PETROVIETNAM

55 DU KH - S 4/2012
1. Tng quan v v hin tng nhim thy ngn
1.1. Ngun gc hnh thnh
Thy ngn (Hg) l kim loi t nhin, tn ti di
nhiu dng khc nhau, tn ti dng lng nhit
phng. Thy ngn d dng ha hi v c kh nng kt
hp vi mt s nguyn t khc th to thnh thy ngn
hu c hoc v c. Trong , thy ngn hu c cc
k nguy him n sc khe con ngi cng nh mi
trng xung quanh.
Thy ngn c tm thy t hot ng phun tro
ca ni la, cc qu trnh bay hi hoc kh
kh ca lp v tri t v trong cht thi
cng nghip. Trong cng nghip du kh,
cc ngun thy ngn ch yu xut pht t
phn gii cc ha thch trong lng t
nhit cao, sau chng nhim vo
va du, kh.
1.2. Tnh trng nhim thy ngn trong
hydrocarbon
1.2.1. Trong du th
Cc nghin cu v hm lng thy
ngn trong du th M cho bit tng hm
lng thy ngn trong du th (bao gm
thy ngn dng nguyn cht v hp cht)
dao ng trong khong t 0,1 - 20.000g/
kg du th [1].
Thng k v hm lng thy ngn trong du th
c x l ti cc nh my lc du ti M trong nm 2004
c trnh by trong Bng 1 [1].
1.2.2. Trong kh t nhin
Trong kh thy ngn thng c hm lng t 0 - 300g/
Nm
3
v c hm lng kh cao ti mt s vng khu vc
ng Nam , ng u, Bc M. Hm lng thy ngn cao
xut hin Indonesia (Adun) v H Lan (Groningen) v c
bit c vi ging vi hm lng thy ngn cc k cao nh
North Germany mc 4.400g/m
3
(Bng 2).
Nghin cu phng php x l thy ngn trong
khai thc kh
KS. Hunh Vit Quang, TS. T Quc Dng
i hc Bch khoa Tp. HCM
TS. Nguyn Minh Hi
Tng cng ty Thm d Khai thc Du kh
Tm tt
S c mt ca thy ngn trong kh khai thc c th gy ra nhng thit hi khng nh cho nn cng nghip khai
thc v s dng kh. Do vy, nghin cu phng php x l thy ngn trong qu trnh khai thc v x l kh l mt
ti cp thit, ph hp vi hon cnh thc t nc ta hin nay. Trong qu trnh nghin cu, nhm tc gi tin hnh
tnh ton thit k thit b hp ph thy ngn lm gim ng k hm lng thy ngn u ra ca dng sn phm.
Bng 1. Hm lng thy ngn trung bnh trong du th x l ti M
trong nm 2004 [1]
(*): Trong cc ti liu thng mi, hm lng thy ngn trong du th thng phm thng c o bng n v ppb wt (parts per billion by weight = 1 phn
t tnh theo khi lng) hoc ppm wt (parts per million by weight = 1 phn triu tnh theo khi lng).
HA - CH BIN DU KH
56 DU KH - S 4/2012
Thy ngn c mt trong kh trong mt s m ca b
Cu Long vi hm lng vo khong 32,1ppb theo th
tch (sau bnh lm khan nc ti CCP) [ngun PV Gas]. Tuy
nhin ti u ra ca h thng x l (tng ng vi ng
kh u ra trong Hnh 1) hm lng thy ngn ch c 5,1ppb
theo th tch. Nh vy, lng thy ngn chnh lch c
lu gi trong h thng thit b x l. Gi s mi ngy c
5.000.000m
3
kh th hi thy ngn lu li trong h thng vn
hnh l 0,135m
3
v mt nm l 48,6m
3
(ch tnh gi s p
sut 101.325kPa v nhit l 15
0
C, cha tnh n p sut
v nhit ca ngun kh c o). Lng hi thy ngn
ny c th lu li trong h thng thit b x l kh dng
ht hoc phn ng vi kim loi ca vt liu dn ti hin
tng n mn [21].
Hnh 1. S cng ngh ca h thng x l kh [10]
B ng 2. Nng thy ngn trong kh t nhin [21]
PETROVIETNAM
57 DU KH - S 4/2012
1.2.3. Trong condensate
Theo nghin cu ca Sarrazin v cc cng s th
hm lng thy ngn trong condensate dao ng trong
khong 10 - 3.000ppb wt.
Cng theo thng k ca Unocal (1998), hm lng
thy ngn trong condensate ti vnh Thi Lan dao ng
t 500 - 800g/m
3
v c nh gi l c hm lng thy
ngn cao c kh nng gy nh hng n qu trnh khai
thc du kh trong khu vc.
1.3. nh hng ca thy ngn
Thy ngn c mt trong du th, kh t nhin v
condensate trong qu trnh khai thc du kh s gy ra
nhng nh hng i vi:
- Sc khe con ngi.
- Trang thit b.
- Gi bn du, kh, condensate.
1.3.1. nh hng n sc khe
c t ca thy ngn ph thuc nhiu vo dng ha
hc c bit. Nguyn t thy ngn Hg th tr v khng
c hi, nhng khi ha hi p sut cao th rt c. Vic
x l thy ngn ch nn c gii quyt trong khu vc
thong kh ca ging v khi trn ra th phi gii quyt mt
cch nhanh chng nht. Hi thy ngn khi ht vo c th
s theo mu i vo no, gy nguy him cho h thn kinh
trung ng.
1.3.2. nh hng n trang thit b
Thy ngn trong kh t nhin khng ch tn ti di
dng nguyn t m cn tn ti di nhiu dng hp cht
khc ca thy ngn nh hp cht thy ngn v c v
hu c. Ngi ta tm thy nhiu thnh phn hp cht
ca thy ngn trong lng kh thu c, v hn th na
nguyn t thy ngn v cc dng hp cht ca n c th
gy ra n mn rt ln. Thm vo , s c mt ca H
2
S -
loi kh thng c mt trong kh t nhin - chnh l cht
xc tc trong phn ng ha hc ca thy ngn vi nhm,
l cht c dng ch to mt s chi tit ca thit b
trao i nhit v cc thit b khc ca h thng x l.
Kt qu ca vic n mn ny l do hp kim ca thy
ngn v nhm to nn c gi l hn hng [14]. bt
u qu trnh n mn nhm, th lp nhm oxit trn b
mt phi c loi b.
Khi thy ngn kt hp vi nhm ti b mt, nhm s
b ha tan ti mt tip xc vi thy ngn v d dng to ra
Al(OH)
3
bng phn ng vi nc.
Al + Hg AlHg
2AlHg + 6H
2
O 2Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
2
+ 2Hg
Qu trnh phn ng ny s li to ra thy ngn t do,
v sau quy trnh n mn s li tip tc cho n khi
thit b b bo mn dn v dn n h hng khng th s
dng c.
Nguyn t thy ngn khi xm nhp vo mng tinh
th ca thp - vt liu chnh ca ng ng - s lm gim
bn ca thp. Nguyn t thy ngn cng lm gin cc
cc hp kim ca ng, dn ti gim bn ca cc thit
b lm t hp kim ng khi b nguyn t thy ngn xm
nhp [2].
1.3.3. nh hng n gi bn du kh
V cc nh my lc du ch thit k x l du
th, condensate vi hm lng thy ngn cao (mt s
nh my c th chp nhn hm lng thy ngn n
500ppb wt). Do vy du th, condensate c hm lng
thy ngn cao c mua vi gi thp hn so vi du
th, condensate c hm lng thy ngn thp. Mc
gim gi ph thuc vo hm lng thy ngn, ni bn,
nhu cu th trng Du th, condensate c hm lng
thy ngn cao hn 1.000ppb wt c th b gim gi hn
10USD/thng.
Trong qu trnh khai thc m kh t nhin c hm
lng thy ngn cao, nu khng x l thy ngn
khi dng kh th mt phn thy ngn s i vo dng
condensate. Cui cng s dn n vic gim gi bn con-
densate, lm nh hng n hiu qu kinh t ca d n.
Bng 3. Hm lng thy ngn trong condensate [16], [19]
HA - CH BIN DU KH
58 DU KH - S 4/2012
Nh vy thy ngn trong hydrocarbon d vi hm
lng rt nh vn c th gy ra thit hi ln v sc khe
con ngi, trang thit b v kinh t. Chnh v vy, nghin
cu x l thy ngn trong khai thc l vn ht sc
quan trng v cn thit.
2. Phng php x l thy ngn trong khai thc du kh
2.1. Phng php x l thy ngn
Yu cu c bn dn n thnh cng trong vic kh
thy ngn v p ng tnh kinh t ca vic kh thy ngn
l h thng x l thy ngn phi p ng c cc yu
cu sau:
- C kh nng gim lng thy ngn trong dng lu
cht n mc yu cu ca ngi mua.
- C cng sut x l ln cho mc khai thc ca
m.
- Lm vic hiu qu ti p sut v nhit ca dng
lu cht i vo h thng.
- C quy trnh c th v an ton v lu tr v x l
thy ngn sau khi b kh v cc ha cht sau khi tng tc
vi thy ngn.
- C chi ph u t v vn hnh hp l.
- Vn hnh d dng.
Hin nay c kh nhiu phng php x l thy
ngn. Tuy nhin, hai phng php ni bt hn c l hp
ph bng than hot tnh v bng mui sulfur. Da trn
nhng u im ca vic dng mui sulfur x l thy
ngn, nghin cu xy dng hng thit k thit b x
l thy ngn da trn phng php ny.
2.2. Thit b x l thy ngn
Vic tnh ton bnh hp ph thy ngn cn
ph thuc vo din tch sn cng nh chiu cao
ti a cho php ph hp vi thng s k thut
ca gin c sn ban u.
Trong bnh hp ph, phn quan trng nht
chnh l th tch tng hp ph. Mc ch chnh
ca phn thit k bnh hp ph cng chnh l tnh
ton th tch ca tng hp ph t a ra nhng
thng s kch thc v ng knh trong ca thp
cng nh chiu cao ca tng hp ph cho nh sn
xut tham chiu v la chn thng s thch hp
nht thit k mt bnh hp ph va ph hp vi
yu cu v din tch ca gin va ph hp vi vt
liu, chi tit sn c ca nh sn xut.
C hai kiu bnh hp ph:
- Bnh hp ph theo nguyn tc hp ph dc
trc: dng kh c dn vo trong bnh hp ph, i
Hnh 2. Bnh hp ph theo
nguyn tc hp ph dc trc
Hnh 3. Bnh hp ph theo nguyn
tc hp ph theo bn knh
Bng 4. u v nhc im ca 2 kiu bnh hp ph
PETROVIETNAM
59 DU KH - S 4/2012
qua khong khng v lp bi cu ceramic n nh dng
trc khi tham gia vo phn ng ha hc bn trong bnh
theo phng thng ng dc trc ca bnh. Sau khi
tham gia phn ng vi mui sulfur bn trong dng kh s
i theo ng dn kh ra ngoi.
Bnh hp ph theo nguyn tc hp ph theo bn knh
(hp ph ngang): dng kh i vo bnh hp ph v ch yu
c dn vo cc ng ng nh st thnh bnh v trn
thn nhng ng nh st thnh bnh ny c nhng l nh
dng kh thm ngc vo tm bnh xuyn qua lp ha
cht hp ph v i vo ng ng thu hi kh nm dc
trc bnh hp ph v i ra ngoi.
C th phn tch u nhc im chnh ca 2 kiu thit
k ny nh Bng 4.
u v nhc im ca vic hp ph thy ngn bng
mui sulfur:
- u im:
+ C tui th lu.
+ Ph u t thp hn, bnh cha nh hn.
+ C th lm vic p sut cao.
+ C th thit k lm vic p sut thp.
+ C th dng cho kh kh v kh t.
+ Khng c ri ro tht thot lu hunh.
+ C th thit k tng t cho dng hydrocarbon
lng (nh).
+ C th tn dng nguyn liu ti ch do nu chy
kim loi.
- Nhc im:
+ Chi ph sn xut mui sulfur cao hn than hot tnh.
+ S xut hin ca nc (H
2
O) s lm gim hiu qu
x l thy ngn do nc khng phi l cht xc tc tt cho
phn ng ha hc gia mui sulfur v thy ngn.
Trong nghin cu ny, tc gi ch tp trung vo
hng thit k cho bnh hp ph dc trc v n c thit
k n gin nhng hot ng hiu qu p sut va
(< 100 bar) - iu kin p sut lm vic phn ln cc
gin x l ti Vit Nam.
3. Thit k thit b x l thy ngn
tnh ton c th tch ca tng hp ph, cc
nghin cu trc y cho thy nhng thng s ca
dng kh u vo v yu cu v iu kin lm vic ca
gin, thng s v ha cht hp ph cng nh thng s
v vt liu ch to bnh hp ph l iu kin cn thc
hin tnh ton.
Tnh ton bnh hp ph trong nghin cu ny c
thc hin nh sau:
3.1. Tnh ton bnh hp ph
Lng kh khai thc trong t nm:
V
gas
= q x t x 365 (Sm
3
) (1)
Trong :
q: lu lng khai thc (trSm
3
/ngy)
t: tui th cn thit ca cht hp ph (nm)
Lng thy ngn trong kh cn c loi b trong
t nm:
m
Hg
= (C
Hg1
- C
Hg2
) x V
gas
x 10
9
(kg) (2)
Trong : C
Hg1
, C
Hg2
: hm lng thy ngn kh u vo,
u ra (g/Sm
3
).
Sau , da vo phng trnh phn ng gia thy
ngn vi mui sulfur (Hg + M
x
S
y
= M
x
S
y-1
+ HgS) tnh khi
lng ca cht hp ph cn thit m M
x
S
y
hp ph thy
ngn trong thi gian t nm.
Th tch cn thit ca lng cht hp ph hp
ph thy ngn trong thi gian t nm:

(3)
Trong : : khi lng ring ca cht hp ph (kg/m
3
)
: khi lng cht hp ph cn dng (kg)
Nh vy, th tch ca tng hp ph (m
3
) cn thit
x l thy ngn trong thi gian t nm c tnh theo cng
thc sau:

(m
3
)

(4)
Trong :
k: h s an ton ly bng 1,5
R: t l th tch ht cht hp ph hiu dng (c kh
nng hp ph thy ngn). c lng R = 10% qua quan
st thc t.
Chiu cao (h
bed
- m) ca tng hp ph v ng
knh trong ca thp hp ph (d
in
- m) c tnh ton t
cng thc:
HA - CH BIN DU KH
60 DU KH - S 4/2012
ng knh ca thit b hp ph c gii hn bi
iu kin ca gin. Chiu cao ca tng hp ph cng b
gii hn trn bi gim p ti a cho php. gim p
ca kh khi qua tng hp ph c tnh ton nh sau:
T thnh phn kh u vo ti tin hnh lp
bng tnh ton khi lng ring ca hn hp kh (
g
)
vi n v l kg/m
3
[23]:

(6)



Trong : P: p sut lm vic (KPa)
M
a
: khi lng mole ca hn hp kh (kg/kmole)
z: h s lch kh
R: hng s 8,3145
T: nhit lm vic (
0
K)
M
j
: khi lng mole ca tng thnh phn (kg/kmole)
y
j
: phn trm mole ca tng thnh phn
H s lch kh z hon ton c th tnh c bng cch
dng phng php tra th Standing-Katz hoc dng
quan h Dranchuk & Abou - Kassem hoc Hall - Yaborough
[3] tnh trc tip.
Tip theo nghin cu tnh h s nht ca hn hp kh
iu kin p sut kh quyn bng cch tra th h s
nht ca cc kh sch p sut kh quyn ri dng cng
thc sau [22]:

Trong :
M
j
: khi lng mol ca thnh phn kh.

j
: nht ca thnh phn kh (cp) c xc nh
bng cch tra th.
Nhng thnh phn kh ca nghin cu ang xt
iu kin nhit v p sut lm vic do nghin cu
cn tm t s bng cch tra cc th xc nh t s
nht theo t trng kh.
c lng vn tc kh b mt v
g
(m/pht) [20], [22]:

V ht ha cht m chng ta dng x l thy ngn
c ng knh trung bnh l khong 4mm nn nghin cu
mc nh gi tr A = 67.
Da vo gim p ti a cho php nghin cu c
th tnh ton c lng chiu cao ti a ca tng hp ph
m bo yu cu v gim p ti a cho php theo
cng thc nh sau [20]:



Trong : P l gim p (KPa)
V ht ha cht c ng knh trung bnh l khong
4mm v c hnh cu nn B = 5,36 v C = 0,00189.
Da trn cc cng thc trn, nhm tc gi lp
nhiu gi tr d
in
v h
bed
tng ng nh sn xut c th
la chn mt gi tr ph hp vi vt liu sn c v iu
kin c th ca gin khai thc.
Sau khi xc nh chiu cao ca tng hp ph cng nh
ng knh trong ca thp hp ph, nhm tc gi c tnh
chiu cao ca thp hp ph bao gm chiu cao tng hp
ph, chiu dy ca lp phn phi v n nh dng kh v
khong khng cn thit dng kh di chuyn v m bo
gim p dc theo trc ca thp l ti thiu. Nh vy,
theo thc nghim [5] v [20], chiu cao thm vo khong
t 1 - 1,5m t c chiu cao n nh cho thp.
B dy ca v bnh hp ph c th c tnh theo
nhiu tiu chun khc nhau, tuy nhin trong bi bo ny
tnh ton b dy v bnh hp ph thy ngn theo tiu
chun ASME [22].



Trong : : b dy ca v bnh hp ph (mm)
d
in
: ng knh trong ca bnh hp ph (mm)
: ng sut ti a cho php (MPa)
E : H s hiu dng ca mi hn ni
: nh mc mi mn (mm)
4. Kim chng
Nghin cu tnh ton mt thit b x l ti m X c
thng s dng kh u vo bnh hp ph v ch lm
vic nh Bng 5, 6.
(cp) (8)

(5)
(7)
(9)
(10)
(11)
PETROVIETNAM
61 DU KH - S 4/2012
Cc thng s v ha cht c dng (Bng 7).
S h thng x l thy ngn ti m X nh Hnh 4.
Sau khi p dng cng thc tnh ton, nghin cu
c c kt qu nh Bng 8.
So snh kt qu tnh ton vi kt qu thc t ca mt
bnh hp ph thy ngn c s dng ti m X trong
thi gian 5 nm cho thy, vi cng mt thng s u
vo, ha cht hp ph, thng s dng kh, nghin cu
ch ra c kt qu tng ng vi kt qu thc t ca thit
b s dng ti m X. Theo , ti m X, vi cng thng
s u vo v ch lm vic, th tch hp ph c dng
l 19m
3
, ng knh thp l 3m v chiu cao ca tng hp
ph l 2,7m, thp ny c dng trong 5 nm v thay ha
cht sau 5 nm s dng. i vi phn tnh ton ca tc
gi, sau khi p dng cc cng thc trong phn nghin cu
dng b s liu ca m X tnh ton kch thc thp
hp ph v t c kt qu tng ng nh thp ang
s dng ngoi thc t.
5. Kt lun
Vic thit k thit b v xy dng m hnh x l ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t cng nh kh nng p dng cho
tng trng hp c th. Vi mc tiu Nghin cu phng
php x l thy ngn trong khai thc du kh, nghin cu
gii quyt c nhng vn sau:
+ a ra thit k bnh x l thy ngn cho mt m c
kh nng p dng ti Vit Nam.
+ Tnh ton thit k bnh hp ph thy ngn theo
phng php hp ph dc trc bng mui sulfur, m
Bng 6. Thng s dng kh u vo bnh hp ph
Bng 7. Thng s ha cht c dng
Bng 8. Kt qu tnh ton v so snh vi thc t
H nh 4. S x l thy ngn ti m X
Bng 5. Ch lm vic ti m X
HA - CH BIN DU KH
62 DU KH - S 4/2012
quan trng nht l tnh ton c th tch tng hp ph,
t a ra cc thng s kch thc tng ng cho
cc nh sn xut la chn thng s ph hp sn xut.
+ Kt qu bnh hp ph tnh ton sau khi so snh vi
kt qu thit b x l m X v c th chp nhn c
a vo sn xut th nghim.
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