 11- f t wi dt h
may be accept abl e, but onl y when st r uct ur al
r equi r ement s or l and l i mi t at i ons i mpose t he
need. I n bui l di ngs wi t h di r ect dr i ve- I n st al l s,
12- f t wi dt hs ar e mandat or y, si nce l ack of an
si sl away means mi ni mumwal k- ar ound and
wor ki ng ar eas. Fi gur e 11
pr ovi des gener al
di mensi ons
andl ocat i ons f or equi pment .
I f t he
wor k l oad i s l i ght andspace i s at a pr e-
mi um,
a si ngl e- st al l st at i on mi ght be appr opr i -
at e
. l nt hi s suggest ed l ayout ( Fi g. 13) t he br ake
t est i ng
i s done ont he r oad. Wheel al i gnment ,
f r ont
suspensi on hoi st or j ack ar ea, and head-
l i ght t est i ng
and ai mi ng ar e pr ovi ded t hr ough
car ef ul ar r angement i n a si ngl e l ane. Thi s
coul dbe ei t her a dr i ve- t hr ough
or
dr i ve- i n- and-
back- out syst em.
The dr i ve- i n- and- back- out saf et y t est ar ea
coul dbe desi gned ar ound an exi st i ng f r ont - end
pi t . Wheel
al i gnment and under - vehi cl e i nspec-
t i ons
ar e made i n one l ane and vi sual i nspec-
t i on,
br ake t est i ng and headl i ght t est i ng i n t he
ot her.
Suggest ed l ayout coul d possi bl y be
r eal i zed by t he r el ocat i on of exi st i ng equi p-
ment ( Fi g. 14and 16) .
t i on ar ea can be consi der ed, whi ch i s l ess ex-
pensi ve t han i nsi de r oof ar ea; and ( 3) cus-
t omer s pr ef er a cl ean, qui et at mospher e t o t he
nor mal noi se, di r t and congest i on of t he shop
ar ea.
St r ai ght - t hr ough r ecept i on ar ea i s pr ef er -
abl e and mor e conduci ve t o ser vi ce soi l i ng.
Tr af f i c cont r ol al so i s much mor e ef f i ci ent ,
wI t h congest i on and car maneuver i ng kept
t o
a mi ni mum.
Wher e l ocal cl i mat e per mi t s, out door cov-
er ed r ecept i on ar eas may
be
desi r abl e as a
bui l di ng
economy.
The
out door r ecept i on
ar ea can be desi gned t o at t r act i vel y compl e-
ment t he
bui l di ng
ar chi t ect ur e.
Cust omer Wai t i ng Room
Aspeci al wai t i ng
ar ea shoul d be pr ovi ded f or
cust omer s who wai t
f or ser vi ce r epai r on t hei r
car e .
Comf or t abl e chai r s, t abl e, T. V. , and a
publ i c t el ephone
ar e desi r abl e. Some deal er s
pr ovi de a wai t i ng
ar ea i n t he showr oom. How-
ever ; a separ at e r oom, near t he cust omer
r ecept i on ar ea and cashi er , i s desi r abl e. The
r oom si ze wi l l
be det er mi ned by t he pot ent i al
busi ness .
Door s
The
ser vi ce ent r ance door f or t he cust omer
r ecept i on ar ea shoul d
be
16 f t
wi de and 12 f t
hi gh . At wo- l ane t r af f i c
door shoul d have a mi n-
i mumwi dt h of 24
f t .
Wi de door s
make i t easi er
t o movecar s i nt o t he st al l s j ust i nsi de t he
ser -
vi ce ent r ance. Si ngl e ser vi ce exi t door s shoul d
be 14 f t wi de and 12 f t hi gh.
Ser vi ce Cont r ol ( Tower )
The ser vi ce cont r ol t ower shoul d have
suf f i -
ci ent space f or ef f i ci ent oper at i on and t he
necessar y equi pment t o cont r ol and schedul e
t he ser vi ce.
Wf hs- up Ar ea
The wr i t e- up desk adds a pr of essi onal
t ouch
t o t he ser vi ce sel l i ng f unct i on. I t i s desi r abl e
t o have t hedesks l ocat ed ont hedr i ver s si de
of
t he car ent er i ng t he r ecept i on ar ea.
Tr af f i c Fl ow
The l ayout of t heser vi ce depar t ment
shoul d
be
pl anned
so t hat
ent r ances andexi t s per mi t one-
way t r af f i c
f l ow. Tr af f i c f l ow shoul d be a
combi nat i on
of
deal er shi p ai sl e pat t er ns coor -
di nat edwi t h t r af f i c movement on publ i c st r eet s
and al l eys .
The ar r angement
of st al l s t o obt ai n an ef f i -
St al l f unct i on
Wi dt h,
f t
Lengt h,
f t
Cust omer r ecept i on ( ai sl e) . . . . . 14 25
Lubr i cat i on l over head
equi pment ) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
12 24
Mechani cal r epai r . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 24
Newcar condi t i oni ng . . . . . . . . . . 12
24
Pol i shi ng end sheet met al . . . . . . . 12 24
Pai nt spr ay boot h . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 26
Wash r ack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 25
Par ki ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
20
Commer ci al
1PATTERN
As shown i n t he
i l l ust r at i ons, n si mpl e " I " pat t er n i s
t he most ef f i ci ent , Thi s wi l l wor k i n most deal er shi ps
i f t he si t e per mi t s such an ar r angement . However , i t
cannot
be consi der ed a " cur e- al l . " I f t he number of
st al l s needed r esul t s
i n an excessi ve over al l l engt h, i t
makes super vi si on di f f i cul t and pl aces many st al l s
t oo r emot e f r omt he par t s depar t ment .
TPATTERN
The " T" pat t er n per mi t s t he same number of ; t . dl s
as
t he " L" pat t er n. However , i t i s not suggest ed over
t he " L" pat t er n si nce i t makes car movement di f f i cul t
i nt o t he t wo end st al l s near each exi t . Thi s st al l and
ai sl e pat t er n i s usef ul
i n
cases wher e an
exi t i n
t he
r ear wal l i s i mpossi bl e and t he l ocat i on of an al l ey
makes t wo si de exi t s mor e pr act i cal .
LPATTERN
U
PATTERN
The " U" pat t er n i s used i n l ar ge ser vi ce oper at i ons
or wher e no ot her ar r angement i s per mi ssi bl e because
of exi st i ng nei ghbor i ng st r uct ur es or publ i c
st r eet s .
The " U" t ends t o cent r al i ze ser vi ce t r af f i c f or mor e
ef f i ci ent cont r ol and accessi bi l i t y t o suppor t i ng de-
par t ment s .
Fi g. 7

Tr af f i c pat t er ns . Fi g. 8

Cent er - ai sl e I pat t er n
.
Fi g. 12

( a) 90 st al l s. ( b) Dr i ve- i n wor k st al l s .
Commer ci al
AUTOMOBI LE
DEALERCENTERS
Fl g. 11
30' BUI LDI NG
Fi g. I f l f ) r i " r er - t hr ough pr 3ve. xn ^- : , y . 4

Cent er - ai sl e T pat t er n.
Commer ci al
Fi g. 15

Ramp
desi gn. ( Chevr ol et Mot or Di vi si on, Bui l di ng Depar t ment , Det r oi t ,
Mi ch. )
Fi g. 14 Two- bay saf et y i nspect i on st at i on.
Fi g. 13

Si ngl e- bay saf et y i nspect i on st at i on.
Commer ci al
Fi g. 15
( coot . )

Ramp desi gn. ( Chevr ol et
Mot or Di vi si on, Bui l di ng Depar t ment ,
Det r oi t , Mi ch. )
PER GENT GRADE
l oo/ . 11%
12 e/ . 113%
14041 15% 16 */ * 17% 18e/ e 19*/ * POs/ 07
RI SE
I N I NCHES PER FOOT OF RUN
1 . 20 1. 32
1. 44 1 . 56 1 . 68 1 . 80 1 . 92 2
. 04 2. 16 2. 26 2. 40
ANGLE OF I NCLI NATI ON- A
FLOOR
HEI GHT- f .
15 11
43' 6 11 17' 6051'
T1124' T11 56' 811 32' 911 5'
J 9 "39' [ 101112' 1101145' - Fl
8' - 0"
80- 0
r
72
!
- 9" 166' -
8r
181- 70 15
T
-
-
2
"
53
'
- 4
w
~
'
50- 0
r
47' - 0
r
44
-
- 50 41' - 10
40
'
- 08
9- 0
10=0"
90- 0
100=o"
81- 10
75- 0 69- 3 64- 4
91=0" 83' - 4"
T6=11' 71=5"
60- 0 58- 3_52- I I
50- 0"
66' - " " 62=e 58=10 55' - 7" ,
4T- 4
52' 7"
45- 0
50=0"
I I - 0 110- 0"
100
-
0 i 91 8 ~ 64- T_ l
76- T 73_' - _4 68- 9 64' - 6 0 6V- 10 i 57- 10
55- 0
12' - 0" 120' - 0*109' - I " 100, - ( Y" !
92=4" 815- 9" 80_=Wl 7_5' - 0" '
}
70_' - __66' -
" " 6_3=2" 60=0"
13' - 0" 13 0' - 0"
i 18' - 2_" ' I 0 8' - 4" 100' - 0" 92' - 10" 96!- S" '
$V- 3" _76' - 6" 72' - 2" 68- 5"
65' - 0"
1 4' - 0 " 140' - 0' ' 127=3"
116' - 8" I 107=2- 100' - 0" ! 93' - 4" ' 87=6"
82=5" TT=9" 73=" " T0=0"
W- 00 1150' - 0
r
1 36
'
- 5
r -
1 125
'
- 0
"
I 115
'
- 5
w
' 10T
'
- 2
r
' , 100
'
- 0
r
93
i
- 9
"
88' - 3
r
8- _3- 4
r
7" - 11
r
~ T5- O"
16- 0"
160=0
w
145=8" ' 133- 401 123' - 0" 114' - 4"
! 106=8" 100=0" 94=2" 1 66- 10" 64=2"
80- 0"
I T- 0
r -
I , - - - - - -
I TOi - 0w1544
r
1~41- 8 130- 9i s121- 5
1'
1113- 4106- 3
r
100- 0
r
l 94- 5
r __
89
i
- 5
W- 081
I " - o
I " o- 0" 1s3- 9 150' - O" l 138- 5
19' - 0" 190- 0" ' 172=10"
158=4" 146=2" t 135=9" ,
12l - 7 120- 0" 112- s
_I O5_- I I
126=8"
118=9" I I I =10" ,
l oo-
105=7"
9a- s
100=0"
so
95' - 0+
20=0" 200=0" 1 " 2' - 0'
166=8" 1163- 10" 142=10" I
133' - 4m, 125' - O"
117=
" " I I I , - I " 105=3" 10
HEAD
Roor - N
LENGTH
OF RAMP WELL- WS. .
-
8' - 0"
9' - 0_"
10' - 0"
111- 08 - 0"
95' - 11" 1 87- 1_" _TT9' _I 0" 1 T3=8"
68=4"
106' - ( ) " I 96=3" '
88=3~61=5" T5=6"
116' - I " ' 105- 5w, 96W' 8_9=2"
82=9"
126- 3" 114=7" 105- 1" 96-
I I
r
,
" 9
-
~11r
64
=2
" ~_6_0=2" 56=6" 53=8" ~ 50=10"
70- 11" 68_=6"
6
2=8"
59=4" 56=2"
T7-=-8- " 72- 10" 68=5" _85=0"
61="
84- 5 79' - I t " T4- 5
r .
70
r
-
" ' " " - 10
i r
_ _
4" =" "
53W
_5" =9"
63LI on
12
: 0" 136=4" 123=9" 113' - 6" 104=8
_
9T=2" 91=2" 85=8" 80=4"
76=4" 72=2" " " =1 I "
13' - 0"
146W133' - 0" '!121' 10" ' 1
I 2- 5e7104' - 4e
_
98- 0"
91' - 10" . 88=4 " 2=0" " T7=" " T4- 0"
HEAD
ROOM- N
LENGTHOF RAMP
WELL- W1.
8' - 0" 815' - I " 77' - 3" _70=9" i 65' 9" T 61=0"
56=11" 53=4" 50=1"
- ~ - 47=_7" 45=0" 43=0" I
9' - 0"
95' - 2" 86=5" 79- 2" T3- T" 684- 30
63=8' 59=8" 56- 1"
' 53=3" 50W. . 46- 1- ,
10- 0
I f ' - o"
12' - 0"
13' - 0"
105- 3 95- 7 87- 7
81- 5 75- 6
115- 4 1049" 96' - 0"
89- 3 82- 9"
125- 5" 1 113' - I I " r 104=5" +
97=1"
135- 7' 123=I " ' 112=10"
104' - 11" ' 97=3"
70- 5
66- 0 62' - 00 ' 58' - 11"
55- 8 53- 2
77- 2 _1
72- 4 68- 0 64- 6 61- 0
58- 3
90- 0- 83=11"
78=8" 73=11" ~69=2" 66=5" ~ 63=5"
90=8" - 85- 0"
79- I I " - 75- 10" 71=9"
,
68=6"
Commer ci al
TRUCKDEALERANDSERVI CE FACI LI TI ES
AREAS
NewTr uck
Di spl ay
Tr uck sal es pr of i t f r omgood
i nt er i or di spl ay,
par t i cul ar l y l i ght - t onnage t r ucks sol d
t o
f ami -
l i es as second car s or r ecr eat i on vehi cl es .
However , because of t he wi de var i at i on i n
si ze bet ween t r uck model s, and because t he
sal es of l ar ger uni t s ar e f r equent l y
made away
f r omt he deal er shi p, i ndoor
t r uck showr oom
di spl ays ar e usual l y l i mi t ed i n si ze .
I f you pl an an i nt er i or
di spl ay ar ea, make
sur e t hat i t i s l ar geenough f or
at l east onepi ck-
up, wi t h adequat e r oom t o wal k compl et el y
ar ound i t ( 1, 000 sq f t ) . The di spl ay shoul d
occupy at l east 3 per cent of t he deal er shi p' s
t ot al ar ea .
Thedi spl ay shoul d f ace t he maj or i t y of t r af f i c
t hat moves past t he deal er shi p, and be pl aced
so t hat a dr i ver does not have t o t ur n hi s head
t o see i t .
For a dr i ver t o see a di spl ay easi l y, i t shoul d
be wi t hi n 30` t o t he l ef t or r i ght of hi s st r ai ght -
ahead f or war d vi si on, and cl ose enough t o
cat ch hi s eye.
Di spl ay ar ea wi ndows shoul d be l ar ge, but
do not have t o be sl ant ed. Havi ng st r ong
enough l i ght s i nsi de t hedi spl ay ar ea wi l l usual -
i y mi ni mi ze any nat ur al gl ar e or r ef l ect i ons on
t he out si de of t he gl ass.
Many t r uck deal er shi ps r el y
ent i r el y on
ext er i or di spl ay.
Thi s may be under a canopy or not
. The
advant age of t he canopy i s t hat t he vehi cl e
st ays cl eaner l onger , doesn' t spot as easi l y
f r omr ai n or snow, and i s shel t er ed f r omt he
sun and weat her .
The di sadvant age of t he canopy i s cost and
t he f act t hat vehi cl e movement can be ham-
per ed i f t he pl aci ng of t he canopy suppor t s
i s not car ef ul l y pl anned.
The deal er ' s or gener al manager ' s
of f i ce shoul d
be t he l ar gest i n t he deal er shi p.
The of f i ce shoul d be abl e t o accommodat e
t our or f i ve vi si t or s . I t shoul d have
cl oset and
st or agef aci l i t i es, and i f desi r ed,
i t s own men' s
r oom.
Consi der t he possi bi l i t y of
al l owi ng t hi s
of f i ce t o doubl e as a meet i ng r oomf or t he
sal es
st af f ( Tabl e 1) .
I f t he deal er shi p al so has a sal es manager ,
he shoul d have an of f i ce.
Of f i ces f or i ndi vi dual sal esmen can doubl e as
cl osi ng r ooms.
Meet i ng Room
Ameet i ng r oomi s not a l uxur y i n a t r uck
deal er shi p.
When f aci l i t i es have l unchr ooms, t hese ar e
f r equent l y used as meet i ng r ooms.
I f i t ' s not possi bl e t o have a separ at e r oom
f or meet i ngs, consi der i nst al l i ng a f ol di ng wal l
bet ween
t wo
smal l pr i vat e of f i ces
so t hat t hey
Pr of i t abl e
GMCDeal er shi p Expansi on, Gen-
er al Mot or s
Cor p
. ,
1967.
can
be
opened
up i nt o a meet i ng r oom. Or cor r ,
si der
usi ng
t he deal er ' s of f i ce f or a meet i ng
r oom.
Wher ever t he meet i ng r oom i s, i t shoul d
be possi bl e t o dar ken i t so t hat pi ct ur es can be
pr oj ect ed.
Equi pment f or 16 mi n mot i on pi ct ur es and
35
mmsound sl i def i l m pr oj ect i on
shoul d ei t her
be per manent l yset up or
be
st or ed i n a conven-
i ent cupboar d. Abl ackboar d
and/ or char t st and
wi l l al so be usef ul .
Gener al Of f i ce
I f t he cashi er wor ks i n t he gener al of f i ce,
t hen
t he of f i ce shoul d
be adj acent t o t he par t s
count er and t he ser vi ce r ecept i on ar ea,
so t hat
t he cashi er ' s wi ndowcan ser ve bot h.
The gener al of f i ce shoul d be f ur ni shed wi t h
adequat e desks, chai r s, f i l es, busi ness ma-
chi nes, and ot her equi pment .
I t shoul d be comf or t abl e, r easonabl y qui et
and wel l l i ght ed.
St or age shoul d be pr ovi ded i n t he r oomf or
cur r ent oper at i ng r ecor ds and dai l y suppl i es
.
Ol dr ecor ds and i nf r equent l y used suppl i es
can
be st or ed somewher e el se.
Vaul t and St or age
Avaul t
shoul d be pr ovi ded f or cash and val -
uabl e busi ness r ecor ds. I f no vaul t i s pr ovi ded,
essent i al r ecor ds shoul d
be kept i n speci al
f i r e- r esi st ant f i l es or
f i r eboxes.
St at i oner y,
sal es pr omot i on mat er i al , model
l i t er at ur e, and seasonal
deal er shi p decor at i ons
shoul d be gi ven a st or age
ar ea. Obsol et e r ec-
or ds canal so
be st or ed her e. Thi s space can be
i n a basement , mezzani ne,
or on t he same f l oor
but i n an out - of - t he- way
l ocat i on.
Rest Rooms
Rest r ooms f or men and women
empl oyees
and f or cust omer s shoul d be pr ovi ded. Whi l e
l ocal codes wi l l di ct at e much of t he desi gn
and equi pment f or t hese r est r ooms, t r y t o
sel ect dur abl eandeconomi cal as wel l as at t r ac-
t i ve f i xt ur es .
Fl oor Pl an
The most
f unct i onal t ype of l ayout f or a t r uck
ser vi ce
depar t ment i s one wi t h dr i ve- t hr ough
st al l s ( Fi gs. 1 and 2) .
Tr ucks of var yi ng
l engt hs can be easi l y
handl ed,
i ncl udi ng t hose wi t h ext r emel y l ong
wheel bases
. Each vehi cl e can be moved i n or
out wi t hout di st ur bi ng
t he ot her s . And
si nce no ai sl es ar e r equi r ed,
mor e f l oor space
i s usef ul space
The t wo t hi ngs t hat can pr event t he use of
t hi s ki nd of st al l ar e cl i mat e and a nar r owpr op-
er t y wi t h l i mi t ed t ur n- ar ound space
out si de.
Wher e t he cl i mat e i s ext r emel y col d, dr i ve-
t hr ough st al l s
can
be t oo dr af t y and t oo expen-
si ve t o heat .
Wher e t her e i s not enough r oomout si de f or
vehi cl es t o move f r eel y at bot h si des of
t he
bui l di ng, such as at some i n- t own l ocat i ons,
dr i ve- t hr ough st al l s ar e i mpr act i cal .
However , a pr act i cal l ayout i n t hi s si t uat i on
woul d be st al l s wher e you dr i ve i n and back
out t hr ough i ndi vi dual door s.
To pr eser ve heat i n ver y col d ar eas, i t maybe
necessar yf or t he depar t ment t o use a common
ent r ance door , wi t h t he t r ucks t ur ni ng i nt o
i ndi vi dual st al l s af t er ent er i ng t he bui l di ng.
I f t hese st al l s ar eangl ed, mor e f l oor space wi l l
be r equi r ed f or each st al l , al t hough l ess wi l l
he r equi r ed f or t he ai sl e.
TABLE 1

Sal es Ar ea and Bui l di ng
Ar ea
Space al l owance
I nt er i or di spl ay
Showr oom . . . .
1, 000 sq h, pl us 600 sq f t f or each
vehi cl e over one
Ent r ance door . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 by 12 i t ( pi ckups)
12 by 14 f t ( l ar ger t r ucks)
Of f i ces ( mi ni mum) :
Deal er or gener al manager . . . . . . . . 180 so f t
Sal es manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 sq f t
Sal esmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 90 sq f t per man
Cl osi ng of f i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 64 sq f t
Used t r uck of f i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 sq f t
Gener al of f i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 sq f t per per son
Cei l i ng hei ght . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Of f i ces- 9 f t 6 i n .
Meet i ng r oom. . . . . Al l owat l east 12 sq f t f or each per son
t o at t end meet i ng, pl us r oom f or
speaker and f or pr oj ect i on equi p-
ment
Ot her ar eas :
Rest r oom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 sq f t mi ni mum
Hal l or ai sl e . . . . 5 f t wi de
J ani t or cl oset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 sq f t mi ni mumwi t h deep si nk
Cust omer ' s wai t i ng r oom. . . . . . . . . Var i abl e
Commer ci al
TRUCK
DEALERANDSERVI CE FACI LI TI ES
ager ' s of f i ce i mpr oves wor k
qual i t y and
r educes i dl eness .
Bei ng abl e t o see
di agnosi s and ser vi ce st al l s
usual l y i mpr oves
pr of i t and pr omot es bet t er
car e of t he speci al equi pment used .
I n l ar ge oper at i ons, a r ai sed of f i ce t hat
al l ows t he ser vi ce manager t o l ook acr oss
t he ent i r e depar t ment i s ef f ect i ve.
Gener al Ser vi ce Ar ea
The number and t ype of st al l s ar e
det er mi ned
by t he ser vi ces ( Tabl es 2 t o
4) .
Qui ck Ser vi ce Ar ea
Qui ck ser vi ce i s nor mal l y
l i mi t ed t o j obs t hat
can be
done i o one hour or l ess .
An ar ea set asi de f or qui ck ser vi ce usual l y
pr oduces mor e pr of i t per squar e f oot because
i t cr eat es a hi gh par t s vol ume wi t h r el at i vel y
shor t l abor t i mes.
Speci f i c qui ck ser vi ce j obs
f al l i nt o t hose
ar eas :
Engi ne t une- up

Wheel
bear i ngs
Cool i ng syst em

Shock
absor ber s
Exhaust syst em

Uni ver sal j oi nt s
Adj ust ment s :

El ect r i cal
Cl ut ches

Ti r es
Br akes

Lubr i cat i on
Tr ansmi ssi ons Body
Fr ont end

Tr i m
Br ake l i ni ngs
Wheel bal ance
Qui ck ser vi ce can be done i n a
l i mi t ed way
i n
any
ser vi ce oper at i on, j ust
by set t i ng asi de
a st al l f or t hat pur pose. However , t he most
pr of i t abl e qui ck ser vi ce r esul t s f r om usi ng
speci al met hods, t ool s, and equi pment ; al so
i n r educi ng t he t i me r equi r ed t o get par t s .
Uni t Repai r
Asepar at e uni t r epai r r oomcan speed
t he
r ebui l di ng of engi nes and ot her assembl i es .
Thi s
r oomi s usual l y most ef f ect i ve when sep-
ar at ed
f r om
t he
gener al
r epai r
ar ea. I t al so
has
al l t he necessar y t ool s and equi pment f or
Fi g. 1

Layout f or smal l deal er .
One- wayt r af f i c t hr ough a ser vi ce depar t ment
door i s mor e ef f i ci ent t han t wo- way t r af f i c.
I f acommon ent r ance must be used, t r y t o pr o-
vi de a
common exi t at anot her poi nt .
FLOWFACTORS
Four gr oups of t hi ngs move or " f l ow" t hr ough
t he depar t ment whi l e i t i s wor ki ng.
Howl ogi cal l y and easi l y each of t hese
gr oups f l ows det er mi nes much of t he depar t -
ment ' s abi l i t y t o make money.
The f our f l owf act or s ar e:
1 .
Fl owof t r af f i c
2. Fl owof peopl e
3 .
Fl owof par t s
4. Fl owof r epai r or der s
Fl owof Tr af f i c
St ar t by pl anni ng wher e t he
cust omer t r af f i c
wi l l wai t bef or e i t get s
t o t he ser vi ce sal es-
man or wr i t e- up
man.
Ther e, must be adequat e st andi ng r oomout -
si de wher e wai t i ng vehi cl es wi l l not get i n t he
way of ot her deal er shi p cust omer s or st r eet
t r af f i c .
Fr omt he ser vi ce sal esman, t r af f i c
must f l ow
ei t her
t o anot her wai t i ng ar ea, or t o a st al l
wher e wor k i s t o be done.
I f t he vehi cl e wi l l have t o go t o mor e
t han one
st al l ( such as f r omdi agnosi s t o a wor k st al l )
i t shoul d never have t o backt r ack.
When t he wor k i s done, t he vehi cl e
shoul d
move out t o be r oad- checked by dynamomet er
and par ked.
Bef or e you appr ove of
any ser vi ce depar t -
ment l ayout , ment al l y
move a day' s t r af f i c
t hr ough i t t o see
wher e t hebot t l enecks appear .
Fl owof Peopl e
The cust omer
shoul d be abl e t o get out of hi s
vehi cl e,
t al k wi t h t he ser vi ce sal esman, go t o
t he
dr i ver l ounge or out of t he deal er shi p, go
t o t he cashi er
and pi ck up hi s vehi cl e wi t hout
get t i ng i n t he way of sal es, ser vi ce, or par t s
empl oyes .
The mechani c shoul d be abl e t o get t het ool s
and par t s he needs wi t hout goi ng t hr ough
cust omer ar eas or get t i ng i n t he way of ot her
wor ker s .
Fl owof Par t s
Par t s shi ppi ng and r ecei vi ng shoul d not have
t o be made acr oss t he f l owof i ncomi ng ser vi ce
t r af f i c. Par t s cust omer s shoul d not have t o wai t
f or ser vi ce cust omer s.
Par t s access f or t he ser vi ce depar t ment
shoul d be conveni ent , bot h f or t he mechani c
and f or t he par t s depar t ment . To get par t s,
t he mechani c shoul d not have t o t r avel f ar or
t r avel t hr ough cust omer wai t i ng ar eas . Depar t -
ment al l y, qui ck ser vi ce and t une up st al l s
shoul d be near est t he par t s count er .
St al l s doi ng wor k t hat nor mal l y r equi r es
f ewer par t s per day ( such as
heavy r epai r )
shoul d be f ar t her away t han st al l s
doi ng gen-
er al r epai r and mai nt enance
.
Fl owof Repai r Or der s
Tr ace t i r e physi cal movement of r epai r or der
or i gi nal s and copi es i n your cur r ent mai nt e-
nance syst am.
Bad f l owher e wi l l cause wast ed mechani c
t i me, sl ower bi l l i ng wi t h i ncr eased cust omer
di ssat i sf act i on, poor er cost account i ng and
mai nt enance cont r ol . I n l ar ger bui l di ngs
a
syst em of pneumat i c t ubes bet ween of f i ces
ai ds i n t he ef f i ci ent f l owof paper wor k
.
ROOMS ANDAREAS
Ser vi ce Manager ' s Of f i ce
The ser vi ce manager ' s of f i ce shoul d pr ovi de
pr i vacy and r el at i ve qui et , so t hat i t can be
used t o handl e cust omer compl ai nt s .
I t shoul d be cl osed of f f r om t he wor ki ng
ar ea t o keep out di r t as wel l as noi se.
I t shoul d have wi ndows and be l ocat ed so
t hat t he ser vi ce manager
can
easi l y
see t he
mai n ser vi ce ent r ance and t he wor k ar eas of
t he depar t ment t hat r et ur n t he hi ghest pr of i t .
Di r ect super vi si on f r om t he ser vi ce mar t -
Fi g. 2

Layout f or medi umsi zed deal er .
I nj ect or Repai r
Wher e f r equent Tor o- Fl owor GMDi esel wor k
i s avai l abl e, a di esel i nj ect or and f uel pump
r epai r r oomi s pr of i t abl e ( Fi g. 3) .
Si nce t hi s pr eci si on wor k must be done i n
a
di r t - f r ee ar ea,
t he
r oom
must be
compl et el y
encl osed,
easy t o keep
cl ean, and pr essur i zed
sl i ght l y t o keep out si de dust f r omseepi ng i n.
Smoot h- sur f aced
wal l s,
wi ndows wi t h
f l ush
si l l s, and benches encl osed t o
t he
f l oor r educe
di r t t r aps and t he t i me r equi r ed t o cl ean t he
over haul of uni t s . As a r esul t , t he wor k done
t her e usual l y pr oduces mor e r el i abl e assem-
bl i es .
By havi ng r epai r st ands, t est equi pment , and
speci al t ool s i n one l ocat i on, cl ose t o t he par t s
depar t ment , a speci al i st can do t he r equi r ed
wor k i n t he l east t i me .
The
uni t r epai r ar ea shoul d be set of f f r om
t he r est of t he depar t ment
by
wal l
or scr een
f enci ng. I t shoul d have a l ockabl e door or sl i d-
i ng
6- f t gat e.
Commer ci al
TRUCK
DEALERANDSERVI CE FACI LI TI ES
TABLE 3 St al l Di mensi ons
TABLE 2

Ser vi ce Ar eas"
`The ent i r e
ser vi ce depar t ment
nor mal l y occupi es 65 t o 70 per cent of t he t ot al ar ea
of t he deal er shi p bui l di ng .
TABLE 4

Par t s Ar eas and Di mensi ons
Dr i ve- t hr ough t ype bui l di ng
St al l s Di mensi ons __ Tot al
Two deep ( 70- f t bui l di ngl 15 by 35 f t 525 so f t
Thr ee deep ( 80- f t bui l di ng) 15 by 26 f t 390 so f t
Thr ee deep ( 90- i t bui l di ng) 15 by 29 f t 435 so f t
Dr i ve- i n t ype
bui l di ng
St al l angl e Di mensi ons Ai sl e wi dt h
Tot al
90
15
by
35 f t - - 28i t - - 945
sq
i t
60" '
17 by 35 f t 25 i t 1, 020 so i t
45 1,
21 by 35 f t 23 f t 1, 218
so f t
-
ot her
.
.
_
Di mensi ons
ar eas
Ar ea Space al l owance or di mensi ons
Ser vi ce manager ' s of f i ce
Usual l y 120 so f t
Pai nt depar t ment of f i ce
( i f separ at e)
. .
Usual l y 120 so f t
Dr i ver ' s l ounge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
so
1t pl us 20 so f t f or each per son
over 5
Lunch r oom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
300 so f t pl us 20 so i t f or each per son
over 10
Shower s, r est r ooms, l ocker s
. . . . . . .
60 so f t pl us 10 so f t
f or
each
man
over 5
Uni t r epai r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mi ni mumof 300 so f t
Det r oi t di esel i nj ect or
r epai r . . . . . . . . . Mi ni mumof 48 so f t
Tor o- Fl owdi esel f uel pump
. . . . . . . . . . Mi ni mumof 80 so f t
Ent r ances
:
I ndi vi dual ser vi ce
door s . . . . . . . . . . 12 i t wi de, 14 f t hi gh
One- way
mai n ser vi ce door s f or
r ecept i on door on
dr i ve- t hr ough
l ayout s)
. . . . . . . . .
16 f t wi de, 14 f t hi gh
Two- way
mai n ser vi ce door s . . . . . . . 24 i t wi de, 14 f t hi gh
Cei l i ng hei ght :
Gener al ser vi ce ar ea . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 f t mi ni mum- f l oor t o r oof t r uss
cl ear ance
Over l i f t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17- 18 f t
Cent er ai sl es :
Wi t h 90" st al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22- 24f t wi de f or smal l t r ucks onl y
26- 28 f t wi de f or l ar ge t r ucks
Wi t h 60' st al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 f t wi de f or l ar ge t r ucks
Wi t h 45 st al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 f t wi de f or l ar ge t r ucks
Fr ont - end st al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 f t
wi de,
35
f t l ong
Wash
r ack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 f t wi de, 35 f t l ong
Lubr i cat i on st al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
i t wi de, 35 f t l ong
Dynamomet er st al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 f t wi de, 35 f t l ong
Pai nt
pr epar at i on, dr yi ng, and
cl eanupst al l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 f t wi de, 40 f t l ong
Sheet met al and body r epai r
st al l s . . . . .
20 f t wi de, 40 f t l ong
Pai nt spr ay boot h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 f t wi de, 40 f t l ong
Fl oor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6- i n . wi r e- mesh- r ei nf or ced concr et e
sl ab. Compr essi ve st r engt h of not
l ess t han 3, 000 psi at 28 days .
Exposed f l oor s shoul d be t r eat ed
wi t h f l oor seal er . Fl oor shoul d sl ope
y
i n. per f oot t owar d dr ai n.
Compr essed ai r l i nes and f i t t i ngs . . . . . . Desi gned f or oper at i ng pr essur e of
175 I b
Ar ea
Di mensi ons
Par t s
of f i ce 120 so f t mi ni mum
Par t s l obby . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 so f t mi ni mum
Cust omer count er . . . . . . . . . 42 i n. hi gh, at l east
12 f t l ong
Mechani c' s count er . . . . . . . 42 i n. hi gh, at l east
5 f t l ong
St or f 1gU r i nd
ohsui ut u ' I c, - 00 Sq 1l mnl i mum
Commer ci al
TRUCKDEALER
ANDSERVI CE FACI LI TI ES
Fi g. 4

Typi cal auxi l i ar y pai nt and body shop.
door s on a
dr i ve- t hr ough l ayout , or near t he
f r ont of a r owof
dr i ve- i n- back- out st al l s .
One end of t he r ai l
shoul d be i n t he wash
r ack and t he
ot her and i n t he uni t r epai r ar ea.
Hoi st s
Moder n l ar ge t r uck deal er shi ps ar e
usi ng
hydr aul i c
f l oor hoi st s ext ensi vel y f or qui ck
ser vi ce and gener al r epai r ser vi ces si nce t hei r
use
i mpr oves mechani c ef f i ci ency and
mor al e.
Hoi st wor k al so hel ps at t r act t he best gr ade
of
mechani c t o t he busi ness by pr ovi di ng bet t er
wor ki ng condi t i ons .
Wher e hoi st s ar e used, t he best choi ce
i s one
of t he di sappear i ng t ypes . Thi s way
a cr eeper
can be used i n t he st al l
when t he hoi st i s not
bei ng used .
Most mechani cal t r uck
ser vi ces can be pr o-
vi ded wi t hout t he
use of hydr aul i c hoi st s .
Tr ansmi ssi ons
and power t r ai n component s
can be r epai r ed
wi t h t he t r uck f r ont or r ear
axl es up on st ands . To get t he uni t ont o t he
st and, a f or k l i f t , an A- f r ame hoi st , or a boom
l i f t can be used. The maj or advant age i s
t hat al l
of t hese ar e por t abl e and can move
f r omst al l t o
st al l .
Si nce t her e i s gener al l y ampl e r oom under -
neat h most l ar ge t r ucks, wor k may be
done
wi t hout any l i f t at al l . However , hydr aul i c
l i f t s
can be hi ghl y advant ageous .
Dynamomet er
Any dynamomet er
needs t o be i sol at ed wi t h
sound- deadeni ng mat er i al because
of engi ne
and t i r e
noi se
.
For k Li f t
Af or k l i f t can be a good i nvest ment f or t he ser -
vi ce depar t ment and t he par t s depar t ment .
I n t he ser vi ce depar t ment , i t can be used t o
r emove and i nst al l heavy t r uck
component s
and t o car r y t hemt o r epai r and cl eanup
ar eas .
I n t he par t s depar t ment , i t can be used
t o
car r y l ar ge i t ems such as t r ansmi ssi ons
and
f or t he shi ppi ng and r ecei vi ng of st ock.
The f or k l i f t shoul d have an 11- f t ver t i cal
beamand a capaci t y of at l east 3
t ons .
At l east f our st al l s shoul d be pl anned
f or
compl et e body wor k : one f or sheet
[ nat al
r epai r s, one
f or
heavy met al
wor k and st r ai ght -
eni ng f r ames, one f or pai nt i ng, and one f or
dr yi ng and cl eanup.
Whet her t he bodyand pai nt shop i s at t ached
or separ at e, an i sol at ed f i r epr oof r oot " f or
pai nt st or age and mi xi ng wi l l l ower i nsur ance
cost s .
I n a separ at e f aci l i t y, you wi l l al so need
t o
pr ovi de of f i ce space, wash- up ar eas, and
st or -
age f or body par t s .
Pr oper pl acement of t he pai nt
spr ay boot h
i s a j ob f or an exper t . The boot h
cannot f unc-
t i on sat i sf act or i l y i f t he f i l t er door s open
di r ect l y t o t he out si de of t he bui l di ng .
Aboot h
exhaust s 7, 000 t o 14, 000 cu f t of ai r a mi nut e.
Thi s ai r can' t be r eused because i t cont ai ns
vol at i l e f umes . I t must be
r epl aced wi t hout
cr eat i ng a dr af t t hr ough t he
body depar t ment .
Consul t an exper t .
EQUI PMENT
Monor ai l
Amonor ai l i s hel pf ul i n movi ng engi nes and
ot her
maj or t r uck component s t o and f r omt he
st eamcl ean ar ea and uni t r epai r r oom.
You can' t depend on a
monor ai l al one f or
engi ne r emoval , si nce i t can l i f t
onl y ver t i cal l y,
and many t r uck desi gns r equi r e
sever al l i f t
posi t i ons t o get t he engi ne out .
Mi ni mumcapaci t y f or a monor ai l
shoul d be
3 t ons . The r ai l shoul d be suspended
f r omt he
cei l i ng st r uct ur e
20 t o 25 f t i nsi de t he ser vi ce
Fi g. 3

Typi cal f uel i nj ect or
r epai r r oom.
r oom. Li ght - col or ed wal l enamel al so
i mpr oves
i l l umi nat i on
.
To pr essur i ze t he r oom, use a f i xed f an t o
dr awai r i n t hr ough a gl ass f i ber f i l t er , such
as t hose used i n many ai r condi t i oner s .
To l et ai r out of t he r oom, a hood and st ove-
pi pe wi t h damper can be pl aced over t he sol -
vent pans . Thi s wi l l car r y out sol vent f umes as
wel l . Or a r oof f an can be used t o
exhaust ai r
t hat i s dr awn i n t hr ough
f i l t er s pl aced at oppo-
si t e ends of t he r oom.
The r oomal so r equi r es
an ai r suppl y t o dr y
i nj ect or par t s . The
ai r f i l t er and moi st ur e t r ap
f or t he ai r l i ne shoul d be pl aced
out si de t he
r oom.
Body and Pai nt
Shop
Awel l - managed
t r uck body shop wi l l usual l y
pr oduce
mor e pr of i t per dol l ar i nvest ed t han
t he deal er shi p' s gener al r epai r ar ea.
Consul t l ocal pai nt and equi pment compa-
ni es f or
advi ce on t he best possi bl e l ayout f or
t he equi pment t o be used and t he ser vi ces t o
be of f er ed.
Local codes st r ongl y gover n what you can
and cannot do .
I f possi bl e, pl an t o separ at e
t he body and
pai nt shop f r om t he mai n
ser vi ce bui l di ng .
Thi s wayyou avoi d t he
excessi ve noi se, f umes,
di spl ay of damaged
vehi cl es, f i r e hazar d, and
i ncr eased f i r e
i nsur ance pr emi ums t hat can
come f r oman at t ached
body and pai nt depar t -
ment ( Fi g
. 4) .
I f t he depar t ment has t o be
under t he same
r oof , i t must be i sol at ed f r omt he
mai n ser vi ce
ar ea by a
f i r ewal l .
I.PLANNI NG
RADI O STUDI OS
A.
Scope
Thi s ar t i cl e deal s wi t h t he pl anni ng of r adi o
st udi os usi ng t he t er m st udi os i n t he br oad
sense of f aci l i t i es f or t he or i gi nat i on of r adi o
pr ogr ams . Br oadcast i ng f aci l i t i es i nt ended f or
pol i ce or ot her r adi o communi cat i ons ar e not
i ncl uded
. Appl i cat i on of br oadcast i ng equi p-
ment t o
st adi ums, ar enas, concer t hal l s, et c . ,
i s a
speci al i zed t opi c and wi l l not be cover ed
her e.
Di scussi on
wi l l cent er on pl anni ng an i ndi -
vi dual st at i on,
whi ch may be commer ci al or
noncommer ci al , but pr i nci pl es
ar e al so appl i ca-
bl e t o cent r al i zed net wor k f aci l i t i es
. Except
as ot her wi se i ndi cat ed,
cr i t er i a appl y t o bot h
AMand FMf aci l i t i es .
B. Pl anni ng Fact or s
Pl anni ng of a moder n r adi o st at i on, whi l e
const r ai ned by t he t echnol ogyof br oadcast i ng,
i s det er mi ned t o a l ar ge ext ent by
t he st at i on' s
oper at i ng pr act i ces . I t i s essent i al t o r eal i ze
t hat , whi l e al l st at i ons per f or mt he same basi c
f unct i ons, t her e ar e wi de di ver gences of oper -
at i ng pr act i ces and phi l osophy. Pl anni ng,
t her ef or e, st ar t s wi t h a car ef ul anal ysi s of t he
st at i on' s met hod of oper at i on.
Fol l owi ng i s a checkl i st of basi c pl anni ng
f act or s whi ch must be known or est ab: i shed
i n or der t o pl an t he f aci l i t y.
1 . Type
Of Pr ogr ammi ng The most i mpor t ant
si ngl e
i nf l uence on f aci l i t y r equi r ement s i s t he
t ype of pr ogr ammi ng
. I n cur r ent pr act i ce t hi s
wi l l usual l y consi st of one or mor e of t he f ol -
l owi ng:
Musi c
News
and publ i c f eat ur es
I nt er vi ewand panel di scussi on
Pr oduct i on of adver t i si ng commer ci al s
Some st at i ons may have speci al r equi r e
ment s f or dr amat i c or audi ence par t i ci pat i on
shows, but t hi s i s no l onger common. Recent l y,
many musi c- or i ent ed st at i ons have adopt ed
aut omat i on, whi ch means, basi cal l y, t hat not
onl y t he musi c but announcer ' s comment ar y,
t i me checks, st at i on br eaks,
at e. , ar e al l pr e-
r ecor ded
and al l swi t chi ng i s handl ed aut omat i -
cal l y. Thi s has si gni f i cant i mpact on bot h l ayout
and power r equi r ement . For al l st at i ons an i m-
por t ant pl anni ng quest i on i s t he ext ent of " l i ve"
ver sus r ecor ded pr ogr ammi ng.
2. Hour s
of
Oper at i on

St at i ons ar e r est r i ct ed by
t hei r FCC l i cense pr ovi si ons . Commer ci al
st at i ons must pr ovi de cer t ai n mi ni mumhour s
of
oper at i on
dai l y.
3. Rel at i onshi p t o Tal ent Sour ces

The t er mt al ent ,
as used her e, r ef er s t o t he per sons who par t i c-
i pat e i n pr ogr ams, whet her as per f or mi ng
ar t i st s, empl oyees, i nt er vi ewees, et c .
4.
Rel at i onshi p t o Publ i c
Some
st at i ons vi ew
t hemsel ves as
a
ki nd of pr ogr am
" f act or y" and
l i mi t vi si t or s t o per sons havi ng
speci f i c busi -
ness wi t h t he st at i on. Ot her s encour age vi si t s
Commer ci al
RADI OSTATI ONS
By J OSEPHHOROWI TZ, P. E. , Manager , Pl anni ng &Desi gn, Faci l i t i es Engi neer i ng
Depar t ment , Col umbi a Br oadcast i ng Syst em, I nc .
f r omschool s and communi t y gr oups andmake
el abor at e pr ovi si ons f or t hem, such as vi ew-
i ng wi ndows f r omwhi ch vi si t or s ( or
passer s .
by) can vi ewst at i on oper at i ons . Thi s
deci si on
af f ect s ci r cul at i on pat t er ns, suppor t f aci l i t i es,
and secur i t y pr ovi si ons .
5. Gover nment Regul at i ons Al l st at i ons
ar e
l i censed by t he Feder al Communi cat i ons
Com-
mi ssi on, whose ver y det ai l ed r egul at i ons
i nf l u-
ence ever y aspect of oper at i on end hence
pl anni ng . Regul at i ons, whi ch r equi r e const ant
moni t or i ng of cer t ai n devi ces, i nf l uence t he
conf i gur at i on
of t he cont r ol r oom. Most st a-
t i ons ar e
f ami l i ar wi t h t hese r equi r ement s, but
f or a newst at i on,
use of an out si de consul t ant
may be desi r abl e. As an exampl e,
an FCC
r egul at i on r equi r i ng
separ at e AMand FM
pr ogr ammi ng has
gener at ed t he need f or FM
pr ogr amf aci l i t i es separ at e
and,
i n
some cases,
apar t f r omt he AMf aci l i t i es i n
some st at i ons
t hat wer e f or mer l y
combi ned.
6 . Emer gency Br oadcast i ng Syst em ( EBS) An-
ot her ar ea of
gover nment i nvol vement i s t he
Emer gency Br oadcast i ng
Syst em. St at i ons
whi ch agr ee t o
member shi pand ar e desi gnat ed
as pr i mar y EBS f aci l i t i es
must pr ovi de f aci l i -
t i es capabl e of oper at i on dur i ng an
emer gency.
Gover nment f i nanci al assi st ance
may be avai l -
abl e f or equi pment and nucl ear
f al l out pr ot ec-
t i on f or t he emer gency st udi o as wel l as f or
emer gency gener at or s .
7. Rel at i onshi p of St udi o and Tr ansmi t t er Faci l i t i es
St udi os and t r ansmi t t er
may be of t he same or
separ at e l ocat i ons
. Si mi l ar l y, st at i ons ( such
as an AMand
FM) may shar e cer t ai n f aci l i t i es .
6 .
Oper at i ng Pr ocedur es Most l ar ger commer ci al
r adi o
st at i ons ar e hi ghl y uni oni zed. Wor k r ul es
var y f r omone
l ocal i t y t o t he next and can have
si gni f i cant
i nf l uence on pl anni ng of st udi o
f aci l i t i es . I n some l ocat i ons
a
di sk
j ockey may
act ual l y oper at e t he t ape
pl ayer
or
t ur nt abl e .
I n ot her ar eas, t hi s wor k
r equi r es a st udi o
engi neer or even a separ at e " pl at t er
spi nner . "
Wher e r egul at i ons ar e l ess r est r i ct i ve, one
man
may act as engi neer and announcer i f
he meet s
t he l i censi ng r equi r ement s . I n al l cases,
a car ef ul st udy of oper at i ng pr ocedur es
i s
essent i al .
C. Si t e Sel ect i on
Moder n br oadcast i ng f aci l i t i es ar e usual l y
qui t e
compact and ar e of t en l ocat ed wi t hi n a
bui l di ng havi ng ot her pr i mar y f unct i ons, such
as an of f i ce or school . Fol l owi ng ar e some
of
t he f act or s t o consi der i n sel ect i ng a si t e.
1. Locat i on Locat i on i s l ar gel y a f unct i on of
pl anni ng
f act or s 1, 3, and 4, t hat i s, t ype of
pr ogr ammi ng, r el at i onshi p t o t al ent sour ces,
and r el at i on t o t he publ i c . I f ext ensi ve i nt er -
vi ews
or panel di scussi ons ar e pl anned, t he
st at i on shoul d be conveni ent t o t he pr ospect i ve
par t i ci pant s ( show busi ness per sonal i t i es,
spor t s or
gover nment f i gur es) . Wher e t he
st at i on desi r es maxi mumexposur e t o t he gen-
er al publ i c,
i t shoul d be easi l y r eached by
publ i c t r anspor t at i on. Sal es act i vi t i es of com-
mer ci al r adi o st at i ons l i kewi se poi nt t o a
" downt own'
l ocat i on
.
Wher e t hese f act or s ar e l ess si gni f i cant
or
good t r anspor t at i on i s avai l abl e, advant age
may be t aken of l ower - cost subur ban
ar eas
.
Wher e st udi o and t r ansmi t t er ar e combi ned
i n
one bui l di ng, t he t echni cal r equi r ement s of
t r ansmi t t er s
wi l l gover n t he si t e
sel ect i on.
( See separ at e ar t i cl e on
pl anni ng r adi o t r ans .
mi t t er f aci l i t i es
. )
Thi s ar r angement , whi l e eco-
nomi cal , cr eat es a l ocat i on conf l i ct , at l east
f or AMst at i ons, si nce t he i deal si t e f or an
AMt r ansmi t t er i s r ar el y conveni ent as a st udi o
l ocat i on .
2. Envi r onment Al t hough
st udi o desi gn can
compensat e f or a host i l e noi se envi r onment ,
r easonabl e f r eedomf r omexcessi ve noi se and
vi br at i on i s desi r abl e. Wi t hi n a bui l di ng, t he
ar ea sel ect ed f or st udi os shoul d be f r ee of over -
head bui l di ng pi pes and duct wor k t o pr event
noi se and wat er l eaks . I t shoul d al so have
adequat e
headr oom, bot h f or acoust i c pur -
poses and t o accommodat e ai r - condi t i oni ng
duct wor k
.
Sur r oundi ng t enanci es shoul d be
f r ee of obj ect i onabl e
noi se. Ot her wi se, envi r on-
ment al f act or s ar e si mi l ar t o t hose f or an of f i ce .
3.
Ut i l i t i es
A
r el i abl e power sour ce and access
t o t el ephone
and t el ex communi cat i ons l i nes
ar e essent i al . See Sect i on F 3 f or ot her com-
muni cat i ons .
4. Par ki ng See Sect i on O
5
( c) f or
possi bl e
par ki ng r equi r ement s . Par ki ng ( or gar age
space) f or st at i on vehi cl es used f or " r emot e"
( of f - pr emi ses) br oadcast i ng i s par t i cul ar l y
i mpor t ant . Desi r e f or l i ber al par ki ng f aci l i t i es
may conf l i ct wi t h t he need f or a " downt own"
l ocat i on conveni ent t o vi si t or s, t al ent sour ces,
and VI Ps .
D. Descr i pt i on of Faci l i t i es
1 . Types of Faci l i t i es

Radi o br oadcast i ng ( st udi o)
f aci l i t i es may be consi der ed under t he f ol l ow-
i ng gr oups :
Techni cal ( onai r ) f aci l i t i es
Ot her br oadcast i ng f aci l i t i es
Suppor t f aci l i t i es
Per sonnel f aci l i t i es
Faci l i t i es f or of f - pr emi ses oper at i ons
2. Techni cal ( On- Ai r ) Faci l i t i es The onai r f aci l i -
t i es i ncl ude
t he st udi os and cont r ol r ooms
t hat f or mt he
hear t of t he st at i on' s oper at i on .
a. St udi os .

A
st udi o i s any r oomused f or
or i gi nat i ng
br oadcast mat er i al - - one i n whi ch
t her e i s a l i ve mi cr ophone
. Wi t h pr oper acoust i -
cal desi gn, st udi os
can be made j ust l ar ge
enough t o cont ai n
t he desi r ed number of
per sons . At woman
st udi o ( di sk j ockey, news-
cast er ) i s shown i n Fi g. 1, and Fi g. 2 shows
an i nt er vi ew st udi o .
I n cont empor ar y r adi o,
musi c i s al most al ways pr er ecor ded,
and
br oadcast s i nvol vi ng t he publ i c
ar e
l i kel y
t o be
r ecor ded of f - pr emi ses
at t heat er s, concer t
hal l s, l egi sl at ur es, et c . For t hese r easons l ar ge
st udi os sui t abl e f or musi c or audi ence par t i ci -
pat i on ar e not r equi r ed i n t he st at i on i t sel f . I n
t he except i onal case of an audi ence st udi o, t he
r oomwoul d be desi gned pr i mar i l y as a t heat er
ment , space must be avai l abl e f or spar e par t s
and por t abl e equi pment f or use on " r emot es"
( of f - pr emi ses br oadcast i ng) . A 10- by 12- f t
space i s adequat e f or a smal l or medi umsi zed
st at i on. Usual occupant s : one.
a. Tel ephone Equi pment Room. I n addi -
t i on t o t he
t el ephone
equi pment associ at ed
wi t h voi ce communi cat i ons, swi t chboar d,
et c . ,
consi der abl e f l oor
space i s r equi r ed
f or
t el ephone
equi pment associ at ed wi t h
audi o
( sound)
communi cat i ons l i nes, i ncl udi ng t r ans-
mi ssi on
t o t he t r ansmi t t er ar ea
and r ecei pt
of i ncomi ng t r ansmi ssi ons such as t hose f r om
a r adi o net wor k, et c . Local t el ephone company
r epr esent at i ves shoul d
be
consul t ed f or r e-
qui r ement s ear l y i n t he pl anni ng pr ocess .
f . Aut omat i on Equi pment Room. Aut o-
mat i on equi pment may be l ocat ed i n a cont r ol
r oomor i n a separ at e space. Ther e ar e no spe-
ci al l i st eni ng r equi r ement s . However , i f t he
equi pment i ncl udes car d punchi ng or t abu-
l at i ng equi pment ( used t o pr ogr amt he aut o-
mat ed swi t cher s) , t he r oomcan be noi sy, and
acoust i cal t r eat ment on cei l i ng and wal l s i s
desi r abl e. Agl ass par t i t i on wi l l per mi t moni -
t or i ng of t he equi pment whi l e hel pi ng t o con-
t ai n t he noi se . No st andar ds can be gi ven f or
r oomsi ze as t hi s depends ent i r el y on t he equi p-
ment t o be used.
3.
Ot her Br oadcast i ng Faci l i t i es The f ol l owi ng f a-
ci l i t i es wi l l not be r equi r ed i n al l
st at i ons, but
wher e used, t hey ar e usual l y cl osel y associ -
at ed wi t h t he onai r f aci l i t i es .
a. Newsr oom.
Si mi l ar i n appear ance and
f unct i on
t o t he ci t y r oomof a newspaper , t he
newsr oom
i s t he cent r al poi nt f or gat her i ng
and edi t i ng of news st or i es pr i or t o br oadcast .
I n some cases, news may be br oadcast di r ect l y
f r om t he newsr oom. Speci al t abl es per mi t
cl ose cont act bet ween cor r espondent s and
conser ve space. Newsr ooms wi l l i ncl ude t el e-
vi si on moni t or s, an assi gnment boar d, bul l e-
t i n boar d, and mai l boxes . I n some cases, par -
t i cul ar l y i n l ar ge net wor ks, separ at e of f i ces
ar e r equi r ed
f or cer t ai n cor r espondent s and
Commer ci al
RADI O
STATI ONS
or
audi t or i umwi t h pr ovi si on f or t api ng or l i ve
br oadcast i ng. Thi s woul d be a f aci l i t y apar t
f r omt he r adi o st at i on.
Fl oor ar eas may r ange f r om100 sq f t f or t he
mi ni mumst udi o ( news, r ecor ded musi c) t o 270
sq
f t f or a si x- per son st udi o sui t abl e f or panel
di scussi on .
b. Cont r ol Rooms .
The cont r ol r oom, as
t he name i mpl i es,
cont ai ns a cont r ol consol e
and ot her el ect r oni c
equi pment f or moni t or i ng
and cont r ol l i ng
t he out put f r oma st udi o . I n
addi t i on, i t may
house t ape pl ayer s, t ur nt abl es,
and aut omat i c
swi t chi ng devi ces as wel l as a
smal l
amount of di sk and t ape st or age. Pl an
di mensi ons ar e di ct at ed by t he equi pment t o
be used; occupant s ar e one or t wo
per sons .
Fi gur e 3 shows some of t he
devi ces t hat may
be cont ai ned i n a wel l - equi pped
cont r ol r oom.
Many smal l er st at i ons have so- cal l ed
" combo" oper at i ons, i n whi ch t he engi neer '
doubl es as announcer , di sk j ockey, et c . I n
t hi s
case, t he cont r ol r oomi s al so a st udi o and
has
t he same sound r equi r ement s . Even when
t he
cont r ol r oomdoes not cont ai n a l i ve
mi cr o-
phone, soon( ] char act er i st i cs ar e st i l l i mpor -
t ant . The t echni ci an moni t or i ng t he pr ogr am
must make cr i t i cal deci si ons based on what
he hear s f r omt he l oudspeaker s, and any di s-
t or t i on caused
by
r oom
acoust i cs wi l l be
r ef l ect ed i n i mpr oper
adj ust ment of cont r ol s .
c . Equi pment ( Rack) Room. El ect r oni c
equi pment i s usual l y mount ed i n cabi net s or
r acks, r oughl y
t he si ze of f i l e cabi net s . I n a
l ar ge st at i on, t hey
may be gr ouped f or easy
mai nt enance i nt o a si ngl e equi pment
or r ack
r oom. I n smal l er st at i ons,
t hey
wi l l
be l ocat ed
i n t he cont r ol r ooms . I n ei t her case,
access f or
ser vi ci ng i s essent i al . Racks ar e somet i mes
used t o f or mt he out si de wal l of one of t he con-
t r ol r ooms, but t hi s i s not sui t abl e f or t he com-
bo ar r angement i n whi ch one r oom ser ves as
bot h st udi o and cont r ol r oom.
d. Mai nt enance Shop. The mai nt enance
shop i s an el ect r oni cs wor kshop and must be
conveni ent t o cont r ol and r ack r ooms. I n addi -
t i on t o t he usual wor kbenches
and
t est equi p-
Fi g. 3

Two- st udi o l ayout f or a musi c- or i ent ed FMst at i on. ( Desi gned by Fenwi ck
S. LaBoi t eaux . )
Fi g . 2 I nt er vi ew st udi o .
Commer ci al
RADI OSTATI ONS
wr i t er s ; t hese shoul d open ont o or be not f ar
f r omt he
newsr oom.
Fr oma const r uct i on st andpoi nt , desi gn of
t he newsr oomi s si mi l ar t o a l ar ge, ver y busy
of f i ce. Even wher e news i s br oadcast di r ect l y
f r omt he newsr oom, t he backgr ound noi se i s
usual l y not obj ect i onabl e. ( At l east one al l -
news st at i on pl ays r ecor ded newspr i nt er
sound as backgr ound t o i t s news br oadcast s . )
News f aci l i t i es wi l l var y dependi ng on t he ex-
t ent of news oper at i ons at t he st at i on.
( 1) The most el ement ar y i s t he " r i p- and-
r ead" oper at i on,
so- cal l ed because t he an-
nouncer or di sk j ockey
l eaves hi s post onl y
l ong enough t o t ear
of f
a sheet
f r omt he wi r e
ser vi ce t el epr i nt er ,
whi ch he t hen r eads on t he
ai r . Her e, t he onl y
" f aci l i t y" i s a pr i nt er i n a
cl oset .
( 2) At ypi cal
musi c and news st at i on mi ght
have a news st af f
of f i ve, most of whomwoul d
be out on assi gnment s.
Ar oom about 15 by
25 f t wi t h
t hr ee desks woul d suf f i ce.
( 3) An
al l - news st at i on mi ght have a st af f
of about
14, pl us an edi t or . Desk space f or
each
man i s necessar y. Thi s t ype of newsr oom
i s shown
i n Fi g. 4.
b. News Pr i nt er s . An i mpor t ant f eat ur e
of t he newsr oomi s t he bank of
t el epr i nt er s
r epr esent i ng var i ous wi r e ser vi ces, weat her ,
et c . These must be r eadi l y avai l abl e t o t he
newsr oom, but si nce t hey ar e
noi sy, ar e of t en
encl osed i n a separ at e
r oom acoust i cal l y
t r eat ed t o r educe cl at t er
.
I f oper at i ng per sonnel i nsi st on l ocat i ng
t he
pr i nt er s wi t hi n t he newsr oom, consi der
en-
cl osi ng t hem i n a soundpr oof cont ai ner wi t h
hi nged cover s . Tel ex or TWXmachi nes
shoul d
al so be i sol at ed, i f possi bl e.
c .
Tape and Recor d Li br ar y. I deal l y, t he
t ape and r ecor d l i br ar y shoul d be conveni ent
t o t he st udi o, especi al l y f or musi c- or i ent ed
st at i ons . However , si nce t he st udi o ar ea may
be congest ed, i t may be necessar y
t o l ocat e
t hi s el sewher e; t he ext ent t o whi ch
t hi s can
be t ol er at ed i s ver y much a var i abl e
and de-
pends on l ocal oper at i ng pr act i ces . ( Fi g. 3. )
For a st at i on f eat ur i ng
popul ar cont empo-
r ar y musi c, a space 10 by 15 f t
shoul d suf f i ce.
Ast at i on wi t h a
ver y ext ensi ve l i br ar y of cl as-
si cal musi c may
r equi r e a much l ar ger ar ea .
Nor mal l y, t he
l i br ar y wi l l be used by onl y one
or t wo per sons at a t i me.
St andar d cabi net s used f or st or i ng 12- i n . -
di amet er l ong- pl ayi ng r ecor ds can accommo-
dat e appr oxi mat el y 60 r ecor ds per f oot of shel f ,
al l owi ng enough space t o per mi t easy
i nser t i on
and r emoval .
Tapes, whi ch ar e r api dl y suppl ant i ng
r ec-
or ds, come i n t hr ee f or ms :
r eel s, car t r i dges
and casset t es . Reel s ar e st or ed
i n car dboar d
boxes ; casset t es and car t r i dges do
not r equi r e
a separ at e cont ai ner
.
" Al l owi ng space f or upr i ght s, ver t i cal di vi der s, et c .
d. Li st eni ng Rooms. As par t of t he l i -
br ar y, or cl osel y adj acent t o i t , shoul d be
f aci l -
i t i es f or audi t i ng or l i st eni ng t o t ape and
r ec-
or ds . Agai n, l ayout i s a f unct i on of oper at i ng
pr act i ces . I f st at i on per sonnel wi l l use ear -
phones, l i st eni ng can be done i n t he l i br ar y
i t sel f ; i f t hey i nsi st on l oudspeaker s, t he
l i s-
t eni ng r ooms shoul d be separ at e and i sol at ed
acoust i cal l y f r om sur r oundi ng spaces, par t i c-
ul ar l y st udi os . Pr ovi si on f or one or t wo
l i st en-
i ng posi t i ons i s suf f i ci ent .
Fi g . 4

Newsr oom: al l - news
st at i on.
a .
Edi t i ng
Room
. Most pr ogr amedi t i ng i s
done i n t he cont r ol r oom. However , some
l ar ger st at i ons can ef f ect i vel y ut i l i ze an edi -
t i ng r oom, whi ch i s a f aci l i t y aki n t o a con-
t r ol r oom but somewhat l ess sophi st i cat ed
acoust i cal l y. Edi t i ng r ooms ar e usual l y a par t
of t he st udi o compl ex .
4. Suppor t Faci l i t i es
a. Of f i ces . St at i on of f i ces wi l l i ncl ude
f aci l i t i es f or execut i ves, sal es, pr ogr ammi ng,
account i ng, schedul i ng, oper at i ons, et c . Pl an-
ni ng i s si mi l ar t o t hat f or any ot her of f i ce and
wi l l not be di scussed her e, except t o not e t hat
par t i cul ar at t ent i on
must be gi ven t o mai l r oom
andt el ephone swi t chboar d
r equi r ement s,
si nce
act i vi t y i n t hese ar eas may be hi gh compar ed
wi t h
a busi ness f i r mof t he sai ne si ze.
Rel at i on of
of f i ces t o st udi os wi l l depend
on t he si ze of t he
st at i on and i t s met hod of
oper at i on. Some st at i ons oper at e wi t h sal es,
account i ng, and ot her admi ni st r at i ve f unct i ons
r emot e f r omt he st udi os ( even i n anot her bui l d-
i ng) .
Pr ogr ammi ng oper at i ons, and ot her
f unct i ons
r el at ed t o br oadcast i ng shoul d be
conveni ent t o
t he st udi os but need not be
cont i guous wi t h t hem.
b. Conf er ence
.
For most st at i ons, good
meet i ng f aci l i t i es ar e
essent i al . They wi l l be
used f or cont act wi t h sponsor s and publ i c
of f i ci al s as wel l as st af f and shoul d have pr o-
vi si on f or t ape pl ayback and ot her audi ovi sual
pr esent at i ons . Some st at i ons make ef f ect i ve
use
of a conf er ence r oomdesi gned t o doubl e
as
a st udi o .
c . Recept i on. Pl anni ng of r ecept i on ar eas
depends
on whet her vi si t or s ar e l i mi t ed t o per -
sons
on of f i ci al busi ness or wi l l i ncl ude t he
gener al publ i c, school chi l dr en, et c . I f t he l et -
t ar , a
l ar ge l obby i s desi r abl e wher e gr oups
on t our
can assembl e and be met by a gui de.
The r ecept i on ar ea must cont r ol access ef f ec-
t i vel y whi l e st i l l pr ovi di ng a wel come t o bona
f i de
vi si t or s . Unl ess a r ecept i oni st or guar d
i s on dut y 24 hour s a day, af t er - hour s access
pr esent s a di f f i cul t pr obl em. One sol ut i on
i s
car d access ( si mi l ar t o t he syst emused i n some
par ki ng gar ages) f or ni ght oper at i ng
per sonnel ,
pl us a ni ght bel l f or ot her af t er - hour s vi si t or s .
The r ecept i oni st may doubl e as swi t chboar d
oper at or .
5. Per sonnel Faci l i t i es
a. Toi l et s . Pl an t oi l et s and r est r ooms as
f or an of f i ce. Consi der af t er - hour s access
. I f
publ i c t our s of t he f aci l i t y ar e ant i ci pat ed, si ze
t oi l et f aci l i t i es f or t he vi si t or s .
b. Caf et er i a. Need f or a caf et er i a depends
on t he si ze of t he st at i on and t he avai l abi l i t y
of ot her f ood ser vi ce f aci l i t i es . However , even
i f a compl et e caf et er i a i s not t o be
pr ovi ded,
consi der at i on shoul d be gi ven
t o a snack bar
wi t h vendi ng machi nes . Thi s i s
par t i cul ar l y
i mpor t ant f or af t er - hour s use when
ot her f ood
ser vi ce f aci l i t i es ar e not
avai l abl e or f ar oper -
at i ng per sonnel whose dut i es
do not per mi t
t her e t o l eave t he st at i on.
The snack bar can
do
doubl e dut y as a l ounge.
c . Par ki ng. Par ki ng needs ar e a f unct i on
of
l ocal condi t i ons, i ncl udi ng t he avai l abi l i t y
of publ i c t r anspor t at i on . Pl anni ng i s si mi l ar
t o
t hat f or of f i ces .
Par ki ng needs may i ncl ude t he f ol l owi ng:
St at i on empl oyees
Vi si t or s
Gener al publ i c
St at i on vehi cl es ( see f ol l owi ng par agr aph)
Per f oot
Medi um
Usual di mensi ons of shel f "
_ _
Reel s . . .
;
71h by 7' f by / ,
i n
16. .
Car t r i dges
. . . . . . . 5y, by 4by 1 i n . 10
Casset t es . . . . . . 4 by 2y, by
y,
i n . 8
Commer ci al
RADI O
STATI ONS
st at i on' s needs can be det er mi ned onl y by car e-
f ul st udy of i t s oper at i ons, i ncl udi ng
t he
amount of or i gi nal pr ogr ammi ng pl anned.
b. Layout . Layout of t he onai r compl ex
r equi r es under st andi ng of t he st at i on' s
met hod
of oper at i on . Usual l y, di r ect vi sual
cont act
i s desi r ed bet ween st udi o and cont r ol
r oom.
Fl exi bi l i t y i s pr ovi ded by maki ng
i t possi bl e
f or each cont r ol r oomt o handl e mor e
t han one
st udi o . St udi o door s shoul d not open
di r ect l y
i nt o adj oi ni ng r ooms or gener al
cor r i dor s ;
wher e t hi s i s unavoi dabl e, pr ovi de
a sound
l ock at t he ent r ance.
Al t hough t hi s i s
undesi r abl e acoust i cal l y,
oper at i ng per sonnel may
r equi r e st udi o wi n-
dows t o t he out si de, ei t her t o
per mi t t he an-
nouncer
t o
obser ve weat her condi t i ons or t o
gi ve passer sbya
vi ewof oper at i ons . Agood
so-
l ut i on i n t hi s case i s
use of a gl assed- i n cor r i dor
bet ween
st udi o and out er wal l . Fi gur e 5
i l l us-
t r at es a
st at i on wher e t hi s syst emwas
empl oyed.
c . Sound I sol at i on. Ther e i s an
i mpor t ant
t r ade- of f bet ween space r equi r ement s
and
compl exi t y of const r uct i on. I sol at i on
bet ween
adj oi ni ng r ooms maybe accompl i shed by
usi ng
di vi di ng par t i t i ons or by separ at i ng
t he t wo
r ooms i nvol ved. Whi l e cost
i s l ower , t he sec-
ond scheme r equi r es mor e
f l oor ar ea. Fi gur e 6
shows a hypot het i cal l ayout
f or t he onai r
f aci l i t y usi ng cor r i dor s f or
sound i sol at i on.
d. Al l owance f or Gr owt h.

Expansi on of t he
onai r f aci l i t y af t er t he st at i on i s i n
oper at i on i s
bot h di f f i cul t and cost l y. Accor di ngl y,
i t i s wel l
t o ant i ci pat e t he need f or an
addi t i onal onai r
f aci l i t y. As an exampl e, a r oomcan
be bui l t t o
st udi o st andar ds
but used as a l i st eni ng r oom,
l i br ar y, or of f i ce
unt i l i t i s r equi r ed f or st udi o
pur poses
.
e.
Thr eedi mensi onal Pl anni ng. Pl anni ng
of
onai r f aci l i t i es r equi r es consi der at i on
of
t he
t hi r d di mensi on. I n st udi os, mai nt enance
of
a mi ni mumi nsi de hei ght of about
9 t o 10 f t
i s i mpor t ant f or pr oper acoust i cs .
At t he
same t i me, space of 4 f t above t he
cei l i ng i s
desi r abl e t o accommodat e duct s
and ot her
cei l i ng ut i l i t i es .
2. Newsr oom
The newsr oommust be accessi -
bl e t o t he st udi o
compl ex . Anews- or i ent ed
st at i on may i nsi st on
di r ect vi sual cont act
bet ween newsr oom
and st udi o f or si gnal i ng of
" hot " news i t ems .
One sol ut i on i s t o pl ace
t he newsr oomon t he
opposi t e si de of a cor r i -
dor t o t he
st udi o, wi t h wi ndows i n bot h wal l s .
3. Ci r cul at i on
Ci r cul at i on shoul d be ar ound,
r at her t han
t hr ough, t he onai r compl ex . Vi si -
t or s can
vi ewoper at i ons t hr ough soundpr oof
wi ndows . Cor r i dor s can be used t o
pr ovi de
separ at i on bet ween t he st udi o compl ex
and
adj oi ni ng spaces as wel l as a
sound l ock
bet ween t he t echni cal spaces .
F. St udi o Acoust i cs
Acoust i cal desi gn of st udi os,
cont r ol and edi t -
i ng r ooms r equi r es t he ser vi ces
of a speci al i st ,
par t i cul ar l y f or t he ar chi t ect
unf ami l i ar wi t h
such wor k. However ,
t hi s sect i on wi l l t ouch
on some of t he poi nt s
about whi ch he shoul d
be consul t ed
.
1 . Obj ect i ves of Acoust i cal
Desi gn

Basi cal l y, t her e
ar e t wo obj ect i ves i n
t he acoust i cal desi gn of
onai r f aci l i t i es
. The f i r st i s t o
at t enuat e or
excl ude unwant ed
sound f r omt he r oom, and
t he second i s t o
pr ovi de t he desi r ed acoust i cal
char act er i st i cs wi t hi n t he r oomf or t he sounds
r eachi ng
t he mi cr ophone. The l at t er r equi r e-
ment has
been si mpl i f i ed by ext ensi ve use of
pr er ecor ded musi c, si nce acoust i cal r equi r e-
ment s f or speech ar e l ess cr i t i cal . At t en-
E. Layout Pl anni ng
1 . On- Ai t Faci l i t i es

The onai r f aci l i t i es
f or mt he
hear t of t he st at i on and shoul d r ecei ve
pr i macy
i n pl anni ng. Si nce t hese f aci l i t i es shar e
com-
mon ut i l i t i es and per sonnel and
r equi r e sound
i sol at i on f r omt he r est of t he
bui l di ng, t hey
ar e usual l y gr ouped t oget her i n a
t i ght " i sl and. "
Thi s makes f or oper at i ng
conveni ence but i s
i nf l exi bl e f or changes .
a. Number of St udi os .
Two st udi os and
t wo cont r ol r ooms per mi t
one st udi o t o be used
f or edi t i ng or r ecor di ng
whi l e t he ot her i s on-
ai r . Some smal l st at i ons
get by wi t h a si ngl e
st udi o, usi ng a second
mi cr ophone posi t i on
i n t he cont r ol r oom. Si mi l ar l y,
aut omat i on may
obvi at e t he need f or t he second
st udi o . Al ar ger
6 .
Faci l i t i es f or " Remot e" Oper at i on
Avai l abi l i t y
of l i ght wei ght , por t abl e r ecor di ng
equi pment
has l ed
t o an i ncr ease i n t he amount of pr o-
gr ammi ng
mat er i al or i gi nat ed out si de t he st a-
t i on. I t i s l i kel y t hat t hi s t ype of act i vi t y wi l l
i ncr ease and most st at i ons wi l l have one
or
mor e
vehi cl es speci al l y equi pped t o
handl e
r emot e ( of f - st at i on) oper at i ons .
Faci l i t y needs i ncl ude gar age space
f or st a-
t i on
vehi cl es and st or age space f or por t abl e
equi pment used i n r emot e oper at i ons . St or age
shoul d be conveni ent t o vehi cl e par ki ng ar eas
and saf e f r om pi l f er age. The gar age shoul d
have ac power , and space shoul d be avai l abl e
f or mi ni mummai nt enance or
t r oubl eshoot i ng
of mobi l e equi pment t hat cannot
r eadi l y be
r emoved f r omt he vehi cl e.
Fi g. 5

Fl oor pl an of a st at i on ser vi ng a l ar ge
met r opol i t an ar ea. Fi l es, st or age, and mi meogr aph
ar e on anot her
f l oor ( not shown) .
Commer ci al
RADI OSTATI ONS
uat i on i s st i l l cr i t i cal , par t i cul ar l y i n st at i ons
of f er i ng cont empor ar y r ock musi c, wher e
l i st eni ng i n
adj oi ni ng r ooms i s done at hi gh
sound
l evel s .
Each of t hese obj ect i ves wi l l be consi der ed
i n
t ur n. I n ei t her case, t he key pl anni ng f act or
i s t he nat ur e of t he br oadcast i ng oper at i ons
.
I t i s most i mpor t ant t hat st at i on management
par t i ci pat e i n set t i ng acoust i cal desi gn t ar get s .
Acoust i cal desi gn f or cont r ol r ooms i s si m-
i l ar t o t hat f or st udi os . The obj ect i ve
i s t o
have t he sound ( f r om l oudspeaker s or ear -
phones) r eachi ng t he cont r ol oper at or ' s ear
mat ch t hat or i gi nat ed i n t he st udi o ( or
pr er ecor ded)
as cl osel y as possi bl e
.
2 . Room- t o- RoamI sol at i on
a. At t enuat i on. To excl ude
sounds, each
st udi o and cont r ol r oomi s
desi gned as a sep-
ar at e " envel ope, " i ndependent
of t he basi c
bui l di ng st r uct ur e. The f i r st st opi s t o
est abl i sh,
f or
each r oom, t he per mi t t ed l evel
of r esi dual
noi se, usual l y expr essed i n noi se
cr i t er i a ( NC)
l evel s . ' Typi cal NCl evel s ar e 20 f or
st udi os
and
25 f or cont r ol r ooms .
The next st epi s t o i dent i f y sour ces of
host i l e
sound and t o
est abl i sh r equi r ed r oor n- t o- r oom
at t enuat i on
f act or s . At t enuat i on, expr essed
i n
deci bel s, r epr esent s t he sound power l oss
f r omone space t o anot her
and det er mi nes t he
desi gn of par t i t i ons,
hung cei l i ngs, wi ndows,
et c . , and t he need f or
i ndependent " f l oat i ng"
f l oor s . I t shoul d be est abl i shed onl y
af t er
t he most car ef ul consul t at i on wi t h
st at i on
management . As an exampl e,
i f adj acent
st udi os wi l l be used onl y f or news and
i nt er -
vi ews, t he r oom- t o- r oom at t enuat i on
may be
about 40 db- - usi ng const r uct i on
si mi l ar t o a
good pr i vat e of f i ce. Wher e l oud musi c i s t o be
pl ayed,
r equi r ed at t enuat i on can r each
60 db
or even hi gher , wi t h si gni f i cant
ef f ect on cost
and compl exi t y of const r uct i on.
On t he ot her hand, pl anni ng
shoul d al so
consi der f ut ur e pr ogr am changes, si nce
i t i s
ver y di f f i cul t t o upgr ade a st udi o wi t hout t ot al
r econst r uct i on.
b.
Fl oor I sol at i on.

Successf ul r adi o
st udi os
have been bui l t usi ng a common f l oor sl ab.
Agai n, t hi s
i s ver y much a f unct i on of t he sound
l evel s
expect ed wi t hi n t he r ooms . Wher e
ext r eme sound
l evel s ar e unavoi dabl e, each
st udi o must be pl aced on i t s
own f l oat i ng f l oor
suppor t ed on spr i ngs or
neopr ene i sol at or s .
Not e t hat wher e used,
t he f l oat i ng f l oor wi l l
al so suppor t t he ent i r e st udi o
envel ope : i nner
wal l s and cei l i ng .
c . Door s . Door s ar e
t he Achi l l es' heel of
ever y st udi o i nst al l at i on. A
sound l ock i s an
ar r angement of t wo sound
door s separ at ed
by a smal l vest i bul e. I t
i s anal ogous t o a l i ght
l ock at t he ent r ance t o a phot ogr aphi c
dar k-
r oomi n t hat i t pr event s acci dent al
sound l eak-
age i nt o a st udi o i f t he door i s
opened whi l e
t he st udi o
i s i n use. " Host i l e" sounds,
such as
t hose t hat
may become a pr obl emwhen
t her e
ar e t wo separ at e St udi os,
shoul d be separ at ed
byat l east t wo door s
whi ch shoul d, i f possi bl e,
not be opposi t e t o
each ot her .
Door s shoul d
be sound r at ed and equi pped
wi t h gasket s or seal s,
i ncl udi ng dr op seal s at
t he t hr eshol d. They shoul d
have hydr aul i c
cl oser s and handl es ( i nst ead of
l at ches) and
shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h smal l
vi ewi ng por t s .
d. Desi gn Det ai l s
( 1) Wi ndows must
be t i ght l y gasket ed .
Mul t i pl e- pane wi ndows ar e
common; whet her
' Si nce t he appar ent
l oudness of a sound
var i es wi t h i t s pi t ch
( f r equency) , Cur ves r el at -
i ng sound power l evel
t o f r equency, known as
noi se cr i t er i a ( NC) cur ves have been
devel oped
t o expr ess t he l evel s of r esi dual noi se i n
a
r oom
862
Fi g. 6

Hypot het i cal l ayout f or a r adi o st udi o
bui l t ar ound a cent r al cor e. ( Desi gned by
Fenwi ck S. LaBoi t eaux
. )
t hey
ar e
act ual l y needed i s a f unct i on of
r oom-
t o- r oomat t enuat i on . For most pur poses, t wo
panes
ar e suf f i ci ent ; but t o be ef f ect i ve,
t he
t wo panes must be i n i ndependent
f r ames
and must be of di f f er ent t hi ckness t o
pr event
r esonance.
( 2) Fl uor escent l i ght i ng, i f used,
shoul d have
bal l ast s r er not ed.
( 3)
Par t i cul ar at t ent i on must be pai d t o
pene-
t r at i ons
t hr ough t he envel ope; ent r i es
f or duct -
wor k, condui t , cabl e t r ays, and ot her
ser vi ces
must al l be desi gned and not l ef t
t o t he con-
t r act or i f t hey ar e not t o def eat
t he car ef ul l y
pl anned envel ope.
( 4)
Cor r i dor s wi t hi n t he onai r
compl ex
shoul d be car pet ed t o mi ni mi ze
f oot - i mpact
noi se
.
Consi der at i on shoul d al so be gi ven
t o
car pet i ng
ar eas above t he st udi o
compl ex .
Opi ni on
di f f er s on t he need f or car pet i ng
wi t hi n
t he
onai r f aci l i t i es t hemsel ves . Whi l e absor b-
i ng f oot
noi se, i t makes movement of
equi p-
ment di f f i cul t
.
( 5)
St udi o t abl et ops shoul d be of cor k or f el t
t o mi ni mi ze
paper - shuf f l i ng noi se, and t o pr e-
vent
unwant ed r ef l ect i ons of t he " t al ent ' s"
voi ce
.
3. RoomAcoust i cs

Roomacoust i cs r equi r es t he
pr oper bal ance
bet ween " har d' ( sound- r ef l ect .
i ng) and " sof t "
( soundabsor bi ng) sur f aces,
whi ch i s a f unct i on of t he t ype
of sound ( speech,
musi c, et c . ) , t he r oomsi ze, and
t he t ype of mi cr o-
phones t hat wi l l be used. The
t endency i s
t owar ds
ver y " dead" ( absor bent )
st udi os and
cont r ol r ooms. ( I f r ever ber at i on
i s desi r ed, i t
can
be added el ect r oni cal l y. ) Absor bent
wal l
t r eat ment and cl osel y hel d mi cr ophones
r educe
t he
pr obl emof r ef l ect i on f r ompar al l el ,
har d
sur f aces
t hat used t o r equi r e skewi ng of oppo-
si t e
wal l s . Hi ghl y di r ect i onal mi cr ophones
may
al so pr event unwant ed echos or
" sl ap" f r om
har d
gl ass sur f aces . Wher e a nat ur al l y
" l i ve"
( r ever ber ant ) st udi o i s r equi r ed,
wal l s shoul d
be skewed.
I t i s al so
i mpor t ant t hat soundabsor pt i on
be
uni f or mover t he f r equency spect r um. Thi s i s
done by spaci ng out absor bent mat er i al such
as f i ber gl ass over a por t i on of t he wal l s and
cei l i ng.
At r adi t i onal r ul e of t humb f or st udi o acoust i -
cal desi gn i s t hat t he hei ght , wi dt h, and l engt h
shoul d be i n t he. r at i o of 3 : 4: 5 .
G. Ut i l i t i es and Ser vi ces
1 . El ect r i ci t y
a. Power Sour ce. For a r adi o st at i on, t he
most i mpor t ant ut i l i t y i s a r el i abl e power
sour ce. I ncomi ng ser vi ce shoul d be st abl e as t o
bot h vol t age and f r equency and f r ee f r omi nt er -
r upt i ons .
b. Techni cal Power . El ect r oni c equi pment
shoul d be f ed f r om a separ at e Aechni -
cal " or " cl ean"
power f eeder . No l i ght s or
bui l di ng l oads shoul d be pl aced on t hi s
f eeder .
Wher e vol t age f l uct uat i ons ar e
expect ed, pr o-
vi de vol t age r egul at or s f or t he
t echni cal power
f eeder .
Secondar y wi r i ng f r om a t echni cal
power
panel wi t hi n t he r oomt o t he
el ect r oni c equi p-
r nent i s usual l y par t of t he r adi o equi pment
i nst al l at i on, but t he ar chi t ect may have t o pr o-
vi de t he
necessar ycondui t s or r aceways .
c .
Emer gency Power . Even wi t h a r el i abl e
power
sour ce, out ages and " bl ackout s" ar e st i l l
possi bl e. The most common emer gency power
sour ce i s a di esel engi ne
gener at or equi pped
wi t h cont r ol s t o st ar t aut omat i cal l y
when vol t -
age dr ops t o a pr edet er mi ned
l evel . An aut o-
mat i c t r ansf er swi t ch shi f t s f r om
nor mal t o
emer gency power and
pr event s si mul t aneous
connect i on t o bot h sour ces
. A br i ef of f - ai r
per i od can usual l y be t ol er at ed, so t hat t he
cost
of no- br eak power i s not war r ant ed
. I f t he
st at i on i s a member of t he
gover nment - spon-
sor ed Emer gency Br oadcast i ng Syst em
( EBS) ,
i t wi l l r equi r e a t wo- week f uel suppl y.
2. Ai r Condi t i oni ng Ai r condi t i oni ng i s r equi r ed
i n t he st udi o' s cont r ol and equi pment r ooms
t o
Commer ci al
RADI OSTATI ONS
pr ot ect sensi t i ve equi pment , as
wel l as f or
comf or t , and i t i s usual l y pr ovi ded
i n ot her
ar eas i n keepi ng wi t h moder n
pr act i ces.
Speci al consi der at i on must be
gi ven t o
acoust i cal r equi r ement s t o pr event duct wor k
f r omcar r yi ng unwant ed sounds
f r omoner oom
t o anot her and t o excl ude f an and duct
noi ses .
Pr oper acoust i cal desi gn of t he
ai r - condi t i on-
i ng syst emst ar t s wi t h
equi pment sel ect i on and
i t s i sol at i on f r om t he bui l di ng
st r uct ur e. I t
i ncl udes car ef ul duct r out i ng t o avoi d shor t
ci r cui t i ng of sound f r omone ar ea t o
anot her
wi t h mai ns l ocat edout si de t he onai r compl ex.
I t al so i ncl udes pr oper use of sound t r aps,
t ur ni ng vanes, f l exi bl e connect i ons, and duct
i nsul at i on t o r emove r esi dual duct noi ses .
Fi nal l y, car ef ul at t ent i on t o wal l penet r at i on i s
essent i al .
Ai r di st r i but i on i nsi de t hese ar eas
must be
at l owenough vel oci t y t o keep
ai r and duct
noi ses wi t hi n t he noi se
cr i t er i a ( NC) l evel s
sel ect ed f or t he space. As a r ul e
of t humb,
ai r vel oci t i es i n br anch duct s shoul d
not ex-
ceed 400f pmat t he poi nt wher e
t heduct ent er s
t he st udi o . Vel oci t y out of t he
di f f usi ng el ement
shoul d not exceed 300
f pm, and 200 f pmi s
pr ef er r ed
.
I n addi t i on t o mai nt ai ni ng t hi s l ow
vel oci t y,
di f f user s must al so be of a t ype t hat
wi l l not
i n t hemsel ves gener at e noi se.
3.
Communi cat i ons
a. Audi o Si gnal Feeds. Except wher e
st udi os and t r ansmi t t er f aci l i t i es shar e a si ngl e
f aci l i t y, br oadcast i ng si gnal s ar e t r ansmi t t ed
f r omt he st udi os t o t he t r ansmi t t er by
mi cr o-
wave, l eased t el ephonel i nes, or a combi nat i on
.
Wher e mi cr owave i s t o be used, a st udy
must
be made of t er r ai n pr of i l e, si nce mi cr owave
r equi r es a di r ect l i ne of si ght . I nt er medi at e
st at i ons ar e used t o sur mount obst acl es.
Cent r al net wor k pr ogr ammi ng mayal so be
r ecei ved by ei t her mi cr owave or l eased t el e-
phone l i nes.
b.
Tel ephone, Tel ex, and Wi r e Pr i nt er s .
Tel ephone ser vi ces ar e i mpor t ant , par t i cul ar l y
f or a news- or i ent ed st at i on. Most
st at i ons wi l l
pr obabl y r equi r e oneor mor e wi r e ser vi ce t el e-
pr i nt er s . Consi der at i on shoul d al so be gi ven
t o t heneed f or t el ex and f acsi mi l e i nst al l at i ons .
c. Pai nt - t o- Poi nt Radi o. A
news- or i ent ed
st at i on wi l l have a si gni f i cant r equi r ement f or
l ocal r adi o communi cat i ons f aci l i t i es . These
ar e f aci l i t i es f or poi nt - t o- poi nt wi r el ess
com-
muni cat i ons bet weent he st at i on and i t s r epor t -
er s i n f i el d l ocat i ons end ar e si mi l ar t o pol i ce
and f i r e r adi o. Usual l y t r ansmi ssi on r equi r e-
ment s can be sat i sf i ed by r oof - mount ed
ant en-
nas. Roof ant ennae ar e al so
r equi r ed f or r adi o
and t el evi si on pi ckup.
4. Audi o Wi r i ng

Audi o
wi r i ng
i s
t he l ow- vol t age
cabl i ng, si mi l ar t o t el ephone
wi r i ng, used t o
i nt er connect t he el ect r oni c
equi pment and
t r ansmi t t he br oadcast i ng
si gnal s wi t hi n t he
st udi o . I t i s qui t eext ensi ve
andmust be consi d-
er ed i n desi gn. Audi o wi r i ng
maybe di st r i but ed
by one or mor e of t he f ol l owi ng :
Fl oor t r enches wi t h r emovabl e cover s
Under f l oor duct , condui t , or r aceway
Hol l ow, el evat ed f l oor s si mi l ar t o t hose
used i n comput er r ooms
Over head cabl e t r ays or r aceways
Hor i zont al baseboar d r aceways
Fl oor channel s and under f l oor duct do not
l end t hemsel ves t o f ut ur e changes i n equi p-
ment l ayout . Cabl e t r ays or " l adder s" ar e t he
most f l exi bl e f r omt he mai nt enance st andpoi nt ,
si nce cabl es ar e easi l y r emoved and i nser t ed
but ar e accept abl e onl y i f per mi t t ed by l ocal
codes. Cabl e syst emr out i ng must be car ef ul l y
checked f or
t he
i nt er f er ence wi t h duct s and
l i ght s ( i f i n t he cei l i ng) and t o avoi d com-
pr omi si ng t he acoust i cal " envel ope" sur r ound-
i ng each st udi o and cont r ol r oom.
5. Ot her

Fol l owi ng i s abr i ef checkl i st of some
of t he ot her syst ems t hat may be r equi r ed
:
a. Compr essed- ai r and Cent r al
Vacuum
Syst ems. Lar ge st at i ons and net wor ks may
r equi r e cent r al syst ems ser vi ng cont r ol
r ooms,
r ack r ooms, and mai nt enance shape. They ar e
used
f or cl eani ng and gener al mai nt enance.
b. Loudspeaker Syst em.
c.
TVMoni t or Syst em.
d.
Cl ock Syst em.
I I . RADI O
TRANSMI TTERFACI LI TI ES
A. Descr i pt i on
Radi o t r ansmi t t er s may be at t ended or un-
at t ended. I n some smal l er st at i ons, t r ansmi t t er
and
st udi os shar e a si ngl e bui l di ng; but f or AM
f aci l i t i es, t hi s usual l y means a l ess t han opt i -
muml ocat i on f or one or t he ot her . The
f ol -
l owi ng di scussi on assumes t hat st udi o and
t r ansmi t t er f aci l i t i es ar e separ at e.
Besi des t he t r ansmi t t er bui l di ng, t he
mai n
f eat ur e of a t r ansmi t t er i nst al l at i on i s t he
br oadcast i ng ant enna. For AMst at i ons, t he
ant enna i s usual l y one or
mor e r adi at i ng t ow-
er s. For FM, t he t ower ser ves
as a suppor t on
whi chasepar at e r adi at i ng
ant enna i s mount ed.
1 . AMTr ansmi t t er s
For
an
AMt r ansmi t t er ,
t he mai n st r uct ur es
wi l l i ncl ude t he t ower s
and
t hei r f oundat i ons, t he guy anchor ages
( usual l y t hr ee, spaced
r adi al l y at 120 about
each t ower base) ,
and t he t r ansmi t t er bui l d-
i ng, whi ch
wi l l
be
di scussed subsequent l y.
Ther e i s al so e smal l
bui l di ng, of concr et e or
bl ock, at t he base of t he t ower , known as t he
" t uni ng house" or
" coupl i ng
house, "
whi ch
houses equi pment f or mat chi ng t he
t r ansmi t t er
and i t s t r ansmi ssi on l i ne t o t he
i mpedance of
t he ant enna.
Ani mpor t ant but l ess obvi ous f eat ur e of
AM
i nst al l at i ons i s t he gr ound syst em
.
A
copper -
mesh scr een, about 40 by 40 f t ,
i s cent er ed
at t he base of t he t ower . Bur i ed copper
cabl es
ext end out war d r adi al l y f r omt he mesh
ever y
t hr ee degr ees. These ar e gener al l y 6
t o 12 i n.
bel owgr ound sur f ace.
I f t he ant enna i s " di r ect i onal , " i . e. , desi gned
t o br oadcast i n a par t i cul ar , nonuni f or m
pat -
t er n, mul t i pl e ant ennas ( an " ar r ay" )
must
be
used i nst ead of a si ngl e t ower
.
Tower
hei ght
i s a f unct i on of t he
st at i on' s assi gned wave-
l engt h, wi t h most AM
t ower s bet ween one-
quar t er and f i ve- ei ght hs of a
wavel engt h i n
hei ght . As an exampl e, a
st at i on wi t h a f r e-
quency
of 800 ki l oher t z ( kHz) ( 1 kHz =
1, 000
cycl es per second)
has a wavel engt h of 1, 640
f t and coul d have a
t ower hei ght of bet ween400
and 1, 050 f t .
Because of t he cost and l and ar ea r equi r ed
f or an AMt r ansmi t t er , some compet i ng st a-
t i ons have j oi ned f or ces t o oper at e f r om a
si ngl e t ower
. Thi s ar r angement cal l s f or hi ghl y
speci al i zed desi gn of t he t ower , and ser vi ces
of a pr of essi onal r adi o engi neer become es-
sent i al .
2. FM
Tr ansmi t t er s

FMf aci l i t i es ar e l i mi t ed t o
t he
ant enna, whi ch i s usual l y mount ed on a
t ower or most ,
pl us t he t r ansmi t t er i t sel f . I t
i s common f or sever al
FMst at i ons t o shar e a
si ngl e mast or t ower as wel l
as f or FMsar an.
nes t o be
mount ed on a TVor AMant enna
t ower .
The mai n r equi r ement
f or an FMant enna i s
hei ght t o cl ear t he
sur r oundi ng t er r ai n. FCC
r egul at i ons cont r ol t he r el at i onshi p bet ween
hei ght and al l owabl e br oadcast i ng power ,
whi ch
depends on t he cl ass of st at i on. Most
FMant ennas ar e bet ween 200 and
1, 000 f t
hi gh .
B. Si t e Sel ect i on
1 . Locat i on

Tr ansmi t t er l ocat i on i s det er mi ned
by ant enna r equi r ement s, whi ch di f f er shar pl y
f or AMand FM. For AMt r ansmi t t er s, a r ur al
l ocat i on i s usual l y necessar y t o achi eve t he
r equi r ed gr ound conduct i vi t y and avoi d i nt er -
f er encewi t h r ecept i on i n near by homes, as wel l
as t o
f i nd
t he
space needed f or t he gr ound sys-
t em. FMant ennas, on t he ot her hand, r equi r e
mai nl y hei ght and have been successf ul l y
l ocat ed i n ci t i es, on t op of t el l bui l di ngs.
2. Ar ea Requi r ed For an AMst at i on, t he si t e
must be l ar ge enough t o cont ai n t he ant enna
ar r ay pl us t he guys and gr ound r adi al s. Tower
guys r equi r e a r adi us of about t wo- t hi r ds t he
t ower hei ght , whi l e t he gr ound r adi al s shoul d
be about hal f t he l engt h of t he st at i on' s
wave-
l engt h. I n t heexampl e gi ven above of a
st at i on
wi t h af r equencyof 600 kHz, t he gr ound
r adi al s
f or a si ngl e t ower shoul d be
about 820 f t l ong.
For an FMst at i on, t he si t e need
onl y be l ar ge
enough t o cont ai n t het ower base ( or t he
guys,
i n t he case of a guyed t ower )
pl us a smel l
t r ansmi t t er r oom. Thus, a t al l
bui l di ng t hat can
suppor t t he r equi r ed mast makes
a good FM
t r ansmi t t er si t e. ATVt ower t hat can car r y an
addi t i onal ant enna i s al so a good l ocat i on.
3.
Tschni cal Consi der at i on$ Si t e sel ect i on f or a
t r ansmi t t er f aci l i t y i s hi ghl y t echni cal end i s
beet ent r ust ed t o
a consul t i ng engi neer speci al -
i zi ng
i n t hi s ki nd of wor k unl ess t he st at i on
i t sel f posesses t he
necessar y exper t i se. I n
addi t i on t o st udi es of gr ound
conduct i vi t y ( f or
AM) , car ef ul anal ysi s must be made of pot en-
t i al i nt er f er ence
wi t h ot her st at i ons, al l i n
accor dance
wi t h det ai l ed FCCr egul at i ons. Ai r
t r af f i c pat t er ns must al so be consi der ed, as
must l ocal zoni ng r egul at i ons.
4.
Ot her
Consi der at i ons

I n addi t i on t o t he neces-
sar y
t echni cal consi der at i ons, t he si t e shoul d
have:
Al l - weat her access
Rel i abl e power suppl y
Rel i abl e t el ephone ser vi ce
Par ki ng space
I t shoul d l end i t sel f t o pr oper secur i t y.
I t shoul d
be possi bl e
t o pr ovi de wat er and sani t ar y
sewage
ei t her f r ompubl i c ut i l i t i es or onsi t e
f aci l i t i es .
CShe Pl anni ng
The gr ound ar ea r equi r ed by t he spr ead of t he
guys end t he need t o accommodat e t he gr ound
r adi al syst emcan be qui t e ext ensi ve. Some
of
t hi s acr eagecan be sol d
or
l eased out
pr ovi ded
pr ovi si on i s made i n t he l ease or deed
f or pr o-
t ect i on and mai nt enance of t he gr ound syst em.
Si mi l ar l y, t hear ea bet ween t het ower base and
t he guy anchor ages, whi ch i s l ar gel y unused,
can be
devot ed
t o
gr azi ng
or
ot her uses t hat
wi l l not di st ur b t he gr ound syst em.
Saf et y shoul d
be
consi der ed i n l ocat i ng
t he t r ansmi t t er bui l di ng. Al t hough
st r uct ur al
t ower f ai l ur es ar e r ar e, col l apses caused by
acci dent ( ai r cr af t ) or
sabot age
ar e not un-
known. I f possi bl e, t he t r ansmi t t er bui l di ng
shoul d be so pl aced t hat , i n t he event of such
acat ast r ophe, t het ower woul d be l i kel y t o f al l
cl ear of t he bui l di ng. An AMt r ansmi t t er may
be l ocat ed some di st ances f r omt he ant enna.
864
Commer ci al
RADI OSTATI ONS
odi cal l y
f or i nspect i on and mai nt enance. I f t he
st at i on i s qui t e r emot e, mi ni mal ki t chen f aci l -
i t i es and a shower maybe
desi r abl e.
The amount of equi pment
whi ch must be
cont ai ned i n t he t r ansmi t t er bui l di ng depends
on t he st at i on' s
assi gned
oper at i ng power .
Thi s can var y f r om 250 wat t s f or ver y smal l
st at i ons t o 50 ki l owat t s f or t he l ar ger commer -
ci al st at i ons . For
t he l ar ger
st at i ons, equi pment
may
be qui t e heavy, so t hat
f l oor l oads must be
checked, par t i cul ar l y
when
l ocat i ng t he t r ans-
mi t t er i n an exi st i ng bui l di ng.
I n
col d cl i mat es a car por t may be
desi r abl e
t o pr ot ect t he oper at or and hi s vehi cl e agai nst
i ce f al l i ng f r omt he t ower . Thi s can be a mor e
ser i ous hazar d
t han i t mayat
f i r st seem.
When t wo or mor e st at i ons shar e a si ngl e
ant enna syst em, t he
need
f or separ at e t r ans-
mi t t er bui l di ngs or
r ooms wi l l
be det er mi ned
by l ocal oper at i ng pr ef er ences; bot h syst ems
wor k wel l . Fi gur e 7 shows t he l ayout
f or an
unat t ended t r ansmi t t er i n
a
r ur al l ocat i on .
4. Ut i l i t i es
a. Communi cat i ons . Pr ogr amsi gnal s may
be br ought t o t he t r ansmi t t er by l eased t el e-
phone l i nes, mi cr owave, or a combi nat i on.
Mi cr owave r equi r es a ser i es of di r ect l i nes of
si ght .
b. Power Some t r ansmi t t er s have t wo pr i -
mar ypower ser vi ces f r omdi f f er ent subst at i ons
and f eeder s f or gr eat er r el i abi l i t y ; usual l y aut o-
mat i c swi t chi ng bet ween ser vi ces i s i ncl uded.
Emer gency power i s r equi r ed f or Emer gency
Br oadcast i ng Syst em( EBS) st at i ons and may
be desi r abl e f or ot her s, par t i cul ar l y wher e t he
pr i mar y power sour ce i s subj ect t o i nt er r up-
t i ons. I f pr ovi ded, i t shoul d be si zed t o
handl e
mi ni mal l i ght i ng, t ower
obst r uct i on l i ght i ng,
andt r ansmi t t er vent i l at i on as
wel l as t he t r ans-
mi t t er i t sel f
.
e.
Heat i ng, Vent i l at i ng, Ai r Condi t i oni ng.
The t r ansmi t t er
gener at es consi der abl e heat ,
whi ch must be r emoved
by mechani cal vent i l a-
t i on . Thi s syst emconsi st s of a f i l t er ed i nt ake
wi t h a duct ed exhaust connect ed di r ect l y t o t he
t r ansmi t t er . Damper s ar e ar r anged so as t o
r educe t he amount of out si de ai r dur i ng t he
wi nt er and make use of t he t r ansmi t t er heat .
Suppl ement al heat i s usual l y r equi r ed t o mai n-
t ai n comf or t abl e wor ki ng condi t i ons i n wi nt er .
Ai r condi t i oni ng i s not r equi r ed unl ess t he
t r ansmi t t er pl ant wi l l be, occupi ed f or a l ar ge
par t of each day.
d. Li ght i ng. Good l i ght i ng
( of f i ce l evel s)
shoul d be pr ovi ded t o
f aci l i t at e housekeepi ng
and mai nt enance.
e. Si t e Devel opment
.

Si ncean AMt ower
i s
danger ous when i n
oper at i on, i t s base must
be f enced, as
shoul d each of t he guy anchor
bl ocks, t o di scour age
t amper i ng wi t h t he guys .
Fenci ng of t heent i r e
ar ea and secur i t y l i ght i ng
may al so be
desi r abl e. Pl ant i ng or ot her
er osi on
pr ot ect i on
f or t he gr ound ar ound t he
t ower
shoul d be
pr ovi ded .
base and br aced by one or mor e l evel s
of guys .
Fi xed- base or cant i l ever ed t ower s
( wi t hout
guys) ar e nowused onl y f or
mast s ont he r oof s
of bui l di ngs. The t aper ed shape
of a sel f - sup-
por t i ng t ower i s al so undesi r abl e
f or an AM
t r ansmi t t er wher e, as
pr evi ousl y i ndi cat ed, t he
t ower i t sel f i s t he
r adi at i ng el ement . El ec-
t r oni c consi der at i ons
wi l l det er mi ne t he hei ght
and gener al
ar r angement of t he t ower .
AMt ower s, whi ch
ar e usual l y of st eel , ar e
gi ven a heavy
coat i ng of zi nc gal vani zi ng. Thi s
ser ves t o
pr ot ect t he t ower , but i t s pr i mar y
pur pose i s t o pr ovi de el ect r i cal conduct i vi t y .
At r adi o f r equenci es,
t he " cur r ent ' f l ows
mai nl y
al ong t he out si de per i pher y of t he
t ower
. Sect i ons of t he t ower must be el ect r i cal -
l y
bonded
t oget her f or t he t ower t o f unct i on
pr oper l y .
FMt ower s ser veonl y t o suppor t t he separ at e
ant ennas
and ar e desi gned pur el y f or st r uc-
t ur al consi der at i ons . Al l t ower s r equi r e avi a-
t i on mar ki ng ( al t er nat e whi t e and or ange
st r i p-
i ng) and obst r uct i on l i ght i ng ; det ai l s ar e
f ound
i n FCCr egul at i ons.
3. Tr ansmi t t er Bui l di ng I n addi t i on t o space
f or
t he t r ansmi t t er i t sel f , t her e shoul d be space
f or t he associ at ed
equi pment r acks, mai nt e-
nance, spar e par t s st or age,
and t oi l et f aci l i t i es .
Even an " unat t ended' ' f aci l i t y i s
occupi ed per i -
FMt r ansmi t t er s must be
as cl ose t o t he t ower
as possi bl e, t o mi ni mi ze
l i ne l osses .
Concer n over cont i nui t y of br oadcast i ng has
l edsome st at i ons t o pr ovi de an auxi l i ar y ant en-
na
. Thi s i s cost l y bot h i n t er ms of const r uct i on
and l and ar ea. Per haps a bet t er sol ut i on i s an
agr eement wi t h ot her st at i ons per mi t t i ng some
ki nd of dual use of t hei r f aci l i t i es i n t he event
of an emer gency.
D. Const r uct i on
1 . Gener al
a. Gr oundi ng

For an AMf aci l i t y, al l st r uc-
t ur es wi t hi n t het r ansmi t t er ar ea, i ncl udi ng t he
t r ansmi t t er bui l di ng, must be pr oper l y gr ound-
ed and t i ed i nt o t he gr ound r adi al syst em. I n
concr et e bui l di ngs, r ei nf or ci ng st eel must be
made el ect r i cal l y cont i nuous and bonded t o
t he gr ound r adi al syst em.
b. Soi l Condi t i ons

AM
ant ennas have been
l ocat ed i n mar shy or wat er f r ont l and, t o t ake
advant age of good soi l conduct i vi t y. Thi s may
r equi r e
pi l e
f oundat i ons f or t ower s and bui l d-
i ngs .
I n swampy
ar eas,
consi der at i on must be
gi ven t o possi bl e l and
subsi dence whi ch coul d
af f ect t he gr oundi ng syst em.
2. Tower s

Agr ound- suppor t ed t ower i s usual -
l y desi gned as a sl ender mast , pi nned of t he
Fi g
. 7

Smal l AMor FMt r ansmi t t er bui l di ng.
Commer ci al
TV
STATI ONS
By
J OSEPHHOROWI TZ, P. E . , Manager , Pl anni ng
&Desi gn, Faci l i t i es
Engi neer i ng
Depar t ment , Col umbi a Br oadcast i ng Syst em, I nc.
TELEVI SI ONBROADCASTI NGFACI LI TI ES
A. Scope
Tel evi si on br oadcast i ng f aci l i t i es
r ange f r oma
t i ny
st at i on ser vi ng a smal l communi t y t o a
maj or net wor k f aci l i t y wi t h mul t i pl e st udi os
and
ext ensi ve suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es
pr ovi di ng
pr ogr ammi ng
t o hundr eds of ci t y and
r egi onal
mar ket s. Because of t he wi de var i at i on
i n
r equi r ement s, t hi s ar t i cl e wi l l be l i mi t ed t o
basi c pl anni ng consi der at i ons pl us a br i ef
descr i pt i on of each of t he f aci l i t i es t hat
may
be r equi r ed. Emphasi s i s on
pr ogr amor i gi na-
t i on f aci l i t i es ; t r ansmi t t er i nst al l at i ons
ar e
cover ed onl y br i ef l y.
B. Cl assdi cat i on
Tel evi si on f aci l i t i es maybe cl assi f i ed as t o
pur -
pose, t ype of pr ogr ammi ng, and ext ent of audi -
ence i nvol vement . These f act or s, pl us t he si ze
and budget of t he st at i on,
det er mi ne t he f aci l -
i t i es t o be pr ovi ded and t hei r
r el at i onshi ps.
1. Pur pose
a. Local St at i on.

Al ocal t el evi si on st at i on
ser ves a def i ned geogr aphi cal ar ea as
aut ho-
r i zed by FCC l i censi ng. Pr ogr ammi ng
wi l l
r ef l ect t he si ze of t he mar ket ( ar ea
ser ved)
whi ch mayr ange f r oma smal l t own t o a
l ar ge
met r opol i t an ar ea. Many l ocal
commer ci al
st at i ons ar e af f i l i at ed wi t h one of
t he maj or
net wor ks, whi ch pr ovi des a l ar ge
por t i on of
t hei r pr ogr ammi ng. Anot her common
sour ce
of out si de pr ogr ammi ng i s
syndi cat ed t ape
and f i l m.
b. Net wor k. Pr ogr amor i gi nat i on f aci l i t i es
f or a t el evi si on net wor k di f f er f r omt hose of a
l ocal st at i on i n t hat t hey ar eusual l y l ar ger , wi t h
a gr eat er var i et y of suppor t i ng ser vi ces .
They
or i gi nat e pr ogr ammat er i al f or use
byaf f i l i at ed
l ocal st at i ons .
c. Cabl e Tel evi si on
( CATV) . Faci l i t i es f or
cabl e t el evi si on consi st of a
r ecei vi ng ant enna
and a smal l head end
bui l di ng cont ai ni ng t he
associ at ed el ect r oni c
equi pment . I ncomi ng
pr ogr ams ar e di st r i but ed
over
a
net wor k of
cabl es t o subscr i ber s. Some CATVoper at or s
have aust er e st udi os sui t abl e
f or l ocal news
and i nt er vi ews .
d. Ot her . School s and i ndust r i al
concer ns
ar e snaki ng i ncr eased use of
t el evi si on f or
educat i onal and t r ai ni ng pur poses
and have set
up st udi o f aci l i t i es f or t hi s pur pose.
Pr ogr ams
may be br oadcast or
di st r i but ed over cl osed
ci r cui t s . I n addi t i on, a number
of casset t e- t ype
medi a ar e nowavai l abl e on
whi ch pr ogr ams
maybe r ecor ded f or l at er
pl ayback on cl osed
ci r cui t .
2. Type of Pr ogr ammi ng

Abasi c pl anni ng f act or
i s t he ext ent of l ocal l y
or i gi nat ed pr ogr ammi ng
mat er i al as opposed t o
net wor k- suppl i ed or
syndi cat ed mat er i al
. Local l y or i gi nat ed pr o-
gr ams r equi r e a st udi o ;
st udi o t ype and ext ent
of suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es wi l l depend
on nat ur e
of pr ogr ammi ng
pl anned.
a. News st udi o
r equi r ement s ar e usual l y
qui t e si mpl e.
Suppor t i ng f aci l i t i es wi l l i ncl ude
news gat her i ng
ser vi ces, pl us st or age and edi t -
i ng f aci l i t i es f or
f i l mand vi deot ape. Cover age
865
of l ocal news event s wi l l r equi r e
r emot e equi p-
ment .
b. I nt er vi ew
and panel di scussi ons can be
handl ed
wi t h
t he
si mpl est of st udi os and
mi ni -
mal suppor t
f aci l i t i es .
c. Dr amat i c
pr ogr ams ( such as soap oper as)
cal l f or el abor at e
f aci l i t i es, ext ensi ve
set s,
pr ops, makeup,
war dr obe, and ot her suppor t
f aci l i t i es . St udi o
l i ght i ng i s al so mor e el abor -
at e.
d.
Musi cal and var i et y pr ogr ams ar e t he
most demandi ng. St udi os must accommodat e
anyt hi ng f r om a si ngl e per f or mer t o a
l ar ge
gr oup and r equi r e gr eat f l exi bi l i t y
i n l i ght i ng,
scener y, pr oper t i es, et c. Suppor t i ng
f aci l i t i es
ar esi mi l ar t o t hosef or
dr amat i c pr ogr ams, but
usual l y t her e i s l ess
oppor t uni t y f or r euse of
mat er i al s i n subsequent
pr ogr ams .
e. " Remot es, " or
br oadcast s or i gi nat ed out -
si de t he st at i on' s st udi os,
i ncl ude cover age of
spor t s event s,
pol i t i cal convent i ons, news,
and
ot her publ i c event s . Faci l i t i es r equi r ed
f or t hi s t ype
of oper at i on ( i n addi t i on t o cont r ol
r oom
and ot her t echni cal f aci l i t i es r equi r ed
f or on- pr emi ses pr ogr ammi ng) ar e descr i bed
bel ow.
3. Audi ence and Publ i c I nvol vement St udi os
may
be f ur t her cl assi f i ed as audi ence or
nonaudi -
ence.
An audi ence st udi o i s a cr oss bet ween a
t heat er and a st udi o, wi t h t he usual t heat er
con-
si der at i ons of si ght l i nes, audi ence acoust i cs,
and publ i c saf et y compl i cat ed by t he r equi r e-
ment s f or camer a oper at i on
and l i ght i ng.
The publ i c may be
i nvol ved i n t el evi si on
f aci l i t i es i n
ways ot her t han
as st udi o audi -
ences. A
st at i on pl anni ng t o
encour age vi si t or s
t o vi ew
t he behi nd- t he- scenes
oper at i ons
shoul d make ampl e pr ovi si on
f or such ci r cul a-
t i on.
Anot her case i s t he
speci al - pur pose f aci l i t y
whi ch has as a maj or
f unct i on, t he t r ai ni ng of
t el evi si on t echni ci ans and oper at i ng
per sonnel .
Her e, cont r ol r ooms andot her suppor t i ng
f aci l -
i t i es must be pl anned t o do doubl e
dut y as
cl assr ooms .
C. Ot her Pl anni ng Fact or s
I n addi t i on t o t hecl assi f i cat i ons
descr i bed, t he
f ol l owi ng f act or s must al so be
consi der ed:
1. Hour s of
oper at i on.
2. Uni on r egul at i ons
af f ect i ng t echni ci ans,
st agehands, et c.
3.
Management deci si ons on cont r act i ng out
vs . wor k done
i n- house. Exampl es ar e r ent al of
scener y pr ops and
cost umes and out si de f i l m
devel opi ng
and st or age.
0. Si t e
Sel ect i on
Si t e
sel ect i on has much i n common wi t h r adi o
st udi os,
but i t wi l l al so depend on t he pl anni ng
f act or s pr evi ousl y enumer at ed. The si t e f or an
audi ence
st udi o i s pl anned much as i s t hat f or
at heat er ,
wi t h consi der at i ons of par ki ng, t r ans-
por t at i on, and audi ence egr ess .
Al l st udi os r equi r e t r uck l oadi ng f aci l i t i es
f or del i ver y and r emoval of heavy camer as and
el ect r oni c equi pment and- i f dr amat i c or var i -
et y pr ogr ammi ng i s pl anned- scener y and
pr oper t i es . I nsof ar as possi bl e, avoi d a si t e
subj ect ed t o
vi br at i on, such as t hat caused by
a hi ghway.
E.
Faci l i t i es
The l i st i ng whi ch f ol l ows i ncl udes spaces r e-
qui r ed
i n a l ar ger st at i on, a net wor k or a col -
l ege
f aci l i t y wher e exposur e t o al l f acet s of
t el evi si on br oadcast i ng i s desi r ed. Smal l er
st at i ons wi l l r equi r e f ewer and l ess el abor at e
f aci l i t i es .
1 .
St udi os At el evi si on st udi o i s any
r oom
wher e t el evi si on camer as ar e used.
St udi os
r ange i n si ze f r omt hat of a r egul ar of f i ce ( wi t h
t he camer a shoot i ng i n t hr ough a
wi ndow
or opendoor ) t o l ar ge st udi os of 100 by
100 f t
used f or dr amat i c or var i et y pr ogr ammi ng. Be-
cause of i t s i mpor t ance, a br i ef di scussi on
of
st udi o
pl anni ng i s cont ai ned
i n Sect i on G.
( See Fi g . 1. )
2. Cont r ol Rooms Cont r ol r ooms
cont ai n el ec-
t r oni c equi pment f or moni t or i ng and
cont r ol -
l i ng t he st udi o
out put . They may have sepa-
r at e compar t ment s f or sound
( audi o) , pi ct ur e
( vi deo) , and l i ght i ng cont r ol
.
An announcer ' s
boot h i ncor por at ed wi t h t hecont r ol
r oommust
be acoust i cal l y i sol at ed, si nce i t
cont ai ns a
l i ve mi cr ophone.
Cont r ol r ooms must usual l y be
accessi bl e
t o t he st udi o whi ch t hey ser ve;
di r ect vi sual
cont act mayor maynot be necessar y,
depend-
i ng on oper at i ng
pr act i ces ( Fi g. 2) .
Acoust i cal consi der at i ons ar e
si mi l ar t o
t hosef or r adi o cont r ol r ooms
. Li ght i ng shoul d
be adj ust abl e
t o per mi t obser vat i on of t el e-
vi si on .. . OnI t o, S .
3. Techni cal Faci l i t i es
Techni cal f aci l i t i es house
t he ext ensi ve el ect r oni c
equi pment whi ch sup-
por t s br oadcast i ng oper at i ons .
Because of t he
space r equi r ed and t he f act t hat
some of t hi s
equi pment i s noi sy,
onl y
t he
smal l est st at i ons
l ocat e i t i n t he cont r ol r ooms.
To
f aci l i t at e mai nt enance, t he t echni cal
f aci l i t i es
ar e of t en gr ouped t oget her i n a Cen-
t r al Techni cal
Ar ea ( CTA) . CTAneed not be
adj acent
t o t he st udi os, pr ovi ded good cosn-
muni cat i ons ar e avai l abl e. Adust - f r ee t emper -
at ur e- cont r ol l ed
envi r onment i s essent i al . Fol -
l owi ng ar e t he
f aci l i t i es t hat make up CTA:
a. Equi pment
( Rack) Rooms. The equi p-
ment r oom
houses anci l l ar y el ect r oni c equi p-
ment t hat does not r equi r e at t endance or ad-
j ust ment dur i ng pr ogr ammi ng, such as audi o
and vi deo
equi pment , swi t chi ng devi ces, t r ans-
mi ssi on
equi pment , et c. Asepar at e r oomf a-
ci l i t at es mai nt enance
and si mpl i f i es desi gn
of t he cont r ol r oot s.
The r ack r oomneed not
be adj acent t o t he
cont r ol r oom( s) but shoul d
be conveni ent t o t he
mai nt enance shop.
b. Vi deot ape
Recor di ng ( VTR) . The usual
medi um
f or t el evi si on r ecor di ng i s magnet i c
t ape usi ng a devi ce cal l ed a
vi deot ape r ecor der
( VTR) , whi ch
r esembl es a ver y el abor at e mag-
net i c
sound t ape r ecor der . The VTRar ea f or a
l ocal st at i on
maycont ai n f r omt wo t o si x ma-
chi nes .
Cent r al net wor k f aci l i t i es wi l l have
mor e.
Commer ci al
TV STATI ONS
ci ne. Usef ul adj unct s t o f i l m r ecor di ng ar e a
dar kr oomand vi ewi ng r oom.
h. Vi deo Car t r i dges . Newmet hods avai l -
abl e f or r ecor di ng t el evi si on pr ogr ammi ng
i n car t r i dge or casset t e f or mi ncl ude f i l m( El ec-
t r oni c Vi deo Recor di ng) , magnet i c t ape, pl ast i c
t ape, and pl ast i c di sks .
Whi l e most ar e not
yet of br oadcast qual i t y, t hey
may i n t i me
suppl ement vi deot ape and f i l m as
pr ogr am
sour ces, much as t ape
car t r i dges nowsuppl e-
ment phonogr aph r ecor ds i n commer ci al
r adi o
st udi os . Possi bl e f aci l i t i es' needs cannot yet
be
pr edi ct ed .
i . Pr ogr amCont r ol .

Thi s i s a r oomr esem-
bl i ng a cont r ol r oomwi t hout a st udi o wher e
t el evi si on si gnal s f r omvar i ous sour ces- - - such
as t el eci ne, VTR, or l i ve r emot es ar e
com-
bi ned el ect r oni cal l y t o pr oduce a compl et e
pr ogr am. I t i s usef ul wher e st udi os
ar e heavi l y
used and much of f - pr emi ses
wor k i s ant i ci -
pat ed. Apr ogr amcont r ol r oomi s r equi r ed
onl y
f or t he l ar gest st at i ons or net wor k
f aci l i t i es .
4. NOW$ Even t he smal l est st at i on wi l l have
l ocal news . The f ol l owi ng f aci l i t i es woul d be
r equi r ed f or a l ar ge st at i on or a cent r al
net wor k
f aci l i t y:
a.
Newsr oom.
Thi s i s
si mi l ar t o a news-
paper " ci t y r oom" wi t h desk
and t el ephone
space f or newsmen. I t usual l y
cont ai ns or i s
adj acent t o wi r e ser vi ce pr i nt er s
and i s usual l y
equi pped wi t h TV moni t or s .
b. Li br ar y and Ar chi ves. J ust as
a maj or
newspaper
wi l l mai nt ai n a f i l e of cl i ppi ngs,
a l ar ge news oper at i on
wi l l have a l i br ar y of
f i l m and t ape as wel l as r ef er ence
books and
ot her r esour ces . Thi s shoul d be accessi bl e
t o t he
newsr oom.
c .
Speci al News St udi os . Si nce t he l i ve
" act i on" i n a news br oadcast i s usual l y l i mi t ed
t o a
man at a desk, l ar ger st at i ons may want a
smal l st udi o openi ng di r ect l y of f t he newsr oom
f r omwhi ch news pr ogr ams may or i gi nat e wi t h-
out t yi ng up one of t he r egul ar st udi os . When
not i n use as a st udi o, i t ser ves as an of f i ce.
d. Gr aphi c Ar t s .

Thi s i s a f aci l i t y f or r api d
pr oduct i on of char t s, phot os, and ot her vi sual
mat er i al s . I t i s used ext ensi vel y f or news as
wel l as ot her pr ogr ammi ng. I t may var y f r oma
si ngl e ar t i st ' s desk i n a smal l oper at i on t o a
l ar ge r oom wi t h many ar t i st s and f aci l i t i es,
such as a St at mast er , f or phot o devel opi ng
and pr i nt i ng .
5. St udi o Suppor t Faci l i t i es The f ol l owi ng r ooms
ar e basi cal l y si mi l ar t o cor r espondi ng spaces
i n l egi t i mat e t heat er s and wi l l not be di scussed
i n det ai l . Need f or t hemdepends ont he t ype of
pr ogr ammi ng.
a. Rehear sal hal l s ( t hese ar e best kept
away f r om t he st udi o t o mi ni mi ze sound
pr obl ems) .
b. War dr obe r ooms .
c . Dr essi ng r ooms ( i ndi vi dual and gr oup)
.
d. Makeup r ooms .
e.

" Tal ent '
' l ounge f or per f or mer s ( conven-
i ent t o st udi os
and dr essi ng r ooms) . Thi s i s
of t en cal l ed a " gr een r oom"
af t er a si mi l ar
gr een- pai nt ed r oom i n a wel l - known
concer t
hal l .
f . Mul t i pur pose r ooms .
These ar e r ooms
about t he si ze of a chor us dr essi ng r oom
whi ch
can be used, as t he occasi on demands, f or
dr essi ng r ooms, r ehear sal of
smal l gr oups,
l ounge, musi c or i gi nat i on, et c .
g. Ready st or age f or scener y and pr ops. Thi s
must be avai l abl e as cl ose as possi bl e t o t he
st udi os t o mi ni mi ze handl i ng.
" ' Tal ent " r ef er s t o t he act or s,
announcer s .
and ot her per f or mer s
who appear or ar c: hear d
i n pr ogr ams
possi bl e t o t he cent r al t echni cal ar ea
.
I deal l y,
i t shoul d al so be
conveni ent t o t he cont r ol
r ooms, but t hi s i s not al ways
possi bl e.
f . Tel ephone Equi pment
Roont . For l ar ge
st at i ons and net wor k
f aci l i t i es, t el ephone
equi pment associ at ed wi t h
t r ansmi ssi on of
t el evi si on pr ogr ammi ng
r equi r es a subst an-
t i al f l oor ar ea whi ch i s usual l y cl ose t o or a
par t of t he cent r al
t echni cal ar ea. ( Thi s equi p-
ment i s di st i nct f r om t hat
used f or nor mal
t el ephone communi cat i ons . )
g. Fi l m Recor di ng
.
Thi s
ar ea cont ai ns
equi pment f or r ecor di ng, on
mot i on pi ct ur e
f i l m, mat er i al or i gi nat ed
el ect r oni cal l y. Bef or e
t he advent of magnet i c t ape, t hi s
was t he onl y
met hod f or r ecor di ng t el evi si on
pr ogr ams .
Some net wor k
i nst al l at i ons and ver y l ar ge
st at i ons may st i l l r equi r e a
f i l m r ecor di ng f a-
ci l i t y whi ch can be adj acent t o
or par t of r at e-
Fi g. 1

Typi cal st udi o l ayout .
c . Tel nci ne. Despi t e t he advant ages of
magnet i c t ape, much t el evi si on pr ogr ammi ng
wi l l cont i nue t o or i gi nat e as mot i on pi ct ur e
f i l m. I n addi t i on t o t he popul ar i t y of f ul l - l engt h
f eat ur e f i l ot as t el evi si on f ar e, of f - st at i on news
and
speci al
event s ar e usual l y easi er t o r ecor d
wi t h por t abl e mot i on pi ct ur e camer as . As t he
name i mpl i es ( t el e- t el evi si on, ci ne- ci nema) ,
t el eci ne cont ai ns assembl i es t hat combi ne
mot i on pi ct ur e and sl i de pr oj ect or s wi t h a
t el evi si on camer a. Si ze wi l l depend on t he
number of machi nes t o be housed.
d. Mast er Cont r ol .

Lar ger st at i ons wi t h sev-
er al st udi os may r equi r e a cent r al or mast er
cont r ol f or f i nal swi t chi ng and moni t or i ng of
t he
onai r oper at i on.
e.
Mai nt enance Shop. Thi s i s an el ec-
t r oni cs
wor kshop wi t h
consi der abl e space
f or spar e
par t s . I t must be as conveni ent as
866
Commer ci al
TV STATI ONS
veni ent t o t he, gar age
ar ea, si nce some of t he
equi pment
cannot
be
r eadi l y r emoved f r omt he
vans f or ser vi ci ng
.
c . For a st at i on wi t h much of f - pr emi ses
wor k, an ext r a cont r ol r oom( wi t hout a st udi o)
i s usef ul . Thi s per mi t s put t i ng t oget her a
r emot e wi t hout t yi ng up one of t he
r egul ar
st udi os . ( See 3i , pr ogr amCont r ol . )
12. Echo Chamber s Echo or r ever ber at i on
ef f ect s ar e obt ai ned i n one of t wo ways :
usi ng
' ' nat ur al " echo chamber s ( hi ghl y r ever ber ant
r ooms) or by means of ar t i f i ci al r ever ber at i on
devi ces . The nat ur al ( physi cal ) echo chamber s
r equi r e i sol at i on f r om sur r oundi ng noi se,
ot her wi se t hey can be l ocat ed anywher e. Need
f or r ever ber at i on sour ces depends on t he
t ype
of pr ogr ammi ng cont empl at ed.
13. Of f i ces

Wi t h t he except i on of t hose di r ect -
l y r el at ed t o pr oduct i on, of f i ces may be r emot e
f r om t he st udi os ( even i n anot her bui l di ng) ,
but t hey shoul d be conveni ent t o
vi ewi ng
r ooms . Execut i ve of f i ces and conf er ence
r ooms
wi l l r equi r e cl osed- ci r cui t t el evi si on f eeds
. For
maj or net wor k f aci l i t i es, consi der of f i ces f or
out si de " showuni t s" ( pr oducer ,
di r ect or , and
t hei r assi st ant s) as wel l as
ot her empl oyees .
14. Per sonnel Faci l i t i es

The l ar ger act i vi t i es
may
r equi r e caf et er i a, f i r st
ai d, and ot her suppor t
f aci l i t i es cust omar y i n an i ndust r i al bui l di ng.
I n pl anni ng ci r cul at i on andt oi l et f aci l i t i es, con-
si der
vi si t or s, school chi l dr en, and st udi o
audi ences .
15 . Bui l di ng Mai nt enance Because of t he heavy
i nvest ment i n f aci l i t i es and equi pment , t el e-
vi si on f aci l i t i es ar e usual l y i nt ensel y used .
Si mi l ar l y, cont i nui t y of ai r condi t i oni ng, el ec-
t r i c power , and ot her bui l di ng ser vi ces i s
essent i al . These f act or s di ct at e al l ocat i on of
adequat e space t o bui l di ng mai nt enance such
as cl eani ng, r epai r shops, and spar e par t s
st or age.
Ut i l i t y
ar eas, such as t r ansf or mer vaul t s and
mechani cal equi pment r ooms, shoul d be l i ber -
al l y si zed bot h t o f aci l i t at e mai nt enance and t o
accommodat e f ut ur e al t er at i ons wi t hout i nt er -
r upt i ng br oadcast i ng oper at i ons .
16 . Si t e Devel opment
u. Par ki ng needs must consi der :
Fi g. 2

St udi o cont r ol r oom. Not e t hat t he cont r ol r oom
shown has no vi sual cont act wi t h t he st udi o ; wal l space i s
used f or t el evi si on moni t or s .
h. Cr ew' s l ounge. Thi s shoul d al so be
con-
veni ent t o t he st udi o ar ea
.
i . St or age f or camer as, mi cr ophones,
and
l i ght i ng
equi pment .
Thi s
t o st udi os, and
i f possi bl e, t o t he mai nt enance
shop.
6
.
Scener y

Faci l i t i es
f or
a
l ar ge st at i on or net -
wor k wi l l i ncl ude sceni c desi gn ( ar t st udi o wi t h
possi bl y bl uepr i nt i ng or phot ost at i ng ser -
vi ces) ,
pr oduct i on ( car pent er shop, pai nt shop,
st age
el ect r i cal shop) , scener y and pr oper t y
( pr op) st or age, and f aci l i t i es f or di sposal of
unwant ed
scener y.
Faci l i t i es t o be pr ovi ded depend on busi ness
deci si ons as wel l as st at i on si ze and pr ogr am-
mi ng, si nce many of t hese f unct i ons can be
cont r act ed out . Some net wor ks mai nt ai n a cen-
t r al scener yf abr i cat i ng depar t ment f r omwhi ch
mat er i al s ar e t r ucked t o and f r omof f - pr emi ses
st udi os . Whet her made on pr emi ses
or of f ,
scener y and pr ops const i t ut e a si gni f i cant
mat er i al s handl i ng pr obl em. The gener al f l ow
i s shown gr aphi cal l y i n Fi g. 5.
7. Fi l m Faci l i t i es
f or pr ocessi ng ( devel opi ng) ,
edi t i ng ( cut t i ng) ,
and st or age of f i l m ar e i den-
t i cal t o t hose i n
commer ci al f i l m l abor at or i es
and i n many cases
t hese f unct i ons ( except
possi bl y
edi t i ng) ar e per f or med f or t he st at i on
by a
commer ci al f i l m l abor at or y.
Fi l m
st or age and handl i ng f aci l i t i es ar e usual -
l y st r i ct l y r egul at ed. I n t he absence of
l ocal
nodes, r ef er t o Nat i onal Fi r e Pr ot ect i on Associ -
at i on
pamphl et s .
6. Sound Ef f ect s

Cent r al sound ef f ect s r ooms-
si mi l ar t o smal l r adi o cont r ol r ooms- ar e r e-
qui r ed onl y i n t he l ar ger f aci l i t i es . They need
not be adj acent t o t he st udi os pr ovi ded good
i nt er communi cat i ons ar e avai l abl e.
9. Musi c Or i gi nat i on Rooms These pr ovi de musi -
cal backgr ound t o a st udi o pr ogr am. I f t he
i nst r ument ( pi ano, or gan, et c . ) does not appear
vi sual l y, i t may be l ocat ed i n a separ at e r oomt o
avoi d cl ut t er i ng up t he st udi o . Usual l y, ver y
cl ose mi cr ophone t echni ques ar e used, so t hat
acoust i cal r equi r ement s ar e
not
sever e .
10. Vi ewi ng ( Scr eeni ng) Rooms
A vi ewi ng r oom
may be anyt hi ng f r oma r oomwi t h a 16 mm
pr oj ect or on a t abl e f or pr evi ewi ng f i l ms t o an
el abor at e mi ni at ur e t heat er f or showi ng pr o-
gr ams t o pr ospect i ve sponsor s . The l at t er t ype Fi g. 3 Tel evi si on st at i on- schemat i c
or gani zat i on.
shoul d be easi l y r eached f r omsal es and execu-
t i ve ar eas and conveni ent t o r est r ooms and
of f i ces . They ar e not
usual l y r el at ed t o t he
st udi o or t echni cal
f aci l i t i es . Vi ewi ng r ooms
shoul d have f aci l i t i es
f or 16 mmand 35 mm
mot i on pi ct ur e f i l m( i f possi bl e,
wi t h a separ at e
pr oj ect i on boot h) as wel l as
t el evi si on mon-
i t or i ng.
I t i s of t en possi bl e t o ar r ange vi ewi ng r ooms
so t hat t wo r ooms shar e a si ngl e pr oj ect i on
boot h. Local code r equi r ement s wi l l i nf l uence
pl anni ng and desi gn . The vi ewi ng r oommay
al so be desi gned t o doubl e as a conf er ence
r oom.
11. Faci l i t i es f or Out si de ( Remot e) Pr ogr am
Or i gi nat i on
By cont r ast
wi t h r adi o, f aci l i t i es f or r emot e
( of f - pr emi ses)
t el evi si on br oadcast i ng ar e qui t e
el abor at e.
A st at i on pl anni ng such act i vi t i es
wi l l r equi r e t he f ol l owi ng :
a. Gar age or par ki ng space f or t he mobi l e
vans
cont ai ni ng r emot e equi pment . Si nce t hese
may be t al l er t han or di nar y vehi cl es, a car ef ul
check of over head cl ear ances i s r equi r ed.
b. Af i el d shop f or mai nt enance of t he equi p-
ment and f or st or age of gear . Thi s must be con-
86
7
Commer ci al
TV STATI ONS
gr ammi ng. I n addi t i on t o i sol at i ng t he st udi o
f r omout si denoi se, vi br at i on t hat coul d be f el t
by sensi t i ve camer as must be avoi ded. Thi s
may be caused by out si de t r af f i c, bui l di ng
equi pment , or an adj oi ni ng st udi o . I n ext r eme
cases, t he ent i r e st udi o i s " f l oat ed" on spr i ngs
t o
separ at e i t f r omt he bui l di ng st r uct ur e .
4. Mat er i al s Handl i ng

Scener y, pr ops, and ot her
mat er i al s used i n t he st udi o
may be bot h bul ky
and heavy. Ent r ance f or l ar ge scener y f l at s i s
essent i al , as wel l as f aci l i t i es f or del i ver y of
heavy i t ems such as an aut omobi l e.
5.
Fl
nor Loadi ng

Fl oor l oadi ngs shoul d accom-
modat e t het ype
of pr ogr ammi ng
ant i ci pat ed, as
wel l as t he wei ght s of t he camer as whi ch, wi t h
t hei r movi ng
car r i ages ( dol l i es) can be qui t e
heavy,
Al i ve l oad of at
l east 100 psf i s r ecom-
mended f or maxi mum f l exi bi l i t y i n
l ar ge
st udi os, and some aut hor i t i es r ecommend
125
t o 150 psf . ( The cl assi c
exampl e of ext r eme
poi nt l oadi ng i s an
el ephant st andi ng on one
f oot . ) Fi ni shed f l oor s
r equi r e gr eat er t han
usual f r eedomf r om
i r r egul ar i t i es and waves
whi ch woul d af f ect a r ol l i ng car r i er s .
6. Cycl or ama

The pr oduct i on
ar ea
of
t he st udi o
i s usual l y sur r ounded by a cycl or ama, a t hi n,
opaque cur t ai n whi ch pr ovi des a backdr op t o
scener y and conceal s t he wal l s or any st or age
out si de t he pr oduct i on ar ea.
7 . Li ght i ng For smal l er st udi os, l i ght i ng i s
pr ovi ded by a combi nat i on of over head and
f l oor - mount ed
l umi nai r es . Gr eat er f l exi bi l i t y
i s obt ai ned
wi t h an el ect r i f i ed r aceway of t he
Li t espan t ype.
For t he
l ar ger st udi os. . some t ype of l i ght i ng
gr i d f r om
whi ch l i ght f i xt ur es may be hung
i s
usual l y
necessar y
.
Thi s may be ser vi ced by
l adder s f r omt he f l oor , but i n
t he maj or st udi os
a cat wal k syst em i s pr ovi ded whi ch per mi t s
pl acement
and adj ust ment of t he l umi nai r es
ent i r el y f r omabove.
I ndi vi dual
l i ght
pi pes
or
bat t ens t hen can be
r ai sed
and l ower ed
ar e al so
used
( see
Fi g.
1) per mi t t i ng adj ust ment of
l i ght s f r omt he st udi o f l oor .
Associ at ed wi t h t he l i ght i ng syst em i s a
pat ch panel . an over si zed ver si on of a t el e-
phone swi t chboar d, used f or maki ng l i ght i ng
connect i ons. Di mmi ng equi pment maybe i n t he
st udi o or cent r al i zed el sewher e and r emot el y
cont r ol l ed by a l i ght i ng consol e i n t he cont r ol
r oomor st udi o .
H. Space Pl anni ng f or Ut i l i t i es
Col or t el evi si on r equi r es
ver y i nt ense
l i ght i ng
- 50 t o 75 wat t s per squar e f oot of pr oduct i on
ar ea i s not uncommon. Heat gener at ed by t hi s
l i ght i ng must be r emoved by ai r condi t i oni ng.
Locat i on of ai r - condi t i oni ng equi pment and
duct r out i ng must be consi der ed i n or i gi nal
pl anni ng . Space must al so be al l ocat ed t o t he
ver y
ext ensi ve wi r i ng whi ch i nt er connect s
st udi o, cont r ol r oom, and cent r al t echni cal
ar ea, usi ng under - f l oor duct s, over head cabl e
t r ays, or ot her means. I n one l ar ge i nst al l at i on,
t he cei l i ng of t he cent r al t echni cal ar ea was
used as a ki nd of huge cabl e t r ay, wi t h handl ed
cabl es l ai d di r ect l y on t he gr at i ng t hat ser ved
as t he cei l i ng. ( The cei l i ng al so ser ved as a
pl enumf or ai r condi t i oni ng. )
Power f or el ect r oni c equi pment ( " t echni cal ' '
Power ) shoul d be separ at ed f r omt hat
ser vi ng
bui l di ng equi pment and may r equi r e vol t age
r egul at i on
. For
a maj or st at i on,
emer gency
2 The woi ght her e may r ango upt o 5t o
7
t ons .
86
8
Fi g. 4

Per f or mer ( " t al ent " ) f l ow.
St at i on
empl oyees
Vi si t or s on busi ness,
such as cust om-
er s, per f or mer s, and t r adesmen
St udi o audi ences
Gener al publ i c ( gui ded t our s. school -
ehi l dr en, at e . )
St at i on vehi cl es
b. Of f - st r eet l oadi ng f aci l i t i es ar e essent i al
f or scener y and pr oper t i es as wel l as heavy
camer as, dol l i es, and el ect r oni c equi pment .
Access i s r equi r ed f r omt he l oadi ng f aci l i t i es
t o shops, st or age ar ea, and st udi os .
c. Some st at i ons make speci al use of t hei r
out si def aci l i t i es f or pr ogr ams such as f ar mor
ani mal shows .
F. Pl anni ng Consi der at i ons
1. Ci r cul at i on Or gani zat i on of a t ypi cal t el e-
vi si on st at i on i s shown schemat i cal l y i n Fi g
. 3.
At el evi si on br oadcast i ng
f aci l i t y i ncl udes qui t e
di ver gent f unct i ons. Fl ows
of peopl e and ma-
t er i al s t hat maybe
i n conf l i ct must be separ at ed
as i n a manuf act ur i ng
pl ant . Some of t hese
f l ows ar e descr i bed
bel ow:
a. Of f i ce per sonnel r equi r e access t o
pr o-
duct i on or t echni cal spaces onl y
r ar el y . Execu-
t i ve and sal es per sonnel r equi r e r eady access
t o conf er ence and vi ewi ng r ooms
.
6. Vi si t or s shoul d be cont r ol l ed
. Sponsor s
and ot her of f i ci al guest s shoul d have
r eady
access t o of f i ces and scr eeni ng r ooms wi t hout
goi ng t hr ough pr oduct i on or t echni cal ar eas.
r - . " Tal ent ' ' ( per f or mi ng ar t i st s of al l t ypes)
r equi r e access t o st udi os and st udi o suppor t
f aci l i t i es ( see Fi g. 4) .
d. Techni ci ans and pr oduct i on
per sonnel
r equi r e access t o t hei r ar eas and t o
st udi os
.
a. Tal ent ,
t echni cal , and pr oduct i on per -
sonnel shoul d
not have t o pass t hr ough of f i ce
ar eas
.
f .
St udi o audi ences, wher e used, shoul d
have access
onl y t o st udi o and t oi l et s . Vi si t s
t o pr oduct i on
or t echni cal spaces shoul d be
car ef ul l y cont r ol l ed, as on gui ded t our s.
g.
Scener y and pr ops i nvol ve si gni f i cant
mat er i al s- handl i ng oper at i ons . Fi gur e 5 shows
t he maj or f l ows whi ch shoul d be separ at ed,
i nsof ar as
possi bl e, f r omt he " peopl e" f l ow.
h. " Show
uni t " of f i ces ( pr oducer , di r ect or ,
and t hei r st af f s)
ar e pr ef er abl y l ocat ed wi t hi n
easy access t o st udi o
f aci l i t i es, al t hough t hi s
i s not al ways possi bl e
.
2. Expansi on St udi os and t echni cal r ooms ar e
ver y
di f f i cul t
and cost l y t o expand unl ess ex-
pansi on i s cont empl at ed i n t he or i gi nal
con-
st r uct i on. One appr oach i s t o bui l d t he basi c
shel l l ar ge enough t o accommodat e al l ant i ci -
pat ed r equi r ement s . I nt er i or
f i ni shes
ar e
de-
Tar r ed and t he space t o be used f or st udi os i n
t he f ut ur e i s, f or exampl e. , used
i ni t i al l y f or
scener y st or age
.
Wher e t he si t e per mi t s, a
second appr oach i s t o l ocat e st udi os next t o an
out si de wal l .
Vi deot ape and ot her t echni cal ar eas whi ch
do
not
r equi r e
t he
cei l i ng hei ght s char act er i st i c
of st udi os can be expanded pr ovi ded t he space
al ongsi de
can
be made avai l abl e. Expansi on
needs shoul d al so be
consi der ed when pl anni ng
f an r ooms, duct r out i ng, and ot her
ut i l i t i es
spaces .
G. St udi o Pl anni ng
The st udi o i s t he hear t
of or i gi nal pr ogr ammed
t el evi si on
.
1.
Audi ence St udi o
Audi ence st udi os pr esent
a par t i cul ar
chal l enge, si nce camer a oper at i on
conf l i ct s wi t h t he t heat er r equi r ement s f or
unobst r uct ed si ght
l i nes. The r esul t i ng st udi o
i s usual l y a
compr omi se. For a pr oduct i on
f aci l i t y wi t h onl y occasi onal audi ence use,
r emovabl ebl eacher seat i ng maybe consi der ed .
Tel evi si on
st udi os
r equi r e
a
subst ant i al
camer a
maneuver i ng
space
bet ween t he pr o-
duct i on ar ea and t he audi ence seat i ng. Camer a
r unways pr oj ect out i nt o t he seat i ng ar ea t o
per mi t l ong camer a shot s. Seat i ng ar ea
i s usu-
al l y sl oped f or bet t er audi ence
vi ewi ng. Not e
t hat i t must be possi bl e t o ai m
camer as at t he
audi ence as wel l as at t he
st age. Musi ci ans ar e
l ocat ed at t he same
l evel
as t he r est
of t he pr o-
duct i on
ar ea and ar e usual l y
encl osed f or
acoust i cal r easons.
Audi ence st udi os ar e ' pl aces
of publ i c
assembl y" i n bui l di ng code
t er ms, wi t h seat
spaci ng, egr ess, and ot her aspect s of audi ence
saf et y and comf or t t o be consi der ed .
2. Di mensi ons St udi os can r ange f r om 20 by
25 f t f or a ver y smal l st at i on t o 100 by 100 f t
or mor e f or a l ar gef aci l i t y sui t abl e f or al l t ypes
of pr ogr ammi ng. St udi os l i mi t ed t o news or
si mi l ar st at i c pr ogr ammi ng wi t h l i t t l e move-
ment can be even smal l er . A40- by 60- f t st udi o
i s a good si ze f or an aver age st at i on .
Mi ni mumcl ear ance under t he l i ght i ng sup-
por t st r uct ur e or ai r - condi t i oni ng duct s can
r ange f r om10 f t i n t he news- i nt er vi ew st udi o
t o 15 or 20 f t i n t he l ar ger st udi os sui t abl e f or
dr amat i c and var i et y pr ogr ammi ng. Wher e a
wal k- on gr i d i s used f or l i ght i ng, an addi t i onal
7 f t or so shoul d be pr ovi ded bet ween bot t om
of gr i d and under si de of t r usses or beams
f or mi ng t he r oof .
3
.
Sound and Vi br at i on I sol at i on

I nt er i or acoust i -
cal r equi r ement s depend on t he t ype of pr o-
Commer ci al
TV STATI ONS
Fi g . 5

Mat er i al s f l ow, scener y
and pr ops st or age.
gener at or s shoul d be consi der ed t o pr ovi de
f or cont i nui t y of mi ni mal br oadcast i ng, such
as news, net wor k f eeds, or f i l m. ( Emer gency
st udi o
oper at i on i s not usual l y pr act i cal be-
cause of t he heavy power and ai r - condi t i oni ng
r equi r ement s . )
I . Tr ansmi t t er Faci l i t i es'
Tr ansmi t t er f aci l i t i es consi st of t he br oadcast -
i ng ant enna and t he t r ansmi t t er bui l di ng or
r oom. As wi t h FM, t he r adi at i ng el ement
( ant enna) i s mount ed on a separ at e t ower or
mast , whose f unct i on i s pur el y st r uct ur al .
' See di scussi on of r adi o t r ansmi t t er s i mme-
di at el y pr ecedi ng t hi s ar t i cl e .
Ther e i s no gr ound r adi al syst emas
wi t h AM
r adi o t r ansmi t t er s except
f or l i ght ni ng pr ot ec-
t i on. Sever al ant ennas may be
mount ed on a
si ngl e mast or t ower .
TV
t r ansmi ssi on i s pr i mar i l y a l i ne- of - si ght
phenomenon
and i s af f ect ed by bui l di ngs,
mount ai ns,
et c . For t hi s r eason, ant enna hei ght
i s a maj or consi der at i on, and many t el evi si on
t ower s ar e mor e t han 1, 000 f t t al l .
Because of t hese hei ght s, par t i cul ar consi d-
er at i on must be gi ven t o f al l i ng i ce and dr i f t -
i ng pai nt spr ay when t he t ower i s r epai nt ed.
I n gener al ,
physi cal si t e pl anni ng has much
i n
common wi t h r adi o t r ansmi t t er pl an-
ni ng.
Pl anni ng
f or t he t r ansmi t t er r oom
al so
r esembl es t hat f or r adi o t r ansmi t t er s, but t he
equi pment and pl ant f aci l i t i es ar e l ar ger
and
mor e compl ex . Det ai l ed r equi r ement s depend
ver y much on t he t r ansmi t t er equi pment t o
be
used, and par t i cul ar at t ent i on must
be pai d t o
t r ansmi t t er cool i ng. ( UHF equi pment
usual l y
r equi r es wat er cool i ng. )
I n t he past , most t el evi si on
t r ansmi t t er s have
been f ul l y manned, r equi r i ng
ki t chen and t oi l et
( and even sl eepi ng f aci l i t i es i n
some cases) .
Whi l e unat t ended
t r ansmi t t er s ar e nowper -
mi t t ed, t he t r ansmi t t er
bui l di ng wi l l st i l l be
occupi ed f or a par t of each day,
r equi r i ng some
per sonnel
suppor t f aci l i t i es . On t he ot her hand,
pr ovi si on shoul d be made
f or r emot e moni t or -
i ng of bui l di ng ser vi ces- - t emper at ur e,
f i r e
det ect i on, el ect r i c
power , et c . - - - f or use dur i ng
t hose per i ods when t he
st at i on i s unmanned.
Wher e cont i nui t y of br oadcast i ng
i s essent i al ,
emer gency power shoul d be
pr ovi ded.
869
Commer ci al
HOTELS
By
MORRI S LAPI DUS and ALANLAPI DUS,
Mor r i s Lapi dus Associ at es
BASI CTHEORI ES OF HOTEL PLANNI NG
Bef or e an ar chi t ect ur al of f i ce begi ns pl anni ng
and
desi gni ng a hot el , i t shoul d knowexact l y
howa hot el
oper at es . Ever y t ype of bui l di ng
must f unct i on smoot hl y t o achi eve t he end r e-
sul t
t hat t he cl i ent i s seeki ng . The pr i mar y
f unct i on
of a hot el has not changed f r omt he
ear l i est r ecor ded host el r y t o t i r e pr esent - day
hot el ,
whet her t hat be a hot el of 100 r ooms
or
3, 000 r ooms, whet her i t be an i n- ci t y hot el or
a r esor t hot el , whet her i t be a
convent i on hot el
or a
f ar ni l y- t ype hot el . The ear l i est host el r y
of f er ed '
bed and boar d' as wel l as pl easant
sur r oundi ngs i n whi ch t o enj oy bot h
commodi -
t i es
. The ear l i est host el r i es and car avansar i es
wor ked on t he same
pr i nci pl e. The guest
ar r i ved at t he f r ont
door , wher e he was gr eet ed
and ar r angement s wer e
made f or hi s l odgi ng
and f ood. Ast abl e
f or hor ses and car r i ages,
or a
compoundf or car t el s and car go, wer e pr o-
vi ded at
t he r ear of t he est abl i shment . A r ear
yar d was
used by t he i nnkeeper ' s wi f e and her
assi st ant s t o pr epar e f ood whi ch was t hen
cooked i n a ki t chen. We t her ef or e had a house
di vi ded i n t wo . The f r ont hal f of t he house
i ncl uded t he r ecept i on ar ea ar i d t he publ i c
r ooms, or t he cover ed ar cades i n t he car avansa-
r i es, wher e t he guest s gat her ed t o di ne and t o
soci al i ze. The ot her hal f of t he house, or t o
use
a
t er ns whi ch i s st i l l appl i cabl e, t he back of t he
house,
was wher e f ood was pr epar ed ar i d
wher e t he guest s' ser vi ce ameni t i es wer e t aken
car e
of , such as l aunder i ng, t he shoei ng of
hor ses,
or t he r epai r of har ness and t r avel i ng
gear
. Thi s dual i t y of a hot el must be t hor oughl y
under st ood by an ar chi t ect
bef or e penci l i s put
t o paper t o st ar t t he desi gn
. For conveni ence' s
sake and f or ease
i n pr epar i ng a pr el i mi nar y
st udy, we wi l l assume
t hat al l t hese ser vi ces
t ake pl ace on one
l evel . Fi gur e 1 i ndi cat es t he
f l owof
ser vi ces
and
hot el per sonnel . For t he
t i me
bei ng, we wi l l i gnor e t i r e act ual r ooms
ar i d
concer n our sel ves onl y wi t h t he l evel
wher e
t he " gr eet i ng" t akes pl ace and wher e
t he
ser vi ces ar e r ender ed. The ' gr eet i ng
ar ea, "
f or f ut ur e r ef er ence, wi l l be known as
t he f r ont
of t he house, and t he pl ace
wher e ser vi ces
occur
wi l l be known as t he back of
t he house
.
I t must be
bor ne i n mi nd t hat , as f ar as pl anned
ci r cul at i on
i s concer ned, t her e must
never be a
mi ngl i ng
of t he f r ont - of - t hehouse ser vi ces wi t h
t hose of t he
back of t he house . At no t i me
shoul d t he
guest be awar e of ever yt hi ng
t hat i s
t aki ng pl ace at
t he back of t he house,
but , at
t he same
t i me, t he smoot h oper at i on of t he
f r ont of t he
house i s compl et el y dependent
upon what
i s t aki ng pl ace at t he back of t he
house. The
t wo f unct i ons must be kept sepa-
r at e and yet so i nt er r el at ed t hat bot h
f unct i on
smoot hl y and ef f i ci ent l y.
Hot el s ar e desi gned and bui l t so t hat t he
cl i ent , owner , or oper at or of t he hot el wi l l get
a sat i sf act or y f i nanci al r et ur n on hi s i nvest -
ment . I n or der t o achi eve t he gr eat est r et ur n
f or each dol l ar i nvest ed, we agai n f ace a dual
pr obl em. I n t he f i r st i nst ance. t he guest
must
f eel compl et el y comf or t abl e and at ease
f r om
t he moment l i e st eps t hr ough t he
ent r ance
door way, checks i n, goes t o hi s r oom,
avai l s
hi msel f
of
t he
f ood and bever ages
avai l abl e,
870
spends a comf or t abl e ni ght i n a wel l - appoi nt ed,
scr upul ousl y cl ean r oom, and r et ur ns t he next
day t o a r oomwhi ch i s as f r esh and i nvi t i ng as
i t was t he moment he f i r st ent er ed i t af t er
checki ng i n. Ever yt hi ng f or t he guest s cr eat ur e
comf or t s shoul d be car ef ul l y consi der ed,
whet her i t be t he ease of f i ndi ng t he r egi st r a-
t i on desk, t he cashi er , t he bar s and di ni ng
r ooms, t he el evat or s t hat wi l l t ake hi nt up t o
hi s r oom, and f i nal l y t he r oomi t sel f . The ser -
vi ce at t he
r egi st r at i on desk, i n t he bar s and
di ni ng r ooms, ar i d i n t he guest r oomi t sel f as
wel l
as i n t he cor r i dor s must be such t hat t he
guest
f i nds hi s ever y want cour t eousl y and
ef f i ci ent l y t aken car e of . The physi cal envi r on-
ment
becomes an i mpor t ant par t of t he guest ' s
cr eat ur e comf or t .
These f act or s i ncl ude col or
and decor , l i ght i ng, pr oper ai r t emper at ur e,
comf or t abl e f ur ni shi ngs and, above al l , a
pl easant and r el axed at mospher e.
Ever yt hi ng t hat t he guest expect s and shoul d
get wi l l be a r esul t of what t akes pl ace at
t he
back of t he house. I t i s onl y i n t hi s ar ea
t hat
ever yt hi ng t hat wi l l keep a guest cont ent ed
dur i ng hi s st ay i s ar r anged f or and so
or der ed
t hat ever yt hi ng t he guest i s seeki ng i s accom-
pl i shed unobt r usi vel y and, what i s most i mpor -
t ant , economi cal l y.
Economi c oper at i on of a hot el
depends
ent i r el y upon t he backof - t hehouse ser vi ces
.
Si nce t hese ser vi ces ar e
pr i mar i l y concer ned
wi t h hot el per sonnel , t he pl an
must be so
ar r anged t hat maxi mumef f i ci ency
f r om each
hot el empl oyee can be achi eved
wi t hout t axi ng
t he empl oyee and wi t hout al l owi ng
t he guest
t o f eel t he dr i ve f or ef f i ci ency t hat di ct at es
ever y phase of hot el pl anni ng .
HOTEL ECONOMI CS
The economi cs of a pr of i t abl e hot el vent ur e
br i ngs us t o t he t hi r d dual i t y of whi ch t he
ar ch-
i t ect shoul d be ext r emel y consci ous or
awar e
dur i ng ever y phase of t he pl anni ng st age.
Thi s
i nvol ves t he economi cs of a newhot el ,
whi ch
wi l l cent er upon t he cost of
f ur ni shi ng. These cost s
r epr esent , t oget her
wi t h t he cost of t he l and, t he
amount of money
t hat i s t o be
i nvest ed. They ar e t he base upon
whi ch t he hot el i er wi l l
f i gur e hi s f i nanci al
r et ur n . Ar ul e of t humb devi sed
many year s ago
by a pr omi nent hot el ar chi t ect
st i l l seems t o be
a sound r ul e t o f ol l ow. At t hat
t i me, i t was
st at ed t hat f or ever y dol l ar of i ncome
per r oom,
$1, 000 shoul d be spent i n t he const r uct i on
of
t hat r oom. We must bear i n mi nd, of
cour se,
t hat when we speak of a r oomwe ar e speaki ng
f i gur at i vel y, wi t h t he knowl edge t hat t he
cost
of a r oomwoul d al so car r y i t s
pr opor t i onat e
shar e of ever y ot her par t of t he
st r uct ur e, such
as t he hot el l obby, t he di ni ng
r ooms, t he bar s,
t he cor r i dor s, t he of f i ces, t he
l aundr y, t he
ki t chens, and al l t he ot her f aci l i t i es
t hat wi l l
be
f ound i n a hot el . Usi ng t hat r ul e of
t humb
( t hat i s, $1 i ncome per $1, 000 i nvest ed) , a r oom
t hat cost s $10, 000 t o bui l d shoul d br i ng i n
$10
f or a ni ght ' s l odgi ng.
Unf or t unat el y, wi t h r i si ng
cost s of oper at i on, t hi s
bal ance of $1 per
$1, 000 wi l l not al ways hol d, but i t
i s st i l l a good
r ul e of t humb. Wi t h hot el
r ooms nowgoi ng at
f r om$10, 000 t o $40, 000, we
f i nd t hat a $10-
per - ni ght r oom
i s a r ar i t y
and
an aver age of
$20
and
$30 i s mor e common, whi l e
l uxur y
hot el s
r un as hi gh as $40 ar i d even $50
per
ni ght ' s l odgi ng. Fr omt he above, i t
becomes
obvi ous t hat t he ar chi t ect shoul d know
appr ox-
i mat el y what t ype of hot el hi s cl i ent want s, as
expr essed i n t er ms of cost per r oom
per ni ght ,
i n or der t o est abl i sh some sor t of r ough
budget
f or t he cost of t he hot el . At t hi s poi nt , i t
shoul d
be poi nt ed out t hat we ar e t al ki ng
of cost of
const r uct i on, whi ch does not i ncl ude
f ur ni sh-
i ng and equi ppi ng t he hot el . Anot her
f act whi ch
does not r eal l y af f ect t he
pl anni ng of t he hot el
but whi ch t he ar chi t ect shoul d be keenl y awar e
of i s t hat pr eopeni ng expenses ar e si zabl e.
They ar e, i n f act , a par t of t he
or i gi nal i nvest -
ment and shoul d be char ged t o cost per
r oom.
Mor e wi l l be sai d of t hi s at an appr opr i at e
pl ace.
The second par t of t he f i nanci al
consi der s-
t i on i n t he desi gn of a hot el i s t he cost of
oper a-
t i on . We nowknowwhat i t wi l l
cost t o bui l d
t he hot el , and so some sor t of
pr el i mi nar y
budget becomes f easi bl e. The ar chi t ect
may
not knowwhat i t wi l l cost t o
oper at e t he hot el ,
but he shoul d under st and
ever y f acet of hot el
oper at i on and devel op hi s pl ans
t o achi eve
maxi mumeconomi es
i n t he oper at i on of t he
hot el . Thi s i ncl udes t he
hour s spent by such
per sonnel as mai ds,
por t er s, housekeeper s,
chef s, cooks, di shwasher s,
l aundr y wor ker s,
bel l r nen, r ecept i oni st s, bookkeeper s,
r eser va-
t i ons cl er ks, banquet manager s,
and execut i ve
st af f . I f we woul d, f or
a moment , t hi nk of a
hot el as a pl ant whi ch
t ur ns out a f i ni shed
pr oduct , we woul d t hi nk of t he
f i ni shed pr od-
uct as t he cr eat ur e comf or t s of t he
guest s ( bed
and boar d) and of t he ki t chens,
l aundr i es, and
ser vi ce ar eas as t he machi nes .
The hot el per -
sonnel woul d be t he wor ker s
who oper at e t he
machi nes i n or der t o achi eve a
f i ne pr oduct at
t he l owest possi bl e cost . Wi t h t hese
t hought s
i n mi nd, wecan nowt ake upeach
f acet of hot el
oper at i on- f r ont of t he house and back
of t he
house- whi ch wi l l be di scussed
i n det ai l and
i l l ust r at ed wi t h di agr ams
and dr awi ngs so t hat
each par t of t he j i gsaw
puzzl e whi ch f or ms a
hot el can be f i t t ed
i nt o pl ace t o achi eve a
smoot hl y
f unct i oni ng, pl easi ngl y desi r abl e,
and f i nanci al l y
pr of i t abl e oper at i on.
Fi r st l et us cl ear up t he
quest i on of pr eopen-
i ng expenses,
whi ch shoul d be consi der ed as
a par t of t he t ot al
cost of t he hot el . Bef or e
a hot el i s put i nt o
oper at i on- - i n f act , mont hs
bef or e t he
f i r st guest ar r i ves- - cer t ai n hot el
per sonnel ar e
empl oyed who wi l l event ual l y
be char ged wi t h t he
oper at i on of t he hot el .
Such empl oyees
woul d i ncl ude a manager ,
a chi ef chef , a cont r ol l er , an adver t i si ng
and/ or
a publ i c r el at i ons f i r m, and an
engi neer who
wi l l be oper at i ng
t he mechani cal equi pment
of t he hot el . These
peopl e wi l l usual l y be f ound
on t he si t e of t he hot el under
const r uct i on
anywher e f r omsi x
mont hs t o one year bef or e
t he hot el i s compl et ed. Thei r sal ar i es ar e par t
of pr eopeni ng expenses .
Anot her f act or i n pr e-
openi ng expenses
woul d i ncl ude st at i oner y
and ot her suppl i es
t hat var i ous key per sonnel
wi l l need bef or e t he
openi ng of t he hot el as wel l
as,
ul t i mat el y, t he cost of hot el st at i oner y,
t ypewr i t er s, bookkeepi ng machi ner y, and
Commer ci al
HOTELS
of f i ce suppl i es . Anot her pr eopeni ng expense
wi l l be a cost al l ocat ed f or openi ng cer emoni es,
whi ch of t en i ncl ude cockt ai l par t i es and
banquet s f or peopl e f r omt he news medi a and
ci vi c or gani zat i ons as wel l as f or ci vi c aut hor i -
t i es . Al l t hese cost s ar e consi der ed pr eopeni ng
expenses . One ot her i t emt hat
must be consi d-
er ed i n pr eopeni ng expenses i s t he
t r ai ni ng of
t he per sonnel t hat wi l l ser vi ce
t he hot el . Thi s
wi l l
i ncl ude mai ds, housekeeper s, chef s
and
cooks, wai t er s andwai t r esses, and f r ont - of f i ce
and cl er i cal per sonnel . Ther e al so
wi l l be
ot her s, such as mai nt enance men. bel l men,
and por t er s . These can add at l east 30 per cent
t o
t he const r uct i on cost .
Anot her f acet of cost s, whi ch t he ar chi t ect
may
or may not be i nvol ved i n, i nvol ves f ur ni sh-
i ngs
f or t he hot el . I n t hi s cat egor y
wi l l be f ound
not
onl y t he act ual beds, dr esser s,
chai r s,
t abl es, and f l oor cover i ngs i n t he guest
r ooms
but al so t he f ur ni shi ngs,
f l oor cover i ngs, spe-
ci al l i ght i ng
f i xt ur es, and decor i t ems needed
f or al l
publ i c, spaces . These f al l i nt o t he cat e-
gor i es of
l obbi es, di ni ng r ooms, bar s,
cockt ai l
l ounges,
cof f ee shops, meet i ng r ooms,
banquet
r ooms, and a host of ot her f aci l i t i es
whi ch wi l l
be
f ound i n hot el s .
Anot her
l ar ge por t i on of t he
cost s whi ch
nor mal l y woul d not be a cost of
const r uct i on
woul d be t he equi pment
f or al l ki t chens and
bar s as wel l as t he equi pment ,
i f such a f aci l i t y
i s t o be i ncl uded, of l aundr i es
and val et ser vi ce.
Goi ng f ur t her , we
wi l l need l ocker s f or empl oy-
ees and ot her ameni t i es
f or t he ser vi ce per son-
nel .
Fi nal l y, we come t o a
gr oup of i t ems whi ch
wi l l i ncl ude gl asswar e,
chi na, si l ver , pot s and
pans, l i nens, pi l l ows, and
uni f or ms f or out i ds,
bel l men, wai t er s, et c .
When we l ump pr eopeni ng
expenses t oget h-
er wi t h al l t he i t ems enumer at ed
above, we wi l l
f i nd our sel ves addi ng anywher e
f r om50 t o 75
per cent mor e t o t he act ual
const r uct i on cost s .
Al l t hese f i gur es wi l l not
i nf l uence t he budget
f or const r uct i on, but i t woul d
be wi se f or an
ar chi t ect desi gni ng a
hot el t o be consci ous
of t hese addi t i onal
expendi t ur es .
BACKOF THE
HOUSE
Though
r ar el y seen by a guest , t he back of t he
house i s t he
most cr uci al par t of t he pl an. I t
must be l ai d
out wi t h t wo par amount obj ec-
t i ves :
cont r ol andef f i ci ency. Foodst uf f s, house-
keepi ng
suppl i es, and a gr eat many ot her i t ems
must be
r ecei ved out of si ght of t he hot el
guest s
. Such r ecei vi ng i s usual l y done at
a l oad-
i ng dock,
whi ch shoul d be cover ed so
t hat
del i ver i es
can be made r egar dl ess of t he weat h-
er
. An oper at i ng hot el , even a smal l
one, wi l l
have del i ver i es goi ng on t hr oughout
t he day.
The r ecei vi ng of shi pment s as wel l
as t he
checki ng of what ever comes
i nt o t he hot el and,
f i nal l y, sendi ng t he var i ous
i t ems r ecei ved t o
t hei r pr oper dest i nat i on must
be under t i ght
cont r ol . Thi s i s usual l y
t he f unct i on of a r ecei v-
i ng depar t ment t hat
shoul d be l ocat ed di r ect l y
on or adj acent t o t he
l oadi ng dock. Ti ght con-
t r ol must be exer ci sed
i n t wo di r ect i ons . I n one
di r ect i on, i t i s not
uncommon f or mat er i al t o
be del i ver ed and, wi t hi n a
shor t t i me of i t s
havi ng been
l ef t on t he dock unchecked, f or
t he management t o
f i nd t hat t hi s mat er i al has
di sappear ed
or
t hat
some par t s of t he shi pment
have gone ast r ay. The
second par t of t he con-
t r ol i s t o make sur e t hat ,
once t hese shi pment s
have ar r i ved, t hey go
di r ect l y t o t hei r dest i ne-
t i on wi t hout a
chance- of becomi ng l ost on t he
way. As an exampl e,
l ot us say t hat a shi pment
of l i quor i s
del i ver ed t o t he hot el . I t i s a ver y
si mpl e
t hi ng t o pi ck up a case and r emove i t
f r om t he l oadi ng
dock bef or e t he r ecei vi ng
cl er k has checked
t he shi pment t hr ough hi s
cont r ol poi nt . I t i s al so
a ver y si mpl e t hi ng t o
have a case of l i quor
di sappear on i t s r out e,
once i t has
been checked i n and bef or e i t get s
t o t he l i quor
st or age r oom. Thi s t ype of pi l -
f er age wi l l appl y
not onl y t o l i quor but t o
al most
ever y i t em, i ncl udi ng l i nens, f oodst uf f s,
andeven i t er ns
of f ur ni shi ngs . Agood backof -
t hehouse pl an wi l l be
wor ked out i n such a
way t hat t he
f l ow of suppl i es i s t i ght l y con-
t r ol l ed by t he
secur i t y t hat t he ar chi t ect wor ks
i nt o hi s pl an
.
Anot her
exampl e wi l l suf f i ce:
I t
woul d be poor pl anni ng t o have a val uabl e
i t emsuch as
l i quor car t ed t hr ough a passage-
way and past an
empl oyees' l ocker r oomon i t s
way t o
t he l i quor st or age r oom. I t woul d t ake
but a
r ooment f or a case t o di sappear f r omt he
car t i nt o t he
l ocker r oom. At i ght , wel l - pl anned
back
of t he house wi l l have ci r cul at i on pat t er ns
t hat
wi l l pr ovi de t he ut most i n cont r ol . I t i s t hi s
t ype of
pl anni ng t hat i s def i ni t el y t he pr ovi nce
of t he ar chi t ect . Ther e i s one f ur t her i t em i n
t he cont r ol ar ea whi ch, at f i r st gl ance, mi ght
seem
hi ghl y uni mpor t ant : namel y, t he move-
ment of gar bage out of t he hot el t o a
poi nt
wher e
i t wi l l be pi cked up by gar bage t r ucks
.
Exper i ence
has i ndi cat ed t hat a good deal of
pi l f er age i n hot el s i s accompl i shed t hr ough
Fi g. 1

Fl owdi agr amof ser vi ce ar eas.
87
1
Commer ci al
HOTELS
t hemedi umof gar bage r emoval . Wel l - wr apped
st eaks and cans of f ood can be conceal ed i n
gar bageand r emoved by an accompl i ce bef or e
t he
gar bage haul er s pi ck up t he r ef use. I n t he
l ar ger hot el s, gar bage dest r uct or s or com-
pr essor s may be used, i n whi ch case t i ght
sur vei l l ance i s necessar y onl y i n t he gar bage
r ecei vi ng ar ea. Wher e gar bage i s shi pped out ,
i t i s wi se t o have t he gar bage r ooms so pl aced
( and, i nci dent al l y, r ef r i ger at ed) t hat t he r ecei v-
i ng of f i ce has t hi s space i n
f ul l vi ewt o di scour -
ageanout si deaccompl i ce or an
empl oyee who
i s l eavi ng t he hot el f r oment er i ng
t he gar bage
r oomt o f i l ch what was
pl aced t her e pr evi ousl y
by someone i n t he ki t chen or t he suppl y
ar eas.
Anot her f or mof cont r ol whi ch
must be exer -
ci sed and whi ch becomes a par t of
t he ar chi -
t ect ' s pl anni ng i s t he f l owof per sonnel i nt o
and
out of t he hot el . Hot el per sonnel usual l y
come
t hr ough at a poi nt cl ose or adj acent
t o t he
r ecei vi ng ar ea. Thi s i s not necessar i l y a
must ,
but i t i s advi sabl e because t he same cont r ol
of f i ce can obser ve t hecomi ng andgoi ng of t he
hel p. Usual l yt i me cont r ol i s t hr ough t he medi -
umof a t i me cl ock, whi ch i s punched by t he
empl oyees. I t i s not uncommon f or t hi eves
t o at t empt
ent r yt hr ough t he ser vi ce ar ea and t o
wor k t hei r
way up t hr ough ser vi ce el evat or s
t o accompl i sh what t hey came f or . At i ght con-
t r ol
at t he poi nt of ent r y and egr ess of al l
empl oyees i s hi ghl y desi r abl e and can easi l y
be accompl i shed i f i t i s t he same poi nt as t hat
at whi ch f ood
and ot her hot el suppl i es ar e
br ought i n.
Once agai n, t he ar chi t ect ' s car ef ul
pl anni ng wi l l
make i t possi bl e f or empl oyees t o
r each t hei r var i ous dr essi ng and l ocker
ar eas
wi t h a mi ni mumof t r avel t i me l ost . I t
must be
bor ne i n mi nd t hat t her e i s cl ass di st i nct i on
i n
hot el s and, as an exampl e, t hat di shwasher s
and por t er s ar e not pl aced i n t he same
l ocker
r ooms as head wai t er s and r ecept i on
cl er ks .
The di st i nct i on her e i s f or f r om a f i ne l i ne
.
The mi x of hot el empl oyees wi l l
be di ct at ed
by t he hot el oper at or , and
he
may det er mi ne
whet her wai t er s and bel l men ar e t o be pl aced
t oget her or separ at ed. Mai ds and wai t r esses
may or maynot be i n t he same l ocker r oom,
dependi ng on t he hot el oper at i on . Locker
r ooms shoul d be pr ovi ded wi t h ampl e t oi l et
f aci l i t i es and shower s. Once t he per sonnel
have changed i nt o t hei r uni f or ms, t he pl an of
t he back of t he house wi l l make i t possi bl e f or
t he peopl e t o get t o t hei r wor k st at i ons wi t h
l i t t l e t i me l ost . Mai ds and por t er s wi l l want t o
get t o ser vi ce el evat or s al ong t heshor t est pos-
si bl e r out e. Chef s, cooks, and di shwasher s
shoul d get t o t hei r wor k ar eas wi t hout goi ng
t hr ough l ong, t or t uous passages . I t i s usual
t o i ssue uni f or ms i n an ar ea as cl ose t o t he
l ocker r ooms or t he poi nt of ent r y as possi bl e.
I n
t hi s phase of pl anni ng, i t shoul d be bor ne
i n
mi nd t hat uni f or ms ar e usual l y under t he
cont r ol of t he housekeeper , so t hat t he pr oxi m-
i t y of t he uni f or mi ssui ng r oomt o t he house-
keepi ng depar t ment becomes a most i mpor t ant
consi der at i on. I t shoul d al so be bor ne i n mi nd
t hat t he housekeeper cont r ol s soi l ed and cl ean
l aundr y as wel l as cl ean uni f or ms r eady f or
r ei ssue. The i nt er pl ay of al l of t hese act i vi t i es
wi l l di ct at e a f i nesse i n pl anni ng t o br i ng al l
t heseact i vi t i es t oget her and t o achi eveas l i t t l e
l oss i n t i me and mot i on as possi bl e. At t hi s
poi nt , l et us sumup t hi s por t i on of t he back of
t he house.
Af l owdi agr am( Fi g. 1) f or a t ypi cal back of
t he housewi l l i ndi cat e t hat t he ser vi ce ent r ance
i s l ocat ed out of vi ewof t he mai n ent r ance t o
t he hot el but has di r ect access t o a st r eet or
r oad
capabl eof
handl i ng
t r uck t r af f i c. The l oad-
i ng dock shoul d be pr ot ect ed f r omweat her so
t hat f ood, l aundr y, and suppl i es wi l l be of f -
l oaded and st or ed and not get r ai n- soaked
872
whi l e wai t i ng t o be checked i n. Al l
per sonnel
wi l l ent er t he hot el at t hi s poi nt .
At l east t wo
smal l of f i ces wi l l pr obabl y be l ocat ed
her e,
one f or t he st ewar d ( or r ecei vi ng
cl er k) and
anot her f or t he
t i mekeeper . Out si de t he st ew-
ar d' s of f i ce t her e shoul d be a f l oor scal e t o
check t hewei ght of pr oduceas i t ent er s
. I f t he
f ood st or age and pr epar at i on
ki t chens ar e
l ocat ed on a di f f er ent l evel , a si dewal k l i f t or
conveyor bel t s shoul d
be
pr ovi ded. The
t i me-
keeper wi l l
check t he empl oyees
i n
and out and
hel p t o di scour age t hose who maybe t empt ed
t o st eal . I mmedi at el y past t he t i mekeeper , t he
empl oyees shoul d be separ at ed i nt o t wo di f -
f er ent t r af f i c f l ows, one
f or t he f ood ser vi ce
per sonnel , t he
ot her f or ever yone al so. Once
f ood ser vi ce per sonnel ent er t hei r t r af f i c f l ow,
t hey
shoul d
have no cont act wi t h ei t her guest s
or ot her house
per sonnel wi t h t he obvi ous
except i onof
wai t er s. Al l t hi s i s si mpl y a mat t er
of secur i t y. I f t her e i s any
deep dar k secr et of
successf ul hot el
ser vi ce desi gn, i t i s a bui l t - i n
secur i t y syst em, whi ch
i s a di r ect out gr owt h
of t he ar chi t ect ' s pl ans.
Uni f or mi ssue i s r el at ed t o t he
housekeeper ,
t he housekeeper t o t he l aundr y
r oom, and t he
l aundr y r oomt o t he soi l ed l i nen r oom.
The
soi l ed l i nen r oomconnect s by ver t i cal l i nen
chut e t o t he ser vi ce r oom
on ever y t ypi cal
f l oor , andever y t ypi cal f l oor i s connect ed
by a
ser vi ce el evat or t hat opens
t o t he l ower - f l oor
ser vi ce ar ea conveni ent t o t he scr ut i ni zi ng
gaze of t he st ewar d and t he t i mekeeper . For
conveni ence, a t r ash chut e( Fi g. 2) , goi ng f r om
ever y t ypi cal f l oor ser vi ce ar ea, shoul d be l o-
cat ed
next t o t he l i nen chut e. Thi s wi l l f or ce an
ar r angement wher e t he t r ash r oomi s cl ose or
adj acent t o t he soi l ed l i nen r oomand bot h of
t hese ar e
near t he ser vi ce ent r ance f or ease
i n
pi ckup.
Laundr y Faci l i t i es
A
l aundr y i s a usual adj unct of most good-
si zed hot el s . Many
hot el s avai l t hemsel ves of
ci t y l aundr y
ser vi ce, i n whi ch case t her e i s no
l aundr y
r oomat al l or onl y a smal l l aundr y
whi ch
handl es t owel s onl y. Ahot el l aundr y
t hat
does i t s own uni f or ms and f l at wor k
( sheet s, pi l l owcases, l i nens, et c. ) r equi r es a
good- si zed
space f or washer s, dr yer s, dr um
i r oner s,
and var i ous pr essi ng machi nes- each
sui t abl e f or i t s own t ype of f l at wor k, uni f or ms
and guest s'
l aundr y, and men' s and women' s
wear i ng appar el
. I f t he l aundr y i s done by a
l aundr y ser vi ce
out of t he hot el , t hen i t ems
l i ke t owel s r equi r e
a compar at i vel y smal l space
f or washi ng and
dr yi ng, si nce onl y washer s
and f l uf f
dr yer s ar e necessar y, t oget her wi t h
an ar ea f or f ol di ng
and st acki ng t he cl ean t ow-
el s. Lar ger hot el s
wi l l mai nt ai n t hei r own cl ean-
i ng
depar t ment f or dr y cl eani ng and pr essi ng
of wool ens and si mi l ar
gar ment s . Such a cl ean-
i ng and val et ser vi ce
i s usual l yapar t of or cl ose
t o t he l aundr y
ar ea, and i t i s def i ni t el y under
t hesuper vi si on of
t he l aundr y manager . I t may
be t hat , i n
t he not - t oodi st ant f ut ur e, exper i -
ment s wi t h di sposabl e sheet s, pi l l owcases, and
uni f or ms wi l l do awaywi t h l aundr y ser vi ces i n
hot el s . Pr esent l y, t he di sposabl e t ypes t hat
have been pr oduced ar e st i l l not of suf f i ci ent
st r engt h
and dur abi l i t y f or hot el use, al t hough
t he
f ut ur e may pr oduceexact l y t hat . At pr esent
some " no i r on" l i nens ar e i n use, t hus el i mi -
nat i ng some of t he l ar ge i r oner s.
Housekeepi ng Depar t ment
The housekeepi ng depar t ment , havi ng sever al
f unct i ons, i s t he pr ovi nce of t he chi ef house-
keeper , who wi l l usual l y have assi st ant f l oor
housekeeper s . Under t he housekeeper ' s st r i ct
cont r ol and super vi si on wi l l be al l t he mai ds
and por t er s . These peopl e, af t er donni ng t hei r
uni f or ms, wi l l come t o t he housekeeper f or
i nst r uct i ons and var y of t en f or suppl i es t o t ake
wi t h t hemt o t he var i ous guest - r oom f l oor s.
Thepor t er s wi l l del i ver t o t he ser vi ce ar eas on
t he guest - r oomf l oor s al l l i nen andsoap as wel l
as f aci al t i ssue, t oi l et paper , mat ches, r oom
ser vi ce menus, and asht r ays . ( Most hot el s use
i nexpensi veasht r ays t hat car r y t he hot el name
and t hat t he guest s may t ake al ong as souve-
ni r s. ) The housekeeper ' s ar ea i s al so a st or age
ar ea, f or her e ar e kept al l t he suppl i es t hat
become a par t of housekeepi ng. Asi de f r om
such obvi ous t hi ngs as a st ock of l i nen, paper
goods, soaps, et c. , t he housekeeper wi l l car r y
i n her war ehousest or age ar ea addi t i onal l amps
( whi ch ar e easi l y br oken by guest s) and smal l
i t ems of f ur ni shi ngs whi ch ar eeasi l y r emoved
or dest r oyed. I n t he housekeeper ' s depar t ment
t her e wi l l usual l y be s pl ace f or aseamst r ess t o
mend t hose sheet s, pi l l owcases, and dr apes
t hat need r epai r . I t mi ght be usef ul f or t he
ar chi t ect t o knowhowmany r ooms a mai d can
make updur i ng her dai l y t our of dut y. I n some
ar eas uni ons cont r ol t henumber of r ooms, and
i t maybe as l i t t l e as 12 per mai d. I t r ar el y goes
beyond 15. One por t er i s usual l y assi gned t o
each mai d. I n addi t i on t o t he r egul ar dayt i me
mai d, t her e wi l l be, i n most hot el s, a ni ght
mai d who wi l l make up beds f or guest s r eady
t o go t o sl eep. Thi s ent ai l s t he r emoval of t he
bedspr eads, st r ai ght eni ng of t he r oom, t he
suppl yi ng of addi t i onal soap, t oi l et paper , et c. ,
al l f or t he guest s' conveni ence. One ni ght mai d
usual l y can handl e t wi ce as many r ooms as a
day mai d handl es
Food and Bevef i ge Ser vi ce
We
have now
t aken car e of t he bed por t i on of
t he " bed and boar d
. "
Now
l et
us exami ne t he
" boar d" par t of a
hot el ser vi ce. The
boar d,
of
cour se, r ef er s
t o t he ol d Engl i sh t r est l e t abl e
wher e guest s t ook t hei r meal s. I n t he ear l i est
host el r i es, t hei nnkeeper ' s wi f e t ook car e of t he
cooki ng, mai ds t ook car e of
t he
ser vi ng, and a
l ar ge boar d or t abl e
suf f i ced
f or t he guest s .
Today' s f ood oper at i on
i s a
hi ghl y compl i cat ed
one,
and an
ar chi t ect shoul d be f ami l i ar wi t h
t he ent i r e oper at i on. Most hot el ki t chens and
f ood pr epar at i on ar eas ar e pl anned by exper t s
known as ki t chen engi neer s. I t i s not t he ar chi -
t ect ' s pr ovi nce t o pl an a ki t chen, but i t i s cer -
t ai nl y hel pf ul f or t he ar chi t ect t o have a good
wor ki ng knowl edge of what t akes pl ace i n t he
f ood pr epar at i on ar ea and i n t he ki t chens . I t
wi l l make f or bet t er communi cat i on bet ween
t he ar chi t ect and t he ki t chen engi neer when
t hey ar e di scussi ng t he pl anni ng of t hese
spaces . J ust onewor d of caut i oneach exper t
wi l l want mor e space t han t hepl an canpossi bl y
al l ow. They don' t r eal l y need t hat much space.
The ki t chen engi neer wi l l conj ur e up vi si ons
of i r at e chef s st al ki ng of f
t he
pr emi ses, but
exper i ence has i ndi cat ed t hat t he ar chi t ect ' s
knowl edge of what
t he r equi r ement s ar e
wi l l
t emper
t he demands of t he ki t chen engi neer .
Let us f ol l ow
t he f l owof t he
r awf ood f r om
t he t i me i t
i s del i ver ed t o t he st ewar d
unt i l
i t
i s
f i nal l y
cooked and r eady t o be pi cked up
by t he wai t er s
or
t he
wai t r esses.
Af t er t hecomest i bl es have been wei ghed i n,
checked, and si gned f or ,
t hey
ar esent t o ei t her
dr yst or ageor l i quor st or age
( a
r oomwi t h
a
bi g
l ock on i t ) or t o
one
of
t he var i ous col d
hol di ng
r ooms or boxes. Cannedf ood
andot her bot t l ed
or packaged f ood whi ch does not needr ef r i ger -
at i on wi l l be sent t o dr y- st or age r ooms. I n t hi s
st or age space wi l l al so be kept t he var i ous
condi ment s t hat t he chef wi l l need i n t he pr ep-
ar at i on of hi s f ood. Veget abl es wi l l be sent t o
Commer ci al
HOTELS
an ar ea wher e t hey wi l l be st or ed r eady f or
pr epar at i on. Ar ef r i ger at or box of t he pr oper
t emper at ur e wi l l be needed, as wel l as
wor k
space, si nks, and cut t i ng boar ds wher e
veget abl es wi l l be pr epar ed f or t he chef s as
needed. The peel i ng of pot at oes, cl eani ng of
car r ot s, t r i mmi ng of l et t uce, et c, , ar e done
i n
t he veget abl e pr epar at i on ar ea and not i n t he
ki t chen ar ea . Dai r y pr oduct s wi l l go t o t hei r
own
col d- st or age boxes. Fi sh, f owl , and meat
wi l l go t o a separ at e ar ea wher e boxes must be
ar r anged wi t h pr oper t emper at ur es f or t hei r
st or age.
Some of t hese i t ems wi l l be kept f r o-
zen, ot her s i n agi ng boxes, and ot her s i n si mpl e
col d
st or age. Fi sh pr epar at i on needs i t s own
space. The hot el ,
i n i t s pur veyi ng depar t ment ,
may buy
cut and t r i mmed meat or por t i oned
meat andf owl .
I n t he l at t er case, onl y a st or age
ar ea i s necessar y, si nce
no pr epar at i on t akes
pl ace.
Wher e a hot el does i t s ownbut cher i ng,
i t i s
necessar yt o knowwhat si ze cut s t he hot el
i nt ends
t o
buy
( hal ves, quar t er s, et c . ) , and i t
may be
necessar y t o pr ovi de cei l i ng r ai l s t o
t r anspor t t hem
. Once agai n, i t must be bor ne
i n mi nd t hat al l t hese I n
ci l i t i es ar e under t i ght
cont r ol . Once t he f ood t i es saf el y r eached i t s
dest i nat i on
i n
t he
r ooms j ust descr i bed, t her e
must be no pl ace
f or i t t o go except i nt o t he
ki t chen wher e i t wi l l be used by cooks and
chef s. Fr eezer , r ef r i ger at or , and col d st or age
boxes
r equi r e heavy i nsul at i on. Sl ab si nkages
i n t hese ar eas shoul d be pr ovi ded f or . I f t hi s i s
not done i n advance, t hen boxes wi l l be set on
t opof t he
sl ab, t her ef or e r equi r i ng a r ampf r om
t he wor k ar ea t o t he box . Thi s i s somet hi ng t hat
i s f ar
f r omdesi r abl e i n a smoot hl yf unct i oni ng
ki t chen .
I f t he ar chi t ect i s not f ed t hi s i nf or ma-
t i on bef or e const r uct i on st ar t s, i t may be
necessar y t o depr ess t he ent i r e sl ab i n t hi s ar ea
and
t hen, af t er t he boxes have been pl aced,
use
f i l l t o br i ng t he wor ki ng ar ea up t o t he l evel
of t he boxes. At t hi s poi nt , a wor d or t wo
shoul d be
sai d about t he baker y f aci l i t i es . The
baker y
shopshoul d be asepar at e ent i t y, havi ng
i t s
own r ef r i ger at or boxes as wel l as al l t he
per t i nent
equi pment t hat a baker wi l l use i n
hi s ar t - - - and an ar t i t i s, i ndeed. The baker wi l l
be
cal l ed upon t o bake not onl y t he ever yday
br ead and r ol l s and t he r unof - t hemi l l cakes
and past r i es but al so unusual desi gns i n bi r t h-
day r akes, weddi ng cakes, et c
. , and he may
of t en be. askedt o car ve i ce f i gur es
f or el abor at e
f ood di spl ays or buf f et s . Her e agai n,
one
shoul d be r emi nded t hat t he baker y
shoul d be
cl ose t o t he act ual f ood ser vi ce
ar ea so t hat
not t oo manyof t hese goodi es f i nd
t hei r way i n-
t o t hel ocker r ooms or out of t he
hot el ent i r el y.
We nowhave ever yt hi ng del i ver ed, pr epar ed,
and r eady f or exper t t r ansf or mat i on by cooks,
chef s, and gar de manger s who wi l l be
pr e-
par i ng soups, r agout s, r oast s, epi cur ean
sauces, and hor s d' oeuvr es.
Let us t ake a wal k t hr ough
what woul d be
an i deal ki t chen, assumi ng t hat
ever yt hi ng i s
happeni ng at one l evel
. ( See Fi g. 3. ) The f ood
br ought i n f r omt he
var i ous pr ep ar eas consi st s
of f i sh, meat , f owl , veget abl es,
andcondi ment s .
The f ood f r omt he pr ep ar ea i s
br ought t o t he
var i ous poi nt s wher e i t
i s t o be used. One of
t he f i r st ar eas t o whi ch a
good par t of t he
pr epar ed f ood wi l l go i s t he
r ough cooki ng
ar ea. Her e we f i nd t he
bi g soup ket t l es, t he
veget abl e st eamer s, t he ovens,
andt he hot t ops
wher e most of t he bul k f oods wi l l be
pr epar ed.
Si nce many l ar ge pot s ar e used
i n t hi s ar ea,
t her e i s usual l y a pot washi ng ar ea
cl ose t o t he
r ough or pr el i mi nar y f ood cooki ng
ar ea. Rough
cooki ng i s usual l y
backed up t o t he f i ni shed
cooki ng ar ea. I n t hi s
f i ni shed cooki ng ar ea, t he
chef s wi l l be pr epar i ng
sauces and gr avi es as
wel l as br oi l i ng and
t r yi ng and appl yi ng f i nal
f l amet o var i ous t ypes of
meat s, f i sh, and f owl .
Bet ween t he chef s'
ovens, br oi l er s, and f r y-
Fi g . 2 Tr ash or amen
chat s .
er s, whi ch ar e al i gned
i n
a
st r ai ght l i ne, t her e
wi l l be an ai sl e f or t he chef s. On
t he ot her si de
of t hi s ai sl e wi l l be t he
ser vi ng
t abl es
f r om
whi ch t he wai t er s wi l l pi ck
up t he f i ni shed
f ood. At t hebot t omof t hese
t abl es wi l l be pl at e.
war mer s whi ch t he wai t er
pi cks up and set s
on t he t abl e so t he
chef can pl ace t he or der of
t he speci f i c di sh t hat
i s r equi r ed. Al so on t hi s
t abl e wi l l be bai ns- mar i e,
whi ch ar e pans i m-
mer sed i n ci r cul at i ng war n or hot wat er
i nt o
whi ch ar e put al r eady pr epar ed
veget abl es,
gr avi es and soups, al l kept at t he pr oper
t em-
per at ur e, so t hat t he chef can l adl e
t he r equi r ed
por t i on of f ood ont o t he di sh
wher e he has
al r eady pl aced hi s st eak, br oi l ed
f i sh, f r i ed
f ond, or ot her ent r e. Above t hi s
l ong ser vi ng
t abl e wi l l be smal l pot s and pans
whi ch t he
chef wi l l t ake down and use t o
pr epar e t he
873
Commer ci al
HOTELS
Fi g.
3 Mai n ki t chen, Par adi se I sl and,
Nassau, B. W. I .
Smal l por t i ons of what ever
f ood
i s
cal l ed f or
on t he wai t er s or der . Thi s
f ood pr epar at i on
ar ea wi l l have r each- i n boxes f or
cut s of meat
and f i sh whi ch have been
pr epar ed and ar e
r eady f or t he f i nal st age of cooki ng.
The chef
r eaches i n and t akes out what he needs
t o
pr epar e t he r equi r ed di sh. Of f t o one
si de,
somewher e i n t he wai t er ' s l i ne of
t r af f i c. , wi l l
be t he gar de manger sect i on . Her e have
been
del i ver ed
al l t he pr epar ed veget abl es and f r ui t s
so t hat t he gar de or ange( can ar r ange
sal ads,
pr epar ecol d desser t s, and wor k upt i r e var i ous
t ypes
of hor s d' oeuvr e as wel l as
seaf ood
cockt ai l s and ot her col d i t ems f or
t he st ar t
of a meal car sal ads t hat accompany t he
mai n
di sh. The gar de manger , on speci al
occasi ons,
wi l l pr epar e speci al t r ays of col d,
exot i c di shes
used f or buf f et s or banquet s . He wi l l
have hi s
own r each- i n boxes f or al l t he t ypes of
f r ui t s,
veget abl es, seaf oods, gar ni shes,
et c. , t hat ar e
used. Far t her al ong t he wai t er ' s
cour se wi l l be
a sect i on, cl oset o t i r e exi t , wher e
such i t ems as
br ead and r ol l s, but t er ,
cof f ee, t ea, i ce, and
ot her i t ems ar e st or ed. Br ead and r ol l s
maybe
i n a r ol l war mer . Her e al so wi l l
be
f ound
t he
cof f ee ur ns, t oast er s, and
egg boi l er s. Thi s
ent i r e ar ea i s f or sel f - ser vi ce by
t he wai t er s,
who wi l l pi ck up t he i t ems t hey
need on t hei r
way t o t he guest wai t i ng f or t he
del i ver y of hi s
f ood. Nowl et us, f or a r nmnent , l eave t he
ki t ch-
en and go i nt o t he di ni ng r oom. Abus
boy has
pi cked up t he soi l ed di shes af t er
a guest has
compl et ed hi s meal . He br i ngs t he soi l ed di shes
i nt o t hat ki t chen ar ea whi ch i s al l ocat ed f or
di shwashi ng. I n some cases t he wai t er
wi l l
pi ck up hi s ownsoi l ed di shes anddeposi t t hem
i n t he
di shwashi ng ar ea. Thi s i s a ver y noi sy
oper at i on i n whi ch sound shoul d be car ef ul l y
baf f l ed; but because of t he need t o get t he
di shes f r omt hedi ni ng r oomt o t he di shwasher ,
t he di shwasher i s usual l y pl aced cl ose t o t he
di ni ng r oomar ea so t hat t he di shes can be di s-
posedof as soon as t hewai t er or busboy ent er s
t he ki t chen . The di shwashi ng ar ea i s, of not es
si t y, not onl y noi sy but al so a r at her unt i dy
oper at i on,
SOi t must be kept f ai r l y i sol at ed
f r om
t he act ual cooki ng and ser vi ng ar ea. The
r eason f or keepi ng i t wi t hi n t he ki t chen i s
obvi ous
si nce t he di shes, as soon i t s t hey have
been pr oper l y cl eaned, wi l l be br ought back
i nt o
t he ki t chen ar ea f or t he ser vi ce of f r eshl y
pr epar ed
f ood . The wai t er , comi ng i nt o t he
ki t chen,
pl aces hi s or der s and f ol l ows a def i -
ni t e pat h al ong t he cooks and chef s' ser vi ng
t abl es, t he gar de manger ' s ser vi ng t abl es .
and
t he pi ckup ar ea. Then, bef or e
ent er i ng t i r e.
di ni ng r oom, I r e wi l l usual l y go by a checker ' s
desk wher e he pr esent s a check i ndi cat i ng t he
i t ems t hat he i s t aki ng out of t he ki t chen t o t he
di ner . A
checker cont r ol s al l f oods and bever -
ages l eavi ng t he ki t chen ar ea t o make sur e
t hat
t he i t ems ar e cor r ect and t he pr i ces pr oper l y
i ndi cat ed
. One ot her space wi l l usual l y occur
i n our
i deal ki t chen- - a ser vi ce bar wi t h a
bar -
t ender who wi l l pr epar e t i r e dr i nks t hat
t he
wai t er
has or der ed. Her e agai n, i t r oust be on
t he di r ect pat h of t r avel , so t hat af t er t he pr e-
par eddr i nks have been pi cked up by t hewai t er ,
he
wi l l
pass t he checker , who wi l l check of f
t he dr i nk i t ems as t o quant i t y and pr i ce.
Bef or e l eavi ng
t he ki t chen, we must l ook
at some ot her ar eas
t hat we wi l l usual l y f i nd
i n our i deal ki t chen.
Ther e wi l l be a chef ' s
of f i ce, whi ch
i s set wher et he chef can obser ve
al l t he act i vi t i es
i n t i r e ki t chen. Hi s of f i ce i s
usual l y
encl osed wi t h gl ass t o gi ve hi m aur al
pr i vacy but
compl et e vi sual cont r ol . Her e t he
chef wi l l pr epar e and
pl an menus. He wi l l be
pl aci ng or der s f or
f ood and wi l l gener al l y be
oper at i ng a
r at her compl i cat ed and met i cul ous
par t of t he hot el
ser vi ce. I n addi t i on t o t he
chef ' s of f i ce,
t her e may be t wo ot her ar eas
( once agai n,
assumi ng t hat ever yt hi ng i s hap-
peni ng on t hi s one
l evel ) . The f i r st of t hese i s
t he r oomser vi ce
ar ea. Her e t her emust be suf f i -
ci ent space f or
a f ai r l y l ar ge number of r oom-
ser vi ce r ol l i ng t abl es, whi ch
ar e set and r eady
t o car r y t he di shes
t hat have been or der ed by
t he guest vi a
t el ephone. These t abl es ar e usu-
al l y set up wi t h t hei r
l i nen, gl asswar e, and si l -
ver . I n t he war mi ng
compar t ment bel owt he
t abl ecl ot h, t he
r oomser vi ce wai t er wi l l pl ace
t he hot di shes, and on
t op of t he r ol l i ng ser -
vi ce t abl e he wi l l
pl ace t he col d di shes . The
r oomser vi ce
ar ea i s al ways cl ose t o t i r e cook-
i ng and gar de manger ar ea.
Much of t he r oom
ser vi ce wi l l consi st of
br eakf ast s or sand-
wi ches and sal ads .
Wher ever a hot di sh i s
cal l ed f or , t he r oomser vi ce
wai t er wi l l pi ck
i t up at t he chef ' s cooki ng
ar ea. The r oom-
ser vi ce ar ea shoul d, of
necessi t y, be as cl ose
t o t he ser vi ce el evat or s as
possi bl e. These,
of cour se, must come ( t own
t o t he ki t chen
f r omt he ser vi ce ar eas on
each of t he guest
f l oor s . Nor mal l y, we wi l l f i nd a r oomser vi ce
oper at or , who si t s at a t el ephone t aki ng
cal l s
f r om t he guest s . These cal l s ar e
especi al l y
numer ous i n t he mor ni ng, when many
guest s
ar e cal l i ng i n f or t hei r br eakf ast s
r at her t han
comi ng down t o t he di ni ng r oom. The
cooki ng
ar ea, consi st i ng mai nl y of
gr i ddl es, wi l l be
manned by shor t - or der chef s who
ar e r eady t o
pr epar e var i ous hot br eakf ast di shes, and
t he
gar de manger
sect i on wi l l be manned by a
cr ewwho ar e exper t
i n t he pr epar at i on of
br eakf ast menus. For t her est of t he day, sand-
wi ches and sal ads comi ng f r omt he gar do man-
ger wi l l be most i n
demand. Anot her par t of
t heki t chen wi l l be devot ed t o t i r e banquet
ar ea .
We ar e
assumi ng t hat t hi s hot el i s not t oo
l ar ge
and does not r equi r e a separ at e banquet
ki t chen but r at her a banquet ser vi ng ar ea. We
wi l l
see agai n t hat t he chef s wi l l pr epar e t he
banquet f ood, managi ng t hei r schedul e so
t hat
i t
does not i nt er f er e wi t h l unch or di nner . I n
t he
banquet ar ea t her e wi l l be mobi l e cabi net s
t hat t ake t r ays. These ar e el ect r i f i ed cabi net s
ar r anged t o keep di shes ei t her hot or col d .
Those
banquet cabi net s can be st ocked
bef or e
a banquet f or cer t ai n t ypes of manes. I n ot her
i nst ances, wher e st eak and r oast beef ar e oi l
t he
banquet menu, t her e must be ar eas i n whi ch
t he
chef can br oi l t he st eaks or l ar ge ovens
wher e a number of r oast s can be pr epar ed at
t he
same t i me. Al ar ge banquet ar ea i n a hot el
wi l l
r equi r e a separ at e banquet ki t chen wi t h
i t s own cooki ng f aci l i t i es as wel l as i t s own
di shwashi ng
ar ea. Her e t he ar chi t ect must
r evi ew t he
f ood ser vi ce r equi r ement s and,
wor ki ng
wi t h t he ki t chen engi neer , det er mi ne
t he l ocat i on
of t he banquet cooki ng and ser -
vi ce ar ea.
Ver y of t en t he banquet f aci l i t i es
ar e not on
t he same f l oor as t he di ni ng r ooms,
i n whi ch
case t her e woul d have t o be an el eva-
t or connect i ng
t he mai n ki t chen wi t h t he ban-
quet
ar ea.
Let us have one l ast l ook ar ound .
To begi n
wi t h, because
of what i s t aki ng pl ace
l i e
t i r e
ki t chen, t he
f l oor shoul d be of some mat er i al
whi ch can be easi l y
cl eaned. I n t he past , t he
bet t er ki t chens
used cer ami c t i l e. Ther e ar e
many newt ypes
of f l oor pr epar at i ons whi ch
can be appl i ed di r ect l y
over t he concr et e sl ab
and whi ch
l end t hemsel ves t o easy cl eani ng
as wel l as
of f er i ng a f i r m f oot hol d t o pr event
sl i ppi ng onwet spot s . The wal l s, i n most
ki t ch-
ens, wer e usual l y cer ami c t i l e . Her e agai n, t he
newpl ast i c mat er i al s ar e
by some
st andar ds
even bet t er t han t i l e, wi t h i t s cement j oi nt s and
t he possi bi l i t y of spal l i ng t i l e. By al l means,
ever y ef f or t shoul d be made t o hol d down t he
noi se l evel i n t he ki t chen, and t hi s i s best ac-
874
Commer ci al
HOTELS
compl i shed by usi ng a per f or at ed met al cei l i ng
wi t h acoust i c bot t s aboveor a cer ami c- t r eat ed
acoust i cal mat er i al . Hoods over al l cooki ng
ar eas ar e a must , and t he ar chi t ect shoul d
check wi t h t he bui l di ng code t o see t hat t he
hoods conf or mwi t h t he st andar ds not onl y
of t hecode but al so of t he Nat i onal Fi r e Under -
wr i t er s t o pr event t he spr ead of f i r es whi ch
of t enoccur when a di sh f l ames up whi l e cook-
i ng.
One l ast obser vat i on: i t i s an excel l ent
i dea t o
have t oi l et s and washr ooms f or ki t chen
hel p,
so
t hat i t i sn' t necessar y f or t hemt o r e-
t ur n t o
t hei r l ocker r ooms, whi ch may be at
some
di st ance
. I t
i s al ways advi sabl e t o keep
t he
ki t chen hel p wi t hi n t he ki t chen dur i ng
t hei r st i nt of dut y.
Door s t o di ni ng r ooms, and
t her e may be sever al
di ni ng r ooms ser vi ced
by t he one ki t chen, shoul d be
st r at egi cal l y
pl aced and baf f l ed so t hat t he
di ner s do not
hove a vi ewof what goes
on i n t he ki t chen,
and, what i s mor e
i mpor t ant , do not hear what
i s goi ng on.
Most hot el s have cof f ee
shops, al t hough t he
t r end i n
many hot el s t oday i s t o wor k out an
ar r angement
i n whi cha cof f ee shop and a r es-
t aur ant ar e
combi ned. Thi s i s especi al l y t r ue of
t he smal l er
hot el s and of some of t he chai n
hot el s . For
pur poses of di scussi on, l et us con-
si der t hat t he cof f ee
shop i s a separ at e ent i t y.
The i deal pl an
woul d be t o pl ace t he cof f ee
shop backed up t o
t he ki t chen, so t hat cer t ai n
f i ni shed
di shes and pr epar ed f oods can
be
del i ver ed t o t he cof f ee shop wor k ar ea di r ect l y
f r om t he
mai n ki t chen under compl et e con-
t r ol an i t posses f r ompr ep ar eas t o ki t chen t o
cof f ee shop. I n t he cof f ee shop much of t he
f ood pr epar at i onwi l l be done at t he count er s .
I n t hi s ar ea
t her e usual l y wi l l be f ound sand-
wi ch and
sal ad ar eas as wel l as f r yer s and
br oi l er s and gr i ddl es . Al so
i n
t he cof f ee shop
wi l l be t he col d ar ea
f or i ce cr eams, desser t s,
et c. I n t he l ar ger cof f ee shops, most of t he
cooki ng maybe done i n t heki t chen and passed
t hr ough
t o t he count er f or pi ckup by wai t er s
and wai t r esses . I n a cof f ee shop t her e wi l l , of
cour se, be count er s and st ool s, but t her e wi l l
al so be t abl es and chai r s . At t he count er we
wi l l
usual l y f i nd a pi ckup ar ea wher e t he wai t .
er s can
pi ck up t he f ood pr epar ed f or t hem
wi t hout
di st ur bi ng t he di ner s who ar e si t t i ng
at
count er s . Di r t y di shes wi l l be sent back t o
t he
di shwashi ng ar ea t hr ough a pass- t hr ough,
or t hey wi l l be car r i ed t o
t he di shwashi ng
ar ea
i n t hemai n ki t chen
. Cof f ee shop di ner s expect
qui ck ser vi ce
and, t owar d t hi s end, t he menus
ar e car ef ul l y
pr epar ed f or easy handl i ng by
shor t - or der chef s
and sandwi ch and sal ad men
who wor k wi t hi n
t hecof f ee shop and not i n t he
mai n ki t chen .
Wher ever speci al t y di shes of t he
day ar e
of f er ed, such as r agout s or soups, t hey
ar e pr epar ed
i n t he mai n ki t chen and pl aced i n
hot
bai ns- mor i s, r eady
t o be pi cked up f or
qui ck ser vi ce.
Ther e i s anot her
phase i n t hef ood ar ea whi ch
mayor maynot
be consi der ed i n a hot el , name-
l y: f ood
ser vi ce or di ni ng f or t he hot el hel p.
Lar ger hot el s
wi l l pr ovi de an empl oyees' caf e-
t er i a. Thi s space i s
usual l y pl anned
t o be cl ose
t o t he
hel p' s l ocker r ooms and yet cont i guous
t o t he mai n
ki t chen.
I f
such
a pl an can
be
wor ked out , t he f ood pr epar ed
f or
t he empl oy-
ees' caf et er i a comes
f r om t he mai n ki t chen,
end i t i s ser ved as I t woul d
be i n any nor mal
caf et er i a. Empl oyees
go
t hr ough
a sel f - ser vi ce
l i ne, pi cki ng up hot
and col d f oods
as
wel l
as
dr i nks as t hey go al ong . They ar e checked by
t he checker or cashi er and car r y t hei r t r ays t o
t het abl es . At t ent i on shoul d
al so
be pai d t o t he
f act t hat t he di r t ydi shes whi ch come out
of
t he
empl oyees' caf et er i a must be r et ur ned t o
t he di shwashi ng ar ea and her e agai n, i f al al l
possi bl e, a pass- t hr ough shoul d be ar r anged
wher ebyt hedi r t ydi shes can be passed di r ect l y
t o t he mai n di shwashi ng ar ea i n t he ki t chen.
Whi l e st i l l i n t hef ood depar t ment , l et us l ook
i n on t he bever age ser vi ce ar ea . Thi s maybe a
bar r oom or a cockt ai l l ounge. I n any case,
t her e wi l l be a bar wi t h st ool s ( i f l ocal codes
per mi t ) and an ar ea f or cockt ai l t abl es and
chai r s . Acockt ai l l ounge must be ser vi ced j ust
as t he ki t chen i s ser vi ced. To t he bar must be
br ought not onl y l i quor and bot t l ed goods but
al so t he usual cr unchi es t hat onef i nds i n a bar ,
such as
pot at o chi ps, peanut s, pr et zel s, et c.
The bar t ender
wi l l
al so
need f r omt he commi s-
sar y ar ea
or anges, l emons, l i mes, t omat o
j ui ce,
et c. Cockt ai l l ounges wi l l al so ser ve
cockt ai l canapes and,
ver y of t en, sandwi ches .
Ar r angement s must be made i n t he pl an
f or
t he
del i ver y of al l of t hese
i t ems
t o
t he bar wi t hout
t oo much possi bi l i t y of l osi ng
somet hi ng on t he
way. I deal l y, t he del i ver y
shoul d be made di -
r ect l y t o t he back bar t hr ough
pass- t hr oughs
f r omt he ki t chen, so t hat we f i nd once agai n
anot her uni t backed up t o t he i deal ki t chen.
Thi s wi l l not al ways be possi bl e.
Ther ei s agr eat deal mor e t o be
known
about
f ul l f ood and bever age ser vi ce
i n
a
hot el , but a
gener al knowl edge on t he par t
of t he ar chi t ect
wi l l suf f i ce. He must depend upon
t he ki t chen
engi neer f or advi ce, pl ans, and det ai l s, j ust
as
he must depend upon hi s el ect r i cal
engi neer ,
hi s mechani cal engi neer , and st r uct ur al
engi -
neer s t o f eed hi mt he i nf or mat i on t hat
he wi l l
need t o compl et e hi s
pl ans f or a hot el . I t must
be bor ne i n mi nd t hat most hot el s consi der
f ood ser vi ce as a
necessar y evi l . The per cent .
age
of
pr of i t on a f ood oper at i on i s al ways ver y
smal l . Pr of i t on bever ages i s much hi gher , and
so
bever age
ser vi ce i s qui t e desi r abl e as an
adj unct t o
a f ood oper at i on. Awel l - pl anned
f ood and bever age
set up, wher e cont r ol and
ef f i ci ency ar e t he
gui di ng pr i nci pl es, wi l l i n-
cr ease t he
r at her meager pr of i t s on t hi s hot el
f unct i on. I t i s i n t hi s ar ea
t hat t he ar chi t ect ,
wor ki ngwi t h t he hot el oper at or
and hi s st af f of
exper t s- whi ch i ncl udes chef s,
manager s, et c. ,
as wel l as t he ki t chen
engi neer - can br i ng t o
bear hi s t al ent s i n cr eat i ng an ent i t y
whi ch wi l l
f unct i on at t op ef f i ci ency.
Mechani cal Spaces
Anot her ar ea t hat shoul d be
consi der ed i n
desi gni ng t he backof - t hehouse spaces
wi l l be
t heboi l er or mechani cal r oom.
I n t hi s ar ea wi l l
be f ound t he var i ous pi eces of equi pment
f or
heat i ng and cool i ng as wel l as
al l
t he
t anks and
pumps t o keep al l t he mechani cal syst ems
i n
oper at i on. Each mechani cal r oomwi l l be of
a
si ze and shape t hat wi l l sat i sf y t he
r equi r e-
ment s f or al l t hecr eat ur e
comf or t s t hat a mod-
er n hot el has t o of f er . I n t hi s ar ea wi l l al so
be
f ound al l cent r al swi t ch gear t hat cont r ol s
el ect r i c cur r ent f or ever y pur pose i n t he hot el
compl ex. Thi s domai n bel ongs t o t he house
engi neer and, nat ur al l y, t her e shoul d be
pr o-
vi si on f or an engi neer ' s of f i ce, wi t h a
mechani -
cal r epai r shop cl ose by. Ther ear ea number of
ot her shops t hat pr obabl y wi l l be l ocat ed
i n
t hi s ar ea of t he hot el . These woul d
i ncl ude a
car pent r y shop, an uphol st er y shop,
and def i -
ni t el y an ar ea f or a l ocksmi t h. Somewher e
i n
t hear ea, wher e t hey ar e easi l y accessi bl e,
wi l l
be st or age r ooms i n whi chwi l l be kept
a mul t i -
t ude of spar e par t s t o ser vi ce t hehot el .
Some of
t hi s st or age space wi l l be used
f or mechani cal
equi pment r epl acement s, and ot her st or age
ar eas wi l l cont ai n spar e par t s f or t he f ur ni t ur e,
car pet r epl acement s, wal l paper r epl acement s,
cl eani ng mat er i al s, and cl eani ng equi pment
t hat wi l l be used by t he house por t er s.
Ther ewi l l be anot her ar ea whi ch, t echni cal l y,
bel ongs t o t heback of t he house. Thi s ar ea wi l l
875
be occupi ed byper sonnel t hat ver y of t en come
i n cont act wi t h t he guest s, and t he st r at egi c
l ocat i on of t hese backof - t hehouse f aci l i t i es
wi l l be
cont r ol l ed ent i r el y by what happens i n
t he f r ont of t he house.
I ncl uded i n t hese ar eas
you
wi l l f i nd account i ng and bookkeepi ng
of f i ces ( whi ch back up
t he f r ont cashi er s) ;
r eser vat i ons of f i ces
( whi ch back up t o t he
f r ont
r egi st r at i on desk) ; and of f i ces f or man-
agement , whi ch wi l l
i ncl ude
a
r ecept i on ar ea, a
manager ' s of f i ce, and an assi st ant
manager ' s
of f i ce. I n t hi s par t of t he
hot el compl ex one
woul d usual l y f i nd t he head
of t he f ood and
bever age depar t ment , who maydoubl e as
t he
banquet manager . Ther e wi l l be a
mai l sor t i ng
r oom, whi ch mi ght wel l be pl aced
behi nd t he
r egi st r at i on desk, si nce guest s'
mai l i s del i v-
er ed
at
t hi s poi nt
. Mor e wi l l be sai d about al l
t hesespaces when f r ont - of - t hehouse
oper at i on
i s di scussed f ur t her . Bef or e l eavi ng t hi s ar ea,
we shoul d not e t he f act t hat t her e
wi l l pr obabl y
be a secr et ar i al pool t o handl e al l t he spaces
t hat have been enumer at ed above. We wi l l be
r ef er r i ng t o al l t he above spaces as t he
admi n-
i st r at i ve ar ea.
FRONT OF THE HOUSE
We have nowest abl i shed t he
act i vi t y whi ch
cont r ol s t he pl an of a hot el as f ar
as t he back
of t he house i s concer ned. We wi l l
nowexam-
i newhat happens i n t he so- cal l ed
" f r ont of t he
house" - t hat ar ea whi ch concer ns
i t sel f wi t h
t he guest as di st i nct f r om t hat ar ea
whi ch
concer ns i t sel f wi t h t he smoot h
f unct i oni ng of
t he hot el . I t must be bor ne i n mi nd
t hat a hot el ,
l i ke J anus, wear s t wo f aces. The guest
or t he
payi ng cust omer sees onl y t he
f r ont of t he
house, and t hi s must be al l t hat he desi r es- a
wi sh f ul f i l l ment , an ego bui l der , a st at us sym-
bol , and above al l el se a pl easant and sat i sf y-
i ng pl ace i n whi ch he wi l l spend a ni ght , a
week, or a mont h. The back of t hehouse, whi ch
has al r eady been di scussed, i s
wher e
al l t hat
makes t hi s happen t akes pl ace.
These ar e t he
ar eas of bur ni shi ng,
but cher i ng, baki ng; of
boi l er s, mot or s, compr essor s,
and ovens. The
guest never sees al l t hi s, but t hese unseen
spaces wi l l pr eci sel y det er mi ne hi s degr ee of
cont ent ment . These ar e t he ar eas t hat wi l l
ul t i mat el y di ct at e whet her t he hot el
wi l l r un at
a pr of i t or a l oss . The f r ont of t he house com-
pr i ses ever y ar ea t hat t he guest wi l l see;
l obbi es, di ni ng spaces, r est r ooms, passenger
el evat or s, cor r i dor s, hot el r ooms, et c. These
spaces must be handl ed and pl anned wi t h one
t hought i n mi nd: t he conveni ence and cont i n-
ued appr obat i on of t he guest s .
Let us nowaccompany our
ar r i vi ng guest
f r omt he t i me hi s car or t axi pul l s up t o t he
mai n ent r ance. As t he guest ent er s t he mai n
ent r ance ( and t her e shoul d be onl y one
mai n
ent r ance) , he shoul d be over come wi t h a f eel -
i ng of ser eni t y, wel come, enddef i ni t el y a com-
pl et e absence of conf usi on
. The r egi st r at i on
desk and t he el evat or s shoul d and
must
be
i mmedi at el y appar ent . The r egi st r at i on
ar ea
consi st s of a f r ont desk, behi nd
whi ch i s a
r egi st r at i on cl er k, behi nd whom
i s t he
key
and
mai l r ack, and behi nd t hat t he
var i ous admi n-
i st r at i on spaces . At t hi s poi nt l et us consi der
t he r egi st r at i on
pr ocess i t sel f . ( See Fi g. 4. )
Guest Regi st r at i on
Ahot el r egi st r at i on
desk must be l ocat ed so
t hat i t i s
i mmedi at el y vi si bl e as one ent er s t he
hot el l obby. The si ze of
t he desk wi l l be det er -
mi ned by t he si ze of t he hot el
. Ther e i s no
speci al r ul e t o be f ol l owed except
t hat a hot el
of l et us say, 2, 000 r ooms mi ght
have anywher e
Commer ci al
HOTELS
Fi g. 4 The Chur chi l l Hot el , London.
f r om f our t o
si x r egi st r at i on cl er ks, whi l e a
hot el of 100 t o
200 r ooms wi l l have one or at
r oost t wo spaces at
whi ch guest s mayr egi st er .
Ther e ar e
cer t ai n r equi r ement s f or t he cl er k
behi nd t he
desk as f ar as equi pment i s con-
cer ned.
The si mpl est ar r angement wi l l cal l f or
a
sui t abl e f i l e cont ai ni ng advance r eser vat i on
car ds r equest i ng space, so t hat t he cl er k can
qui ckl ycheck what
r oomhas been r eser ved f or
what par t i cul ar guest . Anot her mandat or y
pi ece
of equi pment i s a sl i p or car d f i l e whi ch,
at a gl ance,
i ndi cat es whi ch r ooms ar e occu-
pi ed and whi chr ooms ar eopen. Occupi ed r oom
spaces wi l l have
a car d wi t h t he name of t he
guest and pr obabl y
t he dat e when t he guest
i nt ends t o
l eave . As soon as t he guest checks
i n, a car d
i s sl i ppedi nt o t hespace f or t he r oom,
i ndi cat i ng t hat t he
r oomi s nowoccupi ed. Thi s,
t he
si mpl est f or mof r egi st r at i on, i s appl i cabl e
t o t he
smal l er hot el s . Lar ger hot el s have f ar
mor e
sophi st i cat ed equi pment , much of i t
el ect r oni cal l y cont r ol l ed, whi ch ser ves t o i ndi -
cat e
t i me of ar r i val of guest s who have made
r eser vat i ons,
t i me of depar t ur e of guest s who
ar e al r eady
checkedi nt o t he hot el , and syst ems
wher eby t he
r egi st r at i on cl er k can al so be
i nf or med whet her
t he r oomhas been vacat ed
and whet her t he r oomhas al r eady been made
up by t he mai d on t hef l oor and i s r eady t o r e-
cei ve a newguest . The ar chi t ect shoul d ac-
quai nt hi msel f wi t h t he r equi r ement s of t he
f r ont desk and al so be awar e of cer t ai n com-
pani es who manuf act ur e t he f i l i ng syst ems and
t he el ect r oni c equi pment whi ch i s used f or r es-
er vat i on and guest cont r ol .
Advance Reser vat i ons
The hot el i ndust r y depends pr i mar i l y on
advance r eser vat i ons t o keep i t s r ooms f i l l ed.
The t r avel i ng publ i c i s awar e of t hi s f act , and
most t r avel er s wi l l book t hei r r eser vat i ons i n
advance. Chai n hot el s and chai n mot el s have
devel oped compl i cat ed and ef f i ci ent el ect r oni c
syst ems f or advance r eser vat i on booki ngs
whi ch ar e made f r om any poi nt wi t hi n t he
chai n. The syst ems empl oyed ar e ver y much
l i ke t he syst ems nowbei ng used by ai r l i nes f or
booki ngs and r eser vat i ons . Ter mi nal
poi nt s i n
t he l ar ger hot el s have aut omat i c el ect r i c equi p-
ment whi ch t ypes out t he name, dat e of ar r i val ,
ant i ci pat ed l engt h of st ay, and t ype of accom-
876
modat i ons r equest ed. Whet her t he syst embe
t he i nvol ved el ect r oni c syst emor whet her i t
be a r eser vat i on made by t el ephone or wi r e, a
r eser vat i on cl er k wi t hi n a r eser vat i on of f i ce
i n
t he hot el wi l l t ake car e of al l t heser equest s f or
r ooms . Si nce quest i ons do ar i se at t he t i me
when t he guest i s checki ng i n, t he l ocat i on of
t he r eser vat i on of f i ce must obvi ousl y be as
cl oset o t he f r ont desk as t he pl an wi l l per mi t .
Thi s wi l l enabl e a r eser vat i on cl er k t o go back
t o t he r eser vat i on depar t ment t o check on a
quest i onabl e r eser vat i on or t o adj ust any
pr obl ems
whi ch may
ar i se
at
t he t i me
t hat t he
newguest s ar e checki ng i n.
Mai l and Keys
Ther ear e t wo ot her ser vi ces t hat t he f r ont or
r egi st r at i on desk must per f or m. The f i r st and
obvi ous one i s t o ser ve as t he pl ace wher e t he
r oomkeys ar e kept . Some of t he l ar ger hot el s
have r oom- key cl er ks whosef unct i ons
consi st
onl y of r ecei vi ng keys f r om guest s as t hey
l eave t he hot el and gi vi ng t he i ncomi ng guest s,
ei t her upon r egi st r at i on or dur i ng t hei r st ay,
t he keys t o t hei r r ooms. I f t he r egi st r at i on
cl er k handl es t he keys . t hen obvi ousl y t he key
r ack i s di r ect l y behi nd t he desk, easi l y accessi -
bl e t o t he r egi st r at i on cl er k. I f t he hot el i s l ar ge
enough t o r equi r e a separ at e ar ea and separ at e
per sonnel f or handl i ng of keys,
t hi s f unct i on
wi l l usual l ybe al ongsi de t he act ual
r egi st r at i on
desk. Si nce i t i s compar at i vel y si mpl e
f or some-
one t o ask f or a key who i s
not ent i t l ed t o i t
and who may be usi ng t hat key
t o ent er and
r ob an absent guest , i t behooves t he
ar chi t ect
t o r eal i ze t hat some cont r ol
i s necessar y i n t he
handi ng out of keys t o make sur e
t hat keys ar e
gi ven onl y t o t he r egi st er ed guest s
f or t hat
par t i cul ar
r oom. Mai l i s al so handl ed i n most
hot el s at t he r egi st r at i on
desk. whi ch di ct at es
t hat keys and mai l sl ot s ar e
desi gned as one
uni t and pl aced di r ect l y behi nd
t he r egi st r at i on
desk. Wher e a hot el i s l ar ge
enough t o r equi r e
speci al key cl er ks, t he same cl er ks
wi l l pr oba-
bl y handl e al l i ncomi ng mai l
f or t he guest s . I f
at al l possi bl e, mai l
sor t i ng and handl i ng
shoul d be done i n anar ea wher e
t i r e guest does
not see t hi s oper at i on t ake pl ace. I deal l y i t
woul d be
behi nd t he mai l and key r ack. Awel l -
desi gned uni t wi l l be
wor ked out so t hat a mai l
cl er k can pl ace
t he mai l i nt o t he i ndi vi dual
mai l sl ot s f r ombehi nd, r at her t han wor ki ng
i n
t he f r ont and i nt er f er i ng wi t h t he act i vi t y
of
t he r egi st r at i on cl er k.
Cashi er
The aver age hot el usual l y has t he cashi er ' s
count er l ocat ed adj acent t o t he r egi st r at i on
desk. Ther e i s no har d and f ast r ul e concer ni ng
t hi s cl ose i nt er r el at i onshi p. The l ar ger hot el s
may pl acecashi er s i n t heso- cal l ed " f r ont desk"
ar ea but somewhat r emot e f r om t he act ual
r egi st r at i on desk. Ther e ar e t i mes i n l ar ge
hot el s, especi al l y t hose cat er i ng t o conven-
t i ons, wher e one convent i on i s checki ng out
whi l e anot her i s checki ng i n. Thi s wi l l make
f or
t r af f i c congest i on and some conf usi on. Such a
si t uat i on can be avoi ded by pl anni ng t he r egi s-
t r at i on and cashi er f aci l i t i es so t hat l i nes
f or mi ng i n f r ont of t he r egi st r at i on desk do
not
conf l i ct wi t h l i nes f or mi ng at t he cashi er ' s
count er .
The cashi er i n t he smal l er hot el s wi l l handl e
most of t he bookkeepi ng. Thi s i s done by
means of t oday' s qui ck and ef f i ci ent el ect r i c
bookkeepi ng machi nes . Ver y of t en t he
ni ght
cashi er wi l l handl e a good deal of t he
book-
keepi ng, r el i evi ng t he dayt i me st af f
of t hi s
chor e. Lar ger hot el s wi l l have a compl et e
book-
keepi ng depar t ment . Thi s wi l l r equi r e
mor e
t han j ust t he act ual cashi er s, who
r emai n at
t hei r st at i ons, whi l e t he bookkeepi ng
depar t -
ment handl es al l ent r i es and bookkeepi ng
f or
t he guest s . I t
i s
obvi ous t hat
t hi s bookkeepi ng
depar t ment shoul d be cl ose t o i f
not backed up
t o t i r e f r ont desk cashi er s, so t hat
any ques-
t i ons of char ges can be qui ckl y
checked and
adj ust ed by t he cashi er , who
wi l l cont act t he
bookkeepi ng depar t ment f or
cl ar i f i cat i on or
cor r ect i ons i n t he guest s' bi l l s .
Conveni ences wi l l usual l y be
f ound i n t he
cashi er ' s ar ea f or guest s who
br i ng val uabl es
wi t h t hem, whet her i t be
cash, j ewel r y, or
i mpor t ant paper s . Guest s ar e
r equest ed by
hot el management t o l eave such
val uabl es i n
t he hot el ' s
saf e deposi t boxes
or vaul t . I t i s
desi r abl e t o have t he guest
t r ansf er hi s
val uabl es t o a cashi er out of si ght
of t he publ i c
occupyi ng t he mai n l obby.
Ther ef or e, a smal l
cl osed r oom i s nor mal l y pr ovi ded. The
guest
ent er s t hi s r oomand gi ves t he val uabl es
t o
t he
cashi er t hr ough a pass- t hr ough wi ndow. Thi s
pass- t hr ough
wi ndowshoul d have avi ewof t he
vaul t or t he saf e so t hat t he guest can
wat ch
hi s val uabl es bei ng deposi t ed pr oper l y
. Wher e
saf e deposi t boxes ar e f ur ni shed by
t he hot el ,
t he cashi er wi l l hand ar key t o t he guest .
The
same pr ocedur e wi l l be f ol l owed
when t he
guest wi shes t o wi t hdr awhi s val uabl es f r om
t he saf ekeepi ng of t he hot el . Thi s conveni ence
i s especi al l y usef ul i n l ar ge r esor t
or conver t -
t i on hot el s wher e women guest s
wi l l
be
wear -
i ng j ewel r y on speci al occasi ons . Acl osed
r oommakes i t possi bl e f or t heguest
t o del i ver
and r ecei ve t hej ewel r y wi t hout
bei ng obser ved,
a pr ecaut i on t hat i s most necessar y
i n t oday' s
t hef t - pr one soci et y.
Ahot el cashi er must al so handl e t he cash
f r omr est aur ant s and cof f ee shop. The cash-
i er s i n t hese f aci l i t i es wi l l be br i ngi ng t hei r
cash r ecei pt s t o t he cent r al cashi er . I n a
smal l hot el , t hi s can be done di r ect l y wi t h-
out any concer n about t he t r ansf er of t he
f unds f r om t he r est aur ant and cof f ee shop
t o t he cashi er . I n l ar ge hot el s, wher e t her e
ar e a number of r est aur ant s and ot her f a-
ci l i t i es whi ch ent ai l cash payment , speci al
ar r angement s shoul d be made f or t he handl i ng
of t hi s cash and, i n some i nst ances, saf et y
deposi t boxes or vaul t s ar e pr ovi ded so t hat
t he money can be st or ed when i t i s br ought t o
t he cashi er space at of f hour s and hel d unt i l
Commer ci al
HOTELS
Fi g. 5

( a) Ur i s Br ot her s Hot el , NewYor k. ( h)
Amer i cana Hot el , NewYor k, t ypi cal t ower r oom
. ( c) Loews N. Y. Mot el ,
t ypi cal r oom. ( d) Causeway I nn, Tampa, Fl or i da.
87
7
Commer ci al
HOTELS
Fi g. 5 ( cant
. )

( e)
Tampa I nt er nat i onal I nn, Tampa, Fl or i da
.
( f ) I ndi es
House, Duck Key, Fl or i da. ( g) Amer i cana
Hot el , Bal Har bour , Fl or i da. ( h) Par adi se I sl and Hot el ,
Par adi se I sl and, Bahamas. ( i ) Amer i cana of Puer t o Ri co,
t ypi cal r ooml ayout . ( j ) Massena Mot or I nn, Massens, N. Y.
878
Commer ci al
HOTELS
Fi g. 5 ( cont
. )

( k) Chi copee Mot or I nn, Chi copee, Massachuset t s . ( I ) and ( m) Thomas Ci r cl e Mot or Hot el , Washi ngt on,
O. C. ( n) Ri ver vi ewMot or Hot el , NewYor k.
879
Commer ci al
HOTELS
nor mal cashi er oper at i ons begi n i n t he mor n-
i ng, at whi ch
t i me r ecei pt s f r omt he ni ght be-
f or e ar e t aken out and pr oper l y cr edi t ed. Thi s
syst emi s ver y much l i ke a ni ght deposi t or y i n
a bank . Mor e and mor e hot el s ar e i nst al l i ng
pneumat i c t ube syst ems f or t he
t r ansf er of
guest s' checks di r ect l y t o t he cashi er .
These
checks wi l l be comi ng f r om var i ous
di ni ng
r ooms and cockt ai l l ounges as
wel l as f r om
t hecof f ee shopand f r omt he
r oomser vi ce ar ea .
These checks f or f ood,
bever ages, et c. , whi ch
have been si gned by t he
guest s, shoul d be
t r ansf er r ed as qui ckl y
as possi bl e t o t he cash.
i er . Thi s i s especi al l y
i mpor t ant when a guest
i s checki ng
out a shor t t i me af t er havi ng si gned
a check f or f ood or
bever ages or such i t ems
as l aundr y and val et .
Char ges f or t el ephone
cel l s wi l l
have t o be f or war ded t o t he cashi er
al so . Many hot el s ar e
usi ng an el ect r i c count -
i ng devi ce vi si bl e
t o t hecashi er whi ch i ndi cat es
t he number
of cal l s made by t he guest whi l e
occupyi ng hi s
r oom. These i ndi cat or s f unct i on
aut omat i cal l y
but must be suppl ement ed when-
ever l ong- di st ance cel l s ar e made by guest s .
Such suppl ement al
i nf or mat i on i s f ed t o t he
cashi er by
t he t el ephone depar t ment .
Admi ni st r at i ve Ar ea
The admi ni st r at i on of a hot el oper at i on de-
pends ent i r el y upon i t s si ze. Asmal l hot el wi l l
most l i kel y have an of f i ce f or a manager , who
may have hi s secr et ar y wor ki ng i n t he same
r oom
wi t h hi m. The
door t o hi s of f i ce f aces
t hepubl i c l obby, and an addi t i onal door i s pr o-
vi ded so t hat he can go f r omhi s of f i ce t o t he
f r ont desk. Thi s i s
t he si mpl est oper at i on and
i s f ound
onl y i n
t he
smal l er
hot el s . Al ar ger ,
medi umsi zed hot el wi l l have a manager and an
assi st ant manager and, as a r ul e, t her e wi l l
be e r ecept i on of f i ce wher e one or t wo t ypi st -
r ecept i oni st s wi l l be act i ng as a buf f er bet ween
t he publ i c and t he manager . As a hot el pr oj ect
gr ows l ar ger , t he admi ni st r at i ve ar ea gr ows
mor e compl ex. Asi def r omt he manager and t he
assi st ant manager , t her e may be an of f i ce f or
a f ood and bever age manager and
a
banquet
manager . Al ar ger hot el ,
wi t h
si zabl e
conven-
t i on f aci l i t i es, wi l l al so have an of f i ce f or t he
convent i on manager and hi s assi st ant s . Obvi -
ousl y, es t he compl exi t y of t hi of f i ce
and
admi ni st r at i ve ar ea gr ows, a mor e car ef ul and
det ai l ed st udy i s, per f or ce,
made
t o ar r ange
e smoot hl y f unct i oni ng sui t e of
of f i ces t oget her wi t h
secr et ar i al pool s, book-
keeper s, t el et ype machi nes,
a mai l r oom f or
i ncomi ng mai l and f or
vol umi nous out goi ng
mai l , et c. The accompanyi ng i l l ust r at i ons
show
howt hese ar eas have been handl ed i n var i ous
hot el s . I t must
be
bor ne i n mi nd
t hat t hi s f r ont
of t hehouse wor ks cl osel y wi t h t he
back of t he
house. Manyof t hepeopl e i n t he admi ni st r at i ve
ar ea wi l l deal wi t h guest s
as wel l as hot el cus-
t omer s seeki ng t o ar r ange f or
l uncheons,
banquet s, andconvent i ons
. Accessi bi l i t y t o t he
publ i c, t her ef or e,
i s
of
t he ut most i mpor t ance
.
Rest aur ant Faci l i t i es
Ever y hot el ,
whet her i t has 50 r ooms or 2, 000,
must consi der t he f eedi ng of guest s . Smal l
hot el s mayget by wi t h a pl easant cof f ee shop
r est aur ant . Thi s t ype of uni t i s becomi ng mor e
popul ar i n t he smal l er hot el wher e f eedi ng
f aci l i t i es ar e kept t o a mi ni mum. Such a f aci l i t y
woul d be t he t ype wher e qui ck cof f ee shop
ser vi ce coul d be of f er ed a guest , ei t her at a
count er or at a t abl e, and wher e, wi t hi n t he
same apace, mor e l ei sur el y di ni ng coul d be
pr ovi ded. The di f f er ence bet ween t he t wo
i s achi eved pr i mar i l y t hr ough decor end
at mospher e r at her t han any physi cal or st r uc-
880
t ur al ar r angement . I n such a f aci l i t y, i t i s possi .
bl e t o t ake car e of e l ar ge br eakf ast
busi ness
usi ng t he ent i r e f aci l i t y
. Ther e ar e occasi ons
when a vi sual separ at i on
bet ween cof f ee shop
and
r est aur ant i s made movabl e, so i t can be
t aken away dur i ng t he br eakf ast - hour r ush .
For l uncheon,
t he di vi si on i s r eest abl i shed,
maki ng
i t possi bl e t o ser ve qui ck meal s f or
t hose i n a hur r y i n t he cof f ee shop ar ea and
mor e l ei sur el y l uncheons i n t he r est aur ant
por t i on. I n t he eveni ng, i t i s possi bl e t o get
a mor e per manent t ype of separ at i on bet ween
cof f ee shop end r est aur ant by pushi ng t he cof -
f ee shop separ at or ar ound t he count er ar ea,
t hus al l owi ng f or maxi mumt abl e and seat i ng
ar r angement s i n t he so- cal l ed r est aur ant ar ea
when t he cof f ee shop i s doi ng a mi ni mum
bus-
i ness. Under nor mal si t uat i ons t her e
wi l l be a
cockt ai l l ounge or bever age bar even i n t he
smal l est di ni ng f aci l i t y. The l ar ger hot el wi l l
have a pl easant cof f ee shop f or
qui ck ser vi ce
and f or si mpl er meal s, wher eas a
r est aur ant ,
wi t h i t s appr opr i at e decor f or
mor e
l ei sur el y
di ni ng, wi l l of f er
a
mor e
var i ed menu wi t h
pr obabl y hi gher cost per meal
t han
i n
t he
cof f ee shop. The cockt ai l l ounge wi l l
usual l y
be f ound cl ose t o t he di ni ng r oomso t hat
hot el
guest s can pausef or a cockt ai l bef or e l unch or
di nner , or whi l e wai t i ng,
bef or e
goi ng
t o t he
di ni ng r oot " ,
t o meet
f r i ends or ot her
guest s
.
Wher e convent i on f aci l i t i es ar e of f er ed wi t hi n
a hot el , i t i s wi se t o have a bar pl aced cl ose
t o
t he convent i on f aci l i t i es . Convent i oneer s
seem
t o have a pr opensi t y f or a cockt ai l bef or e or
af t er meet i ngs . Thi s i mpul se- t ype of bever age
buyi ng i s boost ed t r emendousl y i f
bever age
f aci l i t i es ar e pl aced i n t he nor mal pat h of t r af -
f i c. Lar ge convent i on and banquet f aci l i t i es
usual l y pr ovi de a f i xed or por t abl e
bar ar r ange-
ment i n t he pr eassembl y or f oyer ar eas t o t ake
car e of pauses bet ween meet i ngs
and semi
.
nar s and t o f i l l t hose
pauses wi t h a f aci l i t y
t hat wi l l pr ovi de a " pause t hat
r ef r eshes. "
Ther e i s no speci al r equi r ement f or
t he desi gn
of hot el r est aur ant s,
bar s, cockt ai l l ounges,
and cof f ee shops whi ch ar e i n any way di f -
f er ent f r om t he st andar d r equi r ement s f or
any such f aci l i t y. At t ent i on i s cal l ed
t o t he
f act t hat peopl e st ayi ng at hot el s have a t en-
dency t o seek out hi ghl y t out ed speci al t y
r est aur ant s wi t hi n an ar ea r at her
t han eat i ng
t hei r meal s i n t he hot el . Thi s i s especi al l y t r ue
f or eveni ng di ni ng. Towar d t hat end,
hot el s
mor e and mor e ar e t ur ni ng t o
speci al t y r es.
t aur ant s whose speci al t y i s not onl y
f ood but
al so decor , so t hat t hey can compet e f avor abl y
wi t h i ndi vi dual r est aur ant s
i n t he gener al ar ea
of t he hot el . The same hot el ki t chen can
pr e-
par e al most any t ype of speci al f ood i ncl udi ng
Chi nese, Pol ynesi an, seaf ood, or gour met
di shes . The i mpor t ant t hi ng t o r emember i n l ay-
i ng out t hese spaces i s t hat t he decor must
be
devel oped t o ent i ce t he hot el guest s
t o eat i n
t he hot el r at her t han out si de i n ot her speci al t y
r est aur ant s. Cont i nui ng i n t hi s vei n of
speci al -
i zed f eedi ng, some hot el s ar e i nst al l i ng r oof -
t op r est aur ant s wher e a vi ewof t he ci t y or t he
gener al ar ea i s avai l abl e and i n whi ch f ai r l y
l i mi t ed menus ar e of f er ed- most l y open- hear t h
ki t chen ser vi ce whi ch i ncl udes st eaks, chops,
and cut s of r oast
beef
.
Such a
menu
r equi r es
e ver y smal l ki t chen and obvi at es t heneed f or
cr eat i ng l ar ge, expensi ve f aci l i t i es on
a r oof
f or
speci al t y
cooki ng.
Wher ever a r oof t op
r est aur ant i s
cr eat ed, t he ar chi t ect must beer
i n mi nd t hat t her e wi l l
be i ncr eased
t r af f i c
i n
t he el evat or s t aki ng di ner s f r om bot h i n and
out si de t he hot el
t o
t hi s speci al i zed r oof t op
f aci l i t y. Anddon' t f or get t hat , because of publ i c
assembl y r equi r ement s, t he st ai r s must be
si zed l ar ger
.
Supper cl ubs or ni ght cl ubs wi l l
al so be f ound i n t he l ar ger hot el s . When f aced
wi t h t hi s t ype of di ni ng and ent er t ai nment
f eat ur e, t he pl ans
must i ncl ude
not onl y a
st age
of sor t s, t oget her wi t h t he at t endant st age
l i ght i ng,
but al so dr essi ng r ooms f or per f or m-
er s and a r oomf or t he or chest r a . I t i s hi ghl y
desi r abl e t o keep such an adj unct es cl ose t o
t he
mai n
ki t chen as possi bl e. I n t he pl anni ng
of l ar ge hot el s t hat encompass al l t he di ni ng
f aci l i t i es al r eady ment i oned, i t may not be
possi bl e t o oper at e out of one cent r al ki t chen.
I n t hi s case t her e may
be
sever al ki t chens,
pr ef er abl y on a hor i zont al cor e, so t hat
t her e
i s t hepossi bi l i t y
of ver t i cal di st r i but i on of f ood
f r omt he pr epar at i on ar eas whi ch woul d pr ob-
abl y be on t he l ower l evel .
Lobbi es
Ever y hot el , r egar dl ess of
i t s
si ze, must have
a publ i c l obby. The
si ze of t he l obby i s
l ar gel y
det er mi ned
by t he number of guest r ooms as
wel l as by t he t ype of
hot el t hat
i s on t he ar chi -
t ect ' s dr awi ng
boar ds . I t goes wi t hout
sayi ng
t hat t he l ar ger
t he hot el , t he l ar ger t he l obby
.
The l obby wi l l al so
have t o be
l ar ger i n a r esor t
or convent i on hot el . Ar esor t hot el wi l l r equi r e
a l ar ge l obby
because guest s
wi l l
congr egat e
t her e i n t he eveni ng . A
hot el
cat er i ng t o con-
vent i ons needs
a l ar ge
l obby
because
her e
agai n t her e
i s a const ant gat her i ng of conven-
t i oneer s bef or e t hey go of f t o l ect ur es, semi -
nar s, meet i ngs, l uncheons, and di nner s. Ther e
i s no r ul e of t humb t o det er mi ne t he si ze of a
l obby. One must p

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