Trn Quang Vinh (Ch bin) v Ch vn an

NGUYN L
K thut in t








nh xut bn gio dc - 2005

































01 45 / 1749
02 GD
6T7

M s : 7B594M2


Li ni u
Ti liu "Nguyn l k thut in t" trnh by v nguyn tc hot
ng c bn ca cc linh kin v mch in t thng dng. Ngy nay k
thut in t c p dng ht sc rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc
khoa hc cng ngh v i sng. Ta c th thy s hin din ca cc
mch in t ngay trong cc thit b ti gia nh, cng s nh t chic
my thu v tuyn truyn hnh ti h thng my vi tnh hin i. Kin
thc c bn v in t l hnh trang khng th thiu c cho cc
sinh vin chuyn ngnh m cn c th l cng c tt cho cn b v
sinh vin cc ngnh khc lin quan ham mun tm hiu k thut tin
tin. Do ti liu c c gng bin son sao cho m bo
nhng ni dung c bn nhng vn cp nht c nhng vn hin i
trong mt khun kh hn ch. Sch c dng lm ti liu ging
dy cho sinh vin bt u hc v k thut in t trong cc ngnh
in t - Vin thng, Cng ngh thng tin, Vt l k thut, ... thuc i
hc Quc gia H Ni trong nhng nm gn y. Do vy nhng kin thc
tin quyt i hi ngi c khng nhiu ngoi mt s hiu bit lin
quan n cc c s ton hc v vt l.
Sch c chia thnh 9 chng. Ba chng u tm lc nhng khi
nim c bn lin quan n tn hiu, mch in v h thng in t.
Chng 4 trnh by v cc dng c bn dn - l nhng linh kin ch yu
ca k thut in t hin i - cng nh cc mch in t khuch i
c bn nht s dng cc linh kin ny. Chng 5 trnh by v cc mch
pht sng, mt thnh phn rt hay gp trong cc h thng in t.
Chng 6 v chng 7 i su vo tm hiu k thut in t phi tuyn.
l cc mch iu ch, gii iu ch, trn tn, ... dng nhiu trong k
thut thng tin, pht thanh, truyn hnh, k thut dn ng, v.v...
Chng 8 cp ti mt lnh vc gip ranh gia k in t tng t
(analog) v in t s (digital), l cc mch bin i D/A v A/D. Cui
cng, chng 9 cung cp cho ngi c kin thc v mt s mch
ngun nui h thng in t in hnh.
Cun sch chc khng trnh khi cc thiu st, v vy chng ti mong
nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c. Cc kin xin gi v:
B mn in t v K thut My tnh, Khoa in t - Vin thng, Trng
i hc Cng ngh, i hc Quc gia H ni, 144 ng Xun Thu, Qun
Cu giy, H ni.
hoc
Cng ty c phn sch i hc - Dy ngh, trc thuc Nh Xut bn Gio
dc, 25 Hn Thuyn - H Ni.
Cc tc gi


1
Chng 1
khi nim chung v h thng in t
1.1. Tn hiu, mch in v h thng in t
Mc tiu ca gio trnh ny l nghin cu v nguyn l k thut
mch in t. C th l cc mch in t tng t. Cc mch ny c
thit k xy dng trn c s kt ni cc linh kin in t nh in tr,
t in, cun cm, cc dng c bn dn, v.v... vi nhau. Hn na, t cc
mch in t c bn, ngi ta c th t hp chng li to nn cc h
thng in t c dng cho mt hoc nhiu mc ch no . Lan
truyn trong mch l cc tn hiu in, l biu hin vt l ca tin
tc. Trong cc mch in t, dng vt l ca tn hiu l dng in, in
p, v.v... v tng qut l cc sng in t.
V nhng l do va c nu, tn hiu v mch in l hai khu c
mi quan h cht ch v b sung cho nhau cn c ch trng trong
vic nghin cu thit k xy dng nn cc h thng in t. Cc h
thng ny l khng th thiu trong nhng ng dng thuc cng ngh
thng tin v truyn thng hin i. C th m t n gin mt h
thng nh hnh 1.1 sau.





Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn trong mt h thng in t.
Tin tc nh ting ni, hnh nh, s liu, v.v... t ngun tin qua cc
cm bin c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu in tng ng. Th d khi
mt cm bin nh microphone c t trc mt ngi ang ni, hai
u li ra ca n s xut hin mt in p bin thin c bin t l
vi p sut m thanh. Tn hiu ny c a ti li vo ca mch in
t gia cng, x l. Trong trng hp ny l mt mch khuch i, c
tc dng tng bin ca tn hiu li vo ca mch (l li ra ca
Ngun
tin
Cm
bin
Mch
in t
Mch
in t
Cm
bin
Tin c
nhn
Nhiu
Knh thng tin

2
microphone) t c mili-vn ln hng vn hoc vi chc vn kch
mt b pht cng sut ra loa. Trong vi trng hp khc, mch in
li c chc nng nh iu ch tn hiu, i tn, m ho, v.v... Nu cn
truyn i xa, tn hiu ny c gi qua mt hoc vi knh thng tin.
Cc knh ny l cc mi trng truyn sng in t, th d nh cp
ng trc, cp quang hoc khng gian xung quanh (trong trng hp
thng tin v tuyn). u kia ca knh, mt mch in thu c nhim v
thu nhn tn hiu ny ri gia cng, x l n cho nhng mc ch no
, th d nh khuch i, ti to li dng gc ca tn hiu, gii iu
ch, gii m, v.v... Trong c h thng nh vy, ngoi tn hiu nh ta va
ni, c quy c gi l thnh phn tn hiu c ch, h thng lun lun
chu tc ng ca rt nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau lm nh hng
ti tn hiu. Th d nh thng ging ca cc in t nhit gy nn mt
dng in c bin v pha thay i ngu nhin gi l n nhit trong
li vo ca cc b khuch i in t c mc tn hiu rt thp, cc
sng in t ca dng in thnh ph 50 Hz, cc xung in pht ra t
cc thit b in trong phng thm nhp vo cc h in t, v.v... Cc
tc ng ny gi chung l nhiu v c coi nh mt thnh phn tn
hiu v ch. Nhiu c cng hoc nhn vi thnh phn tn hiu c ch
gy nn s mo dng tn hiu hoc lm tn hiu b nhn chm trong n.
Trong nhiu trng hp, iu ny lm cho mch in thu khng th
pht hin ra c tn hiu c ch nu khng c s gia cng x l thch
hp. V vy vic chng li cc can nhiu hay lm gim nh hng ca
chng l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca thit k mch
in t.
1.2. Cc i lng c bn ca tn hiu
Cc i lng in c bn trong mt mch in t bao gm: in
tch, in th, hiu in th, dng in, tr khng v cng sut. Cc i
lng ny c kho st rt k trong cc gio trnh in t hc.
y ch nhc li mt cch khi qut cc nh ngha v p dng chng
trong cc mch in t.
in tch l mt thuc tnh ca vt cht. Cc loi vt liu (bao
hm c vt dn in hoc cch in) u c to thnh t cc nguyn
t trong c ht nhn v cc in t. Tnh cht dn in ca vt liu

3
ph thuc vo cc in t lin kt yu vi nguyn t. Mi in t mang
mt in tch bng 1,610
-19
Coulomb, k hiu l C. Coulomb l mt n v
in tch c chun ho v nh vy n tng ng vi tng in tch
ca c 6,2510
18
in t. Cc in tch trong t nhin c gi tr bng s
nguyn ln in tch ca mt in t. in tch ca in t c quy
c c du m (-), do vy in tch ca ht nhn nguyn t c du
dng (+).
S tn ti ca cc in tch c th c pht hin qua s tng tc
lc gia chng. Lc tng tc c xc nh nh sau:
F = F
e
(q
1
, q
2
, R) + F
m
(q
1
, v
1
, q
2
, v
2
, R)
Trong F
e
l lc tnh in ph thuc vo v tr ca cc in tch,
F
m
l lc t ph thuc vo v tr v chuyn ng ca cc
in tch;
q
1
v q
2
l gi tr tng ng ca hai in tch, v
1
v v
2
l vn
tc chuyn ng ca 2 in tch v R l khong cch gia
chng.
Nng lng trao i gia cc in tch s sinh ra lc in. Lc ny
gy nn chuyn ng ca cc in tch v sinh ra cng.
in th V
x
ti mt im x trong khng gian l cng phi thc hin
a mt n v in tch t v cng n im . Nu mt im y khc
c in th l V
y
th hiu s in th gia 2 im x v y gi l in p
gia hai im , c th c k hiu l U
xy
. in p ny c quy c l
dng nu im x c in th dng so vi im y v ngc li. Tc l:
U
xy
= U
yx

Theo nh ngha trn, nu gi A l cng do lc in sinh ra
chuyn lng in tch Q i t im x n y th hiu th U bng:

Q
A
U
xy
=
Trong s mch in, thng b qua cc ch s kp v thng vit
in p so vi mt im c chn lm im gc nh th d vi im z
sau:

4
U
xz
= 5V , U
yz
= 7V vit: U
x
= 5V v U
y
= 7V v coi in th im gc
z l 0 V.
Khi ni in p mt im no c ngha l in th ca im
so vi gc chung.
Dng in l lng in tch chuyn di qua dy dn hay qua cc
phn t ca mch in trong mt n v thi gian (dng in dn) hay
c khi ch l s bin thin ca in trng theo thi gian (dng in
dch). Chiu ca dng in trong mch c quy c chy t ni c in
th cao (+) ti ni c in th thp (). Do nh ngha nh vy dng in I
trn mt on mch c lng in tch Q chuyn qua trong thi gian t
s l:

t
Q
I =
Cng sut l cng m dng in sn ra trn on mch trong mt
n v thi gian. Do cng sut P c sinh ra bi dng in I khi chy
gia 2 im ca on mch c in p t vo U s l:
UI
t
Q
Q
A
d
P = = = =
gian thi
tch din
tch in
cng
gian thi
cng

Trong thc t cn tnh n cng sut trung bnh trong mt
khong thi gian T cho. Gi tr ny gi l cng sut hiu dng v
bng:

=
T
eff
dt ) t ( P
T
P
0
1

1.3. Cc phn t thc v phn t l tng ca mch in
Phn tch qu trnh xy ra trong mch in l phi tm c cc
gi tr v dng ca dng in hoc in p trn cc phn t, linh kin,
on mch, v.v... trong mt trng hp no . Cc phn t trong mch
in thc t l cc phn t thc. Chng bao gm c cc thng s chnh
v cc thng s k sinh. r khi nim ny ta hy ly mt th d v
mt in tr c ch to bng cch qun dy c in tr sut cao
(nh constantan) ln mt ng s cch in nh hnh v 1.2.a. V on
dy constantan c cun trn li s theo dng l xo rut g to
nn mt cun in cm c gi tr in cm tuy rt nh L
ks
, c khi ch c

5
phn mi H (10
-7
H), nhng vn khc khng. Ch s ks vit tt t ch "k
sinh" c ngha l phn t tp tn, nh so vi gi tr bnh thng. Mt
khc, cc vng dy c cun st nhau nhng cch in vi nhau
to nn cc bn t k sinh m tng in dung ca chng tuy rt nh,
ch c 1pF (10
-12
F), nhng vn khc khng. Nh vy, mt cch chnh xc
s thc ca ci in tr khng ch n thun c in tr R ca on
dy constantan nh trong s l tng hnh 1.2.c m cn phi thm
vo mt cun cm L
ks
mc ni tip vi n v mt t in C
ks
mc song
song vi c hai nh hnh 1.2.b.



(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 1.2. Phn t thc v l tng.
Nh v sau s thy, gi tr tr khng ca cc phn t k sinh ny
ph thuc vo tn s. Do khi phn tch mch in cha cc phn t
hot ng thc t mt di tn s khng qu c bit th thng
ngi ta n gin ho, coi cc phn t ca mch l l tng, tc l gi
tr ca cc thng s k sinh bng khng. Tc l phi m bo rng gi
tr ca cc thng s k sinh trong di tn s tn hiu hot ng l
nh c th b qua so vi thng s chnh, sao cho kt qu phn
tch l chp nhn c. Th d vi ci in tr thng thng c ch
to nh hnh 1.2.a c gi tr in tr c 1.000 th c th thit k cho s
dng trong cc mch in khuch i trong di tn s m thanh vi
chc kHz tr xung m khng cn quan tm ti cc gi tr in cm v
in dung k sinh ca n. Trong khi nu phi thit k mt mch in
khc hot ng di tn s rt cao c vi chc GHz nh trong k
thut ra-a th khng th khng tnh n cc thng s k sinh ny khi
thit k mch nu vn mun dng n n m khng mun thay bng
cc in tr c ch to c bit c cc thng s k sinh nh hn
na.
A
A B
B
R
L
ks
C
ks

R
ng s cch in
on dy
constantan c in
tr bng R


6
Do c kho st trong di tn s khng qu cao, nhng linh kin
c cp ti trong phm vi gio trnh ny thuc loi cc phn t
c coi l l tng.
1.4. Mch in, h thng in t v cc loi s ca n
thc hin mt mc ch no , nh thit k phi tp hp mt s
linh kin in t vi nhau v lin kt chng li v phng din in
to thnh cc mch in t. Cc linh kin ny c th l nhng linh
kin c bn nh in tr, t in, cun cm, cc ngun th hay ngun
dng. Chng cng c th l nhng cm bin hay cc phn t tch cc
phc tp hn nh transistor hay vi mch. Ni cc linh kin vi nhau c
ngha l lin kt cc li vo hay li ra ca chng bng cc dy dn m
trong iu kin l tng coi nh c in tr dy bng khng.
Biu hin bng bn v ca cc mch hoc h thng in t l cc s
mch. Cch trnh by nh hnh 1.1 gi l s khi ca h thng in
t hay trong trng hp khc l ca mch in t. Hnh 1.3.a trnh by
th d v mt s nguyn l ca mt mch in bao gm cc linh kin
nh transistor, in tr, t in v cc u ni li vo (input), li ra
(output). Hnh 1.3.b l s th hin trn thc t ca mch ny, l mt
bn mch gm cc phn dn in bng ng c ph trn 2 mt mt
ming php cch in, gi l bn mch lp rp. Trong trng hp ny bn
mch cn gm cc l cm chn cc linh kin vi cng ngh xuyn
l. Hin nay cn c cng ngh lp rp cc linh kin ln bn mch gi
l cng ngh gn b mt, trong cc chn linh kin c hn ngay
ln mt b mt cha n (bng thic hn hay cht keo dn in) ch
khng cn cm xuyn qua l v hn chn b mt kia nh c. Vi cng
ngh gn b mt hin nay ngi ta c th thit k ch to cc bn
mch in c nhiu lp, mi lp cha cc ng dy ni thm ch c linh
kin c tiu hnh ho trn n. Cng ngh ny cho php gim nh kch
thc bn mch in i rt nhiu. Bn mch lp rp c thc hin da
trn bn v ca n c gi l s lp rp. Hnh 1.3.c l nh chp bn
mch lp rp c cm cc linh kin trn . Hnh 1.4 l th d n
gin so snh 2 cng ngh gn cc linh kin in t l: cng ngh xuyn
l v cng ngh gn b mt.

7



Hnh 1.3. a) S nguyn l mch in. b) Bn mch lp rp.
c) Hnh nh bn mch c linh kin c lp rp trn .
Chng 2
tn hiu v cc phng php phn tch
(a)
(b) (c)
Chn linh kin
Php cch in
Linh kin
Lp dy dn
ng
Thic hn
L xuyn
Lp cch in 1
Linh kin
Keo dn in
Linh kin
Lp cch in 2
Hnh 1.4. Hai cng ngh
lp rp linh kin ln bn
mch in:
a) Cng ngh xuyn l,
b) Cng ngh gn b mt.
(a)
(b) Keo dn in

8
Trong k thut in t, dng vt l cui cng ca tn hiu l cc
sng in t ( cc khu trung gian n c th cc dng khc nh
in, t, v.v...). T y khi ni n tn hiu ta quy c hiu ngm l tn
hiu in, sng in. Ni chung tn hiu l lng vt l bin thin theo
thi gian nn v mt ton n thng c biu din bng mt biu thc
hay th ph thuc theo thi gian. Th d: vi tn hiu ni chung: s =
s(t), vi in p: u = u(t), vi dng in: i = i(t) v vi t thng: = (t),
v.v...
2.1. Tn hiu c biu din theo thi gian
2.1.1. Cc tn hiu tun hon v khng tun hon in hnh
Nu qua cc khong thi gian T nht nh, cc gi tr bt k ca tn
hiu li lp li nh trc th tn hiu gi l tun hon. Biu thc
ca tn hiu tun hon s(t) l mt hm tun hon vi chu k T nh sau:
s(t) = s(t + T) (2.1)
Nu mt tn hiu khng tm c gi tr hu hn ca T tho mn
biu thc (2.1) hay ni cch khc T , ta c tn hiu khng tun hon.
R rng tn hiu tun hon ch l mt tru tng ton hc v biu thc
(2.1) phi tho mn vi mi t t + < < t . Tuy nhin nu khong thi
gian tn ti tn hiu di hn chu k tn hiu nhiu th c th coi tn
hiu l tun hon. Th d, khi ng ri ngt mt dng in hnh sin
trong mng in thnh ph c tn s 50Hz qua mt bng n thc t ta
ch c c mt on tn hiu trong khong thi gian hu hn t khi
ng n khi ngt cng tc. Tuy nhin nu on tn hiu , cng chnh
l thi gian quan st l 1 giy di so vi chu k dng in T = 1/ 50 =
0,02 giy th ta c th coi y l qu trnh tun hon.
Ta hy xt 2 loi tn hiu tun hon v khng tun hon in hnh
nht l dao ng iu ho v xung n v.
Dao ng iu ho c tn s f c biu din bng biu thc:
s(t) = A cos (t ) (2.2)

9
Trong A l bin , l tn s gc
bng 2f v l pha ban u (hay dch
pha) ca s(t). Hnh 2.1 l th thi gian
ca dao ng iu ho. R rng dao
ng ny l mt tn hiu tun hon c
chu k T = 2/ .
Xung n v hay hm i-rc c nh ngha nh sau:

=

=
0 t
0 t 0
) t ( vi

+

= 1 dt ) t ( dt ) t ( (2.3)
Hnh 2.2. l biu din th cho xung
n v. Ta cng thy rng y l loi
tn hiu khng tun hon c bit v
cng l mt tru tng ton hc,
khng tn ti trong thc t.
T tn hiu xung n v, ngi ta suy
ra mt tn hiu c bit khc thng
dng hn l tn hiu nhy bc n v 1(t), c nh ngha nh sau:

<
= =
t
-
0 t 1
0 t 0
1 dt ) t ( ) t ( (2.4)
Hnh 2.3.a l biu din th
ca tn hiu nhy bc n v v
hnh 2.3.b l mt th d ng dng
ca n trong vic m t qu
trnh ng mch in mt tn
hiu iu ho mt thi im t =
t
0
no nh sau:
) t cos( I ) t t ( ) t ( I =
0 0
1
Dn gii ra ta c:

<
=
0 0
t t khi I
0 t khi
) t cos(
) t ( I

0
(2.5)


s(t)
t
0

T = 2 A
-A
Hnh 2.1. Tn hiu iu ho.







Hnh 2.2. Tn hiu xung n v.






1(t)
t
t
0
I
0
t
0
t
0
0
I

1
(a)
(b)

Hnh 2.3. a) Hm n v. b) M t qu
trnh ng dng in iu ho ti thi
im t
0
.
0
t
(t)
- -

10
2.1.2. Tn hiu xc nh v tn hiu ngu nhin
Tn hiu l xc nh (quyt nh) khi biu thc gii tch hay th
thi gian ca n l hon ton bit trc. iu c ngha l gi tr
cc thng s ca tn hiu hon ton c th xc nh chnh xc ti mt
thi im bt k. Nhng tn hiu ny c coi l tn hiu c ch.
Tn hiu ngu nhin li khc, gi tr ca n ti tng thi im
khng th xc nh chnh xc c m ch c th bit n nm trong
mt khong no vi mt hm phn b xc sut. Chuyn ng nhit
ca cc in t trong vt dn gy nn nhng thng ging in ngu
nhin l mt th d. Chuyn ng to ra dng in ngu nhin c
gi tr bin c di A trong vt dn gi l dng n (noise). Dng
in ny c coi l mt tn hiu ngu nhin v ch trn ln vi dng
in tn hiu xc nh v khi ln tn hiu c ch cng bc vi n, ta
s gp kh khn cho vic nhn bit n khi khng c x l cn thn.
Cc ngun pht sng t cc thit b khc xung quanh mch in t
cng gy nn nhng kch ng ngu nhin tc ng ln mch gi l
can nhiu. Cc can nhiu ny bao gm c nhng thng ging v nhit
, m, p sut mi trng, v.v...
Nu mun x l nhn bit, tch ra tn hiu xc nh trn mt nn
n ln th phi nm r bn cht ca c hai loi tn hiu xc nh v tn
hiu ngu nhin ny.
2.1.3. Tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s
Tn hiu khi c biu din theo thi gian c th c phn lm 4
loi sau:
1. Tn hiu tng t (analog signal) l tn hiu c bin c th
bin thin lin tc theo thi gian. Ni cch khc bin v thi gian
ca tn hiu tng t l lin tc.
2. Tn hiu ri rc l tn hiu c bin thi gian ri rc, tc l bin
ch c xc nh ti nhng thi im ri rc nht nh ca thang
thi gian. Cc gi tr bin ca tn hiu trong trng hp ny ch
c xc nh ti cc thi im ri rc t
0
, t
1,
, ...,

t
n
. Ta c th thu c tn
hiu ri rc bng vic ly mu tn hiu tng t.

11
3. Tn hiu c lng t ho l tn hiu tng t nhng c bin
c ri rc ho theo mt s mc hu hn. Vi mt thi im bt k
no , bin tn hiu c th nm gia 2 mc lin k nhng b buc gn
cho ch mt mc m thi (th d mc thp hn) v tn hiu lng t ho
s lun ch c mt s hu hn gi tr ri rc cc bin .
4. Tn hiu s (digital signal) l tn hiu c ri rc ho theo
thi gian v c lng t ho v bin .
2.1.4. Qu trnh qu v qu trnh dng
Qu trnh qu ca mt tn hiu nm trong khong thi gian m
bin hoc dng tn hiu cn c
nhng t bin ln trong khi qu
trnh dng nm trong khong thi
gian m thng s ca tn hiu tr
nn n nh. Hnh 2.4 cho ta hnh nh
ca qu trnh qu v qu trnh
dng ca mt sng sin c bin tng
nhanh ti mt gi tr n nh. Khong
thi gian t t
0
n t
1
l qu trnh qu v bin ca sng cn ang
c t bin tng. Cn khong thi gian t t
1
tr i c th coi l qu
trnh dng v bin ca sng sin tr nn n nh.
2.1.5. Cc gi tr o ca tn hiu theo thi gian
T biu thc ca tn hiu theo thi gian ta rt ra mt s gi tr o
ca n thng c s dng nh sau:
1. Gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu trong khong thi gian t t
0

n t
0
+ l:

+
=

0
0
1
t
t
dt ) t ( s ) t ( s (2.6)
Vi hm tun hon, trung bnh trong sut trc thi gian (t - n
+) bng trung bnh trong mt chu k tn hiu.
2. Cng sut tc thi ca tn hiu l bnh phng ca tn hiu
s
2
(t). Do vy cng ca tn hiu sinh ra trong khong thi gian l:

t
0 t
1
t

Bin

Hnh 2.4. Qu trnh qu v qu
trnh dng.

12

+
=

0
0
2
t
t
S
dt ) t ( s E (2.7)
3. Cng sut trung bnh l gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut tc
thi trong thi gian tn ti:

+
= =

0
0
2 2
1
t
t
S
dt ) t ( s ) t ( s P (2.8)
4. Gi tr hiu dng ca tn hiu chnh bng ln ca tn hiu
mt chiu DC sn ra cng mt cng sut nh tn hiu ang xt:

+
= =

0
0
t
t
2
hd
dt ) t ( s
1
binh trung sut cng s (2.9)
Th d, vi tn hiu iu ho hnh sin c: gi tr trung bnh trong 1
chu k l bng 0 v gi tr hiu dng l bng
2
1
0,7 bin sng sin.
5. Di ng ca tn hiu l t s cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu
ca cng sut tc thi ca tn hiu. Thng s ny c o bng n v
-ci-ben:
min
max
min
2
max
2
dB
) t ( s
) t ( s
log 20
) t ( s
) t ( s
log 10 D = = (2.10)
2.2. Tn hiu c biu din theo min tn s
Trong thc t ngoi cch biu din tn hiu theo min thi gian nh
ni trn cn c th biu din tn hiu theo mt hm ph thuc tn s.
Xut pht im v mt ton hc ca vic ny l c th phn tch mt
hm s ra thnh mt chui v hn cc hm trc giao nu hm cn phn
tch tho mn iu kin Dirichlet. l hm phi gii ni, trong mt
chu k c mt s xc nh cc i, cc tiu v mt s xc nh im
gin on. Cc hm s biu din cc sng tn hiu thc t u tho mn
iu kin ny. Mt hm trc giao thng dng l hm m o
t n sin j t n cos e
t jn

+ = . T y dn n vic c th bin i mt hm s biu

din tn hiu theo thi gian thnh mt tng v hn cc hm iu ho
vi cc tn s khc nhau gi l ph Fourier ca tn hiu.

13
2.2.1. Ph Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon
T c s ni trn, mt tn hiu tun hon vi chu k T, tn s gc =
2/ T, c biu din bng hm thi gian s(t) c th c phn tch ti
thi im t
0
thnh tng ca v s cc hm m phc nh sau:

=
=

+

+
=
T t
t
t jn
n
t jn
n
0
0
0
0
e ) t ( s
T
1
e A ) t ( s

n
A Trong

(2.11)
Cc biu thc ny gi l cch biu din phc theo chui Fourier ca
tn hiu s(t).
Trin khai ra ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]


=

+ + + = + + =
1
0
1
0
n
n n n n
n
t jn
n
t jn
n
t n sin A A j t n cos A A A e A e A A ) t ( s


Trong

=
T t
t
t jn
n
dt e ) t ( s
T
A
0
0
1

l s lin hp phc ca A
n
.
Nu t:
( )

=
= +

T t
t
n n n
T t
t
n n n
tdt n sin ) t ( s
T
A A j b
tdt n cos ) t ( s
T
A A a
0
0
0
0
2
2

(2.12)
Ta s c :

( )

=
+ + =

=
T t
t
n
n n
dt ) t ( s
T
A v
t n sin b t n cos a A ) t ( s
0
0
1
0
1
0
i

(2.13)
Vit di dng gn hn ta s c cch biu din thc theo chui
Fourier ca tn hiu s(t):

14
( )

= =
= + =
=
+ =

+ +
+

=
T t
t
n
T t
t
n
n
n
n n n
T t
t
n
n n
tdt n sin ) t ( s
T
b tdt n cos ) t ( s
T
a
a
b
arctg b a
dt ) t ( s
T
A v
t n cos C A ) t ( s
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 2
1
2 2
0
1
0

C
i

n

(2.14)
y, n l s nguyn dng v t
0
l mt thi im no , thng
c chn bng 0.
Biu thc 2.14 ni ln rng mt tn hiu tun hon bt k u c th
c phn tch thnh tng ca tn hiu mt chiu (A
0
l tr trung bnh
ca tn hiu) v v s cc tn hiu iu ho n gin c bin v dch
pha (C
n
,
n
) khc nhau v tn s l bi ca nhau.
Vi n =1, tn s 1
0
c gi l tn s c bn v sng c tn s
ny gi l ho ba bc mt. Cc sng c tn s l bi s ca n (n
0
) c
gi tng ng l cc ho ba bc cao.
Vic phn tch ny mang mt ngha thc t l: thay v phi xt
mt dao ng tun hon phc tp ta c th xt cc dao ng iu ho
n gin hn to nn n.

Th d hnh 2.5 cho thy mt dao ng tun hon phc tp c phn
tch thnh tng ca thnh phn mt chiu cng 2 dao ng iu ho
c tn s gp ba nhau, c bin
v pha ban u khc nhau.
Ta thy tn hiu s(t) c th
c biu din bi tng ca
v s cc hm iu ho m
mi hm ny li c xc
nh bi cc cp thng s C
n

v
n
ph thuc vo tn s.
Vy c th dng cc cp ny
biu din cho tn hiu theo min tn s hon ton tng ng vi

t
A
0
-1
2,0
2,5
3,5
Dao ng
tun hon
phc tp
Ho ba bc 3
Ho ba bc 1
Thnh phn 1 chiu

Hnh 2.5. Phn tch dao ng tun hon
thnh cc thnh phn trong chui Fourier.

15
cch vit biu thc gii tch ca tn hiu ny theo min thi gian. Cch
biu din nh vy gi l biu din theo ph tn s.
Nu biu din kt qu phn tch trn ti mt th vi cc gi tr
tn s
n
trn trc honh, th tp hp cc vch song song vi trc
tung c chiu di tng ng vi gi tr bin cc ho ba C
n
gi l ph
bin - tn s hay thng gi tt l ph bin ca tn hiu tun
hon s(t). Tng t nh vy, mt tp hp cc vch song song vi trc
tung c chiu di bng
n
c gi l ph pha ca tn hiu tun hon
s(t).
Trong th d trn ta s c hm s biu din tn hiu tun hon c
phn tch thnh 3 s hng: thnh phn mt chiu c bin bng 2, ho
ba bc mt c bin bng C
1
= 2,5 v tn s chun ho bng
0
no ,
ho ba bc ba c bin bng C
3
= 1 v tn s bng 3
0
. Trong trng
hp ny cc ho ba cn li bng 0. Ph bin v ph pha ca n c
ch ra trn hnh 2.6.







Hnh 2.6. Ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu trong hnh 2.5.
Nh vy, tn hiu tun hon l tp hp cc vch c ln khc
nhau v khong cch trn thang tn s gia hai vch ln cn l bng
2/ T. Ta ni rng tn hiu tun hon c ph vch ri rc. V mt l
thuyt, s vch ph ca mt tn hiu tun hon s(t) c th l v hn.
Tuy nhin a s cc trng hp trong thc t khi n tng ti mt gi tr
no th bin C
n
gim kh nhanh v ti mt mc no c th
b qua. Do , c th coi ph ch hn ch trong mt khong tn s hu
hn. Khong tn s ny gi l b rng ph ca tn hiu.
2.2.2. Ph Fourier ca tn hiu khng tun hon
C
1
C
3
a
0
/2
C
n

0 3
0
0


3
+ /2

1
3
0
0

- /2

0

16
Nu coi tn hiu khng tun hon l tn hiu tun hon c chu k T
tin ti v cng th ta c th tnh c ph Fourier ca n. Trc tin
hy ch xt s(t) trong khong thi gian mt chu k, gi thit bng (-T/2,
T/2), sau s m rng khong ny ra sut thang thi gian, ngha l
cho T. Cng thc (2.11) c vit li cn ly tng:

=
=

+
=
2
2
0
0
1
/ T
/ T
t jn
n
t jn
n
e ) t ( s
T
e A ) t ( s

n
A

(2.15)
Khi T , s c cc gii hn sau: ) ( A , d
T

n
A , n
2
, lc
A
n
tr thnh:

d dt e ) t ( s dt e ) t ( s
T
. lim ) ( A
t j
/ T
/ T
t jn
T

= =

+

2
1 2
2
1
2
2

Nu tch phn trong mc vung hi t th A() s l mt s v cng
nh, lc t:

)d S( ) A( cho sao
dt e ) t ( s ) ( S
t j
2
1
(2.16)
S() gi l mt ph phc hay ph phc ca tn hiu khng tun
hon s(t).
n y hm s(t) cng tin ti gii hn l:

=

= =

d e ) ( S e A lim ) t ( s
t j
n
t jn
n
T

Vit li 2 kt qu trn ta c cp bin i Fourier ca tn hiu khng
tun hon nh sau:

+



dt e ) t ( s ) ( S
d e ) ( S ) t ( s
t j
t j

2
1
(2.17)
Cng thc di l bin i thun cn cng thc trn gi l bin i
ngc.

17
V mt vt l, cp bin i Fourier ch ra rng tn hiu s(t) c th
coi l tng ca v s dao ng iu ho c tn s bin thin lin tc
trn sut trc tn s (t n +) vi bin v cng nh phn b
trn trc tn s theo mt ) ( S .
T y c nhn xt rng: tn hiu tun hon l mt trng hp c
bit ca tn hiu khng tun hon c mt ph ln v cng v tr
cc vch ph v trit tiu ngoi vch. Thc vy, nu dng hm n v
(t) ta s vit c mt ph tun hon c chu k T nh sau:
) n ( A ) ( S
n
n
=

(2.18)
Sao cho theo (2.16) c:

=
= = =




n
n
d ) n ( A ) ( A d ) ( S
n
n
ti
ti A

n
0
(2.19)
Th d vi tn hiu iu ho c:
[ ] [ ]
{ }
) t ( j ) t ( j
e e A ) t cos( A ) t ( s
0 0 0 0
2
1
0 0 0



+ = =
Theo (2.18) ta c mt ph ca n l:
[ ] ) ( e ) ( e A ) ( S
j j
0 0 0
0 0
2
1


+ + =

(2.20)
Hnh 2.7 cho th d v mt s tn hiu in hnh c biu din trong
min thi gian v ph Fourier ca chng trong min tn s.

18

Hnh 2.7. Ph Fourier ca mt s tn hiu in hnh.
Mt nhn xt s b cho thy: tn hiu cng hp trong min thi gian
th c ph cng tri rng trong min tn s v ngc li tn hiu cng
tri rng trong min thi gian th ph ca n cng hp. Th d, ph ca
xung n v tri di trn sut trc tn s t 0 n vi mt ph
khng i, do gi l ph trng. Trong khi ph ca sng sin tun
hon tri di trn c trc thi gian li ch gm mt vch ph.
2.2.3. Mt s tnh cht ca ph tn hiu
Di y trnh by mt vi tnh cht c bn ca ph (khng chng
minh).
Tnh tuyn tnh
Cho tn hiu s(t) l t hp tuyn tnh ca k tn hiu thnh phn s
i
(t) :

=
=
k
1 i
i i
) t ( s a ) t ( s vi a
i
v k l cc hng s. Nu mi s
i
(t) c ph

19
tng ng l S
i
(), th ph S() ca s(t) s bng:

=
=
k
i
i i
) ( S a ) ( S
1

Ta c th trnh by tm tt tnh cht ny trong 2 min t v nh
sau:

=
=
k
i
i i
) t ( s a ) t ( s
1

=
=
k
i
i i
) ( S a ) ( S
1
(2.21)
Ph ca o hm v tch phn
Cho tn hiu s(t) c ph S(), o hm bc k ca s(t) l
dt
) t ( s d
k
s c
ph l:
S
(k)
() = (j)
k
S() (2.22)
Tch phn ca s(t) ly t - n thi im t l

t
dt ) t ( s s c ph l:
) ( S
j
S
) (

1
1
=

(2.23)
Nh vy cc php ly vi phn v tch phn trong min thi gian vi
tn hiu s(t) tng ng ln lt vi cc php nhn v chia (j) trong
min tn s vi mt ph S().
Ph ca tch 2 hm s
Cho s(t) = s
1
(t)s
2
(t), trong S
1
() v S
2
() ln lt l ph ca s
1
(t) v
s
2
(t). Tnh ph S() ca s(t).
Ta c:

= dt e ) t ( s ). t ( s
2
1
) ( S
t j
2 1

, thay s
1
(t) bng ph ca n:

= dt e ) ( S ) t ( s
t j
1 1

(lu rng tch phn ly theo
trnh ln vi ).
c:
[ ]
[ ]

=
=
-
2 1
- -
t ) ( j
2 1
- -
t ) ( j
2 1
d ) ( S ) ( S
dt e ) t ( s
2
1
d ) ( S
dvdt e ) t ( s ) ( S
2
1
) ( S

(2.24)

20
Biu thc cui cng ca (2.20) gi l tch chp ca cc ph S
1
v S
2
.
Nh vy tch thng trong min thi gian ca cc tn hiu tng ng
vi tch chp trong min tn s ca cc mt ph.
Ph ca tch chp hai tn hiu
Ngc li vi trng hp trn ta c

= d ) t ( s ) t ( s ) t ( s
2 1
l tch
chp ca hai tn hiu s
1
(t) c ph bit l S
1
() v s
2
(t) c ph bit l
S
2
(). Tnh ph S() ca s(t).
Ta c:
[ ]
) ( S ) ( S
dt e ) t ( s d e ) ( s
dtd e ) t ( s ) ( s ) ( S
t ( j j
t j

2 1
2
2 1
2
2
1
=
=
=

2
1


(2.25)
Nh vy tch chp ca cc tn hiu trong min thi gian tng
ng vi tch thng trong min tn s ca cc mt ph.
Ph ca tn hiu tr
Cho tn hiu s(t) c ph S(), ph ca tn hiu tr mt khong thi
gian l s(t) s c ph l:
) ( S e ) ( S
j

= (2.26)
nh hng ca thay i thang thi gian n ph:
Cho tn hiu s(t) c ph S(), ph ca tn hiu s(at) l:

=
a
S
a
) ( S
a

1
(2.27)
Nh vy mi s thay i trn thang thi gian theo mt t l no
s tng ng vi mt s thay i trn thang tn s theo t l ngc.
iu ny dn ti mt kt lun l vi mt dng tn hiu cho, nu tn
hiu cng ko di theo thi gian th ph ca n cng hp v ngc li.
Mt ph nng lng: Nng lng ca tn hiu trn sut thi
gian tn ti nh sau:

21

= = =

d ) ( S d ) ( S ) ( S dt e ) t ( s d ) ( S dt ) t ( s
t j
2
2
2 2 (2.28)
y gi l cng thc Pac-x-van. Do v tri l nng lng nn
2
) ( S biu th cho s phn b nng lng nn c gi l mt ph
nng lng. Trong trng hp tn hiu tun hon nng lng ch cn
tnh trong mt chu k.
2.3. Nguyn l xp chng
Mch tuyn tnh tun theo nguyn l xp chng tc l: tc ng
ca mt tn hiu phc tp ln mch in bng tng tc ng ca cc
tn hiu thnh phn to nn tn hiu . Bi vy, khi cn kho st mt
tn hiu phc tp no tc ng ln mt mch in tuyn tnh, ta c
th phn tn hiu ra thnh
nhng tn hiu n gin. Sau
xt tc ng ca tng tn hiu
n gin ln mch. Tng hp
chng li s c kt qu cn
kho st. Cc tn hiu n gin
cn c biu din bi cc hm
ph bin v d tnh ton. Nhng
hm thng l cc hm iu
ho hay hm nhy bc n v.
Phng php ph k trn cng l
phng php xp chng, th d khi phn tch ph ca mt tn hiu tun
hon phc tp ra thnh tng ca v s tn hiu iu ho c tn s l
bi ca nhau. Mt khc, mt tn hiu li vo bt k cng c th xem
nh l t hp ca v s cc tn hiu nhy bc n v nh hnh 2.8. v c
th phn tch thnh:
( ) ( )

=
+
n
1 i
i i 0
t 1 A t 1 A ) t ( s vi l khong thi gian tr th i.
(2.29)
2.4. Nhiu v cc tnh cht ca n











Hnh 2.8. Tn hiu vo bng xp chng
ca cc
tn hiu nhy bc n v.
s(t)
t
A
0

3
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

4

22
2.4.1. Phn loi nhiu
Nhiu l danh t dng ch tt c cc loi tn hiu v ch tc
ng ln tn hiu c ch trong mch in t v cc knh thng tin lm
nh hng n vic thu nhn v x l tn hiu. Nhiu c th c phn
loi theo quy lut bin thin theo thi gian (xung nhiu, nhiu lin
tc), theo b rng ph (nhiu trng, nhiu hng), theo lut phn b xc
sut (nhiu ng nht, nhiu chun gauss) hay theo phng thc tc
ng ln tn hiu (nhiu cng, nhiu nhn). Mt cch phn loi ph bin
l phn theo nhiu ngoi v nhiu ni.
Nhiu ngoi xut pht t cc ngun gy nhiu bn ngoi mch in
t nh: Nhiu cng nghip bao gm cc loi nhiu t cc i pht sng
c ph gn vi ph tn s lm vic ca mch in; nhiu do cc thit b
in, in t c bit trong mng in thnh ph gy ra; nhiu do cc
phng tin vn ti, cc ng c in (c bit cc loi c cc chi gp
in bng than), cc dng c in trong gia nh, cc thit b in
trong cng nghip (c bit l loi hot ng di tn s cao), v.v...
Nhiu kh quyn v bc x v tr bao gm cc bc x in t trong
thi gian ging bo, sm chp, cc bo bi, cc thng ging trong tng
in ca kh quyn, cc t bc x mnh t mt tri, v.v...
Nhiu ni c sinh ra ngay trong bn thn cc cm bin, cc linh
kin v h thng mch in t. l cc thng ging in gn lin vi
bn cht ca cc lng vt l khc nhau v v nguyn tc l khng
th trnh c. Hai dng c bn nht ca loi nhiu ny l n nhit v
n n. n nhit hay cn gi l n Johnson xut hin do s chuyn ng
nhit ca cc phn t ti in trong vt dn (th d cc in t) v do
vy n ph thuc vo nhit . Th n hiu dng trn mt in tr R l
f kTR V
rms
= 4 (trong k l hng s Boltzmann, T l nhit K v f l
di tn s o). n n hay cn gi l n Shottky sinh ra do s chuyn
ng ngu nhin ca cc in tch khi chuyn qua mt mi trng
chuyn tip no . Th d nh n sinh ra do cc ht ti in nh in
t chuyn qua lp tip gip bn dn p-n ta s kho st sau. Dng n ny
c tnh bng f I Q I
e rms
= (trong Q
e
l in tch ca in t, I l
dng in hot ng ca thit b).

23
2.4.2. Nhiu cng v nhiu nhn t s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N
Hai dng n gin nht ca phng thc tc ng ca nhiu ln tn
hiu l tc ng cng v nhn. Gi s(t) l tn hiu c ch, n(t) l can
nhiu, s c tn hiu tng hp x(t) l:
Vi nhiu cng: x(t) = s(t) + n(t)
(2.30)
Vi nhiu nhn: x(t) = n(t) s(t)
(2.31)
Trong trng hp phc tp hn nhiu c th cn gm c hai loi
tuy rng him khi xy ra:
x(t) = n
1
(t) s(t) + n
2
(t)
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng quan tm ti tng ca cc loi
nhiu hin din. Nu cc ngun nhiu u
1
, u
2
, ... hon ton c lp vi
nhau th gi tr hiu dng (bnh phng trung bnh) ca nhiu tng s
bng tng cc gi tr hiu dng ca cc ngun nhiu thnh phn:
... u u u u
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
+ + + =
Trong trng hp nhiu cng, nh lng cht lng ca tn
hiu thu nhn c ngi ta thng quan tm ti t s tn hiu/ nhiu
(thng k hiu l S/N hay SN). T s ny c nh ngha nh sau:

2
2
n
s
N
S
= =
(n) nhiu ca dng hiu tr Gi
hiu tn ca dng hiu tr Gi
(2.32)
Trong o lng li hay dng n v logarit l -ci-ben (dB):

2
2
10 dB
n
s
log 10 N / S = (2.33)
T s tn hiu trn nhiu l mt thng s rt quan trng khng
nhng trong h thng in t m ni chung trong c cc h thng
thng tin v iu khin v n c nh hng chnh n cht lng v
tin cy ca h thng. V vy cn c nhng bin php nng cao t s
ny. Cch n gin nht l vic tr gi bng cch tng cng sut ca
ngun tn hiu, tng di ca tn hiu (ko di thi gian thng tin,
lp li,...) hay m rng ph ca tn hiu. Tuy nhin v nhiu l do, khng
phi lc no cng thc hin c cc bin php ny. Mt bin php khc

24
l nghin cu bn cht ca tn hiu v nhiu t tm ra cc quy
lut x l tn hiu gc thu nhn c nhm tng c t s S/N li ra
b x l n mc cn thit. l mc tiu ca mt ngnh hc hin
ang c pht trin mnh l x l tn hiu.
2.5. iu ch tn hiu
2.5.1. Khi nim v s iu ch v gii iu ch
iu ch l qu trnh gn tin tc vo mt ti tin. Trong k thut
in t, nhiu khi phi bin i tn hiu ra thnh cc dng khc cho ph
hp vi yu cu truyn hoc x l thng tin. Qu trnh bin i gi
l m ho tn hiu. Mt th d c th l vic tm cch truyn i xa cc
tn hiu tn s thp nh tn hiu m thanh. Bn thn cc tn hiu ny
khng th pht i xa trc tip bng sng in t c v nng lng
ca n di tn s thp nh vy s b suy gim rt nhanh theo khong
cch. Trong khi cc sng cao tn li c kh nng pht i xa c. V
vy, ngi ta phi tm cch lm cho mt thng s no ca sng cao
tn c bin i theo quy lut ca sng m thanh ri dng sng
pht i xa. Qu trnh bin i thng s ny gi l qu trnh iu ch
tn hiu. Sng m tn trong trng hp ny gi l sng iu ch v
sng cao tn gi l sng mang. Ti ni thu, trn c s sng cao tn thu
nhn c, ngi ta dng k thut tch sng thu nhn li tn hiu
iu ch cha ng thng tin cn thit. Ta s kho st t m cc qu
trnh ny trong mt chng sau. Do vy, y ch cp ti mt vi
vn chung nht lin quan n bn cht tn hiu iu ch.
Trong trng hp tng qut, gi s mun gn mt sng iu ch F(t)
ln mt sng mang f (a, b, c, ...) vi a, b, c, ... l cc thng s iu ch
(th d bin , tn s, ...). Nu ln lt ta cho mt trong cc thng s
a, b, c thay i theo quy lut ca F(t) ta s c ln lt cc dng iu
ch a, dng iu ch b, dng iu ch c, v.v...
Th d: a
m
= a +aF(t) trong a l hng s. T c f
m
= f(a
m
, b,
c,...)
Qu trnh ny c thc hin t pha pht, ngha l t 2 sng F(t) v
f(t) ta s to ra mt sng f
m
(t). Bn pha thu phi c nhim v tch ra t

25
f
m
hm iu ch F(t). l qu trnh gii iu ch hay cn gi l qu
trnh tch sng.
Do tn hiu c 3 thng s: bin , tn s v pha nn thng cng c
3 loi iu ch: iu ch bin , iu ch tn s v iu ch pha.
Mt hnh thc thng tin thng gp l dng cc sng mang l cc
dao ng iu ho c tn s cao hn nhiu tn s ca sng iu ch v
ta c tn hiu iu ch cao tn. Cc tn s sng mang c s dng nm
trong di kh rng t vi chc kHz n vi chc GHz thng c chia
thnh cc di nh bng sau.
Di sng Di tn s Di bc sng
Sng cc di (VLW) 3 kHz 30 kHz 100km 10 km
Sng di (LW) 30 kHz 300 kHz 10km 1km
Sng trung (MW) 300 kHz 3000 kHz 1000m 100m
Sng ngn (SW) 3 MHz 30 MHz 100m 10m
Sng cc ngn (VSW):
mt 30MHz 300MHz 10m 1m
cimet 300MHz 3.000MHz 10dm 1dm
centimet 3GHz 30GHz 10cm 1cm
milimet 30GHz 300GHz 10mm 1mm
2.5.2. iu ch bin
Ta hy xt mt qu trnh iu ch bin n gin nh sau. Sng
mang cao tn iu ho c biu thc ca in p:
f(t) = U
0
cos(
0
t -
0
)
Gi thit tin tc c dng m(t) v l hm s chun ho -1 m(t) 1
hay |m(t)| 1
Khi , vi tn hiu iu bin ta c:
U
m
(t) = U
0
+ Um(t), trong U l s gia cc i ca bin in
p sao cho c
biu thc sau y ca dao ng iu bin:
f
a
= U
b
= [U
0
+ Um(t)] cos(
0
t
0
)
(2.34)
Vit li biu thc (2.34) di dng sau:

26
) t cos( ) t ( m
U
U
1 U ) t ( U
0 0
0
0 db

+ = (2.35)

U
U
0

gi l h s iu bin hay su iu ch m bo 0
1
Khai trin (2.35) d dng tm c ph ca tn hiu iu bin:
U
b
(t) = U
0
cos(
0
t -
0
) + U
0
m(t) cos(
0
t -
0
)
S hng th nht l mt dao ng iu ho thun tu, ph ca n
theo (2.20) l:
[ ] ) ( e ) ( e U ) ( S
j j
0 0 0 1
0 0
2
1


+ + =


S hng th hai l tch ca hai tn hiu m(t) v cos(
0
t -
0
) vi h s
U
0
.
Gi S
m
() l ph ca m(t), dng cng thc tnh ph ca tch hai tn
hiu ta c:
[ ] ) ( S e ) ( S e
U
) ( S
m
j
m
j
0 0
0
2
0 0
2

+ + =


( ) [ ] {
( ) ( ) [ ]}
0 0
0 0 0 2 1
0
0
2
1

+ + + +
+ + = + =

m
j
m
j
db
S e
) ( S e U ) ( S ) ( S ) ( S
(2.36)
Cng thc ny cho thy ph ca tn hiu iu bin gm: cc thnh
phn iu ho c tn s
0
ca sng mang vi bin U
0
/ 2 v cc ph
S
m
() c mt ph cc i ca sng iu ch di chuyn n xung
quanh cc tn s
0
vi h s U
0
/ 2. Hnh 2.9. ch r mi quan h ny
trong min tn s. R rng, kt qu ca s iu bin l mt s di
chuyn ph ca sng iu ch (cha tin tc) trn thang tn s t min
cc tn s thp ln min cc tn s cao. Do tn hiu iu bin s c
kh nng bc x d dng i xa.
Xt trong thc t ch c cc tn s dng th ph ca sng c
iu ch gm mt vch trung tm c tn s
0
, vch ny ch r s c
mt ca sng mang. Sp xp i xng hai bn vch sng mang l cc
phn i xng ca ph sng iu ch tn s thp S
m
(), gi l hai di bn.
Ch c cc di ny mi cha ng tin tc c truyn i. tit kim
cng sut pht, c khi ngi ta ch bc x cc di bn m vn m bo

27
thng tin. Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu pht c gi l tn hiu iu
bin cn bng. C khi ch cn pht 1 di bn l v c tn hiu iu
bin mt di bn hay tn hiu pht n bin.














.Hnh 2.9. S di chuyn ph trong sng iu ch.
Xt trng hp n gin, sng iu ch m(t) l mt hnh sin
t sin A ) t ( m =
0
, ta c:
[ ] t cos t sin A U U
db 0 0 0
1 + =

Trin khai ra ta c:
t ) sin( A U t ) sin( A U t cos U U
db
+ + =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
1
2
1
(2.37)
Vy ph ca tn hiu bao gm 3 thnh phn
0
v
0
. Hnh 2.10 l
th ca tn hiu iu bin vi sng iu ch hnh sin theo thi gian v
ph ca n ti cc tn s dng.





S
b
()
(U
0
/2) (-
0
)
(U
0
/2) S
m
(-
0
)
(U
0
/2) (+
0
)
(U
0
/2) S
m
(+
0
)
0

0
-
0
-
0
+ -
0
-
0
+
0
-

S
m
()
0 -
t

t

Sng iu ch

Sng mang


28


Hnh 2.10. Tn hiu iu bin vi sng iu ch hnh sin v ph ca n.
2.5.3. iu ch gc
Cc tn hiu iu tn v iu pha c c im chung l bin
khng i cn gc pha ph thuc vo sng iu ch m(t). Do chng
thng c gi l cc tn hiu iu ch gc v tn s thc ra l vi
phn ca gc pha tc thi theo thi gian ( = d(t +
0
) = d / dt) v c
th biu din tng qut nh sau:
[ ] ) t ( t cos U ) t ( U
dcg
=
0 0
(2.38)
Trong (t) ph thuc m(t) v bin thin chm so vi
0
t.
V tn s bin thin theo thi gian, nn y phi a vo khi nim
tn s tc thi. Trong trng hp m(t) c dng iu ho m(t) = A
0
cos t ,
vi sng mang c dng U
0
cos
0
t th tn s tc thi c nh ngha l:
t cos kA +
0 0

V c biu thc tn hiu iu tn l:

+ =
0
0
0 0
t sin
kA
t cos U ) t ( U
dt

Nh vy, bin ca tn hiu iu ch bng U
0
khng thay i, trong
khi tn s tc thi thay i xung quanh
0
vi nhp v t l vi bin
ca in p iu ch.
Tn s
0
khi khng c iu ch gi l tn s trung tm. S iu ch
lm thay i tn s tc thi gia 2 gi tr cc im (
0
- ) v (
0
+ ).
l lch tn s v n t l vi bin tn hiu iu ch ( = kA
0
).
Trong iu ch gc, cc tnh ton v ph tn s phc tp hn
trng hp iu ch bin nn khng thuc phm vi gio trnh ny.
Cc kt qu tnh ton cho thy ph c cha mt tn s trung tm
0
v
mt lot cc tn s bin
0
k, vi k l s nguyn. Bin ca cc
vch ph thay i theo t s / v gim rt nhanh.
t

Tn hiu iu bin


29
Hnh 2.11. l gin tn hiu iu tn trong trng hp sng iu
ch l hm tng-gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian v sng mang l iu
ho.
Hnh 2.11. Dng ph thuc thi gian ca mt loi tn hiu iu tn.
Sng iu ch
Sng mang
Tn hiu
iu tn
Bin
t
t
t

22
Chng 3
CC PHONG PHP CO BN KHO ST MACH IN T
Mch in l m hnh ca cc h thng to v bin i cc tn hiu in t. Do qu trnh to v
x l tn hiu l phc tp nn ni chung, mt mch in t thng bao gm nhiu loi phn t ni
ghp vi nhau theo nhiu cch. Mi phn t trong mch c nhim v ring c trng bi cc thng
s ca n v ph thuc vo v tr ca n trong h thng.
3.1. Cc phn t, thng s tch cc v th ng ca mch in
thc hin cc nhim v trn, c th xp cc thng s ca mch theo hai loi c bn l thng
s tch cc v thng s th ng.
3.1.1. Cc phn t v thng s tch cc
Cc thng s tch cc l cc thng s c trng cho tnh cht to ra tn hiu hoc cung cp
nng lng ca cc phn t mch in. Thuc loi ny c hai thng s c bn l sc in ng E(t)
v dng in I(t). Nhiu phn t trong mch c kh nng t n (hay do chu tc ng phi in bn
ngoi) to ra cc in p hay dng in khc nhau. Nhng phn t c tn gi chung l ngun.
Th d cc b pin, c-quy, cc my pht in, v.v... do chuyn ho cc dng nng lng khc thnh
nng lng in, sinh ra hai cc ca n mt in p no khi mc ti vo hai cc . Cc phn
t nh t bo quang in, cc micr phn hay bin t p in v c nhng linh kin bn dn c tnh
khuch i tn hiu nh transistor, vi mch, v.v... nh trnh by v sau cng thuc loi ny.
Do cch xc nh hai thng s to ngun s dn ti s phn loi cc phn t tch cc thnh hai
loi: ngun in p v ngun dng in.
Ngun in bnh thng (th d nh pin hoc c-quy) t nhiu u c in p v dng in ra
bin i theo thi gian khi cc nhn t nh tr ti, nhit phng, s gi ho ca cht in ho lm
ngun, v.v... thay i. Mt ngun in p trong thc t c biu din bng mt ngun c sc in
ng E
0
= const khng i mc ni tip vi mt tr ni R
i
nh hnh 3.1.a.
Nu R
i
0 th in p ra t trn hai
u in tr ti s bin i theo gi tr ca
ti. Nhng trong trng hp l tng, khi
R
i
0 th in p ny l khng i d ti
c bin i th no i na. Lc ta c
mt ngun in p l tng hay thng
gi tt l ngun in p. Cng l lun
nh vy ta c ngun dng in l tng,
gi tt l ngun dng in, nu ngun
ny c tr ni R
i
bng v cng. Nh vy
mt ngun dng thc t gm mt ngun dng l tng I
0
mc song song vi mt ni tr R
i
nh hnh
3.1.b.








(a) (b)
Hnh 3.1. a) Ngun in p thc v l tng,
b) Ngun dng in thc v l tng.
~
R
i
I
0
R
i
E
0
I
0
~
E
0

23
Xt mt mch in nh hnh 3.2. Theo nh lut Ohm ta c in p trn tr ti l:
I R U U
i T
=
0
hay

i
T
i
T
i i
T
R
U
I
R
U
R
U
R
U U
I = =

=
0
0 0

y gi gi tr
i 0 0
R / U I l dng ngn mch ngha l
dng cc i m ngun c th cp cho mch in ngoi trong
trng hp cho tr ti bng 0 (ngn mch). Vic la chn cch m
t ngun l tu thuc vo tr ni nh hay ln so vi tr ti R
T
.
3.1.2. Cc phn t v thng s th ng
Cc thng s th ng c trng cho cc tnh cht khng to tn hiu v khng cung cp nng
lng ca cc phn t mch in. Thuc loi ny c ba thng s c bn: in tr (nghch o ca
n l in dn), in cm v in dung. Cc phn t c cc thng s ny gi l cc phn t th
ng.
Phn ng th ng ca mt phn t hay ca mch in th hin qua s thay i trng thi ca
n khi chu tc ng kch thch. Cn trng thi ny li c biu hin qua in p v dng in t
ln n. c trng cho phn ng ca cc phn t mch in i vi cc tc ng ca in p v
dng in, ngi ta dng cc thng s qun tnh v khng qun tnh.
Thng s khng qun tnh c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p to nn trn hai u
ca n (hay dng in chy qua n) t l trc tip vi dng in (hay in p t trn hai u ca
n). Thng s ny gi l in tr (hay in dn) ca phn t, c k hiu l R (hay G) v xc nh
bi cng thc:
U(t) = R.I(t) v I(t) = G.U(t)
in tr c th nguyn vn/ ampe v c o bng n v m (), in dn c th nguyn 1/
v o bng n v simen (S) khi in p o bng vn v dng in o bng ampe.
Thng s qun tnh gm c hai loi:
1. Thng s in cm c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p trn hai u ca n t l
vi tc bin thin ca dng in chy qua n. Thng s in cm k hiu l L v xc nh bi
cng thc:
dt
) t ( dI
L ) t ( U =
in cm c th nguyn vn. giy/ ampe v o bng n v hen-ri (H).
Cng mt bn cht vt l vi thng s in cm cn c thng s h cm c trng cho nh
hng ca dng in chy trong mt phn t n mt phn t khc t ln cn c hoc khng ni
vi nhau v in. Nu trong phn t k c dng chy qua l I
k
th do h cm trn phn t l s c in
p h cm:

dt
) t ( dI
M ) t ( U
k
kl l
=





Hnh 3.2. Dng ngn mch I
0.

~
U
T
R
T
R
i
U
0
I


24
M
kl
gi l h s h cm gia cc phn t k v l.
Ngc li, nu trong l c dng I
l
th qua tc dng h cm n cng gy ra trn phn t k in
p
dt
) t ( dI
M ) t ( U
l
lk k
=
Nh vy, do tc dng ng thi ca cc thng s in cm ca bn thn v h cm vi mt
phn t ln cn, trn mt phn t s c in p:

dt
) t ( dI
M
dt
) t ( dI
L ) t ( U
dt
) t ( dI
M
dt
) t ( dI
L ) t ( U
l
kl
k
k
k
kl
l
l
=
=

Du c ly tu theo quan h v chiu ca cc in p t cm v h cm.
2. Thng s in dung c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t mch in khi dng in i qua n
t l vi tc bin thin ca in p t trn phn t. V mt vt l, dng in nh vy mang tnh
cht ca dng in dch c quan h vi in p nh sau:
dt
) t ( dU
C ) t ( I = hay

= =
C
) t ( Q
dt ) t ( I
C
) t ( U
1

vi Q(t) l in tch trn phn t.
H s t l C gi l in dung ca phn t v c th nguyn ampe. giy/ vn v c o bng
n v Fara (F).
3.2. Cc phn t, mch tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
Nu cc thng s R, L hoc C ca mt phn t l cc hng s, khng ph thuc vo in p
hai u v dng in i qua n th phn t gi l phn t tuyn tnh. Ngc li khi thng s ca
phn t ph thuc vo in p hai u hay dng in i qua n th phn t l phi tuyn.
Mch in cha ton cc phn t tuyn tnh gi l mch in tuyn tnh.
Nu trong mch c cha d ch mt phn t phi tuyn th mch l mch phi tuyn.
T cc nh ngha trn ta c th thy tnh cht ca mch tuyn tnh nh sau:
1. c trng vn-ampe V-A l mt ng thng.
2. Cc qu trnh trong h c biu din bi mt h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thit
lp theo cc nh lut Kirchhoff.
3. Mch tuyn tnh tun theo nguyn l xp chng. Ngha l khi tc dng ln mch nhiu
sc in ng th dng trong mch l tng ca cc dng thnh phn, mi dng tng
ng vi mt sc in ng ring phn .
4. Di tc ng ca tn hiu c ph tn s bt k, trong mch tuyn tnh khng sinh ra cc
sng hi (ho ba) vi cc tn s mi.
i vi cc mch phi tuyn th ngc li:
1. c trng V-A khng l ng thng.

25
2. Phng trnh ca mch l phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn.
3. Khng p dng c nguyn l xp chng.
4. Di tc ng ca tn hiu bt k, trong mch c th sinh ra cc tn hiu c tn s khc.
Hnh 3.3.a l c trng V-A ca mt phn t tuyn tnh in hnh l ci in tr c gi tr l
in tr R = dU/ dI = const c biu din bng mt ng thng. Trong khi hnh 3.3.b l c trng
V-A ca mt phn t phi tuyn nh ci diode bn dn trong in tr ca n ph thuc vo in
p t trn hai u diode.





(a) (b)
Hnh 3.3. c trng V-A ca in tr (a) v ca diode bn dn (b).
3.3. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff
Mc ch ca vic tnh ton cc mch in l xc nh in p v dng in ti cc on mch.
Trong thc t thng chn mt trong cc im trn mch lm im gc v gn cho n gi tr in
th bng khng (0 V). Trong k thut gi im l mass v thng im ny hay c ni vi t
nn cng thng c gi l im t.
Trc tin ta im li vi khi nim c bn lin quan n mch in trong l thuyt mch khi
c p dng nh lut Kirchhoff.
Nhnh l phn ca mch ch gm cc linh kin, phn t ni tip nhau v qua ch c mt
dng in duy nht chy qua.
Nt l im ca mch chung cho t 3 nhnh tr ln.
Vng l phn ca mch bao gm mt s nhnh v nt hp thnh mt ng i kn qua mi
nhnh v nt ch gp mt ln (tr nt xut pht ca ng i).
3.3.1. nh lut th nht cho cc dng i qua mt nt mch c pht biu nh sau:
Tng cc dng in mt nt mch in bng
khng.

=
n
n
I 0 (3.1)
Th d, tnh th U
3
trong mch nh hnh 3.4. sau:
Ti im nt A ca mch in, nu quy c 2 dng
vo I
1
v I
2
l dng, cn dng ra I
3
c du m, theo nh
lut Kirchhoff th nht ta s c: 0
3 2 1
= + I I I









Hnh 3.4. Mch nt.
I(mA) I(mA)
U(V) U(V)
0,6 0,3
20
40
60
20
20
40
60
0,6 0,3
U
1
U
2
R
1
R
2
I
1
I
2
R
3 U
3
I
3
A
+

26
Theo nh lut Ohm c:

3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 1
R / U I R / ) U U ( I R / ) U U ( I = = =
Thay vo cng thc trn c:

3 2 3 1 2 1
3 1 2 3 2 1
3
R R R R R R
R R U R R U
U
+ +
+
=
3.3.2. nh lut th hai cho cc in p trong mt mch vng c pht biu nh sau:
Tng cc in p trong mt mch vng khp kn l
bng khng.
0 =

i
i
U (3.2)
Th d, trong mch vng kn trn hnh 3.5 nu quy
c chiu ca dng in trong vng nh hnh v, ta c:

0
0
1 2 2 1
3 2 4 1
= + +
= + +
IR U IR U
U U U U

3.4. Cc mch tng ng Thevenin v Norton
Nh in bo ngi Php Thevenin pht biu mt nh l mang tn ng nhm lm n gin
php phn tch mch in. N cho php thay th ton b mch bng mt my pht th tng ng
nh sau:
Mt mch bt k gm cc tr v cc ngun sc in ng c hai cht li ra a v b u c th
thay th bng mt ngun th V
T
v mt tr tng ng R
eq
mc ni tip. ln v phn cc ca V
T

ng nht vi th h mch ti a v b cn in tr tng ng c tnh trn ti vi tt c cc
ngun c tt (on mch qua ngun th v h mch qua ngun dng).
Th d, c mch in gm sc in ng U
0
mc ni tip vi tr R
1
sau mc song song vi
tr R
2
v mt ti Z gia 2 cht a v b gm nhiu phn t v c dng chy I
Z
chy qua nh hnh 3.6.
C th chng minh c rng qua mch Z vn c dng I
Z
chy qua nu tc dng vo mch mt
ngun c sc in ng bng:

2 1
1 0
R R
R U
V
T
+
= v c tr ni bng R
eq
= R
1
// R
2

Lc ny I
Z
= V
T
/ (R
eq
+Z)




Hnh 3.6. Mt mch tng ng Thevenin.









Hnh 3.5. Mch vng.
=
R
2
Z

R
1
U
0
I
Z
a

b

=
Z

R
eq
V
T
a

b

U
1 U
2
U
4
U
3
R
1
R
2
I

+

27
Ngi M Norton cng a ra mt mch tng ng gm mt ngun dng I
N
c ni song
song vi mt tr tng ng R
eq
. Tr ny cng c tnh nh trn, cn gi tr ngun dng I
N
c
tnh bng cch on mch tr ti Z v tnh dng on mch. Hnh 3.7 l th d v vic chuyn mt
s sang s tng ng Norton v c th tnh cc gi tr I
N
v R
eq
nh quy tc ny.





Hnh 3.7. Mt mch tng ng Norton.
Gia ngun th Thevenin v ngun dng Norton c mi quan h nh sau;
V
T
= I
N
R
eq
(3.3)
3.5. iu kin chun dng v qu trnh sng trong mch in
nh lut Kirchhoff c thc hin vi gi thit rng dng in trong mt on mch khng r
nhnh c cng mt gi tr ti mi thit din ngang ca on mch .
Trong khi cc kch thch in t c lan truyn i trong khng gian t im ny n im
khc trn mch in vi vn tc hu hn v (cao nht l bng vn tc nh sng). Do , dng ti mt
im N trn mch in cch im M mt on L (hnh 3.8.) s b tr mt lng
= L/v.
Nu dng in tn hiu lan truyn trong mch l sng sin c tn s f th mt cu hi t ra l
kch thc mch in cn phi th no dng in ti mi im ca mi on mch khng r
nhnh c cng mt gi tr ti mi thi im kho st. Hay ni cch khc, tm iu kin c th p
dng nh lut Kirchhoff tnh cc thng s v cc i lng trn mch in.
iu kin l:
<< T trong T l chu k dao ng ca dng in v bng 1/ f.
Tc l:
L/ v << T hay L << vT = (3.4)
Trong l bc sng ca tn hiu
truyn trong mch.
T kt lun rng nu mun p dng
nh lut Kirchhoff cho mt mch in th
kch thc ca bn mch phi nh hn
nhiu bc sng ca tn hiu c truyn
trn bn mch . Mt mch in trong





Hnh 3.8. Kch thc bn mch in v
bc sng tn hiu.
=
R
2
Z

R
1
I
0
I
Z
a

b

= Z

R
eq
I
N
a

b

R
3
N
M
L
Bn mch in

Dy dn in
Sng tn hiu

28
iu kin nh vy gi l trong trng thi chun dng. Ni chung cc mch in trong cc thit b
in t thng dng c trnh by trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny vi kch thc trung bnh
50 cm, c thit k lm vic trong di sng ti hng trm MHz (c bc sng c 3.10
8
1/10
8
=
3 m) u tha mn iu kin chun dng. Tr cc trng hp tn s lm vic trong di sng siu
cao (bc sng c dm, cm hoc ngn hn na) phi c kho st ring trong cc gio trnh v k
thut siu cao tn.
3.6. c trng qu v c trng dng ca mch in
Ta bit i vi mt tn hiu c 2 qu trnh: qu trnh qu v qu trnh dng. Mt mch
in cng c xc nh bi 2 qu trnh nh vy. Mi qu trnh c lng ho bng c trng ca
chng: c trng qu v c trng dng.
3.6.1. c trng qu (transient responce)
c trng qu ca mch in l s ph thuc thi gian ca in p li ra trn mch khi tc
ng tn hiu nhy bc n v li vo.
Hnh 3.9. c trng qu ca mch in.
3.6.2. c trng dng (static state responce)
Xt trng hp tn hiu trn mch l sng iu ho c tn s . Trong trng thi dng, t s
gia th li ra trn th li vo ca mch in ph thuc khng ch vo bin m cn ph thuc
vo lch pha gia th v dng chy qua mch. Do vy, c th biu din t s ny bng mt s
phc c bin v pha tng ng v gi n l h s truyn phc ca mch.
( ) ( )
( )

j
vo
ra
e K
U
U
K =

(3.5)
Lc ny m-un K v gc lch pha l cc hm ph thuc tn s ca tn hiu:
K = K() v = ()
y l hai c trng dng ca mch in v tng ng c gi l p ng bin -tn s
(thng gi l p ng tn s) v p ng pha-tn s (thng gi l p ng pha).
Nu K l khng i trn sut trc tn s th tn hiu truyn qua s khng b mt mt thnh
phn ph no v ta c tn hiu khng b mo, c chng ch b tr i mt khong thi gian no . Ta
ni mch in c di truyn qua l l tng (di truyn t - n +). Nhng trong cc mch
in thc t, thng K() khng ng u trn sut trc tn s m c dng nh hnh 3.10.
Mch in
t t
U
R
U
V
= 1(t)
1

29
Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau trong mt mch in thc, K ch gi l ng u trong mt
di tn s hu hn, cn th bt u gim dn
hoc t mt tn s thp hoc gim dn t
mt tn s cao no . Ngi ta quy c di
truyn qua ca mch l di tn t
t
ti
c
l
=
c

t
ng vi t s
7 0
2
1
,
K
K
max
= 07. Nu tn hiu truyn qua
mch c cc thnh phn tn s nm trong di
ny th c th coi l khng b mo sau khi i qua mch. Hai tn s thp v cao (
t
v
c
) ng vi
cc mc
2
1
= =
c t
K K gi l cc tn s ct.
3.7. Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in tuyn tnh
3.7.1. Phng php tch phn kinh in
Phng php trc tip nht phn tch mch in tuyn tnh l gii h phng trnh vi phn
m t mch c xc lp nh vo cc nh lut Kirchhoff. y gi l phng php tch phn kinh
in. Theo phng php ny, tm nghim tng qut ca h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh, ta
tm nghim tng qut ca h phng trnh thun nht tng ng (phng trnh c v phi bng
khng), sau cng thm mt nghim ring ca h phng trnh khng thun nht.
H phng trnh thun nht ca mch c lp nn t h phng trnh tng qut vi vic trit
tiu tt c cc ngun tc ng trong mch (sc in ng v dng in). Nh vy, v mt vt l h
phng trnh thun nht chng qua ch c trng cho mt ch lm vic c bit ca mch khi
khng c bt k mt ngun tc ng no. Ta gi l ch t do v nghim tng qut ca h
phng trnh thun nht cng c gi l nghim t do ca mch in.
Nghim ring ca h phng trnh khng thun nht l ph thuc vo cc ngun tc ng, do
n cn c gi l nghim cng bc ca mch.
Theo l thuyt ton cao cp gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh hc, ta bit rng vic tm ra
cc iu kin u xc nh cc hng s tch phn ca nghim tng qut l rt quan trng. Trong
mch in, cc iu kin u c quyt nh ch yu trong cc thng s L v C, m y c th
pht biu di dng cc lut ng ngt. Cc lut ny quy nh tnh trng trong cc phn t qun
tnh ca mch ln cn nhng thi im ng v ngt cc ngun tc ng cng nh cc thng s
th ng. Ni mt cch tng qut hn l nhng thi im c nhng t bin trong cc thng s
ca mch. Vi hai loi phn t qun tnh ta c hai lut ng ngt sau:
a) Dng in trong phn t in cm phi bin thin lin tc ngay c ti cc thi im c t
bin trong cc thng s ca mch.
b) in p trn phn t in dung phi bin thin lin tc ngay c ti thi im c t bin
trong cc thng s ca mch.







Hnh 3.10. Di truyn qua ca mch in.
K/ K
max
0
t

c
0,7

1


30
Cc lut ng ngt ny rt thun li cho vic tnh ton nhng cha tng qut v c th gp
mt s trng hp khng th p dng c. Lc c th dng cc pht biu sau y tng qut
hn:
a) Tng cc t thng mc vng trong mt vng kn phi lin tc ngay c ti thi im c t
bin trong cc thng s ca vng .
b) Tng in tch ti mt nt ca mch phi lin tc ngay c ti thi im c t bin trong
cc thng s ca cc nhnh ni vi nt .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )


= +
= +
m
m m
l
l l
h k
k k h h
U C U C
I L I L
0 0
0 0
(3.6)
h v k ch cc nhnh ca vng kn ang xt sau v trc khi xy ra t bin, l v m ch cc
nhnh ni vo nt ang xt sau v trc khi xy ra t bin; cc thi im 0+ v 0- ch nhng ln
cn sau v trc thi im xy ra t bin.
Xt tnh cht ca cc nghim. Nghim t do c trng cho tnh cht ring v tnh trng ban u
ca mch (tnh trng cc thi im xy ra t bin). N ch ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ngun tc
ng mc cc ngun ny nh hng n tnh trng ban u ca mch. Trong nhiu trng hp
thng gp, nghim t do c tnh cht dao ng xung quanh mt gi tr c nh. Lc n cn
c gi l dao ng ring hay dao ng t do ca mch in.
Nghim cng bc c trng cho quan h gia mch vi cc ngun tc ng ln n v xc
nh tnh trng trong mch ch xc lp.
Ta hy nu mt th d tnh in p li ra U
C

trn t in khi tc ng mt tn hiu nhy bc n
v ln mt mch in gm 2 phn t R v C nh
hnh 3.11 bng phng php tch phn kinh in.
Thit lp phng trnh Kirchhoff trong mch:
( )

= + = +
0 C R
U t 1 Idt
C
1
IR U U
Phng trnh thun nht l:
( )
0
C
C
U t 1 Idt
C
1
IR
0 U
dt
dU
RC 0 Idt
C
1
IR

= +
= + = +

T y c nghim t do l:
RC / t
Ctd
Ae U

= . Trong qu trnh dng, nghim ca h phng
trnh l U
0
, vy:
RC / t
0 Ctd 0 C
Ae U U U U

+ = + = .
Vi iu kin u U
C
(0+) = U
C
(0-) = 0 = U
0
+ A, ta c:
A = U
0
vy: ( )
RC / t
0 C
e 1 U U

=






Hnh 3.11. Tnh in p U
c
trong mch R, C.
1(t)U
0
R
C
U
C
I

31
Tm li y l phng php tng qut nht tnh cc mch in. Nhng vi h hi phc tp
mt cht th vic gii cc h phng trnh vi phn l rt kh. V vy, ngi ta phi tm nhng cch
gii khc n gin hn cho cc trng hp c th. Ta s xt 2 phng php ph bin nh c trnh
by tip theo y.
3.7.2. Phng php ton t Laplace kho st qu trnh qu
Cc php tnh ton t c trnh by trong cc gio trnh ton cao cp. Ta bit rng cp bin
i Fourier trong cng thc (2.18) ch p dng cho cc hm s hi t tuyt i, tc l tn hiu s(t)
phi tho mn iu kin

+

dt ) t ( s l hu hn. Mt khc vic tnh tch phn trong cng thc bin i
ngc thng kh khn. V vy ngi ta thng c tin hnh vic tnh ton mt cch n gin
hn nh phng php tch phn vng ca bin i Laplace.
xy dng cc php bin i thun v ngc Laplace, trong cp cng thc (2.18) ch vic
thay i s j bng mt bin s phc p (vi p + j). Nh vy s c:

=
=

j
j
pt
pt
dp e ) p ( F
j
) t ( s
dt e ) t ( s ) p ( F
2
1
(3.7)
Hm s F(p) c tnh t cng thc bin i thun Laplace k trn gi l hm nh Laplace ca
s(t), cn s(t) gi l hm gc ca F(p).
Trong phng php ton t ny, hm s(t) - hm gc - m t in p hoc dng in trong mch
s c thay th bng hm F(p) - hm nh - lin quan n tr vi hm gc theo cc cng thc bin
i (3.7) trn. Lc , h phng trnh vi phn m t trng thi ca h trong khng gian gc s tr
thnh h phng trnh i s trong khng gian nh. V tt nhin vic gii cc phng trnh i s
trong khng gian nh l d hn so vi cc phng trnh vi phn trong khng gian gc. Sau , nh
cc php bin i ngc, ta s thu li c cc nghim trong khng gian gc.
Thng cc gi tr bin i gc - nh c tnh sn v cho trong cc bng ti cc ti liu k
thut nh th d sau:

Hm gc Hm nh Hm gc Hm nh
) t ( 1 p / 1

t sin
2 2
p +


( )
at
e t

1

a p +
1


t cos
2 2
p
p
+

b a
e e
bt at

( )( ) b p a p
1


b a
e e
b / t a / t

( )( ) bp ap + + 1 1
1


32
Ta c th im qua vi c im c bn ca php bin i Laplace nh sau:
- Cc hm gin on trong khng gian gc c bin i thnh lin tc trong khng gian
nh. Th d hm 1(t) 1/p.
- Php o hm trong khng gian gc s tr thnh php nhn vi p trong khng gian nh
v php ly tch phn trong khng gian gc s thnh php chia cho p trong khng gian
nh:
s(t) F(p)
) t ( s
dt
d
pF(p) s(0)

dt ) t ( s
p
dt ) t ( s
p
) p ( F


+
0

Cc iu kin u thng ly bng khng.
- Cc bin i tuyn tnh ca hm gc cng tng ng vi hm nh:
A.s(t) A. F(p)
s(t) = s
1
(t) + s
2
(t) +... F(p) = F
1
(p) + F
2
(p) +...
- Php dch (tr) hm gc i mt thi gian s tng ng vi php nhn vi e
p

s(t - ) ) p ( F e
p

Ta hy ly mt th d p dng phng php ton t Laplace tnh in p li ra U
R
trong mt
mch in gm hai phn t RC khi tc ng mt tn hiu hm n v ln mch nh hnh 3.12 sau.
V

= = dt U
RC
1
dt ) t ( I
C
1
U
R C
,
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff ta c phng trnh vi
tch phn ca mch trong khng gian gc:
( ) ( ) ( )

= + = +
0
1
1
U t U dt U
RC
t U t U
R R R C

Da vo bng chuyn i, ta c phng trnh i
s trong khng gian nh nh sau:
( ) ( )
0
1 1
U
p
p U p U
pRC
R R
= +
Gii ra c: ( )
RC
p
U
pRC
p
U p U
R
1
1
1
1
1
0 0
+
=

+
=
Tra ngc li bng c dng:



Hnh 3.12. Mch RC li ra trn R.
1(t)U
0
R
C
U
R
I

33
Gc nh
( )
at
e t

1
a p +
1

( ) ( )
RC / t
R
e U t t U

=
0
1
RC
p
U
1
1
0
+

Phng php ton t Laplace c s dng trong cc trng hp tng qut ca mch in, c
bit l kho st cc qu trnh qu .
3.7.3. Phng php bin phc kho st qu trnh dng vi tn hiu iu ho
Bin phc
Ta bit rng cp bin i Fourier cho php phn tch cc tn hiu bt k thnh cc thnh
phn iu ho. V vy, mt phng php phn tch trng thi ca cc mch in rt hu ch l kho
st trng thi dng ca mch khi tc ng mt tn hiu iu ho c tn s no . Thng s dng
cng c ton l cch biu din phc cho cc thnh phn iu ho ny trn c s ca cng thc -le:

sin j cos e
j
+ = (3.8)
Do , khi c mt tn hiu iu ho s(t) = A
0
cos(t - ),
Ta c th vit:
( )
{ }

=
t j
e A Re ) t ( s
0
(3.9)
Ngha l nu t:
( )

t j
e A S
0
th s c:

= S Re ) t ( s (3.10)

S c xc nh nh trn gi l cch biu din phc (in p phc, dng in phc, sc in

ng phc, v.v...) ca s(t).
Cn c th vit tch ra hai thnh phn ph thuc tn s v gc dch pha nh sau:

t j t j j
0
e S e . e A S

&
=

(3.11)
Trong
j
0
e A S

&
gi l bin phc ca in p s(t). N ch r bin v gc pha u ca
sc in ng nn nhiu khi v phi cn c vit di dng
0
A .
V trong trng thi dng cc thng s tc ng trong mch l iu ho c cng tn s no
nn tha s
t j
e

trong qu trnh tnh ton trung gian dng cch biu din phc l khng cn thit v
thng ch cn cc tnh ton lin quan n bin phc ca n. Ch sau khi tnh ton xong, cn
chuyn ngc li t cch biu din phc v cch biu din theo thi gian mi cn a thm tha s
t j
e

ny vo bin phc ri ly phn thc ca s phc .
Mt c im quan trng trong cch biu din phc l cc ton t vi phn v tch phn tr
thnh cc ton t nhn v chia n gin gi tr phc cho (j). Thc vy:

34
Xt cp ) t cos( A ) t ( s
0
=
t j
e S S

&
=

Nu ly vi phn, c:
) t sin( A
dt
) t ( ds
0
= ( ) ( )

= = S j e S j
dt
S d
t j


&
(3.12)
Nu ly tch phn, c:
( )

t sin
A
dt ) t ( s
0


= =

S
j
1
e S
j
1
dt S
t j


&
(3.13)
T y c th xy dng cc bc phn tch bng phng php bin phc cho mch in
trng thi dng nh sau:
1. Thit lp h phng trnh vi tch phn tuyn tnh ca th hoc dng in thc ca mch
trn c s cc nh lut Kirchhoff.
2. Chuyn sang h phng trnh i s tng ng vi th hoc dng in phc theo cc
quy tc bin i vi tch phn nh trn.
3. Gii h phng trnh i s ny tm cc nghim phc.
4. Ly phn thc ca nghim gn cho th hoc dng cn tnh (nu ngun tn hiu c dng
cos) hoc ly phn o (nu c dng sin).
Th d, gii h phng trnh vi phn ca mch in trng thi dng sau:

= + + ) t cos( U dt ) t ( I
C
1
) t ( RI
dt
) t ( dI
L
0

Chuyn thnh phng trnh i s vi bin phc I
&
:
U I
C j
1
I R I L j
& & & &
= + +

vi
j
0
e U U

&

T y tnh c:
C j
1
R L j
U
I

+ +
=
&
&

hay:
t j
j
0 t j
e
C j
1
R L j
e U
e I I

+ +
= =

&

Ly phn thc ca biu thc ny s c dng ph thuc thi gian ca dng in trong mch.
Tr khng phc
Tr khng phc l t s gia in p phc trn dng in phc ca cc phn t in tr, in
cm v t in.

35

I
U
e I
e U
I
U
Z
t j
t j
&
&
&
&
= =

(3.14)
Do in tr khng phi l phn t qun tnh (gc lch pha gia th v dng trn n bng 0) nn
tr khng phc ca n cng chnh bng gi tr in tr v khng ph thuc vo tn s.
Xt cun cm c dng chy qua dng I
L
(t) = I
0
cos(t )
Ta c in p st trn in cm L bng:

( )
( )

= =

+ =
= =
L
t j
0 0
0
L
L
I L j Re e LI j Re
2
t cos LI
t sin LI
dt
) t ( dI
L ) t ( U

Hay vit di dng phc:


=
L L
I L j U
Vy tr khng ca cun cm tn s c gi l cm khng v bng:
( ) L j
I
U
Z
L
L
L
= =

(3.15)
Xt t in c dng chy qua dng I
C
(t) = I
0
cos(t )
Ta c in p st trn t vi in dung C bng:
( )
( )
C
t j
0 0
0 C C
I
C j
1
Re e I
C j
1
Re
2
t cos I
C
1
t sin I
C
1
dt ) t ( I
C
1
) t ( U

= =

+ =
= =

C C I
C j
1
U

=

Vy tr khng ca t in tn s c gi l dung khng v bng:

C j
1
I
U
Z
C
C
C

= =

(3.16)
R rng tr khng ca cc phn t in cm v in dung l cc s o thun tu v do
ngi ta gi chng l cc phn t thun in khng, chng c trng cho s tch lu nng lng ca
mch in. Trong khi tr khng ca mt in tr l mt s thc, c trng cho s tn hao nng
lng trn mch.
Xt tr khng ca mch in gm cc thng s R, L v C mc ni tip vi nhau:

+ = + + =

C
1
L j R
C j
1
L j R Z

36
Ta thy vi mt mch bt k nh vy, tr khng tng cng l mt s phc trong phn thc
gi l in tr v phn o gi l in khng. Hnh 3.13.a l trng hp gi tr tr khng mang tnh
cm khng khi vect Z nm na
mt phng trn trc thc v
trng hp hnh 3.13.b th gi
tr ny li mang tnh dung khng.
Vi cc khi nim v tr
khng nh trn, ta c th p dng
ngay nh lut Ohm cho mt
mch in c ngun tn hiu l
dao ng iu ho trng thi
dng.
3.7.4. Phn tch mch in bng t cc tuyn tnh
a) Cc thng s ca mt t cc tuyn tnh
Ngoi vic phn tch mch in tuyn tnh da vo cc kt cu chi tit ca n nh cc cch
trn, cn mt cch khc l xt n mt cch ton b, khng ch n kt cu chi tit cng nh phn
ng trong tng phn t ca mch. Vi cch xt nh vy, mch c coi nh mt h thng vi mt
s ca vo u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
v ca ra y
1
, y
2
, ..., y
m
no nh hnh 3.14.a.


(a) (b)
Hnh 3.14. a) H thng tuyn tnh, b) T cc tuyn tnh.
Nh vy iu cn quan tm y l mi quan h gia cc tn hiu vo v ra cng tr khng
ngun tn hiu Z
i
v tr khng ti Z
T
ch khng phi cc chi tit bn trong mch. Trong cc h
thng nh vy, in hnh l h thng c hai ca ring bit, mt ca t tc ng vo, mt ca
ly p ng ra gi l h thng t cc nh hnh 3.14.b. Ngun tc ng vo c th l ngun in p
gm sc in ng E v tr ni Z
i
nh hnh v. Cng c th l ngun dng in c biu din
bng mt my pht dng khng i mc song song vi in dn Y
i
. Ti li ra c mc ti Z
T
.
Mt t cc tuyn tnh nh vy s c cc thng s cn quan tm: th v dng vo U
1
, I
1
; th v
dng ra U
2
, I
2
; tr khng vo v ra Z
1
= U
1
/ I
1
, Z
2
= U
2
/ I
2
. Tr khng ra ca ngun tn hiu v tr
khng ti nh hng ti cc thng s ny.
Cc thng s ca mt t cc tuyn tnh c biu din qua cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh lin
h gia cc in p v dng in li ra vi in p v dng in li vo nh sau:
H phng trnh dn np:
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
U Y U Y I
U Y U Y I
+ =
+ =







(a) (b)
Hnh 3.13. Tr khng ca mt mch in trong hai trng hp.
L-1/ C

Z
R
j
0
L-1/ C

Z
R
j
0
u
1

u
2

.
u
n
y
1
y
2

.
y
m
I
1
U
1
I
2
U
2 Z
T ~

Z
i
E


37
Trong cc h s dn np
ij
Y c xc nh:
0 U
2
2
22 0 U
1
2
21
0 U
2
1
12 0 U
1
1
11
1 2
1 2
U
I
Y
U
I
Y
U
I
Y
U
I
Y
= =
= =
= =
= =

H phng trnh tr khng:

2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
I Z I Z U
I Z I Z U
+ =
+ =

Trong cc h s tr khng
ij
Z c xc nh:
0
2
2
0
1
2
21
0
2
1
0
1
1
11
1 2
1 2
= =
= =
= =
= =
I I
I I
I
U
I
U
Z
I
U
I
U
Z
22
12
Z
Z

H phng trnh hn hp:

2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
U h I h I
U h I h U
+ =
+ =

Trong cc h s
ij
h c xc nh:
0
2
2
0
1
2
21
0
2
1
0
1
1
11
1 2
1 2
= =
= =
= =
= =
I U
I U
U
I
I
I
h
U
U
I
U
h
22
12
h
h

C th suy ra ngha ca cc thng s trong cc h phng trnh ny nh sau: Z
11
chnh l tr
khng li vo khi h mch li ra (I
2
= 0), Z
22
l tr khng ra khi h mch li vo (I
1
= 0), h
11
l tr
khng li vo khi on mch li ra (U
2
= 0), h
22
l in dn li ra khi on mch li vo, h
12
l h
s truyn t ngc v in p, h
21
l h s truyn t thun hay h s khuch i v dng in,
v.v... Thng cc h s ny c cho sn trong cc ti liu k thut km theo cc phn t linh kin
in t c coi l mt t cc. Cc h s ny cng c th o c d dng t cc thit b trong
phng th nghim.
T cc h phng trnh trn c th tnh c cc phn t ca ma trn mt h s no theo
cc phn t ca ma trn h s khc. Th d,
22 11
h / h Z = vi
21 12 22 11
h h h h h , v.v... Cng c th
tnh c cc c trng ca t cc theo cc h s ny, th du:
H s truyn th:
Z Z Z
Z Z
Y Y
Y
U
U
K
T
T
T
U

=

= =
11
21
22
21
1
2
vi
21 12 22 11
Z Z Z Z Z =
H s truyn dng:
22
21
11
21
1
2
Z Z
Z
Y Y Y
Y Y
I
I
K
T T
T
I

=

= = vi
21 12 22 11
Y Y Y Y Y =
Tr khng vo:
22 T
T 11
T 11
22 T
1
1
V
Z Z
Z Z Z
Y Y Y
Y Y
I
U
Z

= =
Tr khng ra:
i 11
i 22
i 22
i 11
2
2
R
Z Z
Z Z Z
Y Y Y
Y Y
I
U
Z
+
+
=
+
+
= =
Vi
i
Y v
i
Z tng ng l in dn ngun dng v tr khng ngun th.

38
Phng php kho st mch in nh mt t cc tuyn tnh c s dng rt tt cho phn tch
cc mch in hot ng vi cc tn hiu c bin nh. Khi y cc on c trng V-A ca phn
t c tn hiu truyn qua c th c coi l ng thng v phn t c coi l mt t cc tuyn
tnh.
b) Ghp cc t cc vi nhau
C hai cch ghp ph bin cc t cc vi nhau: ghp ni tip v ghp song song.
Nhiu t cc ghp ni tip vi nhau th dng in cc ca l chung, cn in p trn ton b
bng tng in p trn mi ca ca tng t cc ring phn (hnh 3.15). Cc php tnh chng minh
rng ma trn tr khng ca h thng bng tng cc ma trn tr khng thnh phn.

I
1
= I'
1
= I''
1

I
2
= I'
2
= I"
2
U
1
= U'
1
+ U"
1

U
2
= U'
2
+ U"
2

Hnh 3.15. Ghp ni tip hai t cc.
Nhiu t cc ghp song song vi nhau cho in p cc ca l chung cn dng in chung
ca ton b bng tng cc dng in cc ca mi t cc (hnh 3.16). Ma trn dn np ca h
thng cc t cc mc song song bng tng cc ma trn dn np ca mi t cc.
Ngoi ra cn c cc cch ghp khc: ni tipsong song, song songni tip, ni dy truyn.
I
1
= I'
1
+ I''
1

I
2
= I'
2
+ I"
2
U
1
= U'
1
= U"
1

U
2
= U'
2
= U"
2

Hnh 3.16. Ghp song song hai t cc.
c) Cc s tng ng ca t cc
Trong cc h thng s th h thng s Y v h c cho trong cc ti liu k thut v hay c
dng hn c. Phng trnh dn np Y c xy dng t s tng ng hnh 3.17 v phng
trnh hn hp h t s tng ng hnh 3.18.




Hnh 3.17. S tng ng dn np ca mt mng t cc.
I
1
U
2
I
2
U
1
[Z']

[Z'']

I
1
U
2
I
2
U
1
[Y']

[Y'']
[Y'']

I
1
U
1 Y
11
Y
22
Y
12
U
2 Y
21
U
1
I
2
U
2

39
Hnh 3.18. S tng ng hn hp ca mt mng t cc.
3.8. Phn tch cc mch th ng in hnh gm cc phn t R, L v C
Cc mch th ng RLC c ngha rt ln trong k thut in t v chng c ng dng rt
rng ri. Trong phn ny ta s s dng cc phng php ton ni trn kho st chng.
3.8.1. Mch RC li ra trn R
Nh phn tch, vic tnh c trng qu
ca mch c thc hin bng vic t
ngun vo l hm n v 1(t) cn vic tnh c
trng dng c thc hin bng cch thay
ngun bng mt my pht dao ng iu ho
U
V
= U
0
cos(t ) nh hnh 3.19.
Tnh c trng qu
Vic tm c trng qu c thc hin bng phng php ton t Laplace trong th d
trn ti mc (3.7.2.), vi ngun tn hiu vo l hm n v 1(t) v dn ti cng thc tnh th li ra
U
R
l: ( ) ( )
RC / t
R
e t t U

= 1
c trng ny c biu din trn hnh 3.20. vi
cc trng hp:
t < 0 U
R
= 0
t = 0 U
R
= 1
t > 0 U
R
c dng e m
t = RC U
R
=1/e gim i e ln.
Gi tr RC c gi l hng s thi gian ca
mch.
Trng hp c bit khi tn hiu vo l mt xung
vung n v U
V
nh hnh 3.21.a. Xung ny c th c
coi l hiu ca hai hm nhy bc n v U
V1
v U
V2
tr so vi U
V1
mt khong thi gian bng
rng xung t
1
. V in p U
ra
s l in p xp chng ca hai in p U
ra1
v U
ra2
nn khi t > t
1
ta c:

( )
( )
/ t / t / t t / t
ra
1 1
e 1 e e e U = =









Hnh 3.19. Mch RC li ra trn R.











Hnh 3.20. c trng qu
mch RC li ra trn R.
I
1
U
1 h
21
I
1
h
11
h
12
U
2
I
2
U
2
~
h
22
U
V
=
1
(
t
)

R
C
U
R
I
U
V
=
U
0
c
o
s
(

t

-

)

~
U
V
=1(t)
U
R
1
= RC
1/e
t
t
0
1

40
Cn khi t < t
1
ch c mt xung U
V1
tc ng, nn:

/ t
ra
e U

=
Dng tn hiu tng hp li ra nh hnh 3.21.d.
Tnh c trng dng
Dng phng php bin phc ta c h s truyn phc
ca mch l:
( )
RC j
1
1
1
C j
1
R
R
I
C j
1
R
I R
U
U
j K
V
ra

+
=
+
=

+
= =
&
&
&
&
&


( )
( )
2
2
RC 1
RC
RC
1
1
1
K

+
=
+
= ;

RC
1
arctg

= (3.17)
th ca hai c trng dng: p ng bin v p ng pha nh hnh 3. 22. sau:





Hnh 3.22. p ng bin v pha ca mch RC li ra trn R.
Trn th thy rng mch in cho qua d dng cc tn hiu c tn s cao nhng li lm suy
gim cc tn hiu trong di tn s thp. V vy mch ny gi l mch lc thng cao (high-pass
filter). Ta hy tnh tn s ct
t
ng vi h s truyn
max
K
2
1
K = ca mch lc:
( )
2
1
RC 1
RC
K
K
2
t
t
max
t
=
+
=

RC
t
1
=
Vy di truyn qua ca mch lc l t tn s
RC
t
1
= n
Mch vi phn RC
Vi cc tn hiu vo c tn s <<
t
(hay = RC nh) v U
ra
<< U
V
th trong phng trnh vi
phn ca mch:




















Hnh 3.21. Tn hiu vo l xung vung.
1
1/2

t
=1/ RC

/2
/4
0

t
=1/ RC
0
t
t
t
t
U
V1
U
V2
U
ra
1
t1

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

41

= +
v ra ra
U dt U
RC
1
U
c th b qua s hng
ra
U bn v tri v in p li ra lc ny coi nh t l trc tip vi vi phn
ca in p vo v thng mch c gi l mch vi phn RC:

V ra
U dt U
RC

1

dt
dU
RC U
V
ra
(3.18)
3.8.2. Mch RC li ra trn C
Ta c th tnh c ngay cc c trng
ca mch RC li ra trn C (hnh 3.23) t
kt qu ca mch RC li ra trn R nh sau:
Tnh c trng qu
( )
/ t
R V C
e t 1 U U U

= =
Hay: ( )( )
/ t
C
e 1 t 1 U

=
Ta c c trng qu nh hnh 3.24.
t 0 U
C
= 0
t > 0 U
C
tng theo hm e m
t = U
C
= 1t = RC

e
U
C
1
1 =

R rng hng s thi gian ng vai tr l o thi gian xc lp in p ra. N biu th thi
gian qu trnh t ti gi tr km gi tr xc lp (U
C
= 1) mt lng bng 1/ e phn tr s bc
nhy in p vo.
Khi tn hiu vo l mt xung vung n v, tnh tng
t nh trn ta c dng tn hiu ra nh hnh 3.25.
Khi t < t
1

( )
( )
( )
/ t t / t
2 r 1 r C ra
1
e 1 e 1 U U U U

= = =
Khi t > t
1

/ t
C ra
e 1 U U

= =
Tnh c trng dng
Dng phng php bin phc ta c h s truyn
phc ca mch l:







Hnh 3.23. Mch RC li ra trn C.











Hnh 3.24. c trng qu ca mch
RC li ra trn C.











Hnh 3.25. Tn hiu vo l mt
xung vung.
U
V
=
1
(
t
)

R
C
U
C
I
U
V
=
U
0
c
o
s
(

t

-

)

~
U
V
=1(t)
U
R
1
= RC
1- 1/e
t
t
0
1
t
t
U
ra
1
t1

(a)
(b)
U
V

42
( )
RC j 1
1
I
C j
1
R
I
C j
1
U
U
j K
V
C

+
=

= =
&
&
&
&
&

T tm c hai p ng bin v pha. th ca chng trn hnh 3.26.
( )
( )
( )

=
+
=
RC arctg

RC 1
1
K
2

(3.19)





Hnh 3.26. c trng bin v pha ca mch RC li ra trn C.
Ta nhn thy mch d dng cho qua cc tn hiu trong di tn thp nn y l mch lc thng
thp (low-pass filter) vi tn s ct
cao
= 1/ RC v di truyn qua ca mch lc l t 0 n
cao
.
Mch tch phn RC
Vi cc tn hiu vo c tn s >>
cao
hay U
ra
<< U
V
th trong phng trnh vi phn ca
mch:

V C
C
U U
dt
dU
RC =
C th b qua s hng
ra
U = U
C
bn v tri v in p li ra lc ny coi nh t l trc tip vi
tch phn ca in p vo v thng mch c gi l mch tch phn RC:
dt U
RC
1
U U
dt
dU
RC
V ra V
ra

(3.20)
3.8.3. Mch RLC mc ni tip Hin tng cng hng in th
Kho st mt khung mc ni tip ba phn t R, L v C nh hnh 3.27.
Phn tch qu trnh qu
Khi cho ngun tn hiu l hm nhy
bc n v 1(t) ta c phng trnh m t
trng thi mch in nh sau:

= + + ) t ( 1 Idt
C
1
dt
dI
L RI







Hnh 3.27. Mch RLC ni tip.
1
1/2

C
=1/ RC

|K|

-/2
-/4
0

C
=1/ RC
0
U
V
=
1
(
t
)

C
U
V
=
U
0
c
o
s
(

t

-

)

~
I
R
L

43
Dng phng php ton t Laplace, chuyn sang phng trnh i s trong khng gian nh:
p
) p ( I
pC
) p ( pLI ) p ( RI
1 1
= + +
( )( )
2 1 2
p p p p L
1
LC
1
L
pR
p L
1
pC
1
pL R p
1
I(p)

+ +
=

+ +
=
Vi
LC
L
R
L
R
p
,
1
4
2
2
2
2 1

y
L
R
2
v
LC
1
L 4
R
2
2

Tra ngc bng nh-gc ta c nghim trong khng gian gc:
( )
t t t
2 1
t p t p
e e e
L 2
1
p p
e e
.
L
1
) t ( I
2 1

=
Xt cc trng hp vi cc khc nhau:
+ Nu l s thc, ngha l
C
L
2 R > ( c gi l tr sng ca mch) ta c:
( ) t sh e
L
1
t I
t

= , dng in trong mch c dng tt dn nh m t trn hnh 3.28.a.
+ Nu l s o, ngha l 2 < R ta c th vit j vi
2
2
L 4
R
LC
1

Khi : ( ) t sin e
L
1
t I
t

= , dng in trong mch l mt dao ng iu ho c bin
gim dn theo thi gian (dao ng tt dn) nh hnh 3.28.b.
+ Nu = 0, ngha l 2 = R ta c:
( )
t
e
L
t
t I

= , ta c dao ng nh hnh 3.28.c dng gii hn ca 2 trng hp trn.






(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 3.28. Dng dao ng trong khung vi cc khc nhau.

t
t
t
I(t) I(t) I(t)

44
Phn tch qu trnh dng
Khi tc ng ln khung mt tn hiu iu ho U
V
= U
0
cost ta c:
- Tng tr phc ca khung l:

+ =
C
1
L j R Z

&

Do

+ =
R
C
1
- L
arctg
C
1
L R Z
2
2

&

Ta thy Z cc tiu v bng R khi
0
C
1
L =

hay
LC
1
0
=

0
c gi l tn s dao ng ring ca khung. Ti tn s ny, tng tr ca khung l cc tiu
v bng R v gc lch pha cng bng khng.
- Tnh dng qua khung:

2
2
0
C
1
L R
U
Z
U
I

+
= =

&
&
&
khi =
0
, ta c:
R
U
I I
0
max
= =
&

Nu v th s ph thuc ca I vo tn s tn hiu vo ta s c mt ng cong c gi tr cc
i ti tn s =
0
(hnh 3.29.) gi l ng cong cng hng. Ta ni, khi tn s tn hiu vo
bng ng tn s dao ng ring ca mch RLC th trong mch xy ra hin tng cng hng.
Tnh in p trn cc phn t ca mch trong
iu kin cng hng:
in p trn cun cm:
0
0
0 0 Lch
jQU
R
U
L j I L j U = =
& &

in p trn t in:

0
0
0 0
Cch
jQU
R
U
C
1
j I
C
1
j U = =

& &

Ta thy i lng
C
L
R RC R
L
Q
1 1
0
0
= =

trong hai biu thc l nh nhau v i lng ny

c gi l h s phm cht ca khung. Cc ng cong cng hng I() v Z() c di truyn
qua tnh c bng Q /
0
= . Do vy nu h s phm cht Q cng ln, di truyn qua cng hp
(ng cong cng hng cng nhn); ta ni rng khung c tnh chn lc tn s cng cao.








Hnh 3.29. ng cong cng hng.

=
0

I/ I
max
1
1/ 2

45
Nu v th ca hai vect th trn cun cm v t in tn s cng hng ta s thy: khi
cng hng, bin in p trn cc linh kin thnh phn L v C ny ca mch s ln gp Q ln
bin tn hiu vo. Th d vi cc mch cng hng thng thng, Q c c t 10 n vi trm nn
bin ny tr nn rt ln. Tuy nhin v chng c pha ngc du nhau nn tng in p tc thi
trn on mch l bng khng. Hin tng c sc ny c gi l cng hng in p. Lc
ny in p trn in tr R cng t ti gi tr cc i v bng chnh in p tn hiu vo U
0
.








Hnh 3.30. Cc vect in p trn cc phn t R, L, C v dng ng cong
cng hng ph thuc vo h s phm cht Q ca mch.
3.8.4. Mch RLC mc song song Hin tng cng hng dng in
Hnh 3.31 l mt th d v mch gm cc phn t R, L v C c mc song song vi nhau
thnh mt khung. y R thng l in tr thun ca dy cun cun in cm. R
N
l in tr
mch ngoi khung. Cc php tnh dn n kt lun l: khi tn s tn hiu bng tn s
0
, trong
khung cng xy ra hin tng cng hng. Lc ny tr khng ca khung l cc i v bng:

2
2
max 0
Q
1
1
R
Z Z + = =


vi
C
L
gi l tr sng ca khung.
Khi h s phm cht ca khung Q >> 1 th
tr khng ny ti tn s cng hng bng:
( )
( )
2
0
2
0
2
max 0
RC
1
R
L
R
Z Z

= = = =
Dng tng s l cc tiu nhng dng trong mi nhnh hu nh ln gp Q ln dng mch ngoi
nhng ngc pha nhau. Ta c hin tng cng hng dng in trong khung RLC mc song song.
3.8.5. Khung cng hng lin kt h cm RLC
Cc khung cng hng n nh k trn c phm cht cao v di truyn hp. Do vy trong
mt s trng hp mun m rng di tn nhng vn nng cao tnh chn lc ngi ta phi lin kt
hai hay nhiu khung cng hng vi nhau. S khung lin kt c h s h cm M nh hnh 3.32.



Hnh 3.31. Mch RLC mc song song.
C
U
V
=U
0
cost
~
I
C
R
L
I
L
I
R
N


0

I/ I
max
1
1/ 2

2
0
Q
2
Q
1
Q
1
> Q
2
U
V
=U
R
U
L
U
C
Trc thc

Trc o

U
L
= - U
C


46






Hnh 3.32. Khung lin kt RLC.
Vit phng trnh cho dng in phc trong mch, n gin ta tm b du sao nhng hy
nh rng cc i lng ny u l phc:
1 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
0
1
MI j I
C
j I L j I R
MI j I
C
j I L j I R U

+ + =
+ + =

Gi
1
1 1
1
C
L X

v
2
2 2
1
C
L X

Ta c:
2 2
1
2
jX R
MI j
I
+
=

, t vo phng trnh mt v k hiu
2
2
2
2
2
2
X R Z +
td 1 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
1 1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
Z I X
Z
M
j R
Z
M
jX R I
jX R
M
jX R I U =

+ + =

+
+ + =


trong
td td td
jX R X
Z
M
X j R
Z
M
R Z +

+
2
2
2
2 2
1 2
2
2
2 2
1


Nhn vo biu thc ny ta thy hai khung lin kt c th c thay bng mt khung n c
in tr tng ng R
td
v in khng tng ng X
td
, trong ;
2
2
2
2 2
1
R
Z
M
R R
td

+ = v
2
2
2
2 2
1
X
Z
M
X X
td

=
R rng phn in tr v in khng ca khung
mt b nh hng bi khung hai khi n b thm vo
cc thnh phn
2
2
2
2 2
R
Z
M
v
2
2
2
2 2
X
Z
M
.
Ta s kho st c tnh cng hng ca khung.
Khi thay cc i lng tng ng vo ta c mt khung cng hng ni tip nh hnh 3.33.
Ging nh khung cng hng ni tip n xt, hin tng cng hng xy ra khi in khng ca
mch tng ng bng khng.
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
1
=

=
C
L
C
L R
M
C
L X
td

Hnh 3.33. Khung tng ng ca
hai khung lin kt.
R
1
~
R
2
C
1
C
1
L
1
L
2 U
V
=U
0
cost

I
1 I
2
M

R
td
~
X
1td
U
V
=U
0
cost


47
Nu hai khung lin kt mnh (M ln), h s lin kt 1
2 1

L L
M
:
Gi
1 1
2
1
1
C L
n = ;
2 2
2
2
1
C L
n = l cc tn s ring phn ca khung 1 v khung 2 v khi R
2
rt
nh ta s c:
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1 1

=

n n
hay ( ) ( ) 0 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 2 4
= + n n n n
Gii phng trnh ny s xc nh c hai tn s cng hng
1
v
2
. Hai tn s ny ch
trng vi hai tn s ring n
1
v n
2
khi = 0 (tc l hai khung khng cn lin kt). Nu 0, hai tn
s
1
v
2
s nm ngoi n
1
v n
2
(hnh 3.34).





Hnh 3.34. Cng hng khi lin kt mnh.
Nu hai khung lin kt yu (M nh), h s lin kt 0
2 1

L L
M
:
Khi khng th b qua s c mt ca in tr tn hao R
2
trong khung hai. Ta c:
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1
=

n
d
n
n
L vi
2
2
2
L
R
d

V 0
1
L nn biu thc trong ngoc vung phi bng khng. Khi hai khung hon ton ging
nhau (L
1
= L
2
L; C
1
= C
2
C; n
1
= n
2
n) v t
2
2
1

n
l lch tn s, c phng trnh:
0 1
2 2
2
2
=

d

Phng trnh ny c 3 nghim:
0 =
3
= n
2
2
2
2 1
d
,
= c hai nghim thc khi
2
2
2
d >
Khi
2
2
2
d < (lin kt yu), th
2 1,
l o v ch cn mt nghim thc 0 = .
Nh vy khi lin kt yu ta c mt tn s cng hng
3
= n. Cn khi lin kt mnh ta c hai
tn s cng hng
1
v
2
cch xa tn s n. Hnh 3.35. cho cc ng cong cng hng trong cc
trng hp ny. Nh vy, mc d hai khung hon ton ging nhau th nu tng lin kt s cho

2
n
1
n
2

48
php m rng di tn s cng hng ca khung tng ng. Nhiu khi ngi ta s dng 3 hoc 4
khung ging nhau lin kt s cho c vng truyn qua rng hn na.






Hnh 3.35. ng cong cng hng trong cc trng hp lin kt khc nhau.
3.9. Lin kt phn hi trong
mch in
Lin kt phn hi (hi tip) l vic truyn
mt phn hay ton b tn hiu (in p hay
dng in) t li ra mch in (th d nh mt
t cc) tr v li vo thng qua mt mch
in khc (t cc khc) gi l mng hi tip.
S chung ca mt mch in c lin kt
phn hi c trnh by nh hnh 3.36.
Trong s ny:

v
ra
U
U
K
&
&
&
= l h s truyn phc ca mch khng c phn hi.

ra
f
U
U
&
&
&
= l h s truyn phc ca mch phn hi.

th
ra
f
U
U
K
&
&
&
= l h s truyn phc ca ton b mch c phn hi.
Trong thc t xy ra hai loi phn hi: th nht, bn thn mch in (b khuch i) hay trong
cc linh kin xy ra nhng khu phn hi k sinh (th d, in dung k sinh ca cc dng c
in t bn dn, v.v...) thng lm xu tnh nng ca mch. Trong thit k lp rp mch in t
thng phi lm cho loi phn hi ny cng nh cng tt. Th hai, l mch phn hi do ta to ra
ngoi mch in (th d b khuch i) nhm thc hin mt mc ch no . y ta ch xt
loi phn hi th hai ny trong iu kin mch in hot ng di tn s khng qu cao.
C th phn loi phn hi theo nhng cch sau:
Phn loi theo pha ca tn hiu hi tip: phn hi m v phn hi dng. Tn hiu phn hi
m ngc pha vi tn hiu vo nn lm yu tn hiu vo. Ngc li, tn hiu phn hi dng ng
pha vi vi tn hiu vo do n lm mnh tn hiu vo ln.
Phn loi theo dng tn hiu: Phn hi mt chiu v phn hi xoay chiu. Hi tip m mt
chiu thng dng n nh ch lm vic ca cc dng c in t trong khi hi tip m xoay
chiu li dng n nh cc thng s ca mt b khuch i in t.









Hnh 3.36. Mch in c phn hi.

2
Lin kt mnh
> d
2
=d
2
Lin kt yu
< d
2
n

ra
U
& th
U
&
f
U
&
V
U
&

&
K
&
&
f
K
&

49
Phn loi theo cch mc mch phn hi. C 4 cch mc mng phn hi vi mch khuch
i nh c trnh by trong cc hnh 3.37.




(a) (b)




(c) (d)
Hnh 3.37. Bn loi mc mch phn hi.
- Phn hi th - ni tip (hnh 3.37.a) trong th li ra qua mch phn hi c mc ni
tip vi th tn hiu vo
th
U .
- Phn hi dng - ni tip (hnh 3.37.b) trong dng li ra (t l vi th trn in tr R
f
)
qua mch phn hi c ghp ni tip vi th tn hiu vo.
- Phn hi th - song song (hnh 3.37.c) trong th li ra qua mch phn hi c mc
song song vi th tn hiu vo.
- Phn hi dng - song song (hnh 3.37.d) trong dng li ra qua mch phn hi c
ghp song song vi th tn hiu vo.
Xt mt mch khuch i tn hiu c phn hi. Tnh h s khuch i ton mch (h s truyn)
khi c phn hi
f
K
&
theo h s khuch i K
&
v h s phn hi
&
. Xt trng hp phn hi th
ni tip (cc trng hp khc cng c th chng minh tng t).
Ta c:
th
ra
f
U
U
K
&
&
&
= f
th V
U U U
& & &
+ =

f
f
th
ra
th ra
f
th
ra
v
ra
K 1
K
U
U
1
U / U
U U
U
U
U
K
& &
&
&
&
&
& &
& &
&
&
&
&

+
=
+
=
+
= =

& &
&
& & & & & &
K 1
K
K K K K K
f f f

= + =
V

j j
e Ke K
K
= =
& &
nn:
( )

j j
e K e K K
K
= =
+
& &

vi

+
K
l gc lch pha gia tn hiu vo v th phn hi.
U
ra
U
th

&
K
&

U
ra
U
th

&
K
&
R
f
U
ra
U
th U
ra
U
th
R
f
K
&

K
&

&

&

50
Nu k 2 = vi (k =1, 2, ...) tc l th phn hi trng pha vi tn hiu vo, trong h xy
ra phn hi dng:
Lc ny c 1 =
j
e suy ra

K 1
K
K K K
f

= =
& &

Nu 1 < K th K K
f
> v khi 1 K th
f
K
Ngha l phn hi dng lm tng h s khuch i nhng cng rt d lm b khuch i
khng n nh v tr thnh mt my pht sng.
Nu ( ) 1 k 2 + = , tc l th phn hi ngc pha vi tn hiu vo, trong h c phn hi m.
Lc ny c 1 =
j
e suy ra

K 1
K
K K K
f
+
= =
& &

Ta thy K
f
lun nh hn K v nu tng h s phn hi ln s cng lm gim h s khuch i
ca h.
Xt tnh n nh ca h khi c phn hi dng v m so vi khi cha c phn hi. Tnh cc
bin thin h s khuch i khi c v cha c phn hi ta c:

( )
K
K d K 1
K 1
K K 1
K 1
K
K 1
K
d
K
K d
2
f
f
&
& & &
& &
& & & &
& &
&
& &
&
&
&

=
Hay

& &
&
&
K 1
1
K
K d
f
f

=
- Vi phn hi dng, 0 = ta c:

K
dK
K
dK
K 1
1
K
dK
f
f
>

Nhn xt: khi K thay i mt lng K th
f
K thay i mt lng ln hn 1/(1 - K) ln. Vy
khi c phn hi dng h km n nh hn khi khng c phn hi.
- Vi phn hi m, = ta c:

K
dK
K
dK
K 1
1
K
dK
f
f
<
+
=

L lun nh trn ta thy khi c phn hi m h s n nh hn so vi khi khng c phn hi.
Cng cn c th chng minh d dng rng phn hi m lm tng tr khng vo v gim tr
khng ra ca mch (1 + K ) ln, cn phn hi dng th ngc li. Phn hi m cn lm m rng
di truyn qua ca b khuch i.

51
Chng 4
LINH KIN BN DN
V CC MACH IN T LIN QUAN
Cc linh kin in t, trong c cc linh kin tch cc, to nn cc mch in t thc hin
cc nhim v khuch i, gia cng x l tn hiu. Trc y cc n in t chn khng (electronic
vacumm tube) hot ng nh hiu ng pht x nhit in t ng vai tr chnh trong hu ht cc
mch in. T nhng nm 50 ca th k trc, cc dng c bn dn in nh diode, transistor v
sau l cc vi mch n khi (thng gi l mch tch hp vi in t IC) ra i thay th dn
cc n in t ny v cho ti nay hu ht cc linh kin in t u c ch to t vt liu bn
dn. Do trong cc gio trnh mch in t hin i, hu nh ch cc linh kin bn dn v cc
mch in lin quan mi c trnh by. V cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc dng c ny
c trnh by trong cc gio trnh v linh kin bn dn nn y ch m t tm tt mt cch n
gin nhng nguyn l hot ng ca chng nhm phc v cho mc ch chnh l kho st cc mch
in t lin quan s dng dng c bn dn.
4.1. Cht bn dn v lp tip gip p-n
4.1.1. Cht bn dn
Cht bn dn l nhng cht m in tr sut ca chng nm gia cc cht dn in v cch
in. Di in tr sut ca ba loi ny nh sau:
Cht dn in: 10
-3
n 10
-5
m
Cht cch in: 10
7
n 10
16
m
Cht bn dn: 10
-5
n 10
7
m
c im ca cht bn dn l cc tnh cht in ca n ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit , nng
tp cht, tc dng ca nh sng, bc x ion ho, v.v...
Cc nguyn t trong vt rn c sp xp to thnh cc mng tinh th vi cc ht nhn nguyn
t v cc in t ho tr lin kt vi nhau. Ch cc in t t do khng nm trong cc v tr lin kt,
chuyn ng theo in trng tc ng ln vt l c th to thnh dng in.
Ti mt nhit no , th d nh nhit phng, trong cht bn dn c mt s in t do
dao ng nhit, b bn ra khi v tr lin kt v tr thnh in t t do tham gia vo vic to nn
dng in. Cc in t c gi l cc in t dn. Khi mt in t ri khi v tr lin kt ca n
s li sau mnh mt v tr trng v lm cho cc nguyn t gn k tr nn khng trung ho v tch
in dng. V tr trng s chuyn ng ngc vi ng i ca in t dn v cng c coi
l mt phn t dn in mang in tch dng v c gi l l trng. Bng cch thm vo cht bn
dn tinh khit, th d Si c ho tr 4, mt t tp cht donor c ho tr ln hn (th d ho tr 5) hay
tp cht aceptor c ho tr nh hn (th d ho tr 3) ta ln lt c cc cht bn dn loi n c cc
phn t ti in c bn (a s) l in t v cc cht bn dn loi p c cc phn t ti in c bn l
l trng.

52
Cc cht bn dn c th l n cht nh Si, Ge, Se hay cc -xt, sunfua, selenua, v.v... T
nhng nm 50 th k trc, ngi ta ch to thnh cng cc dng c bn dn nh diode
transistor, thyristor v gn y l cc mch tch hp n khi gi l vi mch IC (integrated circuit)
m nh cao l cc mch vi x l. Do c im c tui th cao, gn nh, cng sut tiu tn nh v
hiu sut cao nn cc dng c bn dn ngy cng c nhiu ng dng trong k thut mch in t.
4.1.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca lp tip gip p-n. Diode bn dn
S tip xc ca hai bn dn loi p v n to nn mt vng chuyn tip in tl trng v c
gi l lp chuyn tip p-n (hay tip gip p-n) nh trnh by trn hnh 4.1.a. Nguyn tc hot ng
ca cc dng c bn dn u da trn vic ng dng cc tnh cht ca lp tip gip ny.
Hnh 4.1. Lp tip gip pn v cu to ca diode bn dn.
Do c s chnh lch nng cc phn t ti in nn c s khuch tn l trng t min p sang
min n v khuch tn in t t min n sang min p, tc l xut hin dng khuch tn in t v l
trng qua lp tip gip p- n.
L trng khuch tn t min p lm xut hin cc in m trong mt vng ca min p st vi
min n, cn in t khuch tn t min n s lm xut hin cc in dng trong mt vng ca min
n st vi min p. V cc nguyn t c phn b cc nt ca mng tinh th cht bn dn nn cc
in m v dng c to nn ny khng th dch chuyn t do c. iu c ngha l xut hin
trong lp tip gip cc in tch khng gian v sinh ra trong mt in trng j E

hng t min
n sang p. in trng ny s hm qu trnh khuch tn v lm gim dng khuch tn. Trong cng
thi gian y, trng ny lm tng tc chuyn ng ca cc phn t ti in khng c bn tc l in
t t min p sang n v l trng t min n sang p. Nh vy n lm xut hin dng in tri theo

E
J
+

- +

-
Lp tip gip khi cha c phn cc

Lp tip gip khi phn cc thun

E
p-n
= E
ngoi
- E
J E
p-n
= E
ngoi
+ E
J
Lp tip gip khi phn cc ngc

p n p n
p n
A

K

E
J
E
ngoi
E
J
E
ngoi
(a)

(b)

(c)


53
hng ngc vi dng khuch tn. Kt qu l trong trng thi cn bng ng, in tch khng gian
khng tng na v vng tip gip s thiu vng cc phn t ti in. Do vy in tr ca vng ny
s rt ln v n c gi l vng ngho in tch. Cc dng in khuch tn v tri bng nhau cho
nn dng tng i qua lp tip gip l bng khng.
Khi t mt ngun in bn ngoi ln lp tip gip theo hng: cc dng t ln min p v
cc m t ln min n nh hnh 4.1.b. th cng in trng ngoi l ngc chiu vi in
trng chuyn tip j E

, do lm gim tc dng ca n. Kt qu l dng khuch tn c tng ln

so vi dng tri v dng tng hp s c xc nh bi dng khuch tn v chy theo chiu t min
p sang n. in t t min n khuch tn vo min p di tc dng ca in trng ngoi v tr thnh
phn t ti khng c bn trong min p. Ngc li l trng khuch tn t min p sang n cng tr
thnh cc phn t ti khng c bn trong min ny. Cc hin tng ny gi l s phun phn t ti
in c bn sang min m ti n thnh khng c bn cn dng chy qua min tip gip gi l
dng phun hoc dng in thun. Trong trng hp ny ta ni lp tip gip c phn cc thun v
dng in thun thng ln.
Ngc li khi mc ngun in ngoi sao cho cc m ni vi min p, cc dng ni vi min n
nh trong hnh 4.1.c th tip gip c phn cc ngc. Chiu in trng ngoi lc ny cng chiu
vi trng j E

do vy lm tng tc dng ca n. Kt qu l cng lm gim thnh phn khuch tn

ca dng qua lp tip gip xung di gi tr ng vi trng thi cn bng v lm tng thnh phn
tri. Dng qua lp tip gip p-n lc ny s c xc nh bi dng tri theo chiu ngc vi dng
in thun v gi l dng in ngc. V nng cc phn t ti khng c bn rt nh hn nng
cc phn t ti c bn nn dng in ngc l rt nh so vi dng in thun.
Khi ni hai in cc vo hai min p v n nh vy ta s c c mt dng c gi l diode bn
dn c k hiu nh hnh 4.1.a ch ra, trong cc ni vi min p gi l Anode (A) cn cc ni vi
min n gi l Kathode (K).
S ph thuc ca dng
d
I
qua diode vo th
d
U = U
AK
t
trn n tnh theo cng thc:
( ) 1 e I I
T d
U / U
s d
= (4.1)
Trong :
S
I l dng bo ho hay
dng nhit khi diode c phn
cc ngc;
K l hng s Boltzmann
bng 1,38.10
-23
J/K;
T l nhit K; e
0
l in tch in t bng 1,6. 10
-19
C v
0
e
KT
U
T
gi l th nhit. Ti
nhit phng U
T
c 25,5 mV.














Hnh 4.2. c trng V-A ca diode bn dn.
I(mA)
10
20
30
40
U
AK
(V)
0,4 0,6
A
-10 -20 -30
2
6
0
- + + -
Si
Ge GaAs
0,2 0,8

54
4.2. ng dng ca diode bn dn
Lp tip gip p-n c th c dng trong nhiu mc ch nh chnh lu dng in, tch sng
tn s cao, bin i tn hiu phi tuyn, v.v... V vy cng c rt nhiu loi diode. Diode c phn
loi theo nhiu c im khc nhau tu thuc vo cng ngh ch to, phm vi ng dng, v.v... Cn
tu theo kch thc v cu to m phn ra diode tip mt v diode tip im. Kch thc ca diode
tip im c xc nh bi din tch ca lp tip gip p-n c ng knh nh hn b dy ca lp
ny. Diode tip mt c din tch tip gip rt ln so vi b dy ca n. Diode tip im c dng
cc mch in tn s cao. Diode chnh lu c ch to theo cng ngh cht bn dn Ge c in tr
thun nh hn t 1,5 n 2 ln so vi diode Si, song in p ngc m n c th chu c thp hn
khng qu 400V trong khi diode Si c th chu c ti mt vi ngn vn v c dng ngc rt nh.
Diode Si cn c th lm vic c trong mt di nhit kh rng t -60C n +150C.
C th lit k vi tham s c bn ca diode nh sau:
- Dng in chnh lu trung bnh cc i: l dng phn cc thun trung bnh cc i cho
php chy qua diode trong thi gian s dng di m diode khng hng v qu nhit.
- in p ngc cc i: thng bng 1/2 gi tr in p ngc m ti diode b hng
do b nh thng lp tip gip.
- Dng in ngc: l tr s dng in ngc khi diode cha b nh thng, n ph thuc
mnh vo nhit .
- Di tn s lm vic: b gii hn ch yu do in dung ca lp tip gip p-n, khi tn s
tn hiu vt qu tr s ny th diode khng cn th hin tnh dn in mt chiu na.
4.2.1. Diode chnh lu
Chnh lu l ng dng u tin ca lp tip gip pn. Cc diode tip mt thng c dng
cho mc ch chnh lu trong cc b ngun nui mch in t c cp t mng in cng nghip.
Mch chnh lu na sng ca in p xoay chiu t ngun in cng nghip 50 Hz c s
nh hnh 4.3.a. Trong tnh ton gn ng bc nht khi bin in p vo ln, c th coi c
tuyn ca diode l mt ng gp khc nh hnh 4.3.b. c in tr thng l
d d d
I / U r = =
const. Do trong na chu k dng ca tn hiu vo, diode c phn cc thun v tr nn thng
cho dng in chy qua tr ti. Dng i qua ti l mt dy cc sng na chu k hnh sin s gy nn
in p trn ti c cng dng vi dng. Ta c dng th chnh lu U
T
= U
K
nh th hnh 4.3.c.
(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 4.3. Mch chnh lu na sng.
U
A
A

d

R
T
K

0V

t

U
T
=U
K
t
~
AC
50Hz
U
d
I
d
t

t


55
Mch chnh ton sng c s chnh lu cu n gin nh trn hnh 4.4.
Trong na chu k in p vo dng, hai diode hai nhnh AB v DC c phn cc thun do
tr nn thng, cn hai diode hai nhnh CB v DA c phn cc ngc v tr nn b cm. Do
vy xut hin dng dn i qua tr ti theo chiu t B sang D theo ng: A - B - R
T
- D - C.
Trong na chu k m, hai diode hai nhnh CB v DA lc ny c phn cc thun trong khi
hai diode hai nhnh AB v DC li b phn cc ngc. Do vy xut hin dng dn i qua tr ti
cng theo chiu t B sang D nhng theo ng: C - B - R
T
- D - A.
Kt qu l trong c hai na chu k ta u c dng i qua tr ti to nn th U
T
nh th hnh
4.4.b.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.4. Mch chnh lu ton sng.
Lc gn sng li ra trn tr ti: Trong hai s trn, in p ra trn ti mi l mt chiu
nhng c bin cn bin i theo sng hnh sin. Mun c c in p ra mt chiu c bin
khng i (bng phng) phi mc song song vi ti mt t in C c in dung ln nh hnh
4.5.a. Thc cht y l vic lp vo mt b lc thng thp RC li ra mch chnh lu. Trong trng
hp khng ti (R
T
= ), in tr R y chnh l in tr thun r
d
ca diode. V ph Fourier ca
dng sng li ra sau chnh lu (gm cc na chu k sin) gm thnh phn mt chiu v cc sng hi
hnh sin c tn s 50 Hz, 100 Hz, ... nn gi tr ca t C (tc hng s thi gian RC) phi c chn
ln sao cho tn s ct ca b lc thp ch cho qua thnh phn mt chiu cn cc thnh
phn khc b suy gim ht.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.5. Lc gn sng trn ti.
Khi mc ti th in tr ti cng s tham gia vo mch lc ny v in tr ti cng nh hiu
qu lc cng km (sng mp m nhiu). Do vy mi mch chnh lu c mc t ch tho mn trong
mt di in tr ti nht nh. i khi ngi ta dng mch lc LC nhng khng c hiu qu cao v
A

R
T
C

B

D

t

U
A-C
U
B-D
t

~
AC
50Hz
d

R
T
r
d
C
~
AC
50Hz
Th trn ti
khi khng c t

U
T
t

U
Th trn ti
khi c t


56
kinh t do chn cc hi bc thp i hi gi tr L rt ln, cun cm tr nn cng knh v gi
thnh cao.
4.2.2. Diode n p
Trong ch phn cc ngc, cc diode Si c mt c im nh sau: nu th phn cc vt
qu mt gi tr no th s xy ra hin tng nh thng trong lp tip gip p-n. Lc ny th trn
diode hu nh khng i trong khi dng ngc chy qua n thay i rt ln. iu cho php duy
tr mt c ch n p trn tr ti mc song song vi diode. in p m ti xy ra hin tng nh
thng c gi l in p n U
Z
.
C hai loi c ch nh thng c phn nh ngng U
Z
= 5,6V:
- nh thng loi zener, cho ta cc diode c h s nhit m, ngha l ng vi mt in
p nht nh dng qua diode gim khi nhit tng.
- nh thng loi thc l, cho ta cc diode c h s nhit dng.
Dng n p cc i b hn ch bi cng sut cc i chu c ca diode n p. Khi vt qu
cng sut ny, diode tr nn qu nng v b hng do nh thng v nhit.
Diode n p c dng cho nhiu mc ch, th d nh to b n p thng s, b hn ch bin
tn hiu, v.v... Hnh 4.6.a l th d v c trng V-A ca loi diode n p c th n p U
Z
=9,8 V.
Hnh 4.6. c trng V-A ca diode n p v mch hn ch bin .
Trong ch nh thng, dng ngc tng ln n 40 mA trong khi th thay i khng qu
0,2V. Hnh 4.6.b l mt s ng dng diode n p lm mch hn ch bin , trong R
S
l in
tr bo v diode khi b qu dng.
Nhn vo th in p U
T
ta thy: c nhng khong thi gian ngun tn hiu c bin ln
hn mc th n p U
Z
nhiu nhng in p st trn ti lc (cng chnh l in p phn cc ngc
ca diode) lun ch bng U
Z
do tnh cht n p ca diode trong min nh thng.
nh gi cht lng n p ngi ta hay dng thng s h s n p l t s gia s bin
thin in p trn in p ti tnh theo phn trm %
U
U
T
T

. m bo h s n p theo yu cu,
thng chn dng nh thng qua diode ln gp t 3 n 5 ln dng qua ti.
~
R
T
R
S
U
V
U
V
U
T
U
Z
U
Z
t
t
(a)
(b)
I(mA
)
U
Z
= -9,8V c trng
thun
I
Z
I
Z
= 40mA
I
Zmax
U
Z
= 0,2V

c

t
r

n
g

n
g

c


57
4.2.3. Diode bin dung
Chiu dy ca lp tip gip p-n c xc nh bi su ca lp ngn trong cc min p v n.
Cc php tnh chi tit chng t rng thm su ca lp ngn trong cc min p v n t l ngc vi
nng tp cht trong cc min y. Trong min tip gip p-n hnh thnh hai loi in dung:
- in dung in tch c xc nh bi s thay i ca in tch khi (c to bi cc
in dng v m trong lp tip gip p-n) khi thay i in p tc dng t ngoi. Theo
quan im ny th lp tip gip p-n tng t nh mt t in phng c in dung bng:

S
C = . Trong S l din tch lp tip gip, l hng s in mi ca cht bn dn
v l b dy lp tip gip.
- in dung khuch tn th hin khi lp tip gip p-n c mc theo chiu thun v c
xc nh bi s bin i ca in tch trong min p v min n v s thay i ca s in
t v l trng phun vo cc min .
Da trn nguyn tc ny ngi ta ch to ra diode bin dung (varicap) c in dung ca lp
tip gip p-n ph thuc vo in p ngc tc dng ln n nh c trng C-U trn hnh 4.7.a. K
hiu ca varicap c v trn s ng dng trong hnh 4.7.b.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.7. c trng Vn-Fara ca diode bin dung v s ng dng.
y l mt s iu hng tn s cng hng ca khung dao ng LC rt hay c dng
trong k thut pht thanh truyn hnh hin nay. Thay v cho vic s dng mt t in bin i (t
xoay) bng c kh nh kiu c trong khung LC, mt diode bin dung C
V
c th vo v tr .
Khi iu chnh v tr con chy ca bin tr P, in p phn cc ngc t vo diode thay i v
lm thay i in dung C
V
ca n. iu cho php iu hng gi tr tn s dao ng ring ca
khung (
V
LC / 1
0
= ) cho ph hp vi tn s ngun tn hiu cn thu c c hin tng cng
hng dng trong khung nhm chn lc tn hiu i pht c tn s bng tn s
0
. T C
0
trong s
c tc dng ngn thnh phn mt chiu t ngun i vo cun cm L; do vy gi tr ca n c
chn ln so vi C
V
sao cho trong di iu hng, dung khng ca n (bng 1/ C
0
) c th coi
bng khng.
4.2.4. Diode quang in (photo diode)
Diode quang in l dng c bn dn c dng ngc tng nhanh khi c chiu sng. Khi
chiu sng diode bng bc x nh sng c bc sng thch hp, dng ngc ny tng do s to ra
U
ngc
C
V
= C
p-n
100

200

(nF)

10

20

30

P
+
-
C
0
C
V
L

Anten thu

Tn hiu ra

(V)


58
cc ht ti in khng c bn trong cc min p v n cng nh s pht sinh cc cp in t - l trng
trong vng tip gip p-n. H c trng V-A ca mt diode quang in vi cc quang thng khc
nhau chiu vo n c biu din nh hnh 4.8.a. Dng ngc khi diode cha c chiu sng
(
0
= 0) gi l dng ti. Khi 0, dng quang in l tng ca 3 dng thnh phn: dng khuch
tn ca cc in t trong min p c sinh ra do cc ph-tn sng chiu vo, dng khuch tn ca
quang l trng trong min n v dng pht quang trong vng tip gip p-n. Diode quang in c
dng trong cc s thu v chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Hnh 4.8.b l k hiu
ca mt diode quang in v s mch ng dng pht hin cc xung nh sng ca n.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.8. H c trng vn-ampe vi cc quang thng khc nhau (a) v s
ng dng ca diode quang in thu nhn cc xung nh sng (b).
Cc xung nh sng t ngun sng S qua cc khe ca a quay K c chiu ti b mt ca
diode quang in d. Ngun +V
cc
cp in p ngc cho diode qua in tr gnh R
C
. Trong thi
khong khng c xung sng chiu vo, dng ngc rt nh, st th trn tr ti bng khng. Khi c
xung nh sng chiu vo diode to nn dng quang in I
d
t l vi quang thng. Dng ny gy nn
cc in p xung trn tr ti bng I
d
R
C
. in p ny c a ti mch khuch i cng sut ra ti.
o tn s ca xung in li ra ta c th xc nh c tc quay ca a, v.v...
4.2.5. Diode pht quang LED (light emitting diode)
Diode pht quang l loi hot ng vi lp chuyn tip p-n c phn cc thun. Lc ny cc
in t c bn t min n c phun sang min p v ti hp vi l trng. Ngc li l trng c
phun t min p sang min n v ti hp vi in t. Trong qu trnh ti hp, nng lng c gii
phng di dng tia bc x nh sng. Do diode loi ny c gi l diode pht quang LED. Cc
c trng quan trng nht ca mt diode pht quang l: ph nh sng pht x, hiu sut v p ng
ca diode vi xung kch thch. Cc diode pht quang thng dng gm cc loi pht nh sng trong
vng kh kin v loi pht trong vng hng ngoi. Chng c s dng nhiu trong cc bng ch th
(display), trong cc linh kin ghp ni quang v nhy quang (nh optron). Thi gian p ng ca
chng c th t c mili giy ti cc xung hp c nan giy.
Ngoi cc linh kin diode k trn cn nhiu loi khc hin ang c s dng nhiu trong thc
t nh diode ng hm (tunel), diode laser, diode siu cao tn, v.v... v cc diode cng sut ln
hot ng vi th phn cc ngc v dng rt ln. Nguyn tc hot ng v c im k thut ca
cc diode loi ny cng cc s ng dng ca n c th xem thm trong cc gio trnh vt liu,
linh kin bn dn.
U
d
I
d

0
0

2

3
>
2
>
1
>
0

+V
cc
B
khuch i

in p ra

S

K

d

R
C

3

59
4.3. Transistor lng cc
4.3.1. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng
Transistor lng cc BJT (bipolar junction transistor) l mt linh kin bn dn c 3 lp (min)
bn dn ni tip nhau p-n-p hoc n-p-n. Mi lp ny ln lt c gi l lp pht E (emitter), lp
gc B (base) v lp gp C (collector). Mi lp c ni ra cc in cc tng ng l emitter, base
v collector. S sp xp gia cc lp bn dn v b tr cc in cc cng nh k hiu ca hai loi
transistor trong s mch nh hnh 4.9. Transistor trong hnh (a) l loi pnp hay gi l transistor
thun, loi trong hnh (b) gi l transistor ngc npn. Vi cch sp xp nh vy, i khi transistor
c coi nh 2 diode mc ni tip nhau nh hnh.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.9. S sp xp cc lp bn dn trong hai loi transistor v k hiu ca n.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cc transistor c kho st k trong cc gio trnh linh kin bn
dn, y ta ch im li mt cch vn tt s hot ng ca mt transistor loi pnp thy tc dng
khuch i cng sut ca n khi c mc trong mt s thch hp, th d nh s hnh 4.10.
Transistor c cp in t hai
ngun E
1
<< E
2
. Nhn vo s ta
thy, ngun E
1
to mt phn cc thun
cho lp tip gip E-B trong khi ngun
E
2
to ra mt phn cc ngc trn lp
tip gip B-C. Khi kho K m, in p
U
EB
bng khng cn tip gip B-C li
c phn cc ngc nn dng
collector I
c
hu nh bng khng (thc
ra ch c mt dng ngc rt nh ca
cc phn t ti in khng c bn l cc in t t lp C sang lp B). Khi ng cng tc K, tip gip
E-B c phn cc thun t ngun E
1
nn c mt dng in thun gm cc l trng t lp E c
phun vo lp B. Lp B c ch to sao cho rt mng v phn t ti c bn y l in t c mt
rt thp. V vy ch mt s t l trng t lp E sang c ti hp vi s in t trong lp B v to
ra dng I
B
, cn li phn ln c khuch tn qua lp B v trt ti lp C. Nguyn nhn l do khi ti
lp tip gip B-C, chnh in trng mnh do ngun E
2
to ra lm tng tc l trng v ko chng
sang lp C to nn dng I
C
chy qua tr ti R
T
. Tm li, nh c lp tip gip E-B c phn cc








Hnh 4.10. Gii thch s khuch i ca transistor pnp.
p p n
E
C
B
E
C
B
n n p
E
C
B
E
C
B
C
B
E
C
E
B
E B C
K
E
1
E
2
+ + - -
I
B
I
E
R
B
I
C
p n p
~
E
V

60
thun bi ngun E
1
to ra mt dng in nh I
B
m lp emitter c th phun c mt dng l trng
ln qua base sang lp collector to nn dng in I
c
ln. Dng in ny di tc dng ca in
trng mnh gy ra bi E
2
s sinh ra cng ln trn tr ti R
T
.
Nu by gi mc ni tip vi E
1
mt ngun tn hiu vo nh E
V
, th d ngun xoay chiu, th
dng li ra I
C
v th trn ti U
T
khng ch ph thuc vo E
1
m cn bin thin theo quy lut ca
ngun tn hiu E
V
ny nhng gi tr bin thin li ra trn ti ln hn gi tr bin thin ca ngun
tn hiu vo nhiu. Ta c s khuch i tn hiu nh transistor.
T s
E
C
I
I
c gi l h s truyn dng in. (4.2)
Theo phn tch trn th
C B E
I I I + = (vi
C B
I I << ) nn < 1.
T s
B
C
I
I
c gi l h s khuch i dng in tnh. (4.3)
Trong thc t thng c gi tr t vi chc n vi trm. Mi quan h gia v nh sau:

- 1
=
+
=
1
(4.4)
4.3.2. Cc s c bn mc transistor trong mch khuch i
C 3 cch mc c bn transistor trong cc mch khuch i. Tu theo emitter, base hay
collector c ni vi im chung gia ngun tn hiu vo v ra trong s tng ng m tng
ng c cc cch mc emitter chung CE (common emitter), base chung CB v collector chung CC
nh trnh by trn hnh 4.11.













Hnh 4.11. Ba cch mc transistor v s tng ng.
~
R
T
E
2
E
1
E
V R
B
+
-
- +
~
R
T
E
V
E
E
U
ra
U
vo

~ R
T
E
1
E
V R
B
- +
U
ra U
vo

E
2
- +
~
R
T E
V B
B
~
R
T
E
2
E
1
E
V
R
B
+
-
- +
C
~
R
T
E
V C
U
ra
U
vo

61
S tng ng c hnh thnh t s thc vi thc t tn hiu c truyn ni tt qua
cc ngun hoc t in truyn c in dung ln.
4.3.3. Mch cp in v cc s n nh im lm vic
Mch cung cp in
Mch in to cc in p ban u cho transistor khi cha cp ngun tn hiu vo gi l mch
to thin p, v im trn cc c trng V-A tng ng vi cc gi tr th v dng tnh U
BE0
v I
B0
,
U
C0
v I
C0
lc gi l im lm vic tnh ca n. Mun transistor lm vic trong vng tch cc
thng phi m bo cc yu cu v ngun in nh sau: lp tip gip E-B phi c phn cc
thun vi in p thp (c trn 0,3 V vi transistor ch to theo cng ngh Ge v c 0,7 V vi
transistor Si), cn lp tip gip C-B c phn cc ngc vi in p cao.
Thng thay v 2 ngun nui E
1
v E
2
nh trn hnh 4.10. ngi ta ch dng mt ngun E
C
cp
chung cho c hai tip gip E-B v C-B nh trong th d ca s emitter chung. Collector ca
transistor c cp ngun qua cc in tr st p R
C
, thng gi l tr gnh (hnh 4.12a). Khi c
nhiu transistor cng dng chung mt ngun th cc tng thng c mc song song vi ngun
cung cp. gim ghp k sinh gia cc tng, trong mch thng mc cc mch R
L
C
L
nh thy
trong hnh. thc cht l cc b lc tn thp. Nh vy, vai tr ca ngun E
C
cp cho mch
collector ging nh E
2
. Cn thay v E
1
, ngun E
cc
cp cho mch base mt im lm vic tnh U
BE0

(in p nh thin) qua in tr R
B
gi l in tr nh thin nh trn hnh 4.12b.






(a) (b)
Hnh 4.12. Mch nui transistor npn trong s emitter chung.
Hai t C
1
v C
2
c mc trong mch gi l cc t truyn (hay t ni tng). in dung ca
chng phi ln ti tn s tn hiu chng c dung khng rt nh hn cc gi tr tr khng ln
cn v c th coi chng c on mch vi cc tn hiu ti tn s . Cn i vi ngun nui, cc
t c tc dng ngn dng in mt chiu t ngun ny i vo ngun tn hiu hoc vo li vo
tng khuch i transistor tip sau. Vi cc s base chung v collector chung cng c cc mch
tng t ch s dng mt ngun nui kiu nh vy.
Hin tng tri im lm vic v cc s n nh
Do cht bn dn rt nhy cm vi s bin i ca nhit nn khi lm vic, di tc dng
nhit ca mi trng xung quanh v ngay chnh dng I
C
cng lm nng transistor dn n cc
thng s ca n nh h s khuch i , cng nh cc dng v th tnh trn base v collector thay
R
C2
E
C
+
C
2
R
C1
C
L
R
L
R
C
E
C
+
R
B
R
T
U
ra
U
vo
C
1

62
i, tc l im lm vic tnh b tri nhit. nh gi mc nh hng ca in p tri n in
p ra, thng nh ngha h s khuch i in p tri l
BE
C
tr
U
U
K

0
.
Do c hin tng tri nhit nn cc s cung cp in cho transistor thng phi km thm
cc mch n nh im lm vic tnh. c dng ph bin l cc s dng hi tip m mt chiu.
Hnh 4.13 l 3 s hay c dng.
(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 4.13. Ba s n nh im lm vic.
Hnh 4.13a l s dng mch phn p in tr. Khi chn R
2
<< r
BE
l in tr gia hai cc B
v E ca transistor ta c dng qua R
2
rt ln hn dng I
B0
. Lc in p U
BE
ch yu ph thuc
vo R
2
m R
2
li l in tr khng ph thuc nhiu vo nhit nh cht bn dn. Do vy im lm
vic U
BE
c n nh. Thng chn dng I
R2
= 1 n 5 ln I
B0
.
Hnh 4.13b l s dng mch phn hi gia collector v base bng in tr R
B
c mc nh
trong hnh. Do vy ngun nui mch nh thin cho transistor trong trng hp ny khng phi l
th E+ khng i m l th U
C0
bin i theo dng I
C0.
Ta c U
C0
= E
C
I
C0
R
C
. Nu nhit tng
dn ti I
B0
tng lm I
C
tng, do U
C0
gim. Do th nh thin U
BE
s gim, dn ti dng I
B0

gim b li s tng ca n do nhit . L lun tng t cho trng hp nhit transistor gim
cng s dn ti s n nh I
B0
do n ph thuc vo U
C0
.
Hnh 4.13c l s dng mch phn hi m bng tr R
E
mc ti cc emitter. Khi nhit tng
dn ti dng I
C
tng, tc l dng I
E
tng. iu lm cho st p U
RE
= I
E
R
E
trn tr R
E
tng. iu
ny tng ng vi tc dng ca phn hi m v dng mt chiu v li vo U
BE
, dn ti in p
U
BE
gim, dng I
B0
gim v dn ti dng I
C
gim b li s tng do nhit . trnh tn hao do
phn hi m c v tn hiu xoay chiu trn tr R
E
, thng ngi ta mc song song vi R
E
mt t C
E
.
Mun vy, in dung ca t phi ln sao cho tn s tn hiu phi m bo dung khng
1/C
E
<< R
E
.
4.3.4. Cc h c tuyn v ng ti ca transistor lng cc
Transistor lng cc c cc h c tuyn tnh li vo
const U
BE B
CE
) U ( f I
=
= v h c tuyn
li ra
const U
CE C
BE
) U ( f I
=
= nh c trnh by trn cc hnh 4.14 a v b. Vi c tuyn li vo,
khi khng ch ti s hin din ca th U
CE
ta thy tip gip base-emitter cho ta mt c trng
V-A cng ging nh mt diode thng thng.
R
C R
B
+E
C
R
2 r
BE

R
C
+E
C
R
B
R
C R
B
+E
C
R
2
-
+
-
R
E
C
E

63
Vi c tuyn li ra, ta thy mi ng trong h nm trong 3 vng r rt:
- Vng bo ho (vng B) vi dng I
C
c to bi cc in tch mang phun t lp emitter.
Trong vng ny dng collector c tng ln nhanh chng khi tng th U
CE
.
- Vng tch cc (vng A): vi mi th U
BE
khng i, khi th U
CE
tng n mt gi tr no
tt c cc in t mang c phun ht vo lp collectorr v dng I
C
khng th tng c
na d th U
CE
c tng. Lc ny dng I
C
ch thun tu c iu khin bi s bin i ca
th U
BE
hay dng I
B
. y l vng lm vic c s dng cho cc b khuch i dng
transistor.
- Vng nh thng (vng C): trong vng ny dng I
C
t ngt tng rt mnh theo th U
CE
dn
n lm hng transistor.
(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 4.14. c tuyn li vo (a), li ra (b) v c tuyn truyn t (c).
T hai c tuyn ny thy rng vi mt s thay i nh ca in p vo cng dn ti s thay
i ln ca dng collector li ra nh trn c tuyn truyn t ( )
const U
BE C
CE
U f I
=
= ti hnh 4.14c.
Ging nh c tuyn vo, c tuyn truyn t cng c dng hm m:
( )
T BE
U / U
CE S C
e U , T I I = (4.5)
Trong I
S
l dng ngc ph thuc nhit T v th U
CE
.
Ngoi h phng trnh c tuyn tnh
const I
CE C
B
) U ( f I
=
= k trn, do transistor c mc ni
tip vi tr gnh R
C
nh hnh 4.12. nn dng I
C
cn ph thuc vo ngun E
C
v tr gnh nh sau:

C
C C
C C C C C
R
U E
I E U R I

= = + (4.6)
Nu v trn cng mt th vi h c tuyn ra
ca transistor th y l mt ng thng c gi l
ng ti vi hai giao im bng (E
C
/ R
C
) trn trc
tung v bng (E
C
) trn trc honh nh hnh 4.15. Giao
im ca ng ti vi cc ng c tuyn ng vi
mi dng vo I
B
l cc im lm vic ca transistor.
Nh nh ngha trn th im lm vic tnh l giao








Hnh 4.15. H c tuyn ra tnh v
ng ti ca transistor BJT.
U
CE
I
C
E
C
/ R
C
E
C

I
B0
U
C0
I
C0
I
C0
S = IC/ UBE
U
CE
(V)
I
C
(mA)
( A)
2 4 6 8 10 12
50
40
30
20
10
B A
600mV
620mV
640mV
660mV
680mV
UBE= 700mV
C
U
BE
(V)
I
B
(A)
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
100
80
60
40
20
U
CE
= const
I
B
U
BE
U
BE
(V)
I
C
(mA)
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
U
CE
= const
25
20
15
10
5
IC
UCE

64
im ca ng ti vi ng c tuyn ng vi I
B
= I
B0
l dng base khi khng c tn hiu vo.
4.3.5. Cc thng s ca transistor trong ch tn hiu nh
Ni chung, th hoc dng in tn hiu ti im lm vic s gm tng ca hai thnh phn:
thnh phn mt chiu dc v thnh phn bin i xoay chiu ac nh hnh 4.16. ch ra. Thnh phn dc
thng l duy tr im lm vic ca transistor cn thnh phn ac l tn hiu cn khuch i.
Khi tn hiu vo ac nh, c
th coi transistor l mt b khuch
i tuyn tnh hot ng quanh
im lm vic (I
C0
, U
BE0
) trn hnh
4.14c hay im (I
C0
, U
C0
) hnh
4.15. Khi tnh ton, ng cong
c tuyn ca n c thay th
bng tip tuyn vi ng cong ti
im lm vic. Lc ny c th coi
transistor nh mt t cc tuyn tnh v c th thit lp cc mi quan h gia dng, th li vo v li
ra. Nu coi mch li vo ca transistor nh mt ti ni tip vi ngun tn hiu th, ngi ta a vo
khi nim in tr vo vi phn:

const U
B
BE
BE
CE
I
U
r
=

(4.7)
r
BE
thng c gi tr t vi trm n vi trm k;
S thay i dng collector li ra ph thuc vo th li vo c c trng bi h dn:

const
BE
C
U
I
S
=

CE
U
(4.8)
Theo biu thc (4.8) trn th:

T
C U / U
T
S
U
I
e
U
I
S
T BE
= = (4.9)
Nhn vo biu thc ta thy h dn t l vi dng collector I
C
.
S ph thuc ca in p collector-emitter vo dng collector c c trng bi in tr ra vi
phn:

const U
C
CE
CE
BE
I
U
r
=

(4.10)
r
CE
thng c gi tr t vi chc k n hng M. in tr ny t l nghch vi ln ca I
C
,
n s gim i khi dng collector cng ln.
H s khuch i dng in tnh = I
C
/ I
B
nh ni mc trn ch khng i trong mt
phm vi hn ch ca dng collector nh thy trong hnh 4.17. V vy mt thng s na thng c
a vo c trng cho khuch i ti mt im lm vic no vi tn hiu nh gi l h s
khuch i dng in vi phn:







Hnh 4.16. Hai thnh phn dc v ac ca tn hiu.
s(t)
0 t
ac
dc
s(t)
0 t
~

65

const
CE
U
B
C
I
I
'
=

(4.11)
S ph thuc ny cng c cho th d trn
hnh 4.17.
Bit v h dn S c th tnh c in tr
vo:
( )
C
T
C
BE
B
BE
BE
I
U
S / I
U
I
U
r

= =

= (4.12)
Thng thit lp mi quan h gia cc i
lng vo v ra ca transistor ( )
CE BE B
U , U f I = v
( )
CE BE C
U , U f I = bng cc vi phn ton phn:

CE
U
CE
C
BE
U
BE
C
C
CE
U
CE
B
BE
U
BE
B
B
dU
U
I
dU
U
I
dI
dU
U
I
dU .
U
I
dI
BE CE
BE CE
. .
.

=
(4.13)
Lng
UBE
CE
B
U
I

gi l truyn t ngc thng rt nh nn c th b qua. Do vy ta c phng

trnh c bn:

+ =
=
CE
CE
BE C
BE
BE
B
dU .
r
dU . S dI
dU
r
dI
1
1


(4.14)
Thng vit (4.16) di dng ma trn Y :

CE
BE BE
C
B
dU
dU r /
dI
dI

1/r S
0
CE
1
(4.15)
Bn cnh cn c ma trn H nh sau:

CE
B
C
BE
dU
dI
h
h
dI
dU

h
h
22
12
21
11
(4.16)
Gia cc phn t cc ma trn ny tn ti cc quan h:

( )( )
22 12 21 22 11 11 22
11 21 21
11 11
1 1
1 1
h h h h h h / y r /
r / h / h y S
h / y r /
CE
BE
BE
= =
= = =
= =

(4.17)
4.3.6. Phn tch 3 loi khuch i c bn dng transistor trong ch tn hiu nh
Ta s phn tch transistor hot ng tn s thp hn tn s gii hn (l tn s m ti h s
khuch i dng in gim i 3 dB so vi tn s thp) trong cc cch mc. Khi coi transistor nh





Hnh 4.17. S ph thuc h s khuch i dng
in tnh v ng vo dng collector.
I
C
(A)
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
300
200
100
0
,

66
mt t cc tuyn tnh ta dng phng php s tng ng vi cc thng s c nh ngha
nh trn kho st 3 loi s khuch i c bn ca transistor l s emitter chung, collector
chung v base chung.
S emitter chung n gin: S thc (a) v s tng ng tn hiu nh (b) ca n
c trnh by trn hnh 4.18, trong cn ch rng cc phn t ca transistor ch nm trong
phm vi vng chm chm bn trong cn b khuch i bao gm c cc phn t nm trong vng
chm chm bn ngoi (thm cc in tr mch khuch i R
b
v R
C
. Cc in tr r
n
l thuc v in
tr ni ca ngun tn hiu v R
T
l in tr ti.
Transistor lc ny c coi l gm c mt tr vo r
BE
c mc ni tip vi ngun tn hiu v
ngun dng I
B
c mc song song li ra vi tr ra vi phn r
CE
. Trong s ny hai t C
1
v C
2

l cc t ni tng. T C
1
ngn dng mt chiu t ngun nui vo ngun tn hiu vo. Mt khc n
m bo cho in p U
B0
ca im lm vic tnh khng b nh hng bi in tr trong r
n
ca ngun
tn hiu vo. T C
2
ngn khng cho thnh phn mt chiu t tn hiu ra v dng mt chiu ca
ngun nui vo ti (hay tng khuch i tip sau) v ch cho thnh phn tn hiu xoay chiu li ra i
ti ti. in tr nh thin R
b
xc nh im lm vic cho transistor vi dng
b
BE C
B
R
U E
I

=
0
.







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.18. S khuch i emitter chung (a) v s tng ng (b).
Nguyn tc hot ng ca b khuch i ny nh sau: khi a mt lng in p bin i U
v

ti li vo transistor, s lm bin i th U
BE
= U
v
, dn ti lm dng base bin i mt lng
I
B
. Do dng collector cng bin i mt lng I
C
ln gp ln I
B
. Dng bin i ny khi
chy qua t C
2
ti tr ti R
T
s gy nn st p li ra U
ra
= R
T
I
C
.
Ta tnh cc thng s ca b khuch i nh sau:
1. Tr li vo R
vo
ca b khuch i l tr c nhn t pha ngun tn hiu v b khuch
i (c trng hp ngi ta tnh ti c nh hng ca tr ti c mc li ra b khuch i). Nhn
vo s 4.18.b ta thy tr vo ny bng tr ca lp tip gip r
BE
mc song song vi R
b
. Thng
to in p thin p cho base, trong thc t R
b
c t vi trm k n hng M nn l rt ln so vi
r
BE
(c vi trm n k). Do vy thng tr vo ca b khuch i trong trng hp ny c
tnh l bng r
BE
.
R
C R
b
+E
C
~
R
b ~
U
n
C
1
C
2
R
T U
ra
U
v
= U
BE
C
B

r
BE
r
CE I
B
E
I
B r
n
U
n

R
C
R
T
I
C
B khuch i

Transistor


67
2. Tr li ra R
ra
ca b khuch i l tr c nhn t pha tr ti ngc v b khuch i (c
trng hp tnh ti c s c mt ca in tr ngun tn hiu). Trong hnh 4.18.b, tr ny bng r
CE

mc song song vi tr gnh R
C
. Thng tr gnh c mt vi k trong khi r
CE
c hng trm k. V
vy, c th coi tr ra ca b khuch i trong trng hp ny bng
C ra
R R .
3. Tnh h s khuch i th A
u
ca b khuch i c nh ngha bng t s s gia in p
li ra trn ti trn s gia in p ngun tn hiu vo. K hiu th hoc dng tn hiu xoay chiu bin
thin nh l
~
U hay
~
I , trong s tng ng 4.18.b ta thy:
( ) ( )
( )
BE n
B
~
BE n BE
BE
B
~
BE n BE
~
~
n
BE n
BE
~
n
~
r r I
r r / r
r I
r r / r
U
U
r r
r
U U
BE
BE
+ =
+
=
+
=
+
=
vy:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
BE
n
T CE C
BE
n
BE
T CE C
BE n
T CE C
BE n
~
T CE C
~
n
~
T
~
vao
ra
u
r
r
1
R // r // R S
r
r
1 r
R // r // R
r r
R // r // R
r r I
R // r // R I
U
U
U
U
A
B
B
+
=

+
=
+
=
+
=

(4.18)
C khi ngi ta a du m vo biu thc bn v phi xc nh l: th tn hiu ra trn
collector bin i ngc pha vi th tn hiu vo trn base.
Nu in tr ngun tn hiu
BE n
r r << v
CE C
r , R <<
T
R th h s khuch i th cc i v
bng:
( )
T C u
R // R S A =
V
T
C
U
I
S = nn
( )
T
T C C
u
U
R R I
A
//
= (4.19)
4. Tnh h s khuch i dng in A
i
ca b khuch i.

( )
T
T C CE
~
T
T C CE
~
~
~
~
~
i
R
) R // R // r (
I /
R
R // R // r I
I
I
I
I
A
B
B
B
T
vo
ra

= = (4.20)
5. Xt h s mo phi tuyn: H s mo phi tuyn c nh ngha l t s gia bin trung
bnh ca cc hi bc cao trn bin hi bc mt ti li ra b khuch i nu li vo t mt tn
hiu iu ho. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy mo phi tuyn trong b khuch i dng transistor l do
c tuyn vo ( )
BE B
U f I = khng tuyn tnh.
Do in p tn hiu l iu ho, th d bng U
0
sint, ta c:
t sin U U U
0 0 BE BE
+ =

68
Phng trnh ca c tuyn vo l:
T BE
U / U
0 B
e I I vi ( ) 1 I I
E 0

Thay U
BE
vo biu thc ca I
B
c:

t sin
U
U
U
U
0 B
T
0
T
0 BE
e . e I I

=
t
T 0 BE
U / U
0 0 B
e I I , khai trin thnh cp s vi cc sng hi:
( )

+ + + ... t 2 cos 1
U 4
U
t sin
U
U
1 I I
2
T
2
0
T
0
0 B B

Do mo phi tuyn do hi bc 2 gy nn l: % 100
U 4
U
% 100
U / U
U 4 / U
k
T
0
T 0
2
T
2
0
= = (4.21)
Vy h s mo phi tuyn ph thuc vo bin in p tn hiu li vo U
0
m khng ph
thuc vo v tr im lm vic.
S emitter chung c in tr ti emitter, phn hi m v dng
Nu mc thm tr R
E
ti emitter ca transistor nh hnh 4.19.a, ngoi tc dng to phn hi m
v dng mt chiu n nh im lm vic (hnh 4.13.c) ta cn c phn hi m v dng tn hiu
xoay chiu qua n. Trong trng hp ny c s tng ng vi tn hiu xoay chiu nh nh
hnh 4.19.b. Ta s tnh cc thng s khi thc t r
CE
>> R
E
, R
C
, R
T
v R
b
>> r
BE
+ R
E
.
1. Tr li vo b khuch i R
V
bng tr vo ca transistor c mc song song vi R
b
. Do
R
b
v r
CE
rt ln nh ni trn ta c:

( )
E BE
~
~ ~
E
~
BE
~
~ ~
E
~
BE
~
~
E
~
BE
~
~
V
R 1 r
I
I I R I r

I
I I R I r
I
I R I r
I
U
R
B
B B B
B
C B B
B
E B
v
v

+ + =

+ +
=

+ +
=
+
=
(4.22)
So snh vi trng hp khng c tr R
E
, trong trng hp c phn hi m, tr khng vo
tng thm ( )
E
R + 1 .





(a) (b)
Hnh 4.19. S khuch i c tr phn hi m ti emitter (a) v s tng ng (b).
C

B

R
E
r
BE
r
CE
I
B
E
I
B
I
E
R
b ~
r
n
U
n
R
C
R
T
I
C
R
C
R
b
+E
C
~
U
n
C
1
C
2
R
T
U
ra
U
v

R
E
I
ra
U
v

69
2. Tr li ra:
C ra
R R
3. H s khuch i th:
Nhn xt t hai s tng ng 4.18b v 4.19b ta thy ch vic dng cng thc (4.18)
vi vic thay tr vo t gi tr bng r
BE
thnh r
BE
+ (1+)R
E
l c:

( )
( )
( )
( )
BE
E
BE
n
T CE C
E BE n
T CE C
~
n
~
u
r
R
1
r
r
1
R // r // R S
R 1 r r
R // r // R
U
U
A
T

+ + +

=
+ + +

= = (4.23)
So vi trng hp khng c tr R
E
h s khuch i th b gim i.
4. H s khuch i dng c tnh nh trng hp trn c:

( )
T
T C CE
~
T
T C CE
~
~
~
~
~
i
R
R // R // r
I R
R // R // r I
I
I
I
I
A
B
B
B
T
v
ra

= = (4.24)
V s ny rt hay c dng nn ta nu th d tnh ton cc linh kin trong mch ca n.
Gi s ngun tn hiu c in tr ni r
n
= 10 k, transistor c h s khuch i dng tnh = 250,
ngun nui +15 V, hy tnh cc gi tr in tr v t in trong mch hnh 4.20 vi tr ti 100 k.
Ta chn dng tn hiu ti collector khng
ln sao cho tr khng vo xoay chiu khng
nh hn 20 k. Tr khng ny bng R
1
//R
2
//r
BE

(C
E
c chn sao cho c dung khng coi nh
bng 0 tn s lm vic, on mch xung t,
ta s tnh sau). Nu chn I
C
= 200 A, ta c:
k 32
10 . 200
10 . 5 , 25 250
I
U
r
6
3
C
T
BE

= =

Xc nh im lm vic khi khng c tn hiu: im lm vic cng n nh nu st p mt
chiu trn R
E
cng ln (phn hi m v dng mt chiu cng ln). Nu chn U
E
= 2V th dng
collector ch thay i mt lng C 1 / % 1 , 0
V 2
C / mV 2
I
T / I
C
C o
o o
= =

l t yu cu v n nh
nhit. trnh mo phi tuyn, in p collector khi khng c tn hiu cng phi khng c ri vo
vng bo ho U
CE
0,3V, nhng cng khng c ln qu v h s khuch i s nh. Gi s tn
hiu cc i li ra cn c:
V 5 V 2 V 1 V 2 U U U U
max C min C E C
= + + = + + >
Ta chn U
C
= 7V v tnh cc gi tr R
C
v R
E
cho trng hp ny:





Hnh 4.20. Th d tnh cc thng s ca b
khuch i in tr.
R1=1,4M
+15V

~
U
n
U
ra
U
v
RC=40k
C2=100nF

CE=100F
RE=10k
R2=330k
rn=310k C1=0,36F
RL=100k

70
= =

k 10
10 . 200
2
I
U
R
6
C
E
E

=

=
+
=

k 40
10 . 200
7 15
I
U V
R
6
C
C C
C

Th base khi khng c tn hiu cn chn sao cho st p trn R
E
khong 2V trong khi st p trn
lp tip gip base-emitter c U
BE
0,6V. Vy th trn base bng: U
B
= U
E
+ U
BE
= 2,6V. T
tnh ra dng base:
A 8 , 0
250
10 . 200
/ I I
6
C B
= = =


n nh, dng chy qua in tr R
2
trong

phn p R
1
, R
2
phi ln hn c 10 ln dng base v
do vy bng 8A. Ta tnh c:
=
+

=
+

=

M 4 , 1
10 . 8 , 0 10 . 8
6 , 2 15
A 8 , 0 A 8
V 6 , 2 V 15
R
6 6
1


= = =

k 330
10 . 8
6 , 2
A 8
V 6 , 2
R
6
2

Tnh tr khng vo: = = k 29 R // R // r r
2 1 BE V

Tnh tr khng ra, theo ti liu k thut vi dng cc gp 200A ta c r
CE
= 500 k. Vy tr
khng ra bng:
k 37 k 500 // k 40 r // R r
CE C ra
= = =
Ta s tnh gi tr ca cc t in, do trong mch c 3 b lc thng cao nn cn chn tn s ct
ca chng thp n c mong mun, th d l 20 Hz. Khi u ni tip n b lc thng cao c tn s
ct bng nhau th tn s ct b lc gn bng tn s ct thnh phn nhn vi n .
Do vy c: Hz 5 , 11 3 / Hz 20 n / f f n f f
C Ci Ci C
= = = =


Vy:
nF 100
) R r ( gf 2
1
C
F 100
5 , 25 5 , 11 2
10 . 200
U f 2
I
f 2
S
C
F 36 , 0
) 10 . 32 10 . 10 .( 5 , 11 2
1
) r r ( f 2
1
C
L ra Ci
2
6
T Ci
C
Ci
E
3 3
BE n Ci
1

+
=

= = =
=

=
+
=

S collector chung: S thc v s tng ng ca b khuch i ny c trnh
by trn hnh 4.21. y cn c gi l s lp li emitter. c gi nh vy v in p ly ra
trn emitter lp li s thay i in p li vo trn base, h s khuch i th ca s gn bng 1.
in tr R
E
trong s ng vai tr nh R
C
trong s emitter chung.

71







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.21. S khuch i collector chung (a) v s tng ng (b).
Tnh cc thng s ca s b khuch i.
1. Tr li vo R
v
ca b khuch i l tr vo ca transistor c mc song song vi R
b
. Nu
cha tnh ti R
b
v thng r
CE
>> R
E
, R
T
ta c:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
T E BE
~
~
~ B T E
~
BE
~
E
~
T E
~
BE
~
~
V
R // R 1 r
I
I I R // R I r

I
I R // R I r
I
U
R
B
B B
B
B
v
v

+ + =

+ +
=
+
=
(4.25)
Nh vy tr vo ca s lp li emitter l ln khi in tr R
E
ln v gp c ln. Khi
tnh c R
b
th tr vo b khuch i gim i v c tnh bng R
b
// R
vo
.
2. Tr li ra R
ra
khi cha tnh ti r
CE
v R
E
th

( )
E
~
~
BE
~
n B
~
ra
~
ra
ra
I
I r I r // R
I
U
R
B B
+
=
v
+
=
1
I
I
E
B
nn
( )
+
+

1
r r // R
R
BE n B
ra

Nu tnh ti
CE
r v
E
R th
( )
E CE
BE n B
ra
R // r //
1
r r // R
R
+
+
(4.26)
Trong trng hp
BE
r , R r
B n
<< v
E CE
R r >> th:

E
BE
ra
R //
1
r
R
+
(4.27)
Vy b khuch i lp li emitter c c im l tr li vo rt ln, tr li ra rt nh.
l mt c im qu, cho php dng n nh mt b phi hp tr khng tt gia mt ngun tn
hiu c in tr ngun ln vi ti tiu th c in tr ti nh. Ngha l n cho php truyn tr
s sc in ng ca ngun tn hiu ln mt in tr ti nh hn in tr ca ngun tn hiu
nhiu vi hiu sut truyn rt cao.
R
b
+E
C
~
R
E
R
b ~
U
n
C
1
C
2
R
T
U
ra
U
v
C
B

r
BE
r
CE I
B
E

I
B
I
E r
n
U
n
R
E
R
T
U
v

72
3. H s khuch i th
u
A : Do
v n
R r << nn
v
ra ra
~
~
n
~
u
U
U
U
U
A = .
Khi cha tnh n
b
R ta c th tnh h s ny bng:

( ) ( ) ( )
B
B
B
E
~
V
~
T E
~
V
~
T E
u
I R
I 1 R // R
I R
I R // R
A
+
=
Thay gi tr R
V


trn ta c:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
R // R 1
r
1
1
R // R 1 r
1 R // R
A
T E
BE
T E BE
T E
u

+
+
=
+ +
+
=

(4.28)
Khi
BE
E
r
S / 1 R

= >> th 1
u
A
4. H s khuch i dng:
Ti im nt E , ta c: 0 r / U I I I
CE
~
T
~
b
~
c
~
b
= + + ,
vy

+
+ +
+
= = 1
r
R
R
R
1
1
I
I
I
I
A
CE
T
E
T
~
b
~
T
~
V
~
T
i
(do R
E
// r
CE
>> R
T
) (4.29)
S base chung: S thc v s tng ng ca b khuch i ny c trnh by
trn hnh 4.22.




(a) (b)
Hnh 4.22. S khuch i base chung (a) v s tng ng (b)
1. Tnh h s khuch i th
u
A : So snh vi s emitter chung ta thy in p tn hiu vo
cng c t gia emitter v base, in p tn hiu ra c ly trn emitter. Do khuch
i in p cng ging nhau v t cc cng thc (4.18) v (4.19) c th suy ra cc biu thc
tnh h s khuch i in p cho s mc base chung nh sau, vi lu a du dng vo
v bin thin in p ra trn base l ng pha vi bin thin in p vo trn emitter:
~ R
T
U
n
R
E

+E
C
R
b1
R
c
C
1
C
2
C
b R
b2
C

E

r
BE
R
E
r
CE
I
B
B

I
E
~
r
n
U
n
U
v
I
c
R
c
R
T

73

( )
BE
n
T CE C
u
r
r
1
R // r // R S
A
+
=
V khi
BE n
r r << v
CE T C
r R , R << th h s khuch i th cc i v bng:
( )
T C u
R // R S A =
V
T
C
U
I
S = nn
( )
T
T C C
u
U
R // R I
A = (4.30)
2. Tnh h s khuch i dng in A
i
:
1
1
I
I
I
I
A
~
E
T
~
V
~
~
ra
i

+
=

(4.31)
3. Tr khng vo ca s base chung nh hn nhiu tr khng vo ca s emitter chung:

C
T BE
CE C
C BE
CE C
BE C
~
C
vo
~
~
E
vo
~
vo
I
U r
r // R
R r
r
1
R
1 r R
I
U
I
U
R = =

+ = =

(4.32)
4. Tr khng ra ca s cng ging nh s emitter chung v bng:

CE C ra
r // R R =
Khi hot ng trong vng tn s cao cn ch n im khc bit gia s base chung v s
emitter chung v in dung li vo. Vi s emitter chung, in dung vo l tng ca C
BE
v
in dung ghp gia mch ra v vo C
CB
tc ng v mch vo C'
CB
= K
u
C
CB
. N c tr s khong t
10 n 100 pF. Vi s base chung, in dung vo ch l in dung base-emitter C
BE
c tr s vi
pF. Nhng in dung vo ny cng vi tr ni ngun tn hiu to thnh mch lc thng thp lm
gim tn s gii hn trn ca transistor. Do vy s base chung thng c dng cho cc b
khuch i lm vic cc tn s cao hn trong cc s khc.
Tm tt cc tnh cht ca 3 loi s .
Qua cc kho st trn, ta c th nh gi khi qut cc c im ca 3 loi s va phn tch
theo cc thng s ca s nh bng sau:
Emitter chung Collector chung Base chung
A
u
ln nh ln
A
i
ln ln nh
R
V
trung bnh ln nh
R
ra
trung bnh-ln nh ln
- Mch emitter chung c h s khuch i cng sut P = A
u
A
i
l ln nht, do thng hay
c dng. Tr khng vo v tr khng ra c gi tr trung bnh v vy cng thun li cho vic ghp
gia ti v ngun tn hiu. in tr ti thch hp vi mch ny trong khong vi k.

74
- Mch collector chung c in tr vo ln, in tr ra nh nn thng c dng phi hp
tr khng gia ngun tn hiu c tr khng ln v tr ti nh. Mch ny c h s khuch i th nh
hn v gn bng 1 nhng c h s khuch i dng ln.
- Mch base chung c dng nhiu di tn s cao v c in dung vo nh hn so vi mch
emitter v collector chung.
4.3.7. S Darlington: Khi s dng b lp li emitter m khuch i dng in ca mt
transistor cha th ngi ta thng b sung thm mt transistor na nh s hnh 4.23.a gi l
s Darlington. Hai transistor T
1
v T
2
lc ny c th c xem nh mt transistor vi cc in
cc E', B', C' nh hnh v. Ta hy tnh cc thng s ca s .
Gi h s khuch i dng
in tnh ca hai transistor tng
ng l
1
v
2
. Trong trng hp
tr R'
E
rt ln (bng ) th dng
emitter ca T
1
chnh bng dng base
ca T
2
nn ta c th d dng thy
c h s khuch i dng ca c
h ' bng:

2 1
' = (4.33)
Nhn vo s ta cng thy, tr lp tip gip emitter-base r
BE2
ca transistor T
2
ng vai tr
nh mt in tr mc vo emitter ca transistor T
1
trong s emitter chung c in tr phn hi
m emitter. Do vy c th p dng cng thc (4.22) cho vic tnh tr vo ca b khuch i
Darlington:
( )
2 BE 1 1 BE V
r 1 r R + + =
V
1 C 2
2 C
~
I I nn
1 BE
1
2 BE
r
1
1
r
+
=
Vy:
' I
U
' 2 r 2 R
C
T
1 BE V
= = (4.34)
c h dn S' ln thng chn dng I
B1
> I
B2
bng cch a vo emitter T
1
mt ngun
dng hoc mc thm R'
E
nh hnh v. in tr ny thng c chn ln hn r
BE2
nhiu sao cho
hu ht dng tn hiu
~
E
I
1
i vo base ca transistor T
2
.
Cng c th ni hai transistor khc loi to thnh mt s Darlington kiu b nh hnh
4.23.b. Transistor T
1
lc ny l loi p-n-p ch khng phi l loi n-p-n. Cc thng s ca s vn
nh s hnh 4.23.a.





(a) (b)
Hnh 4.23. S Darlington thng thng (a) v kiu b (b).
T
1
B'

R'
E
T
2
C'

E'

T
1
B'

R'
E
T
2
C'

E'


75
4.3.8. S to ngun dng khng i
Ngun dng khng i (gi tt l ngun dng) m bo trn ti mt dng khng i, khng
ph thuc vo s bin i ca tr ti. c im ca on nm ngang trong c tuyn ca transistor
cho php s dng n lm ngun dng rt tt. c dng li ra khng i khi tr ti thay i th tr
ni ca ngun dng phi rt ln so vi tr ti. Hnh 4.24.a l mt s ngun dng n nh c
mch phn p.






(a) (b) (c) (d)
Hnh 4.24. S ngun dng n nh c mch phn p.
c tnh ra ca transistor cho s c c im l c ni tr vi phn ra rt ln (r
ra
= dU
ra
/dI
ra

= dU
C
/ dI
C
) trong khi ni tr tnh (U
ra
/ I
ra
= U
C
/ I
C
) nh. V vy dng ra xoay chiu hu nh khng
ph thuc vo tr ti R
L
. tnh tr ni r
i
ta c:
E E 2 1 B BE B E C ra CE C ra
R dI ) R // R ( dI dU , dI dI dI , dU dU , dI dI = + = =

( )

+ +
+ = =
E BE 2 1
E
CE
ra
ra
i
R r R // R
R
1 r
dI
dU
r


Th d, chn R
E
= 5 k, U
E
= 5V, in tr phn p (R
1
/ R
2
) = 10 k, r
CE
= 100 k, = 300, r
BE

= U
T
= 7,8 k ta c r
i
c 6,7 M.
T cng thc trn thy rng in tr phn p c nh hng n ni tr ca ngun dng, v vy
thng thay R
2
bng mt diode n p nh hnh 4.24.b.
Hnh 4.24.c l s ngun dng "gng dng in". b tr hiu ng nhit ti cc emitter
(2mV/C) ngi ta u ni tip mt in tr R
2
vi diode D. Khi ta c:

v
E
2
E
BE D 2 v
E
BE B
I
R
R
R
U U R I
R
U U
I I
+
=

=
Do dng I
ra
t l vi dng I
v
nn s ny gi l gng dng in. m bo U
D
U
BE
, thay
cho diode, ngi ta dng mt transistor T
1
c cc collector c ni vi base nh hnh 4.24.d.
Trong s ny
CEbh BE CE
U U U > = (U
CEbh
l th bo ho), do T
1
bo ho.V U
BE1
= U
BE2
nn khi
chn c cc transistor thch hp ta s c:
R
1
R
L
++

R
E
+

R
2
I
ra
~=I~
C
= const
UC
R
1
R
L
++

R
E
+

D

I
ra
=I
C
UC
R
1
R
L
++

R
E
+

R
2
Ira
UC
R
1
R
L
++

R
E
+

I
B
I
ra
=I
B
I
v
UE
T
1
T
2
UD
UB
UBE

76

B 2 B 1 B
I I I = = v
B 2 C 1 C
I I I = =
Lc :
B B v
I 2 I I + = v
v v B ra
I I
2
I I
+
= =

Nh vy s c kh nng lm vic ngay c khi in tr cc pht b on mch.
4.3.9. Hin tng tri im khng v s khuch i kiu cu
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca transistor trong b khuch i, cc thng s mi trng thay i
(th d, s thay i nhit , thay i ga tr in p ngun nui, v.v...) s gy nn hin tng tri
im khng. Th d, ta bit rng cht bn dn rt nhy cm vi nhit nn nu nhit mi
trng thay i, v nguyn tc d t d nhiu cng lm thay i dng collector ca transistor mc
d tn hiu vo base khng i. Khi d tn hiu vo lun bng khng, th sau mt thi gian tn
hiu ra

ca b khuch i vn bin i ti mt gi tr khc khng no . Ta gi l hin tng
tri ca b khuch i mt chiu. Hin tng ny gn lin vi bn cht vt l ca cc qu trnh
thng ging trong vt liu bn dn di tc ng bin i chm ca cc thng s mi trng hoc
do ngay s khng n nh cc tham s ca transistor. Vi cc b khuch i lin kt gia cc tng
bng t in hoc bin th phn cch th khng xy ra hin tng ny v cc th tri b cc t in
loi b.
Do tri im khng l mt thng s rt quan trng vi mt b khuch i mt chiu.
Trong cc b khuch i ny, nu khng c thit k cn thn th tn hiu tri (c coi nh
ngun gy nhiu) rt gn ging vi tn hiu bin i chm cn khuch i. V vy vic thit k cc
b khuch i dng transistor c kh nng trit tri cao l cn thit. S khuch i kiu cu l
mt th d.
S khuch i mt chiu kiu cu c xy dng trn nguyn tc cn bng ca cu
Wheatstonse nh hnh 4.25.a. Khi tho mn iu kin cn bng R
1
= R
2
, R
3
= R
4
th th ng
cho ca cu U
CD
khng ph thuc vo th nui cu U
AB
, tc l U
CD
= 0 vi mi U
AB
. Ni cch
khc, nu cc cp in tr R
1
, R
2
v R
3
, R
4
u ging nhau v cu to v tr s (cng ngh ch to,
vt liu ch to ging nhau) th iu kin cn bng cu s lun c tho mn khi cc thng s ca
mi trng cng nh gi tr ngun nui bin i.








(a) (b)
Hnh 4.25. Cu Weatstone v s khuch i kiu cu.
R
1
R
2
R
4 R
3
C

R
b1
R
C1
+E
C
U
CD
R
b2
0V

D

A

B

U
AB
R
b3
R
C2
R
b4
P

T
1
T
2
U
ra
U
V

77
Da trn nguyn l , mch khuch i kiu cu c thit k nh hnh 4.25.b. Trong cc
linh kin R
C1
, R
C2
v cc transistor T
1
v T
2
gi vai tr l cc nhnh ca cu. Nu chn cc cp ny
hon ton ging nhau v vt liu v cng ngh ch to th khi cho U
V
= 0, iu chnh bin tr P sao
cho U
ra
= 0, trong trng hp l tng mch s lun gi c trng thi cn bng ny d nhit
mi trng hay th ngun nui +E
C
thay i. Thc vy, nguyn do l v lc s bin i ca
nhnh R
C1
, T
1
hon ton ging s bin i ca nhnh R
C2
, T
2
. Tuy nhin trong thc t v khng th
ch to hon ton chnh xc cc linh kin ny c nn mch vn cn mt tri no nhng rt
nh.
By gi nu tc ng li vo mt th U
V
0 th tr ni ca T
1
s thay i, cu b lch cn
bng v lm xut hin th li ra U
ra
0. Trong vng hot ng tuyn tnh ca T
1
, th li ra U
ra

s
bin i tuyn tnh theo th li vo U
V
. l nguyn tc hot ng ca s khuch i mt chiu
kiu cu. Nhc im ca n l ch ch c transistor T
1
l lm nhim v khuch i cn transistor
T
2
ch n thun gi vai tr l mt in tr c c tnh bin i ging "in tr" T
1
.
4.3.10. S khuch i vi sai
B khuch i vi sai c s nh hnh 4.26. S ny gn ging s kiu cu trong thm
vo in tr R
E
c mc ti im ni chung hai emitter ca cc transistor ti mt ngun th hai l -
V
CC
. Ga tr ca R
E
c chn ln dng qua in tr ny c xem nh khng i.
V tnh cn xng trit tri im khng th
b khuch i ny khng khc nhiu so vi khuch i
kiu cu. Nhng v nguyn tc khuch i tn hiu c
khc. y l b khuch i tn hiu mt chiu i
xng, c 2 li vo U
V1
, U
V2
v 1 li ra l hiu th gia
U
C1
v U
C2
.

2 C 1 C ra
U U U =
Tt nhin cng c th ly tn hiu ra t 2 u ra so
vi im chung l U
C1
hoc U
C2
.
Nh c R
E
m c T
1
v T
2
u tham gia khuch i
tn hiu. Thc vy, gi s cc linh kin i xng trong
mch c cc thng s ging nhau hon ton th v tr
cn bng U
v1
= U
v2
= 0 ta c U
ra
= 0. Nu gi nguyn U
V2
v cho U
V1
tng th I
E1
v I
C1
s tng
dn ti U
C1
gim. Mt khc, dng I
E1
tng s lm cho th ti im E l U
E1
tng. V U
V2
= U
B2

khng i nn iu ny lm gim hiu th U
BE2
, dn ti lm gim dng I
E2
v I
C2
. V I
C2
gim nn
th U
C2
tng. Kt qu l nh s c mt ca R
E
m mt s tng th U
V1
lm gim th U
C1
v tng
th U
C2
tc l lm tng gp i s bin i ca th li ra U
ra
(= U
C1
- U
C2
) so vi trng hp s
kiu cu do c transistor T
2
cng tham gia khuch i.
Tng t cng c th l lun cho trng hp gi nguyn U
V1
v bin i U
V2.
c bit khi U
V1

v U
V2
c bin i theo hng ngc nhau, ta gi l tc ng ln li vo mt tn hiu vi sai
(bin i ngc pha nhau) th s bin i th li ra s tng gp bi. Cn trong trng hp khi U
V1
v








Hnh 4. 26. B khuch i vi sai.
E

R
C
U
ra
+Vcc
-Vcc

R
E
U
v2
U
v1
U
C2
U
C1
R
C
T
1
T
2

78
U
V2
bin i theo hng cng chiu (bin i ng pha nhau) ta gi l tc ng ln li vo mt
tn hiu ng pha. L lun cho thy th li ra s gi nguyn bng 0 khi cc bin i l ng pha
v c ln bng nhau. Tuy nhin trong thc t do khng th ch to c cc linh kin i xng
hon ton nn vn cn mt gi tr li ra khc khng no nhng rt nh. l nhng c tnh rt
qu ca b khuch i vi sai: n cho php khuch i nhy vi cc tn hiu vi sai v khng nhy vi
cc tn hiu ng pha. B khuch i vi sai s rt t nhy vi s bin i ca cc thng s mi
trng xung quanh (th d nh nhit mi trng bao quanh transistor lm thay i dng collector
ca n) do s tc ng ca chng ln cc li vo ca b khuch i c bn cht nh cc tn hiu
ng pha.
in tr R
E
mc emitter cng to nn mt phn hi m v dng lm tng tnh n nh ca
mch khuch i. Nu chn R
E
ln th trit tn hiu ng pha s rt ln ( trit cc tp m
ng pha cao) v mch s n nh d nhit mi trng thay i.
Ging nh mch khuch i cu, mc cn xng trong khuch i vi sai ph thuc vo s
cn xng (hon ho) trong cng ngh ch to cc cp T
1
, T
2
, R
C1
, R
C2
.
Ta s tnh h s khuch i ca s .
Phn bit in p tn hiu vo thnh 2 thnh phn:
- in p ng pha:
2
U U
U
2 v 1 v
g
+
(4.35)
- in p ngc pha (cn gi l in p vi sai):
2
U U
U
2 v 1 v
d

(4.36)
Nh vy:

d g
2 v 1 v 2 v 1 v
2 v
d g
2 v 1 v 2 v 1 v
1 v
U U
2
U U
2
U U
U
U U
2
U U
2
U U
U
=

+
=
+ =

+
+
=
(4.37)
Gi
g
~
ra
~
g
U
U
K l h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha v
d
~
ra
~
d
U
U
K l h s khuch i tn
hiu vi sai, ta c:

d
~
d
g
~
g
2 C
~
d
~
d
g
~
g
1 C
~
U K U K U
U K U K U
=
+ =

d
~
2 C
~
1 C
~
d
g
~
2 C
~
1 C
~
g
U 2
U U
K
U 2
U U
K

=
+
=
(4.38)
p dng cc cng thc vi transistor hot ng trong cch mc emitter chung c tr R
E
ti
emitter ta c:

( )
BE
C
d
E BE
C
g
r
R
K
R 1 r
R
K

=
+ +

=
(4.39)

79
T kt qu trn ta thy h s khuch i tn hiu vi sai khng ph thuc vo R
E
v gn bng h
s khuch i trong s emitter chung. Trong khi h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha li ph
thuc vo R
E
. Chn R
E
>> R
C
s cho K
g
<< 1. R rng rng nu chn R
E
cng ln th cng trit c
tt cc can nhiu ng pha.
Gi tr in hnh ca K
d
l t 50 n 100 cn ca K
g
vo c 0,001. nh gi phm cht ca
b khuch i vi sai, ngi ta cn a vo thng s h s suy gim tn hiu ng pha:
(dB)
K
K
G
g
d
, thng G c gi tr c hng trm ngn. (4.40)

Vic chn R
E
ln qu gy nn st th trn n tng v lm cho transistor ri vo im lm vic
phi tuyn dn ti gim h s khuch i. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta c th thay in tr
bng mt phn t tch cc ng vai tr l mt ngun dng. L do v ngun dng c tr ni rt ln
nhng st th trn n (tr mt chiu) li nh. Hnh 4.27.a l s khuch i vi sai vi ngun
dng. Tr s ca dng I
E
= I
C3
c th thay i c nh th iu khin U
B3
. Bng s ny c th c
c G ln ti 60 n 80 dB m vn m bo khuch i trong min tuyn tnh.
Trong thc t cn nhiu s dng ngun dng phc tp hn, hnh 4.27.b l mt th d trong
thay cho T
3
l cm linh kin R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, diode n p d v transistor T
3
, T
4
to thnh mt ngun
dng I
0
. Ta c:

4 4 4 3 3 3
R I U R I U
E BE E BE
+ = +
Nu chn T
3
v T
4
ging nhau th
4 3 BE BE
U U =
Nu chn
4 3
R R = th
4 3 E E
I I =
Dng I
E3
c to ra t ngun th n p U
Z
v cc tr R
2
, R
3
c nh nn lun c gi tr c nh.
Do vy I
E4
cng lun c nh v I
0
= I
C4
lun l dng khng i.
Hnh 4.27. S khuch i vi sai vi ngun dng.
Do c in dung tip gip B-C nn h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha s tng ln theo tn s
do vy lm gim G. c tnh tn s in hnh ca K
d
v G cho nh hnh 4.28. Ta thy gii hn ca
G thp hn rt nhiu ca K
d
v lc in tr ph thuc tn s l in tr rt ln ca ngun dng
cn in tr collector R
C
tng i nh.
E

R
C
+Vcc

U
ra
U
z
U
v2
U
v1
R
C
T
1
T
2
-Vcc
R
4
R
3
I
E4 I
E3
T
4
T
3
R
2
R
1
d

E

R
C
+Vcc

U
ra
U
v2
U
v1
R
C
T
1
T
2
-Vcc

R
E'
U
B3
T
3
I
C3
(a)

(b)


80
Trong b khuch i vi sai cng
phn bit tr khng vo ng pha
~ ~
/
v g vg
I U Z v tr khng vo vi sai
v d
vd
I U Z
~ ~
/ . Nu v s tng ng
s thy trong ch khuch i vi sai,
ngun tn hiu mc ni tip vi cc u
vo ca transistor nn tr khng vo vi
sai tng ln gp i so vi tr khng vo
mch emitter chung. Ngc li, tr khng vo trong ch khuch i ng pha gim i hai ln.
in tr ra ca mch trn mt transistor cng ging nh trng hp mch emitter chung.
Ta xt thm c tnh truyn t I
C
= f(U
d
) ca b khuch i vi sai nh gi di ng ca
mch. Trong trng hp h s 1 e
T BE
U / U
>> dng collector ca hai transistor ph thuc vo th
base nh sau:

T 2 BE
T 1 BE
U / U
2 bh 2 E 2 C
U / U
1 bh 1 E 1 C
e I I I
e I I I
=
=

Trong I
bh
l dng bo ho emitter, U
T
l th nhit c 25,5 mV nhit phng.
Nu hai transistor c c tuyn tnh nh nhau v cng mt nhit , ta c:

bh 2 bh 1 bh
I I I =
Dng qua R
E
khng i v bng tng hai dng:
2 E 1 E E
I I I + =
Thay vo biu thc trn ta c:
T 2 BE
U / U
bh 2 E 1 E E
e I I I I = =
Thay vo biu thc dng collector ta c:

( )
( )
T 2 BE 1 BE
T 2 BE 1 BE
U / U U
E
2 E 2 C
U / U U
E
1 E 1 C
e 1
I
I I
e 1
I
I I

+
=
+
=

Hnh 4.29 l c tnh truyn t ca hai transistor vi hai ng i xng nhau. Ta thy cc
c tnh ny c dc ln nht khi U
d
= U
BE1
- U
BE2
= 0 v bng:

( )
T
E
0 U
2 BE 1 BE
1 C
U 4
I
U U d
dI
d
=

=
(4.41)
Min khuch i tuyn tnh nm trong
khong -U
T
< U
d
< +U
T
tc l trong khong
5060 mV
Nhn vo y ta cng thy mo phi tuyn
trong b khuch i vi sai nh hn so vi mch
emitter chung nhiu v c s b tr c tuyn
vo ca hai transistor.






Hnh 4.28. c tnh tn s ca K
d
v G.







Hnh 4.29. c tnh truyn t tnh ca b
khuch i vi sai.
(dB)
100
40
|G|
|K
d
|
f, kHz
U
d
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

E
C
I
I
2
E
C
I
I
1
1,0
0,8
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
0,6
0,4
0,2
Min khuch i
tuyn tnh


81
Trong b khuch i vi sai cng xy ra hin tng tri do cc tc nhn nh nhit , ngun
nui, cc tham s ca transistor khng n nh. Cc tr s in gy nn bi cc ngun ny tc ng
ln hai transistor v nguyn tc l cc in p ng pha nn khng nh hng n tn hiu ra.
Nhng trong thc t v mch khng hon ton i xng nn vn s c mt in p vi sai tri (in
p lch im khng)
2 1 0 BE BE
U U U = . Vi cc transistor thng thng in p ny c mt vi
mV khi nhit thay i 1C. Trong trng hp ny tnh c in p lch khng u vo l:

2 C
1 C
T
Ebh 2 C
Ebh 1 C
T 2 BE 1 BE BE
I
I
ln U
I I
I I
ln U U U U =
+
+
=
Khi khng c tn hiu vo, trn cc u vo hai transistor ca b khuch i c dng base.
Hiu cc dng mt chiu ny gi l dng lch im khng (dng off-set). Dng ny chy qua cc
in tr vo cng vi s khng i xng tuyt i ca mch gy nn mt in p lch khng u
ra b khuch i vi sai. Thng ngi ta trit in p ra ny bng thit k t mt in p lch
khng c du ngc li ri truyn vo mt trong hai ca vo ca b khuch i. Vic chn chnh
xc gi tr in p b c thc hin bng vic tinh chnh gi tr ca mt bin tr ng vai tr l
mt b phn p.
B khuch i vi sai c nhiu u im nh tuyn tnh cao, ch hot ng n nh khi
nhit thay i, trit tiu tt cc tp m ng pha v gim c tri. Do vy n c dng
nhiu trong cc ng dng php o chnh xc cho cc i lng nh nhit , m, cng sng,
v.v... Nhng i lng ny qua cc sensor c bin i thnh cc tn hiu in. ln ca tn hiu
thng nh (c mV thm ch V) v bin thin rt chm. Chng c a ti cc li vo ca b
khuch i vi sai khuch i ln mt gi tr th mong mun. B khuch i vi sai thng c
thit k lm cc tng khuch i vo ca b khuch i thut ton nh s c trnh by sau. Tt
nhin b khuch i vi sai cng c dng tt cho vic khuch i cc tn hiu bin thin xoay
chiu.
4.3.11. Mch ghp gia cc tng khuch i
Trong thc t cn phi ghp cc tng khuch i vi nhau t c mt mc ch no .
Mt s trng hp cn phi t hp hai hoc mt s transistor c mt b khuch i c h s
khuch i dng hoc th ln, c tr khng vo thch hp hay trnh c hin tng "tri".
v.v... Nhn chung, mch ghp gia cc tng c nhim v truyn t tn hiu t tng ny sang tng
tip sau sao cho tn hao trn n l nh nht. Thng c hai kh nng lin kt gia hai tng:
- Lin kt xoay chiu, trong cc phn t lin kt (nh t in hay bin th) ch cho tn
hiu xoay chiu i qua m ngn cn cc thnh phn mt chiu hay tn hiu bin i chm.
Lin kt loi ny dng trong cc b khuch i xoay chiu v trnh c hin tng tri.
- Lin kt mt chiu, trong cc tng c ni trc tip vi nhau qua cc phn t in tr.
Lin kt loi ny dng cho cc b khuch i mt chiu v phi ch n tc ng ca
hin tng tri.
Hnh 4.30 lit k mt s mch ghp tng in hnh.
Ghp in dung (hnh 4.30.a) c dng rng ri trong cc mch khuch i tn hiu xoay
chiu (nh khuch i m tn). T in ni tng C c in dung ln ngn mch gia u ra

82
tng trc vi u vo tng sau. Th collector tng trc v th thin p base tng sau c th c
chn c lp vi nhau v c phn cch mt chiu ca t ni tng. Nhc im c bn ca kiu
ghp tng ny l p ng tn s b suy gim pha tn s thp v gy ra dch pha nh hng n
tnh n nh ca b khuch i.
Hnh 4.30. Mt s mch ghp tng in hnh.
Ghp trc tip nh hnh 4.30.b l cch ghp n gin nht. V mt l tng mch ghp ny
khng ph thuc vo tn s tn hiu. Vic tnh ton phi hp gia cc mc in p mt chiu li ra
tng trc vi li vo tng sau sao cho m bo ch khuch i l vic cn ch .
Ghp in tr nh hnh 4.30.c to c mt mc dch in p gia hai tng nhng cng gy ra
tn hao trn cc in tr R
1
, R
2
. Trong thc t, in dung vo tng sau cng tham gia vo mch ghp
to nn mt mch RC li ra trn C lm cho mch ghp ph thuc vo tn s. Do truyn tt
cc tn hiu tn s cao, thng mc song song vi R
1
thm mt t in. Ghp bng diode Zener d
nh hnh 4.28.d thay cho in tr R
1
trong hnh 4.30.c. Loi ghp ny vn to c mt mc dch
T1 T2 T3 T4
T
(g)
(h)
R1
R2
T1
T2
T2
T1
d
T3
T2 T1
T1
C
T2 T1
T2
T2
T1
Tr
(f)
(e) (d)
(a) (b) (c)

83
in p gia hai tng nhng st p trn diode li khng ng k v in tr vi phn ca diode Zener
nh.
Ghp bng bin p Tr nh hnh 4.30.e cho php cch ly c v in gia u ra tng trc v
u vo tng sau v cng d phi hp tr khng gia hai tng. Tuy vy, mch ny c di tn lm
vic hp, c kch thc v trng lng ln (nht l vi tn hiu m tn), khng cho tn hiu mt
chiu qua c nn t c dng. Ghp bng transistor nh hnh 4.30.f trong cho php c th
dch mc in p trong di rng vi cc tnh tu m cn c tng thm v h s khuch i. S
i hi phi hp cc mc sai khc v in p gia collector tng trc v base tng sau c thc
hin bi transistor T
3
. S hnh 4.30.g l s vn dng cch ghp ny khi s dch mc in p v
pha dng do b khuch i vi sai T
1
, T
2
gy ra s c b li nh b khuch i vi sai b T
3
, T
4
v
st p trn mch lp li emitter T
5
.
Ghp bng cc linh kin quang-in nh hnh 4.30.h c tnh cht cch ly in nh ghp bin
p. Cng sng t diode pht quang t l vi tn hiu tng trc s gy ra cc tn hiu in tc
ng ln tng sau li ra phn t transistor nhy quang. Mch ghp kiu ny c th lm vic trong
di tn rt rng t mt chiu n vi GHz. c bit in tr cch in gia 2 tng c th t rt cao,
cho php cch in vi hiu th ti vi kV.
4.3.12. p ng tn s ca b khuch i in tr
Cc b khuch i c tr gnh l in tr nh k trn rt thng dng. Ta s kho st p ng
tn s hay di tn lm vic ca mt b khuch i in tr lp trn transistor T
1
c ghp vi tng
sau T
2
qua in dung C
2
nh hnh 4.31.a. Trong s ny, mch in ca transistor T
2
l ti ca
tng khuch i T
1
. Trong thc t, cn phi ch n in dung gia cc lp tip gip p-n li ra
transistor T
1
. Cng vy, ngoi cc phn t tch cc ra, mch ti T
2
cn cha ng c cc phn t nh
in dung k sinh, in dung lp rp, v.v... cn phi tnh n khi kho st di tn lm vic ca b
khuch i T
1
.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.31. Mch ghp ni 2 tng khuch i in tr (a) v s tng ng (b).
Nh vy, trong s c cc phn t in dung v in tr nh sau:
C
CE
l in dung gia cc lp collector-emitter ca transistor;
C
KS
l in dung do vic lp rp cc linh kin v dy i mch gy ra;
C
T
l in dung ca ti tng 1, chnh l in dung li vo tng 2;
R
T
l in tr ti tng 1, chnh l in tr vo tng 2.
T
1
R
C1
R
b1
+E
C
~
U
n
C
1
C
2
R
C2
R
b2
T
2
C
CE1
C
KS
C
T
~
=K
u
U
V
C
T
R
T
R
N C
2
Z
2
Z
1

84
Ta c th v gn mt s tng ng nh hnh 4.29.b trong C
T
= C
CE
+ C
T
+ C
KS
v R
N

l in tr ni ca ngun sut in ng = K
u
U
V
bao gm transistor T
1
v ngun tn hiu vo, vi
1 1
/
BE C u
r R K = . Gi tr khng ca cc cm R
N
, C
2
v R
T
, C
T
tng ng l Z
1
v Z
2
, ta c:

2 1
2
u
V u
ra
Z Z
Z
K U K U
+
= =
& & & &

H s khuch i:

+
=
+
= =

2
1
u
2 T
T N
u
2 1
2
u
V
ra
1
j 1
K
C R
1
C R j 1
1
K
Z Z
Z
K
U
U
K

&
& &
&
&
&

vi

T N
C R
1
v
2 2
C R
T


2
2
1
u
1
1
K
K

+
=

&
&
(4.42)
Ta c ng p ng tn s ca b khuch i nh hnh 4.32.





Hnh 4.32. p ng tn s ca b khuch i in tr.
Ti
tb
T N T 2
R R C C
1
=

gi l tn s gi cng hng ta c
max
u K K K = =
& &

Cho 2
1
1
2
K
K
2
2
1
u
=

+ =

&
&
ta tm c hai tn s gii hn di
t
v
gii hn trn
c
ca mch:
Vi cc tn s thp, b qua
1
ta c:
2
t
2 t
1
1
1

= = (4.43)
Vi cc tn s cao, b qua thnh phn
2
1

ta c:
1
c 1 c
1
1

= = (4.44)
Ta thy rng h s khuch i b suy gim pha tn s thp l do gi tr in dung C
2
. Gi tr
ny cng ln th tn s ct cng c thp. V pha tn s cao, h s khuch i b suy gim l do
K/K
max
1
0,7

t
C

tb

85
in dung tng li ra b khuch i, cc gi tr ny cng nh th tn s ct cng c cao. Vi
nhng b khuch i dng transistor lng cc tn s rt cao th nguyn nhn suy gim h s
khuch i cn l do h s khuch i K
u
ca transistor gy nn. Trong min tn s cao, do bn cht
vt l ca cc transistor, dng khuch tn ca cc phn t ti in khng theo kp s bin i ca
in trng m dng tn hiu tn s cao sinh ra nn lm gim h s khuch i dng in .
4.3.13. Mt s mch khuch i dng transistor
Khuch i di rng
Vi cc b khuch i m tn, mt di hot ng t vi chc Hz n vi chc ki-l Hz l .
Trong khi nhiu b khuch i li cn lm vic trong mt di tn s rng hn, th d b khuch
i th tn trong my thu hnh cn mt di tn lm vic rng t 0 Hz n 6,5 MHz. Thng cc b
khuch i m tn s dng cc mch ghp tng bng t in nh va trnh by trn. Chnh cc t
ghp tng ny gy nn vic suy gim h s khuch i min tn s thp v cc in dung k sinh
trong cc lp tip gip p-n ti transistor v in dung lp rp cng nh in dung ti gy nn vic
suy gim h s khuch i min tn s cao. V vy vic thit k cc b khuch i c di truyn
rng hn l cn thit.
Mt cch t nhin mun m rng di truyn ca b khuch i th phi tng in dung C
2
v
gim cc in dung k sinh. Tuy nhin cch ny ch cho php m rng di truyn trong phm vi rt
hn ch. m rng di truyn hn phi dng cc mch sa. Hnh 4.33 l mt s b khuch i
vi mch sa pha tn s thp v cao.
Hnh 4.33. S khuch i di rng (a), s tng ng ca tr gnh
li ra ca T
1
tn s thp (b) v tn s cao (c).
Trong s ny, cc linh kin R
b1
, R
b2
, R
C1
, C
1
, C
2
l thuc mch khuch i cha sa. Cc linh
kin R
ST
, C
ST
l mch sa pha tn s thp. Cc linh kin L
SC1
, L
SC2
l cc linh kin thuc mch sa
tn s cao.
Nhc li rng h s khuch i ca mch khi khng c sa l t l vi tr gnh v bng:

BE
1 C
u
r
R
K

= .
T
1
R
C1
R
b1
+E
C
C
1
C
2
R
C2
R
b2
T
2
C
CE1
C
KS
C
T
R
St
C
St
L
Sc
U
ra
U
V
R
C1
R
St
R
V 2
T
1
R
C1
Z
C1
L
SC
C
T
T
1
R
V 2
(a)

(b)
(c)
C
St

86
Xt tc dng ca mch sa tn s thp R
St
, C
St
. vng tn s trung bnh tr xung, tr khng
ca cun cm L
SC1
l rt nh v c coi nh bng 0.
Chn gi tr ca R
ST
v C
ST
sao cho t tn s >
t
tho mn iu kin:
ST
ST
C
1
R

>>
Lc , vi cc tn s >
t
dung khng ca t C
ST
nh lm ngn mch R
St
xung t, mch
sa khng c tc dng v tr gnh thc s ca mch vn l R
C1
. B khuch i c h s khuch i
nh khi cha sa, nh khng c mt R
St
. Nhng vi cc tn s <
t
th khc, gi tr dung khng
ca t C
St
s cng tr nn ng k v bng v cng khi tn s gim xung 0. Lc ny tr gnh ca
tng khuch i T
1
phi c coi l R
C1
mc ni tip vi tr khng ca cm gm in tr R
St
c
mc ni tip vi in tr gnh R
C1
v t C
St
mc song song vi R
St
(hnh 4.33.b). Tr gnh thc s
c tng thm mt lng bng R
St
// (1/jC
St
). Ti tn s 0, tr ny cc i v bng R
C1
+ R
ST
. Do
vy, h s khuch i ca tng T
1
s c tng ln v pha tn s thp hn
t
.
Xt tc dng ca mch sa tn s cao. Do dung khng ti di tn s ny ca cc t rt nh nn
c th b qua nh hng ca R
St
, C
St
v C
2
trong s tng ng khuch i xoay chiu. Gi tr
ca cun cm L
Sc
c chn sao cho vng tn s trung bnh tr xung, cm khng ca n nh
khng ng k v coi nh bng 0. Nhng vng tn s >
c
, cun cm ny cng tr gnh R
C1
v
in dung tng C
T
to thnh mt khung cng hng vi tng tr Z
C1
gi vai tr tr gnh cho
transistor T
1
(hnh 4.33.c).

Trong cng thc tnh h s khuch i k trn phi thay R
C1
bng gi tr ca Z
C1
:

+
+
=
T
T
Sc 1 C
Sc 1 C
1 C
C j
1
C
1
L j R
L j R
Z

(4.45)
Khung c tr khng cc i ti tn s

=
T Sc
ch
C L
1
v do t l vi tr khng gnh nn h
s khuch i ca mch cng t cc i ti tn s . p ng tn s khi cha sa (ng a) v c
sa (cc ng b, c) ca mch khuch i di rng c dng nh trn hnh 4.34. Khi chn cc thng
s mch sa ng n nh trng hp ng c tuyn (b), di truyn ca b khuch i c m
rng t (
c
-
t
) n ('
c
- '
t
) v khng xut hin nhng vng c dng h s khuch i qu cao
(dng bu) nh c tuyn (c).
Nhn thy rng pha di tn
thp khng th gim
t
xung qu
mt gii hn no c v p
ng s xut hin dng bu, v li
do t C
2
nn v nguyn tc khng
th gim
t
xung ti 0Hz. Thng
chn hng s thi gian ca mch





Hnh 4.34. p ng tn s ca b khuch i di rng.
K

K
u
K
u
/2

t
C

tb

'
t '
C

ch
a
b
c
b
c

87
sa tn thp cn c vo
t
mong mun (
T
= R
ST
C
ST
= T
t
= 2/
t
). Sau chn R
ST
1,6 R
C1
th
ng p ng s khng xut hin bu. Trong vng tn s cao cng do c th xut hin bu nn
vic chn gi tr thch hp cho h s phm cht

=
T
SC
1 C
C
L
R
1
Q l quan trng. Nu Q = 0,4 th hu
nh khng c bu cn vi cc Q t 0,5 tr ln ng bi xut hin r.
Khuch i cao tn chn lc
Trong thng tin v tuyn in, sng cao tn c tn s c hng trm kHz tr ln. Cc mch
khuch i hot ng di tn s ny gi l khuch i cao tn. Thng tin trong di sng ny
thng c thit lp trong mt vng tn s hp xung quanh mt tn s no gi l sng mang.
l cc knh thng tin do cc i pht sng pht i. Do mt yu cu thc t l cn c cc b
khuch i tn hiu thu ch khuch i chn lc tn hiu c tn s sng mang v cc tn hiu ln
cn, cn th loi b cc tn hiu c tn s xa tn s sng mang. l cc b khuch i chn lc.
Cc b khuch i chn lc cao tn thng dng khung cng hng lm tr gnh nn cng cn
c gi l b khuch i cng hng.
S tng khuch i cng hng v c bn cng ging nh khuch i in tr, ch c thay
tr gnh R
C
bng mt khung cng hng LC c mch ghp in cm M ly th li ra U
ra1
nh trn
hnh 4.35.a hay cng c th trch th li ra U
ra2
qua t C
2
trn hnh.
Hnh 4.35. B khuch i cng hng
T C
E
c chn ln sao cho tn s hot ng c
E
E t
R
C
1
<<

, ta s c h s khuch
i ca mch l:
BE
C
*
r
Z
K

= vi Z
C
l tng tr ca khung cng hng LC.

+
=
C
1
L R
Z
2
C

&
vi R << L (4.46)
R l tr tn hao ca khung,
C
L
= l tr khng sng.
+
U
ra2
U
v
C
1
U
ra1
R
E
C
E
C

L
L
1
R
b1
R
b2
M

C
2
Z

Z
max
Z
maxx
/2
1/LC

K

K
max
K
maxx
/2
1/LC
(a)

(b)
(c)

88
Nh trnh by trong cc chng trc, c trng tr khng - tn s ca khung c dng
ng cong cng hng nh hnh 4.35.b v do vy p ng tn s K = f() ca mch cng c dng
cng hng nh vy trn hnh 4.35.c.
Hnh 4.36.a l mt s khuch i chn lc tng khuch i sng ngn thu c t anten
my thu thanh. Transistor dng y phi l loi cao tn c tp m ni nh v tn s gii hn c
hng trm MHz tr ln. Cc tr R
b1
, R
b2
nh im lm vic cho cc transistor. Cc t C
1
, C
2
dng
cch ly dng mt chiu v on mch v dng xoay chiu cao tn. Chng c tr s ln (hng
trm n ngn pF), do vy khng nh hng n tnh cht cng hng ca cc khung dao ng. Tn
hiu t khung cng hng anten LC ch c trch a mt phn vo cc base ca transistor T
1
qua
lin kt h cm (bin th) vi cun ghp L
1
t vng hn L. Vic ghp nh vy nhm phi hp tr
khng gia khung v li vo transistor (c 1 k) v trnh nh hng n phm cht ca khung.
Khung cng hng mch gnh transistor T
1
l khung C v (L
2
+ L
3
= L). V tr khng ra ca T
1

ln trong khi tr khng vo tng sau T
2
nh nn s cng dng mch ghp l cun cm bin th
L
4
c tc dng nh khung anten li vo. trnh dng mt chiu chy qua cun cm ca khung
c li Fe-rit nh hng n t thng ca n, collector T
1
c ghp bin th t ngu vi khung bng
cch ni n vi im gia L
2
t vng hn cun L
3
. Nh vy dng mt chiu nui transistor ch chy
qua L
2
l mt phn ca cun cm khung v s hot ng n nh hn.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.36. Mt s s khuch i chn lc dng transistor.
Nh trn ni, cc s base chung cng rt hay c dng cho cc tng khuch i cao
tn. Hnh 4.36.b l mt s th d. Trong s ny t C
1
c in dung ln (c hng ngn pF) nn
coi nh base c ngn mch vi t i vi sng cao tn. iu ny cho php a ton b tn hiu
cao tn t cun L
1
vo li vo base-emitter ca transistor T
1.
in dung li ra C
CB
c ghp song
song vi in dung C trong khung cng hng ti collector. in dung li vo ca mch gm C
ks
v
C
BE
. Do tn hiu ra trn collector ng pha vi vi tn hiu vo trn emitter nn in dung C
CE
c tc
dng phn hi dng v th. Tn s cng cao, phn hi dng cng ln v h s khuch i cng
tng. iu ny lm tng gii hn tn s ca b khuch i. Ngoi ra, th vo cng c truyn trc
tip t emitter n collector qua C
CE
. Cc tc dng ny lm gim in dung li vo ca T
1
do vy
tng khuch i base chung hay c dng cao tn, tuy nhin n c nhc im l tr vo nh,
dng vo ln nn ch thch hp vi cc tn hiu c cng sut tng i ln. Ni cch khc nhy
ca my thu khng cao.
+
R
E
C
E
C

L
2
L
4
R
b1
C
2
R
b2
L
3
C
1
L

L
1
C

R
b
+E

L

L
1
C

L
2
L
4
C

L
3
C
1
C
CE
T
1
T
1
T
2
T
2

89
Khuch i cng sut
Tng khuch i cng sut c nhim v truyn cng sut ra ln trn ti, c khi ti hng
trm W. Khi khuch i cc tn hiu ln nh vy cc transistor khng cn lm vic trong min
tuyn tnh na, do khng th dng phng php s tng ng vi tn hiu b m phi dng
phng php xt ton b th cc c trng ca transistor.
Ngoi tr khng vo cn phi ln, tr khng ra cn nh c kh nng truyn t cng sut ra
ti ln (phi hp tr khng), hai thng s ca b khuch i cng sut cn c ch l:
H s khuch i cng sut
V
ra
P
P
P
K = l t s gia cng sut ra trn cng sut vo. C th
dng s emitter chung va c khuch i cao v c dng v th nhng cng c th dng s
base chung ch cho h s khuch i dng ln cn khuch i th nh hn 1 v tr ti nh.
Hiu sut
0
ra
P
P
l t s gia cng sut ra trn cng sut ngun mt chiu cung cp cho
mch. iu ny i hi phi ch ti iu kin phi hp tr khng gia tng khuch i v ti.
Ngoi ra phi m bo cng sut tn hao trn transistor nh hn cng sut tiu tn cho php. Vn
na l cn chn ch hot ng thch hp c cng sut ln, hiu sut ln m khng b mo
tn hiu.
C mt s ch hot ng trong tng cng sut dng transistor. Hnh 4.39 minh ho cc ch
hot ng ny.
Ch A l ch c im lm vic c chn nm gia phn tuyn tnh ca c trng
I
C
= f (U
BE
) nn tn hiu khuch i khng b mo. Nhng v im lm vic nm gia on tuyn
tnh nn ch tn dng c 1/2 di rng ca on. Nhc im na l v dng tnh collector I
C0
lun
ln hn bin dng tn hiu ra, khi khng c tn hiu ( 0
~
= BE U ) dng tnh vn ln khc 0, nn
hiu sut thp (< 50%).
Ch B c im lm vic c xc nh ti U
BE
= 0. Do ch na chu k dng (hoc m)
ca tn hiu vo c khuch i. u im ca ch ny l dng tnh bng 0 nn hiu sut cao v
tn dng c ti a c on tuyn tnh ca c trng. Tuy nhin do ch khuch i c na chu
k nn phi dng s y ko cho php hai transistor hot ng lun phin, mi transistor khuch
i trong mt na chu k tn hiu.
Nu chn im hot ng nm on phi tuyn ca c trng trn im khng ta c ch
AB. Trong ch ny khi tn hiu bng 0 vn c dng I
C0
nhng rt nh, do vy khi tn hiu vo
nh, b khuch i vn c th hot ng tuyn tnh c. Cn khi tn hiu vo ln n hot ng
nh ch B. Ch ny cho hiu sut cao hn ch A (n 70%).
Ch C l ch cho dng collector ch xut hin trong mt phn ca na chu k tn hiu.
im hot ng c chn l im C sau im 0. Th phn cc U
BE
< 0. Ch ny thng c
dng trong cc b khuch i cao tn c ti cng hng c th lc ra c cc hi bc mt.

90
- S khuch i cng sut n. Cc s khuch i cng sut n thng c thit k
theo cch mc emitter chung hoc lp li emitter m bo c h s khuch i dng in ln v
mo phi tuyn nh. Thng s dng ch A vi im lm vic nm gia ng c trng tnh.















Hnh 4.37. Cc ch hot ng ca transistor trong tng cng sut.
+ S khuch i cng sut emitter chung. Ti ca tng khuch i cng sut thng c
mc trc tip vo collector ca transistor cng sut. Thng hay s dng mch ghp qua bin p
cho c hiu sut cao nh hnh 4.38.a. Thng tng khuch i s dng ch A.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.38. S khuch i cng sut n ghp bin p.
T h c trng tnh v ng ti (hnh 4.38.b) xc nh c dng I
B0
v tnh c tr nh
thin R
b
. Cng sut ra cc i ca tn hiu hnh sin c xc nh theo biu thc:

max c
^
max c
^
max r
U I
2
1
P =
C
B
AB
A
I
C
U
BE
Tn hiu vo
Tn hiu ra ch A
Tn hiu ra ch B
Tn hiu ra ch C
t

+
U
v
R
b
L
1
L
2
U
CE
U
CE
I
C
I
C
I
C0
I
C
~

t

I
Cmax
I
Cmin
E
C
E
C
/Z
C
U
CE0
I
C0

91
max c
^
I

v
max c
^
U l bin cc i ca dng v th trn collector.
Cng sut ngun cung cp cho mch l:
0 C C
T
0
^
C 0 C C 0
I E dt t sin I I E
T
1
P =

+ =

(4.47)
tn dng ti a cng sut ra th phi m bo:
C
max C
^
E U v
0 C
max C
^
I I
Do vy hiu sut ti a m s c th t c l:
% 50
P
P
0
max r
max
= = (4.48)
Khi chn
c
^
U bng mt na E
cc
ta c cng sut tiu tn trn transistor nh hn cng sut tiu
tn cc i cho php:

max c CE C C
P U I P =
T gi tr ngun nui v cng sut tiu tn cc i cho php ny ta tm c ti ng ti u ca
mch:

max C
2
C
Top
P
E
R = (4.49)
Ta bit rng tr ti R
T
c chuyn sang mch collector thnh tr tng ng R'
T
= n
2
R
T
.
Trong n l t s bin th. Vy t cng thc ny c th tnh c t s bin th n.
Do c u im tuyn tnh cao nhng hiu sut nh nn khuch i kiu ny thng c s
dng trong cc b cng sut nh.
+ S khuch i cng sut lp li emitter. S lp li emitter c bit thch hp vi tng
khuch i cng sut. Phn na n cng thch hp v phi hp c tr khng ca ngun tn hiu
vi cc tr ti nh m khng cn qua bin th. Hnh 4.39.a l s ca mch.
+E
C
U
v
R
b1
U
CER
U
CE
I
C
I
E
~

I
E0
R
T
= R
E
E
C
E
C
/R
T R
b2
I
B0
+E
C
U
v
R
b1
R
T


R
b2
R
E

C
2


C
1


(a)

(b)

(c)

92
Hnh 4.39. Khuch i cng sut dng s lp li emitter.
c tn hiu ra ln chn ch hot ng A. Trn ng c trng hnh 4.39.c ta c:

2
U E
2
U E
U U
CER C CER C
CER 0 CE
+
=

+ =

T
C
0 E
R 2
E
I
Bin in p v dng in ra cc i l:

2
U E
U U
CER C
max E
^
max r
^

= =
0 E
max r
^
I I =
Khi in tr ti ti u bng:
0 E
CER cc
Top
I 2
U E
R

= ta c cng sut ra ln nht:

( )
Top
2
CER C
Top
^
2
E
E
^
E
^
max r
R 8
U E
R 2
U
2
I U
P

= = = (4.50)
Khi coi I
c
I
E
ta tnh c cng sut ngun mt chiu cp cho mch:

0 C C 0
I E P = (4.51)
Vy hiu sut cc i ca mch l:

( )
% 25 % 100
E
U E
4
1
% 100
I E R 8
U E
% 100
P
P
C
CER C
0 E C Top
2
CER C
0
max r
max

= = (4.52)
Cng tnh c cng sut tn hao trn transistor:

+ = =

2
I
I R P dt t sin I I R
T
1
P P P P
^
2
C 2
0 E T 0
^
C 0 E T 0 ra 0 C
(4.53)
Trong trng hp khng mun dng in mt chiu chy qua ti phi dng s lp li
emitter ghp in dung vi ti nh s hnh 4.39.b. Tuy nhin tnh ton cho thy khi chy trong
ch A, s ny c hiu sut rt thp (< 10%) nn t c dng.
- Cc s y ko. Cc s khuch i cng sut kiu y ko thng hot ng trong
cc ch B hoc AB cho php tng c cng sut, hiu sut v gim mo phi tuyn. Mt tng
y ko thng thng gm 2 transistor c mc chung vi mt ti. Mi transistor c hot ng
trong mt na chu k dng hoc m ca tn hiu. C th phn bit 2 loi s y ko. Loi s
y ko song song, trong ngun cung cp cho cc transistor c mc song song vi nhau; loi
ny thng dng ti l bin th c 2 na bn s cp ho tc ng vo 1 cun li ra bn th cp.

93
Loi s y ko ni tip, trong ngun cung cp in cho cc transistor c mc ni tip vi
nhau; loi ny c u ni li ra nm gia 2 transistor.
+ S y ko song song. Hnh 4.40.a l s tng cng sut y ko song song dng bin
p vo v bin p ra.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.40. S khuch i y ko song song.
S gm 2 tng khuch i. Tng th nht gm transistor T
1
v bin th Tr
1
gi l tng
khuch i o pha vi bin th Tr
1
l bin th o pha. N gm mt cun s cp L
1
v hai cun th
cp L
2
v L
3
. Hai cun L
2
v L
3
c cun cng chiu, vi im gia c ni t nh t C. Vi
cch cun dy nh vy ta c th nhn c 2 tn hiu ngc pha nhau trn L
2
v L
3
t mt tn hiu
trn L
1
. Hai transistor T
2
v T
3
hot ng y ko. Th phn cc (im hot ng) cho chng do cp
in tr R
b1
v R
b2
to ra trn c tuyn I
C
= f(U
BE
) ng chm chm trn hnh 4.40.b. Cn chn sao
cho th ny tng ng vi cc im D
2
v D
3
(ch AB). V hai transistor T
2
v T
3
c cng th
phn cc nn on t D
2
n D
3
trit tiu v c trng I
C
(U
BE
) ca T
2
v T
3
c dch li v nhp
chung nh ng lin nt. Nh vy l T
2
s hot ng trong mt na chu k tn hiu v T
3
s hot
ng trong na chu k c du ngc li. Nu khuch i tn hiu hnh sin th mi na dng hnh sin
ny s chy qua mt na cun s cp bin th xut Tr
2
. Do cm ng nn kt qu l bn th cp bin
th s xut hin tn hiu hnh sin tng hp c hai na chu k xut ra ti. T s s vng s cp trn
th cp ca bin th Tr
2
c tnh ton sao cho n cng m bo c nhim v phi hp tr khng
gia tng khuch i v ti.
Ta hy tnh hiu sut ra ca mch:
Gi
2
1
N
N
n l t s bin th Tr
2
, vi N
1
s vng ca na cun s cp v N
2
l s vng cun th
cp. Nh vy tr ra tng ng ca mi transistor l:
v
2 '
T
R n R = .
Vy:
'
T
CE
^
C
^
R
U
I = v
ra
^
CE
^
U n U = . Cng sut ra ti l:
T
2
CE
^
T
2
ra
^
ra
R n 2
U
R 2
U
P = =
Bin in p ra cc i ca mt transistor:
CER CE
max CE
^
U U U =
L
2
L
1
L
3
L
4
L
5
R
b1
R
b2
C

Tr
1
Tr
2
R
T
+E
C
T
1
T
2
T
3
L
5
0 0,6V - 0,6V
U
BE2
U
BE3
I
C2
I
C3
D2 D3

94
Vy cng sut ra cc i:
( )
T
2
2
CER CE
max ra
R n 2
U U
P

= (4.54)
V b khuch i lm vic ch B nn dng collector trung bnh l:

= =

T
0
^
C
C C
I
dt ) t ( I
T
1
I

Vy cng sut mt chiu cp cho mch l:
T
2
C
CE
^
C
^
C 0
R n
E U 2
E I
2
P

= =
Thay P
0
v P
ra
vo ta tnh c cng sut tn hao trn collector ca transistor:

T
2
CE
^
T
2
C
CE
^
C
R n 2
U
R n
E U 2
P P P = =

(4.55)
P
C
thay i theo
CE
^
U v t cc i khi:
C
CE
^
E
2
U

=
ch B, cng sut tn hao cc i l:
max ra
2
max C
P
4
P

=
Vy hiu sut cc i ca mch l: %. 5 , 78 % 100
4
% 100
P
P
max 0
max ra
max
=

(4.56)
Ta thy hiu sut ca b khuch i y ko ln hn b khuch i n nhiu. B khuch i
y ko hot ng ch AB nn dng tnh ban u rt nh tc l khi khng c tn hiu th cc
transistor hu nh khng hot ng v khng tn hao nhit, do vy hiu sut rt cao. Hn na vng
hot ng tuyn tnh ca b khuch i rng gp hai ln trong trng hp khuch i n. Nhng
v kch thc bin p ln, gi thnh cao v di tn lm vic b hn ch nn ngy nay cn hay s
dng cc s lin kt trc tip nh di y.
+ S y ko ni tip. Trong cc b khuch i m thanh, vic chn c bin th cho cht
lng di truyn tn s n cc tn s cc thp l kh. Do vy, s dng tng khuch i y ko c
lin kt trc tip cho php khc phc cc nhc im trn, c bit c dng trong cc b khuch
i i hi cht lng cao. Cc s ny thuc loi y ko ni tip s dng cc transistor khc
loi hay cng loi. Ta s kho st 2 s in hnh sau.
Hnh 4.41 l s y ko ni tip dng 2 transistor cng loi.






(a) (b)
Hnh 4.41. S y ko ni tip dng 2 transistor cng loi.
R
T
R
b2
+E
C
-E
C
R
C
R
E
R
b1
R
b2
U
V
U
ra
T
1
T
2
T
3 R
T
+E
C
-E
C
R
C
D

R
f1
U
Vf
U
ra
T
1
T
2
T
3
R
f2
I
v
I
vf
I
f
U
v

95
T
1
l tng khuch i tn hiu o pha to cc tn hiu ngc pha a vo hai base ca cc
transistor T
2
, T
3
. Trong s ny thay cho ngun cung cp c im gia ni t ngi ta dng
ngun i xng Ec. C th coi trong s T
2
mc theo mch collector chung, cn T
3
mc theo
mch emitter chung. Ngoi nhim v o pha, T
1
cn c nhim v nh im lm vic cho T
2
v T
3

nh in p tnh trn base v emitter ca n. Trong thc t, chn R
E
sao cho m bo yu cu v
mo v cng sut ra kh nn ngi ta thng thay in tr R
E
trong hnh 4.41.a bng diode D nh
trong hnh 4.41.b. Diode lm nhim v hn ch bin in p base-emitter ca T
3
, nh khc
phc c hin tng qu ti cho T
3
. Mch phn hi m gm R
f1
, R
f2
gim mo phi tuyn. Ta hy
tnh h s khuch i khi c phn hi K
f
. Vi nt vo base ca transistor T
1
ta c:

v
v
f vf v
R
U
I I I = + = ,
v 2 f vf vf
U R I U + =

v u v 1 f f rf
U K U R I U = + = vi K
u
l h s khuch i khi khng c phn hi.
Vy:
v 1 f 2 f 1 f u
u
2 f
1 f
vf
raf
f
R / R R / R 1 K
K
R
R
U
U
K
+ + +
= =
Nu phn hi m su (
v
1 f
2 f
1 f
u
R
R
R
R
1 K + + >> ) th
2 f
1 f
f
R
R
K (4.57)
Hnh 4.42 l s tng cng sut y ko ni tip dng cc transistor khc loi n gin nht
cng c trng tnh v ng ti ca mt trong cc transistor.





(a) (b)
Hnh 4.42. S y ko ni tip dng 2 transistor khc loi.
C hai transistor c mc theo kiu collector chung vi ti l R
T
. in p vo base bng 0 nn
in p ra trn cc emitter cng bng 0. in p kch cho c hai transistor l ng pha v c bin
bng nhau. H s khuch i ca mch K
u
1.
Bin tn hiu ra nm trong khong: ( )
CER C
ra
^
U E k U = ;
max E
ra
^
kI I =
Trong k l h s t l ly gi tr t 0 n 1.
Vy cng sut ra ca mi transistor l: ( )
max E CER C
2 ra
^
ra
^
ra
I U E k
4
1
2
I U
2
1
P = = (4.58)
Cng sut ngun mt chiu cung cp cho mi transistor l:
R
T
+E
C
-E
C
U
V
U
ra
T
1
T
2
U
CE
I
C
I
Emax
E
C
I
B0
I
ra
U
ra

96

max E C
2 / T
0
ra
^
C 0
I E
k
tdt sin I
T
1
E P

= =

(4.59)
Cng sut tn hao trn collector ca mi transistor l:
( )
max E CER C
2
max E C ra 0 C
I U E
4
k
I E
k
P P P = =

(4.60)
Cho o hm dP
c
/ dk = 0 ta tnh c gi tr k ti cng sut tn hao l cc i:

( )
2
U E
E 2
k
CER C
C
max P

=
Vy cng sut tn hao cc i trn mi transistor l:

( )
2
max E C
CER C
2
max E
2
C
max C
I E
U E
I E
P

=
V P
Cmax
v E
C
bit nn tnh c dng emitter I
Emax
:

( )
C
max C
2
2
C
CER C max C
2
max E
E
P
E
U E P
I

= (4.61)
T y cng tnh c cc thng s khc:

max C
2
2
C
max E
CER C
ra
^
ra
^
T
P
E
I
U E
I
U
R

= =
( )
( )
max C
2
2
2
C
2
CER C
max C
2
2
max E CER C
2
ra
P
2
k
E
U E
P
2
k I U E
2
k
P

= =

max C max E C 0
P 2 k I E
k 2
P

Vy hiu sut ca mch l:

4
k
P
P
0
ra

= =

khi k = 1 % 5 , 78
4
=

(4.62)
Ging s ni tip cng loi k trn, s ny cng gp phi mo phi tuyn khi lm vic
ch B. Ti cc th tn hiu nh hn in p thng ca lp tip gip E-B cc transistor ngt v
quan h gia
~
ra
U theo
vo
~
U l khng tuyn tnh trong vng gn gc to . Mun khc phc loi
mo ny phi dng mch phn hi m nh ni trn. Mun khc phc trit phi di chuyn im
lm vic sao cho U
BE01
= U
BE02
tng ng vi mc in p vo 0 U
vo
~
= . Tc l phi t ln base
ca cc transistor cc in p ban u thch hp trong ch hot ng AB. Hnh 4.43.a l s
y ko nh vy. Trong s , T
1
l tng khuch i o pha mc theo kiu emitter chung. Ti
collector ca n l hai in tr R
4
v R
5
. Trong R
5
v hai diode d
1
, d
2
to th phn cc cho T
2
v
T
3
hot ng trong ch AB. Khuch i y ko c thc hin bi cc transistor khc loi T
2

(loi n-p-n) v T
3
(loi p-n-p). Khi cha c tn hiu, iu chnh bin tr R
2
sao cho U
b2
= 0,6V. Khi
c tn hiu xoay chiu li vo U
V
, trn collector ca T
1
s xut hin dng xoay chiu I
C1
v th

97
xoay chiu U
C1
. Trong na chu k dng ca U
C1
, T
2
s khuch i tn hiu. Trong na chu k m
ca U
C1
, T
3
s khuch i. Kt qu l dng qua ti (loa) s l dng xoay chiu hnh sin c dng nh
tn hiu li vo. Cc in tr R
6
v R
7
lm nhim v bo v cho T
2
v T
3
. Chng c tr s nh 0,5 .
Tr ra ca T
2
v T
3
thc cht c mc song song vi nhau, hn na R
5
= 1k v hai diode d
1
, d
2

mc li vo nn n c tr s nh so vi tr khng ca loa (vi m).







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.43. S y ko ni tip cng sut nh (a) v cng sut ln (b).
Khi cn cng sut ln hn, thng dng s hnh 4.43.b. Trong T
2
v T
3
l tng khuch
i cng sut. T
1
l tng kch cho tng cng sut hot ng. Cc cp T
2
, T
2
' v T
3
, T
3
' c mc theo
s Darlington nhm t c h s khuch i dng rt ln v tr ra rt nh. s hot
ng n nh, thng mt mch phn hi m c thit k t li ra qua mch RC n li vo ca
T
1
. iu cn ch khi lp rp s l phi m bo iu chnh c tnh cn xng. Khi khng c
tn hiu xoay chiu, th mt chiu trn ti phi l 0 vn.
4.4. Transistor trng
Transistor hiu ng trng hot ng da trn tc ng ca in trng ln chuyn ng ca
cc ht ti in trong mt knh bn dn loi p hoc n. C hai loi transistor trng: loi JFET v
loi MOSFET.
4.4.1. Transistor trng loi JFET
Ch JFET l vit tt ca cm t ting Anh: Junction Field Effect Transistor c ngha l
transistor hiu ng trng c lp chuyn tip p-n. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca transistor
trng loi JFET c trnh by trn hnh 4.44.a. C 2 loi JFET knh N v knh P. Ta s xt in
hnh mt loi knh N.






(a) (b)
Hnh 4.44. Cu trc v c tnh truyn t ca transistor trng JFET.
Knh N
lp p
min ngho
Gate
Drain
Source
+V
D
I
D
-V
GS
0V
R
T
I
D
(mA)
V
GS
(V)
- 4 0
I
DS
U
P
R
T
+E
C
-E
C
U
V
U
ra
T
2
T
3
T
1
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
E
d
1
d
2
R
T
+E
C
-E
C
U
V
U
ra
T
2
'
T
1
R
1
R
2
R
3
d
1
d
2
d
3
d
4
T
3
'
T
2

T
3


98
Trn mt thanh bn dn silicon loi n, ngi ta to nn mt knh dn in N vi cc phn t
ti in c bn l in t n c gii hn bi mt lp bn dn loi p bao xung quanh. C 3 in cc
c gn ln : cc ngun S (source), cc ca G (gate) v cc mng D (drain). V tr v ngun
in cp cho cc cc c cho nh trn hnh. Transistor JFET knh N gi l N-JFET. Khi hot
ng, ta thy lp tip gip p-n gia cc ca G v cc ngun S c phn cc ngc bi th U
GS
, cn
ti tiu th c mc ni tip vi knh dn v dng qua ti chnh l dng cc mng I
D
.
Nh bit v c tnh ca lp tip gip p-n, s bin i gi tr ca in p phn cc ngc
trn cc ca U
GS
s lm thay i rng ca min ngho phn t ti. iu dn n lm thay i
thit din ngang ca knh dn N v lm thay i dng cc mng I
D
chy qua knh. Nh vy dng
cc mng ph thuc vo th cc ca v do cc ca cn c gi l cc iu khin. in p m
ti dng cc mng I
D
nhn gi tr cc tiu ( 0) gi l in p ngng U
P
.

c tuyn truyn t
c m t bi phng trnh
2
P
GS
DS D
U
U
1 I I

= v c dng nh trn hnh 4.44.b, trong I

DS
l
dng cc mng khi U
GS
= 0. Transistor trng
JFET c tc dng khuch i nh transistor
lng cc. H c trng li ra ca transistor
N-JFET c dng nh hnh 4.45 gm 3 vng:
- Vng bo ho (U
D
> U
bh
): trong I
D

khng ph thuc vo U
DS
m ch ph thuc vo
U
GS
. y l vng s dng cho khuch i vi
dng I
D
c iu khin bi th vo U
GS
.

- Vng tuyn tnh (U
D
< U
bh
): trong U
D

c gi tr nh v ph thuc tuyn tnh vo I
D
.
- Vng nh thng: trong dng I
D
t
ngt tng khi U
DS
ln nh thng lp tip gip p-n gn in cc mng.
Cu trc v nguyn tc hot ng ca transistor trng P-JFET v nguyn tc cng ging nh
loi N-JFET. Hnh 4.46 l tm tt k hiu v dng c tnh truyn t ca hai loi ny.
Hnh 4.46. K hiu v c tnh truyn t ca hai loi transistor trng JFET.









Hnh 4.45. H c trng li ra ca JFET.
N-JFET

P-JFET

G
G
D
S
S
D
I
D
(mA)
U
GS
(V)
0
I
D
(mA)
V
GS
(V)
- 4 0
4
K hiu
c tuyn truyn t
NJ-FET
PJ-FET
Cc tnh
U
DS
I
D

+ + -
- - +
U
P
I
DS
vng
tuyn tnh
vng bo ho
U
GS
= 0V
U
GS
= -0,5V
U
GS
= -1,0V
-1,5V
-2,5V
0 2 4 6 8 10
U
DS
(V)
I
D
(mA)
10
8
6
4
2
0

99
4.4.2. Transistor trng loi MOS-FET
Ch MOS-FET l vit tt ca cm t ting Anh: Metal-Oxyt Semiconductor FET c ngha l
transistor hiu ng trng c cc ca cch in bng vt liu -xit kim loi. Cu trc ca mt
transistor MOS-FET c biu din trn hnh 4.47.
Linh kin cng gm c 3 cc: cc ngun
S v cc mng D ni vi hai u knh dn, cc
ca G ni vi bn kim loi c cch in cao
vi knh qua mt lp cch in, thng l -xit
nhm c in tr rt cao. Vi cu trc nh vy,
tn ti mt t in MOS nm gia cc ngun
v cc mng. Th d, transistor MOS-FET
knh N s dng silicon loi p, cc ngun v
cc mng l silicon N
+
. Mt hiu in th dng ln t ln cc ca s lm o ngc tnh bn
dn ca P v lm hnh thnh trong mt knh dn N. Cc in t trong knh dn s chuyn
dch t cc ngun sang cc mng khi c mt hiu th dng U
DS
t gia cc mng v cc ngun.
Nh vy cng bng cch bin i gi tr ca th t vo cc ca ta c th bin i gi tr ca dng
chy qua cc mng. Transistor trng MOS-FET cng c th dng khuch i dng in. Do
tnh cch in cao ca lp -xit kim loi nn transistor MOS-FET c c im rt qu l c tr vo
rt cao, dng d li vo rt nh. Trong mi loi knh P hay N, transistor trng MOS-FET cn
c phn bit thnh 2 loi:
- Loi knh c sn (hot ng trong enhancement-mode): trong ngay ti th U
GS
= 0 tn
ti sn knh dn N (nu loi P) hay knh dn P (nu loi N). Khi th U
GS
< 0 s lm ngho
nng ht ti ca knh v gim dn knh, gim dng I
D
.
- Loi knh khng c sn (hot ng trong deplete - mode): trong khi U
GS
= 0, dn ca
knh rt nh, hu nh bng 0. Ch khi t mt th dng (vi loi knh N, loi P) hay th m
(vi loi knh P, loi N) mi hnh thnh knh dn in. S tng gim ca U
GS
trn gi tr in p
ngng s lm thay i nng ht ti in ca knh, lm thay i dn knh v tng ng l
dng cc mng chy qua knh.
Hnh 4.48 l tm tt k hiu v dng c tnh truyn t ca 4 loi ny.







Hnh 4.47. Cu trc ca transistor MOS-FET.
P
Knh N
N N
G
S D
+V
GS
+V
DS
+Ecc

I
D
R
T
G
D
S
I
D

U
GS

0
I
D

V
GS

K hiu
c tuyn truyn t
NMOS-FET
knh c sn
PMOS-FET
knh c sn
G
D
S
0
Cc tnh
U
DS
I
D
U
GS
+ + -
- - +

100
Hnh 4.48. Tm tt cc k hiu v dng c tnh ra ca cc loi transistor MOS-FET.
Ni chung cc s hot ng ca transistor
trng FET cng tng t nh transistor lng cc
BJT, tc l cng c cc s mc theo kiu ngun
chung (source chung), ca chung (gate chung) hay
mng chung (drain chung). Ring mch nh im
lm vic, th d cho mt transistor trng N-JFET,
thng hay s dng s dng st p qua tr mc ti
cc ngun nh trnh by trn hnh 4.49. Trong s
ny, dng mng I
D
gn bng dng cc ngun I
S
s to
nn mt st p trn in tr R
S
vi chiu nh hnh v.
St p ny c truyn qua mt in tr t ti cc ca R
g
(thng c gi tr ln c m-ga m)
to mt in p ngc cp cho tip gip ca - ngun G-S.
4.5. Thyristor v triac
Thyristor v triac l cc linh kin chuyn mch bn dn. l v chng ch nm mt trong
hai trng thi: cm hon ton v thng mc bo ho.
Trong khi thyristor hot ng vi ngun in mt chiu th triac c th hot ng c vi ngun
in xoay chiu.
4.5.1. Thyristor: nh trn hnh 4.50.a l cu trc gm 4 lp bn dn c ghp lin tip vi
nhau n-p-n-p (hnh a) hay p-n-p-n (hnh b) cng vi 3 in cc nh c biu din trn hnh gi l
a-nt A (anode), ka-tt K (kathode) v cc ca G (gate). K hiu ca thyristor nh hnh 4.50.b. S
cp in cho thyristor loi p-n-p-n vi ti c trnh by trn hnh 4.50.c, trong E
CC
l ngun
cung cp, U
G
l th iu khin c t vo cc ca vi t. Vi loi thyristor n-p-n-p th cc tnh
in p ngun v in p iu khin c mc ngc li.
H c trng ( )
const U
AK AK
G
U f I
=
= c dng nh hnh 4.51. Ta thy dng ny ging c trng
ca n cha kh. Vi mt th U
G
khng i, khi U
AK
< U
mi
, dng qua thyristor hu nh bng
khng. Thyristor vo trng thi cm trong vng (I). Khi th U
AK
= U
mi
, dng qua thyristor bt
u tng ln mt cch t ngt dn ti s st th mnh trn anode lm cho U
AK
gim, thyristor lc
ny trng thi c in tr m (II) tc l th gim-dng tng.








Hnh 4.49. nh im lm vic cho transistor
J-FET knh N qua tr cc ngun R
S
.
+Ecc
G
D
S
U
ra
U
V
C

R
S
C
S
R
g
+

-
_

UG < US
I
E
I
D

U
GS

0
I
D

V
GS

NMOS-FET
knh
cha c sn
0
PMOS-FET
knh
cha c sn
G
D
S
G
D
S
+ + +
- - -

101









(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 4.50. Cu trc, k hiu v cch mc thyristor.
Sau khi tng th ngun vo, dng I
AK
tip tc tng
rt nhanh, thyristor vo trng thi thng trong vng (III).
Ngc li, trong vng thng, ta phi gim dn th U
AK
n
mt mc no qu i th thyristor mi li nhy nhanh
chng v trng thi cm. ng chm chm cho ta qu trnh
chuyn t thng sang cm . H c trng cho thy, khi
th U
G
tng th in p mi U
mi
gim xung, tc l thyristor
s d chuyn t trng thi cm sang trng thi thng hn.
Vy ngoi qu trnh qu (vng II), thyristor s vo mt
trong hai trng thi n nh l cm hoc thng ging nh
mt ci chuyn mch in t (cng tc) c th iu khin c mt trong hai trng thi kho hoc
m. Do vy trong ting Anh, thyristor thng c gi tt l SRC (silicon controlled rectifer) c
ngha l dng c chnh lu c th iu khin c ch to bng vt liu bn dn silic. Khc vi cc
chuyn mch in - c kh, ngoi c im c tc chuyn mch rt nhanh (tc in t) u
im ca thyristor cn ch n l chuyn mch khng c tip im. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong
hon ton do bn cht vt l ca qu trnh dn in nm trong vt liu bn dn, nn trnh c vic
nh la trong khng kh trong thi gian chuyn mch qu ca cc tip im c kh. Bng cch
iu chnh gi tr ca th U
G
c th iu khin cho thyristor chuyn t mt trng thi ny sang trng
thi khc nhanh hay chm hn vi cc th U
AK
khc nhau.
C th gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca thyristor loi p-np-n trn hnh 4.50.c nh sau:
t thyristor di in p mt chiu c phn cc nh hnh v, tc l anode c ni vi cc
dng v kathode c ni vi cc m ca ngun in. Lc ny cc tip gip J
1
v J
3
c phn cc
thun nhng tip gip J
2
c phn cc ngc. Do vy gn nh ton b in p ngun c t ln
J
2
. Trong trng hp ny, in trng ngoi E
C
cng chiu vi hng ca in trng ni ti E
J
ca
lp tip gip, tc l c chiu hng t lp n
1
sang p
2
v do lm vng ngho (cch in) cng
rng ra ngn khng cho dng in chy qua thyristor. Thyristor vo trng thi kho. Nu cho mt
xung dng tc ng vo cc iu khin G th s lm cho cc in t chy t vng n
2
sang p
2
. Mt
s t cc in t ny ti hp vi l trng ti min p
2
to thnh dng iu khin I
G
, cn i a s chu









Hnh 4.51. c trng V-A ca
Thyristor.
G (gate)
K (kathode)
A (anode)
n
p
n
p
p
1
n
1
p
2
n
2
R
T
E
CC
+
- +
-
U
G
U
AK
I
AK
A
K G
J
1
J
2
J
3
A
K
G
U
m1
U
m2
U
m3
UG3
UG2
UG1
U
G3
U
G2
> U
G1
>
I
AK
U
AK
0
(I)

(II)
(III
)
I
H

102
sc ht ca in trng tng hp trn lp tip gip J
2
lao vo vng chuyn tip ny. Chng c
tng tc nn c ng nng ln va chm vi cc nguyn t Si v to nn nhng in t t do mi. S
in t ny li tham gia vo qu trnh bn ph cc nguyn t Si v kt qu ca phn ng dy chuyn
ny s lm xut hin ngy cng nhiu in t chy vo vng n
1
qua p
1
ti cc dng ca ngun in
ngoi gy nn hin tng dn in thc l. Lp tip gip J
2
chuyn sang thnh lp dn in t mt
im no xung quanh cc G ri lan ra ton b lp tip gip vi tc rt nhanh c 1cm/100s.
Cc thyristor hin i cho tc tng dng m t vi chc n hng ngn A/s. Thc nghim cho
thy in tr ca thyristor khi cn trng thi kho c hng M tr thnh ch khong phn trm
khi trng thi m. Do in tr ni ca thyristor lc m rt nh nh vy nn trn c trng V-A,
th U
AK
lc m ch c hng vn.
Mt khi thyristor m th s hin din ca tn hiu iu khin U
G
khng cn tc dng na.
Thyristor s ch chuyn sang trng thi kho khi gim dng in I
AK
xung di gi tr dng duy tr
I
H
(hnh 4.51) hoc t mt in p ngc ln thyristor. Khi t in p ngc, lp tip gip J
2
c
phn cc thun nhng hai lp J
1
v J
3
s c phn cc ngc. Nhng in t trc thi im o
cc tnh ca ngun ang c mt ti cc min p
1
, n
1
v p
2
s o chiu hnh trnh v to nn dng
in ngc chy qua kathode v cc m ngun in. Lc u dng in ny kh ln nhng ri sau
J
1
v J
3
tr nn cch in. Ch cn li mt t in t b gi gia hai lp n
1
v p
2
s b hin tng
khuch tn lm t dn i n ht. Thi gian kho tnh t khi bt u xut hin dng in ngc cho
n khi dng ny bng khng. l khong thi gian m ngay sau nu t in p thun ln
thyristor th n cng khng m nu cha c th U
G
tc ng. Do vy khng c t thyristor di
in p thun khi n cha b kho hon ton trnh gy chp mch in ngun. Thi gian kho
ca cc thyristor thng thng c vi chc s.
Cng c th gii thch mt cch n gin qu trnh chuyn rt nhanh chng t trng thi kho
sang m ca thyristor nh sau. Vi bn vng bn dn c sp xp nh vy c th coi thyristor nh
l 2 transistor khc loi c mc t hp vi nhau nh hnh 4.52.
c im chnh ca t hp l ch: li ra
ca transistor ny li c mc trc tip ti li
vo ca transistor kia. Nu gi h s khuch i
dng ca hai transistor T
1
v T
2
trn hnh ln lt
l
1
v
2
ta s thy nu c mt tc ng no
ln cc ca ca thyristor th qu trnh bin i
dng in trong n s xy ra theo qu trnh thc
l. Tht vy, nu dng collector ca T
1
tng ln
mt lng I
C1
cng tc l dng base ca T
2
tng
ln mt lng I
b2
. iu ny lm dng collector
ca T
2
tng mt lng I
C2
=
2
I
b2
= I
b1
(v dng I
C2
cng chnh l dng I
b1
). Do vy s tng dng
base ny s dn ti lm tng dng collector ca T
1
ln mt gi tr mi l I'
C1
=
1
I
b1
=
1

2
I
b2
=

2
I
C1
. Nh vy sau mt chu trnh phn tch, dng collector ca T
1
tng ln mt lng:







Hnh 4.52. Coi Thyristor nh 2 transistor
c mc t hp vi nhau.
p
n
p
n
A
n
p
K
G
T
1

T
2
I
B1
= I
C2
I
C1
= I
B2

A

G

K


103
2 1
1 C
'
1 C
I
I
=

ln. Phn tch nh vy cho kt qu l sau n chu trnh, dng ny s tng ln rt nhanh
chng theo hm m (
1

2
)
n
ln. R rng qu trnh ny cho php thyristor chuyn trng thi t kho
sang m rt nhanh.
4.5.2. Triac: ging nh thyristor nhng c
c im l cho php dng in i qua theo c 2
chiu t anode sang kathode v t kathode sang
anode khi th
mi AK
U U > . K hiu ca triac v
c trng V-A ca n c ch ra trn hnh 4.53.
Thyristor v Triac thng c s dng trong
cc s chnh lu cng sut c iu khin c.
l cc s dng iu khin tc cc
ng c, iu khin cng nh sng, cc b
bin tn, nghch lu, v.v... trong cc my in.
4.6. B khuch i thut ton v cc s ng dng c bn
B khuch i thut ton (KTT) v nguyn tc hot ng cng ging nh b khuch i
thng thng nhng c khc l n c phm cht rt cao bi c h s khuch i rt ln (hng trm
ngn ln), tr khng vo rt cao (dng d li vo ch c pA) v tr khng ra thp, v.v... Do vy,
trong khi cc thng s ca b khuch i thng thng ph thuc vo s c th ca n th nh
s c trnh by sau, cc c trng ca b KTT ch ph thuc vo mch phn hi lp bn
ngoi. Do thi gian u, cc b khuch i kiu ny c s dng lm cc phn t tnh ton trong
cc my tnh analog nn t m c tn gi l b khuch i thut ton (operational amplifier -
OPAM). Hin nay, da trn cng ngh vi in t, cc b KTT c ch to, sn xut ht sc rng
ri vi kch thc nh gn, gi thnh r di dng cc vi mch tch hp n khi IC (integrated
circuits). Thng th ch cn bit cc c trng ch yu ca b mt KTT l c th thit k c
mt mch in theo yu cu, nhng cng c trng hp phi bit thm c cu trc bn trong ca b
KTT na. Thit k bn trong b KTT thng bao gm cc mch in c lp trn cc
transistor vi tng tin khuch i vi sai, tng m, tng khuch i vi sai ri tng khuch i cng
sut cng cc mch phn hi nhm tng tnh n nh v thc hin mt s chc nng cn thit. Ngy
nay, b KTT c s dng trong rt nhiu s ng dng khc nhau.
Hnh 4.54 l k hiu ca b KTT v s tng ng ca mt b KTT l tng.





(a) (b)
Hnh 4.54. K hiu (a) v s tng ng ca b KTT l tng (b).











Hnh 4.53. K hiu ca triac v
c trng V-A ca n.
+Vcc

U
ra
U
P
U
N
+

_

U
P
U
N
+

_

+

_

A(U
P
-U
N
)
P
N
+Vcc
-Vcc
+

_

0
A
K
G
I
AK
U
AK
0

104
B KTT l tng c h s khuch i v tr li vo l bng v cng.
Do tng vo thng l b khuch i vi sai nn b KTT c 2 li vo v thng c 1 hoc 2
li ra. Li vo P gi l li vo thun v in p li ra ng pha vi in p li vo ny (U
P
) tn s
thp. Trn s , li vo thun c nh du "+". Li vo N l li vo o v in p li ra ngc
pha vi in p li vo ny (U
N
) tn s thp. Trn s , li vo o c nh du "-".
Hiu 2 in p li vo ny gi l in p vo vi sai:
N P D
U U U .
in p nui b KTT thng l in p lng cc (th d 5V, 15V) v m bo cho n
hot ng trong c di cc tn hiu dng v m so vi im chung (t).
4.6.1. Cc c trng k thut
1. H s khuch i vi sai, c nh ngha nh sau:
( )

=


=

const U vi
U
U
const U vi
U
U
U U
U
U
U
A
P
N
ra
N
P
ra
N P
ra
D
ra
D
(4.63)
H s ny c tr hu hn v tn s thp n c gi tr trong khong t 10
4
n 10
5
. H s ny
cn c gi l h s khuch i ring hay h s khuch i khng c phn hi hay h s khuch
i mch h ca b KTT.
Hnh 4.55 l c trng truyn t m t s
ph thuc in hnh gia in p ra v in p
vo vi sai. Trong di
max min ra ra ra
U U U < < h s
ny ph thuc hu nh tuyn tnh vo U
D
. Min
ny gi l min khuch i. Hai min cn li l
min bo ho. Cc gii hn ca min khuch i
nm cch gi tr bin in p ngun nui c
vn v tu thuc vo tng loi vi mch KTT.
2. Th li vo lch khng (th offset)
c tuyn truyn t i qua im "khng" (ng lin nt) nh trn hnh ch ng khi tng li
vo vi sai c ch to hon ton cn xng. Trong trng hp ny, khi khng c in p vo
U
P
= U
N
= 0 ta s c cc dng li vo I
P
= I
N
= 0 v dng vo lch khng tnh 0 | |
0
= =
N P
I I I .
Nhng trong thc t, do cng ngh ch to cc transistor vi sai li vo b KTT khng th ging
nhau tuyt i nn d cc th li vo bng khng th hai dng li vo vn khc nhau. Kt qu dn
ti rng, mc d th li vo vi sai U
D
= 0 th li ra b KTT vn c mt th U
ra
khc 0. Ni cch
khc c tuyn truyn t thc t b dch i khi im khng nh ng chm chm trn hnh 4.55.
Nh vy, lm cho in p ra bng khng th cn t ti li vo b KTT mt hiu in p no
ngc du v c gi tr bng U
0
nh trn c tnh truyn t thc t b tr n. in p ny gi
l th vo lch khng hay thin p khng U
0
(th offset). Th offset thng vo khong mt vi mV
xung di chc V tu cht lng IC v ph thuc vo cc nhn t nh nhit mi trng, thi
gian gi ho linh kin, ngun nui, v.v... Th d, vi mch thng dng A-741 c th offset c 1mV








Hnh 4.55. c tuyn truyn t ca b KTT.
U
ramax
U
ramin
U
D
(mV)
50 -50
U
ra
(V)
0
I
0
U0

105
v tri th offset theo nhit l c 6 V/1C. Thng cc vi mch KTT c thit k sn cc
u ni cho php ngi dng mc cc mch chnh th offset iu chnh th ra bng khng.
3. H s suy gim tn hiu ng pha: Do b KTT khng hon ton l l tng nn nh
ni trn, nu t ti hai li vo cng mt tn
hiu c ln v phn cc nh nhau, gi l
cc tn hiu ng pha, th li ra cng khng
hon ton bng khng. Tc l h s khuch
i tn hiu ng pha
G
ra
G
U
U
A

cng
khng hon ton bng khng. c tuyn
truyn t ca in p ra theo tn hiu vo
ng pha trn hnh 4.56 cho thy vi mt gi
tr ln ca tn hiu vo ng pha, th ra
tng ln ng k.
Nh vy, tnh khng l tng ca b KTT c th c biu th bi mt thng s gi l h s
suy gim tn hiu ng pha c nh ngha nh sau:

G
D
A
A
G (4.64)
H s ny thng c t 10
4
n 10
5
tu thuc cht lng vi mch KTT.
Ch rng khi s dng khi nim h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha nh trn th phi hiu
chnh xc hn h s khuch i tn hiu vi sai theo cng thc sau:
const U
D
ra
D
G
U
U
A
=

Nh vy c th nhn c biu thc tng qut vi in p ra b KTT:
G
const U
G
ra
D
Const U
D
ra
ra
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
D G

=
= =

hay:
G G D D ra
U A U A U + = (4.65)
Nu 0 U
ra
= th
const U
D
G
G
D
ra
U
U
A
A
G
=

= = (4.66)
ngha ca biu thc ny ch: cn phi t in p vo vi sai U
D
bng bao nhiu b tr
tn hiu ng pha
G
U li vo. Th d, mt b KTT c G = 10
4
, V U
D
3
10

= ; mun cho U
ra

bng 0 (hay khng i) th phi a vo th V
G
U
U
G
D
1 , 0 =

= .
Nu ch ti th offset U
0
th c th vit th li ra nh sau:
( )
G G 0 D D ra
U A U U A U + = (4.67)
4. Tr khng vo b KTT






Hnh 4.56. in p ra ph thuc vo tn hiu ng pha
U
VG
(V)
10
U
ra
(V)
0
U
0
-10
10
-10

106
Cc b KTT thc t c tr khng vo hu hn. Thng phn bit tr khng vo i vi tn
hiu vi sai v tr khng vo i vi tn hiu ng pha. Hnh 4.57 cho khi nim v cc dng li vo
v cc tr khng vo tng ng ny.
Vi cc b KTT dng transistor lng cc li
vo, tr khng vo i vi tn hiu vi sai r
D
c vi M
trong khi tr khng vo i vi tn hiu ng pha r
G
rt
ln c vi G. Dng tn hiu vo c xc nh bi cc
tr khng ny c tr s vo khong vi nA trong khi
dng mt chiu c gi tr ln hn nhiu chy qua li vo
ca b KTT. Dng vo lc khng c tn hiu l
2
I I
I
V V
V
+

= , cn dng vo lch khng l
+
=
V V 0
I I I . i vi cc b KTT c transistor li vo lng cc, dng vo ban u c t 20
n 200nA. Cn i vi cc b KTT c li vo l transistor trng, dng ny ch khong vi nA.
5. Phn hi m trong s KTT
Xt mch KTT c mc mch phn hi m vi h s phn hi bn ngoi nh hnh 4.58. Gi
h s khuch i ca mch khi c phn hi l A
f
ta c li ra khi c phn hi m l bng:
( )
ra V D ra
U U A U =

D
D
D
V
ra
f
A
1
1
A 1
A
U
U
A
+
=
+
= =

V A
D
rt ln nn:

1
A
f
(4.68)
T y rt ra kt lun, h s khuch i
ca b KTT khi mc mch phn hi ch c quyt nh bi mch phn hi (h s ) m khng
ph thuc vo bn thn b KTT. Chnh tnh cht quan trng ny s dn ti cc s ng dng
phong ph v thit k d dng ca b KTT khi coi n l gn l tng. Nh phn sau s thy, nu
mch phn hi l mt phn p in tr th ta s c c mt b khuch i tuyn tnh, nu mch
phn hi l cc linh kin RC ta s c mt mch lc tn s, nu mch phn hi gm cc phn t phi
tuyn th ta s nhn c mt b to dng sng li ra tun theo cc hm s nht nh (b to hm),
v.v... B KTT khi c mc cc mch phn hi m hoc dng s c cc tnh cht ging nh c
cc b khuch i thng thng. Th d, phn hi m cho mt h s khuch i nh i so vi h s
khuch i h mch nhng li lm tng tnh n nh ca mch v m rng di truyn, v.v...
6. p ng tn s ca b KTT
Thng b KTT c ch to cho nhiu mc ch s dng nn n nh, ngi ta thng
thit k n c p ng tn s ging nh ca mt b lc tn thp bc mt c tn s ct rt thp nh
hnh 4.59.





Hnh 4.57. S tng ng vi tr khng
vo vi sai, ng pha v cc dng vo.





Hnh 4.58. Phn hi vi b khuch i thut ton.
U
V
U
ra
= A
f
U
V

A
D
+


U
D
= U
V
- U
ra
U
ra


+

I
P
_

I
N
I
V
+
I
V
-
r
G
r
G
r
D

107
H s khuch i vi sai phc c dng:
C
D
D
f
f
j 1
A
A
+
=
&
(4.69)
Trong A
D
l gi tr ca h s
khuch i di tn s thp tng ng vi
di thng mc 3 dB, f
C
l tn s ct ca
di truyn.
Tn s ct f
C
ca di truyn qua khi
khng c mch phn hi m rt thp, ch
c 10 Hz. Ta hy xc nh di truyn khi c mch phn hi mc vo b KTT, tc l xc nh tn
s ct f
Cf
khi c phn hi.
Nh trn c
D
D
f
A
A
A
+
=
1
thay A
D
bng gi tr ph thuc tn s, ta c:
C D
C
D
C
D
D
D
f
f A
f
j 1
/ 1
f
f
j 1
A
1
f
f
j 1
A
A 1
A
) f ( A

+
+
+
=
+
=
&
&
&
(4.70)
Cho
max f f
A
2
1
) f ( A =
&
ta tnh c tn s ct khi c phn hi nh sau:
Cf C D
2
C D
f f A f
f A
f
1
/ 1
=

(4.71)
R rng di truyn qua khi c phn hi m (f
Cf
) ln gp A
D
ln khi cha c phn hi (f
C
).
V

1
A
f
nn: const f f A f A
T C D Cf f
= = (4.72)
Kt qu trn cho thy tch ca h s
khuch i nhn vi b rng di truyn l
mt s khng i f
T
. Ni cch khc, khi
mc mch phn hi vi b KTT nu
chn h s khuch i c li bao nhiu
th li b thit by nhiu v di truyn qua.
Hnh 4.60 l kt qu ca s m rng di
tn lm vic ca b KTT khi c mch
phn hi. p ng tn s ca mch c






Hnh 4.59. p ng tn s in hnh ca b KTT
khng c mch phn hi.





Hnh 4.60. S m rng di tn lm vic ca b
KTT khi c phn hi m.
|A
D
|
(dB)
f (Hz)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
f
C
(dB)
f (Hz)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
f
C
f
Cf
A
f
A
D
Mch h
Mch c phn hi

108
phn hi c m rng ra bao nhiu ln th h s khuch i li gim xung mt lng tng ng.
4.6.2. Cu to bn trong ca b KTT
Trong mt s trng hp ngi thit k mch cn bit cu trc bn trong ca b KTT cn
dng. Phn ny ch trnh by nhng nt c bn nht ca vic thit k bn trong b KTT. Vi cc
thng s nu trn, mt b KTT cn c nhng yu cu c bn sau:
- Di tn m rng ti 0Hz cho php khuch i tn hiu xung n mt chiu.
- in p lch khng cng nh cng tt.
- tri th v dng lch khng theo nhit , in p ngun, v.v... cng nh cng tt.
- Tr khng vo cao, tr khng ra thp.
- H s khuch i ln.
Mun c h s khuch i cao phi ghp mt vi tng khuch i. V phi m bo khuch i
mt chiu nn phi s dng ghp trc tip. iu ny dn ti phi dng cc s dch mc in p
gia li ra ca tng ny v li vo tng sau. gim tri lch khng, cc tng li vo thng
phi s dng b khuch i vi sai, cc tng cn li l khuch i khng i xng c in p li
ra khng i xng so vi in p khng. H s khuch i ti mt im ca s gia phn i
xng v khng i xng cn phi ln tri in p trn li ra nh do s gia tng tri
ca tng vo gy nn.
Hnh 4.61 l s bn trong n gin nht ca
mt b KTT. im lm vic ca transistor T
2

khng ri vo min bo ho khi khuch i tn hiu
th th trn collector khi khng c tn hiu phi bng
V
+
/2. Tr s th li ra khi khng c tn hiu phi
bng 0. Diode D c in p n nh bng V
+
/2 -
0,6V m bo vic dch mc in p. Nu tn hiu
ng pha li vo bng khng th khi la chn ng
cc thng s ca s , in th collector ca T
2
c
th bin i t 0 n V
+
. Di bin i ca in p ra
b khuch i khi vo khong V
+
/2. Khi xut
hin tn hiu vo ng pha dng, di bin ng ca in p ra gim n tr s tng ng vi tn
hiu ny trong min m.
Hnh 4.62 l s nguyn l c n gin ho ca b KTT rt ph bin l loi A-741.
Thc s, b KTT A-741 gm 20 transistor v in tr, t in c tch hp trn mt n tinh
th bn dn v c ng v vi 8 chn tn hiu (v gm, nha hnh ch nht hay v kim loi hnh
trn nh hnh 4.62.b. Tng vo l b khuch i vi sai T
1
, T
2
. Ngun dng T
4
gi vai tr l in tr
gnh cho T
2
. Transistor T
3
kt hp vi T
4
to thnh "gng dng in". Do dng ra ca tng vo
c th c tnh bng:
2 C 1 C K
I I I = . Nh tng khuch i vi sai ny m cc tn hiu vo ng pha
v cc tn hiu dng collector ng pha c suy gim ng k. Cc cc emitter ca T
3
v T
4
c







Hnh 4.61. S KTT n gin nht.
UP UN
T1 T2
_
+
+ +
T3
Ura
D
RE
RC

109
dn ra bn ngoi 2 chn 5 v 8 ca vi mch. Chng c s dng iu chnh im lch khng
bng vic ni vi 2 u ca mt bin tr, u gia bin tr c ni xung ngun -V
CC
. Tng th
hai ca b KTT gm cc transistor T
5
v T
6
, tng ny mc theo s emitter chung v ngun
dng ng vai tr l tr gnh. T C
K
dng hiu chnh c tnh tn s. Cc transistor T
7
v T
8
l
tng li ra, c mc theo s b lp cc pht kiu b vi dng tnh nh, u y ko ch
AB.







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.62. S nguyn l n gin ho ca A-741.
Cc transistor tng vo c thit k lm vic vi dng collector c 10A. H dn S lc ny
c 0,4 mA/V. H dn ca c tng vi sai bng khong mt na mc ny. Trong s thc v mi
transistor vo li gm 2 transistor ng nht mc ni tip nn tr s ny cn gim i mt na na.
Nhng nh s gng dng in nn tr s li tng ln gp i. Ni chung tng h dn tng
vo c 0,2 mA/V. Vi cc gi tr dng tnh cho, tr khng gnh tng ng ca mch c tnh
bng c 2 M. Do h s khuch i ca tng vo c bng 400. H dn tng khuch i tip theo
vi dng 300 A tng ng vi gi tr 6 mA/V. Vi tr khng gnh tng ra 2 k ta c h s khuch
i tng ny c 450. Vy h s khuch i ca ton b KTT l
5
10 . 8 , 1 450 400 = =
D
A .
Khi cn c dng d li vo nh, tr khng vo ln ngi ta thng s dng cc b KTT c
tng li vo bng cc transistor trng. Hnh 4.63 l s n gin ho ca b KTT LF-356 dng
cc transistor trng JFET li vo. H s khuch i ca vi mch ny cng tng ng vi vi
mch trc.
Bng 4.1 di y cho cc thng s in hnh ca 2 b KTT thng dng: loi A-741 s
dng transistor lng cc u vo v loi LF-356 dng transistor trng JFET u vo.



offset 1
input 2
input 3
4 -Vcc
5 offset
6 out
7 +Vcc
8

+

+
8 1
UP
UN
T1
T2
_ _
offset offset
T3 T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
1k 1k _
_
+
+ +
I1=20 A
I2=300 A
IC1
IC2
IK
CK =30nF

110
Hnh 4.63. S n gin ho ca vi mch LF-356.
Bng 4.1.
Thng s K hiu A-741 LF-356
H s khuch i vi sai A
D
10
5
10
5
H s suy gim tn hiu ng pha G 3.10
4
10
5
Di thng mch h f
C
10 Hz 50 Hz
Tch h s khuch i - di thng f
T
1 MHz 5 MHz
Tr khng vi phn li vo r
D
10
6
10
12

Tr khng ng pha li vo r
G
10
9
10
14

Dng vo khi khng c tn hiu I
V0
80 nA 30 nA
Th offset U
0
1 mV 3 mV
tri th offset U
0
/C

6V/C 5V/C
H s suy gim s bin i in p ngun U
0
/U
CC
15 V/V 10 V/V
Min suy gim tn hiu ng pha U
Gmax
13 V +15 V, -12 V
Min khuch i in p ra U
ramax
13 V 13 V
Dng li ra cc i I
ramax
20 mA 20 mA
Tr khng ra r
ra
1 k 50
Dng tiu th I
CC
1,7 mA 5 mA

4.6.3. Cc s c bn dng phn hi m ca b KTT
Cc s khuch i dng b KTT thng dng mch phn hi m v vi mch h (khng
c phn hi) hoc phn hi dng, ch cn mt in p vo chnh lch rt nh c mV dn ti li
ra ri vo min bo ho khng khuch i c. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, ngi ta cng c
dng phn hi dng nhng lung phn hi m phi c thit k sao cho lun ln hn lng phn
hi dng. Tu thuc vo in p cn khuch i c a ti li vo thun hay li vo o m ta
c mt trong hai s c bn: khuch i khng o v khuch i o.
1. S khuch i khng o
S c bn c ch ra trn hnh 4.64.a vi th li ra cng pha vi th li vo. Hnh 4.64.b v
4.64.c l hai trng hp c bit ca b khuch i khng o khi =
1
R . Lc ny ta c b
_ _
T3
Ura
T7
T8
_
_
+
+
+
CK =10nF
UN
T1
I1=240A
UP
T2
+
_
T6
T9
T4
T5
I2 I3
I4
I5

111
khuch i lp li vi phn hi m 100% v h s khuch i th bng 1. Ging nh b khuch i
lp li emitter ca transistor, s ny c tr khng vo rt cao, tr khng ra thp nn hay c
dng lm cc tng m phi hp tr khng gia tng trc c tr ra cao v tng sau c tr vo thp.





(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 4.64. B khuch i khng o.
Ta hy tnh h s khuch i ca s trong trng hp b KTT l l tng.
H s phn hi y bng:
f
R R
R
+
=
1
1

Do vy h s khuch i c phn hi bng:
1
f
1
f 1
f
R
R
1
R
R R
1
A + =
+
= =

(4.73)
Vi cc b KTT thc c th tnh chnh xc hn:
( )
G G 0 D D ra
U A U U A U + = nu 0
0
= U th
V G
U U =
V G D D ra
U A U A U + =
thay
ra V D
U U U = ta c:
( )
V G ra V D ra
U A U U A U + = ( ) ( )
G D V D ra
A A U A 1 U + = +
Vy:

+
+
=
+
+
= =
D
D
G D
V
ra
f
A
1
G
1
1
A 1
A A
U
U
A (4.74)
Nu G >> 1 v A
D
>> 1 th ta li c kt qu nh trng hp va tnh cho b KTT l tng.
xc nh tr khng vo cn thay th s nh hnh 4.65. Nh c phn hi m c mt
in p rt nh t ln tr khng vo vi sai r
D
:

D
V
D
ra
D
A
U
A
U
U

= =
Nh vy l ch c dng
D D V
r A / U chy qua in
tr ny. R rng tr khng vi phn li vo nh c
phn hi m m c tng ln
D
A ln. Ta c cng
thc vi tng tr vo:
G G D D
V
V
V
r r // r A
I
U
r =

= (4.75)






Hnh 4.65. S b khuch i khng o c
tnh n tr khng vo.

U
V
U
ra
+

R
f

U
V
U
ra
+

R
f
U
V
U
ra
+

R
f
= 0; R
1
=
U
V
U
ra
+

r
D
r
G
r
G I
N
I
P R
f
R
1

112
Ngay c vi cc b KTT thng thng dng transistor lng cc th tr ny cng vt qu

9
10 nhng nh rng y l tr i vi tn hiu xoay chiu bin thin nh trong khi tr trung bnh
ca dng vo mt chiu th ln hn nhiu.
2. S khuch i o
S c bn c ch ra trn hnh 4.66.a vi th li ra ngc pha vi th li vo.





(a) (b)
Hnh 4.66. S khuch i c o c bn (a) v s bin i dng thnh th (b).
tnh h s khuch i th ta s dng quy tc c pht biu nh sau: do c phn hi m;
vi chnh xc cao, trong min khuch i tuyn tnh b KTT m bo bin thin sao cho
in p hai li vo U
P
v U
D
lun bng nhau. Trong s ny li vo khng o c ni vi im
khng, im t (U
P
= 0) nn theo quy tc trn gi tr ca U
N
cng lun bng 0 trong min khuch
i mc d im N khng c ni vi im t. V th im N ca li vo o thng c gi l
im t o. Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff cho im nt N trong trng hp coi b KTT l l
tng (dng vo bng 0):
1
f
V
ra
f
f
ra
1
V
R
R
U
U
A 0
R
U
R
U
= = = + (4.76)
Trong trng hp b KTT l thc, tr s U
N
khc khng v bng
D ra N
A U U / = . Khi :
( )
D
D
f
A 1
A 1
A

+

= (4.77)
Khi 1 A
D
>> ta li c gi tr h s khuch i trong trng hp l tng. Nh vy sai lch
so vi trng hp l tng c xc nh bi h s
D
A .
Tr khng vo ca s khuch i o c tr s gn bng R
1
.
Hnh 4.66.b l trng hp c bit ng dng s khuch i o bin i i lng dng
in li vo thnh i lng in p li ra b KTT. y l mch phn hi m in p - song
song. C th tnh h s truyn t ca mch nh sau:
0 U U I R U
N ra V f D
= = + = do :
V f ra
I R U = (4.78)
4.6.3. Cc bin php b lch khng ca b KTT
Khi dng b KTT khuch i cc tn hiu mt chiu c tr s nh th phi tnh n th vo
lch khng v hin tng tri im khng. Cc dng in tnh hai li vo b KTT thng gn
bng nhau v thng c cho gi tr trung bnh trong cc ti liu k thut. Cc dng ny gy nn
st p trn cc li vo. Do s khc nhau ca cc in tr li vo m cc st p ny cng khc nhau
gy nn hiu in th ca chng l in p lch khng khc 0. V vy trong cc s thc t cn
U
V
U
ra
+

R
f
R
1
U
ra
+

R
f
I
V
N

113
phi thit k sao cho in p lch khng ny cng nh cng tt. Th d, trong s khuch i o
hnh 4.67.a, im P ca li vo thun khng c ni trc tip xung t m thng c ni qua
mt in tr R
2
c gi tr c tnh sao cho bng gi tr in tr vo trn li vo o. Ngha l chn
sao cho:
f 1
f 1
f 1 2
R R
R R
R // R R
+
= = . Lc ny dng tnh gy ra trn hai u vo cc st p tng ng
l ( )
f 1 N
R // R I v ( )
f 1 P
R // R I bng nhau.






(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 4.67. Cc s b in p li vo lch khng.
Trn li vo b KTT cn c thm in p ng pha ( )
f 1 t G
R // R I U = vi
2
I I
I
N P
t
+
= .
in p lch khng cn gy ra trn li ra b KTT mt sai s. C th tnh sai s ny da vo
phng trnh dng in cho nt N.
0
R
U U
R
U U
f
0 ra
1
0 V
=

0
1
f
V
1
f
ra
U
R
R
1 U
R
R
U

+ + =

T c sai s in p lch khng bng:
0
1
f
0 ra
U
R
R
1 U

+ = (4.79)
R rng h s khuch i A
f
= R
f
/ R
1
ca mch cng ln, sai s ny cng ln.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc s b in hnh nh hnh 4.67.b v 4.67.c trong
vic chnh gi tr ca bin tr R
4
cho php b chnh xc th lch khng. Cc s ny khng nhng
cho php b th lch khng m trong mt s trng hp c bit c th chnh in p ra ban u
n mt gi tr cn thit khc.
4.6.5. Cc s mch ng dng b KTT
Nh trn ni, do tnh cht c bit ca b KTT nn bng vic mc cc mch phn hi m
khc nhau vo s cho ta cc mch in ng dng khc nhau. Di y trnh by mt s mch ng
dng vi tnh ton coi b KTT l l tng.
1. Mch ly tng i s (cng / tr)
S mch nh trn hnh 4.68. S dng quy tc dng in ti nt N ta c th tnh c th li
ra nh sau.
0
R
U
R
U
...
R
U
R
U
f
ra
n
vn
2
2 v
1
1 v
= + + + +
U
V
U
ra
+

R
f
R
1
R
4

+
R
2
R
3
U
V
U
ra +

R
f
R
1
R
4

+
R
2
R
3
U
V
U
ra
+

R
f
R
1
R
2
N
P
I
P

114

+ + + =
vn
n
f
2 v
2
f
1 v
1
f
ra
U
R
R
... U
R
R
U
R
R
U
(4.80)
Nu chn R
1
= R
2
= ... = R
n
R ta c:
( )
vn 2 v 1 v
f
ra
U .... U U
R
R
U + + + = (4.81)
2. Mch khuch i tr (s vi sai)
S mch khuch i tr nh hnh 4.69. Ta s
chng minh th li ra U
ra
t l vi hiu ca hai th li
vo U
v2
v U
v1
.
Ta c:
2 v 2 1 v 1 ra
U k U k U + = vi k
1
v k
2
l cc h
s khuch i ring ca tng tn hiu vo.
Khi U
v2
= 0, tn hiu U
v1
c khuch i theo
kiu o:

1 v N raN
U U =
N 1
k =
Khi U
v1
= 0, tn hiu U
v2
c khuch i theo kiu khng o vi h s khuch i bng
N
N N
R
R
1

+ nhng tn hiu ny cn b qua b phn p gm R
P
/
P
v R
P
nn:

P
P
P
P
2 v raP
R
R
R
U U

+
=
Vy: ( ) ( )
1 v 2 v N
P
P
raP raN ra
U U 1
1
U U U

+
+
= + =

(4.82)
Trng hp c bit khi ( )
1 v 2 v ra P N
U U U = = (4.83)
3. Mch tch phn
C mt vi s cho php tn hiu li ra t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca tn hiu vo.
- S tch phn o: nh trnh by trn hnh 4.70.a.







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.70. Mch tch phn o v c trng tn s.






Hnh 4.68. Mch ly tng.







Hnh 4.69. Mch khuch i tr.
U
ra
+

U
Vao
C

R

N
R
1
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
dB

1/2RC
AD
f(Hz)
U
V1 U
ra
+

R
f
R
1
N
U
V2
R
1
U
Vn
R
n
U
V1
U
ra
+

R
N
R
N
/
N
UN
U
V2
R
P
/
P
R
P

115
Phng trnh cho dng in ti nt N:
0 I I
C V
= + hay 0
dt
dU
C
R
U
ra V
= +
T c: ) 0 t ( U dt ) t ( U
RC
1
dt ) t ( U
RC
1
U
T
0
ra V V ra
= + = =

(4.84)
Trong : T l thi gian ly tch phn, ) 0 t ( U
ra
= l th li ra ti thi im bt u ly tch
phn (iu kin u).
Dng v th vo lch khng cng nh dng d tnh qua t C nh hng ng k ti li ra ca
mch tch phn. Khi cha ly tch phn, dng v cc thng ging li vo gy nn hin tng tri th
li ra v trong thi gian ln c th lch n tn th ra cc i. gim nh hng ny c th
tng gi tr ca t C, chn c vt liu cch in tt, v.v.... Cn gim dng tnh li vo bng k thut
s : khng ni trc tip li vo thun vi t m ni qua mt bin tr R
1
. iu chnh chnh xc
gi tr R
1
bng tr vo bn li vo o (bng tr R// tr d qua C// tr vo b KTT R).
th Bode c tuyn tn s ca b tch phn in hnh nh hnh 4.70.b trong hng s tch
phn s 100 = = RC . l ng dc 20 dB/ decad vi h s khuch i cc i ca mch phn
hi c 600 ln, nh vy c th m bo chnh xc ca php tch phn n 1/600 0,2%.
Thng iu kin u c chn bng 0. Trong trng hp , mch ly tch phn c thit
k thm vo cc kho K
1
v K
2
nh s hnh 4.71.a. Khi cha ly tch phn cc kho v tr 1, th
li ra bng 0. Cc kho c chuyn sang v tr 2 khi bt u ly tch phn. S ny trnh c
hin tng tch phn (tch lu) cc in p thng ging tri li vo b KTT khi cha ly tch
phn.
S tch phn khng o c trnh by trn hnh 4.71.b. Vit phng trnh dng in cho
im nt P:
0
dt
CdU
R
U U
R
U U
P P ra P V
=

Theo s th
2
U
U
ra
N
= v
N P
U U = nn:

= dt ) t ( U
RC
2
U
V ra
(4.85)
Thc cht s ny l mt mch tch phn RC c ghp vi mt b KTT c phm cht cao








(a) (b)
Hnh 4.71. S mch tch phn c kho t li (reset) v tch phn khng o.
U
ra
+

U
V
R
1
C
R
1
R
R

U
ra
+

U
V
C
R

N
1
1
2
2
K1
K2
R
1

116
4. Mch vi phn
S mch vi phn c cho trn hnh 4.72.a. Vit phng trnh dng in cho nt N ta c:







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.72. S mch vi phn v c trng tn s.

= = dt I
C
1
C
Q
U
C V
nhng
R
U
I I
ra
R C
= =
nn:
dt
dU
RC U
V
ra
= (4.86)
c trng bin - tn s ( th Bode) theo thang l-ga-rit l mt ng thng vi dc
+20 dB trn mt decade.
5. Mch iu khin PID: l mt mch hay c dng trong k thut iu khin nhm tng
tnh n nh ca h thng trong mt di tn rng. Li ra ca mch ny c thit k t l vi li vo
vi cc h s t l (Propotional), tch phn (Integration) v vi phn (Diffrentiation) khc nhau. Hnh
4.73.a l mt trong nhng s mch PID.







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.73. S mch PID (a) v c trng tn s ca n (b).
Vit phng trnh dng in cho nt N:
0 I
dt
dU
C
R
U
2
V
1
1
V
= + +
Phng trnh in p trn nhnh ra:

+ = dt I
C
1
I R U
2
2
2 2 ra

Ta c:

+ = dt
dt
dU
C
R
U
C
1
R
dt
dU
C
R
U
U
V
1
1
V
2
2
ra
1
1
ra
ra

U
ra
+

U
V
R
1
C
1
R
2
C
2
N
log f

log K
I

P

D

f
2
f
1 0

U
ra
+

U
V
C

R

N
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
dB

1/2RC
AD
f(Hz)

117
Hay
dt
dU
C R dt U
C R
1
U
C
C
R
R
U
V
1 2 V
2 1
V
2
1
1
2
ra
+ +

+ =

(4.87)
Nhn vo biu thc (4.87) ta thy, tn s thp
2 2
2
C R
1
= << mch c tnh cht nh mt
b tch phn, tn s cao
1 1
1
1
C R
= >> mch c tnh cht nh mt b vi phn, cn trong di tn
1 2
< < mch ging b khuch i thng thng. Do vy p ng tn s ca mch c dng nh
hnh 4.73.b.
6. Mch khuch i l-ga-rit
Nh c vic mc mt diode (hoc transistor) vo mch phn hi ca b KTT m s mch
nh hnh 4.74.a v 4.74.b cho php in p li ra t l vi l-ga-rit ca in p vo.
Ta bit rng dng chy qua diode I
D
v in p t ln n U
D
c mi quan h:
) 1 e ( I I
T D
U / U
S D
=
Hnh 4.74. S mch khuch i l-ga.
Trong I
S
l dng ban u bng dng ngc v U
T
25,5 mV nhit phng gi l th
nhit. Nu
S D
I I >> th:
T D
U / U
S D
e I I hay

=
S
D
T D
I
I
ln U U
Nhng N l t o nn
D ra
U U = , ta c:
T ra
U / U
S D
vo
e I I
R
U
= =

=
S
vo
T ra
RI
U
ln U U (4.88)
7. Mch i l-ga-rit (mch ly hm e m):
Do php ly e m l php ngc ca php ly l-ga nn trong s trn ta ch vic tro v tr
ca diode hoc transistor v in tr l c mch i l-ga nh hnh 4.75.a v 4.75.b.
Hnh 4.75. S mch khuch i i l-ga.
U
ra
+

U
V
R
U
D
U
ra
+

U
V
R
(a)
(b)
U
ra
+

U
V
R

U
D
U
ra
+

U
V
R

(a)
(b)

118
L lun tng t nh trn ta s c:
T D
U / U
S D ra
e RI RI U = = (4.89)
8. Cc mch so snh tn hiu tng t
Mch so snh c nhim v so snh mt in p vo tng t U
v
vi mt in p chun U
ch
.
in p ra ca mch so snh s mc th thp hoc cao tu vo mi tng quan gia in p vo
v in p chun. Nu dng b KTT lp mch so snh th mc thp v cao ca n chnh l mc
in p li ra bo ho U
ramin
v U
ramax
gn 2 mc in p ngun cung cp -V
CC
v +V
CC
.
- So snh mt ngng: cn c vo c tuyn truyn t ca b KTT, v nguyn tc c
th dng n lm mt mch so snh do ch mt chnh lch rt nh gia 2 th li vo U
P
v U
N
(c
mV) cng gy nn mt bc nhy ra ngoi vng khuch i tuyn tnh v ti mt trong hai ngng
U
ramin
hoc U
ramax
. Hnh 4.76.a l b KTT dng nh mt b so snh v c tuyn truyn t ca
n vi s sai khc gia U
v
v U
ch
ln.
Tc chuyn mch ca b so snh (t U
ramin
sang U
ramax
hoc ngc li) ph thuc vo vic
cc transistor trong IC thot ra khi min bo ho nhanh hay chm. Tc ny gi l tc tng
trng v tu thuc vo cng ngh ch to v c o bng n v V/s.






(a) (b)
Hnh 4.76. B KTT nh mt b so snh (a) v c tuyn truyn t (b).
- So snh hai ngng: cho php th li ra ch th hai trng hp khi th li vo ln hn mt
mc in p chun hay b hn mt mc in p chun khc. S in hnh ca n cho trn hnh
4.77.







(a) (b)
Hnh 4.77. B so snh hai ngng (a) v c tuyn truyn t (b).
S s dng 2 b KTT v mt mch lgic s AND. Mch s AND c chc nng: li ra ch
mc th cao khi v ch khi c 2 th li vo mc cao.
Ta c chc nng ca ton mch nh biu thc sau: U
ra
mc th cao khi
2 ch v 1 ch
U U U < < ,
U
ra
mc th thp trong cc trng hp cn li.
U
ra
+

U
V
U
R
U
ch U
V
U
ramin
U
ramax
U
ra
X
1 +

U
ch2
X
2
+

U
V
U
ch1
AND
U
ra
X
1
X
2
U
ra
U
ch1
U
ch2
U
1v
U
v
U
v

119
- Trig smith: l mt b so snh c 2 mc chuyn mch khng trng nhau m khc nhau
mt gi tr no gi l tr. S mt trig Smith o c trnh by nh hnh 4.78.a trong
c mt mch phn hi dng qua phn p R
1
, R
2
.






(a) (b)
Hnh 4.78. Trig Smith (a) v c tuyn truyn t (b).
Khi
max ra ra
U U = th th im P bng:
max
2 1
1
1 ra P
U
R R
R
U
+
=
Nu U
v
tin ti U
ramax
nhng vn nh hn th th U
ra
vn khng i. Nhng khi
1 P v
U U th th
li ra nhy xung mc U
ramin
. Qu trnh ny xy ra rt nhanh v c phn hi dng. Th ti im P
lc ny bng:
min
2 1
1
2 ra P
U
R R
R
U
+
=
Nu mun th li ra tr v U
ramax
th phi cho th li vo gim xung n khi
2 P v
U U . Vy
nh hnh 4.78.b ta thy c mt vng tr chuyn mch trong h l:

2
min max 1
2 1
) (
R
U U R
U U U
ra ra
P P v

= = (4.93)
9. Mch diode l tng v chnh lu na chu k chnh xc
Mt diode thng thng khng th chnh lu chnh xc c cc sng c bin nh hn mc
thng ca diode (th d, l 0,6 V vi diode Silic). Mun chnh lu c cc sng c bin nh c
mV phi c mt diode l tng c c trng V-A tuyn tnh ho nh hnh 4.79.a, trong mc
thng ca diode (mc ngng) c dch v gn 0V. Mch chnh lu chnh xc c dng trong
cc my o lng, trong cc b tch sng. Dng b KTT kt hp vi mt diode thng thng c
th cho mt s tch sng l tng. Hy so snh 2 mch: chnh lu na chu k thng thng vi
1 diode (hnh 4.79.b) v chnh lu c dng b KTT (hnh 4.79.c).
(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 4.79. c trng V-A ca diode l tng (a), mch chnh lu diode thng (b)
v mch chnh lu chnh xc vi s diode l tng (c).
U
ra
+

U
V
U
P1
U
V
U
ramin
U
ramax
U
ra
R
2
R
1
U
P2
UD(V)
IID(V)
0,6
c trng l tng
c trng thc
~
RT Ura UV RT Ura
_
+
~
UV
UD
UO
Ungng 0V
Ungng = 0,6(V)
0

120
Vi mch chnh lu thng (hnh 4.79.a) ta c:
D V ra
U U U = , th U
vo
phi ln hn mc
ngng l mc thng ca diode khi c phn cc thun U
D t
(th d, 0,6V) th U
ra
mi ln hn 0.
Vi mch hnh 4.79.c, ta c: ) U U ( A U U U
ra V D ra Dt 0
= + =

D Dt V ra
A / U U U (4.91)
R rng vi s diode l tng, mc ngng gim i A
D
ln. V h s khuch i ca b
KTT rt ln (hng trm ngn ln) nn mc ny c th gim xung n mV v do s cho
php chnh lu (tch sng) cc tn hiu vo nh ti mV ch khng phi trn 600 mV nh bnh
thng. S hnh 4.80.a l mch chnh lu na chu k chnh xc kiu o. Hnh 4.80.b. l s
chnh lu chnh xc kiu khng o.




(a) (b)
Hnh 4.80. S chnh lu chnh xc kiu o (a) v khng o (b).
- Khi tn hiu vo m, U
v
< 0 th diode D
1
thng, D
2
cm, ta c:

1
2
v ra
R
R
U U =
Theo s ta thy in p li vo o ca b KTT l:
0
A
U
R R
R
U
R R
R
U U
D
1 Dt
2 1
1
ra
2 1
2
v N
=
+
+
+
=
Trong U
Dt1
l in p thun ca diode D
1
khi thng bo ho.
Do :

+
+ =
1
2 1
D
1 Dt
1
2
v ra
R
R R
A
U
R
R
U U
Ch rng h s phn hi ca mch lc ny bng
2 1
1
R R
R
+
= ta c:
D
1 Dt
1
2
v ra
A
U
R
R
U U

+ = (4.92)
iu ny ni ln rng li ra, in p thng ca diode gim i A
D
ln lm cho c tuyn
truyn t gn vi dng l tng hn.
- Khi tn hiu vo dng, U
v
> 0, diode D
2
thng, D
1
cm. Do 0
A
U
U
D
2 Dt
ra
=
Hnh 4.81 l s mch chnh lu 2 na chu k chnh xc v c tuyn truyn t ca n. y
cn gi l b to gi tr tuyt i ca tn hiu vo.
Ura
_
+
UV
Ura
_
+
UV
D1 D1
D2 D2
R2 R2
R1
R1

121






(a) (b)
Hnh 4.81. Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k chnh xc (a) v c tuyn truyn t (b).
Khi in p vo dng, dng vo chy qua R
1
, diode D
1
, in tr ti, diode D
4
ri ti u ra b
KTT v v t. Khi in p vo m th dng vo chy t u ra b KTT, qua D
2
, qua ti, n D
3
,
qua R
1
tr v u vo. Nh vy dng chy qua ti l:
1
/ R U I
V T
= .
10. Mch tch sng nh
Hnh 4.82.a l mch chnh lu gi tr nh (mch tch sng in p nh). Mch ny c chc
nng ny lun cho th li ra bng gi tr nh ca th vo bin i theo thi gian.
Hnh 4.82. Mch tch sng nh (a) v tn hiu vo, ra theo thi gian (b).
Khi U
v
> U
C
th diode D thng v dng ra ca b khuch i A
1
np cho t C ti khi U
C
U
v

nh. Nu sau U
v
gim th diode D cm, t C phng in qua in tr ngc ca diode v tr li
vo ca b khuch i A
2
. V in tr ngc ca diode cng nh tr vo ca A
2
l mch khuch i
lp li c gi tr rt ln nn in p trn C hu nh khng suy gim mc d in p vo gim. Kt
qu ta c th thi gian ca in p ra theo in p vo nh hnh 4.82.b. Kho K trong s
ngn mch t C, to ng x ht in trn t khi cn o cc gi tr mi.
11. Cc mch lc tch cc dng b KTT
C nhiu loi mch lc c phn bit theo di thng tn f trn c trng tn s nh minh
ho trn hnh 4.83: mch lc thng thp (a), lc thng cao (b), lc thng di (c) v lc chn di (d).






(a) (b) (c) (d)
Hnh 4.83. Phn loi cc mch lc theo di thng.
_
+
UV
D1
D2
RT
R1
D4
D3
IT
UV
IT
0
f
fC
0
K/Kmax
f
ft
0
|K|
f
fC
0
|K|
f
0
0,7
1,0
0,7
K/Kmax
0,7
1
ft
1,0
f
f

f f
fC ft
(a) (b)
Ura
_
+
UV
D
K
A1
_
+
A2
C
IC
I1 I2
Ura
UV
0
t
U
UC

122
Cc mch lc tn s cao hay c thit k bng cc phn t th ng RLC. Tuy nhin tn
s thp th vic thit k nh vy gp phi kh khn do cc gi tr in cm cn phi qu ln cng
nh h s phm cht ca mch lc trong di tn ny rt thp. Cc b lc th ng khng th c
c mt dc ln (gn vung gc) ti vng tn s ct nh p ng l tng. V vy hin nay hay
s dng phn t tch cc l b KTT kt hp vi cc phn t RC to nn cc mch lc tch cc.
Hm truyn t ca mt b lc thng thp bt k thng c biu din nh sau:
( )
2
i i
i
0
P b P a 1
K
) P ( K
+ +
= (4.93)
Trong : = = = j
f
f j j p
P
c c c

K
0
l h s truyn t tn s thp;
a
i
v b
i
l nhng s thc dng.
Bc ca b lc c quyt nh bi s m ln nht ca P trong biu thc, n nh hng n
dc ca b lc quanh tn s ct. Dng p ng tn s xung quanh tn s gii hn v di thng tn
cn c xc nh bi loi b lc. l cc loi b lc Tschebyscheff, b lc Bessel v b lc
Butterworth. c tnh ca cc mch lc thng thp ca chng c minh ho trn hnh 4.84, trong
thang tn s c chun theo tn s ct (tn s ct = 1).
B lc Butterworth (ng a) c p ng phng trong vng truyn qua nhng c trng pha li
khng tt, p ng bin c dng:
( )
n 2
C
*
f / f 1
1
K
+
= (4.94)
Trong n l bc ca b lc v f
c
l tn s ct. Bc b lc xc nh dc ca c tuyn tn
s f > f
c
.











Hnh 4.84. p ng tn s ca 3 loi b lc thng thp bc 4.
B lc Tschebyscheff (ng b) c dc vng tn s ct cao hn nhng li mp m vng
truyn qua. p ng bin ca n c dng:
AD (dB)

10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
0,01 0,03 0,1 0,3 1 3 10 30
c a
b

123
( )
C n
f f C
K
/ 1
1
2
*
+
= (4.95)
Trong l hng s quyt nh mp m ti vng truyn qua v C
n
l cc h s ca a thc
Tschebyscheff bc n. Ging nh trn, b lc ny cng c p ng pha khng tt lm.
B lc Bessel (ng c) c p ng bin khng tt bng hai b lc trn, n gim u t
vng truyn qua n vng chn nhng li c p ng pha rt tt.
Di y l mt vi s mch lc tch cc n gin.
B lc tch cc thng thp v thng cao bc mt.
Hm truyn t ca b lc thng thp bc 1 trong trng hp tng qut c dng:
P a
K
P K
1
0
1
) (
+
=
Nh bit, mt mch th ng RC li ra trn C cho ta mt mch lc thng thp n gin vi
h s truyn t: K(P) = 1/(1+pRC) = 1/(1+
C
RCP). Nu b sung cho n mt b KTT c nhim
v bin i tr khng v khuch i tn hiu nh s hnh 4.85.a ta s c mt mch lc tch cc
thng thp bc mt, trong h s truyn t tn hiu mt chiu K
0
= 1 + R
2
/R
3
.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.85. S mch lc thng thp bc 1.
Mch hnh 4.85.b s dng mch RC lm vng phn hi cho b KTT. Hm truyn t ca
n c tnh c dng:
P C R
R R
P K
c 1 2
1 2
1
/
) (
+
= (4.96)
Thng ngi ta cho trc tn s ct
c
, h s truyn t mt chiu K
0
v C
1
, tnh c:
1 1 2
2 / C f a R
c
= v
0 2 1
/ K R R =
c s b lc thng cao bc 1, ch cn thay h s P trong biu thc (4.99) bng 1/P. Do
ch cn tro v tr ca C
1
v R
1
trong s 4.85 l c. S lc thng cao bc 1 c o nh
hnh 4.86.
Hm truyn t ca s ny c dng:
P C R
R R
P K
c
1 1
1
/
) (
1 1
1 2

+
= (4.97)
Tnh c cc tr s linh kin:
1 1 c 1
C a f 2 / 1 R =
v

= K R R
1 2






Hnh 4.86. S lc thng cao bc 1
c o.
Ura
_
+
UV
Ura
_
+
UV
R1
R1
R2
R3
C1
R2
C2
Ura
_
+
UV
R1
R2
C1

124
Cc b lc tch cc thng thp v thng cao bc cao
Vi b lc thng thp bc 2 ta c hm truyn t tng qut:
2
1 1
0
P b P a 1
K
) P ( K
+ +
=
Hnh 4.87 l mt s ca b lc tch cc thng
thp bc 2 c phn hi m dng b KTT.
Hm truyn t ca n c tnh ra nh sau:
2
3 2 2 1
2
c
1
3 2
1 2 1 c
1 2
P R R C C P
R
R R
R R C 1
R / R
) P ( K
+

+ + +
=
(4.98)
Ging nh b lc bc 1, thc hin b lc thng cao bc 2 c th dng tt c cc s lc
thng thp vi iu kin i ch v tr ca R v C.
Hnh 4.88 l s mt b lc thng cao bc 2 c mch phn hi dng. Hm truyn t ca
n c dng:

( ) ( )
2 2
c 2 1 2 1 c 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2
P
1
C C R R
1
P
1
C C R R
1 C R C C R
1
) P ( K

+
+ +
+
= (4.99)
Nu c tnh bin ca b lc bc 2
cn cha dc th c th xy dng cc b
lc c bc cao hn. Mun th phi mc ni
tip cc mt lc bc 1 hoc bc 2 vi nhau.
c tnh ca ton b lc s l tch cc c
tnh ca cc mt lc thnh phn. Tuy nhin
lc ny bc ca b lc khng phi l tch cc
bc thnh phn v tn s ct cng s khc. Do
v nguyn tc phi cho cc h s ca cc
mt lc sao cho kt qu nhn cc c tnh tn s ca chng s cho mt loi b lc mong mun.
Vic sp xp th t cc mt lc tu thuc vo tr gnh ca tng mt (mt lc c tn s ct nh nht
c chn l mt th nht), tu thuc vo mc tp m ca b lc (mt lc c tn s ct nh nht li
nn c t khu cui cng), v.v...
B lc tch cc thng di
Nu mc mt mt lc thng thp v mt
mt lc thng cao, ta c th nhn c mt b
lc thng di. Xt mt b lc thng di bc 2
c thit k t vic mc lin tip 2 mt lc
thng thp v thng cao bc 1 nh s hnh
4.89.




Hnh 4.87. B lc tch cc
thng thp bc 2.







Hnh 4.88. B lc tch cc thng cao bc 2.




Hnh 4.89. B lc thng di bc 2.

Ura
_
+
UV
R/
R
C
C
Ura
_
+
UV
R3
R2
C1
R1
C2
Ura
_
+
UV
R3
R2 C1
R1
C2
(-1)R3
C1

125
p ng tn s ca n l tch p ng ca 2 khu lc ring r. Kt qu ta c hm truyn t
nh sau:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
pRC pRC ] / 1 [ 1
pRC
/ pRC 1
1
pRC / 1 1
1
) P ( K
+ + +
=
+ +
=



(4.100)
Nu gi RC
r
/ 1 l tn s cng hng ta c dng hm truyn t c chun ho:
( )
2 2
P P ] / 1 [ 1
P
) P ( K
+ + +
=

(4.101)
H s phm cht ca b lc l:
2
1
Q

+
= . Vi = 1, Q t cc i v bng 0,5. c phm
cht ln hn phi thc hin bi cc mch c bit. Hnh 4.90 l mch lc thng di c phn hi m
phc tp.





Hnh 4.90. B lc thng di c phn hi m.
Hm truyn t ca n c dng:
2 2
r
3
3 1
3 2 1
r
3 1
3 1
r
3 1
3 2
P C
R R
R R R
P C
R R
R R 2
1
P C
R R
R R
) P ( K

+
+
+
+
+

= (4.102)
Tn s cng hng ca b lc l:
3 2 1
3 1
r
R R R
R R
C 2
1
f
+
=

(4.103)
H s phm cht:
r 2
3 1
3 1 2
Cf R
R R
) R R ( R
2
1
Q =
+
= (4.104)
Di thng ca b lc l:
C R
1
Q
f
B
2
r

= = (4.105)
B lc tch cc chn di.
chn mt di tn s no ta phi cn mt b lc c h s truyn t mt tn s no
bng 0 cn cc vng tn s thp hn v cao hn, h s truyn t s tng n mt gi tr khng
i no . Mch lc th ng cu ch T kp (hnh 4.91.a) c c tnh bin - tn s K() v pha
- tn s () nh hnh 4.91.b. Ti tn s cng hng ( = 1) h s truyn bng 0 v c pha bng
90. Kt hp vi b KTT cho ta mt mch lc chn di tch cc nh s hnh 4.91.c.
Ura
_
+
UV
R3
R2
C
R1
C

126







(a)
(b) (c)
Hnh 4.91. Mch lc tch cc chn di s dng cu ch T kp.
Cc tn hiu c tn s xa tn s cng hng chy qua cu ch T kp khng b thay i v bng
kU
v
. Ti tn s cng hng ) RC 2 /( 1 f
r
= in p ra bng khng. Lc ny cu ch T kp tng
ng vi tr R/2 ni t. Hm truyn t ca b lc c dng:
2
2
P P ) k 2 ( 2 1
) P 1 ( k
) P ( K
+ +
+
= (4.106)
H s phm cht ca mch l:
) k 2 ( 2
1
Q

= (4.107)
Vic iu chnh in tr sao cho t ti u c gi tr tn s cng hng v h s truyn t ca
b lc cu ch T kp l kh khn. Do vy ngi ta cn s dng mch lc dng cu Vin (hnh
4.92.a) lm mch phn hi cho b KTT. c trng tn s ca cu Vin cng ging nh cu ch T
kp. S mch lc tch cc chn di dng cu Vin nh hnh 4.92.b. Gi tr phm cht ca b
lc ny khng hn g cu ch T kp nhng d iu chnh hn.
Hm truyn t ca n c dng:
2
2
P ] P / ) 1 /( 3 [ 1
) P 1 )]( 1 /( [
) P ( K
+ + +
+ +
=

(4.108)
Tn s cng hng l:
C R 2
1
f
2
r

= (4.109)
H s truyn t

+
=
1
K
0
v h s phm cht
3
1
Q
+
= (4.110)








(a) (b)
Hnh 4.92. B lc chn di tch cc dng cu Vin.
R1/
UV
2R1
C R
Ura
R
R1
Ura
_
+
(k-1)R1
R2
_
+
UV
R1/
R1
C R2 R3
C
2R3
UV
0,5R
R
C C
R
2C
Ura

|K|

1
1
90
-90
Ura
_
+
UV
0,5R
R
C C
R
2C
(k-1)R1
R1

127
Chng 5
Cc mch to dao ng in
5.1. Cc khi nim chung v mch to dao ng
Mch in t to ra in p xoay chiu c dng theo yu cu th
c gi l mch dao ng in t (hay l mch to sng). Mch to dao
ng c th to ra dao ng c dng iu ho (dao ng hnh sin) hay
cc dao ng c dng khc sin nh: xung ch nht, xung tam gic,
xung rng ca hoc to tng xung n ring bit.
Cc mch dao ng iu ha thng c dng trong cc h thng
thng tin, trong cc my o, trong my kim tra, trong cc thit b y
t v.v... Cc mch dao ng iu ha c th lm vic tt trong di tn
t vi Hz cho n hng nghn MHz.
to dao ng, c th dng cc phn t tch cc nh: n in t,
transistor lng cc (BJT), transistor trng (FET), cc b khuch i
thut ton hoc cc phn t c bit nh: diode Tunel, diode Gunn.
Cc n in t chn khng vn cn c dng khi yu cu cng
sut ra ln. Mch to dao ng dng n in t c th lm vic t
phm vi tn s rt thp n phm vi tn s rt cao.
phm vi tn s thp v trung bnh thng dng khuch i thut
ton, cn phm vi tn s cao v rt cao th dng transistor lng
cc v transistor trng hoc cc loi diode c bit.
Cc tham s c bn ca mch to dao ng gm: tn s ca tn hiu
ra, bin in p ra, n nh tn s, cng sut ra v hiu sut.
C th to dao ng iu ha theo 2 nguyn tc c bn sau:
- To dao ng bng b khuch i c hi tip dng.
- To dao ng bng phng php tng hp mch.
Cc mch to xung thng c dng trong cc thit b o lng,
kim tra hoc c dng trong truyn thng s.
5.2. Nguyn tc to cc dao ng in t
xt nguyn tc to cc dao ng in dng s khi hnh 5.1,
trong khi (1) l khi khuch i c h s khuch i
K
j
e K K

. =
&
v

128
khi (2) l khi hi tip c h s truyn t (hay h s hi tip)

j
e . =
&
.
V mch khuch i v mch hi tip u gm cc phn t in
khng nn h s truyn t ca chng l mt i lng phc.
y : K l m-un ca h s khuch i ( ln ca h s khuch
i).
K
l di pha ca b khuch i (gc lch pha ca tn hiu li
ra so vi tn hiu li vo ca b khuch i).
l m-un ca h s hi tip ( ln ca h s hi tip).

l di pha ca b hi tip, l gc lch pha ca tn hiu li ra

v li vo ca b hi tip.
xc nh xem s vi
mch hi tip kn c to ra tn
hiu xoay chiu hay khng ta
mc mt in tr R
V
vo li ra
ca mch hi tip ca b to dao
ng h mch c tr s bng in
tr li vo ca mch khuch i.
in tr R
Vht
l in tr li vo ca b hi tip.
Nu t ti li vo ca mch khuch i mt tn hiu
V
X
&
v gi
thit 1 K =
& &
th:
=
ht
X
&
=
& &
r
X
V V
X K X
& & & &
= . .
y
r
X
&
l tn hiu li ra ca mch khuch i,
ht
X
&
l tn hiu
li ra ca mch hi tip.
Tn hiu vo ca mch khuch i
V
X
&
v tn hiu ra ca mch hi
tip
ht
X
&
bng nhau c v bin v pha nn c th ni a v a vi nhau,
ngt tn hiu a ti li vo ca mch khuch i, tn hiu ra vn
khng i.
Lc ny ta c s ca mch to dao ng theo nguyn tc hi
tip.
Trong s ny ch duy tr dao ng m tn s ca n tha mn
iu kin sau:

Hnh 5.1. S khi ca mch to dao
ng theo nguyn tc hi tip.

129
1 K =
& &
(5.1)
V K
&
v
&
u l s phc, nn (5.1) c th vit li nh sau:

& &
K 1 e . . K
) ( j
K
= =
+


(5.2)
C th tch biu thc (5.2) thnh hai biu thc: Mt biu thc vit
theo m-un v mt biu thc vit theo pha.
1 = K
(5.3a)


n 2
K
= + = vi n = 0, 1, 2...
(5.3b)
l tng dch pha ca mch khuch i v mch hi tip.
Quan h (5.3a) c gi l iu kin cn bng bin . N cho thy
mch ch c th to ra dao ng duy tr khi mch khuch i c h s
khuch i b c s tn hao do mch hi tip gy ra. Quan h (5.3b)
c gi l iu kin cn bng pha,
cho thy dao ng ch c th pht
sinh khi tn hiu hi tip v ng
pha vi tn hiu vo (hi tip
dng).
minh ha ta xt mch to
dao ng trn hnh 5.2.
B khuch i dng khuch i
thut ton mc theo s khuch
i thun c h s khuch i:
1
2
R
R
1 K + = . V tr khng ra ca b khuch i nh, nn trong mch ra
mc thm in tr R gim nh hng ca tr khng ra n tr
khng ca khung cng hng LC.
in p hi tip v b khuch i.

1 1 ht
U U
L
M
U = = (5.4)
M l h s h cm ca cc cun dy; L l in cm ca khung
dao ng.
in p ra ca b khuch i:

ht r
U . K U = (5.5)
+

Ur
R
R2
R1
M
C
L
1
*
*
Uht

U1

Hnh 5.2. S nguyn l ca mch
to dao ng theo nguyn tc hi
tip.

130
xc nh in p ra, vit phng trnh dng in ti nt 1:

0 dt U
L
1
dt
dU
C
R
U U
1
1 1 r
(5.6)
Thay (5.4) v (5.5) vo (5.6) v bin i ta c (5.7).
0 U
LC
1
dt
dU
RC
K 1
dt
U d
r
r
2
r
2
= +

(5.7)
n gin, t:

RC
K
2
1

= ;
LC
o
1
2
=
Khi (5.7) c vit li nh sau:
0 U .
dt
dU
2
dt
U d
r
2
o
r
2
r
2
= + + (5.8)
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (5.8) nh sau:
t . cos e U U
2 2
o
t
r r
o
=

(5.9)
T nghim (5.9) c th phn bit ba trng hp c trng:
1. 0 > , ngha l 1 < K , bin in p ra gim dn theo quy lut
hm m, mch c dao ng tt dn.
2. 0 = , ngha l 1 = K , in p ra l in p hnh sin c tn s
LC
o
1
= v bin khng i.
3. 0 < , ngha l 1 > K , bin in p ra tng dn theo quy lut
hm m.
T cc trng hp trn y, c th rt ra kt lun, c dao ng
duy tr th khi mi ng mch K phi ln hn 1 lm cho bin dao
ng tng dn cho n khi b khuch i chuyn sang lm vic
trng thi bo ha, h s khuch i gim dn sao cho = 1. Lc ny
dao ng ra c duy tr nhng khng phi hnh sin. c dao ng
hnh sin phi iu chnh h s khuch
i sao cho = 1 v xc lp trc khi b khuch i chuyn sang
trng thi bo ha.
Ti cc tn s cao, d dng c th thc hin cc khung dao ng
c phm cht cao. Khi in p trn khung dao ng ngay c lc b
khuch i bo ha su, trn thc t vn c dao ng hnh sin. V th
trong cc s to dao ng cao tn thng khng dng cc bin

131
php c bit iu chnh bin tn hiu ra ca b khuch i, cn
in p ra ly trc tip trn khung dao ng.
5.3. n nh bin v tn s dao ng
5.3.1. n nh bin dao ng
Khi mi ng mch, c mt xung dng chy qua cc phn t trong
mch. Ph ca mt xung l lin tc c tn s t khng n v cng.
Nu iu kin cn bng pha (5.3b) c tha mn ti mt tn s no ,
ng thi > 1 th trong mch tng cng dao ng tn s , mch
trng thi qu v bin dao ng tng dn. n trng thi xc
lp hay trng thi dng bin dao ng khng i ng vi = 1.
m bo n nh bin trng thi xc lp, c th thc hin
bng cc bin php sau:
- Hn ch bin in p ra bng cch chn tr s in p ngun
cung cp mt chiu thch hp. Bit rng bin nh nh ca in p
xoay chiu cc i trn li ra ca mch khuch i lun nh hn gi
tr in p mt chiu cung cp cho tng khuch i .
- Dch chuyn im lm vic trn c tuyn phi tuyn ca phn t
tch cc nh thay i in p phn cc t ln cc iu khin ca phn
t khuch i.
- Dng mch hi tip phi tuyn hoc dng phn t iu chnh, v d:
in tr nhit, in tr thng thun ca diode n nh bin .
Ty thuc vo mch c th c th p dng mt trong nhng bin
php trn.
5.3.2. n nh tn s dao ng
Vn n nh tn s dao ng lin quan cht ch n iu kin
cn bng pha.
Khi dch pha gia in p hi tip v v in p li vo thay i,
s dn n s thay i tn s dao ng.
Trong iu kin cn bng pha (5.3b), nu cho n = 0, ta c:
0
K
= + =

(5.10)
Gc pha
K
v

ph thuc vo tham s cc phn t ca mch v

ph thuc vo tn s. Do c th vit iu kin (5.10) mt cch tng
qut nh sau:

132
0 ) , n ( ) , m (
K
= +

(5.11)
Trong m v n c trng cho tham s ca cc phn t trong
mch khuch i v mch hi tip.
Ly vi phn ton phn biu thc (5.11) v bin i, ta nhn c biu
thc (5.12)

) ( ) (
dn ). n ( dm ). m (
d
K
K

+
+
= (5.12)
T (5.12) c th suy ra bin php nng cao n nh tn s ca
mch to dao ng:
a) Thc hin cc bin php n nh tham s ca mch khuch i dm
v tham s ca mch
hi tip dn bng cch:
- Dng ngun nui mt chiu l ngun n p.
- Dng cc phn t c h s nhit nh.
- Gim nh hng ca ti n mch dao ng bng cch mc thm
tng m li ra ca mch to dao ng.
- Dng cc phn t b nhit.
b) Thc hin cc bin php nhm gim tc thay i gc pha theo
tham s ca mch, ngha l gim
m
K

v
n

bng cch chn mch dao

ng thch hp (ba im in cm, ba im in dung, ghp bin p ...).
c) Thc hin cc bin php lm tng tc bin i ca gc pha theo
tn s tc l tng

K
v

xung quanh tn s dao ng. C th l

s dng cc phn t c phm cht cao nh thch anh v s dng cc
phn t tch cc c h s khuch i cao.
Thng thng nu khng dng cc bin php n nh c bit, th
khng n nh tn s tng i
o
f
f
ca b to dao ng iu ha c
th t c trong khong
3 2
10 10

. Khi dng cc bin php n nh c
th t c khng n nh tn s tng i ti
4
10

hoc nh hn,
trong trng hp mch dao ng dng thch anh c th t
8 6
10 10

.
5.4. B to dao ng sng cao tn hnh sin LC

133
5.4.1. Vn n nh bin trong cc cc b to dao ng cao
tn LC
1) Ch dao ng mm v dao
ng cng
n nh bin trong cc b
to dao ng cao tn LC thng
dng phng php di chuyn im
lm vic ca cc phn t tch cc.
in tr R
E
trn hnh (5.3) lm nhim
v .
y R
1
, R
2
, R
E
phn cc cho
transistor bng dng emitter (t
phn cc). Khi mi ng mch, bin dao ng nh, mch lm vic vi
gc ct
o
180 = tng ng ch dao ng mm, dc trung bnh ti
ln cn im lm vic kh ln, do
> 1. Trong qu trnh qu , bin
dao ng tng dn, im lm vic
chuyn sang vng phi tuyn, b
khuch i chuyn sang lm vic
ch bo ha, ng vi gc ct
o
90 < , tng ng ch dao ng
cng. ng thi dc trung bnh
gim, lm cho h s khuch i gim,
tch K tin ti bng 1 ch xc
lp. Cng c th dch chuyn im lm vic bng cch thay i nh
thin t cp trn in tr R
B
ca mch base trn hnh 5.4.
2) Hin tng dao ng ngt qung
Nu chn R
E
C
E
(hnh 5.3) hoc R
B
C
B
(hnh 5.4) qu ln th ngay khi
mch ang trng thi qu in p Base-Emitter qu m lm
cho transistor ngt v mt dao ng. Sau C
E
phng in qua R
E

(cng nh vy, C
B
phng in qua R
B
), in p base-emitter tng dn. Sau
mt thi gian no mch dao ng tr li. Qu trnh lp i lp li v
trong mch c dao ng ngt qung. Ngc li nu chn R
E
C
E
(R
B
C
B
) qu
o
o + E
C
CP2
CP1
C1
C2
RC R1
R2
RE CE

L
Hnh 5.3. S my pht ba im
in dung (S Colpit).

Hnh 5.4. Mch to dao ng nh
thin
t cp R
B
C
B


134
nh th mch c dao ng tng dn ( > 1). V vy cn chn tr s R
E
C
E

(R
B
C
B
) thch hp ly trong mch lun lun c dao ng v mch lm
vic trng thi xc lp khi = 1.
5.4.2. Mch to dao ng cao tn LC ghp h cm (ghp bin p - s
Maisn)
L
C
M
R
E
C
E
+ E
C
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
*
*
w2 w1
Ur

Hnh 5.5. B to dao ng cao tn LC
ghp bin p
(S Maisn) phn cc bng dng
Emitter.
L
C
M
R
E
C
E
+ E
C
R1
U
Z
C2
*
*
Ur

Hnh 5.6. B to dao ng LC ghp bin
p, dng diode n p n nh in
p mt chiu ca base
c im ca b to dao ng theo s Maisn l: hi tip c
thc hin nh mt bin p. Cun s cp ca n kt hp vi t in lm
thnh mt khung dao ng quyt nh tn s dao ng
ca b to dao ng. Trn hnh 5.5 n 5.7 v
ba bin th ca b to dao ng transistor
mc theo s emitter chung. B khuch
i, khuch i in p li vo c tn s
bng tn s cng hng ca khung dao
ng LC
o
1 = , trn cc Collector ca
transistor, in p s c bin cc i v
dch pha 180
o
. Mt phn in p ny ly t
cun th cp dng hi tip. tha mn
iu kin cn bng pha, bin p cn bo m
vic quay pha tn hiu hi tip 180
o
. Nu
cun s cp v th cp ca bin p c cng
chiu cun, th quay pha, phi u cc

L C
o + E C
*
*
RE
CE
Hnh 5.7. B to dao
ng LC ghp bin p, hot
ng ch B.

135
cun dy ngc u nhau, tc l in p
trn u cui ca cun th cp ng pha vi in p trn collector.
Du sao (*) gn cun dy bin p ch r cc u ra ca cun dy c
in p ng pha. H s bin p c chn sao cho ti tn s cng
hng, h s khuch i vng ln hn 1. Nh m ngay lp tc khi
u ngun nui s xut hin mt dao ng c bin tng theo hm
m cho n lc tng khuch i b qu ti. Do b qu ti m h s
khuch i trung bnh ca tng khuch i b gim i, qu trnh gim
tip tc cho n khi tr s = 1. Lc bin dao ng c xc lp
bng mt hng s. S phn bit 2 dng qu ti l qu ti li vo v qu
ti li ra. Qu ti li ra xut hin khi tip gip collector base ca
transistor m. Trong cc s hnh 5.5 v 5.6 xut hin khi in p trn
collector nh hn in p trn base.
Vi su hi tip ln c th xut hin qu ti li vo. N xut hin
v cc tn hiu vo ln bt u c tch sng bi tip gip base -
emitter ca transistor. T C
1
bt u np v do transistor ch c
m trong na chu k dng ca in p vo.
Trong s hnh 5.5, nu b in tr R
2
, lc transistor c phn
cc bng dng c nh, ngay c vi bin dao ng nh, t C
1
cng
c np rt nhanh n in p m, lc transistor b kha v chm
dt dao ng. B to dao ng ch c kch (dao ng) khi in p
trn base-emitter vi hng s thi gian R
1
C
1
ln, tng n +0,6V.
Khi mt in p rng ca c to ra trn t C
1
. S nh vy c
gi l b to dao ng t trit, hay l b to dao ng nght
(Blocking). trnh hin tng t trit ca b to dao ng, trc
ht phi gim qu ti li vo bng cch chn h s bin p thch hp.
Ngoi ra, mch thin p mt chiu cho base s c chn c in tr
cng nh cng tt. Trong s hnh 5.3 nu b R
2
, gim in tr R
1
s
lm cho dng Base ln do khng th thc hin c. V th, hp l
nht l nh im lm vic bng hi tip m dng in, i vi s
hnh 5.5 c in tr R
2
, hoc nh cc s hnh 5.6 v 5.7.
xt iu kin cn bng bin , tnh K v .
H s khuch i:
c
SZ K = (5.13)
y Z
c
l tr khng ca khung cng hng ca mch collector;

136
S l dc ca c trng truyn t ca transistor.
Trong :
t e 11
2
td c
z
1
h
n
R
1
Z
1
+ + = (5.14)
R
t
l tr khng ca khung cng hng ti tn s cng hng.

cr
L
R
t
= (5.15)
L : in cm ca khung cng hng;
C : in dung ca khung cng hng;
r : in tr tn hao ca khung cng hng;
Z
t
: Tr khng ca ti.
e
e
h
h
S
11
21
= (5.16)
H s hi tip:
n
L
M
u
u
C
B
= = =
&
&
&
(5.17)
Lp tch 1 K (5.18)
Thay (5.13) ... (5.17) vo (5.18) nhn c:
0 .
11
21
2
+
Z
h
h n n
e
e
(5.19)
Trong
t td
Z R Z // =
Cho v phi ca biu thc bng khng, gii phng trnh ta c:

2
h
2
h
2
h
n
e 11
2
e 21 e 21
2 , 1

=
(5.20)
o hm (5.19) v xt du, ta thy (5.19) 0. Khi

1 2
n n n (5.21)
Vy nu h s hi tip n tha mn iu kin (5.21) trong mch c dao
ng. Mch c dao ng hnh sin ( trng thi xc lp) ti n
1
, hoc n
2
.
Xc nh tr s cc linh kin qua h s hi tip n theo (5.17) v qua
tn s dao ng ca mch:

LC 2
1
f f
ch d

=
(5.22)
5.4.3. B dao ng ba im (My pht ba im)
Cng nh my pht ghp h cm, my pht ba im cng gm mt
tng khuch i cng

137
hng v mch hi tip dng. S khc nhau ch mch hi tip. i vi
my pht ghp h cm, mch hi tip dng c thc hin bi mch h
cm, cn cc s my pht ba im mch hi tip dng c thc
hin bng in cm hoc in dung.
Khi nim ba im y, i vi s dng transistor l im ni
cc cc emitter E, base B, collector C vo mch, cn i vi transistor
trng l ba im ni ca cc ngun S, cc mng D, cc ca G vo mch.
Trong thc t cc s my pht ba im c s dng nhiu hn, nht
l vng tn s rt cao, v linh kin t, d lp rp v.v...
1) Nguyn tc thit lp mch ba im
Cc mch to dao ng LC ni chung u c th a v mt kt cu
chung theo hnh 5.8.a. Trong K
1
l mt b khuch i c th dng
transistor, transistor trng, khuch i thut ton v.v... B khuch
i ny c th biu din theo s tng ng (hnh 5.8.b). Trong U
d

l in p vo, K
1
l h s khuch i khi cha c hi tip, r
r
l in tr
ra ca tng khuch i.
Theo hnh 5.8.a ta c:
H s hi tip:
3 1
1
Z Z
Z
+
=
&
(5.23)
H s khuch i khi c ti:
t r
t
d
r
Z r
Z
K
u
u
K
+
= =
1
&
&
&
(5.24)
) //(
3 1 2
Z Z Z Z
t
+ = (5.25)
Lp tch
& &
K v thay (5.23) ...
(5.25) vo ta c:

& &
K
) ( ) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
1 2
1
Z Z Z Z Z Z r
Z Z
K
r
+ + + +
= (5.26)
Trong ch dao ng gi thit tr khng Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
l thun khng.
1 1
jX Z = ;
2 2
jX Z = ;
3 3
jX Z =
Thay vo (5.26) ta c:
) ( ) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
1 2
1
X X X X X X r
X X
K K
r
+ + + +
= (5.27)
o
Ur
K1

+
C
Z2
Z3
Z1
B
E

o
C rr
d
U K
1
(b) (a)

Hnh 5.8. S tng qut mch to dao
ng ba im (a), s tng ng ca b
khuch i K
1
(b).

138
Khung dao ng gm cc phn t X
1
, X
2
, X
3
. Thng tn s dao ng
gn bng tn s cng hng ring ca khung, nn ti tn s dao ng
phn o ca tr khng bng khng:
0
3 2 1
= + + X X X (5.28)
Do t (5.27) suy ra:

3 1
1
1
X X
X
K K
+
= (5.29)
T (5.28) suy ra:

2 3 1
X X X = +
Do t (5.29) suy ra:

2
1
1
X
X
K K = (5.30)
T iu kin cn bng pha, c hi tip dng, tng di pha do mch
khuch i v mch hi tip gy ra phi bng khng, tc l 0 > K . Do
t (5.30) suy ra: 0
2 1
> X X v X
3
phi nh hn khng, hay ni cch khc
l X
3
tri du vi X
1
, X
2
. T suy ra:
- Mch ba im in cm:
0
2 1
> X X v 0
3
< X (5.31)
(trong X
1
, X
2
l in cm v X
3
l in dung).
- Mch ba im in dung:
0
2 1
< X X v 0
3
> X (5.32)
(trong X
1
, X
2
l in dung v X
3
l in cm).
2) Mch ba im in cm (mch Harley)
Mch to dao ng ba im in cm, cng tng t nh mch dao
ng ghp h cm. N ch
khc ch bin p c thay i bng cun cm c u ra ph. Cun
cm cng t in mc song song vi n quyt nh tn s dao ng ca
b to dao ng.
Hnh 5.9.a trnh by s mch to dao ng ba im in cm dng
transistor mc theo kiu emitter chung. in p hi tip ly trn cun
L
1
qua t C
1
a v base ca transistor ngc pha vi in p trn
collector chnh l in p trn cun L
2
, nh vy mch tha mn iu
kin cn bng pha. Hnh 5.9.b trnh by s mch to dao ng ba im

139
in cm dng transistor mc theo kiu base chung. in p hi tip
ly trn L
1
qua t C, a v emitter cng pha vi in p trn
collector ly trn L
1
v L
2
. Nh vy mch tha mn iu kin cn bng
pha.
R1
R2
o Ur
L1
C E
RE
CE

o +
EC

C1
C2
C
w2
w1
L2
B

U
t
(a)
C1
o + EC
Ut

L1
C
E
RE
C2

R1
R2
C
L2
B

(b)
Hnh 5.9. Mch ba im in cm (mch Harlay): s emitter chung (a), s
base chung (b).
Xt theo iu kin (5.31), cc s hnh 5.9, X
1
l in khng gia base
v emitter, X
2
l in khng gia collector v emitter mang tnh in
cm, cn X
3
l in khng gia collector v base mang tnh in dung.
Do mch tha mn iu kin cn bng pha.
Xt iu kin cn bng bin (5.3a). Ta tnh cho mch hnh 5.9.a:
n
L
L
U
U
2
1
C
B
= = =
&
&
&
(5.33)
V

= =
2
11 2
11
21
//
n
h
R P
h
h
SZ K
e
th
e
e
C
&
(5.34)
Trong P l h s ghp gia transistor v mch

2 1
2
t
CE
L L
L
U
U
P
+
= =
(5.35)
Thay (5.33) ... (5.35) vo (5.3a) ta c:
0 h nR R n h ) n 1 (
e 21 t t
2
e 11
2
+ + (5.36)
Nh vy (5.36) hon ton trng hp vi (5.19) nn cc kt qu (5.20),
(5.21) u ng trong trng hp ny. Tn s dao ng ca mch c
xc nh theo (5.37):
C ) L L ( 2
1
f f
2 1
ch d
+
= (5.37)

140
Trong trng hp dng mch base chung nh hnh 5.9.b to dao
ng tn s cao, cng cho nhng kt qu nh vy, nhng trong cc
biu thc trn phi thay h
11e
v h
21e
bi
b
h
11
v
b
h
21
, v h
s hi tip c xc nh theo (5.38), v h s ghp gia transistor v
mch theo (5.39)
n
L L
L
U
U
CB
BE
=
+
= =
2 1
1
&
&
&
(5.38)
1
U
U
P
t
CB
= =
&
&
(5.39)

3) Mch ba im in dung (mch colpits)
Mch ba im in dung mc theo s emitter chung nh trn
hnh 5.10.a. Cn mc theo s base chung nh trn hnh 5.10.b.
(a)


(b)

Hinh 5.10. Mch ba im in dung mc theo s emitter chung (a),v s
base chung (b)
0
1
2
1
< = =
C
X X
BE

0
1
1
2
< = =
C
X X
CE

0
3
> = = L X X
CB
.
Nh vy mch tha mn iu kin cn bng pha.
i vi s hnh 5.10.a, h s hi tip:
1
2
C
C
U
U
CE
BE
= =
&
&
&
(5.40)
i vi s hnh 5.10.b, h s hi tip:
2 1
2
C C
C
U
U
CE
BE
+
= =
&
&
&
(5.41)

141
c im ca s ba im in dung l dng in dung phn p.
Tn s dao ng ca mch c xc nh theo (5.42)
L .
C C
C C
2
1
f f
2 1
2 1
ch d
+

=
(5.42)
4) B to dao ng LC ghp emitter
S b to dao ng LC ghp emitter
n gin nht trnh by hnh 5.11, thc
hin trn c s mt tng khuch i vi sai.
V in p trn base ca transistor T
1
ng
pha vi in p trn collect ca
transistor T
2
, nn hi tip xut hin khi u
chng trc tip l hi tip dng.
B khuch i dng xy dng nn b
dao ng ghp

Hnh 5.11. B to dao ng
LC ghp emitter
emitter v tng cui vi bin tn hiu ra iu chnh c c
hng Motorola ch to di dng vi mch k hiu MC - 1648, n c th
to ra tn hiu c tn s n 200MHz.
5.4.4. Cc mch to dao ng dng thch anh
1) Tnh cht v mch tng ng ca thch anh
Trong nhiu trng hp, n nh tn s ca b dao ng LC dng
cc bin php n nh nh trnh by trong mc 5.3.2 l khng .
n nh tn s ph thuc vo nhit , h s in cm v in dung.
t n nh tn s cao hn thng dng thch anh n nh tn
s. Thch anh c nhng tnh cht vt l rt ng qu nh bn c
hc cao, t chu tc ng ca nhit , m v tc dng ha hc.
Thch anh c tnh cht p in, ngha l di tc dng ca in
trng th sinh ra dao ng c hc v ngc li khi c dao ng c
hc th sinh ra in tch, do c th dng thch anh nh mt khung
cng hng. K hiu thch anh trn hnh 5.12.a; s tng ng ca
thch anh v in hnh 5.12.b, trong L
q
, C
q
, r
q
ph thuc vo kch
thc v cch ct khi thch anh.

142
Thch anh c kch thc cng nh th
L
q
, C
q
v r
q
cng nh v tn s cng
hng cng cao, L
q
, C
q
, r
q
c tnh n nh
cao, cn C
p
l in dung ca gi c
n nh km hn.
Sau y l cc gi tr in hnh ca
cc tham s trong s tng ng i
vi mt thch anh 4MHz:
mH L
q
100 = , =100
q
r
pF C
q
015 , 0 = , pF 5 C
p
=
phm cht Q = 25.000
V gi tr ca r
q
rt nh, nn trong
tnh ton c th b qua. Tr khng tng
ng ca thch anh lc l in
khng tng ng c xc nh theo
(5.43)
o
B
Lq
Cq
Cp
rq
oA o A
o B
(a) (b)

Hnh 5.12. K hiu thch anh
(a), s tng ng v in
ca thch anh (b).

p
q
q
p q
q
q q
C j
L j
C j
C j C j
L j
X Z

1 1
1
)
1
(
+ +
+
= =
) (
1
2
2
p q q q p
q q
C C L C C
C L
j


+

= (5.43)
T (5.43) suy ra thch anh c hai tn s cng hng: Mt tn s cng
hng ni tip
q
f ng vi 0 =
q
Z v mt tn s cng hng song song
p
f
ng vi =
q
Z .
T (5.43) suy ra:
q q
q
C L
f
2
1
= (5.44)
p
q
q
q p q
q p
p
C
C
f
C C L
C C
f + =
+
= 1
2
1

(5.45)
in dung C
p
cng ln so vi C
q
th tn s cng hng ni tip
q
f
cng gn vi tn s cng hng song song
p
f . T biu thc (5.43) v c
tnh in khng ca thch anh hnh 5.13, thch anh xut hin 3 min c
tnh cht in khng ln lt l: vng tn s
q
f f < thch anh tng

143
ng nh mt dung khng, vng tn s
p q
f f f < < thch anh tng
ng nh mt cm khng, vng tn s
p
f f > thch anh tng ng
nh mt dung khng.
Hai tn s
q
f v
p
f ca thch
anh rt gn nhau ch cch nhau
vi chc kHz. Thng sn xut cc
thch anh vi tn s
q
f = 1kHz n
hng trm MHz.
Cc tnh cht c bn v in
ca thch anh
phm cht cao:
5 4
10 10 = Q .
T s
q q
C L rt ln nn tr
khng tng ng ca thch anh
q q q a t
r C L R =
.
rt ln.
Vi khung dao ng dng
thch anh c th t c
khng n nh tn s tng i:

10 6
10 10

=

o
f
f

fq fp
f
0
0
f
fq fp
Zt
Xt

Hnh 5.13. c tnh in khng
ca thch anh
thay i tn s cng hng
ca b cng hng thch anh
trong phm vi hp, nh m t hnh
5.14 ngi ta mc ni tip vi thch
anh mt t bin i C
S
.
Lc ny tr khng tng ng
ca mch:


Hnh 5.14. Mt bin php thay i
tn s
cng hng ca thch anh.

p q q q p
S p q q S p q
S
q
C C L C C
C C C L C C C
C j
Z
2
2
'
) (
1

+
+ + +
= (5.46)
Do tn s cng hng ni tip ca mch:
S p
q
q q
C C
C
f f
+
+ = 1
'
(5.47)

144
Ngoi ra v C
P
n nh km, gim nh hng ca C
P
ngi ta mc
mt t C
o
song song vi C
P
, lc tr khng tng ng ca mch:
[ ] ) (
1
2
2
o p q q q o p
q q
q
C C C L C C C
C L
j Z
+ + +

=


(5.48)
Khi tn s cng hng song song:

p o
q
q p
C C
C
f f
+
+ = 1 (5.49)
Khi C
o
>> C
q
th
q p
f f
Do mc thm t C
o
nn tn s cng hng song song
p
f gim xung
gn bng tn s cng hng ni tip
q
f v
p
f hu nh khng ph thuc
vo C
P
v C
o
. Nhng cng v vy m phm cht ca mch
C
L
r
Q
1
=

gim, v C tng.
2) B to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip
C th n nh tn s cng hng ca b to dao ng LC, nu
trong mch hi tip dng b cng hng thch anh. m bo yu
cu v tn s, thch anh mc ni tip vi C
S
, tn s cng hng ni
tip ca thch anh, tn hiu hi tip l ln nht. Khi thit k in
tr mch ngoi (u ni tip trong mch hi tip) nh hn in tr tn
hao ca thch anh cng nhiu cng tt. Nu khng lm c iu ny,
th phm cht ca thch anh gim, v khi phm cht cng gim
th dc ca c tnh pha gn tn s cng hng ca thch anh
cng nh. Lc dch pha k sinh s nh hng nhiu n tn s
cng hng.

(a)

(b)

145
Hnh 5.15. B to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni
tip:
3 im in cm (a) v 3 im in dung (b).
D dng thc hin c iu kin in tr ni tip nh trong mch
cng hng thch anh, nu b to dao ng LC c xy dng trn cc
transistor mc theo s base chung c m t trn hnh 5.15. Cc s
m t trn hnh 5.15 l b to dao ng c khung cng hng LC.
cho dao ng xut hin phi iu chnh tn s cng hng ca khung
cng hng LC tn s ca b cng hng thch anh. Tn s cng
hng ca khung dao ng c th chn bng bi s nguyn tn s
cng hng ca thch anh, v b dao ng c kch thch ti hi bi
tng ng. Phng php ny rt thun li dng to cc tn s ln
hn 10MHz.
Khi s dng thch anh tn s cng hng c bn ca n th c th
b khng dng khung dao ng ph. Trn hnh 5.16 trnh by s
tng ng dng kch cng hng ni tip ca thch anh. khng
lm gim phm cht ca thch anh, s kch thch phi c in tr
nh. Mun th ngi ta dng b lp li emitter ca transistor T
1
.
Dng chy qua b cng hng thch anh, c khuch i bi mt
gng dng in trn transistor T
2
v diode D
1
. Ti tn s cng hng
ni tip, tr s ca dng ny t cc i. H s khuch i dng c
chn sao cho ti tn s ny tha mn iu kin t kch ca s . in
tr R
3
c chn nh in p xoay chiu trn b cng hng thch
anh khng vt qu 10 mV. Khi cng sut tiu th trn thch anh
nh n mc n khng nh hng n n nh ca tn s cng
hng. Thay cho in tr R
3
, tt hn c l
chn mt phn t iu khin c v mt in, chng hn nh
transistor trng. Khi tr s in tr knh ca transistor trng
c xc lp bng mt s iu khin t ng bin tn hiu. Gii
php ny m bo s kch thch tin cy cho b cng hng thch anh,
v m bo mo nh cho in p hnh sin ca s .

146
S hnh 5.16 cng c
th bo m c kh nng
kch thch cho mch cng
hng cc sng hi bi.
Mun th t C
1
s c thay
th bi mt khung dao ng,
iu chnh ti tn s tng
ng. S b dao ng c
phn t iu chnh bin
in p trn b cng hng
thch anh ang xt c
Hng Plessey ch to di
dng vi mch vi k hiu SL-
680C.
Vi mch ny cho php
nhn c in p ra c tn
s n 150MHz. khng n
nh tn s tng i trong
s ny vo khong 10
9

n 10
7
.
Hnh 5.16. B to dao ng dng thch anh
vi tn s cng hng ni tip khng c
khung dao ng LC.
3) B dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song
Mch in trn hnh 5.17.a l mt dng mch in ba im in dung.
Nhnh c thch anh mc ni tip vi t C
S
tng ng nh mt in
cm, ngha l tn s dao ng ca mch phi tha mn iu kin (5.50)
v t C
S
phi tha mn iu kin (5.51).
p d q
f f f < < (5.50)
td d
S d
L
C
1
<

(5.51)
Trong , L
t
l in cm tng ng ca thch anh.
gim nh hng ca in dung ra, in dung vo n tn s dao
ng ca mch:
S
C C C >>
2 1
, (5.52)
Tn s dao ng ca mch c th xc nh gn ng nh sau:

147
p d
f f (5.53)
Vi s hnh 5.17.b cng l mch in ba im in dung, nhnh c
thch anh mc ni tip vi t C
S
tng ng nh mt in cm, in
dung gia base v emitter ca transistor v t bin i C
2
to thnh
mch hi tip. Gi tr ca C
2
thay i, lm thay i h s hi tip.
Cc mch to dao ng dng thch anh hnh 5.17 u s dng tn s
cng hng song song.
iu kin bin c xt nh mch ba im in dung thng
thng.

(a)

(b)
Hnh 5.17. B to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song.
5.5. B to dao ng RC
5.5.1. Khi qut chung ca cc b to dao ng RC.
to ra cc dao ng tn s thp (c tn s t 10 Hz n 30 kHz),
vic s dng b dao ng LC l bt cp, v cn tr s ca L, C rt ln.
Cu to ca b dao ng cng knh v gi thnh t. Hn na khi L, C
ln th in tr tn hao cng ln, do phm cht Q ca mch rt
nh v n nh tn s thp. V vy b to dao ng RC thng c
dng phm vi tn s thp thay cho cc b to dao ng LC. Trong cc
b to dao ng RC khng c cun cm, do c th ch to n thun
tin di dng vi mch.
Vi cng mt in dung bin i, c th iu chnh c tn s dao
ng ca b to dao ng RC trong phm vi rng hn so vi b to
dao ng LC. V trong b to dao ng RC tn s dao
ng t l vi C 1 , cn trong b to dao ng LC, tn s t l vi C 1 .

148
Mch hi tip ca b to dao ng RC ch bao gm cc phn t RC,
ngha l n khng c tnh cng hng ti tn s c bn nh trong cc
b to dao ng LC, v vy gim mo phi tuyn, yu cu b khuch
i lm vic ch A.
5.5.2. B to dao ng RC dng mch di pha trong mch hi tip.
i vi b to dao ng RC gm mt tng khuch i dng
transistor mc theo s emitter chung, in p li ra lch pha so
vi in p li vo 180
o
. Do tha mn iu kin cn bng pha,
mch hi tip phi to ra mt gc di pha 180
o
(mch nhanh pha) hoc
180
o
(mch chm pha). Nh bit trong cc phn trn, mch RC li ra
trn R c hm truyn t c xc nh nh sau:
C j
1
R
R
K

+
=
&

(5.54a)
Gc lch pha:
RC
1
arctg

=
(5.54b)
Theo (5.54b) mt mch RC li ra trn R ch c th to ra mt gc di
pha
o
90 < khi R v C khc khng. V vy mun m bo iu kin cn
bng pha mch hi tip phi c ti thiu ba mt lc RC li ra trn R mc
ni tip nhau, mi mt lc thc hin mt gc di pha bng 60
o
. Nu dng
bn mt lc th mi mt lc thc hin mt gc di pha bng 45
o
.
C th dng cc mt lc RC c tr s khc nhau, nhng n gin
thng chn c tr s bng nhau. Trn hnh 5.18.a trnh by b to dao
ng RC dng mch di pha trong mch hi tip, cc linh kin tha mn
iu kin (5.55).
R r R R
Bo
= // //
2 1
(5.55)

149
(a)


R R R
C C C
o
o

3
o
o
V C
U U
& &
= r B
u U &
&
=

(b)
Hnh 5.18. Mch to dao ng dng mch di pha trong mch hi tip (a);
Mch hi tip dng ba mt lc RC (b).
tnh h s truyn t ca mch hi tip, vit phng trnh dng
in cho nt 1, 2, 3 hnh 5.18.b, ri dng phng php th gii, ta xc
nh c:
) 6 ( j 5 1
1
U
U
2 2
C
B

= =
&
&
&

(5.56a)
Trong
RC

1
=
T suy ra ln ca h s hi tip:
2 2 2 2 2
) 6 ( ) 5 1 (
1

+
=
(5.56b)
V gc pha ca mch hi tip:
2
2
5 1
) 6 (

= arctg (5.57)
Vi mch di pha ny,

= khi 6
2
=
Do :
RC . 6
1
d
= (5.58)
Thay 6
2
= vo (5.56b) xc nh c gi tr hi tip ti tn s dao
ng:
29
1
= (5.59)
Nh vy theo iu kin cn bng bin (5.3a), h s khuch i ca
tng 29 K .
Bng cch tng t, tnh c tn s dao ng v h s truyn t
i vi mch hi tip gm 4

150
mt lc RC nh sau:

= khi
RC .
7
10
1
d
= v
4 , 18
1
=
Ngi ta thy rng s mt lc ca mch hi tip cng tng th o
hm

cng ln, do cng thun li i vi yu cu v n nh

tn s.
Trong s hnh 5.18, mch hi tip dng mch lc thng cao (mch
nhanh pha), thc t c th dng mch hi tip dng mch lc thng
thp (mch chm pha) hnh 5.19.

(a)

C
R
r
U
&
R R
o
o

3
o
o
V
U
&
C

(b)
Hnh 5.19. B to dao ng RC dng mch chm pha (tr pha) trong mch hi
tip (a);
mch hi tip dng mch thng thp, tr pha (b).
i vi mch hi tip dng 3 mt lc thng thp RC, c th tnh c:
=

khi
RC
6
d
= v ti tn s dao ng
29
1
= .
Vi bn mt lc thng thp RC th =

khi
RC
7 10
d
=
v ti tn s
dao ng
4 , 18
1
= .
5.5.3. B to dao ng dng mch lc cu ch T v T-kp trong
mch hi tip
Mch lc T v T-kp c biu din trn hnh 5.20.

151
o
o
o
o
C C
R
R
V
U
&
r
U
&
1

(a)

o o
C C
R R
2C
2
R V
U
&
r
U
&
o o

2
3
1
(b)

Hnh 5.20. Mch lc cu ch T (a); v ch T-kp (b).
Vi mch lc T vit phng trnh dng in cho nt 1 v nt 2, t
xc nh c h s truyn t:

3 j 1
2 j 1
U
U
2
2
V
r
+
+
= =
&
&
&
(5.60)
Trong
RC

1
=
Vy ln ca h s truyn t v gc pha:
2 2 2
2 2 2
9 ) 1 (
4 ) 1 (

+
+
=
(5.61a)
2 2 2
2
6 ) 1 (
) 1 (

+

= arctg
(5.61b)
Vy 0 =

khi 1 = tc
RC
1
d
=
Thay 1 = vo (5.61a) c h s truyn t c gi tr nh nht
3
2
min
= =
(5.61c)
Vi mch lc T-kp, tnh h s truyn t, vit phng trnh
dng in cho nt 1, 2 v 3:
Nt 1: 0 2 .
1
1 1
=

C j u
R
u u
R
u u
r V

& & &

.
Nt 2: 0
2
) ( ). (
2
2 2
= +
R
u
C j u u C j u u
r V
&
& & & & .
Nt 3: 0 ) (
1
2
=

+
R
u u
C j u u
r
r
& &
& & .
t
RC

1
= , kh
1
u& ,
2
u& ta c h s truyn:

152

4 j ) 1 (
1
U
U
2
2
V
r
+

= =
&
&
&
(5.62)
ln ca h s truyn:
2 2 2
2
16 ) 1 (
1

+

=
(5.63a)
v gc pha:
2 2
1
4
1
4

= arctg arctg
(5.63b)
Khi 1 = th
RC
1
d
= v
2

=
Thay 1 = vo (5.63a) ta c h s truyn t nhn gi tr nh
nht:
0
min
= =
(5.63c)
Trong mch lc T-kp , vi 1 = , RC / 1
d
= h s truyn t, t gi
tr ti thiu 0 = ,
v gc pha 0 =

. y l trng hp mch cu kp ch T lch cn bng

hay c dng trong b to dao ng. Ta thy ti tn s RC / 1
d
= ,
( 1 = ) h s truyn t c hai mch trn t cc tiu. V vy cc mch T
v mch lc T-kp phi c mc vo b khuch i c h s khuch i
ln, v ch mc trong nhnh hi tip m ca b khuch i lm nhim
v chn lc tn s. mch c th to c dao ng n nh trong
b khuch i phi c thm mt nhnh hi tip dng khng ph thuc
vo tn s, sao cho mch ch to dao ng c tn s m h s hi tip
m qua mch T v T-kp nh nht, tc l khi = RC / 1
d
= . Trn hnh 5.21
trnh by mch dao ng dng b khuch i thut ton c mch T
trong mch hi tip m.

153
Theo hnh 5.21, mch hi tip
dng gm R
1
, R
2
. Mch hi tip m
l mch T. Ti tn s = RC / 1
d
=
th h s hi tip m
3
2
=

. Do b
khuch i thut ton c h s
khuch i K
o
rt ln, nn c
dao ng n nh h s hi tip
dng
+
.
H s hi tip dng:

Hnh 5.21. Mch to dao ng dng b
KTT
c mch T trong mch hi tip m.
3
2
2 1
2

+
=
+
R R
R
(5.64)
T suy ra iu kin (5.65) l iu kin cn bng bin :

1 2
2R R (5.65)
Tng t nh vy c th thay mch T trong hnh 5.21 bng mch T-
kp v tnh iu kin cn bng bin ca mch.
B to dao ng RC dng mch T-kp c n nh tn s cao hn
dng mch T.
5.5.4. B to dao ng RC dng mch cu Vin trong mch hi
tip.
Mch cu Vin c to nn bi mch
lc thng di c dng nh trn hnh 5.22.
H s truyn t ca mch:

)
C R
1
C R ( j
C
C
R
R
1
1
U
U
1 2
2 1
1
2
2
1
V
r

+ + +
= =
&
&
& (5.66)

o
o
o
o

V
U
&
r
U
&
C2
C1
R2
R1

Hnh 5.22. Mch lc thng
di.
T (5.66) xc nh c ln ca h s truyn t:
2
1 2
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
C R
1
C R
C
C
R
R
1
1

+ +
=

(5.67a)
V gc pha:

154
1
2
2
1
1 2
2 1
C
C
R
R
1
C R
1
C R
arctg
+ +

(5.67b)
Trong thc t thng chn: C
1
= C
2
= C v R
1
= R
2
= R
Ta c:
2
RC
1
RC 9
1

+
=

2
1
9
1

+
=

(5.68a)
V
3
RC
1
RC
arctg

+
=
3
1
arctg

+
=
(5.68b)
Trong
RC

1
=
Khi 1 = tc l =
RC
1
d
= th 0 =

Thay 1 = vo (5.68a) ta c h s truyn t, t gi tr cc i:
3
1
max
= =
(5.68c)
Ti tn s dao ng, mch c h s truyn t (h s hi tip) ln
nht v gc di pha bng khng, do c th dng mch cu Vin lm
mch hi tip dng trong b to dao ng RC dng transistor vi hai
tng khuch i.
S trnh by trn hnh
5.23 l b to dao ng RC dng
transistor vi mch cu Vin
trong mch hi tip.
H s hi tip dng 3 1 = ,
do tha mn iu kin
cn bng bin , h s khuch
i ca b khuch i:
3 .
2 1
= K K K trong K
1
, K
2
l h s

R4
C2
C3
RE1 RE2
Hnh 5.23. B to dao ng RC dng mch
cu Vin trong mch hi tip.

155
khuch i ca tng th nht
v th hai. tng n nh
tn s trong mch s dng hi
tip m xoay chiu trn
1
E
R ,
2
E
R .
5.5.5. B to dao ng RC dng mch cu Vin - Rbinxn
V nguyn tc, b to dao ng RC c th xy dng theo s
tng t nh s hnh 5.2, nu ta thay khung dao ng bng mt b
lc thng di th ng RC. Khi kho st cc mch lc th ng, ngi
ta chng minh c, b lc th ng RC phm cht ln nht b
hn ch gi tr 2 1 . Dao ng hnh sin nhn c trong cc b to
dao ng ny c n nh tn s thp. iu ny c suy ra t c
tnh pha - tn s ca cc b lc khc nhau v trn hnh 5.24. i vi b
lc tn s thp th ng vi phm cht 3 1 = Q , th dch pha ti tn
s bng mt na tn s cng hng s vo khong 27
o
.
Nu dch pha b sung bi b
khuch i, chng hn 27
o
, th
b dao ng, ph hp vi iu
kin cn bng pha, tng dch
pha 0 = , s c kch ti tn s
bng mt na tn s cng
hng ca b lc tn thp. Nh
vy nhn c n nh tn
s cao phi c mch hi tip, c
tnh pha - tn s ca mch hi
tip phi c dc ln im i
qua khng. Tnh cht nh vy
tn ti trong cc khung dao
ng c phm cht cao v
trong cu Vin - Rbinxn. Mch
180
60
120
-60
0
(f/f
0
)
1
2
3
-120
-180
0,1 0,5 1 2 5 10 0,2
()

Hnh 5.24. S ph thuc ca dch pha
vo tn s: ng 1: Cu Vin-Rbinxn;
ng 2: Khung dao ng vi Q = 10,
ng 3: B lc thng di vi 3 1 = Q .

156
cu Vin-Rbinxn c trnh
by trn hnh 5.25.
Khc vi b lc thng di, c tnh bin - tn s ca h s
truyn t ti tn s cng hng l cc tiu. Cu Vin - Rbinxn dng
trit tiu tn hiu ti min tn s nht nh, in p ra
D
U
&

c xc nh theo biu thc (5.69).
o
o
o
o
V
U
&

R R1
R
2
1
R
C
C
U1
D
U
&

Hnh 5.25. Cu Vin -
Rbinxn.
V V D
U
j
j
U U
& & &
.
3 1 3
1
2
+

= (5.69)
y:
o
RC

= = gi l tn s gc chun
ha.
T ta c h s truyn t:
2
2
3 1
1
.
3
1
) (
+

=
j
j
&
(5.70)
M-un ca c h s truyn:

2 2 2
2
9 ) 1 ( 3
1
+

= (5.71)
Gc pha:
1
3
.
2


= arctg (5.72)
th ca v ph thuc vo tn s c trnh by trn hnh (5-
26)
Tuy nhin, in p ra ca cu Vin - Rbinxn ti tn s cng hng
bng khng, v th n khng th dng trc tip trong cc s to
dao ng. thit lp s to dao ng, ngi ta thay i cu Vin -
Rbinxn i i cht nh m t hnh 5.27. Tr s l s dng nh hn 1
rt nhiu. D dng tnh c c tnh pha - tn s ca cu Vin -
Rbinxn ci bin, ti tn s cao v thp so vi tn s cng hng U
1
=
0. Khi in p ra
V D
U U
3
1
=
&


157

0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10
90
45
0
45
90
()
0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
||

Hnh 5.26. th Bode ca cu Vin - Rbinxn

Dch pha ti cc tn s ny bng
o
180 .
Ti tn s cng hng
V
U U
& &
3
1
1
= , v
vy

V V D
U U U
& & &
9 3
1
3
1

+
=
Nh vy ti tn s cng hng, in
p ra
D
U
&
ng pha vi in p vo
V
U
&
.
nh lng
o
o
o
o

R R1
R
+ 2
1
R
C
C
U1
V
U
&
D
U
&

Hnh 5.27. Cu Vin - Rbinxn ci
bin
cc tham s ca ng 1 trong hnh 5.24, trc tin ta vit hm truyn
t ca cu Vin - Rbinxn:

[ ]
2
2
. ) 3 )( 9 ( 1
. ) 1 (
3
1
P P
P P
U
U
V
D
+ + + +
+
+

&
&

y
o
p P = : Tn s gc phc chun ha;
+ = j p : Tn s gc phc.
B qua cc c bc cao, ta c cng thc xc nh c tnh pha -
tn s:
2 2 2
2
9 ) 3 ( ) 1 (
) 2 3 )( 1 ( 3
+
+
=


arctg
ng cong ny c v hnh 5.24 vi 01 , 0 = . Nh ta thy r t
th ca hm ny, pha ca in p ra ca cu Vin - Rbinxn ci bin,
trong mt di tn s rt nh thay i t
o o
90 90 + . Di ny cng nh
nu chn cng nh. V vy cu Vin - Rbinxn c th so snh vi
khung dao ng c phm cht cao.

158
u im ca s ny l: dch pha khng b hn ch bi tr s
o
90 m tng ln cho n
o
180 , khi c lch tn ln. Vic ny dn n vic suy gim tt hn
i vi cc hi bc cao trong thnh phn ca tn hiu ra.
Nhc im ca s cu Vin - Rbinxn l suy gim tn hiu ti
tn s cng hng cng mnh khi cng nh.
Tr s suy hao ti tn s cng hng bng:
9

=
V
D
U
U
(5.73)
Nh vy trong th d ang xt, tr s ny vo khong 900 1 . m
bo iu kin cn bng bin , cn phi b suy hao ny bng b
khuch i. Trn hnh 5.28 m t s b to dao ng vi cu Vin -
Rbinxn.
Nu b khuch i c h s
khuch i vi phn K
D
, th
thc hin iu kin cn bng
bin 1 . =
D
K , cn phi chn
gi tr .
D
K 9 9 = =
Nu ln, th bin dao
ng bt u tng, s tng
cn tip din cho n khi no
b khuch
i cha vo min bo ha.
Nu tr s rt nh, hoc thm
ch l m, th b dao ng
khng t kch.

C
R
R1
R2
R
R6
C
UD
C3
C2
+
UN
T
R3

R4
o
o

R5
D1 C1
Uo
D2
U
G
Hnh 5.28. B to dao ng n gin vi
cu Vin - Rbinxn. Tn s cng hng:
RC
f
2
1
=
Tuy nhin, khng th chn cc in tr R
1
v ) 2 (
1
+ R vi chnh
xc m bo n nh bin ca tn hiu, v th cc tr s ny
cn phi c iu chnh t ng, ty thuc vo bin in p ra.
Mun th, trong s hnh 5.28 ta s dng transistor trng T. i vi
transistor trng, in tr knh R
DS
ca n, khi tr s U
DS
nh, ch
ph thuc vo in p iu khin U
GS
. Mt phn in p
N
U
&
t trn in

159
tr R
2
. Vic u ni tip in tr R
2
vi R
DS
to ra in tr ) 2 (
1
+ R .
Gi tr ti thiu ca in tr knh R
DS
bng R
DS
m. Do tr s ca in
tr R
2
cn phi chn nh hn
DS
R R
1
2
1
m.
Khi u ngun nui cho b dao ng, u tin 0 =
GS
U ,
DS DS
R R = m.
Khi tha mn iu kin la chn tr s R
2
, th in tr mch ni tip gia
in tr R
2
v R
DS
s nh hn
1
). 2 1 ( R . Khi , ti tn s cng hng, in
p ra U
D
ca cu Vin - Rbinxn s c tr s ln. Dao ng xut hin
v bin bt u tng. in p ra ca b to dao ng c chnh lu
bi p bc 2 trn cc diode D
1
v D
2
. in p trn cc ca ca transistor
trng tr thnh m, v tr s in tr R
DS
tng ln, bin tn hiu ra
s cn tng cho n khi iu kin sau y c tha mn:
( )
D
DS
K
R R
R R
9 2 2
1 1
2
+
=
+
= +

(5.74)
H s mo phi tuyn ca in p ra ca b to dao ng ph thuc
vo tuyn tnh ca c tnh ra ca transistor trng. tuyn
tnh ny c th c nng cao ng k nu mt phn in p gia cc
mng v cc ngun ca transistor trng c cng vi cc in p
cc ca. Mun vy ta dng cc in tr R
3
, R
4
trong s . T C
3
dng
ngn dng mt chiu n li vo N ca tng khuch i, dng ny c
th lm lch im khng ca in p ra. Thng ngi ta chn R
3
R
4
,
Bng cch iu chnh chnh xc tr s ca in tr R
3
c th gim c
h s mo phi tuyn n gi tr nh nht. Trn thc t h s ny t
khong 0,1%.
Nu R l mt chit p, th c th thay i t t tn s cng hng
ca s . c trng gc quay ca cc chit p cng km ng nht,
th s iu chnh t ng bin in p ra cng cn phi c hiu
qu hn. Tr s cc i ca in tr R phi c chn sao cho st p do
dng vo tnh ca b khuch i thut ton gy ra trn n l khng
ng k. Trong trng hp ngc li c th dn n vic lm sai lch
im lm vic ca b khuch i. m bo kh nng iu chnh tn
s trong gii hn 1:10 th phi u ni tip vi chit p mt in tr c
nh c gi tr bng 10 R . Nu lp thm mt b phn lm chuyn i
in dung C th s c th bao mt di tn s t 10Hz n 1MHz. b

160
iu chnh t ng bin khng gy ra mo ngay c tn s thp
nht, th hng s thi gian np v phng ca t l R
5
C
1
v R
6
C
2
phi
c xc lp ln hn t nht 10 ln chu k dao
ng ln nht ca b to dao ng.
Bin in p ra ph thuc vo tham s ca transistor trng T.
n nh bin khng th c bit cao, v c s thay i theo in
tr knh ca transistor trng T, th cn phi c mt s bin i nht
nh ca bin in p ra. C th khc phc nhc im ny nu dng
mt tng m, khuch i in p iu khin transistor trng.
S b to dao ng nh vy trnh by trn hnh 5.29.
T li ra ca b chnh lu, tr s tuyt i ca in p ra xoay
chiu ca b to dao ng c t ln b iu chnh t hp t l ci
bin (thc hin bi b khuch i thut ton 2). B iu chnh xc lp
in p trn cc ca ca transistor trng T, sao cho gi tr trung
bnh ca in p vo b khuch i thut ton 2 bng khng. Khi gi
tr trung bnh cc in p ra
r
U
&
bng in p chun U
ch
.
Hng s thi gian
ca b iu chnh cn
phi ln so vi chu
k dao ng, bi v
trong trng hp
ngc li, h s khuch
i ca n s thay i
qua tng chu k. iu
dn n mo nghim
trng trong in p ra.
V vy nn ci bin mt
cht s khuch i
bng cch u song
song vi in tr R
6
mt
t in, t ny ngay
c vi tn s

C
R1
R
2
R
3
R
4
Ur
C
C3
C1
C2
+

T
B chnh
lu
R
5
R
5
R
KTT 1
+
KTT 2
+
o
o
U
ch
R
6
=

Hnh 5.29. B to dao ng dng cu Vin -
Rbinxn c b iu chnh bin tn hiu ra
chnh xc. Bin tn hiu:
ch r
U
2
U



161
lm vic thp nht ca b to dao ng cng lm gim bt st p trn
tr R
6
. Khi im un ca c tnh bin tn s ca b iu chnh
nm di di tn s lm vic.
5.6. Cc mch in to dao ng xung
Ngoi cc b to dao ng iu ho cn c cc b to tn hiu
xung. K thut xung s bao
gm cc lnh vc kh rng v quan trng ca ngnh in t - tin hc.
Ngy nay trong bc pht trin nhy vt ca k thut t ng ha,
n mang ngha l mt khu then cht, l mt cng c khng th
thiu c trong cng ngh hay k thut , nng cao tin cy hay
hiu qu ca chng.
5.6.1 Khi nim chung
1. Tn hiu xung v cc tham s
Tn hiu in p hay dng in bin i theo thi gian c hai dng c
bn: Lin tc hay ri rc (gin on).
Tng ng vi chng tn ti hai loi h thng gia cng, x l tn
hiu c nhng c im k thut khc nhau, mang nhng u nhc im
khc nhau l h thng lin tc (analog) v h thng ri rc (digital).
Nhiu khi do c im pht trin v pht huy y u th ca tng
loi, ta gp
trong thc t h thng lai ghp kt hp c vic gia cng x l hai loi
tn hiu trn.
Trong phn ny ch cp ti loi tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian
gi l tn hiu xung.
Dng ca tn hiu xung thng gp c trnh by trn hnh 5.30. Tn
hiu c th l mt dy xung tun hon theo thi gian vi chu k lp
li T, hay ch l mt xung n xut hin mt ln, xung c th c cc
tnh dng, m, lng cc, hoc cc tnh thay i.
Cc tham s c bn l: bin , rng xung, rng sn trc
v sau, st nh.

162
Bin xung U
m
xc nh
bng gi tr ln nht ca in
p tn hiu xung trong thi gian
tn ti.
rng sn trc v sau
(t
tr
v t
s
) xc nh bi khong
thi gian tng v gim ca bin
xung trong khong gi tr 0,1
U
m
n 0,9 U
m
.
rng xung t
x
xc nh
bng khong thi gian xung c
bin trn mc 0,1 U
m
(hay mc
0,5 U
m
).
Hnh 5.31 ch ra mt xung
vung thc t, vi cc on c
trng: sn trc, nh, sn
sau. st nh xung th hin
mc gim bin xung on nh xung U.
Vi dy xung tun hon, cn c cc tham s c trng sau (c th
vi dy xung vung):
- Chu k lp li xung T (hay tn s xung T / 1 f = ) l khong thi gian
gia cc imtng ng ca hai xung k tip nhau.
tx
tng
T
o
U
Um
t
tng
tq
T
o
U
Um
t
U
o
T
t
(a)
(b)
(c)

Hnh 5.30. Cc dng tn hiu xung. Dy
xung vung (a). Dy xung tam gic, rng
ca (b). Dy xung hm m, xung kim (c).

163
- Thi gian ngh trong hnh
5.30(a) l thi gian trng gia hai
xung lin tip.
- H s lp y l t s gia
rng xung t
x
v chu k T.
T
T
x
=
- Chu k xung
ng x
t t T + = , v
do < 1.
Trong k thut xung s, ngi
ta thng s dng phng php s
i vi cc tn hiu xung, quy c
ch c hai trng thi phn bit:
t

U
m
U
o
t
tr
t
S
t
U
0,9Um
0,1 Um
Hnh 5.31. Dng xung vung thc
t.

- Trng thi c xung (khong t
x
) vi bin ln hn mt mc
ngng U
H
gi l mc cao hay mc 1 mc U
H
thng c chn c bng
2 1 in p ngun cung cp.
- Trng thi khng c xung (khong t
ng
) vi bin nh hn mt
mc ngng U
L
gi l mc thp hay mc 0 mc U
L
c chn ty theo
phn t kha (transistor, khuch i thut ton).
- Cc mc in p ra trong di U
L
< U
ra
< U
H
l trng thi cm.
2. Ch kha ca transistor
Transistor lm vic ch kha, hot ng nh mt kha in t,
ng m mch vi tc nhanh (t 10
9
s n 10
6
s), c nhiu c im
khc vi ch xt cc chng trc.
Yu cu c bn vi mt transistor ch kha l in p li ra
c hai trng thi ring bit.
U
ra
U
H
khi U
vo

U
L
.
U
ra
U
L
khi U
vo

U
H
.

(5.75)
Ch kha ca transistor c xc nh bi ch in p hay
dng in mt chiu cung cp t ngoi qua mt mch no . Vic
chuyn trng thi ca kha, c thc hin nh mt tn hiu xung c

164
cc tnh thch hp tc ng ti li vo. Cng c trng hp kha t
ng chuyn i trng thi mt cch tun hon nh mch hi tip
dng ni b, khi , khng cn xung iu khin, s kho st trong
mch to xung tip sau.
a ra nhng c im ch yu
ca ch kha, hy xt mch c th
hnh 5.32. Mch thc hin c iu
kin (5.75), khi la chn U
H
, U
L
cng nh
cc gi tr R
B
, R
C
thch hp. Ban u
khi U
V
= 0 (hay U
V
< U
L
), transistor
trng thi cm, dng I
C
= 0, nu khng
c ti R
t
: U
ra
= +E
a
. Lc in tr ti nh
nht R
C
= R
t
(vi R
t
l in tr vo ca
tng sau ni
o
o
U
V
R
B
R
C
+E
C
R
t U
CE
U
BE
U
ra

Hnh 5.32. Mch kha (o) dng
transistor.
vi li ra ca s ),
C ra
E ) 2 / 1 ( U = , l mc nh nht ca in p ra mc
trng thi cao H, phn bit chc chn, ta chn
C H
E ) 2 / 1 ( U = (chng
hn U
H
= 2,5V khi E
C
= 5V).
Phi hp vi iu kin (5.75), in p vo nm di mc U
L
(c hiu l
in p vo ln nht, transistor b kha chc chn U
L
= U
V max
), vi
transistor Silic ngi ta chn U
L
= 0,4V.
Khi c xung iu khin c cc tnh dng a ti u vo U
vo
U
H

transistor chuyn sang trng thi m (bo ha), in p ra khi
tha mn iu kin U
ra
U
L
. in tr R
C
chn thch hp
thi gian qa nh v dng I
C
khng qu ln, chng hn: R
C
=
5k. Xc nh R
B
khi U
V
= U
H
= 1,5V khi in p U
ra
U
L
= 0,4V. Mun vy
dng colect bo ha mA
R
E
I
C
C
Cbh
1 = = ,
vi h s khuch i dng = 100, khi dng baz I
Bbh
= 10A.
transistor bo ho vng chc chn I
B
= 100A c:
k 9
A 100
V ) 6 , 0 5 , 1 (
R
B
=

=
y 0,6V l in p thng thun gia base v emitter ca
transistor.
c tnh truyn t ca s vi nhng tham s nh vy c
trnh by trn hnh 5.33.

165
nh gi mc tin cy ca
kha, ta nh ngha cc tham
s d tr chng nhiu mc
cao S
H
v mc thp S
L
.
y U
ra kha
v U
ra m
l cc
in p thc t ti li ra ca
transistor lc kha hay lc
m tng ng.
Vi trng hp c th trn:
S
H
= 2,5V - 1,5V = 1V (lc U
V

U
L
)
L
U 1 2 3
Uvo (V )
H
U
0,2
0,4
1
2
2,5
U
ra
( V )
S
L
Vng
cm
S
L
Vng
bo ha
Vng kha
(ct dng)
UCE Bh
Hnh 5.33. c tuyn truyn t ca
transistor kha.
S
L
= 0,4V - 0,2V = 0,2V (lc U
V
U
H
)
y in p gia collector v emitter ca transistor khi bo ha
U
CE bh
0,2V.
Nh vy d tr chng nhiu i vi mc cao S
H
= 1V, cn d tr chng
nhiu i vi mc thp S
L
= 0,2V.
T cc kt qu trn, c th nhn xt nh sau:
- C th d dng t c mc S
H
ln bng cch chn E
C
v cc in
tr R
B
, R
C
thch hp.
- Do S
L
thng nh, cn phi quan tm c bit ti vic nng cao
tnh chng nhiu vi mc thp. V tr s ca in p ra nh nht
CEbh r
U U =
min
thc t khng th gim c, mun S
L
tng cn phi tng
mc U
L
(theo 5.76). Mun vy ngi ta a vo mch base mt hoc vi
diode hoc l ni vo mt mch phn p (hnh 5.34).
Nhng bin php nu trn, nht thit phi tun theo khi s dng cc
transistor Gecmani lm phn t kha. Bi v i vi chng in p base
- emitter ca transistor m, trong nhiu trng hp nh hn U
CE bh
. i
vi s hnh 5.34.a in tr R
2
ni mch dng ngc ca tip gip
base collector v mch 5.33(c) in tr R
2
ni vi ngun m
transistor c kha chc hn khi khng c xung iu khin li vo.
S
H
= U
ra kha
- U
H

S
L
= U
L
- U
ra m

(5.76)

166
o
RC
E
C
R2
T
U o
U
V
R
1
o
r
o
D
+

(a)
o
RC
R2
T
U
o
r
o
o
U
V
R1
E
C
+


(b)
RC
R2
T
U
o
r
o
o
U
V
R1
o E
C +
o E
C -

(c)
Hnh 5.34. Cc bin php nng cao S
L
.
Mt im cn ch l khi s dng transistor lm phn t kha cn
ch n cc tnh cht ng (qu ) ca mch v yu cu cn nng
cao tnh tc ng nhanh ca kha. Khi bin php c bn l ngn
nga hin tng bo ha ca transistor bng cc gii php k thut
mch.
Thng thng tnh cht tn s ca kha biu th bi cc tham s
trung bnh v thi gian tr tn hiu, trnh by trn hnh 5.35.
Cc gi tr
1
,
2
thng nh
(t 10
8
s n 10
9
s) nhng khng
th b qua, c bit l
2
lin
quan n thi gian hi phc
in tr ngc khi chuyn
transistor t m sang kha,
khi quan tm n tnh lm vic
ng b gia cc khi hoc
cc s khc nhau, khi thc
hin mt nhim v x l
thng tin c th, iu ny
cng quan trng trong cc h
thng iu khin, tnh ton
gia cc khi, cc mch. Thi
gian tr tng cng bng tng
thi gian tr ca cc mch
thnh phn. T s hnh 5.32
ta thy rng: mc H nh hn
nhiu so vi in p ngun nui
v ph thuc rt mnh vo

Uvo
Um
50%
t
Ura
50%
t
1

Hnh 5.35. Xc nh thi gian tr ca

mch kha, trong
1
l thi gian tr
sn trc
2
l thi gian tr sn sau,
c tnh mc bin 50% gi tr cc
i.

167
in
tr gnh v tr ti, khc
phc nhc im ny ca s ,
c th nh mch m t trn
hnh 5.36, ngi ta mc thm
mt mch lp li emitter vo
sau s kha. Khi cc
nhc im nu trn c
khc phc, mc U
H
c nng
ln. Vi c tnh in dung ca
gnh, khi U
V
U
H
T
1
m bo ha,
in p trn collector ca T
1

gn bng khng, cng chnh l
in p trn base ca T
2
.
U
o
r
o
R
C
R
2
o
U
V
R1
o
T
T
D
2
o E
C
+
1


Hnh 5.36. S kha transistor vi mch
lp dng T
2

Do dng phng ca in dung gnh qua mch ra ca s (c
qua base - emitter ca T
2
phn cc ngc), s rt nh. Vy mch mc
thm diode D, diode ny ni mch phng ca in dung gnh qua
transistor m T
1
, s lm qu trnh xy ra nhanh. Tuy nhin lc in
p ra ca kha trong trng thi thp tng n 0,8V (U
DT
in p thun
trn diode bng 0,6V v in p m bo ha U
CE1
0,2V).
Tng t c th dng transistor trng FET lm phn t kha.
Khi lm vic ch xung, khuch i thut ton hot ng nh
mt kha in t ng, m nhanh, im lm vic lun nm trong vng

168
bo ha ca c trng truyn t U
ra
= f(U
vo
). Khi in p ra c gi
tr mt trong hai mc bo ha
+
max r
U v

max r
U ng vi cc bin U
V

ln. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt IC kha c kho st chng
khuch i thut ton.
5.6.2. Cc mch khng ng b hai trng thi n nh
Cc mch c hai trng thi n nh u ra (cn gi l mch
trigger) l cc mch s c hi tip dng. N khc cc s tuyn tnh
c hi tip dng (h t dao ng) ch in p ra ca chng khng
bin i t t, m nhy t mt gi tr in p khng i ny n mt gi
tr khng i khc, ch xy ra khi t ti li vo thch hp ca n cc
xung in p c bin v cc tnh thch hp.
1. Trigger i xng dng transistor (Trigger RS)
Hnh 5.37 trnh by s nguyn l ca trigger RS i xng. Thc
cht y l hai mch o dng T
1
v T
2
ghp lin tip nhau bng cc
vng hi tip dng bng cc cp in tr R
1
, R
3
v R
2
, R
4
.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Mch ch c hai trng thi n nh bn l: T
1
m T
2
kha ng vi mc
in p ra Q = 1, 0 = Q hay T
1
kha T
2
m ng vi trng thi ra Q = 0, 1 = Q .
Cc trng thi cn li: T
1
v T
2
cng m l khng n nh. Khi ng
mch ngun nui, qua cc in tr R
C
, R
1
, R
2
, mt in p dng s c
t vo base T
1
, T
2
do lc u c hai transistor cng m, nhng do
tnh cht i xng khng l tng ca mch, ch cn mt s chnh
lch v cng b ca dng in trn hai nhnh (I
B1
I
B2
hay I
C1
I
C2
),
thng qua cc mch hi tip dng, chnh lch ny tng ln
nhanh
chng ti mc s chuyn v mt
trong hai trng thi n nh bn
nu trn. (Chng hn u tin I
B1

> I
B2
, dn n I
C1
> I
C2
, in p trn
collector T
1
gim xung, cn trn
collector T
1
tng ln, qua mch
phn p R
2
, R
4
v R
1
, R
3
dn n I
B1
>> I
B2
v kt qu l T
1
m bo ha, T
2


o
o o
o o
S R
R3 R4
R1 R2
T2
T1
RC RC
+E C
Q
Q

Hnh 5.37. Trigger i xng kiu RS
dng transistor

169
kha). Nu ngc li lc u I
B1
< I
B2

th dn n T
1
kha T
2
m. Trng
thi c hai transistor u kha l
khng xy ra.
li ra n tr, tc l in p hai li ra o nhau (mt li ra
c mc in p cao, li ra kia
c mc in p thp), in p hai li vo khng ng thi mc cao,
ngha l R = S = 1. l trng thi khng cho php, hay iu kin cm R.
S = 0.
Mun chuyn trng thi, tc ng ti li vo ca transistor kha
mt xung in p dng, c bin thch hp.Gi s T
1
m, T
2
kha, khi
in p trn collector T
1
coi nh bng khng. S
tnh in p ti li vo R trnh by
trn hnh 5.38.
m T
2
in p V U
BE
6 , 0
2
.
M V U
R R
R
U
VR BE
6 , 0 .
4 2
2
2
=
+
= .
(5.77)
Bin xung dng tc dng vo li
vo R
V
R
R
U
VR
6 , 0 . 1
2
4

+ = (5.78)

R
2
o
R
R4
o
R
C
T
Q
o
E
C
+
UBE

Hnh 5.38. S xc nh bin

in p m T
2
.
T vic phn tch trn, rt ra bng trng thi ca trigger RS, cho
php xc nh trng thi u ra ca n ng vi tt c cc kh nng
c th ca cc xung u vo bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1: Bng trng thi ca trigger RS.
u vo u ra
R
n
S
n
1 + n
Q

1 + n
Q
0 0
n
Q
n
Q
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 x x

y ch s n th hin trng thi
hin ti, cn ch s n+1 ch trng thi
tip theo.
Li vo R bng 1 th li ra Q bng
khng, do li vo R l li vo xa
(Reset).
Cn li vo S bng 1 th li ra Q bng

170
1, do li vo S l li vo xc lp hay
li vo t (Set).
Biu thc logic ca li ra Q:
n
n
n n
Q R S Q + =
+1
(5.79)
Qua biu thc 5.79, cho thy trng thi li ra ca trigger RS khng
ch ph thuc vo trng thi li vo, m cn ph thuc vo trng thi
trc, nh vy mch c tnh cht nh, do c s dng lm nh c
th ghi v c thng tin di dng nh phn.
2. Trigger Smith dng transistor
lt trng thi li ra ca trigger RS, phi t mt xung in p
dng, c bin thch hp ti base ca transistor b kha m n (
y ch xt vi quy c logic dng).
C th s dng ch mt in p vo duy nht c cc tnh v hnh
dng ty vi bin thch hp lt trng thi li ra ca trigger.
Loi mch ny c gi l trigger Smith, c cu to t cc
transistor hay IC tuyn tnh.
Trigger Smith dng lm b so snh vi hai ngng, do trnh
nh hng ca nhiu v c gi l b so snh c tr. ng thi cng
c s dng bin i in p hnh sin thnh in p xung vung c
bin xc nh. V vy mch c dng to dng xung trong
truyn thng s.
Hnh 5.39 trnh by s nguyn l trigger Smith dng transistor
v c tuyn truyn t ca n.
C th gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mch nh sau:
Xt trng hp lc u in p vo c gi tr m ln, T
1
kha, T
2
m
(do T
2
c phn cc bng thin dng c nh t E
C
qua R
C
ti base ca
n), lc
min
2
r bh CE r
U U U = = .

o
T1
RC
R2
UV o
o
o
T2
RC
+EC
Ur
o
R1


(a) (b)
UVng UV ngt
UV
Ur
max r
U
min r
U


171

Hnh 5.39. S nguyn l trigger Smith dng transistor (a) v c tuyn
truyn t (b).
Tng in p vo, in p ra vn gi khng i
min r r
U U = cho ti khi
U
V
U
V ng
, T
1
m, qua mch hi tip dng ghp trc tip t collector T
1

n base T
2
, lm t bin T
1
m bo ha T
2
kha. in p ra lt trng
thi ti
max r r
U U = . Tip tc tng in p vo, in p ra vn gi khng
i
max r r
U U = .
Trng hp lc u in p vo c gi tr dng ln, T
1
m,
collector T
1
ni trc tip vi base T
2
0
2 1
=
BE CE
U U , do T
2
kha
max r r
U U = . Gim in p vo, in p ra vn khng i, cho ti khi U
V
U
V
ngt
T
1
kha, qua cc mch hi tip dng, t bin T
2
m bo ha
min r r
U U = . Tip tc gim in p vo, in p ra vn khng i. Cc gi
tr U
V ng
, U
V ngt
ph thuc vo cc gi tr R
C
, R
1
, R
2
.
Hin tng trn cho php dng trigeer Smith nh mt b to xung
vung, nh hi tip dng m qua trnh lt trng thi xy ra tc thi
ngay c khi U
V
bin i t t.
Hnh 5.40 m t mt v d bin i tn hiu hnh sin thnh xung vung
nh trigger Smith.
Gi tr U
V ng
- U
V ngt
gi l tr ca chuyn mch.
Tr s ca tr chuyn
mch cng nh ( l iu
mong mun) nu hiu ca in
p
max r
U v
min r
U cng nh, hay
l khi h s suy gim tn hiu
gy ra bi phn p R
1
, R
2
cng
ln. Tt c mi c gng hng
n lm gim tr chuyn
mch u lm gim su hi
tip dng v c th dn n
vic s khng cn hai
trng thi n nh. Khi

U
V ng
U
V ngt
UR
U
V
o
t
UR max UR min
UR min
UR max
Hnh 5.40. Gin thi gian bin i tn hiu
hnh sin thnh xung vung nh trigger
Smith.
R
1
, s bin thnh b khuch i hai tng thng thng.

172
khc phc nhc im trn, ngi ta dng trigger Smith ghp
emitter nh hnh 5.41.
Mch hnh 5.41(a) l mt tng khuch i vi sai c hi tip dng
qua R
1
, R
2
v c hi tip m dng in qua R
E
. Bng cch la chn tham
s thch hp, c th t c trng thi: Khi s lt trng thi dng
I
C
ca mt trong cc transistor hon ton truyn n transistor kia
v trng thi bo ha khng xy ra trong bt k mt transistor no.
Khi s chuyn trng thi, thi gian tr gn bng khng, s
nng cao c tn s gii hn ca chuyn mch.
R2
T2
T
1
RC RC
o+E
C
R1
o
Ur
o o
o
UV
R
E
(a) (b)
UV
min r
U
UVng UVngt
Ur
o
max r U

Hnh 5.41. Trigger Smith ghp emitter (a) v c tuyn truyn t ca s
(b).
Trigger Smith c th dng khuch i thut ton, cc s ny
c kho st trong chng b khuch i thut ton.
5.5.3. Mch khng ng b mt trng thi n nh
y l loi mch c mt trng thi n nh bn. Trng thi th hai
ca n ch tn ti trong mt thi gian n nh no ph thuc vo
tham s ca mch, sau li quay v trng thi n nh bn ban u.
V th mch c gi l trig mt trng thi n nh hay a hi i.
1) a hi i dng transistor
Hnh 5.42.a trnh by s nguyn l v hnh 5.42.b trnh by gin
in p thi gian, minh ha nguyn l hot ng ca mch a hi i
dng transistor.

173

Rc R
R2
Rc
Ura
Uvo
R1
C
U
B1
U
B2
T1 T2
Ec

(a)
(b)
Ura
U
B2
U
B1
x

T vo
to
+E
0,6V
t
t
t
t
t
x
T
ra
-Ec
Ec
t
2
t
2
t
o
Uv
Hnh 5.42. S nguyn l mch a hi i dng transistor (a) v gin
in p theo thi gian (b).
Thc cht mch in hnh 5.42(a) l mt trigger RS, trong mt
trong cc in tr hi tip dng c thay i bng mt t in. Nh
in tr R nh T
2
m bo ha 0 U U
2 1
CE BE
nn T
1
kha.
Trng thi ban u T
2
m T
1
kha l trng thi n nh bn hay gi
l trng thi i. Ti thi im t = t
o
c mt xung in p dng li
vo vi bin thch hp m T
1
, in p trn collector ca T
1
thc hin
mt bc nhy m t gi tr E
C
khi T
1
cm n gn bng khng khi T
1
m
bo ha, bc nhy in p ny qua mch lc thng cao RC t ton
b n base ca T
2
lm in p t bin t mc thng (khong 0,6V)
n mc 0,6V - E
C
-E
C
, do T
2
b kha. Khi T
2
b kha ngun
C
E +
qua R
C
,
qua mch hi tip dng R
1
, R
2
lm T
1
c duy tr trng thi m ngay
c khi in p li vo bng khng. T C c tch in, mch tch in
t +E
C
, qua R, C, collector- emitter ca T
1
xung t. T C c tch in,
in p base ca T
2
tng ln theo quy lut:

=
RC
t
E U
C B
exp 2 1
2
(5.80)
Vi iu kin ban u
C o B
E t t U = ) (
2

V iu kin cui
C B
E t U + ) (
2

T
2
ch b kha cho n lc t = t
1
, in p U
B2
t gi tr +0,6V (gn ng
cho U
B2
= 0). Khong thi gian ny quyt nh rng xung ra t
x
.

174
t
1
- t
o
= t
x
= RC ln 2 0,7RC
(5.81)
Sau khi im t = t
1
, T
2
m v qu trnh hi tip dng qua R
1
, R
2
a
mch v trng thi ban u, i xung vo tip sau. Nhng iu trnh
by trn ng vi iu kin:
x x
t T > > (5.82)
y
x
l rng ca xung vo, T l chu k ca xung vo. Nu
iu kin (5.82) tha mn th chu k ca xung ra bng chu k xung vo.
thc hin c iu kin (5.82) mch li vo ca a hi i ngi
ta dng mch vi phn bin i xung li vo c rng ln thnh
xung c rng rt nh.
Mch a hi i c s dng to ra nhng xung c rng
theo yu cu khng ph thuc
vo rng ca xung li vo.
2) Mch a hi i dng khuch i thut ton
Hnh 5.43.a trnh by mt dng s nguyn l ca mch a hi i
dng khuch i thut ton. Hnh 5.43.b l gin in p - thi gian
gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca mch. n gin, gi thit
khuch i thut ton c cung cp bng mt ngun i xng E
C
v
khi
max min max r r r
U U U = = . Ban u, ng mch cp ngun, khi cha c
in p ti li vo U
V
= 0, diode D thng ni t (b qua st p thun
trn diode), U
N
= U
C
0. in p ra U
r
= U
r max
, qua mch hi tip dng R
1
,
R
2
in p u vo P:
max r p
U U = .
Vi
2 1
1
R R
R
+
= l h s hi tip.
y l trng thi n nh bn (trng thi i ca mch). Ti thi
im t = t
1
c xung dng c rng xung rt nh a ti u vo P.
Nu bin xung ln hn
max r
U in p li vo U
d
= U
P
- U
N
i du,
in p ra lt trng thi t U
r
= U
r max
ti U
r
= U
r max
, qua mch hi tip
dng in p li vo P:
max r p
U U = . Sau thi im t
1
in p ra U
r max
qua
in tr R np in cho t C lm cho U
C
= U
N
tng ln, cho ti thi im t
= t
2
khi
max r N
U U , in p hiu U
d
li vo i du, in p ra t
bin lt trng thi ti U
r
= U
r max
. Trong khong thi gian t t
1
t
2
in

175
p U
N
= U
C
> 0, nn diode b phn cc ngc, c in tr ln coi nh
khng tham gia vo mch.
o
Uvo
Ura
o
R
R
1
R
2
C
C
g
D
-
+
+
-
N
P

(a)

R
C
C
1
-
+
D
R
1
Ura
o
Uvo
o
Eo +

(c)
Uvo
Ura
t
t
t
o
o
2
t
1
t
x
t
Uramax
Ura min
Ura min
Ura max
Ura min
vo T
1
t
Uc = UN
Up
2
t
Ura max
1
t 3
t
u
N

(b)


o
Ura max
UN
Up
t
t
t
Ura
x

o
Eo
Eo
-Ura min

(d)
Hnh 5.43. S nguyn l a hi i dng khuch i thut ton khi ng
bng xung cc tnh
dng (a) v xung cc tnh m (c). Gin thi gian minh ha tng ng (b) v
(d).
Sau thi im t = t
2
t C phng in qua in tr R ti li ra ca
khuch i thut ton, hng ca in p ra lc l U
r max
. T C
phng in cho ti lc t = t
3
, U
C
= U
N
= 0,6V 0, diode D m ghim mc in
p u vo o gi tr ny, mch quay v trng thi ban u (trng
thi i).
Nu dng xung khi ng U
V
c cc tnh m c th dng s hnh
5.43.c. rng ca xung ra c thay i bng bin tr R. Hot ng
ca mch c minh ha trn th hnh 5.43.d. Vi hnh 5.43.a v hnh

176
5.43.b cho thy rng li ra t
x
= t
2
- t
1
chnh l thi gian t C np t
mc 0 n
mc U
r max
vi quy lut:
) 1 (
max ) ( ) (
RC t
r t N t C
e U U U

= = (5.83)
Thay gi tr 0
) (
1
=
=t t C
U v
max ) (
2
r t t C
U U =
=
vo (5.83) ta c:

+ =

= =
2
1
1 2
1 ln
1
1
ln
R
R
RC RC t t t
x

(5.84)
Gi t
3
- t
2
= t
h ph
l thi gian hi phc v trng thi ban u ca s
, lin quan n qu trnh phng in ca t C t mc U
r max
v mc 0
hng ti lc xc lp
max ) ( r C
U U =

, xut pht t
phng trnh:
[ ]

=

RC
t
exp . U U U U
) o ( C ) ( C ) ( C ) t ( C
(5.85)
C kt qu: ( )

+
+ = + =
2 1
1
1 ln 1 ln
R R
R
RC RC t
hph

(5.86)
So snh hai biu thc xc nh
x
t v
hph
t thy do < 1 nn
hph x
t t >>
.
Ngi ta c gng chn cc thng s v ci tin mch nng cao
tin cy ca mch khi c dy xung tc ng ti u vo. Khi cn
tun theo iu kin:
< +
hph x
t t T
vo
= T
ra
(5.87)
T
vo
l chu k dy xung khi ng li vo. Cc biu thc (5.84) v
(5.86) cho php xc nh cc thng s quan trng ca mch.
5.6.4. Mch khng ng b hai trng thi khng n nh (a hi)
1. a hi dng transistor
Nu thay th c hai in tr hi tip dng trong s trigger RS
bng hai t in, khi nhn
c mch a hi t dao ng (gi tt l a hi), s nguyn l c
trnh by trn hnh 5.44.a v gin in p - thi gian trn hnh 5.44.b.

177



Ura1
Rc R2 R1 Rc
Ec
C2
+ - + -
T2
Ura2
C1
T1
UB1 UB2

(a)
Ura1
+Ec
t
t
-Ec
t
o
t
1
t
2 t3
0,6V
Ura2
t
0,6V
t
-Ec
(b)
2

+Ec
UB1
UB2

Hnh 5.44. S nguyn l a hi t dao ng (a) v gin in p - thi
gian(b).
Trng thi cn bng ca mch (mt transistor m, mt transistor
kha) ch n nh trong mt thi gian hn ch no , ri t ng lt
sang trng thi kia, v ngc li. Hai trng thi nu trn ca mch a
hi t dao ng cn c gi l cc trng thi chun cn bng. Nhng
thay i ca in p v dng in gia cc im trong s dn n
mt trng thi ti hn no , m ti y nhng iu kin t
ng chuyn t ngt t trng thi ny sang trng thi kia. Nu tc
ng ti mt trong cc li vo mt in p no , c chu k gn bng
nhng nh hn chu k ca in p t dao ng, qu trnh chuyn
trng thi s xy ra sm hn, tng ng lc ta c ch lm vic
ng b ca a hi t dao ng. in p tc ng vo (c bin v
cc tnh thch hp) gi l in p ng b. c im chnh ca ch
lm vic ng b l chu k ca xung ra bng chu k ca
in p ng b v rng ca xung ra do cc thng s RC ca mch
quyt nh.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch hnh 5.44.a c th tm tt nh sau:
Vic hnh thnh xung vung cc li ra c thc hin nh sau:
i vi li ra (1) trong khong thi gian
1
= t
1
- t
0
, cn li ra (2) trong
khong thi gian
2
= t
2
- t
1
nh cc qu trnh t bin chuyn trng
thi ca s ti cc thi im t
0
, t
1
, t
2
.

178
Gi s lc u ng mch ngun nui mt chiu, hai transistor T
1
, T
2

u m v c c hai baz ca chng qua cc in tr R
1
, R
2
ni vi
ngun +E
C
. V d in p trn base T
2
ln hn in p trn base T
1
(s
thng ging ny chc chn xy ra v hai v ca mch khng i xng
l tng) qua cc mch hi tip dng T
2
t bin m bo ho. in p
trn collector ca T
2
thc hin mt bc nhy m, t +E
C
khi mi ng
mch (hoc qu trnh trc T
2
cm) xung gn bng khng khi T
2
m
bo ho. Bc nhy m ca in p qua mch lc thng cao C
1
R
1
t
ton b n base ca T
1
, in p base ca T
1
nhy t bin t 0,6V lc T
1
m n mc 0,6V - E
C
-E
C
do T
1
kho. T
1
kho T
2
m, t C
1
c np
y in tch trc lc t
0
phng in qua T
2
, qua ngun E
C
qua R
1
theo
ng +C
1
T
2
R
1
- C
1
lm in p trn base ca T
1
thay i theo hnh
5.43(b). ng thi trong thi gian ny t C
2
c np in t ngun E
C

theo ng +E
C
R
C
C
2
base-emitter T
2
xung t lm in th trn
collector ca T
1
v base ca T
2
thay i theo hnh 5.43(b). V cc in
tr R
1
, R
2
>> R
C
do qu trnh np in ca t C
2
rt nhanh so vi qu
trnh phng in ca t C
1
. T C
1
phng in, in p trn base T
1
tng
dn cho n thi im t = t
1
in p base T
1
U
B
0,6V xy ra qu trnh t
bin ln th nht, qua cc mch hi tip dng T
1
m bo ho. in p
trn collector T
1
li thc hin mt bc nhy m t +E
C
khi T
1
kho ti
mc khng, khi T
1
m bo ho, qua cc mch lc thng cao C
2
R
2
t
ton b n base T
2
lm in p base T
2
t bin t 0,6V khi T
2
m n
0,6V - E
C
-E
C
lm T
2
kho. T
1
m, T
2
kho, t C
2
phng in, t C
1
np in,
tng t nh qu trnh phn tch trn, n thi im t = t
2
th U
B2
=
0,6V. T
2
m li xy ra t bin ln th hai, s v trng thi ban u T
1

kho T
2
m.
Cc tham s ch yu ca xung vung cc u ra da trn vic
phn tch nguyn l va nu trn, cho thy rng xung
1
v

2
lin
quan trc tip n hng s thi gian phng in ca t C
1
v t C
2
. Ta
c:
1 1 1 1 1
7 , 0 2 ln C R C R =
2 2 2 2 2
7 , 0 2 ln C R C R =

(5.88)
Nu chn R
1
= R
2
, C
1
=

C
2
, T
1
ging T
2
ta c:
1
=
2
v nhn c s a
hi i xng, ngc

179
li ta c a hi khng i xng (
1

2
). Chu k ca xung vung:
T =
1
+
2
(5.89)

Bin ca xung ra gn bng gi tr ca ngun mt chiu cung cp
E
C
.
Trong thc t c th a ra nhn xt nh sau: to ra cc xung
c tn s thp hn 1000Hz, gi tr ca t C
1
, C
2
phi ln, cn to ra
cc xung c tn s cao hn 10kHz do nh hng qun tnh ca
transistor lm gim cht lng ca xung vung. Do , to ra
xung vung vng tn s thp v cao ngi ta s dng khuch i
thut ton.

2. a hi dng khuch i thut ton (KTT)
Hnh 5.45.a v 5.45.b l s nguyn l ca a hi i xng dng
KTT v gin in p - thi gian gii thch hot ng ca s .



R
R1
R2
C
N
P
+
-
Ura2

(b)
U
N
=U
C
Uvngt
Uvng
U
max
-Umax
t
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
0
U
P
t
1
t
2
t
3
Ung
Ungt
BU
max
-BU
max
t
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
Ura
-U
max
t
T
ra
(b)

U
max
U
rmax
-Urmax
Hnh 5.45. a hi dng KTT (a) v gin in p - thi gian ca a hi
dng KTT (b).
y s gm b KTT c mch hi tip dng vi R
1
, R
2
nh mt
trigger Smith. in p li ra c hai gi tr U
rmax
v -U
rmax
. Do in p
li vo thun tng ng U
p
= U
rmax
v -U
rmax
.

180
2 1
1
R R
R
+
= l h s hi tip dng ca mch.
Mch hi tip m gm in tr R v t C, quyt nh tn s ca
xung.
Nguyn l hot ng c th gii thch nh sau: khi ng mch
ngun nui mt chiu, gi s in p hiu U
d
= U
P
- U
N
l dng, in p ra
U
r
= U
rmax
, qua mch hi tip dng in p li vo thun U
P
= U
rmax
, in
p U
rmax
li ra qua in tr R tch in cho t C. T C tch in, in p
U
N
= U
C
tng cho n thi im t = t
1
, U
N
= U
C
U
P
= U
rmax
= U
vngt
.
in p hiu U
d
i du, in p ra t bin lt trng thi ti U
r
= -
U
rmax
. Khi in p trn li vo thun U
P
= -U
rmax
, t C phng in t +C
R li ra KTT t -C. T C phng in, in p trn t C gim cho
n thi im t = t
2
.
U
N
= U
C
U
P
= -U
rmax
= U
vng

in p hiu U
d
i du, in p ra li lt trng thi ti U
r
= U
rmax
.
Qu trnh tip tc to ra xung vung ti li ra, gin in p - thi
gian c trnh by trn hnh 5.45.b.
Phng trnh vi phn xc nh in p U
N
(t) c dng:

RC
U U
dt
dU
N r N

=
max
(5.90)
vi iu kin ban u: U
N(t=0)
= U
vng
= -U
rmax
c nghim:

( )
( )

+ =
RC
t
U U
r t N
exp 1 1
max
(5.91)
U
N
s t ti ngng lt ca trig Smit sau mt khong thi gian
c tnh theo (5.92):

+ =

+
=
2
1
2
1 ln
1
1
ln
R
R
RC RC

(5.92)
T ta c chu k ca xung ra:

+ = =
2
1
2
1 ln 2 2
R
R
RC T
ra
(5.93)
Nu chn R
1
= R
2
ta c: RC T
ra
2 , 2 =
(5.94)
T cc biu thc (5.93) (5.94) cho thy:

181
Chu k ca xung li ra ch ph thuc vo thng s mch ngoi R
1
,
R
2
(mch hi tip dng) v R, C (mch hi tip m). Cc h thc trn cho
php xc nh cc tham s c bn nht ca mch.
Khi thit k cc mch a hi cn n nh tn s cao hn v c
kh nng iu chnh tn s ra, ngi ta s dng mch phc tp hn (v
d b so snh 2 ngng, dng IC nh thi 555).
Trong thc t c trng hp cn nhng xung khng i xng. S
mch a hi khng i xng c trnh by trn hnh 5.46, c s dng
vi c im to ra khng i xng gia mch phng in ca t C qua
R
3
, diode D
2
v mch np qua R
4
, diode D
1
vi R
3
R
4
khi :

R
3
R
4
D
2
D
1
R
2
R
1
C
U
ra
_
+
(a)

U
max
U
V ngt
U
V ng
-U
max
U
U
ra
U
C
(t)

1
t

(b)
Hnh 5.46. Mch a hi khng i xng (a) ; gin in p - thi gian gii thch
hot ng ca mch (b).

+ =
2
1
4 1
2
1 ln
R
R
C R

+ =
2
1
3 2
2
1 ln
R
R
C R
Khi chu k ca xung ra:
( )

+ + = + =
2
1
4 3 2 1
2
1 ln
R
R
R R C T (5.95)
Diode D
1
, D
2
c nhim v kho ngt nhnh tng ng khi nhnh kia
lm vic hoc ngc li.
5.6.5. a hi, a hi i dng IC555
Vi mch nh thi IC555 v h ca n c ng dng rt rng ri
trong lnh vc in t dn dng cng nh in t cng nghip. V nu
kt hp vi cc linh kin RC ri bn ngoi mt cch thch hp th n c

182
th thc hin nhiu chc nng nh nh thi, to xung chun, to tn
hiu kch hay iu khin cc linh kin bn dn cng sut nh
transistor, SRC, triac, v.v.
Trong phn ny s gii thiu cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca
IC555 v cc ng dng c bn ca n.
1. Cu trc ca IC555
Hnh 5.47 trnh by s cu
trc ca IC555, gm mt mch
phn p vi 3 in tr R (5k) ni
vi chn 8. y chn 8 bao gm
c ngun nui ca cc b so snh,
cc cng lgic trong mch. in
p +E
C
ni vi chn 8 c gi tr t
+5V +25V tu theo mc bin
ca xung li ra. Mch gm hai
b so snh (1) v (2). in p li
thun ca b so snh th nht c
mc in p bng
C
E
3
2
, in p
li vo o ca b so snh th
hai bng
C
E
3
1
. Li ra
6
5
+
-
-
+
2
1
3
7
(1)
(2)
Q
4 8
R
K 5
R
K 5
R
K 5
T
R
B
Q
d S
d S

Hnh 5.47. S cu trc ca IC
555.
ca hai b so snh c ni vi li vo ca Trigger RS, Trigger RS s
dng trong mch ny dng cc cng NAND, do mc tc ng l mc
thp. Chn 4 c ni vi li vo ca mt cng NAND c tc dng iu
khin hot ng ca trigger, in p chn 4 mc cao (mc 1)
trigger hot ng bnh thng, cn in p chn 4 mc thp (mc 0)
cm trig hot ng. Li ra Q ca trigger RS c a qua cng NOT
ti li ra chn 3, ng thi Q qua in tr R
B
ni base ca transistor
T.
2. Mch a hi dng IC - 555.

183
S nguyn l mch
a hi dng IC - 555 c
trnh by trn hnh 5.48.
y C
1
cng vi in tr R
ni vi ngun +E
C
to nn
mch lc thng thp, nhm
n nh in p li vo
thun ca b so snh th
nht v li vo o ca b
so snh th hai.
Lc u ng mch
ngun nui mt chiu, t C
cha kp np in, in p
trn t U
C
= 0, do in p
ra ca b so snh (1) 1 = d R ,
in p ra ca b
6
5
+
-
-
+
2
(1)
(2)
Q
4
Q
d S
d S
8
R
K 5
R
K 5
R
K 5
T
1
R
B
C
1 3
R
P
R
7
1
2
1
C
+EC
Ur

Hnh 5.48. Mch a hi dng IC - 555.
so snh (2) 0 = d S , dn n Q=1, 0 = Q v u
r
= 1. T C tch in, mch tch
in t +E
C
, qua R
1
, P
1
, R
2
, qua C xung t, t C np in vi hng s ti
gian:
np
= (R
1
+ P
1
+ R
2
).C. T C np in, in p trn t C tng ln, cho
n khi
C c
E u
3
2
, in p ra ca b so snh (1) 0 = d R , 1 = Q , u
r
= 0. 1 = Q
lm cho transistor T thng, t C phng in, mch phng in t +C,
qua R
2
, qua collector- emitter ca T xung t n C. T C phng in
vi hng s ti gian:
phng
= (R
2
+ R
CE
). C .
y R
CE
l in tr gia collector v emitter ca transistor T. T
C phng in n khi in p trn t
C c
E u
3
1
, in p ra ca b so snh
(2) 0 = d R , dn n Q = 1, 0 = Q , u
r
= 1. 0 = Q transistor T b cm, t C li
c np in, qu trnh c lp li nh c. Hin tng ny tip din
lin tc v tun hon.
Lu : Khi mi ng in ngun t C np t 0 V n
C
E
3
2
, sau t
phng in t
C
E
3
2
xung
C
E
3
1
, ri li np, t
C
E
3
1
n
C
E
3
2
.

184
Thi gian np v phng ca t
c tnh theo cng thc (5.96) v
(5.97).
+ Thi gian np:
t
np
=
np
ln 2.
t
np
= 0,7 ((R
1
+ P
1
+ R
2
) C (5.96)
+ Thi gian phng:
t
phng
=
phng
ln2

0,7 (R
2
+ R
CE
). C
(5.97)
+ Chu k ca xung li ra:
T = t
np
+ t
phng

(5.98)
Dng tn hiu cc cc ca mch
c trnh by trn hnh 5.49.
Do thi gian phng, np khng
bng nhau, nn xung vung ra
khng i xng.
3. Mch a hi i dng IC - 555.
Hnh 5.50 trnh by s nguyn
l ca mch a hi i dng IC - 555.
U
C
(2-6)
t
t
np
phng
U
D
(7)
t
Ur (3)
Ec
Urmin
2
3
Ec
1
3
Ec
Hnh 5.49. Dng in p ti cc chn
ca mch
a hi dng IC - 555.
Trong s hnh 5.50, t C
1
tc dng cng in tr R to thnh
mch lc thng thp. in tr R
4
c chn c 10k, m bo in p
li vo thun ca b so snh (2) ln hn
C
E
3
1
. Khi ng mch ngun
in, lc u t C cha tch in u
C
= 0, t C tch in, mch tch in
t +E
C

qua R
1
, P
1
, R
2
, qua C xung t. T C tch in, in p u
C
tng ln, cho n
khi
C c
E u
3
2
, in p ra ca b so snh (1) 0 = d R , dn n 1 = Q , u
r
= 0. V
1 = Q nn cho transistor T m, t C phng in qua R
2
, qua collector -
emitter xung t. T C phng in n khi u
C
= 0. y l trng thi n
nh bn (trng thi i) ca mch.

185
+EC
Ur
6
5
+
-
-
+
2
(1)
(2)
Q
4
Q
d S
d S
8
R
K 5
R
K 5
R
K 5
T
1
R
B
3
R
P
7
1
1
C
U
V
C
1
C
2
R2
R4
D

Hnh 5.50. Mch a hi i dng IC - 555.
Khi c xung vung a ti li vo, qua mch vi phn C
2
(R
4
// D),
chn 2 c xung vi phn, hn ch xung dng do tc dng ca diode
D. Nu bin xung vo ln, in p ra ca b so snh (2) 0 = d R , do
Q = 1 v 0 = Q , u
r
= 1 bt u thi gian ko di xung li ra. V 0 = Q
nn T cm, t C tch in, mch tch in t +E
C
, qua R
1
, P
1
, R
2
, qua C xung
t, t C np in vi hng s thi gian:

np
= (R
1
+ P
1
+ R
2
) C .
T C tch in, in p u
C
tng, cho n khi
C c
E u
3
2
, i vi b so
snh (1) u
d
i du, in p ra 0 = d R , dn n 1 = Q , u
r
= 0 chm dt thi
gian ko di xung li ra. V 1 = Q , T m, t C phng in, qua R
2
, qua T
xung t, cho n khi u
C
= 0, tr li trng thi ban u.
Khi t C tch in, in p trn t C tng theo quy lut hm m:

=
nap
C C
t
exp 1 E u

(5.99)
Thi gian t np t in p 0V n
C
E
3
2
c trnh by nh sau:
C
t
C C
E e E u
x
3
2
1 =

Suy ra:
3
2
e 1
nap
x
t
=

186
hay l
nap
x
t
e
3
1

= ; 3 e
nap
x
t
=

1 , 1 3 ln t
nap x
= =
np
C R P R t
x
). ( 1 , 1
2 1 1
+ + = (5.100)
Trong mch trn c th
gim gi tr R
2
n khng.
Gin in p - thi gian
minh ha hot ng ca
mch a hi i dng IC - 555
c trnh by trn hnh 5.51.
5.6.6. B to dao ng
Blocking
Blocking hay gi l b dao
ng nght l mt tng
khuch i n hay y ko,
c hi tip dng mnh qua
mt bin p xung, c trnh
by trn hnh 5.52, nh

0 t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
t
x

t
t
U
v

U
v chn 2

U
ra
0,6V
U
ra max
Hnh 5.51. Gin in p - thi gian ca
mch
a hi i dng IC - 555.
to cc xung c rng rt hp (c 10
3
10
6
s) v c bin ln.



o
C
D
1
D
2
R
t
C
R
1
R
1
R
B
W
B
T
+ +
- -
-
+
Ec
Tr
W
t
W
K


U
C
0
E
CC
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6 t
U
B
0
t
t
0
U
t
t
0
t
U
C
i
B
0
-E
CC
C np
C phng
E
CC
n
B
E
CC
n
T
i
Bbh
i
M

(b)

187
(a)
Hnh 5.52. S nguyn l Blocking t dao ng (a) ;
gin in p - thi gian minh ha hot ng ca Blocking (b).
Blocking thng c dng to ra cc xung iu khin trong
cc h thng s. Blocking c th lm vic cc ch khc nhau: ch
t dao ng, ch i, ng b hay ch chia tn.
Hnh 5.52.a l s nguyn l ca Blocking t dao ng, c
transistor T mc emitter chung, vi bin p xung T
r
gm 3 cun W
K
l
cun s cp, W
B
v W
t
l cun th cp.
Qu trnh hi tip dng thc hin t W
K
qua W
B
, nh cc tnh ngc
nhau ca chng. in
tr R hn ch dng base. Ngoi ra in tr R cn tham gia mch
phng ca t in C khi transistor T kha. Diode D
1
loi b xung cc
tnh m trn ti sinh ra khi transistor chuyn ch t m sang kha.
Mch R
1
, D
2
bo v transistor khi b qu p. Cc h s bin p xung
l n
B
v n
t
c xc nh bi (5.101).

B
K
B
W
W
n = ;
t
K
t
W
W
n = (5.101)
Qu trnh dao ng xung lin quan n thi gian m v c duy
tr trng thi bo ha nh mch hi tip dng ca transistor. Kt
thc vic to xung l lc transistor ra khi trng thi bo ha v
chuyn t bin sang trng thi kha nh hi tip dng.
Trong khong thi gian 0 < t < t
1
, T kha do in p np trn t C,
(phn cc ngc lp tip gip base - emitter). T C phng in t +C qua
R, R
B
, ngun nui E
C
qua cun dy W
B
ti C, ti thi im t = t
1
, u
C
= 0.
Trong khong thi gian t
1
< t < t
2
, khi u
C
chuyn qua gi tr khng,
xut hin qu trnh t bin Blocking thun nh mch hi tip dng
qua W
B
, dn n transistor m bo ha.
Trong khong thi gian t
2
< t < t
3
, T bo ha su, in p trn cun
W
B
gn bng tr s ca E
C
, l giai on to nh xung, c s tch ly
nng lng t trong cc cun dy ca bin p, tng ng in p hi
tip qua W
B
l:
B
C
W
n
E
u
B
= (5.102)

188
V in p trn cun dy W
t
l:
t
C
W
n
E
u
t
= (5.103)
Lc ny tc thay i dng collector gim nh, nn sc in
ng cm ng trn W
K
, W
B
cng gim, lm dng base gim theo, do
lm gim mc bo ha ca transistor T, ng thi t C c dng base
I
B
np qua mch diode, tip gip emitter - base ca T, R, C, cun W
B
, t.
Lc I
B
gim ti gi tr ti hn:

Cbh C
Bbh B
I I
I I = = = ,
Lc ny xut hin qu trnh hi tip dng theo hng ngc li
(qu trnh Blocking ngc): T thot khi trng thi bo ha I
C
gim
lm cho I
B
gim, a T t ngt sang trng thi kha, dng I
C
= 0, tuy
nhin do qun tnh ca cun dy trn collector, xut hin sut in
ng t cm chng li s gim t ngt ca dng in, do hnh
thnh mt mc in p m, bin ln (qu gi tr ca ngun E
C
), y
l qu trnh tiu tn nng lng t trng tch ly t trc, nh
dng thun chy qua D
2
R
1
, lc ny cun W
t
cm ng in p m lm D
1

cm v tch mch ti ra khi s . Sau t C phng in duy tr T
kha cho n khi u
C
= 0 s lp li mt nhp lm vic mi.
rng xung Blocking tnh c l:
) (
ln ). (
1 3
v t B
t
v x
r R n
R
C r R t t t
+
+ = =

(5.104)
Trong r
v
l in tr vo ca transistor lc m.
Tr ti xoay chiu trn mch collector:
t t t
R n R
2
~
= (5.105)
l h s khuch i dng tnh ca transistor T.
Thi gian hi phc t
4
t
6
hnh 5.52.b, do thi gian phng in ca t
quyt nh v c xc nh bi (5.106).

+ = =
B
B hph
n
C R t t t
1
1 ln .
4 6
(5.106)
Nu b qua cc thi gian to sn trc v sn sau ca xung th
chu k xung:
hph x x
t t T + = (5.107)

189
v tn s ca dy xung:
hph x
t t
f
+
=
1
(5.108)
S Blocking c th xy dng t hai transistor mc y ko, lm
vic vi mt bin p xung bo ha t to cc xung vung, vi hiu
sut nng lng cao v cht lng tham s xung tt.
Khi Blocking lm vic ch ng b cn chn chu k ca dy
xung ng b T
V
nh hn chu k ca dy xung do Blocking to ra T
X
,
cn nu ch chia tn ch cn tun theo iu kin T
X
>> T
V
v khi
c dy xung u ra c chu k lp li l: T
ra
= nT
V
(hnh 5.53.a v 5.53.b vi
n l h s chia.
t
t
T
vo
t
Tx
U
B
U
ra
U
vo

(a)
t
t
t
T
vo
Tx
Tx=4Tvo
U
vo
U
ra
U
B

(b)
Hnh 5.53. Blocking ch T
x
> T
vo
(a) v ch chia tn vi T
x
>> T
vo
T
ra
=
nT
vo
vi n = 4.(b).
5.6.7. Mch to xung rng ca
1. Khi nim v mch to xung rng ca (dao ng tch thot)
Mch to dao ng tch thot l mch to cc xung c dng hnh
rng ca (xung tam gic). Xung ny c s dng lm tn hiu qut
trong cc dao ng k, trong my thu hnh, my tnh. N cn c s
dng trong k thut o lng hay t ng iu khin lm tn hiu
chun hai chiu bin
v thi gian, c vai tr khng th thiu c hu nh trong mi h
thng in t hin i.

190
Hnh 5.54 a ra dng xung tam
gic l tng vi cc tham s ch yu
sau:
Bin ra U
max
, mc in p mt
chiu ban u u
q(t = 0)
= u
o
, chu k lp li
T (vi xung tun hon). Thi gian qut
thun t
q
v thi gian qut ngc t
ng

(thng thng t
q
>> t
ng
), tc qut
thun:
dt
du
K
t q ) (
= hay nghing vi
phn ca ng qut.

t
t
q
T
t
ng
K
U
max
U
0
U
0

Hnh 5.54. Xung tam gic l tng
nh gi cht lng U
q
thc t so vi l tng, c h s khng
ng thng c nh ngha nh sau:
) o ( q
) t ( q ) o ( q
) 0 t ( q
) t t ( q
) 0 t ( q
u
u u
dt
du
dt
du
dt
du
q
q

=
=
=
=
(5.109)
Ngoi ra cn cc tham s khc nh: tc qut trung bnh:
q
TB
t
u
K
max
= v hiu sut nng lng:
C
E
u
max
=
T c h s phm cht ca u
q
l :

= Q (5.110)
Nguyn l to xung tam gic da trn vic s dng qu trnh np
hay phng in ca mt t in qua mt mch no . Khi quan h
gia dng in qua t v in p trn t bin i theo thi gian c
dng:
dt
du
C I
t C
t C
) (
) (
. = (5.111)
Trong C l in dung ca t in, l hng s, mun quan h u
C(t)

l tuyn tnh th dng in qua t phi l hng s.

191
C hai dng xung rng ca c bn l: trong thi gian qut thun u
q

tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian nh qu trnh np cho t t ngun mt
chiu no v U
q
gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian nh qu trnh phng
in ca t in qua mt mch no . Yu cu chung l t
q
>> t
ng
.
iu khin tc thi cc mch phng np, thng s dng cc
kha in t (transistor, hay IC) ng m theo xung iu khin bn
ngoi. Trn thc t n nh dng in np hay dng in phng ca
t cn mt khi to ngun dng, khi in p U
q
tng hay gim tuyn
tnh theo thi gian.
V nguyn l c ba phng php c bn sau to xung rng ca:
a) Dng mch tch phn n gin, mch RC li ra trn C, np in
cho t t ngun E hnh
5.55.a, qu trnh phng np c mt kha in t iu khin. Khi
phm cht ca mch thp, phi tuyn cao.
Rn
Rt
K
i
f
in
+
-
Mch phng
(a)
E

Rn
Rt
K
E
+
-
(b)
C

Hnh 5.55. Cc phng php to U
q

b) Dng mt phn t n nh dng kiu thng s, c in tr ph
thuc vo in p t trn n ) (
n
R n
u f R = lm in tr np cho t C.
gi cho dng np khng i, in tr R
n
gim khi in p trn n gim
lc :
td
E
u
max
= vi E
t
=I
np
. R
i
(5.112)
R
i
l in tr ni ca ngun dng, c gi tr rt ln, do E
td
ln
v cho php nng cao u
max
vi mc mo phi tuyn cho trc, hnh 5.55(b).
c) Thay th ngun E c nh u vo bng mt ngun bin i.
) ( ) (
o C
U U k E t e + =
hay
C
u k E t e + = ) ( (5.113)

192
vi k l hng s t l nh hn 1 v
( )
1 < =
c
dU
t de
k vi hnh 5.56.a.
Ngun b sung
c
U k b li mc gim ca dng np nh mt mch
khuch i c hi tip thay i theo in p trn t U
C
, khi mc mo
phi tuyn:
( ) k 1
E
max
U
= (5.114)
Gi tr ny thc t nh v k 1. Do d U
max
ln xp x E lm tng
hiu sut ca mch m vn nh, hnh 5.56.
(a)
R
i
n
E
+
-
K=1
+
-
K.u
C
C

R
E
+
-
(b)
K>>1
+
-
+
-
+
-
C
Uc
K
K

+ 1

Hnh 5.56. Phng php Bootstrap to U
q

2. Mch to xung rng ca dng transistor
Hnh 5.57 l cc s dng transistor thng dng to xung
rng ca trong (a) l s
n gin, (b) l mch dng phn t n dng (phng php Miller) v (c)
l mch b c khuch i bm kiu Bootstrap.

R1 R
R2
C1
C T
+EC
Uvo
(a)

R2
C1
C
T1
Uvo
(b)
Ura
T2
Dz
R1
R3 RE
+EC

193
a) Kho st s hnh
5.57.a.
Ban u khi cha c tn
hiu vo U
v
= 0, transistor T
m bo ho nh in tr R
1
.
in p ra U
ra
= U
C
0V. Trong
thi gian c xung vung c
cc tnh m (hoc bng
khng) a ti li vo,
transistor T b kho, t C
c np in t +E
C
qua R
C
, C
xung t, in p trn t C
tng theo qui lut:
( )

=
RC t
e
c
E t
c
U
/
1 (5.115)
Uvo
R1
D
R2
C1
C
T1
+EC
RE
T2
C0
+ -
R
N
M
E2
Ura
(c)

Hnh 5.57. Cc mch to xung rng ca
thng dng nht
in p ra U
ra
(t) = U
C
(t) gn ng bc nht theo t vi h s phi
tuyn.
C
m
q
E
U
o I
t I o I
=

=
) (
) ( ) (
(5.116)
Vi
R
E
o I
C
) ( v
R
U E
t I
m C
q

= ) ( l dng np ban u v cui.

Khi ht xung in khin (hoc xung iu khin mc in p cao),
transistor T li m bo ho, t C phng in nhanh qua T, U
ra
0V, mch
tr v trng thi ban u. Trong mch, li vo c in tr R
2
mc song
song vi t C
1
, in tr R
2
hn ch dng base ca T v cho thnh
phn tn s thp qua, t C
1
tc ng nhanh ti base ca T.
T biu thc h s phi tuyn (5.116) thy r, mun sai s b cn chn
ngun E
C
ln v bin
ra ca xung rng ca U
m
nh. y l nhc im c bn ca s
n gin ny.
b) Vi mch hnh 5.57.b, transistor T
2
mc theo kiu base chung c tc
dng nh mt ngun dng c b nhit do diode n p D
z
( y diode n
p c in p n p trn 6V, c h s nhit dng). Dng I
C2
n nh np
cho t C trong thi gian xung vung iu khin li vo bng khng

194
(hoc c cc tnh m) lm kho T
1
, ta c:
t .
C
I
dt I
C
1
) t ( U U
2
q
C
t
o
2 C C ra
= = =

(5.117)
Mch hnh 5.57.b cho php tn dng ton b ngun E
C
to xung
rng ca vi bin nhn c U
m
E
C
. Tuy vy, khi c ti ni song song
trc tip vi C, th c phn dng qua R
t
v U
m
gim, do sai s tng.
s dng tt cn c bin php nng cao R
t
, hay gim nh hng ca R
t

vi mch ra ca s . thc hin c iu trn, li ra dng mt
tng khuch i lp li (dng transistor lng cc hay transistor
trng, KTT), khi gim nh hng ca tr ti.
c) Vi mch hnh 5.57.c, T
1
l phn t kho thng m nh in tr R
1

v ch kho khi xung iu khin mc khng (hoc c cc tnh m), T
2

l tng khuch i lp li (lm tng m).
Ban u khi cha c xung iu khin, T
1
m bo ho nh in tr R
1
,
diode D m, qua in tr R v c dng
D
R R
c
E
o
I
+
=
qua T
1
, in p trn t
C: 0 =
CBbh C
U u .
y R
D
l in tr ca diode D khi diode m. Qua T
2
t nhn c
U
ra
0. T C
0
np ti in p
C E N
E U U
2
, vi cc tnh nh trong mch.
Trong thi gian c xung vo m T
1
b kho, t C c np in qua D, R
lm in p ti im M (cng l in p base ca T
2
) tng ln, lm T
2
m,
gia s U
C
qua T
2
v qua C
0
(c in dung ln) gn nh c a ton b
v im N b thm vi gi tr sn c ti N gi n nh dng qua R np
cho t C.
Khi dng h i tip qua C
0
v N c tr s bng E
C
/R th khng cn dng
qua diode D, dn ti cn bng ng, ngun E
C
nh tch khi mch, lc
ny t C np nh ngun E
C
c np trc cho C
0
.
S c u im l bin U
m
xp x gi tr ngun E
C
trong khi h s
phi tuyn gim v nh hng ca tr ti R
t
mc emitter ca T
2
t nh
hng n qu trnh np ca t C.
Cc s trong hnh 5.57 c th dng xung iu khin vi cc tnh
dng, khi ta b in tr R
1
v chuyn mch T
1
c thit k dng
thng kho.

195
C th to xung tam gic (xung rng ca) dng KTT nh cc mch
tch phn dng KTT.
5.6.8. B to cc tn hiu c dng c bit (b to hm s)
T nhng kho st cc phn trn thy rng: khi to tn hiu hnh sin
tn s thp, hu nh lun cn phi s dng n nh bin in p ra.
to in p xoay chiu c dng tam gic c thc hin trn mt s
n gin hn nh mt b tch phn v trigger Smith dng KTT. Tip
theo, bng cch s dng khi to hm sin t cc in p hnh tam gic.
Bng phng php ny c th ng thi to ra in p tam gic, vung
gc v hnh sin, cho nn b to dao ng lm vic theo nguyn tc ny
c th c gi l b to hm s.
S khi ca b to dao
ng nh vy c trnh by
trn hnh 5.58.
1. B to in p tam gic
v vung gc n gin
B to in p tam gic v
vung gc

Trigger
Smith
B tch phn
B to tn
hiu hnh sin
UR UD US
Hnh 5.57. S khi b dao ng hm
s.
gc c to ra bng cch mc ni
tip mt b tch phn vi mt
trigger Smith c trnh by trn
hnh 5.59.
B tch phn ly in p trn li
ra ca trigger Smith. Khi in p ra
ca b tch phn t ngng lt ca
trigger Smith th in p ra ca
trigger Smith thay i mt cch
t bin du ca n (lt trng thi
li ra). in p ra ca b tch
phn li

+
-
-
+
R1 R2 R C
KTT(1) KTT(2)
UR UD
Hnh 5.59. B to hnh tam gic v
vung gc n gin.
thay i theo hng ngc li, s thay i tip din cho n khi no
t ngng lt ca trigger Smith. Bng cch thay i hng s tch
phn RC c th thay i c tn s ca in p ra trong mt di rng,
bin ca in p tam gic U
B
ch ph thuc vo hai ngng lt ca

196
trigger Smith. Theo nhng iu trnh by trn bin ca xung tam
gic:
max
2
1
r m
U
R
R
U =
y U
ramax
v -U
ramax
l hai trng thi li ra ca trigger Smith. Chu
k dao ng di gp i thi gian cn thit in p ra b tch phn
bin i t -U
Dm
n +U
Dm
. T suy ra chu k:
2
1
4
R
R
RC T = (5.118)
Nh vy l tn s ca tn hiu ra khng ph thuc vo mc gii hn
bo ho U
ramax
ca b KTT.
2. B to hm s c iu khin tn s tn hiu ra
Trong cc b to hm s, c th m bo vic iu khin tn s ca
in p ra bng cc phng php tng i n gin. Mun vy ngi ta
mc ni tip vi trigger Smith mt b chuyn mch analog. Hnh 5.60
trnh by s minh ho gii php ny.
-
+
Ue >0
-
+
+
-
U
D
R
U
R
R
4
C
R
3
0y1 0y2 0y3
+Ue
-
D
R
3
R
1
R
2
R
5

Hnh 5.60. B to hm s c b chuyn mch analog dng khuch i thut
ton.
Tu theo cc tnh ca tn hiu ra ca trigger Smith m trn li vo
ca b tch phn c in p
U
e
hay -U
e
. Lc , tc tng ca in p U
D
trn li ra ca b tch
phn bng:

RC
U
t
U
e D
(5.119)
Nh trong phn kho st v trigger Smith cho thy: in p ra ca
trigger Smith lt trng thi khi in p tam gic U
D
vt hai ngng
max
2 1
1
r
U
R R
R
+
(i vi trigger Smith vi li vo o). Trong s ny
tn s dao ng ca mch in:

197
max 1
2 1
.
. 4
r
e
U
U
RC R
R R
f
+
= (5.120)
Nh vy tn s dao ng lin h vi in p li vo U
e
. V vy s
ny chnh l s b bin i in p thnh tn s.
Nu tr s ca in p U
e
cho bng:
e e e
U U U
o
+ = (5.121)
th c th iu khin tn s in p ra thay i tuyn tnh.
Khi cn phi c n nh cao i vi bin v tn s tn hiu ra,
ngi ta thay trigger Smit bng trigger Smith chnh xc (trigger
Smith c hai b so snh, trong IC 555).
B chuyn mch analog m t trn hnh 5.60 ch c th lm vic
tn s khng cao lm. i vi cc tn s cao hn 10 kHz tt nht l
dng b chuyn mch transistor hnh 5.61.
-
+
-
+
R
3
Ue >0
T1
T2
-
+
+
-
U
D
R
R
4
R
2
C
R
3
0y3
0y4
0y2
0y1
U
R
R
1
U
2
=-Ue
U
1
=+Ue

Hnh 5.61. B to hm s vi b chuyn mch bng transistor.
Tu theo trng thi ca trigger Smith m cc transistor T
1
v T
2
s
c in p +U
e
hoc -U
e
t trn li vo ca b tch phn (iu kin |U
e
| <
U
rmax
). Trong trng hp ny cc transistor lm vic nh tng lp li
emitter kiu b v c st p trn cc tip gip m bng vi mi-li vn.
5.7. Dng b bin i s - tng t D/A to dao ng

198
Da trn tin b k thut ca
nhng nm gn y, c bit
trong lnh vc k thut s, ngi
ta c th xy dng mt my pht
tn hiu hnh sin da trn nguyn
tc xp x ha tng on kt hp
vi ly mu u theo thi gian
hnh 5.62.
S khi ca to dao ng
hnh sin bng phng php s c
m t trn hnh 5.63.
t
X(t)


Hnh 5.62. Xp x ha tng on tn
hiu hnh sin bng cc tn hiu bc
thang.
Tx C DFC ADC LTT

Hnh 5.63. S khi ca to dao ng hnh sin bng phng php s.
Trong khi u tin l khi to xung nhp Tx; C l b m
thun nghch dng m theo thi gian gi tr tc thi ca i s; DFC
l b bin i tn s - hm, to ra cc gi tr ca tn hiu hnh sin (
dng s); DAC l b bin i s - tng t bin i tn hiu t dng s
( u ra ca DFC) thnh dng tn hiu tng t. Cui cng l b lc
thng thp t tn hiu tng t dng bc thang thnh tn hiu hnh
sin.
mo tn hiu hnh sin ph thuc vo s lng mu ly trong
mt chu k. Nu s mu ly cng ln (c xc nh bng tn s xung
nhp) th hnh sin c chnh xc cng cao. Tuy nhin iu ny ph
thuc vo gii hn tn s lm vic ca cc b DFC v DAC. V vy
phng php ny khng th ng dng tn s cao to tn hiu hnh
sin vi mo nh c.

179
Chng 6
CC MACH IU CH V GII IU CH
6.1. Cc khi nim v iu ch v gii iu ch
Trong thc t tin tc thng l cc dao ng c tn s thp (nh tn s ca sng m thanh t
16 Hz n 20 kHz) nn kh c th truyn i xa c. Tin tc min tn s thp cn c chuyn
sang min tn s cao truyn i xa nh qu trnh iu ch.
Qu trnh to ra sng in t v truyn i t mt ngun no gi l qu trnh bc x. T tr
bc x ca anten l R
bx
c tnh bng biu thc:
2

h
R
bx
(6.1)
y h l chiu cao hiu dng ca anten, l bc sng. Anten bc x tt nht khi 1 R
bx
,
nu tn s tn hiu l 10 kHz th anten phi c chiu cao h = = 30 km, l iu khng th chp
nhn c trong thc t. Tn s cng cao kch thc ca anten cng gim. cng l mt l do
truyn sng phi s dng tn s cao.
iu ch l mt qu trnh ghi tin tc vo mt dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no
(v d: bin , tn s, gc pha, ...) ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc. Tin tc c gi l tn hiu
iu ch, dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay l sng mang, dao ng cao tn mang tin tc l
dao ng cao tn c iu ch.
Ngi ta thng phn bit hai loi iu ch: iu ch bin v iu ch gc, trong iu ch
gc gm iu tn v iu pha. Khi ti tin l tn hiu xung c iu ch PAM (bin xung), PWM
( rng xung), PPM (v tr xung) thay i theo quy lut ca tin tc. Trong thng tin s cn s dng
cc loi iu ch xung m PCM, DPCM.
iu ch l qu trnh c thc hin ni pht sng. Ti ni thu, c tin tc th phi thc
hin qu trnh ngc li l gii iu ch hay gi l tch sng. Tn hiu sau khi tch sng phi ging
dng tn hiu iu ch ban u. Thc t, tn hiu sau qu trnh iu ch, truyn, gii iu ch khc
vi tn hiu ban u. V vy mt trong nhng yu cu c bn i vi qu trnh tch sng l yu cu
v mo phi tuyn.
Tng ng vi cc loi iu ch, ngi ta cng phn bit cc loi tch sng sau y: tch sng
bin (tch sng iu bin) v tch sng tn s (tch sng iu tn).
6.2. iu bin v tch sng iu bin
6.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tin bin i theo quy lut ca tin tc. Trong trng
hp n gin, c tin tc u
S
v ti tin u
t
u l dao ng iu ha, tn s ca tin tc bin thin t
max min S S
, cn ti tin c tn s khng i
t
, ta c:
t U u
S S S
cos =

180
t U u
t t t
cos = ; vi
t
>>
S
.
Do tn hiu iu bin:
t cos ). t cos U U ( u
t S S t b
+ = t t m U
t S t
cos ). cos 1 ( + = (6.2)
Trong
t
S
U
U
m = gi l h s iu ch hay l su iu ch. Thng thng chn h s iu
ch m 1. Nu m > 1, xy ra hin tng qu iu ch, tn hiu iu bin s b mo trm trng nh
hnh 6.1.c. p dng bin i lng gic i vi biu thc (6.2) s nhn c:
+ + + = t ) cos( U
2
m
t cos U u
S t t t t b
t U
m
S t t
) cos(
2
(6.2b)
Vy ngoi thnh phn ti tin, tn hiu iu bin c hai bin tn: bin tn trn c tn s t
) (
min S t
+ n ) (
max S t
+ v bin tn di c tn s t ) (
max S t
n ) (
min S t
.
Hnh 6.1.b minh ha ph cua tn hiu iu bin.
U
b

U
b
t
t +
S max

t -
S min

t +
Smin

t -
S max
(b)
m < 1
Ub
t
m > 1
(c)
t
uS
o
(a)

uS

S min

S max o

Hnh 6.1. Tn hiu iu bin. th thi gian v ph tin tc (a); th thi gian v ph tn hiu iu
bin (b) ; th thi gian ca tn hiu iu bin, khi m > 1 (c).
6.2.2. Quan h nng lng gia cc thnh phn ca tn hiu iu bin
Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc, cn ti tin khng mang tin tc. nng cao
hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn thng tin, cn xem xt nng lng c phn b nh th no i vi
cc thnh phn ph ca tn hiu iu bin.
Cng sut ca ti tin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca ti tin:

2
~
2
1
~
t t
U P .

181
Cng sut ca mt bin tn l: 2 /
2
~
2
~

t
bt
mU
P
Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k tn hiu iu ch:

+ = + =
2
m
1 P P 2 P P
2
t ~ bt ~ t ~ b ~
(6.4)
T biu thc (6.4) cho thy rng: cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin t l vi h s iu ch m. H
s iu ch cng ln th cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin cng ln. Khi h s iu ch m = 1, th c
quan h gia cng sut hai bin tn v ti tn nh sau:
2
2
~
~
t
bt
P
P = (6.5)
gim mo phi tuyn ca tn hiu iu bin, th h s iu ch m thng chn nh hn 1. Do
cng sut hai bin trn thc t ch bng 1/3 cng sut ca ti tn. Ngha l phn ln cng sut
pht x c phn b cho thnh phn ph khng mang tin tc (ti tin), cn cc thnh phn ph
cha tin tc ch chim mt phn nh cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin, l nhc im ca tn hiu
iu bin so vi tn hiu n bin.
6.2.3. Cc ch tiu c bn ca tn hiu iu bin
1. H s mo phi tuyn
H s mo phi tuyn k hiu l k v c nh ngha nh biu thc sau:
) (
) 3 (
2
) 2 (
2
...
S t
S t S t
I
I I
k

+ +
= (6.6)
Trong :
) (
S t
n
I

; n 2 l bin thnh phn dng in ng vi hi bc cao ca tn hiu iu ch.
) (
S t
I

l bin ca thnh phn bin tn.
c trng cho mo phi tuyn trong mch iu bin, ngi ta s dng c tuyn iu ch
tnh hnh 6.2.
c tuyn iu ch tnh cho bit quan h gia bin tn hiu u ra v gi tr tc thi ca
tn hiu iu ch li vo.
c tuyn iu ch tnh l tng l ng thng t
C n A. c tuyn iu ch thc t l khng thng,
lm cho lng bin i ca bin dao ng cao tn
u ra so vi gi tr ban u (im B) khng t l tuyn
tnh vi gi tr tc thi ca in p iu ch. Do trn
u ra, tn hiu iu bin, ngoi hai bin tn hu ch
cn c cc thnh phn hi bc cao khng mong mun
khc. Trong , ng lu nht l cc thnh phn vi
tn s
S t
2 rt gn cc bin tn khng th lc c.
gim mo phi tuyn, cn hn ch phm vi lm vic
I
t
A
C
B
U
S

Hnh 6.2. c tuyn iu ch tnh.
A gi tr cc i. B ti tin cha iu ch

182
ca b iu ch trong on tuyn tnh ca c tuyn tnh. Mun vy phi gim su iu ch.
2. H s mo tn s
nh gi mo tn s cn c vo c tuyn bin - tn s ca b iu ch.
const U S
S
) F ( f m
=
=
H s mo tn s c xc nh theo biu thc:
m
m
M
o
= hoc M MdB log 20 = (6.7)
Trong m
o
l h s iu ch ln nht ; m l h s iu ch ti tn s ang xt (hnh 6.3).
Mo tn s xut hin ch yu trong cc
tng khuch i m tn khuch i tn
hiu iu ch, nhng cng xut hin trong
cc tng iu ch, sau iu ch, khi mch
lc u ra ca cc tng ny khng m bo
di truyn cho ph tn hiu (2F
S max
).

FS
m
o
m
m

Hnh 6.3. c tuyn bin - tn s ca b iu ch
6.2.4. Cc mch iu bin
Cc mch iu bin c xy dng da trn hai nguyn tc sau y:
- Dng phn t phi tuyn, cng ti tin v tn hiu iu ch trn c tuyn ca phn t phi tuyn.
- Dng phn t tuyn tnh c tham s iu khin c (dng b nhn tng t): nhn ti tin v
tn hiu iu ch nh phn t truyn tnh .
thc hin iu bin theo nguyn tc th nht, c th dng mi phn t phi tuyn, nhng nu
dng transistor th cng vi iu bin cn c th c khuch i tn hiu. V mch in ngi ta
phn bit cc loi mch iu bin: mch iu bin n, mch iu bin cn bng, mch iu bin
vng.
1. Cc mch iu bin n
Cc mch iu bin n l mch ch dng mt phn t tch cc iu ch.
Mch iu bin n dng phn t phi tuyn, ty thuc vo im lm vic c chn trn c
tuyn phi tuyn, hm s c trng cho phn t phi tuyn c th biu din gn ng theo chui
Taylor khi ch lm vic ca mch l ch A, tng ng gc ct = 180
o
hoc phn tch theo
chui Fourier, khi ch lm vic ca mch l ch AB, B, C tng ng < 180
o
.
a) Trng hp 1: = 180
o
mch iu bin dng diode hnh 6.4. y in p mt chiu E
o

phn cc thun cho diode, thng chn im lm vic ban u gn im un ca c trng Von-
ampe ca diode. Nu cc tn hiu vo tha mn iu kin (6.8) th mch lm vic ch A:
o S t
E U U < + (6.8)
Hm s c trng cho phn t phi tuyn xung quanh im lm vic biu din chui Taylor:
...
3
3
2
2 1
+ + + =
D D D D
u a u a u a i (6.9)
Vi t U t U E u
S S t t o D
cos cos + + =
Thay u
D
vo biu thc (6.9) ta c:

183
+ + + = ) cos cos (
1
t U t U E a i
S S t t o D
+ + +
2
2
) cos cos ( t U t U E a
S S t t o

... ) cos cos (
3
3
+ + + + t U t U E a
S S t t o
(6.10)
Khai trin biu thc 6.10 b qua cc s hng bc cao n 4, c kt qu m ph ca n c
biu din trn hnh 6.4.c. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin trong trng hp ny gm thnh phn hu ch
(
t

S
) cn c cc thnh phn ph khng mong mun. Cc thnh phn ph ny bng khng khi:
a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= ... = a
2n+1
= 0. (n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
0 0
0 U
D
t
t
E
0
b)
D
+ -
E
0
s

C
B
a)
i
D
i
D
U
D
c)

Hnh 6.4. iu bin ch A. Mch in dng diode (a). c tuyn ca diode,
th thi gian ca tn hiu vo/ ra (b). Ph ca tn hiu iu bin n lm vic ch A (c).
Ngha l nu ng c tnh ca phn t phi tuyn l mt ng cong bc hai th tn hiu iu
bin khng b mo phi tuyn. Phn t phi tuyn c c tnh gn vi dng l tng l transistor
trng (FET).
tha mn mch lm vic ch A, th ti tin v tn hiu iu ch phi nh, ngha l phi
hn ch su iu ch, dn n hn ch cng sut pht tn hiu iu bin. V l do nn t khi
dng iu bin ch A.
b) Trng hp 2: < 180
o
, tc l mch lm vic ch AB, B, C. Nu bin in p t
vo diode ln, th c th coi c tuyn ca n l mt ng gp khc hnh 6.5.a. Phng trnh
biu din c tuyn ca diode trong trng hp ny nh sau:

>

=
0 u khi
0 u khi 0
D
D
D
D
SU
I (6.11)

184
S: H dn truyn t
Chn im lm vic ban u trong khu cm ca diode, tc l vi in p phn cc ngc cho
diode (ng vi ch C). Dng qua diode khi l mt xung hnh sin hnh 6.5, nn c th biu
din dng i
D
theo chui Fourier nh sau:
i
D
= I
o
+ i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
+ ...
t n I t I t I I i
t n t t o D
cos ... 2 cos cos
2 1
+ + + + = (6.12)
(a)
0 0
i
D
D
t
0
U
D
U
D

D
+ -
E
0
CB
(b)
U
t
U
s
U
S
(t)
U
t
(t)
t

Hnh 6.5. iu bin ch C (tn hiu vo ln).
c tuyn ca diode, th thi gian ca tn hiu vo/ ra (a). Mch in iu ch (b).
Trong I
o
l thnh phn dng mt chiu, I
1
l bin thnh phn dng in c bn i vi ti
tin, I
2
, I
3
... l bin thnh phn dng in hi bc cao ca ti tin:
I
o
, I
1
, I
2
... I
n
c tnh theo biu thc xc nh h s ca chui Fourier.

o
t D o
t d i I .
1

o
t t D
t d t i I . cos .
2
1

........................................................

o
t t D n
t d t n i I . cos .
2

(6.13)
Theo biu thc 6.11:
) cos cos ( . t U t U E S U S I
t t S S o D D
+ + = = (6.14)

185
Khi
t
t = th i
D
= 0, do ta c th vit biu thc 6.14 nh sau:
) cos cos ( 0
t S S o
U t U E S + + = (6.15)
Ly biu thc (6.14) tr (6.15) ta c:
) cos (cos . = t U S i
t t D
(6.16)
Biu thc (6.16) l mt dng khc ca (6.14) n biu din s ph thuc ca i
D
vo ch cng
tc (gc ct ). Thay biu thc (6.16) vo (6.13) xc nh c cc bin dng in I
o
, I
1
, ..., I
n
.
Trong bin ca thnh phn c bn (thnh phn c ch):
t d t t U S I
t t
o
t t

. cos . ) cos (cos .
2
1

=

2 sin
2
1 .
t
U S
(6.17)
Do gi tr tc thi ca thnh phn c bn:
t
U S
i
t
t

cos . 2 sin
2
1 .
1

= (6.18)
T biu thc (6.15) ta xc nh c:
t
S S o
U
t U E

cos
cos
+
= (6.19)
T biu thc (6.18), (6.19) bin ca thnh phn dng c bn t l vi tn hiu iu ch U
S
.
2. iu bin dng phn t tuyn tnh c tham s thay i
Thc cht ca qu trnh ny l qu trnh nhn tn hiu. B nhn tng t hnh 6.6 c s dng
iu bin thuc loi ny.
Trong mch in quan h gia in p ra u
b
v in p vo
t
u l quan h tuyn tnh. Tuy
nhin khi u
S
bin thin th im lm vic chuyn t c tuyn ny sang c tuyn khc, lm cho
bin tn hiu ra thay i c iu bin.
Cn c vo tnh cht ca mch nhn ta vit biu thc in p ra:
u
b
t cos U ). t cos U E (
t t S S o
+ =
hoc u
b
t ). cos(
2
U U
t cos U E
S t
S t
t t o
+ + = t
U U
S t
S t
). cos(
2
+ (6.20)
U
b
US3
US2
US1
Ut
~
~
=
~
U
b
Eo US
Ut
K
(a) (b)

Hnh 6.6. iu bin dng b nhn tng t (a) v c tuyn truyn t (b).
Ph ca tn hiu iu bin dng b nhn tng t gm c ti tin v hai bin tn.
Mch nhn tng t cn dng trong iu ch s ASK, FSK, PSK. Trong tn hiu iu ch l

186
tn hiu s, sng mang l tn hiu iu ha, l mt phn quan trng trong MODEM ghp vi my
tnh hoc cc thit b s truyn tn hiu s trong mng in thoi cng cng.
3. Mch iu bin cn bng
Nh xt trn, i vi cc mch iu bin n dng phn t phi tuyn, dng in ra ti
ngoi thnh phn hu ch (cc bin tn) cn c nhiu thnh phn khng mong mun khc (ti tn v
cc hi bc cao). l c im c bn ca mch iu bin n.
Trong trng hp dng transistor lng cc, transistor trng, n in t iu bin, ngi
ta phn bit cc loi iu bin sau y: iu bin base, iu bin collector, iu bin ca, iu bin
mng, iu bin ant, iu bin li ... Cc loi iu bin c tn gi tng ng vi cc m in p
iu ch t vo.
Cc mch iu bin c th phn loi theo mch in, ch , u nhc im v.v.
gim mo phi tuyn, dng mch iu bin cn bng. Trn hnh 6.7 trnh by mch iu
bin cn bng dng diode v transistor lng cc.
US
U b
U2
U1
CB
CB
i 1
i 2
U t (a)



US
CB
Ub
(b)
U t
- +
UCC

S

S
3
t
2

S t
3
S t
3 +
0

(c)
Hnh 6.7. Mch iu bin cn bng:
Dng diode (a). Dng transistor (b). Ph ca tn hiu iu bin (c).
Trn hnh 6.7.a, in p t ln cc diode D
1
v D
2
ln lt:
t cos U t cos U u
t t S S 1
+ =
t U t U u
t t S S
cos cos
2
+ =

(6.21)
Dng in qua cc diode c biu din theo chui Taylor:
... u a u a u a a i
3
1 3
2
1 2 1 1 o 1
+ + + + =
... u a u a u a a i
3
2 3
2
2 2 2 1 o 2
+ + + + =

(6.22)

187
Dng in ra i = i
1
i
2
(6.23)
Thay 6.21 v 6.22 vo 6.23 v ch ly bn v u, ta nhn c biu thc dng in ra:
[ ]+ + + + + = t t C t B t A i
S t S t S S
) cos( ) cos( 3 cos cos
[ ] t t D
S t S t
) 2 cos( ) 2 cos( + + + (6.24)
Trong :

+ + =
2
3
2
3 1
2
1
3 2
S t S
U a U a a U A
3
3 3
U a
2
1
B = ;
t S
U U a C
2
2 =
t S
U U a D
3
2
3
=

(6.25)
Tng t nh vy c th chng minh kt qa cho mch iu bin cn bng dng transistor hnh
6.7.b.
4. Mch iu bin vng
Mt dng khc ca mch iu bin cn bng l mch iu bin vng, thc cht y l hai
mch iu bin cn bng c chung mt ti. Khi tn hiu iu bin loi b c nhiu thnh
phn ph khng mong mun.
S mch iu bin vng c trnh by trn hnh 6.8.
(a)
US
CB
CB
Ub
D1
D4
D3
D2
Ut

t

0
(b)
Hnh 6.8. Mch iu bin vng (a) v ph tn hiu ra (b).
Gi dng in ra ca mch iu bin cn bng gm D
1
, D
2
l i
I
, v dng in ra ca mch in
cn bng gm cc diode D
3
, D
4
l i
II
. Theo biu thc 6.24 ta c :
+ + = t B t A i
S S I
3 cos cos [ ]+ + + t t C
S t S t
) cos( ) cos(
[ ] t t D
S t S t
) 2 cos( ) 2 cos( + + + ; (6.26)

4 3 D D II
i i i = (6.27)
Trong :
...
3
3 3
2
3 2 3 1 3
+ + + + = u a u a u a a i
o D

...
3
4 3
2
4 2 4 1 4
+ + + + = u a u a u a a i
o D

(6.28)
Vi u
3
v u
4
l in p t ln D
3
v D
4
c xc nh nh sau:

188
t U t U u
S S t t
cos cos
3
=
t U t U u
S S t t
cos cos
4
+ =

(6.29)
Thay biu thc (6.28) v (6.29) vo (6.37) ta c:
+ = t B t A i
S S II
3 cos cos [ ] + + t t C
S t S t
) cos( ) cos(
[ ] t t D
S t S t
) 2 cos( ) 2 cos( + + (6.30)
Cc gi tr ca A, B, C, D trong hai biu thc (6.26) v (6.30) c xc nh trong biu thc
(6.25).
T biu thc (6.26) v (6.30) ta c :
[ ] t ) cos( t ) cos( C 2 i i i
S t S t II I b
+ + = + = (6.31)
Nh vy l s dng mch iu ch vng kh c cc hi bc l ca
S
, v cc bin tn ca
2
t
; do mo phi tuyn rt nh. Mch iu ch vng cng c th coi nh mch nhn.
6.2.4. Tch sng bin (gii iu ch bin )
1. Cc tham s c bn
a) H s tch sng.
Tn hiu vo ca b tch sng l tn hiu cao tn iu bin:
t U t t U u
t t t VTS VTS
S


cos cos ) (
) (
= =
Trong U
VTS
bin thin theo quy lut ca tin tc.
Bin tn hiu ra ca b tch sng:
U
RTS
(t) = K
TS
U
VTS

y K
TS
l h s t l v c gi l h s tch sng.

) (
) (
t U
t U
K
VTS
RTS
TS
=
Trong U
RTS
(t) v U
VTS
(t) u gm c thnh phn mt chiu v thnh phn tn s thp (t l
vi tin tc)
' '
) (
S o VTS
u U t U + =
' ' ' '
) (
S o RVTS
u U t U + =
i vi qu trnh tch sng, ch cn quan tm n cc thnh phn tn s thp (mang tin tc),
do thng xc nh h s tch sng nh sau:

'
"
S
S
TS
u
u
K = (6.32)
Trong
' '
S
u v
'
S
u c trng cho thnh phn tn s thp t l vi tin tc li ra, v li vo
ca b tch sng.
H s tch sng cng ln th hiu qu tch sng cng cao. Nu trong qu trnh tch sng
K
TS
= const, ngha l h s tch sng ch ph thuc vo mch tch sng, m khng ph thuc vo
bin in p vo, th
' '
S
u t l vi
'
S
u . Do in p ra ca b tch sng bin thin cng quy

189
lut vi bin in p vo. Lc b tch sng khng gy mo phi tuyn v c gi l b tch
sng tuyn tnh.
b) Tr khng vo ca b tch sng l t s gia bin in p cao tn v bin dng in
cao tn li vo ca b tch sng.

) (
) (
t
t
I
U
I
U
Z
VTS
VTS
VTS

= = (6.33)
Tr s ca tr khng vo ca b tch sng cho bit nh hng ca b tch sng n ngun tn
hiu vo.
Thng thng mch vo ca b tch sng gm cc phn t in khng, do gia in p v
dng in c dch pha: v vy tr khng vo l mt s phc:
VTS VTS VTS
VTS
jb g
1
Y
1
Z
+
= = (6.34)
g
VTS
lm gim h s phm cht ca mch ra ngun tn hiu, cn b
VTS
lm thay i tn s cng hng
ring ca n.
c) Mo phi tuyn
Ging nh b khuch i, mo phi tuyn ca b tch sng c xc nh nh sau:

S
S S
I
I I

....
2
3
2
2
+ +
= .100% (6.35)
Trong
S
I

,
S
I
2
... ln lt l bin thnh phn dng in bc nht, bc hai ... ca tn
hiu iu ch.
y khng cn quan tm n cc dng in cao tn (ti tn v hi bc cao ca n) v trong
mch in ca b tch sng d dng lc b cc thnh phn ny.
2. Mch in b tch sng bin
Cng tng t nh trong phn iu ch bin . tch sng bin c th dng hai phng
php l: dng cc phn t phi tuyn hoc l dng cc phn t tuyn tnh c tham s thay i c.
Tch sng bin dng cc phn t phi tuyn c thc hin nh mch chnh lu.
a) Tch sng bin bng mch chnh lu.
C hai s tch sng dng mch chnh lu: s tch sng ni tip v s tch sng song
song. Trong s tch sng ni tip hnh 6.9.a, diode tch sng c mc ni tip vi ti, cn trong
s tch sng song song diode tch sng mc song song vi ti hnh 6.9.b.
o o
o o
'
S b
U U =
' '
S
U
D
C R

(a)
o o
o o
'
S b
U U =
' '
S
U
R
D
C

(b)
Hnh 6.9. S tch sng bin bng mch chnh lu; Tch sng ni tip (a) ; tch sng song song (b).
Nu tn hiu vo ln, sao cho diode lm vic trong on tng i thng ca c tuyn, khi

190
c th coi c tuyn ca diode nh mt ng gp khc nh trn hnh 6.10.a th ta c qu trnh
tch sng tn hiu ln. c trng V-A ca diode c biu din theo phng trnh 6.36.

=
0
D
D
Su
i
Khi u
D
0
Khi u
D
< 0

(6.36)
Trong cc s ca hnh 6.9, diode ch thng i vi na chu k dng ca dao ng cao tn
u vo. Hnh bao ca dao ng cao tn nhn c nh s phng np ca t C (hnh 6.10).
Sau y ta s phn tch v tnh ton i vi s tch sng ni tip hnh 6.9(a).
Theo biu thc (6.36) ta vit c biu thc dng in qua diode.
) (
C db D
u u S i = (6.37)
v t cos ) t cos m 1 ( U u
t S t b
+ = (6.38)
hoc
t b b
cos U u =
Trong U
b
) t cos m 1 ( U
S t
+ = (6.39)
Thay biu thc (6.38) vo (6.37) ta c:
) u t cos U ( S i
C t b D
= (6.40)
Bit rng khi = t
t
th i
D
= 0 thay vo (6.40) ta c (6.41)
) u cos U ( S 0
C db
= (6.41)
T biu thc (6.41) suy ra gc dn in ca diode

b
C
U
u
cos = (6.42)

t
0
i
D
0
U
U
db
D
0
i
D
t

Hnh 6.10. Qu trnh tch sng tn hiu ln nh mch chnh lu dng diode.
T biu thc (6.40) v (6.41) ta suy ra:

191
) cos t (cos SU i
t db D
= (6.43)
Mt khc v dng qua diode l mt dy xung (hnh 6.10) nn c th khai trin i
D
theo chui
Fourier nh sau:

... t 2 cos I t cos I I i
t 2 t o o D
+ + + = (6.44)
Theo chui Fourier, ta tnh c:

o
t D o
t d i I
1

o
t t D n
t d t n i I . cos
2

vi n = 1, 2, 3, ... (6.45)
Thay biu thc (6.43) vo (6.45) ri ly tch phn, ta nhn c cc kt qu sau:
) cos (sin
SU
I
db
o

= (6.46a)
) cos sin (
SU
I
db
n

= (6.46b)
I
o
xc nh t biu thc (6.46a) c cha thnh phn mt chiu thun ty:
) cos (sin

t
SU

v thnh phn bin thin chm: t m
SU
S
t

cos ) cos (sin chnh l thnh phn hu ch (tin

tc).
T dng mt chiu I
o
xc nh c in p ra trn ti:
) cos (sin

= =
db o C
U
RS
RI u (6.47)
Thay biu thc (6.47) vo (6.42) ta c:
) cos (sin cos

=
RS

hay
SR
tg

= =
(6.48)
Theo (6.48) gc dn in ch ph thuc
vo tham s S, R ca mch in m khng ph
thuc vo tn hiu vo, T kt lun l tch
sng tn hiu ln khng gy mo phi tuyn
( hnh 6.11).
Nu gi thit
2

= th

=
db
o
SU
I ,
t 0
UC UC

Hnh 6.11. th thi gian in p ra u
C
trn ti b tch sng ni tip.

=
db
1
SU
I
... V biu thc ca dng qua diode ca mch tch sng vit di dng chui Fourier
trong trng hp
o
90 .

192

=1 n
t
2
n
t db D
t n 2 cos
1 n 4
) 1 ( 2
t cos
2
1 1
SU i

Thay (6.39) vo ta c:

+ + =

=
t n
n
t t m SU i
t
n
n
t S t D

2 cos
1 4
) 1 ( 2
cos
2
1 1
) cos 1 (
1
2
(6.49)
T biu thc (6.49) ta nhn thy rng: Ph ca dng in i
D
gm c cc thnh phn mt chiu,

t
,
S
,
t

S
, n
t

S
. Thng thng
t
>>
S
, nn cc thnh phn
t
,
t

S
v n
t

S

c lc rt d dng nh mch lc thng thp, ch cn thnh phn hu ch

t cos
mSU
i
S
db
S

=
.
Mt ln na li thy rng b tch sng tn hiu ln khng gy mo. V vy trc khi tch sng
ngi ta thng khuch i tn hiu ln, thng thng trc tch sng dng tng khuch i
cng hng, c h s khuch i ln ti tn s cng hng, do loi c nhiu, m bo ch
tch sng tuyn tnh.
Trong cc s hnh 6.9 phi chn hng s thi gian = RC ln sao cho dng in p ra
phi gn vi dng hnh bao ca in p cao tn u vo. Tuy nhin khng th chn in dung qu
ln, trnh mo do in dung ti gy ra. iu kin tng qut chn :
C
R
C
S t

1 1
<< << (6.50)
Trng hp chn t C qu ln, lm cho
v th hai ca bt ng thc (6.50) khng
tha mn th in p ra khng bin thin kp
vi bin in p vo, gy mo tn hiu
hnh 6.12. trnh hin tng ny phi chn
tr s t C sao cho tc bin thin ca in
p ra u
C
ti thiu bng tc bin thin ca
bin in p vo trong trng hp t C
phng.
Thc t thng chn RC theo iu kin
(6.51):
t
UC
Ub
UC
b U

Hnh 6.12. Hin tng mo tn hiu tch sng
do in dung ti qu ln

C
R
C
S t max
1 10

< < (6.51)
Mun d dng tha mn (6.51) phi m
bo
max
100
S t

Trong hai s trn hnh 6.9, s tch
sng ni tip c in tr vo 2 / R R
V
= ln
hn in tr vo ca s tch sng song

o
o
' '
S
U
R
D
C
CB
o
CC U +



Hnh 6.13. S tch sng song song ghp vi ti
tng trc. (Ngn in p mt chiu ra ti tch sng)

193
song 3 / R R
V
= . Ngoi ra trn ti ca s tch sng song song cn c in p cao tn, do phi
dng b lc lc b n.
V nhng l do , nn s tch sng song song ch dng trong trng hp cn ngn thnh
phn mt chiu t tng trc a n hnh 6.13.
b) Tch sng bin dng phn t tuyn tnh tham s.
d hiu, xt b tch sng iu bin dng mch nhn tng t hnh 6.14.
Tn hiu iu bin a vo mt u vo ca b
nhn tng t.
U
b
t cos ) t cos m 1 ( U
t S t
+ = (6.52)
Trn u vo th hai a vo ti tin.
) cos(cos + = t U u
t t t
(6.53)
Trn u ra ca b nhn s c tn hiu:
o
o
Ub
ut
K
o
ur

Hnh 6.14. Tch sng ng b
dng mch nhn tng t
K . u . u u
t b r
=
K l h s nhn ca mch nhn tng t:
) t 2 cos(
2
t cos m 1
KU cos ) t cos m 1 (
2
KU
u
t
S 2
t S
2
t
r
+

+
+ + = (6.54)
Dng mch lc thng thp ta tch ra thnh phn hu ch:
cos ) cos 1 (
2
2
' '
t m
KU
u
S
t
S
+ = (6.55)
T biu thc (6.54) v (6.55) c th rt ra nhng nhn xt sau y:
- Trong ph in p ra khng c thnh phn ti tn. Thc t do mch nhn khng hon ton i
xng, nn ph in p ra c cha ti tn vi bin nh.
- Mun tch sng bng mch nhn phi c tn hiu tn s bng tn s ca ti tin ca tn hiu
iu bin a vo u vo th hai ca b nhn.
- Bin in p u ra b tch sng ph thuc vo gc pha , vi l gc lch pha gia tn
hiu cn tch sng v ti tin ph (a vo u th hai ca b nhn). Khi pha = 0, bin in
p u ra b tch sng t cc i, khi
2

=
bin ra bng khng. Nh vy b tch sng va
va c tnh cht chn lc v bin , va c tnh cht chn lc v pha. Ni cch khc l b tch
sng bin pha. Do tch sng c hiu qu cn phi ng b tn hiu vo v ti tin ph c
v tn s ln v pha. V vy b tch sng ny cn c tn gi l b tch sng ng b.
So vi b tch sng dng diode, th b tch sng ng b cha t thnh phn t hp u ra.
Trn hnh 6.15 l mt v d v b tch sng ng b c ch to di dng vi mch.
N c dng tch sng tn hiu hnh trong my thu hnh. Khi tch sng tn hiu hnh cn
c bit lu n mo phi tuyn, v ti tn mu 4,43MHz v ti tn ng ting 5,5MHz trn vi
nhau to ra tn s 1,07MHz v cc hi n. 1,07MHz s gy nhiu cho ng hnh. Mch tch sng
ny c th loi b cc nhiu .

194
Chuyn
mch
Lc thng
thp
o ra o
Vo
(a)
B hn
ch
Lc thng
di

L1
o
U11
o
1
2
o
U12
R1 R2 R5 R6 R7 R12
R13
R14
R8 R9 R4 R3
R10 R11
T1
T2 T3 T4
T6
T7
T12
T13
T8
T9 T10
T11
o
C1
D1
D2
o
12V
(b)

Hnh 6.15. B tch sng ng b dng vi mch. S khi (a) ; S nguyn l (b).
u vo b tch sng l tn hiu trung tn hnh c iu bin, (t tn hiu cao tn qua b
trn lm tn s sng mang gim xung min trung tn). Ph ca n c biu din bi biu thc
tng qut sau:

+ + = t
m
t U t u
S tg tg tg tg
) cos(
2
cos
2
1
) ( (6.56)
(gm ti tin v bin tn trn)
Trong :
tg
tn s ti tin (tn s trung gian);
S
l tn s iu ch; m l h s iu ch.
Tn hiu vo trung gian c ng thi a n b hn bin v b chuyn mch. Qua b hn
bin v mch lc thng di s tch ra c ti tn cha iu ch.
t KU u
tg tg tgo
cos = (6.57)
K l h s t l, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca b hn bin v b lc.
u
tgo
iu khin chuyn mch, sao cho in p vo u
tg
hoc c truyn hon ton n u ra chuyn
mch hoc c ngt theo ng nhp ca ti tn.
Nh vy u ra ca b chuyn mch c in p:
( ) ( ) t S t u t u
tg
. ) ( =

195
S(t) l hm s c trng cho b chuyn mch thng l dy xung ch nht hnh 6.16.
S (t)
(b)

2 0
2
t
(a)
A
2
0
S 1 (t)
t

Hnh 6.16. Hai dng khc nhau ca hm chuyn mch.
Biu din ton hc ca hm S(t) trn hnh 6.16:

+ + + = ... 5 cos
5
1
3 cos
3
1
cos
2
2
) (
1
t t t
A A
t S
tg tg tg

(6.58a)

+ + = ... 5 cos
5
1
3 cos
3
1
cos
4
) (
2
t t t
A
t S
tg tg tg

(6.58b)
in p ra sau tng chuyn mch:
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( )

+ + + + +
+ + = =
t m t w m t t m AU
t m t AU u t u
s tg s tg tg s tg
s tg tg tg tg
. 2 cos
3
1
. 2 cos 2 cos
2
3
cos 1
2
1
2 cos cos
4
1
1

(6.59a)
( ) + +

+ + = = t m t t m AU S u t u
S tg tg S tg tg
) 2 cos( 2 cos
2
3
cos 1
1
2 2

t m
S tg
) 2 cos(
3
1
(6.59b)
Khi dng hm S
1
(t), in p ra ngoi thnh phn mong mun
s
cn c cc thnh phn mt
chiu, ti tn
tg
, bin tn trn
tg
+
s
; hi bc hai ca ti tn 2
tg
cng cc bin tn 2
tg

s
.
Nu dng hm S
2
(t), in p ra khng cha ti tn
tg
v bin tn trn
tg
+
s
, cc thnh phn cn
li c bin ln gp i so vi trng hp dng S
1
(t). Trong c hai trng hp, dng b lc thng
thp u ra d dng bc b c cc thnh phn khng mong mun.
Hnh 6.15 (b) cho mt v d v vi mch (A.240, TDA440) lm vic theo nguyn tc nu trn,
in p vo u
tg
a n b khuch i lp li emitter T
1
v T
2
, li ra ca tng T
1
, T
2
a ti li vo
tng khuch i vi sai gm T
3
, T
4
. y T
5
ng vai tr to mt ngun dng. in p ra trn R
3
, R
4

ca tng khuch i vi sai c hn ch bin nh diode D
1
, D
2
. Diode D
1
v D
2
mc song song
vi khung cng hng L
1
, C
1
nhm lc b cc hi bc cao, ly ra ti tn cha iu ch U
tg0
a vo
tng lp li emitter T
6
, T
7
ri n chuyn mch gm T
8
T
14
. Tng khuch i vi sai T
12
, T
13
lm
nhim v khuch i U
tg
. Nh cc in tr R
10
, R
11
mc trong mch emitter m rng phm vi
lm vic tuyn tnh ca mch.

196
Hai tng khuch i vi sai T
8
, T
9

v T
10
T
11
c iu khin bi ti tin
cha iu ch U
tg0
a t b hn ch
n. V bin U
tg0
kh ln nn cc
b khuch i vi sai ny lm vic
ch kho, T
14
l ngun dng.
Nguyn l hot ng ca tng chuyn
mch c minh ho bi s tng
ng hnh 6.17.
Do mc cho collector ca T
9
v
T
10
nn tng chuyn mch c hm
truyn t S
2
(t) ca mt dy xung ch

Tg
T11
Utg0
R8
R9
II
IT14
T12
T 13
U tg
T10
T8
U(t)

Hnh 6.17. S tng ng tng chuyn mch
ca b tch sng bin hnh 6.15
nht c cc tnh thay i nh biu din trn hnh 6.16(b).
in p ra u(t) ly trn R
9
khng i xng. St p trn R
8
khng c dng n do thc t
khng cn mc R
8
trong mch.
Khi thay i chit p R
14
th dng in ca ngun dng T
14
thay i, nh c th thay i
mc trng ca tn hiu video.
3. Hin tng phch v hin tng chn p trong b tch sng bin
Trng hp trn u vo b tch sng bin c hai dao ng cao tn (tn hiu v nhiu), th
trong b tch sng xy ra hin tng phch v hin tng chn p.
a) Hin tng phch
Gi thit cc in p t vo b tch sng bin :
t U u
1 1 1
cos =
t U u
2 2 2
cos =
Do in p tng cng
[ ] ) ( cos ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1
t t t U t u t u t u + = + =
V u
1
v u
2
c tn s khng c nh, nn bin ca
vc t tng khng c nh. Ti mt thi im bt k, ta c
vc t tng u
r
nh trn hnh 6.18.
Nu coi
1
u
r
ng yn th
2
u
r
quay quanh O vi vn tc
gc l
2
, do
1 2
= .

o
0
2
2

U

o
1

) (t

U
1

U

Hnh 6.18. th vc t ca in p
vo b tch sng bin .
p dng h thc tam gic thng, ta tm c:
( ) t U U U U t U + + = cos 2
2 1
2
2
2
1

( )
t U U
t U
arctg t

+

=
cos
sin
2 1
2

V b tch sng bin khng c s ph thuc vo pha ca in p vo nn xt kt qu
in p ra ca b tch sng khng cn quan tm n ( ) t . Nu gi thit b tch sng khng c

197
qun tnh i vi tn s hiu , ngha l
R
C
>>

1
th in p trn ti ca b tch sng theo
nh ngha:
( ) t U K U K U
TS VTS TS RTS
= =
( ) t
U
U
U
U
U K
TS
. cos 2 1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + = (6.60)
Nh vy in p ra bin thin theo tn s hiu . l hin tng phch.
Hin tng phch c ng dng trong in bo ng bin. Tn hiu in bo ng bin sau
khi tch sng l in p mt chiu, do n khng c tc dng i vi tai nghe. V vy tch
sng tn hiu in bo ng bin c tn s
1
cn a thm tn hiu ngoi sai c tn s
2
vo b
tch sng, sao cho
1 2
= nm trong phm vi m tn tai c th nhn bit c.
b) Hin tng chn p
Trng hp hai dao ng tc ng ln b tch sng c bin chnh lch nhau nhiu th hin
tng phch tr thnh hin tng chn p.
Trong biu thc (6.60) t:
t
U
U
U
U
x + = cos
2
1
2
2
1
2
2

Nu gi thit
1 2
U U << th 1 << x .
p dng biu thc gn ng, ta vit biu thc (6.60) nh sau:
( )

+ + + = t
U
U
U
U
U K X U K t U
TS TS
cos 1 1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1 1

+ + + = ...
2
2
1
2
2
1
U
U
U
U K
TS
(6.61)
T (6.61) suy ra tn hiu ra i vi tng tn hiu vo
1
u v
2
u .
1
U K U
TS RTS
= do
TS TS
K K =
1

2 2
1
2
2
2
U K
U
U
K U
TS TS RTS
= =

Do
1
2
2
2U
U
K K
TS TS
=
V
2 1
U U >> nn
2 1 TS TS
K K >> , ngha l khi trn u vo b tch sng bin c hai dao
ng cao tn bin khc nhau nhiu th trong qu trnh tch sng c hin tng tn hiu ln chn
p tn hiu b. Hin tng ny biu hin tnh chn lc theo bin ca b tch sng. Vy khi nhiu
c bin nh hn nhiu so vi bin ca tn hiu hu ch th r rng tc dng chn lc rt c li.
Tuy nhin khi tn hiu nh hn nhiu phi ch nng cao mc tn hiu trnh hin tng tn hiu
b nhiu chn p.

198
6.3. iu ch v gii iu ch n bin
6.3.1. Khi nim v iu ch n bin
Nh bit, ph ca dao ng iu bin gm ti tn v hai bin tn, trong ch c cc bin
tn l mang tin tc. V c hai di bin tn mang tin tc nh nhau (v bin v tn s) nn ch cn
truyn i mt bin tn l thng tin v tin tc. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng, do c th nn
ton b hay mt phn ti tn trc khi truyn i. Qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt di bin tn
gi l iu ch n bin.
iu ch n bin (vi mt phn d ca ti tn) mang mt ngha thc t ln. iu ch n
bin vi mch phc tp, tn km nhng li c nhiu u im quan trng hn hn iu bin thng
thng:
- rng di tn gim mt na.
- Cng sut pht x yu cu thp hn vi cng mt c ly thng tin, v tp trung cng sut
ca ti tn v mt bin tn cho bin tn cn li.
- Tp m ti b tch sng gim do di tn ca tn hiu hp hn.
Do nhng u im trn, nn iu ch n bin ngy cng c dng nhiu trong thng tin ni
chung ( di sng ngn v sng trung) v thng tin qun s ni ring.
T biu thc (6.3) c th rt ra biu thc ca tn hiu iu ch n bin nh sau:
t
m
U t u
S t t db
) cos(
2
) ( + = (6.62)
Trong biu thc (6.62), m khng mang ngha
su iu ch na v c gi l h s nn ti tin.
t
S
U
U
m =
m c th nhn gi tr t 0 n .
th vc t ca tn hiu n bin c biu
din trn hnh (6.19).

0
Ut
Us
S

Ub

Hnh 6.19. th vc t ca dao ng
iu ch n bin (c mt phn d ca ti tin)
Ta thy vc t c trng cho dao ng iu ch n bin thay i c v bin ln gc pha,
ngha l iu ch n bin bao gi cng km theo iu ch pha. Ti tin b nn mt phn hay b nn
hon ton, do vc t ti tin t U

c th nh hn vc t bin tn S U

. Trong k thut truyn hnh,

tn hiu iu ch video mt phn l tn hiu iu bin (khi MHz f
S
75 0, ), phn cn li
( MHz f MHz
S
5 75 0 , ) l tn hiu iu ch n bin hnh 6.20.
Bng cch c th gim c di tn ca tn hiu iu ch video. Nu ct b hon ton mt
bin tn th vn lc di s kh khn, hn na s xut hin sai pha.


199
5,5MHz
) (MHz f
tt th
f f = + 5 , 5
th
f 5 +
th
f
75 , 0
th
f
25 , 1
th
f

Hnh 6.20. c tnh bin ca tn hiu hnh (f
th
: ti tn hnh; f
tt
: ti tn ting).
6.3.2. Cc phng php iu ch n bin
Ngi ta phn bit ba phng php iu ch n bin: phng php lc, phng php quay
pha, phng php lc v quay pha kt hp.
1. iu ch n bin theo phng php lc
T s phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin, r rng mun c tn hiu iu bin, ta ch cn lc
bt mt di bin tn. Nhng thc t khng lm c nh vy. Vi ti tn cao tn vn lc tch
ra mt di bin tn gp kh khn. Tht vy, gi thit tn s thp nht ca tin tc Hz f
S
200
min
= ,
lc khong cch gia hai bin tn Hz f f 400 2 = =
min
(hnh 6.1b). Nu ti tn c tn s
MHz f
t
10 = th h s lc ca b lc
5
10 . 4

=

=
t
f
f
X kh nh. S phn b ca hai bin tn gn
nhau n mc, ngay c dng mt mch lc thch anh cng rt kh lc c bin tn mong mun.
Do trong phng php lc, ngi ta dng mt b bin i tn s trung gian c th h thp yu
cu i vi b lc. S khi ca mch iu ch n bin theo phng php lc c biu din
trn hnh 6.21 v ph ca tn hiu trn u ra ca tng khi biu din trn hnh 6.22.
Lc 2 CB1
To
dao ng
a
Us(t)
c
S t
f f +
1
Lc 1
b
S t
f f
1
CB2
To
dao ng
ft2
( )
S t t
f f f +
1 2
S t t
f f f + +
1 2
d
Ub
ft1

Hnh 6.21. S khi ca mch iu ch n bin bng phng php lc.
Trong s khi trn, tin tc c dng iu ch mt ti tin trung gian, c tn s
1 t
f kh thp
so vi ti tn yu cu, sao cho h s lc tng ln, c th lc b mt bin tn d dng. Trn u ra
ca b lc th nht s nhn c mt tn hiu c di ph bng di ph ca tn hiu vo
min max
_
S S S
f f f = nhng lch i mt lng bng
1 t
f trn thang tn s (hnh 6.22c). Tn hiu ny
c a n b iu ch cn bng th 2, m trn u ra ca n l tn hiu c ph gia hai bin tn
cch nhau mt khong ( )
min 1
'
2
S
f f f
t
+ = sao cho vic lc ly mt di bin tn nh b lc th 2

200
thc hin c mt cch d dng. B iu ch cn bng thng dng mch iu bin cn bng hoc
mch iu bin vng. Trong s khi trn y, ti tn yu cu bng tng ca hai ti tn ph
2 1 t t t
f f f + = .
S(f)
S(f)
S(f)
S(f)
f
f
f
f
fsmin fsmax
0
0
0
0
fsmin
ft1
ft1
ft1
ft2 ft1 + ft2
fsmin
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Hnh 6.22. Ph tn hiu ra ca cc khi trn hnh 6.21. Ph tn hiu vo (a); Ph tn hiu ra b
iu bin cn bng 1 (b); Ph tn hiu trn u ra b lc 1 (c); Ph tn hiu ra ca b lc 2 (d).
2. iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha
Nguyn tc to tn hiu n bin bng phng php quay pha c minh ho trn th vc t
hnh 6.23 v s khi hnh 6.24.

I
II
3
4
1 2

0
= t
S
1.2
3
4
II
I
0
0 = t
S

Hnh 6.23. th vc t ca dao ng iu ch n bin bng phng php quay pha.
Tn hiu iu ch v ti tin thng qua mch quay pha, c a n hai b iu ch cn bng
(mch iu bin vng) lch pha nhau 90
0
, do cc bin tn trn ca hai b iu ch cn bng lch
pha nhau 180, cn cc bin tn di ng pha. Nu ly hiu ca hai in p ra ca hai b iu bin
cn bng ta c bin tn trn, ngc li nu ly tng cc in p ra ta s nhn c bin tn di.
C th chng minh iu bng biu thc ton hc sau y: gi thit tn hiu vo ca hai b iu
bin cn bng lch pha nhau 90
o
, nu biu thc ca tn hiu ra ca cc b iu bin cn bng:

201

Mch tng
hoc mch
hiu
90
0
0
0
90
0
0
0
uS
ut
Ub

Hnh 6.24. S khi mch iu ch n bin bng phng php quay pha.
t t U u
t S CB CB
cos . cos
1
=
( ) ( ) [ ] t t U
S t S t CB
+ + = cos cos
2
1

t sin . t sin U u
t S CB 2 CB
=
( ) ( ) [ ] t t U
S t S t CB
+ + = cos cos
2
1

do ( )t cos U u u u
S t CB 2 CB 1 CB b
+ = = (6.63)
Phng php ny c th m rng cho trng hp h thng iu ch c s lng b iu ch
3 n , lc s c n mch quay pha, vi gc quay pha
n

.
Trong phng php ny yu cu hai b iu ch cn bng phi hon ton ging nhau, cc in
p ra phi c bin nh nhau v gc pha phi chnh xc. y l mt kh khn ln v thc hin
quay pha chnh xc vi mt tn hiu c di tn rng (
max min S S
) khng phi n gin.
3. iu ch n bin bng phng php lc v quay pha kt hp
Hnh 6.25 l s khi ca mch iu ch n bin theo phng php lc quay pha kt hp.
Tn hiu ra ca hai b iu ch cn bng:
t cos . t cos U ' u
t S CB 1 CB
= ( ) ( ) [ ] t t
U
S t S t
CB
. sin . cos
2
1 1
+ + =
t sin . t cos U " u
t S CB 1 CB
= ( ) ( ) [ ] t t
U
S t S t
CB
. sin . sin
2
1 1
+ + =
Sau b lc 1, cn li bin tn trn ca hai b iu ch cn bng lch pha nhau 90
0
. C th coi
y l tn hiu iu ch quay pha. Tn hiu ny cng vi ti tin 2 t u

c a n b iu ch
cn bng 2 lch pha nhau 90
0
.

202
CCB1
CCB1
Quay pha
90
0
Lc
Lc
CCB2
CCB2
Quay pha
90
0
Mch hiu Lc di
US
Ub
'
1 CB
u
'
1 CB
u
'
2 CB
u
'
2 CB
u
Ut1 Ut2

Hnh 6.25. S khi mch iu ch n bin theo phng php lc - quang pha kt hp.
in p ra sau b iu ch cn bng 2:
( ) t t
U U
u
t S t
t CB
CB 2 1
2 '
2
cos . cos
2
+ =
( ) ( ) [ ] t . cos t cos
4
U U
S 1 t 2 t S 1 t 2 t
2 t CB
+ + + =
( ) t sin . t sin
2
U U
u
2 t S 1 t
2 t CB ' '
2 CB
+ =
( ) ( ) [ ] t . cos t cos
4
U U
S 1 t 2 t S 1 t 2 t
2 t CB
+ + + =
Qua mch hiu ta c:
u
b
' '
2 CB
'
2 CB
u u = ( ) t . cos
2
U . U
S 1 t 2 t
2 t 2 CB
+ + = (6.64)
Ph tn hiu n bin v th vc
t theo phng php lc quay pha kt
hp c biu din trn hnh 6.26.
iu ch n bin theo phng
php ny khng cn mch quay pha i
vi tn hiu iu ch (l tn hiu c tn
s thay i) nn d thc hin hn so
vi phng php quay pha.
6.3.3. Tch sng tn hiu n bin
Tch sng tn hiu iu ch n
bin thng c thc hin nh mch
iu ch vng. Tn hiu n bin vi
tn s
S t
+ t ln mt u vo
ca mch iu ch vng, ti tin ph vi
tn s
t
c to ra u thu c
a n u vo th hai ca mch.
fsmin
fsmin fsmax
ft1
f
f
f
S(t)
S(t)
S(t)
S(t)
0
0
0
fsmin ft1
ft2 ft1 + ft2 f
d)
c)
a)
Hnh 6.26. Ph v th vc t ca dao ng iu ch n bin theo
phng php lc quay pha kt hp; ph tn hiu iu ch (a); ph ca
tn hiu ra ca b iu ch bin 1 (b); ph tn hiu ra ca b lc
(c); Ph tn hiu ra mch hiu(d).

203
Trn u ra ca mch iu ch vng l tn hiu c tn s:
S
v
S t
+ 2 . Nh mt mch lc
thng thp ly ra c thnh phn tn s mong mun
S
. Vn chnh y l vic to ra ti tin
ph u thu sao cho tn s ca n hon ton ging vi tn s ca ti tin u pht (trc iu ch).
c iu , thng ngi ta lc ly ti tin b nn, trong tn hiu hu ch thu c, ri
khuch i v hn bin c ti tin ln, ri em cng trc tip vi tn hiu n bin hoc a
n b to ti tin ph, u thu thc hin ng b.
6.4. iu tn v iu pha
6.4.1. Cc cng thc c bn v quan h gia iu tn v iu pha
V gia tn s v gc pha ca mt dao ng c quan h vi nhau, nn d dng chuyn i s
bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha v ngc li theo (6.65).
dt
d
= (6.65)
iu tn v iu pha l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo ti tin, lm cho tn s hoc pha tc thi ca ti
tin bin thin theo dng tn hiu iu ch. Vi ti tin l dao ng iu ho:
( ) ) ( cos cos ) (
0
t U t U t u
t t t
= + = (6.66)
T (6.65) rt ra:
) ( ) ( ) ( t dt t t
t
o
+ =

(6.67)
Thay (6.67) vo (6.64) ta nhn c biu thc:

+ =

) ( ) ( cos ) ( t dt t U t u
t
o
t t
(6.68)
Gi thit tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu n m (ch c mt tn s):
t U u
S S S
cos = (6.69)
Khi iu ch tn s hoc iu ch pha th tn s hoc gc pha ca dao ng cao tn bin thin
t l vi tn hiu iu ch v chng c xc nh ln lt theo biu thc (6.70a) v (6.70b)
( ) t cos U K t
S S t t
+ = (6.70a)
( ) t cos U K t
S S f 0
+ = (6.70b)
Trong trng hp ny gi
t
l tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn.
t:
m S dt
U K = gi l lng di tn ca cc i.

m S f
U K = gi l lng di pha cc i
Khi cc biu thc (6.70) c vit li nh sau:
t t
S m t
cos ) ( + = (6.71a)
t t
S m
cos ) (
0
+ = (6.71b)
Khi iu ch tn s th gc pha u khng i, do
o
t = ) ( . Thay (6.71a) vo (6.68), sau

204
khi ly tch phn, ta nhn c biu thc ca dao ng iu tn:

+ =
o S
S
m
t t t
t sin

t cos U ) t ( u (6.72)
Tng t nh vy, biu thc ca dao ng iu pha tm c bng cch thay ) (t trong (6.70)
bi (6.71b) v cho const
t
= = ta c:
( )
o S m t t f
t cos t cos U ) t ( u + + = (6.73)
Vy lng di pha t c khi iu pha:
t
S m
cos =
Tng ng vi lng di pha ta c lng di tn:
( )
t
dt
d
S S m

sin =

=
v lng di tn cc i t c khi iu pha:
S f S m S m
U K = = (6.74)
Theo (6.71a) lng di tn cc i t c khi iu tn:
S t m
U K = (6.75)
So snh (6.74) v (6.75) ta nhn thy rng: im khc nhau c bn gia iu tn v iu pha l
lng di tn cc i khi iu pha t l vi
bin in p iu ch v tn s iu
ch, cn lng di tn cc i do iu tn
ch t l vi bin in p iu ch. V
vy t mch iu ch pha c th ly ra
tn hiu iu ch tn s, nu trc khi
a vo iu ch, tn hiu iu ch c
a qua mt mch tch phn (hnh
6.27a). Ngc li c th ly ra tn hiu
iu ch pha t mt mch iu ch tn
s, nu tn hiu iu ch c a qua
mt mch vi phn trc khi a vo b
iu ch (hnh 6.27b).

dt iu ch pha
US
Tn hiu iu
ch tn s
(a)
iu ch tn
s
US
Tn hiu iu
ch pha
(b)
dt
d

Hnh 6.27. Minh ho quan h gia tn hiu iu tn v tn
hiu iu pha. S khi mch iu ch tn s thng qua
iu ch pha (a); S khi mch iu ch pha thng qua
mch iu ch tn s (b).
6.4.2. Ph ca dao ng iu tn v iu pha
Trong biu thc ca dao ng iu tn (6.72) cho gc pha ban u 0 =
o
v t
f
m
m
M =

(gi
f
M l h s iu tn), biu thc (6.72) c vit li:
( ) t sin M t cos U U
S f t t f
+ = (6.76)
Trong trng hp tn hiu iu ch bin i trong di tn s t
min S
n
max S
, M
f
c xc
nh nh sau:

205
max S
m
f
M

= (6.77)
H s iu tn
f
M khng nhng ph thuc vo bin in p iu ch m cn ph thuc
vo tn s iu ch. Tng t, ta c biu thc ca dao ng iu pha.
( ) t cos M t cos U U
S t t f
+ =

(6.78)
Trong
m
M

=
Biu thc (6.76) v (6.78) c th biu din di dng chui, m h s ca n l cc hm s
Betxen loi mt bc n nh sau:

+ t ) n ( j
f n
1 n
t t
S t
e ). M ( J ) j ( U Re u (6.79)

( ) ( )
( )

+ t n j
n
1 n
t t
S t
e M J j U Re u (6.80)
Trong J
n
l hm s Betxen loi mt bc n.
Nu khng xt n pha, th ph ca tn hiu iu tn v iu pha ging nhau, gm c thnh
phn ti tn
t
(ng vi n = 0), bin J
n
U
t
v v s cc bin tn:
S t
n + ( ) = n , bin

t n
U J ,
n
J ph thuc vo
f
M hoc

M .
Trong bng hm s Betxen, khi 405 2, , =

M M
t
th ( ) 0 =
f n
M J , ngha l lc ny tn hiu
iu tn v iu pha khng cha ti tin. Ngoi ra, cn thy rng, nu biu din hm s Betxen theo
bc n ca n, trong trng hp 1 >
f
M , tt c cc bin tn c bc
f
M n > u c bin nh hn
5% bin ti tn v u c th b qua.
V vy c th coi rng di tn ca tn hiu iu ch tn s v iu ch pha l hu hn v xc
nh n theo biu thc:
m S f t
2 M 2 D =
(6.81)
Nh vy rng di tn ca tn hiu iu tn khng ph thuc vo tn s iu ch.
i vi tn hiu iu pha, rng di tn ca n c xc nh theo biu thc (6.78)
S m S f f
2 M 2 D =
(6.82)
rng di tn ca tn hiu iu pha ph thuc vo tn s iu ch.
Khi 1
, f
M th ch c mt cp bin tn c bin ln hn 5% bin ti tn, do
max S t
2 D (6.83)
Trng hp ny rng di tn ca tn hiu iu tn bng rng di tn ca tn hiu iu
bin, ta gi l iu tn di hp. Ngc li 1 >
, f
M th c iu tn di rng.
Thng thng tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu bin i gm nhiu thnh phn tn s. Khi tn
hiu iu ch tn s v tn hiu iu ch pha c th biu din tng qut theo biu thc sau:

206
( )

+ + =

=

m
1
t t t
t cos M t cos U u (6.84)
Trong biu thc ny c quan tm n gc pha ban u
0
, v hiu pha khc nhau ca cc
thnh phn ph ca tn hiu iu ch c tnh cht quyt nh n vi dng tn hiu tng qut ca n.
Khai trin (6.84) theo chui Betxen ta c:
[ +

+ =

=
) cos( ) M ( jJ 2 ) M ( J ) t sin j t (cos Re U u
S 1 o
m
1
t t t t

( ) ( ) ( ) ]

+ + + ..... 3 cos 2 2 cos 2

3 2
t jJ t M J
S S
(6.85)
Theo (6.85) ph ca tn hiu iu tn c th c cc thnh phn tn s t hp

=
+
m
S t
1

l s nguyn hu t


6.4.3. Mch in iu tn v iu pha
V nguyn tc c th phn bit mch iu tn trc tip v mch iu tn gin tip, cng nh
mch iu pha trc tip v mch iu pha gin tip. Trong iu tn gin tip l iu tn thng
qua iu pha, cn iu pha gin tip l iu pha thng qua iu tn hnh 6.27. Trn c s , ch
cn nghin cu cc mch iu tn trc tip v iu pha trc tip, ri da vo cc s khi trn
hnh 6.27 c th suy ra mch iu tn gin tip v iu pha gin tip.
1. Cc mch iu tn trc tip
Khi iu tn trc tip, tn s dao ng ring ca mch to dao ng c iu khin bi tn
hiu iu ch.
Mch iu tn trc tip, thng c thc hin bi cc mch to dao ng m tn s dao ng
ring ca n c iu khin bi in p (VCO: Voltage Controlled Oscillator) hoc dng in
(CCO: Circuit Controlled Oscillator) hoc cc mch bin i in p - tn s. Cc mch to dao
ng c tn s bin i theo in p t vo c th l cc mch to dao ng xung hoc l cc
mch to dao ng iu ho LC. Cc mch to dao ng LC cho kh nng bin i tn s kh rng
v c tn s trung tm cao. Nguyn tc thc hin iu tn trong cc h to dao ng l lm bin i
tr s in khng ca b to dao ng theo in p t vo. Phng php ph bin nht l dng
diode bin dung (varicap) v transistor in khng. Sau y ta ln lt kho st cc loi iu tn .
a) iu tn trc tip dng diode bin dung
Diode bin dung c in dung mt ghp bin i theo in p t vo. N c s tng
ng hnh 6.28(a). Tr s R
D
v C
D
ph thuc vo in p t ln diode. Trng hp phn cc
ngc R
D
rt ln, cn C
C
c xc nh theo biu thc (6.86)
( )

k D
D
u
k
C
+
= (6.86)
Trong : k l h s t l
K
: hiu in th tip xc ca mt ghp vi diode silic, nhit thng,
k
c gi tr

207
khong 0,6V.
: h s ph thuc vo vt liu
2
1
3
1
=
Mc diode song song vi khung dao ng, ng thi t in p mt chiu phn cc ngc
cho diode v in p ca tn hiu iu ch ln diode lm in dung C
D
thay i theo in p iu
ch, do tn s dao ng cng bin i theo. Trn hnh 6.28(b) l mch in b to dao ng iu
tn bng diode bin dung.

R2
+UCC
LC
R1
C1
C2
L C
D
us
C3
C4
R3 +
-
E'0
(b)
R4
CD
RD
(a)

Hnh 6.28. iu tn bng diode bin dung
S tng ng ca diode bin dung (a) ; Mch to dao ng iu tn dng diode bin dung (b).
Trong mch in ny diode c phn cc ngc nh ngun E
0
, bin tr R
4
thay i gi tr
in p phn cc ngc.
Cc t in C
1
, C
2
, C
3
v C
4
c tc dng ni tt v thnh phn xoay chiu (tn s dao ng).
Tn s dao ng ca mch gn bng tn s cng hng ring ca b to dao ng v c xc
nh:

( )
D
d
C C L 2
1
f
+
= (6.87)
C
D
c xc nh theo biu thc (6.86)
in p t ln diode:

o S t d
E u u u =
o S S t t
E t U U = cos cos (6.88)
cho diode lun lun phn cc ngc phi m bo iu kin:
0
max
+ = =
o S t D D
E U U u u (6.89)
Nhng in p t ln diode cng khng vt qu tr s in p ngc cho php (in p nh
thng), nh vy n ng thi phi tho mn:

ngcf o S t max D D
U E U U u u = = (6.90)
y
ngcf
U l in p ngc cho php.
Khi iu tn dng diode bin dung phi ch nhng c im sau y:
- Trong qu trnh hot ng diode lun lun trong ch phn cc ngc trnh nh hng
ca in tr R
D
n phm cht ca mch to dao ng, ngha l n n nh tn s trung tm
ca mch.


208
- Phi hn ch vng lm
vic trong on tuyn tnh ca
c tuyn C
D
(u
D
) ca diode bin
dung hnh 6.29 gim mo phi
tuyn, lng di tn tng i khi
iu tn bng diode bin dung
t khong 1%.
- V dng diode iu tn,
nn mch iu tn c kch thc
nh. C th dng diode bin
dung iu tn tn s siu
cao, khong vi trm MHz. Tuy
nhin, tp tn ca tham s bn
dn ln, nn km n nh.

max D
C
min D
C
CD
o o
o
t
t
uD ED
CD
uS
Hnh 6.29. c tuyn C
D
= f(u
D
) ca diode bin dung v nguyn l
bin i in dung theo in p t vo.
b) iu tn dng transistor in khng
Phn t in khng: hoc dung tnh hoc cm tnh c tr s bin thin theo in p iu ch t
trn n c mc song song vi h dao ng ca b to dao ng lm cho tn s dao ng thay i
theo tn hiu iu ch. Phn t in khng c thc hin nh mt mch di pha mc trong mch hi
tip ca mt transistor. C bn cch mc phn t in khng nh biu din trong bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1.
Cch mc mch S nguyn l th vc t
Tr s
in khng
Tham s
tng ng
Mch phn p
RC
C
R
U
I

I
U
C
U
R
U



S
RC
j Z =



S
RC
L
d t
=
Mch phn p
RL
L
R
U
I

I
U
UL
R
U


LS
R
j Z

=

R
LS
C
d t
=
Mch phn p
CR
C
R
U
I

R
U
U
C
U
I


RCS
j Z

=
1


RCS C
d t
=

209
Mch phn p
LR
L
R
I
U

U
R
U
L
U
I


RS
L
j Z =

RS
L
L
d t
=
Vi mch phn p RC ta tnh c:
C j
S
C j R
C j R
C j
SU
U
I
U
Z

1
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
+
=
+
=

Nu chn cc linh kin, sao cho R
C j
<<

1
, th tr khng Z c th xc nh theo biu thc
gn ng sau y:
td L
L j jX
S
CR j
Z

= = (6.91)
y S: h dn ca transistor I = SU
BE
, trong
S
CR
L
td
= .
Tng t nh vy, c th chng minh cho cc s phn p cn li trong bng (6.1). Cc tham
s tng ng ca phn t in khng u ph thuc vo h dn S.
R rng khi in p iu ch t vo base ca phn t in khng thay i th S thay i, do
cc tham s L
t
hoc C
t
thay i, lm cho tn s dao ng thay i theo. iu tn dng phn t
in khng c th t c lng di tn tng i
0
f
f
khong 2%.
Thay cho transistor c th
dng n in t hoc transistor
trng trong cc s in khng.
Trn s hnh 6.30 l s b
dao ng ghp bin p c iu
tn bng phn t in khng phn
p RC. Trong T
1
l transistor
in khng, T
2
l transistor to dao
ng. Transistor in khng c
mc vi mt phn (trn L
1
) ca h
dao ng.
T1 T2
LK
Lgh
L1
CK
CB4 R3 R2
R1
LC
US
R
CB1
C
CB2 CB3
+UCC

Hnh 6.30. S b to dao ng iu tn dng phn t in
khng phn p RC.
C
B1
, C
B4
: t ngn mch cao tn
L
C
: cun chn cao tn
Cng c th mc hai transistor in khng thnh mt mch y ko tng lng di tn nh
trn hnh 6.31.


210
Trong s ny T
1
l phn t
in khng cm tnh, vi
1
T
t
S
CR
L =
v T
2
l phn t in
khng dung tnh
2
T t
CRS C = .
Theo s khi U
S
tng th S
T1
tng,
cn S
T2
gim lm cho L
t
v C
t
u
gim do tn s gim nhanh hn
theo in p iu ch v lng di
tn tng gp i (nu T
1
, T
2
c
tham s ging nhau). Mch cn c
u im, tng c n nh tn

T1
T2
LK CK
CB4
R3
R2
R1
LC
US
R
CB1
C1
CB2
CB3
CB5
UB
T3
RE
CE
UCC
+
-
C2
R4

Hnh 6.31. S to dao ng iu tn bng mch in khng y
ko; C
B1
, C
B4
: ngn mch cao tn; C
B5
: ngn mch m tn.
s trung tm
t
f ca b to dao ng dng T
3
. Tht vy, gi thit in p ngun cung cp tng th
h dn ca T
1
v T
2
u tng mt lng S . Lc L
t
gim, C
t
tng. Nu mch in T
1
, T
2
hon
ton i xng th lng tng ca C
t
s b c lng gim ca L
t
, do c th coi tn s trung
tm khng i.
c) iu tn trong cc b to xung
Trn hnh 6.32 l s mch dao ng a hi
m dy xung ra ca n c tn s thay i theo in
p iu ch u
S
.
Tn s ca mch dao ng a hi c xc
nh bi qu trnh phng ca t C qua in tr R
B

v cc transistor m. (Nguyn l hot ng ca
mch c kho st k trong phn mch a hi).
Tn s ca xung c xc nh nh sau:
T1 T2
Ur
+ Ec
Us
Rc Rc
Rb Rb
C C

Hnh 6.32. iu ch trong b dao ng a hi.
2 ln 2
1
RC
f

=
iu ch tn s ca dy xung, a in p iu ch u
S
vo base cng vi in p ngun
+E
C
. Lc ny tn s ca dy xung bin thin theo in p iu ch v c xc nh bi biu thc
(6.92).
( )

Bbh
Bbh B C
I
I R u
ln RC 2
1
f (6.92)
Trong
B
B BM BEo S C
Bbh
R
R I U u E
I
) . ( + +
= l dng base trong trng thi bo ha.
U
BEo
- in p ct base emitter;
I
BM
- dng base khi transistor m;
u
C
- lng st in p trn collector ca transistor chuyn t trng thi tt sang m.

211

CEbh C cM C C
U R I U U =
Vi mch ny c th t c di tn tng i
t
f
fm
khong vi % v h s mo phi tuyn
khong vi %o. Mch c tn s trung tm khng cao v kh n nh. Mch cng l mch iu tn
trc tip.
Nhc im chung ca iu tn trc tip l n nh tn s trung tm thp v khng th dng
thch anh thay cho mch cng hng trong b to dao ng n nh trc tip c. Do t
c n nh tn s trung tm cao, trong mch iu tn trc tip phi dng mch t ng iu
chnh tn s, tuy nhin vi mch iu tn trc tip c th t c lng di tn tng i ln.
2. Mch iu pha
a) Mch iu ch pha theo Armstrong.
S khi mch iu ch pha theo
Armstrong c trnh by trn hnh 6.33,
c thc hin theo nguyn l sau:
Ti tin t b dao ng thch anh
c a n b iu bin 1 (B1), ng
thi c quay pha 90
o
a n b iu
bin 2 (B2), cn tn hiu iu ch u
S

a n hai mch iu bin ngc pha.
in p ra ca hai b iu bin:
Us
B2
B1
Ub1
Tng
Di pha 90
o
Tn hiu
iu pha
Ub2

Hnh 6.33. S khi mch iu ch pha theo Armstrong.
u
b1 = + = t t m U
t S t
cos ) cos 1 (
1

[ ] t t U
m
t U
S t S t t t t
) cos( ) cos(
2
cos
1 1
+ + + =

u
b2 = = t t m U
t S t
cos ) cos 1 (
2

[ ] t ) sin( t ) sin( U
2
m
t cos U
S t S t 1 t t 1 t
+ + + =

th vect ca u
b1
, u
b2
v vect tng
ca chng c biu din trn hnh 6.34.
T th ta thy rng : tng cc dao
ng iu bin u = u
b1
+ u
b2
l mt dao
ng c iu ch v pha v v bin .
Mch c nhc im l lng di pha nh.
hn ch c iu bin k sinh chn nh.
c iu bin k sinh nh hn 1% th
< 0,35.
b) Mch iu ch pha dng mch lc.
S nguyn l iu ch pha dng mch
lc c biu din trn hnh 6.35.

1 b U

2 b U

1 t U m

2 t U m

1 t U

2 t U

1 t U m

2 t U m


}
}

U


Hnh 6.34. th vect ca tn hiu iu pha
theo mch Armstrong.

212
Trong mch ny, tr s in dung ca diode bin dung ph thuc vo in p iu ch u
S
. Khi
u
S
thay i th tn s cng hng ca mch lc lch khi tn s tn hiu vo
t
f mt lng f sao
cho i vi tn hiu vo, mch cng hng l mt tr khng phc c xc nh nh sau:
t
t
2
jQ 1
R
Z

+
=
& vi
cr
L
R
t
= ;
r cr
Q

= =
1
;
LC
1
t
= (6.93)
t
= v
t t
2 + .
Gc pha ca tr khng c
xc nh theo biu thc (6.94).

=
t
Q
arctg

2
(6.94)
R rng khi
S
thay i th
thay i, do gc pha
bin i mt lng tng ng. Qu
trnh iu pha ny c km theo
Us
+ Ucc
Ut

Hnh 6.35. S nguyn l iu ch pha dng mch lc
iu bin k sinh, v Z cng bin thin theo . Cng tng t nh iu ch pha theo mch
Armstrong, nu gi cho mc iu bin nh hn 1% th gc di pha cc i = 0,35. Nu dng
nhiu mt lc nh trn hnh 6.35 th nh cc khu ghp hp l, c th lm cho c tuyn
) (
S
u f = tuyn tnh hn, do t c lng di pha tng i ln = . Trong thc t
mch iu ch pha thng c dng kt hp vi mch tch phn thc hin iu tn gin tip.
Mch iu tn gin tip so vi mch iu tn trc tip th lng di tn nh hn, v nh. Nhng
mch iu tn gin tip c n nh tn s trung tm cao, v c th dng thch anh trong tng dao
ng n nh tn s. khc phc nhc im v lng di tn nh, sau tng iu tn c th mc
thm mt s tng nhn tn m bo lng di tn theo yu cu nh s khi trn hnh 6.36.
2 3
7
6
1 4 5
t
f
f f
t
f n nf
t
f n f
t

f n nf
t

2
f n f
t

2

Hnh 6.36. S khi minh ha phng php nng cao lng di tn trong mch iu tn gin tip
(iu tn thng qua iu pha).
(1) B to dao ng ; (2) Mch iu tn gin tip ; (3) Mch nhn tn bc n ; (4) Mch trn tn ;
(5) Mch nhn tn bc n ; (6) Mch trn tn ; (7) Mch nhn tn bc (n-1)
Tn hiu iu tn c h s iu ch
S
m
f
M

= . Khi tn s iu ch tng th M
f
gim (gi
thit U
S
= const) lm cho t s tn hiu trn tp m ( N S ) gim. V vy trc khi iu ch, tn hiu

213
iu ch u
S
c a qua mt mch lc thng cao. Cc thnh phn tn s cao ca u
S
khi i qua
mch c u tin v mt bin . u thu, sau khi tch sng li phi dng mch lc thng
thp c hng s thi gian bng hng s thi gian ca mch lc thng cao nhn li s phn b
bin theo tn s ng nh tn hiu thc ban u. y l mt trong cc bin php nng cao
cht lng tn hiu iu tn.
6.4.4. Tch sng tn hiu iu tn
1. Khi nim
Tch sng tn hiu iu tn l qu trnh bin i lch tn s tc thi ca tn hiu iu tn so
vi tn s trung tm thnh bin thin in p u ra.
c trng cho quan h bin i, l c tuyn
truyn t ca b tch sng. l ng biu
din quan h gia in p ra v lng bin thin
tn s u vo hnh 6.37.
hn ch mo phi tuyn, phi chn im
lm vic trong phm vi tuyn tnh ca c tuyn
truyn t (on AB trong c tuyn hnh 6.37).
Theo hnh trn c th xc nh c h s
truyn t:

A
B
Us
f

Hnh 6.37. c tuyn truyn t ca
b tch sng tn s.
0 =
=
f f d
du
S
S
f
(6.95)
Tch sng tn s v tch sng pha thng c thc hin theo mt trong nhng nguyn tc sau
y:
- Bin tn hiu iu tn hoc iu pha thnh tn hiu iu bin, ri thc hin tch sng bin .
- Bin tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu ch rng xung, ri thc hin tch sng iu ch
rng xung nh mt mch lc thng thp.
- S dng vng kha pha PLL (Phase Locked Loop) tch sng tn s v pha.
2. Mch in b tch sng tn s
a) Mch tch sng pha cn bng dng diode
Mch tch sng pha cn bng l hai mch tch sng bin dng diode ghp vi nhau nh
hnh 6.38.
Uf
Uch
D1
D2
R
R
C
C
Us
(a)

o
0
1 D U

) (t
2 D U

U
1

U
U2

(b)
Hnh 6.38. Mch in b tch sng pha dng diode (a); th vect ca cc in p (b).

214
Tn hiu cn tch sng l tn hiu iu pha u
f
c so snh v pha vi mt dao ng chun u
ch
.
Biu thc ca u
f
v u
ch
nh sau:
) t ( cos U ) t cos( U u
1 1 01 ) t ( 01 1 f
= + + =
) ( cos ) cos(
2 2 02 02 2
t U t U u
ch
= + = .
in p t ln 2 diode D
1
, D
2
c bin tng ng l:
) cos( ) cos(
02 02 2 01 ) ( 01 1 1
+ + + + = t U t U u
t D

) cos( ) cos(
02 02 2 01 ) ( 01 1 2
+ + + + = t U t U u
t D

in p ra tng ng trn hai b tch sng bin xc nh c theo th vect hnh
6.38(b).
) ( 2 1
2
2
2
1 1 1
cos . 2 ) (
t TS D TS S I
U U U U K U K u t U + + = = = (6.96a)
) ( 2 1
2
2
2
1 2 2
cos . 2
t TS D TS S II
U U U U K U K u U + = = = (6.96b)
Trong K
TS
l h s truyn t ca b tch sng bin , xc nh theo biu thc 6.97.
t
S
TS
mU
u
K = (6.97)

) (t
l hiu pha ca 2 in p vo;
02 01 ) ( 02 01 ) (
) ( + + =
t t
t
in p ra ca b tch sng:
u
S
= u
S1
u
S2
S
u [ ]
) ( 2 1
2
2
2
1 ) ( 2 1
2
2
2
1
cos . 2 cos . 2
t t TS
U U U U U U U U K + + + = (6.98)
Vy gi tr tc thi ca in p ra trn b rch sng ph thuc vo hiu pha ca tn hiu iu
pha v tn hiu chun. Trng hp
01
=
02
,
01
=
02
th in p ra ch cn ph thuc vo pha ca
tn hiu vo
(t)
.
Nu
01
=
02
, v tn hiu vo khng phi l tn hiu iu ch pha, ngha l
(t)
= 0 th in p ra
c biu thc sau y:
[ ]
o 2 1
2
2
2
1 o 2 1
2
2
2
1 TS S
cos . U U 2 U U cos . U U 2 U U K u + + + = (6.99)
Theo biu thc (6.98) c tuyn truyn t cc b tch sng pha cn bng ) ( = f u
S
l mt
hm s tun hon theo hiu pha, n c cc i khi , 0
0
= 2, 4 ... cc tiu khi ,
0
= 3,
5 ... v bng khng khi ), 1 2 ( 0
0
+ = 2 ... (vi n = 0, 1, 2, ...).
Nguyn l lm vic ca mch ny da vo s so pha ca hai dao ng ging nh mch tch
sng ng b. V vy c th dng mch tch sng ng b tch sng pha.
b) B tch sng tn s dng mch lch cng hng.
Hnh 6.39 trnh by s b tch sng tn s dng mch lch cng hng.
u vo ca hai b tch sng bin

215
gm D
1
, D
2
l hai mch cng hng c
iu chnh cng hng ti cc tn s
1
v

2
. Nu gi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu
iu tn u vo l
0
=
t
ta c:
1
=
0
+

0
;
2
=
0
-
0
.
S iu chnh mch cng hng lch
khi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu vo,
lm in p vo ca hai b tch sng bin
R
R
C
C
Us
U
S1
U
S2 2

U
C
C
1
2
1

U
D2
D1
L Ub
M

Hnh 6.39. Mch in b tch sng tn s
dng mch lch cng hng.
(U
1
, U
2
) thay i ph thuc vo tn s ca in p vo. T mch hnh 6.39 ta xc nh c:
U
1
= m.U
t
Z
1
(6.100a)
U
2
= m.U
t
Z
2
(6.100b)
Trong m l h s ghp ca bin p vo;

L
M
m = ; M l h s h cm gia cun s cp v th cp bin p vo;
L l h s in cm ca cun s cp;
Z
1
v Z
2
l tr khng ca hai mch cng hng 1 v 2.
Tng t nh biu thc (6.93) ta tnh c :
2
o
1 t
2
1
1
1 t
1
) ( 1
R
) (
Q 2 1
R
Z
+
=

+
=
(6.101a)
2
o
2 t
2
2
2
2 t
2
) ( 1
R
) (
Q 2 1
R
Z
+ +
=

+
=
(6.101b)
R
t1
, R
t2
ln lt l tr khng ca hai mch cng hng ti tn s cng hng
1
,
2
.
Q
1
, Q
2
l h s phm cht ca cc mch cng hng tng ng. Chn hai mch cng hng
nh nhau, ta c:

t 2 t 1 t
R R R = =
Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
o
o
o
Q

) 2
2 , 1

= l lch tn s tng i gia tn s cng hng ring ca mch cng

hng so vi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu vo.
o
o
Q

=
2
l lch tn s tng i gia tn s tn hiu vo v tn s trung tm ca n.
Khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i th Z
1
, Z
2
thay i, ko theo s thay i ca bin in p
vo ca hai mch tch sng bin U
1
, U
2
, y l qu trnh bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu
iu bin. Qua hai b tch sng bin , ta nhn c cc in p ra:

216
2
o
1 t
dt TS 1 TS 1 S
) ( 1
R
mU K U K u
+
= = = (6.102a)
2
o
2 t
t TS 2 TS 2 S
) ( 1
R
mU K U K u
+ +
= = = (6.102b)
in p ra tng cng:
) , ( U mR K u u u
o t t TS 2 S 1 S S
= =
Trong
2
) ( 1
1
) , (


+
=
o
o
2
) ( 1
1
+ +

o

max
= khi
o
= .
dc ca c tuyn truyn t c xc nh nh sau:
=
=

=
=
=
0 d
) , ( d
R mU K
0 f f d
du
S
o
t t TS
S
f
2 3 2
o
o
o
t t TS
) 1 (
2
.
f
U mR K
+

(6.103)
Vy h s truyn ca b tch sng ph thuc vo
o
, o hm
f
S theo
o
v xt cc cc tr ta
thy
max f f
S S = khi
2
1
=
o
. Vy mun c h s truyn t cc i phi chn lng lch tn
s
o
theo iu kin sau y:
Q Q
o o o
o

2 2
1
2
= = (6.104)
Tch sng dng mch lch cng hng c nhc im l kh iu chnh cho hai mch cng
hng hon ton i xng, nn t c dng.
c) Tch sng tn s dng mch cng hng ghp.

(b)
D2
Cgh
D1
C1
C2
Ub
Us
Lc
L1
L2
R
R
C
C
22

U
21

U
1 U
(a)
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0,5 1 1,5 2 S
5 , 0 =
3 =
1 =
2 =
o S
U U

Hnh 6.40. S b tch sng tn s dng mch cng hng ghp (a);
c tuyn truyn t ca b tch sng (b).
Mch in b tch sng tn s dng mch cng hng ghp c biu din trn hnh 6.40.
Mch lm vic theo nguyn tc chuyn bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha, sau thc hin
tch sng pha nh b tch sng bin .
Tn hiu iu tn mt mt c ghp qua bin p a n khung dao ng th cp, mt mt
c ghp qua t C
gh
. Do in p t ln cc diode D
1
, D
2
ln lt l:
21 1 1
U U U
D
+ = (6.105a)

217
22 1 2
U U U
D
+ = (6.105b)
Ta phn bit 3 trng hp:
+ Khi tn s tn hiu vo
o
f f = ( th vect hnh 6.41), trong f
o
l tn s cng hng ca
mch cng hng s cp v th cp, dng in qua in cm chm pha so vi U
1
mt gc 90
o
v
c xc nh nh sau:
1
1
1
L j
U
I
L

= (6.106)
L
I
1

gy ra trong cun dy th cp L
2
mt sc in ng:
L M
MI j E
1
= (6.107)
Gi thit M > 0, khi E
M
sm pha so
vi
L
I
1
mt gc 90
o
. E
M
sinh ra dng in I
2

trong mch cng hng th cp. V
o
f f =
tn s cng hng, mch cng hng th cp
l thun tr, nn I
2
ng pha vi E
M
.

2 2
r
E
I
M
= (6.108)
r
2
l in tr tn hao ca mch cng hng
th cp. in p U
21
v U
22
ngc pha vi
U1
21
U 22
U
D2
U
D1
U
I2
2
I
M
1

Hnh 6.41. th vect cc dng in v in p vo
ca b tch sng tn s dng mch cng hng ghp
nhau, v lch pha so vi I
2
l
o
90 . V U
D1
v U
D2
c bin nh nhau nn in p ra:
0 ) (
2 1
= =
D D TS S
U U K u
+ Trng hp
o
f f > (ng t nt) trn th vect hnh 6.41. Mch cng hng th cp
mang tnh cht in cm, nn I
2
chm pha so vi E
M
mt gc
o
90 < . U
21
v U
22
ngc pha nhau
v vung gc vi I
2
. Gia U
1
v U
21
, U
22
c gc lch pha ln lt l
1
v
1
. Tn s tn hiu
vo cng lch khi tn s cng hng trung tm f
o
th bin ca
1 D
U cng ln hn bin ca
2 D
U , do tr s in p ra u
S
cng ln.
+ Trng hp
o
f f < th mch th cp mang tnh cht in dung, nn I
2
sm pha hn E
M
, do

1 D
U <
2 D
U v u
S
< 0.
Tm li khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i th u nt cc vect U
D1
v U
D2
di chuyn trn cc
vng trn 1 v 2 trn hnh 6.41 lm cho in p ra thay i v tr s v cc tnh. Tr s in p ra
c trng cho lch tn s ca tn hiu vo so vi tn s trung tm f
o
, cn cc tnh ca in p ra
cho bit tn s tn hiu vo lch khi tn s trung tm v pha no (ln hn hay nh hn f
o
).
Tnh ton c th, s nhn c c tuyn truyn t ca b tch sng nh biu din trn hnh
6.40.a. Trong
o
o
Q

= 2 c trng cho lch tn s so vi tn s trung tm v c gi
l lch tn s tng i, U
o
l tr s chun ha ca in p ra; Q k = l h s ghp gia hai

218
mch cng hng,
2 1
L L
M
k = l h s ghp tng qut;
Q
d
1
= l h s tn hao ca mch cng
hng v Q l h s phm cht.
T c trng truyn t hnh 6.40(b) rt ra nhng nhn xt sau y:
+ H s tch sng
f
S ph thuc vo h s ghp ,
max f f
S S = khi = 0,85. Thng = 1,
lc
max f f
S S = .
+ Khi = th c tuyn truyn t i chiu bin thin. Thc t c tuyn ch c coi l
thng trong phm vi:

2
1
(6.109)
Do lch tn s cc i cho php u vo ph thuc vo . T biu thc (6.105) suy ra:

2
1 ) (
2

o
m
f
f
Q (6.110)
m
f l lng di tn cc i ca tn hiu vo. Kinh nghim cho thy chn = 2,04 th mo phi
tuyn l nh nht.
Tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp, t gy mo v d iu chnh v c hai mch u cng
hng cng tn s f
o
. Tuy nhin tr s in p ra trong b tch sng ny va ph thuc vo tn s
va ph thuc vo bin tn hiu vo (
1
U ), nn n sinh ra nhiu bin . khc phc hin
tng ny phi t trc b tch sng mt mch hn ch bin .
d) Tch sng t l
Mch in tch sng t l c trnh
by trn hnh 6.42. B tch sng t l
khc vi tch sng cng hng ghp
ch: cc diode tch sng c mc ni
tip. Mch va lm nhim v tch sng
va lm nhim v hn ch bin .
Dng qua cc diode np cho t C
1
,
C
D2
D1
C1
C2
Us1
Us
Lc
L1
L2
1 U
R
R
C
C Us2
2 U
R
o U

Hnh 6.42. S tch sng t l.
hng s thi gian ) 2 , 0 1 , 0 (
1
= RC giy, kh ln nn in p trn C
1
bin thin rt chm lm
cho nhiu bin gim. C th chng minh iu bng biu thc sau y :
R S S
u u u =
1

Vi
2 2
2 1 S S o
R
u u U
u
+
= =
Thay vo ta c:
=

=
2
2 1 S S
S
u u
u
2 1
2 1
.
2
S S
S S o
u u
u u U
+

219
Hay
1
1
.
2
2
1
2
1
+

=
S
S
S
S
o
S
u
u
u
u
U
u (111)
Khi U
o
= const, in p ra ch ph thuc vo t s
2
1
S
S
u
u
; hn na u
S1
v u
S2
ging nh b tch
sng dng mch cng hng ghp ph thuc vo bin thin tn s u vo. V vy b tch sng t
s khng c phn ng i vi cc bin thin v bin u vo v trnh c nhiu bin .
































220
Chng 7

TRN TN

7.1. C s l thuyt v trn tn
7.1.1. Khi nim chung
Trn tn l qu trnh khi tc ng hai tn hiu ti li vo ca mch th trn u ra ca n nhn
c tn hiu c cc thnh phn tn s bng tng hoc hiu tn s ca hai tn hiu . Thng thng
mt trong hai tn hiu vo l tn hiu n m (c mt vch ph), tn hiu gi l tn hiu ngoi sai
c tn s l
nS
f (sai lch vi tn hiu kia mt gi tr gi l mt tn s trung gian
tg
f ). Tn hiu cn
li l tn hiu hu ch (mang tin tc) vi tn s l
th
f c nh hoc l bin thin trong mt phm vi
no . Tn hiu c tn s mong mun c tch ra nh mt b lc, tn s ca n thng c gi
l tn s trung gian
tg
f .
Cng nh trong iu bin, trn tn c th dng cc phn t phi tuyn hoc cc phn t
tuyn tnh tham s.
Trn tn thng c dng trong my thu i tn. Trong trong my thu i tn b to dao
ng ngoi sai c ng chun vi tn hiu cao tn mang tin tc thu c sao cho
const f f f
bh nS tg
= = . Hai tn hiu ny c a vo b trn tn, li ra ca b trn tn c tn
hiu, m tn s bng tng, hiu tn s ca hai tn hiu vo. Nh mch lc ca b trn tn ta thu
c tn hiu c tn s trung gian mang tin tc
tg
f . Sau c khuch i bng cc tng khuch
i cng hng (c tn s cng hng bng tn s trung gian
tg
f ). Trn tn cn c dng trong
cc h thng thng tin nh hng, trong cc b tng hp tn s ...
C th phn loi mch trn tn theo nhiu cch:
+ Phn loi theo phn t tch cc c dng trn tn, ngi ta phn bit trn tn dng phn
t tuyn tnh tham s (mch nhn) v trn tn dng phn t phi tuyn (diode, transistor lng cc
BJT, transistor trng FET ...).
+ C th coi b trn tn l h thng tuyn tnh tham s l v qu trnh trn tn thng c
thc hin vi iu kin U
th
<< U
nS
. Lc vi tn hiu hu ch nh, c tuyn Von-Ampe ca phn
t trn tn c th coi l thng, cn di tc dng ca in p ngoi sai ln, in dn ca phn t
tuyn tnh thay i. Nh vy i vi tn hiu phn t trn tn l mt h thng tuyn tnh.
+ Cng c th phn loi theo s trn tn (trn tn diode, trn tn transistor ...) hoc theo
cch chuyn ph v pha tn s cao hoc chuyn ph v pha tn s thp ty thuc vo v tr tng
i gia tn s tn hiu
th
f u vo v tn s trung gian
tg
f u ra. Gi thit c tuyn ca
phn t phi tuyn c biu din theo chui Taylor sau y:
... ...
2
2 1
+ + + + + =
n
n o
u a u a u a a i (7.1)
trong u l in p t ln phn t phi tuyn c dng trn tn.

221
Trong trng hp ny
th nS
u u u + = , trong :
t U u
nS nS nS
cos =
t U u
th th th
cos =
Thay vo biu thc 7.1 ta c:
+ + + = ) cos cos (
1
t U t U a a i
th th nS nS o
+ + ) (
2
2 2 2
th nS
U U
a
+ + ) 2 cos 2 cos (
2
2 2 2
t U t U
a
th th nS nS

+ [ ] ... ) cos( ) cos(
2
+ + + t t U U a
th nS th nS th nS
(7.2)
Vy tn hiu ra gm thnh phn mt chiu, thnh phn c bn
nS
,
th
, cc thnh phn tng
v hiu
nS

th
v cc thnh phn bc cao 2
nS
, 2
th
. Tnh cc v tip theo ca biu thc 7.2 ta
thy trong dng in ra cn c cc thnh phn bc cao:

th nS
m n = .
trong m, n l nhng s nguyn, dng.
Nu trn u ra b trn tn, ly tn hiu c tn s =
nS

th
, ngha l chn m, n = 1 th c
trn tn n gin. Trong trng hp chn m, n > 1 th c trn tn t hp.
Thng thng ngi ta hay dng trn tn n gin. Trong on sng met v deximet nng
cao n nh tn s ngoi sai v gim nh hng tng h gia mch ngoi sai v mch tn hiu,
ngi ta c th dng trn tn t hp vi tn s tn hiu ra:
th nS
n = (n 2)
7.1.2. Cc tham s c bn
Dng in ra v dng in vo ca b trn tn ph thuc vo tt c cc in p t ln n,
v vy ta c th vit:
) , , (
tg th nS
u u u f i = (7.3)
Trong :
t U u
nS nS nS
cos =
t U u
th th th
cos =
t U u
tg tg tg
cos = .
Thng U
th
v
nS tg
U U << nn c th biu din gn ng dng in ra theo chui Taylor nh
sau: (ch ly cc s hng bc nht):
tg
tg
nS
th
th
nS
nS r
u
u
u f
u
u
u f
u f i .
) (
.
) (
) (

+ =

tg nS th nS nS
u u g u u S i ) ( ) ( + + = (7.4)
V u
nS
l tn hiu tun hon theo thi gian nn i
nS
, S(u
nS
) v g
i
(u
nS
) cng tun hon theo thi
gian. Tuy nhin n l kt qu ca qu trnh u
nS
tc ng ln phn t phi tuyn, nn ngoi thnh phn
bc nht i vi tn s ngoi sai, cn c cc thnh phn bc cao khc, do ta c:

222
... 2 cos cos ) (
2 1
+ + + = t I t I I u i
nS nS o nS nS

... 2 cos cos ) (
2 1
+ + + = t S t S S u S
nS nS o nS

... 2 cos cos ) (
2 1
+ + + = t G t G G u g
nS i nS i io nS i

Thay vo biu thc 7.4 ta nhn c:
t U t n I i
th th nS
n
n r
cos cos
0
+ =

=
t U t n S
tg tg nS
n
n
cos cos
0
+

=
t n G
nS
n
in
cos
0

=

[ ]+ + + + =


=

=
t n t n S U t n I i
th nS th nS
n
n th nS
n
n r
) cos( ) cos(
2
1
cos
0 0

[ ] t n t n G U
tg nS tg nS
n
in tg
) cos( ) cos(
2
1
0
+ + +

=
(7.5)
Vy trong dng in ra c cc thnh phn tn s
th nS
n ,
th nS
,
nS
n , nu ly s hng
bc cao ca chui Taylor con th trong dng in cn c thnh phn
th
n ,
tg
n ,
th nS
n v
tg nS
n vi m, n > 1.
Gi thit chn:

tg
=
th nS
n th t biu thc 7.5 ta c:
t G U t S U i
tg in tg tg n th tg
cos cos .
2
1
+ = (7.6)
Ti ca b trn tn c iu chnh cng hng tn s trung gian, nn ch c thnh phn tn
s trung gian c bin ln trn ti. Khi bin ca dng vi tn s trung gian
tg in th n tg
U G U S I + = .
2
1
(7.7)
Biu thc 7.7 c gi l phng trnh bin i thun ca b trn tn, trong S
n
l bin
hi bc n ca hm,
th
nS
U
U f
S

=
) (
c trng cho hiu ng bin i thun ca b trn tn.
G
io
l thnh phn mt chiu ca hm,
th
nS
i
u
u f
g

=
) (
c trng cho s thay i in dn trong
cc b trn tn i vi thnh phn tn s trung gian.
Tng t nh trn dng in vo cng l hm ph thuc vo
nS
u ,
th
u ,
tg
u , vi
th
U ,
tg
U <<
nS
U , ta c:
th y th ngn th
U G U S I
0
.
2
1
+ = (7.8)
Biu thc 7.8 gi l phng trnh bin i ngc ca b trn tn, c trng cho hin tng
hi tip dng v in p trong b trn tn.
Trong biu thc (7.8) th
ngn
S l bin thnh phn bc n ca h dn bin i ngc.
0
G l

223
thnh phn mt chiu ca in dn vo
th
nS
u
u f
g

=
) (

c trng cho s thay i in dn vo ca

b trn tn.
T cc biu thc trn c th suy ra cc biu thc nh ngha v cc tham s c bn ca b trn
tn nh sau:
+ H dn trn tn:

n
tg th
tg
tt
S
U U
I
S
2
1
0
=
=
= (7.9)
+ in dn trong ca b trn tn:

io
tg th tg
tg
itt
G
u U U
I
G =
=
=
) ( 0
(7.10)
+ H s khuch i tnh:
itt tt
tt tg
itt tg
th
tg
tt
R S
S I
G I
U
U
= = = (7.11)
+ H dn trn tn ngc:

nng
th tg
th
ttng
S
U U
I
S
2
1
0
=
=
= (7.12)
+ in dn trong khi c hin tng trn tn ngc:
o
tg th
th
ing
G
U U
I
G

=
=
=
0
(7.13)
+ H s khuch i tnh khi i tn ngc:
ing ttng
tg
th
ng
R S
U
U
= = (7.14)
T nh ngha cc tham s trn y, c th vit li cc biu thc (7.7) v (7.8) nh sau:
tg in th tt tg
U G U S I + = (7.15)
th Vo tg ttng th
U G U S I + = (7.16)
H phng trnh gm (7.15) v (7.16) tng ng vi phng trnh dn np ca mt t
cc. T h phng trnh c th suy ra s tng ng ca n.
7.2. Mch trn tn
7.2.1. Mch trn tn dng diode
Mch trn tn dng diode c ng dng rng ri mi tn s, c bit l phm vi tn s
cao (trn 1 GHz). Mch trn tn dng diode c nhc im l suy gim tn hiu.
Tng t nh cc mch iu bin, mch trn tn gm c: mch trn tn n, mch trn tn
cn bng v mch trn tn vng. Nhng c im l li ra ca mch trn tn u c mch lc LC,
lc ly thnh phn tn s trung gian
tg
f . S mch trn tn n dng diode c trnh by trn

224
hnh 7.1. Diode, mch tn hiu, mch ngoi sai v mch trung
gian mc ni tip vi nhau .
Trong s diode D l phn t phi tuyn, c tuyn ca
n c biu din theo chui Taylor.
...
3
3
2
2 1
+ + + + = u a u a u a a i
o

y u = u
th
+u
nS


U
th
U
nS
D
Z

Hnh 7.1. B trn tn dng diode
Ta c:
... ) ( ) (
2
2 1
+ + + + + =
nS th nS th o
u u a u u a a i
... 2
2
2
2
2
2 1 1
+ + + + + + =
nS th nS th nS th o
u u a u a u a u a u a a i (7.17)
Trong biu thc 7.17 ta ch n s hng
nS th
u u a
2
2 v t I =
nS th
u u a
2
2 , khi :
... sin sin 2
2
+ + =
nS nS th th
U U a I
[ ] t t U U a I
th nS th nS nS th
) cos( ) cos(
2
+ = .
Vy dng in ra ca b trn tn cha hai thnh phn
th nS
+ v
th nS
. Cc thnh phn
cn li c ph l
nS
,
nS
2 ,
th
,
th
2 ...
Nu l khung cng hng LC mc song song c tn s cng hng:
th nS ch
LC
= =
1
(7.19)
th trn khung ch tn ti thnh phn ph tng ng (
th nS
) v
t U U a Z U
th nS nS th td r
) cos(
2
= (7.20)
Z
t
l tr khng cng hng ca khung cng hng mc song song LC li ra ca b trn tn.
y cn c iu kin (
th nS
) phi cch xa
nS
v
th
mt khong ln hn gii thng
ca khung. C nh vy th
nS
v
th
mi khng lt ti li ra ca b trn tn.
Nu u
th
l tn hiu iu bin, th u
r
vn l tn hiu iu bin, ch khc tn s l =
tg

th nS
.
Trng hp tn hiu iu ch l m thanh th: = 2 2 vo khong 20KHz. Tn s trung tn
ca my thu iu bin qui nh l 465KHz, khi c th suy ra gi tr ca phm cht Q.
23
20
465
2 2
=

th nS
tg
Q .
i vi tn hiu iu tn, b rng ca ph ln n hng trm KHz. Chnh v vy m tn s
trung tn vi tn hiu iu tn FM qui nh l 2MHz.
7.2.2. Mch trn tn dng phn t khuch i
trn tn c th dng transistor lng cc, transistor trng v khuch i thut ton. c
im chung ca h trn tn loi ny l cn khuch i tn hiu.
1. Mch trn tn dng transistor
Mch trn tn dng transistor c th mc theo s base chung hoc emitter chung. S
base chung c dng trong phm vi tn s cao v siu cao, v tn s gii hn ca n cao.

225
Tuy nhin, s base chung c h s truyn t ca b trn tn thp hn so vi s emitter
chung. Cc tham s ca s trn tn ph thuc vo im lm vic, vo ln ca in p ngoi
sai v vo tham s ca transistor. V nguyn tc c th phn bit s trn tn dng transistor n,
y ko.
Trn hnh 7.2 mt s cch mc s nguyn l b trn tn dng transistor n.
U
th
U
nS
U
nS
U
th
U
nS
U
th
U
nS
U
th
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Hnh 7.2. S nguyn l b trn tn dng transistor n:
S base chung vi in p ngoi sai t vo emitter (a); s baz chung vi in p ngoi sai t
vo base (b); s emitter chung vi in p ngoi sai t vo base (c); s emitter chung vi in p
ngoi sai t vo emitter (d).
Trn c s cc s nguyn l , ngi ta thit
k nhiu loi s thc t khc nhau. Hnh 7.3 trnh
by s nguyn l b trn tn dng transistor n.
Trong mch hnh 7.3. Tn hiu cao tn iu
ch u
th
v tn hiu ngoi sai cng a vo base ca
transistor.
Mt s trng hp ngi ta thc hin mch trn
tn t dao ng c biu din trn hnh 7.4.
U
nS
Uth
C1
R1
+ Ec
C Ur

Hnh 7.3. Mch i tn dng transistor.
B
(a) Ucc
C Utg
R
R
U
th
E
C1
L1
L2
L3
C2
B
E
R
C2
Re
Ce
L3
L2
(b)

Hnh 7.4. Tng trn tn t dao ng.
Transistor va lm nhim v trn tn va to dao ng ngoi sai. in p ngoi sai c to
ln nh qu trnh hi tip dng v emit qua cun dy L
2
v L
3
. in p tn hiu u
th
c t vo
base qua bin p vo. C
1
v L
1
to thnh mch cng hng ni tip vi tn s trung gian. Nh
in p ca tn s trung gian b ngn mch u vo, do loi tr c hin tng trn tn

226
ngc. trnh nh hng tng h gia in p tn hiu v in p ngoi sai, ngi ta kt cu
mch di dng mt s cu (hnh 7.4b), trong
e
R v
e
C l phn t k sinh ca mch vo
transistor.
Khi cu cn bng khng cn s lin kt gia mch tn hiu v mch ngoi sai na
Mch trn tn theo s y ko c biu din trn hnh 7.5. Chng c nhiu u im so vi
trn tn n.
- Mo phi tuyn nh (hi bc chn b trit tiu).
- Ph tn hiu ra hp.
- nh hng tng h gia mch tn hiu v mch ngoi sai t.
- Kh nng xut hin iu ch giao thoa thp.
U
th
(a)
T2
T1
UnS
IC1
U
tg
IC2
+ Ucc

(b)
IC2
+ Ucc
T1 T2
E R
IC1
UnS
Utg
UnS

Hnh 7.5. Mch trn tn y ko: (a) S nguyn l ca mch trn tn y ko;
(b) Mch trn tn y ko dng transistor c mch emitter v base chung.
V nhng u im , nn loi mch ny hay c dng trong b trn tn ca my pht.
S hnh 7.5(a) hai transistor lm vic ch B. Do cch mc mch nn in p t vo
transistor T
1
v T
2
ln lt l:

th nS
u u u + =
1
v
th nS
u u u =
2

Do mch ra c mc y ko nn dng in ra:
2 1 C C C
i i i + =
vi ... ) ( ) (
2
2 1 1
+ + + + + =
th nS th nS o C
u u a u u a a i
... ) ( ) (
2
2 1 2
+ + + =
th nS th nS o C
u u a u u a a i
Ta c ... 6 2 4 2
3
3
3
3 2 1
+ + + + =
th nS th th nS th C
u u a u a u u a u a i
Trong t U u
nS nS nS
cos =
t U u
th th th
cos = .
Bin i biu thc trn ta thy trong dng in ra c cc thnh phn tn s
th
,
th
3 ,
th nS
3 v
th nS
2 .
Trn hnh 7.5(b) l s trn tn y ko thc t. Trong s ny khng cn ni t gia
mch vo v mch ra, nn kt cu n gin hn. c im ca s cc emitter v collector ca
hai transistor ni vi nhau.

227
Mch lc trn hai transistor, lc ly thnh phn mong mun
th nS tg
= .
2. Mch trn tn dng transistor trng
Khc vi transistor lng cc, transistor trng c c im l quan h gia dng ra (dng cc
mng) I
D
v in p vo u
GS
l quan h bc hai, nn khi dng trn tn s gim cc thnh phn
ph u ra v hn ch c hin tng giao thoa iu ch giao thoa. Ngoi ra dng transistor
trng trn tn s gim c tp m v tng c di ng ca tn hiu vo.
Hnh 7.6 trnh by cc s trn tn dng transistor trng.
U
th
Utg
U
ns
+ED
(a)
U
tg
+ED
U
th
U
(b)

Hnh 7.6. S trn tn dng transistor trng.
(a) S trn tn n vi cc ngun chung; (b) S y ko cc ngun chung.
Nguyn l lm vic ca chng hon ton ging cch dng transistor lng cc.
7.3. Vng kha pha PLL (Phase Loocked Loop)
7.3.1. Khi nim v vng kha pha
Vng kha pha cn c tn gi khc: vng bm pha hoc vng gi pha l h thng c hi tip
khng ch tn s v pha ca tn hiu u ra ph hp vi tn s v pha ca tn hiu u vo.
Dng tn hiu u vo c nhiu loi khc nhau, bao gm loi hnh sin, xung, hoc cc dng
tn hiu trong iu ch s. K thut kha pha c ng dng ln u tin vo nm 1932 trong h
thng tch ng b ca cc tn hiu.
Bt u vo nm 1960, cc chng trnh v tinh NASA s dng k thut tch pha xc
nh tn s tn hiu truyn qua v tinh. Mc d s truyn tin c thit k ti tn s 108MHz, s
tri dao ng cao tn v dch chuyn Doppler gy ra sai lch mt vi kHz trong tn hiu thu. Tn
hiu truyn c rng bng thng rt hp, nhng do s tri tn s nn my thu cn thit c bng
thng rng hn nhiu. Kt qu l cng sut nhiu tng ln, v cng sut nhiu ca b thu t l vi
rng bng thng. Tuy nhin h thng thng tin v tinh c ci thin bng vic s dng vng kha
pha khng ch tn s truyn, v v vy cho php mt rng bng thng b thu hp hn, v
cng sut nhiu u ra t hn.
Vng kha pha c hai loi: tng t v s, nhng phn ln c thit k gm c hai loi ny.
Mt s tc gi gi vng kha pha s khi chng c cha mt hoc nhiu linh kin s. Chng ta gi l
vng kha pha s (DP.LL Digital Phase Loocked Loop), khi PLL cha tt c cc phn t u l
dng s.
Mt s ng dng quan trng ca vng kha pha l : iu ch, gii iu ch tn s (FM), gii
iu ch FSK, gii m m tn, nhn tn, ng b xung ng h, t hp tn s.

228
Hnh 7.7 trnh by cu trc c bn ca vng kha pha.
B tch sng pha hay gi
l b so snh pha (Phase
comprator) to ra tn hiu u
ra l hm ca pha v tn s
ca hai tn hiu vo. Tn hiu
ra ca b tch sng pha c
lc (c th c khuch i)
Tch sng
pha
B lc
thng thp
VCO
B chia
tn
e
u d u
S
f
r
u

Hnh 7.7. S khi ca vng kha pha.
bi mch lc thng thp (Low Pass Filter). Thnh phn mt chiu t b lc thng thp (t l vi tn
hiu vi sai) a vo iu khin b dao ng c iu khin bng in p (VCO Voltage
Controlled Oscillator). Tn hiu hi tip v b tch sng pha chnh tn hiu t VCO qua b chia tn
(h s chia N).
in p iu khin VCO, u
d
tc ng vo VCO thay i tn s sao cho gim s khc bit
gia tn s tn hiu vo v tn s u ra ca b chia.
Hin nay vng kha pha vi mch h CMOS CD-4046 c ng dng rt rng ri. Cng sut
tiu th ca vi mch ny rt nh, do tiu th rt t nng lng in nn vi mch ny c dng
trong cc thit b vin thng xch tay, dng pin ...
Khi khng c tn hiu vo vng bm pha, in p li ra ca b so snh pha
) (t e
u bng 2 1
in p ngun nui mt chiu, in p li ra ca
) (t d
u c gi tr bng
) (t e
u . Mch pht xung tn s
c iu khin bng in p VCO pht ra xung tn s ring
o
f gi l tn s dao ng trung tm
(Center Frequency). Khi c tn hiu a vo h thng PLL, b so pha s so snh pha v tn s ca
tn hiu v tn hiu ra ca VCO, to ra li ra ca n mt in p t l vi s lch pha v tn s ca
hai tn hiu vo. in p ny c lc qua b lc thng thp a ti li vo iu khin VCO. in
p iu khin lm thay i tn s ca VCO gim bt s khc nhau v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn
hiu ra ca VCO. Nu hiu tn s
S
f ca tn hiu vo v
VCO
f nm trong di truyn ca b lc
thng thp s xy ra hin tng ng b hay bt chp vi tn hiu vo. Sau khi bt chp tn s
VCO
f
bng tn s tn hiu vo, tuy nhin vn c lch pha no . S khc bit v pha l cn thit, v n
to nn in p li ra ca b so pha
) (t e
u iu khin VCO pht xung tn s tn hiu vo
S
f ,
nh vy PLL trng thi gi chp tn s. ng nhin, khng phi vi tn hiu vo no, PLL cng
bt chp tn s, m ch c tn hiu vo tn s trong mt di hu hn no gn vi
o
f th PLL
mi bt chp c. Di tn s m PLL duy tr c tnh trng chp tn s vi tn hiu li vo c
gi l di gi chp (Lock range) hay l di bm ca h thng PLL. Di tn s trn h thng PLL
c th bt chp mt tn hiu vo gi l di bt chp (Capture range). Di bt chp bao gi cng nh
hn di gi chp.
Chng ta c th dng mt cch khc miu t hot ng ca PLL. B so snh pha thc cht
l mch nhn, n trn tn hiu vo v tn hiu VCO, s trn ny to ra tn s bng tng v hiu ca
hai tn s hai li vo
S
f
VCO
f . Khi mch trng thi chp th hiu tn s
S
f -
VCO
f = 0. Khi

229
in p li vo iu khin mc gia ca in p ngun nui (b so pha khng tc ng). B lc
thng thp loi b thnh phn tn s tng (v n nm ngoi di truyn ca b lc). Cn ch rng,
di gi chp c lp vi di tn s ca b lc thng thp, v rng khi mch trng thi gi chp
hiu tn s bng khng.
Sau y chng ta s nghin cu cc hin tng quan trng trong PLL l bt chp v gi chp.
Khi mch cha trng thi chp, b so pha trn tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ca VCO to ra thnh
phn tn s tng v hiu ca hai tn hiu . Nu thnh phn tn s hiu nm ngoi di truyn ca
b lc thng thp th n b loi b cng thnh phn tn s tng, do trong mch khng c thng
tin no truyn qua mch lc thng thp iu khin VCO, do VCO pht xung vi tn s trung
tm ban u
o
f . Khi tn s tn hiu vo tin gn n tn s trung tm
o
f ca VCO, th tn s hiu
gim xung tin gn n bin di tn ca b lc thng thp. Lc mt phn ca thnh phn tn s
hiu i qua b lc thng thp iu khin VCO pht tn hiu tn s ca tn hiu vo theo hng sao
cho tn s hiu gim, cho php nhiu thng tin i qua b lc thng thp iu khin VCO.
Di bt chp l di tn s ln cn tn s dao ng t do ban u ca VCO m trn h PLL
c th bt chp vi tn hiu vo. Di bt chp th hin, tn s ca tn hiu vo phi tin li gn tn
s ca VCO nh th no tn s pht ca VCO chuyn thnh c cng tn s vi tn hiu vo. Di
bt chp ph thuc vo di tn ca b lc thng thp v h s khuch i chung ca h thng.
Di gi chp l di tn s ln cn tn s dao ng t do ca VCO, m trong mch hi tip
c th theo di tn hiu vo sau khi chp tn s. Khi mch trng thi chp, thnh phn tn s
ca tn hiu ra b so pha
) (t e
v l dng mt chiu i qua b lc thng thp. Nh vy di gi chp
c gii hn bng khong bin thin ca in p u
d
t vo li vo iu khin VCO, to ra lch
tn tng ng ca VCO. Di gi chp ch yu l thng s dng mt chiu v khng chu nh hng
di tn ca b lc thng thp.
Chng ta cn phn bit di bt chp v di gi chp. Di bt chp c th c bt c gi tr no
trong phm vi khong gi chp. Di bt chp gim khi di tn s ca b lc thng thp gim. Trong
khi di gi chp khng b chi phi bi b lc thng thp m ch do h s khuch i ca h, v
di bin i ca in p mt chiu u
d
quyt nh.
Hnh 7.8 m t s bin i tn s - in p ca PLL.
Cho tn hiu vo PLL, tn s ca n c qut t t trn mt di rng (trc honh). Trc tung
l in p tng ng u
d
t vo li vo iu khin ca VCO. Trn hnh 7.8(a) tn s ca tn hiu
tng dn, in p u
d
= u
o
khng i, cho n khi tn s tn hiu vo
1
f f
S
= tng ng vi bin
di ca vng bt chp. Lc h bt chp vi tn hiu vo v to ra bc nhy in p u
d
vi du
m.
Sau VCO thay i tn s vi h s gc bng nghch o ca h s khuch i li vo ca
VCO (1) v i qua gi tr u
o
khi
o S
f f = , tn s ca tn hiu ra ca VCO, bm st tn s tn hiu
vo t n
2
f . Tng ng vi bin trn ca khong gi chp. Khi h mt bm, in p u
d
nhy
xung bng u
o
, v to ra dao ng t do ca VCO.

230
+
-
Ud
Uo
Hng qut tn s
f
f2 f1
fB
fo
a)
+
-
Ud
Uo
fo f3 f4
2 fB
Di gi chp
2 fG
Di bt chp
Hng qut tn s
f
fS
fS
b)

Hnh 7.8. c trng bin i tn s - in p ca PLL.
Nu li cho tn s tn hiu qut theo chiu hng gim dn, th qu trnh lp li nhng o
ngc so vi trc hnh 7.8(b). Mch bt chp ti tn s
3
f tng ng vi bin trn ca di bt
chp v bm st tn s tn hiu vo, cho n khi tn s tn hiu vo bng
4
f tng ng vi bin
di ca di gi chp.
Nh vy di gi chp ca h l (
4
f
2
f ) v di bt chp (
1
f
3
f ).
Do c tuyn bin i tn s - in p nh trn ca PLL c tnh chn lc vi tn s trung tm
o
f ca VCO, n ch phn ng vi nhng tn s tn hiu vo sai lch vi
o
f v
B
f hoc
G
f .
2
) (
1 3
f f
f
B

= v
2
) (
4 2
f f
f
G

= , ty theo mch bt u c hay khng c iu kin bt chp
pha ban u.
S tuyn tnh ca c trng bin i tn s
sang in p ca PLL, ch do h s bin i ca
VCO quyt nh, do thng i hi VCO c
c tnh bin i in p sang tn s mc
tuyn tnh cao.
Hnh 7.9 trnh by ng c trng ca s
ph thuc tn s pht ca VCO vo in p iu
khin u
d
, y f
max
v f
min
tng ng vi tn s
2
f v
4
f , tn s gii hn ca di gi chp:
2
G
f =
2
f -
4
f .

fmax
fo
fmin
f VCO (kHz)
Udmin Udo Udmax
Ud (V)
=Uo

Hnh 7.9. S ph thuc ca tn s VCO
vo in p iu khin.
7.3.2. Cc khi c bn ca vng kha pha PLL
H thng PLL gm cc khi c bn: B to dao ng c tn s iu khin c (VCO, CCO),
b tch sng pha, b lc thng thp. Ngi ta thng cn c vo s b tch sng pha, v b lc
thng thp phn bit cc PLL vi nhau. Tuy nhin s b tch sng pha vn c coi l c
trng c bn nht ca PLL.
Hnh 7.10 trnh by s khi ca CMOS PLL CD-4046.

231
VCO
So snh pha II
R1
R2
C1
SOURCE
FOLLOWER
Cm
So snh pha I
14
3
4
6
7
11
12
Li ra so snh pha I
Li vo so snh
VDD
Li ra so snh pha II
Li ra xung pha
Li vo VCO
5
VSS
R3
VSS
C
R
B lc
tn s
thp
16
Li ra
Li ra gii iu ch FM
VSS
8 15
VSS
Li vo tn hiu
2
13
1
9
10

Hnh 7.10. S khi ca vng bm pha CMOS PLL CD-4046.
CD-4046 l vi mch n khi gm 16 chn. Bao gm: my pht iu khin bng in p VCO
cng sut thp, tuyn tnh, v hai b so snh pha c cng b khuch i tn hiu vo, cng mt li
vo so snh. Diode n p c in p u
2
= 5,2V to ra in p mt chiu n nh dng iu
chnh nu cn thit. VCO c ni trc tip hoc qua b chia tn ti b tch sng pha. B lc thng
thp c ni mch ngoi c th thay i cu trc ca h trong tng ng dng c th. Sau y
chng ta xt cc khi.
1. B tch sng pha (b so snh pha)
B tch sng pha c nhim v cho ra mt tn hiu ph thuc vo hiu pha hoc hiu tn s ca
hai tn hiu vo. Cc tn hiu vo thng l tn hiu hnh sin hoc dy xung ch nht. Ngi ta phn
bit tch sng pha tuyn tnh v tch sng pha phi tuyn (tch sng pha s).
B tch sng pha tuyn tnh thng c thc hin bi mch nhn tng t. Tn hiu ra ca n
t l vi bin cc tn hiu vo.
B tch sng pha s c thc hin bi cc mch s (AND, OR, NOT, XOR,...). Tn hiu vo
ca n l dy xung ch nht. Tn hiu ra khng ph thuc vo bin tn hiu vo, m n ph
thuc vo tn s v pha ca cc tn hiu vo.
Cng ngh ch to CMOS kh thc hin vic khuch i tn hiu tng t, do thit b ca
PLL trnh by trong hnh 7.10 dng tch sng pha.
Trong s khi ca n c hai b tch sng pha. C hai b tch sng cng chung b khuch
i li vo v cng c ni vi li vo so snh.
a) B tch sng pha I (B so snh pha I)
B tch sng pha I l mch hoc tuyt i (XOR), mch ny hot ng tng ng vi tn hiu

232
ngng ca b trn cn bng. t c di chp ln nht, cc xung li vo tn hiu v li vo
so snh phi l cc xung vung c rng xung bng cm xung. Khi khng c tn hiu li
vo, li ra ca b so pha I (tch sng pha) c in p bng
2
DD
V
. B lc thng thp ni vi li ra
ca b tch sng pha I cp in p trung bnh cho cc iu khin ca VCO, lm cho VCO pht ra
xung vung c tn s bng tn s trung tm
o
f . Vi h tch sng pha I di tn s trong PLL c
th thit lp trng thi bt chp ph thuc vo di tn s ca b lc thng thp v c th lm cho
di bt chp ln bng di gi chp. B tch sng pha gi cho PLL trng thi gi chp mc d
nhiu li vo c th rt ln.
b) B tch sng pha II (B so snh pha II)
B tch sng pha II l mt mng nh s c iu khin bng sn xung. B tch sng pha II
gm 4 trig RS c chung ca iu khin v mch ba trng thi li ra. (C th tm hiu trong cc
gio trnh k thut s).
2. My pht iu khin bng in p VCO
Yu cu chung i vi cc b to dao ng c tn s iu khin c l quan h gia in p
iu khin v tn s ca dy xung ra phi tuyn tnh. Ngoi ra mch phi c n nh tn s cao,
di bin i ca tn s theo in p vo rng, n gin, d iu chnh v thun li i vi t hp
thnh vi mch (khng c in cm).
3. B lc thng thp
S khc nhau gia tn s v pha ca tn hiu vo v tn hiu ca VCO qua b tch sng pha v
b lc thng thp to thnh in p u
d
. in p ny ng vai tr iu khin tn s pht ca VCO.
B lc thng thp y dng mch RC li ra trn t C, di tn s ca n quyt nh di bt
chp ca PLL.
7.3.3. ng dng ca vng kha pha PLL
PLL c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc trong k thut v tuyn in, trong k thut truyn s
liu, cng nh trong k thut o lng. Cc ng dng ca n chung quy li u l nhm bin i
tn s, di chuyn tn s t min tn s thp sang min tn s cao v ngc li.
Sau y s xt mt s ng dng c bn ca n.
1. Tch sng tn hiu iu tn
Khi dng PLL tch sng tn hiu iu tn, phi thit k sao cho tn s dao ng t do
ca n trng vi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn. Tn s ca VCO bm theo tn s ca tn
hiu iu tn li vo tn hiu ca b tch sng pha. in p u
d
li ra ca mch lc thng thp
t l vi hiu tn s
o t
f f f = v t l vi hiu pha ca 2 tn hiu , f
t
l tn s ca tn hiu iu
tn, u
d
l dao ng tn s thp c tch sng.
Nu tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu s sng mang dng hnh sin, ta c iu ch s: ASK, PSK,
QPSK, QAM.
Trong FSK l kho dch chuyn tn s (hay cn gi l iu ch tn s), c dng nhiu
trong MODEM truyn d liu. Mch gii iu ch FSK c trnh by trn hnh 7.13.

233
B tch sng PLL
Detector
B lc thng thp
Low Pass Filter
B to xung
Pulse Forming Circuit
Tn hiu iu
tn
D liu

Hnh 7.13. S khi mch gii iu ch FSK
Tn hiu iu tn a vo vng
kho pha tch ly thnh phn tn s
thp, sau qua mch lc thng thp
cui cng qua mch to dng xung
thc cht l trigger Smit to li
xung mang tin tc. Hnh 7.14: Trnh
by mch dng PLL lm b tch sng
trong gii iu ch FSK vi hai tn s
1200Hz v 2400Hz.

PHASE
COMP.1
PHASE
COMP.1
VCO
FSK
IN
1K
10K
10n
IC2
CD4046
VDD
14
3
4
6
7
11
12
8 5
10
9
1
13
2
10K
15n
22K
68K
47K
RV1
PLL
VSS
16
+5V
DATA
OUT
42n

Hnh 7.14. S mch PLL trong di iu ch FSK
2. Khi phc xung ng h
PHASE
COMP.1
PHASE
COMP.1
VCO
VDD
14
3
4
6
7
11
12
8 5
10
9
1
13
2
PLL
VSS
16
42n
= 1
Ur
= 1
= 1
IN
4
5
1K
56p
390p
4K7
27K
6K7
5K6
560
330n
RV3
a
b
+5V
d
e
6
1
2
3
5
4
6
15n
10K
1M 1,2K
1M
1,2K
33n
1M 1,2K
100K
47K
270K
RV4
1M 1,2K

Hnh 7.15. Mch khi phc xung ng h
Trong truyn thng s, gii iu ch nhiu trng hp phi khi phc xung ng h (xung
nhp). Khi , thng dng vng kho pha.
Hnh 7.15 trnh by mch khi phc xung ng h vi tn s 1MHz v 1,2kHz, dng xung
cc im tng ng ca s c trnh by trn hnh 7.16.

234
Xung ng h c khi phc li
nh tn hiu d liu. Phng php
thng dng nht c trnh by
hnh trn. Tn hiu d liu tr mt
khong thi gian c 1/2 rng bit
v sau so snh vi tn hiu d liu
trc tip qua b hoc tuyt i (EX-
OR). Li ra l dng sng cha thnh
phn ph gp 2 ln tn hiu d liu.
Vi mch PLL, xung vung c to
ra, n ng b vi d liu v vi chu
k c di bng khong cch bit.
Nh vy, mch khi phc c
xung ng h.
Mch tr
T PLL
Xung
s liu
a b
c
d e
Xung
ng h
(a)
(b)
(d)
(e)

Hnh 7.16. S tng ng v dng xung ca mch
khi phc ng h hnh 7.15.

3. Tng hp tn s
y l mt ng dng quan trng ca PLL. Tng hp tn s l qu trnh to ra mt mng tn s
ri rc t mt tn s chun c n nh cao.
Do PLL thc hin c ch gi pha nn cc c tnh n nh v tri nhit ca cc tn s
c to ra cng ging nh ca tn s chun.
Nhng php bin i c bn trong tng hp tn s l nhn v chia tn s, PLL c th dng
thc hin cc php bin i .
a) Php nhn tn s vi h s nhn nguyn
Mch c s nh hnh 7.17. ch ng b tn s chun
N
f
f
C
0
= hay tn s ra
C r
Nf f f = =
0
.
B tch sng
pha
Lc thng thp
v khuch i
VCO
Chia tn N:1
N:1
Tn hiu ra
f
r
=Nf
C
o
Tn s chun
f
C
Fo/N

Hnh 7.17. Mch nhn tn s vi h s nhn nguyn
b) Tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi l bi ca tn s chun, hnh 7.18.
Tn s chun trc khi a vo b tch sng pha c a qua mch chia tn, trn u ra
ca mch chia tn c tn s
M
f
C
.


235
Lc
thng thp
VCO
(PLL)
Chia tn N:1
N:1
fr /N
B chia tn 1
M:1
Tch
sng pha
o
fr=N/M.fc
Fv/M
o
f
C

Hnh 7.18. Mch tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi bi nguyn ca tn s chun

Tn s ra qua mch chia l N l
N
f
r
. Khi ng b
N
f
M
f
r C
= , tn s
r
f thay i tho mn
iu kin trn, do :
C r
f
M
N
f =
Bng cch thay i M, N (chng trnh ho) c th nhn c mt dng tn s ri rc tu
vi n nh v chnh xc nh ca tn s chun.


236
chng 8

Chuyn i tng t s v s tng t

8.1. Chuyn i Tng t S
8.1.1. Khi nim chung
Do s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut in t s, c bit l
ng dng ph bin ca my tnh in t s, nn thng dng mch s
x l tn hiu tng t.
Mun dng h thng s x l tn hiu tng t th phi bin i tn
hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s tng ng, ri a vo h thng s
x l. Mt khc thng c yu cu bin i tn hiu s (kt qu x l)
thnh tn hiu tng t tng ng a ra s dng. Chng ta gi s
chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s l chuyn i AD, v mch
thc hin cng vic l b bin i tng t - s (ADC - Analog Digital
Converter). Chng ta gi s chuyn i tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng
t l chuyn i s - tng t (DA), v mch thc hin chuyn i s -
tng t l DAC (Digital Analog Converter).
Qu trnh bin i 1 tn
hiu tng t sang dng s
c minh ha bi c tnh
truyn t nh hnh 8.1.
Gi tr ca tn hiu
tng t U
A
c chuyn
thnh mt i lng s m
mi quan h gia chng c
dng bc thang u. Vi c
tnh truyn t nh vy,
mt phm vi gi tr ca U
A

c biu din bi mt gi
tr i din s thch hp.Cc
gi tr i din s l cc gi
tr ri rc.

UD
U
A
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (U
Amax
)

Q Q
U

Hnh 8.1. c tnh truyn t ca mch bin
i tng t - s
vi U
A
: in p vo tng t v U
D
: in p ra
s.

237
Mt cch tng qut, tn
hiu s:
o
o
n
n
n
n D
b b b S 2 ... 2 2
2
2
1
1
+ + + =

. (8.1)
Trong cc h s b
K
= 0 hoc 1 (vi b
K
nhn 2 gi tr 0 v 1 gi l
bit).
- b
n-1
c gi l bit c ngha ln nht (MSB - Most Significant bit)
tng ng vi ct ng bn tri ca dy m s. Mt bin i gi tr ca
MSB ng vi s bin i ca tn hiu l na di lm vic.
- b
0
l bit c ngha nh nht (LSB - Least Significant bit) tng ng
vi ct ng u tin bn phi ca dy m s. Mt bin i gi tr ca
LSB ng vi 1 mc lng t (1 nc ca hnh bc thang).
8.1.2. Cc tham s c bn
1. Di bin i ca in p tng t u vo
L khong in p m b chuyn i AD c th thc hin chuyn i
c. Khong in p c th ly tr s t 0 n mt tr s dng
hoc m no hoc cng c th l in p c hai cc tnh t U
Am
n
+U
Am
.
2. phn gii
phn gii ca ADC biu th bng s bit ca tn hiu u ra. S
bit cng nhiu th sai s lng t cng nh, chnh xc cng cao.

238
Th d, Mt ADC c s bit
u ra N = 12 c th phn bit
c 2
12
= 4069 mc trong di
bin i in p vo ca n.
phn bit ca mt ADC c k
hiu l Q v c xc nh bi
biu thc sau:

1 2
= =
N
Am
LSB
U
Q U
Q l gi tr ca mt mc
lng t ho hoc cn gi l
mt LSB.
Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri
rc, nn trong qu trnh bin
i ADC xut hin mt sai s,
gi l sai s lng t ha, c
xc nh nh sau:

Sai s lch khng
L tng
Thc
Sai s n iu
Sai s khuch i
Mo phi tuyn
LSB
2
1
UD
UA
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
Hnh 8.2. c tuyn truyn t l tng
v thc 1 ca mch bin i tng t - s
(ADC).
Q U
Q
2
1
= (8.2)
Thng thng cc ADC c s bit t 3 n 12. Ngoi ra cn c mt s
cc ADC t c chnh xc c s bit t 14 n 16 bit.
Lin quan n chnh xc ca ADC cn c nhng tham s khc
c minh ha trn hnh 8.2.
3. Tc chuyn i
Tc chuyn i l s chuyn i trong mt giy gi l tn s
chuyn i f
C
. Cng c th dng tham s thi gian chuyn i T
C
c
trng cho tc chuyn i. T
C
l thi gian cn thit cho mt ln
chuyn i
Ch rng
C
C
T
f
1
.
Thng
C
C
T
f
1
< v gia cc ln chuyn i cn c 1 khong thi
gian cn thit cho ADC phc hi li trng thi ban u.

239
8.1.3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca b bin i tng t - s (ADC)
Trong b bin i tng t - s (ADC) tn hiu tng t u vo l
lin tc, tn hiu s m ho u ra l ri rc. S chuyn i AD i hi
phi ly mu i vi tn hiu tng t u vo nhng thi im quy
nh, sau chuyn i cc gi tr mu thnh tn hiu s u ra.
Qu trnh chuyn i tng t - s ni chung c 4 bc: ly mu - gi
mu - lng t ho - m ho. Cc bc trn y lun kt hp vi nhau
trong mt qu trnh thng nht. V d ly mu v gi mu l mt cng
vic lin tc trong cng mt mch in, lng t ho v m ho l
cng vic ng thi thc hin trong mt qu trnh chuyn i vi mt
khong thi gian cn thit l mt phn ca thi gian gi mu.
1. Ly mu tn hiu
Tn hiu tng t li vo U
A
, sau qu trnh ly mu v x l gi l
tn hiu U
S
v chng c th khi phc li tn hiu tng t U
A
mt cch
trung thc nu iu kin sau c tho mn:
max
2
V S
F f (8.3)
y: f
S
l tn s ca tn hiu ly mu.

max V
f l gii hn trn ca di tn s tn hiu tng t.
Nu biu thc 8.3 c tho mn c th dng b lc thng thp
khi phc tn hiu tng t U
A
t tn hiu U
S
. Hnh 8.3 m t ly mu tn
hiu tng t. Hnh 8.4 c tnh tn s ca b lc khi phc tn hiu.
t
o
U
A

(a)
t
o
U
S
(b)
Hnh 8.3. Ly mu tn hiu tng t u vo. Tn hiu tng t (a) ;
xung ly mu (b).

240
V mi ln chuyn i ca in p
ly mu thnh tn hiu s tng ng
u cn mt thi gian nht nh, nn
phi nh mu mt khong thi gian
cn thit sau mi ln ly mu,
bin i thnh tn hiu s.
2. Lng t ho v m ho tn hiu
Tn hiu s khng nhng ri rc v mt
thi gian, m cn khng lin tc trong
bin i gi tr. Mi gi tr bt k ca
tn hiu s u phi biu th bng
o
) ( f K
f
max v
f

Hnh 8. 4. c tnh tn s ca
b lc
khi phc tn hiu.
bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v no , gitr ny l nh nht c
chn. Ngha l nu dng tn hiu s biu th in p ly mu, th tt phi
bt in p ly mu ho thn thnh bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v.
Qu trnh ny l qu trnh lng t ho. n v c chn theo quy
nh ny gi l n v lng t, k hiu l . R rng, gi tr bit 1 ca
LSB tn hiu s bng . Vic dng m nh phn biu th gi tr tn hiu s
l m ho. M nh phn c c sau qu trnh trn chnh l tn hiu
u ra
ca b chuyn i tng t - s.
Tn hiu tng t l lin tc th khng nht thit phi l bi s
nguyn ln ca , do ta khng trnh khi sai s lng t ho. Tn
ti nhng cch khc nhau phn chia cc mc lng t dn n sai s
lng t ho khc nhau.
Gi tr chuyn i tn hiu in p lng t t 0 1V thnh tn hiu
s nh phn 3 bit. Nu chn V
8
1
= ng thi quy nh in p tng t
trong phm vi t 0 V
8
1
, xem nh l 0 th tn hiu s tng ng l 000.
Tng t, in p tng ng t V
8
1
V
8
2
l 1 , tng ng vi 001 v.v...
Theo cch phn chia mc lng t , ta c hnh 8.5a.

241
111 7 = 7/8V

110 6 = 6/8V

101 5 = 5/8V

100 4 = 4/8V

011 3 = 3/8V

010 2 = 2/8V

001 1 = 1/8V

000 0 = 0/8V

1V
7/8
6/8
5/8
4/8
3/8
2/8
1/8
0

(a)
111 7 = 14/15V
110 6 = 12/15V
101 5 = 10/15V
100 4 = 8/15V
011 3 = 6/15V
010 2 = 4/15V
001 1 = 2/15V
000 0 = 0

1V
13/15
11/15
9/15
7/15
5/15
3/15
1/15
0

(b)
Hnh 8.5. Hai phng php phn chia mc lng t .
Quy nh: - in p tng t V
15
1
0

2
0 tng ng 000.
- in p tng t
15
3
15
1
V tng ng 001 v.v...
Sai s cc i ca phng php ny l V
15
1
2
=

.
Phng php phn chia mc lng t c th gim nh hn sai s
lng t. Chn V
15
2
= hnh 8.5b.
3. Mch ly mu v gi mu
Hnh 8.6 gii thiu IC ly mu, gi mu LF-198.
Trong mch gm 2 b khuch i thut ton, S l chuyn mch in
t, L l mch ghp iu khin chuyn mch S.
Tn hiu iu khin U
k
= 1, chuyn mch S ng, U
k
= 0, chuyn mch
S ngt.

242
Khi S ng c 2 b khuch i
thut ton hot ng ch
lp li (h s khuch i in p
bng 1)
V O r
U U U = = . T in C
K

mc ni tip vi R
2
v ni t c
in p bng U
V
. Khi U
k
= 0 th S
ngt, in p trn t v in p
ra c duy tr.
in p li vo U
V
c th bin
thin ng k trc khi S c
ng tr li cho ln ly mu k
tip. Do in p U
O
c th bin
thin rt ln v mt trong
hai trng
Ur
D1
L
S
1
2
+

+
CK
U
k
R1 30K
R2 300
U
o UV
D2

Hnh 8.6. Mch in ca IC LF-198 ly mu -
gi mu.
thi bo ha ca khuch i thut ton vt qu kh nng chu in
p ca chuyn mch S khi ng tr li. ng thi, khi khuch i thut
ton lm vic ch bo ha ch lm vic tn s thp. Do a
thm diode D
1
, D
2
lm nhim v ni mch hi tip m ca khuch i
thut ton th nht v in p V U U
V o
6 , 0 = s khc phc c cc
nhc im trn.
Khi chuyn mch S ng in p t ln 2 diode bng khng, v vy
chng c in tr ln, khng c tc dng khi ly mu.
8.1.4. Cc phng php bin i tng t - s
1. Phn loi
C nhiu cch phn loi cc loi bin i tng t - s. Cch phn
loi hay dng hn c l cch phn loi qu trnh bin i v mt thi
gian. N cho php phn on mt cch tng qut tc chuyn i.
Theo cch phn loi ny ngi ta phn bit 4 phng php bin i
AD sau y:
- Bin i song song. Trong phng php bin i song song, tn hiu
c so snh cng mt lc vi nhiu gi tr chun. Tt c cc bit c
xc nh ng thi v a n u ra.

243
- Bin i ni tip theo m m. y qu trnh c thc hin ln
lt tng bc theo quy lut ca m m. Kt qu chuyn i c xc
nh bng cch m s lng gi tr chun biu din gi tr tn hiu
tng t cn chuyn i.
- Bin i ni tip theo m nh phn. Qu trnh so snh c thc
hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut ca m nh phn. Cc n v
chun dng so snh ly cc gi tr gim dn theo quy lut ca m
nh phn, do cc bit c xc nh ln lt t bt c trng s ln
nht (MSB) n bt c trng s nh nht (LSB).
- Bin i song song - ni tip kt hp. Trong phng php ny mi
bc so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu l 2 bit ng thi.
Cc mch thc t lm vic theo nhiu phng php khc nhau,
nhng u c th xp vo 1 trong 4 loi trn.
2. Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song
S nguyn l b chuyn i AD theo phng php song song c
trnh by trn hnh 8.7.
FF
FF
FF
FF
M
ha
o
o
o
o
UD
R
UA
o
o Xung nhp
o
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
UG

+
S2

+
S3
S1
.
.
.
.

+
Sn
R
R
R
B1
B2
B3
Bn
UCB

Hnh 8.7. S nguyn l b chuyn i AD theo phng php song song.
Trong phng php chuyn i song song, tn hiu tng t U
A
c
ng thi a ti cc b so snh
m
S S
1
. in p chun c a ti u
vo th hai ca cc b so snh, thng qua thang in tr R. Do cc
in p chun t vo b so snh ln cn khc nhau mt lng khng

244
i v gim dn t S
1
n S
m
. u ra ca b so snh c in p vo ln
hn in p chun ly trn thang in tr c mc lgic 1, cc u ra
cn li c mc lgic 0 . Tt c cc u ra c ni vi mch AND (v),
mt u vo mch AND c ni vi xung nhp ch khi c xung nhp a
n u vo mch AND th cc xung trn u ra mch so snh mi a
ti mch nh FF (Flip - Flop).
Nh vy c sau mt khong thi gian bng mt chu k ca xung
nhp li c mt tn hiu c bin i v a ti u ra. Xung nhp m
bo cho qu trnh so snh kt thc mi a tn hiu vo b nh.
Mch bin i song song c tc chuyn i nhanh, v qu trnh
so snh c thc hin song song, nhng mch phc tp vi s linh kin
qu ln. Vi b chuyn i N bit phn bit c 2
N
mc lng t ha
phi dng (2
N
-1) b so snh. V vy phng php ny ch dng trong cc
ADC yu cu s bit N nh v tc chuyn i cao.
3. Chuyn i AD theo phng php phn on tng bit
(chuyn i ni tip theo m nh phn).
Mch chuyn i theo phng php ny c s tng bng s bit ca
tn hiu s li ra hnh 8.8. Mi tng cho ra mt bit.
Phng php phn on c tin hnh nh sau: Gi s tn hiu vo
bin i trong phm vi t 0 U
A max
. Chia di lm vic ra hai phn bng
nhau, lc gianh gii gia hai phn l
2
max A
U
.
Tn hiu cn bin i u
A
c so snh vi mc
2
max A
U
. Nu <
) 1 ( A
u
2
max A
U

th li ra B
1
= 0,
ngc li nu
) 1 ( A
u
2
max A
U
th B
1
= 1 . Vy in p
2
max A
U
chnh l in p
chun ca b bin i DA mt bit (n l mt b so snh). Tn hiu s ng
vi bit th nht B
1
mt mt c a ra ch th, mt mt c a vo
b bin i ngc DA. Trn u ra ca ca b bin i DA mt bit l tn
hiu tng t ng vi bit c ngha (c trng s) ln nht. Khi B
1
= 0 th
tn hiu tng t tng ng vi n 0
'
) 1 (
=
A
U , cn khi B
1
= 1 th =
'
) 1 ( A
U
2
max A
U
.

245
Mch tr cho ra gi tr hiu gia tn hiu vo
) 1 ( A
U v tn hiu tng t
ng vi bit th nht.
y chnh l in p d ca tn hiu tng t sau khi chuyn i
thnh tn hiu s bit th nht. in p d ny a n tng th hai
tip tc xc nh bit tip theo bng cch so snh n vi in p chun
bng na in p chun ca mch so snh bt u tin c gi tr
4
max A
U
.
Tng t nh vy xc nh bit th ba phi c in p chun so
snh bng
8
max A
U
, v bit th N c
) 2 (
max
N
A
chN
U
U = .
Tuy nhin thay cho vic gim dn tr s in p chun ca mi
tng tip theo, theo bi s ca 2, ngi ta nhn i cc in p d sau
mi tng, lc ngi ta gi nguyn in p chun cho tt c cc tng
2
max A
U
. Bng cch c th tit kim c ngun in p chun, nhng
sai s bin tng gp i khi tn hiu i qua mi tng. Do yu cu
cc tng lm vic phi chnh xc.
So vi phng php song song, trong phng php ny xc nh N
bit cn N b so snh (t mch so snh hn).
Tuy nhin mch t c dng trong thc t, nhng l c s phn
tch v xy dng phng php khc.
AD
1 bit
DA
1 bit
Mch
hiu
Mch
m
AD
1 bit
DA
1 bit
UA(1)
UA(1) UA(2)
B1 B2
Mch hiu
Tng 1
Tng 2
UA(2)
Mch hiu

Hnh 8.8. S khi b chuyn i AD theo phng php phn on tng bit.
4. Chuyn i AD theo phng php m n gin
Hnh 8.9 trnh by s nguyn tc ca ADC lm vic theo phng
php m n gin. Hnh 8.10. Gin thi gian in p ra ca cc khi
trong hnh 8.9.

246
U
A
+

To in p
rng ca
SS
1
U
C
o
o
U
SS2
SS
2
+

B
m
o
Xung nhp
.
.
U
G
U
SS1
o
U
D
o
o
(1)
(2)

Hnh 8.9. S nguyn tc ca ADC lm vic theo phng php m n
gin.
in p vo U
A
c so snh vi
in p chun rng ca U
C
nh b so
snh SS1. Khi
C A
U U > th U
SS1
= 1, khi
C A
U U < th U
SS1
= 0.
B so snh SS2 so snh in p
rng ca vi mc 0V (t), do khi
c in p rng ca U
SS2
= 1, khi
khng c th U
SS2
= 0. U
SS2
v U
SS2
c
a n li vo mt mch AND.
Xung ra U
G
c rng t l vi
ln ca in p vo U
A
, gi thit
xung chun dng rng ca c
dc khng i. Mch AND th hai ch
cho ra cc xung nhp khi tn ti
xung U
G
, ngha l trong khong
thi gian
A C
U U < < 0 . Mch m, m
s xung nhp trong thi gian tn
ti U
G
trong mt chu k ca xung
rng ca. ng nhin s xung ny
t l vi ln ca U
A
.

t
U
G
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
U
C
U
A
U
SS2
U
SS1

Hnh 8.10. Gin thi gian in p
ra ca cc khi trong hnh 8.9.
5. Chuyn i AD theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc
Mch in trn hnh 8.11 minh ha nguyn tc hot ng ca ADC
theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc. Khi lgic iu khin cho kha

247
K v tr 1 th U
A
(in p tng t cn chuyn i) np in cho t C
thng qua in tr R.
Gi thit thi gian np cho t l t
1
, ta c in p trn t sau thi
gian t
1
, ta c:
1
'
) 1 (
.t
RC
U
U
A
t C
= (8.5)
Theo (8.5)
'
) 1 (t C
U t l vi U
A
.
Ty theo U
A
ln hay b, c truyn
'
) (t C
U c dc khc nhau nh
trn hnh 8.12.
+
-
+
-
Mch
logic
A1
A2
B m
Zo
Xung
nhp
Uch
UA
1 2
K
R
C
Uc
SS
AND
m
UD

Hnh 8.11. S nguyn l ca ADC lm vic theo phng php
tch phn 2 sn dc.
Trong thi gian t
1
, b m Z
o
m
cc xung nhp. Ht thi gian t
1
kha K
c mch lgic iu khin sang v
tr 2, ng thi tn hiu t mch lgic
cng c a ti mch AND, lm
cho mch AND cho cc xung nhp i
qua. Ti thi im ny mch m
u ra bt u m, ng thi mch
m Z
o
c mch lgic iu khin v
v tr ngh.
Khi K v tr 2, in p U
ch
bt u
np cho t C theo chiu ngc li,
phng trnh np:
UA
t1
'
1 C
U
'
2 C
U
'
2
t
' '
2
t
t
0
Hnh 8.12. th thi gian in p
ra.

248
t
RC
U
U
ch
C
.
' '
= (8.6)
Sau mt khong thi gian t
2

2
' '
.t
RC
U
U
ch
C
= (8.7)
Gi thit sau thi gian t
2
th
' ' '
C C
U U = , ngha l in p U
C
trn t C
bng khng.
Thay biu thc (8.5) vo (8.7) ta c:
2 1
. . t
RC
U
t
RC
U
ch A
=
Hoc
1 2
.t
RC
U
t
A
= (8.8)
Mt khc c th xc nh c s xung ca mch m Z
o
trong thi
gian t
1


n o
f t Z .
1
= (8.9)
Trong
n
f l tn s ca dy xung nhp.
T biu thc (8.9) suy ra:
n
o
f
Z
t =
1

(8.10)
Thay biu thc (8.10) vo (8.8) ta c:
o
o
ch
A
f
Z
U
U
t .
2
= (8.11)
Do s xung nhp m c nh mch m u ra trong khong
thi gian t
2
:
o
ch
A
n
Z
U
U
f t Z .
2
= = (8.12)
Sau thi gian t
2
mch m ra b ngt v U
C
= 0, v mch lgic kha
cng AND. Qu trnh c lp li trong chu k chuyn i tip theo.
Theo biu thc (8.12) ta thy, s xung m u ra t l vi in p
tng t U
A
cn chuyn i. y kt qu m khng ph thuc vo
cc thng s RC ca mch v cng khng ph thuc vo tn s xung
nhp
n
f , nh trong phng php m n gin. V th kt qu chuyn i

249
kh chnh xc, v tng chnh xc khng cn chn
n
f cao. Tuy
nhin tn s
n
f phi n nh cao.
6. Chuyn i AD theo phng php xp x tim cn
Hnh 8.13 l s khi ADC xp x
tim cn. Trong s ny c cc
khi sau: B so snh (COM), DAC, in
p chun, b nh xp x tim cn,
lgic iu khin, tn hiu ng h
(CLOCK) v.v... Trc khi thc hin
chuyn i AD, b nh phi b xa v
0. Bt u chuyn i, xung ng h
lp bit MSB trong b nh mc 1, s
liu ra ca b nh l 100...0. Tn hiu
s ny c DAC chuyn i thnh
in p tng t tng ng U
o
.
song song
Ra s liu
B nh xp
x tim cn
COM
Uv Uo
in p chun
CLOCK
Tn hiu iu khin CON V
chuyn i
DAC

Hnh 8.13. ADC xp x tim cn.
B so snh, so snh U
V
v U
o
. Nu
V o
U U > , tn hiu s qu ln th bit
MSB b xa v 0. Nu
V o
U U < , tn hiu s vn cn b th bit MSB duy tr gi
tr 1. Tip theo, cng phng php nh trn, xung ng h tip lp bit c
trng s b hn mc 1, sau khi so snh, mch xc nh gi tr 1 ny c
duy tr hay khng. C th tip tc mi n bit LSB th xong. Sau qu
trnh so snh tt c cc bit, d liu trong b nh chnh l tn hiu s
mong mun.
7. Chuyn i tng t s phi tuyn
Theo biu thc 8.2 ta thy sai s tuyt i ca bin i AD khng i,
cn sai s tng i ca n tng khi bin tn hiu vo gim. Nn
mun cho sai s tng i khng i trong ton di bin i ca in
p vo th c tuyn truyn t ca b bin i phi c dng lga
(hnh 8.14(a)) sao cho t s tn hiu trn tp m khng i trong di bin
i ca in p vo. in thoi s, s dng k thut PCM (iu ch xung
m), dng lng t ha phi tuyn trong chuyn i tng t s. Nh
m thanh nh khng b tp m ln t v cng l mt cch lm
cho qu trnh lng t ha thch ng vi c tnh ca tai con ngi.
Ngoi ra lng t ha phi tuyn thng dng bin i AD 8 bit (cn

250
lng t ha tuyn tnh dng bin i AD 12bit) do lng t ha phi
tuyn tng dung lng knh thoi, do gim s bit nhng vn cng
cht lng thng tin nh lng t ha tuyn tnh. c tn hiu
trung thc nh ban u, b bin i DA theo phng php ny phi c
cu to sao cho c tuyn bin i ngc ca n c dng hm m hnh
8.14(b).
UD
UA 0 UD
UA
0
a) b)

Hnh 8.14. c tnh bin i phi truyn ; (a) ca b bin i AD; (b) b bin i
DA.
c trng bin i AD thng dng hm s:
) 1 ln(
) x 1 ln(
y

+
+
= (8.13)
Trong
max A
A
U
U
x = ;
max D
D
U
U
y =
Theo biu thc (8.13) y = 0 khi x = 0 v y = 1 khi x = 1.
dc y ti x = 0:

251

' y
) 1 ln( 0 x

+
=
=

Hnh 8.15 biu din hm s
ny vi = 100. So vi ng
c trng y = x th ng cong
vi biu thc (8.13) c dc ln
gp i ti gc ta . Do ,
i vi tn hiu nh, ng c
tnh c cc bc thang bin i
dy hn. T s tn hiu tng ng
trn tp m tnh c l 6dB.
Nu ng c tnh c dc
ti gc ta y = 21,7 dB. Thc
t rt kh tng h s , v
ng c tnh cng cong th
vic thc hin hai ng cong
bin i AD v DA c dng nh
nhau, bin i ngc nhau c
dc tng ng rt phc tp.
0
y
x 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
( )
( )

+
+
=
1 ln
1 ln x
y

y = x

Hnh 8.15. Dng ng cong
) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(

+
+
=
x
y

vi = 100.
Trong thc t n gin, ngi ta chia ng c tnh truyn t
thnh hai on c dc khc nhau: vi tn hiu b

<
A
x
1
dng hm
s
A
Ax
y
ln 1
1
+
= v vi tn hiu ln dng hm s
A
Ax
y
ln 1
ln 1
2
+
+
= . Theo nguyn
tc , ngi thc hin ng c tnh gm 13 on: 6 on ng vi
x > 0, 6 on x < 0 v on th 13 i qua gc ta c 8 , 2
max
= y .

252
Trn hnh 8.16 cc on k
nhau c dc hn km nhau
2 ln. Bng cch c th to
ra mt b ADC 4 bit, trong
mt bit ch cc tnh ca
in p vo, 3 bit biu din
mt tn hiu c di bin i
in p vo ln gp 256 ln
on nh nht, ngha l so vi
lng t ha tuyn tnh, s
bit gim mt na. truyn
tn hiu m thanh, ngi ta
thng dng m 8 bit. Bng
cch chia mi on trn
thnh 16 phn nh, ta c 8
bit mong mun.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
24 8 16 32 64 128
4
2
1
1/2
dc 1/4
S mc
0
Hnh 8.16. c tnh truyn t vi b
ADC
phi tuyn dng trong thc t.
8.2. Chuyn i s - tng t
Chuyn i s - tng t l qu trnh tm li tn hiu tng t t N
s hng (N bit) bit ca tn hiu s vi chnh xc l mt mc
lng t tc l 1 LSB. Hnh 8.17 trnh by s khi bin i tn hiu
s thnh tn hiu tng t, qua mch lc thng thp thu c tn
hiu ban u:
Theo s ny th qu trnh
chuyn i s - tng t l qu
trnh bin i DA ta c tn hiu
ly mu v gi mu l tn hiu
hnh bc thang. Sau qua b
lc thng thp, c tn hiu
tng t u
A
.
DAC
B lc
thng thp
uA uD
Hnh 8.17. S khi biu din qu
trnh bin i s thnh tn hiu tng
t ban u.
8.2.1. Cc thng s c bn ca b bin i DAC
1. phn gii

253
phn gii l t s gia gi tr cc tiu i vi gi tr cc i ca
in p u ra, v tr s t s ny tng ng vi t s gi tr cc tiu
i vi gi tr cc i ca tn hiu s u vo.
Th d i vi DAC 10 bit, c phn gii l:
001 , 0
1023
1
1 2
1
1111111111
0000000001
10
=

= (8.14)
phn gii ca DAC cng c th biu th bng s bit tn hiu s
u vo.
2. tuyn tnh
tuyn tnh ca DAC biu th bng sai s phi tuyn. Sai s phi
tuyn l s phn trm ca gi tr lch cc i khi c tnh vo ra l
tng so vi gi tr cc i u ra.
3. chnh xc chuyn i
chnh xc chuyn i xc nh bng sai s chuyn i tnh cc
i. Sai s ny phi bao gm sai s phi tuyn, sai s h s t l v sai s
tri v.v, trong ti liu k thut i khi ngi ta cho ring tng sai s
trn m khng cho sai s tng hp.
4. Thi gian xc lp dng in, in p u ra
Thi gian xc lp, l thi gian t khi tn hiu s c a vo n
khi dng in hoc in p u ra n nh.
Ngoi cc tham s trn cn mt s tham s khc nh: cc mc
lgic cao, thp, in tr v in dung u vo. Di ng, in tr v
in dung u ra v.v.
8.2.2. Cc b chuyn i DAC
1. B chuyn i DAC in tr hnh ch T
Hnh 8.18 l s DAC in tr hnh ch T. Hai loi gi tr in tr R
v 2R c mc thnh 4 cc hnh ch T ni dy chuyn S
3
, S
2
, S
1
, S
o
l
chuyn mch tng t.

254
Bn phi hnh c b
khuch i o dng khuch
i thut ton.
ref
u l in
p chun tham chiu, d
3
, d
2
,
d
1
, d
o
l m nh phn 4 bit u
vo. u
o
l in p u ra. Cc
chuyn mch S
3
, S
2
, S
1
, S
o
c
iu khin bi cc tn hiu s
tng ng d
3
, d
2
, d
1
, d
o
. Khi d
1

= 1 th S
1
ni vi
ref
u , khi d
1
= 0
th S
1
ni t.
+
-
2R 2R 2R 2R 2R
R R R
2R
3R
A B C D
It
IR
Ui
A B C D
So S1 S2 S3
LSB MSB
do d1 d2 d3
Uo
Uref

Hnh 8.18. DAC in tr hnh ch T.
a) Nguyn l hot ng
gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca s hnh 8.18, chng ta n
gin ha mang in tr hnh ch T.
Nu d
3
, d
2
, d
1
, d
o
= 0001 th ch c S
o
u ni vi
ref
u , cn d
3
, d
2
, d
1
u ni
t. p dng nh l Thevenin tun t n gin ha mch t AA sang
phi. Ta thy c qua mi mt mch (A, B, C, D) th in p ra suy gim i
mt na. Vy nu
ref
u ni vo S
o
th trn u ra DD ch cn
4
2
ref
u
. Cng vi
phng php trn, xt tng S
3
, S
2
, S
1
ni vi
ref
u th trn u ra DD tng
ng (d
3
, d
2
, d
1
, d
o
= 0010, 0100, 1000) c cc in p
3
2
ref
u
,
2
2
ref
u
,
1
2
ref
u
. in tr
tng ng ca mch bn tri DD bao gi cng l R.
p dng nguyn l chng cht i vi cc gi tr in p trn, ta c
mch tng ng mng in tr hnh ch T trn hnh 8.19.b trong
in tr ni tng ng l R, sc in ng ngun tng ng l u
e
:
( )
o
o
ref
e
d d d d
u
u 2 2 2 2
2
1
1
2
2
3
3 4
+ + + = (8.15)
Hnh 8.19.c l s tng ng ton mch, theo l thuyt mch
khuch i thut ton, ta c in p tng t u ra u
o
l:

255
( )
o
o
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
ref
e o
2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d
2
u
u u + + + = = (8.16)
Biu thc 8.17 chng t rng bin in p tng t u ra t l
thun vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo. C th thy rng, i vi DAC
in tr hnh ch T n bit th in p tng t u ra u
o
l:
( )
o
o
1
1
2 n
2 n
1 n
1 n
n
ref
o
2 d 2 d ... 2 d 2 d
2
u
u + + + + =

(8.17)
uref
2R 2R 2R 2R
R R R
2R
A B C D
A B C D
Ui
2
ref
U
ref U
ref
U
ref
U
A B C D
A B C D
R R R R
(a)
2
2
3
2
4
2


R
Ui
Ue
+
-
2R R
Ui
Ue
(b)
(c)
3R
Uo
Hnh 8.19. Mch tng ng ca mch
in hnh 8.18: Mng in tr hnh ch T khi d
3
,
d
2
, d
1
, d
o
= 0001 (a); mch tng ng ca
mng in tr hnh ch T (b); Mch tng
ng ca mch hnh 8.18 (c).

b) Sai s chuyn i
Cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s ca DAC hnh ch T l:
- Sai lch ca in p chun tham chiu
ref
u .
- Sai lch im khng ca khuch i thut ton.
- in p st trn in tr tip xc ca tip im chuyn mch.
- Sai s ca in tr.
Trong trng thi ng c th mng in tr hnh ch T nh mt
dy truyn dn. Vy cc tn hiu xung sinh ra ti cc chuyn mch c
thi gian truyn dn n b khuch i thut ton khng nh nhau.
Do s sinh ra cc xung nhn bin ng k u ra. Li thm sai
s thi gian chuyn mch c th ko di thi gian duy tr xung nhn.
Trong trng thi ng, gi tr tc thi ca in p tng t u ra c
th ln hn nhiu so vi gi tr n nh, ngha l sai s ng c th rt
ln. Gi tr nh ca xung nhn sinh ra trong trng hp bit c trng

256
s ln nht cc tn hiu s u vo t 0 chuyn sang 1, cn tt c cc
bit khc vn 1. Lc ny gi tr in p tc thi u ra bng gi tr
in p tng t u ra do chuyn i DA ca tn hiu s ln nht (cc
bit u l 1).
kh b nh hng ca sai s ng, ta c th dng mch gi mu
u ra ca DAC (xem phn mch ly mu, gi mu). Hn na thi gian
ly mu, chn sau khi kt thc qu trnh qu . Khi lc ly
mu, th xung nhn qua ri, nn sai s khng nh hng n mu
na.
c) Tc chuyn i
DAC hnh ch T cng tc song song (cc bit tn hiu s u vo,
c a vo song song) nn c tc chuyn i cao. Thi gian cn
thit cho mt ln chuyn i gm hai on: thi gian tr ca bit tn
hiu vo xa nht no n b khuch i thut ton v thi gian cn
thit b khuch i thut ton n nh tn hiu ra. Hin nay IC n
chp DAC t 10 12 bit c thi gian chuyn i c vi s, trong thi
gian tr truyn t khng qu 1s.
2. B chuyn i DAC in tr hnh ch T o
Hnh 8.20 trnh by s DAC in tr hnh ch T o.
trnh khi cc xung
nhn xut hin trong qu
trnh ng ca DAC in
tr hnh ch T , nh vy
nng cao c tc
chuyn i, ta tm cch
duy tr dng in qua mi
nhnh trong mng l
khng i. D tn hiu s
u vo l 1 hay l 0 th
dng in chy qua trong
nhnh tng ng vi bit
cng khng i.

2R 2R 2R
R R R
So S1 S2 S3
LSB MSB
do d1 d2 d3
+
-
I/16 I/16 I/8 I/4 I/2
I1
2R 2R
R
Uref
Uo
Hnh 8.20. DAC in tr hnh ch T o.

257
Vy l c th loi tr c bn nguyn nhn to ra xung nhn. Hnh 8.20
gii thiu mch in m bo mc ch . Chng ta gi mch hnh 8.20
l DAC in tr hnh ch T o.
Nu bit bt k ca tn hiu s u vo l 1 th chuyn mch tng
ng s ni in tr nhnh xt vo u o ca b khuch i thut
ton, nu bit l 0 th chuyn mch s ni in tr xung t. Vy d
trng thi tn hiu u vo th no th dng in mi nhnh u gi
khng i. Dng in tng ly t ngun in p chun do cng
khng i:
R
u
I
ref
=
Do c in p u ra: ( )
o
o
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
ref
1 o
2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d
2
u
R I u + + + = =
(8.18)
Tc l in p tng t u ra t l vi vi gi tr tn hiu s u
vo. u im ni bt ca mch ny l tc cao, v xung nhn u
ra trong qu trnh ng l rt nh.
Dng in trong cc nhnh ca mng in tr hnh ch T o ni
trc tip vo u vo ca b
khuch i thut ton; v vy khng c sai lch thi gian truyn t
chng, tc l gim nh sai s trng thi ng. Trong qu trnh chuyn
i trng thi, dng in trong tng nhnh vn khng i, khng cn
thi gian kin lp v ngt b ca dng in (cc chuyn mch tng t
ni chung u cng tc theo yu cu trc thng sau ngt khi chuyn
i trng thi).
V nhng nguyn nhn trn y, mch DAC in tr hnh ch T o
l mch c tc chuyn i DA hng cao nht.
Sai s tnh ca mch in tr hnh ch T o cng ging nh mch
in tr hnh ch T trn y.
251
chng 9

Ngun nui mt chiu

Ngun nui mt chiu l cn thit cho mi thit b in t. Tr mt
s trng hp cc thit b in t c thit k ch dng cc ngun
in ho nh pin, c-quy; trong nhiu trng hp ngun nui mt chiu
c to ra bng cch bin i v chnh lu dng in xoay chiu 50 Hz
t mng in cng nghip thnh ph. Nh ti chng 4 v mch chnh
lu dng diode bn dn ni, do c gn sng bin gy ra bi s
bin i gi tr tc thi ca ngun in p xoay chiu nn cn c b
lc thng thp san bng gn sng. Cng do thng ging ca ngun
in vo v thng ging ca ti cng cc bin ng khc nn mun c
c in p ra b ngun n nh th phi thit k thm cc mch n p
(hoc n dng) b tr cc bin ng ny. S khi ca mt ngun
nui mt chiu ni chung c biu din trn hnh 9.1.
Hnh 9.1. S khi ca ngun nui c n p.
Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu li vo (th d, 220V~)
thnh in p xoay chiu li ra c bin cn thit.
Mch chnh lu c nhim v chuyn in p xoay chiu bn th cp
bin p thnh in p mt chiu c bin bin i mp m.
Mch lc thng thp san bng cc mp m, chn cc thnh phn
sng xoay chiu v ch cho thnh phn mt chiu c bin khng i
i n ti.
B n p (hoc n dng) c nhim v lm n nh in p (hoc dng
in) li ra trn hai u ti cho d cc in p trc hay tr ti
thay i trong mt gii hn no .
Di y s im qua mt s loi ngun nui v mch n p.
9.1. Cc b chnh lu khng iu khin
9.1.1. Cc b chnh lu thng thng
Bin
p
220 V~
Chnh
lu
Lc

Mch
n p
Lc
Ti
252
Cc b chnh lu mt na chu k v hai na chu k c trnh
by trong chng 4. Hnh 9.2 l cc s chnh lu thng dng. B
chnh lu na chu k hnh 9.2.a c trnh by ti chng 4. Nu in
tr ti ln th th ra bng th nh (bin sng sin). Nh trn hnh
cho thy nu th hiu dng xoay chiu li ra cun th cp bin p l
6VAC th th ra trn ti c V 5 , 8 2 6 mt chiu. Dng sng li ra khi
khng c b lc v c b lc nh hnh 9.2.b. B chnh lu hai na chu k
dng 2 diode vi bin p c im gia ni t (hnh 9.2.c) cho php tit
kim c 2 diode nhng cun th cp bin th cun c phc tp hn do
cn a ra im gia ca cun dy. Dng sng li ra trn hnh 9.2.d cho
thy hiu qu lc s tt hn do li ra tn ti c hai na chu k sng
sin. Thay v cho s hnh 9.2.c thng hay dng b chnh lu hai na
chu k kiu nn cu nh hnh 9.2.e. S ngun chnh lu lng cc E
C

cho trn hnh 9.2.f.















R
T
D

R
T 220 V~

C

+

-

6 VAC

8,5VDC

t

Th ti lc
Th chnh lu cha lc

D
1
R
T C

+

-

t

D
2
~
~
+

-
0 V

~
+V
C
-

-V
C
+

-

+

(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)
(e)

(f)

253

Hnh 9.2. Mt s ngun mt chiu thng dng.
9.1.2. Lc gn sng li ra trn tr ti
Trong cc s trn, in p ra trn ti mi l mt chiu nhng c
bin cn bin i theo sng hnh sin. Mun c c in p ra mt
chiu c bin bng phng (khng i) phi mc song song vi ti mt
t in C c in dung ln nh ni trong chng 4. V in tr
thun r
d
ca diode rt nh v r
d
<< R
T
nn hu nh t c np ti gn
th nh ca in p xoay chiu trong mi chu k. Tip do in p
xoay chiu gim xung theo dng hnh sin v sang chu k m (nu l
chnh lu na chu k) nn th anode ca diode tr nn thp hn th
kathode (l th trn t in), do vy diode b cm. T lc ny s phng
in qua in tr ti vi hng s thi gian bng R
T
C ln hn nhiu hng
s thi gian khi np. ng phng in theo hm e m c suy gim rt
chm cho ti khi gp sn ln ca chu k dng sng hnh sin tip theo.
Kt qu l ta s c mt in p li ra trn ti tng i bng phng
nh hnh 9.3. Trn hnh cng cho thy dng in chy qua diode ch
xut hin khi diode c phn cc thun trong mt phn nh na chu
k in p xoay chiu. Tr trung bnh ca dng ny quyt nh n kh
nng chu nhit ca diode v cng nh khi tr ti cng ln. Nu nhn
nhn theo quan im ph th ph Fourier ca in p ra trn ti sau
chnh lu khi cha mc t in bao gm thnh phn mt chiu v cc
thnh phn xoay chiu c tn s bng v ln hn tn s mng in
cng nghip 50Hz. Do vy mun in p ra ny hon ton l mt chiu
th phi dng mt mch lc tn thp bao gm cc phn t r
d
, C v R
T
lm
suy gim ht cc thnh phn xoay chiu trn.
254
Vi r
d
c nh, tch
s R
T
C cng ln cng
thu hp di truyn
ca mch quanh
thnh phn mt chiu
v in p ra cng
bng phng. Trong
mt s trng hp
ngi ta c th mc
thm mt s mch lc
tn thp na, c bit
l mch c cun cm L mc ni tip vi ti. Trong k thut, thng
nh gi phm cht ca mch lc chnh lu bng t s mp m
% 100
U
U
k
0
C

trong U
0
l bin in p xoay chiu cp cho b chnh
lu, U l gi tr in p mp m trn ti. Theo hnh 9.3 th U c tnh
bng hiu ca U
0
tr i gi tr sng sin ti gc pha ng vi thi im
ng phng in ca t qua ti gp sn ln ca na chu k sau in
p xoay chiu. Cho gi tr ti, ta c th tnh c in dung C ti thiu
m bo mt t s mp m cn thit. Th d cho tr ti R
T
= 10 k,
chnh lu na chu k v t s mp m k
c
=1%. Tnh C ?

1
0
1 0 0
0
c
sin 1
U
sin U U
U
U
k

= ( )
c c
k arcsin k = = 1 1
1 1
sin (9.1)
T phng in qua ti t thi im
2
= /2 n
3
=
1
+ 2 theo quy lut
e m:

RC / ) 2 / 2 (
0
RC / ) (
0
RC / t
0 T
1 2 3
e U e U e U U
+
= = = (9.2)
Ti gc
3
tho mn c hai ng phng in dng e m v ng sin,
c phng trnh:

( )
1 0
RC / 4 / 3
0
sin U e U
1

=
+
(9.3)
T y tnh c:
( )
( )
c
c
k 1 ln . R . f . 2
4
3
k 1 arcsin
C

+
=

(9.4)









Hnh 9.3. Lc gn sng trn ti.
Th trn ti
khi c t

U
t

1

2
U

3
t

I
D
I
tb
U
0
U
T
(t)
U
min
255
Thay cc s vo c:

( )
( )
F 120 F 10 . 120
01 , 0 1 ln . 10 . 50 . 2
4 / 3 01 , 0 1 arcsin
C
6
4

= =

+
=


Vi trng hp chnh lu hai na chu k, thay gc
3
=
1
+ ta s
tnh c C = 95 F.
9.1.3 Cc b chnh lu bi p
Trong cc b chnh lu ni trn, in p ra mt chiu khng ti cc
i cng ch bng bin th li vo xoay chiu.
Trong mt s trng hp, khi cn mt in p ra c gi tr cao hn
m vn ch dng in p vo xoay chiu c bin thp th phi cn
dng b chnh lu bi p.
Hnh 9.4 l s b chnh lu
nhn i th. Trong na chu k vo
m, dng in s np cho t C
1
qua
diode D
1
vi th phn cc trn t nh
hnh v. ln ca th ny n gin
bng bin in p vo xoay chiu.
Trong na chu k dng tip theo,
dng in s i qua C
1
D
2
v np in
cho C
2
. Nh vy in p np cho C
2
lc
ny s bng tng bin in p vo xoay chiu trong na chu k
dng cng vi th trn t C
1
c np sn trong na chu k m ca
ngun in vo. Hay ni cch khc th trn t C
2
, tc l th cp cho
ti, bng 2 ln bin in p vo xoay chiu.
Hnh 9.5. l s b chnh
lu nhn th bi p nhiu ln.
Trong na chu k m th nht,
D
1
thng, D
2
v D
3
cm; t C
1

c np n th U
C1
U
2
~. Na
chu k dng tip theo, D
2

thng, D
1
v D
3
cm; dng qua D
2

np cho C
2
in p gp i U
C2
= 2U
2
~. Na chu k m tip theo na, D
3

thng, D
1
v D
2
cm; dng qua D
3
np cho cc t C
1
mc ni tip vi C
3
vi






Hnh 9.4. B chnh lu nhn i
th.





Hnh 9.5. B chnh lu bi p n ln.
D
2
R
T
C
1
220 V~
C
2
D
1
- +

+

-

D
1
C
1
220 V~

D
2
D
3
D
4
C
2
C
3
C
4
2

3

4

1

256
th bng U
2
~ + U
C2
= 3U
2
~. Tuy nhin do C
1
c np n th U
2
~ nn C
3
s
c np n th U
C2
= 2U
2
~. L lun tng t cho mt th 4 v cc mt
tip theo.
9.2. B chnh lu c iu khin
B chnh lu c iu khin s dng linh kin thyristor hoc triac
cho php iu chnh d dng cng sut ra trn ti bng cch iu
chnh thi im mi (iu chnh pha) thch hp. Hnh 9.6 l mt s
chnh lu c iu khin s dng thyristor. S ny cho php d dng
iu chnh cng sut ra trn ti (th d, iu chnh sng ti ca mt
ti l bng n dy tc). Nguyn tc hot ng ca s l bin i
gc pha m thyristor (thi im m thyristor trong phm vi mt chu
k in p vo U
AK
) s bin i c cng sut ra trn ti do cng sut
dng mt chiu t l vi bnh phng ca dng chnh lu.







Hnh 9.6. S iu chnh cng sut ra trn ti.
Nhn vo s mch ta thy, khi bt u na chu k dng
thyristor vo trng thi cm. T C s c np in qua mch gm
bin tr P v in tr ti R

vi hng s thi gian PR

C. Linh kin mc ni
tip vi cc iu khin ca thyristor v song song vi t C gi l diac.
Diac l mt linh kin c c tnh ging nh thyristor nhng khng c
cc iu khin, ch c 2 cc anode v kathode nh mt diode. N s
chuyn t trng thi cm sang thng rt nhanh khi th trn hai cc
t ti mt gi tr ngng U
mi
nht nh. Khi th t in C (bng th
trn diac) t ti U
mi
th diac chuyn sang trng thi thng. T phng
in qua diac to thnh mt xung dng a vo cc ca iu khin,
lm cho thyristor thng. Lc ny ton b in p ngun c t ln
diac

P
T

R

C

~ 220V~

U
V~
U
C
U

U
mi
U
tb
t

t

257
tr ti n R

. Thyristor s thng cho ti ht na chu k dng. Ti na

chu k dng tip theo qu trnh tip din nh vy.
Vy bng cch iu chnh gi tr ca bin tr P, ta c th bin i
c hng s thi gian np in cho t v c ngha l bin i gc pha
m cho thyristor. Nhn trn gin thi gian ta thy gc m ny
quyt nh cng sut trung bnh, cng sut hiu dng sn ra trn ti.
Gc m cng ln, cng th hiu dng v cng sut trn ti cng nh,
n cng sng yu.
9.3. Mch n p kiu b
Mch n p cho php mt s n nh ca in p li ra trong mt di
bin i ca in p ngun vo cng nh s bin i ca cc thng s
khc nh: tr ti, thng ging nhit mi trng, v.v... Thng quan
tm n nh ngha h s n p cho bit in p li ra b nh hng bao
nhiu khi in p ngun vo bin thin 10%:
% 100
U
U
k
const R , T
% 10 n thi bin U ra
ra
S
T
V

=
(9.5)
Ngoi s n p dng cc diode n p (zener) nh trnh by
trong chng 4, cc s b n p kiu b cho php nng cao cht
lng v p ng hu ht cc yu cu thc t. C th phn loi theo
kt cu s b n p kiu b gm 2 loi: kiu b ni tip (hnh 9.7.a) v
b song song (hnh 9.7.b). Trong , C l phn t iu chnh, KSS l phn
t khuch i v so snh, E
ch
l ngun in p chun, R
S
l tr hn ch
dng.






(a) (b)
Hnh 9.7. S khi mch n p kiu b ni tip (a) v b song song (b).
C
KSS
E
ch
U
1
U
2
R
T
I
1
I
2
= I
T
C KSS
E
ch
U
1 U
2
R
T
I
1
I
2
= I
T
R
S
258
Nguyn tc hot ng ca b n p ni tip nh sau: do mt nguyn
nhn no dn n lm bin i in p mt lng no . Lng ny
c so snh vi in p chun U
ch
ti phn t khuch i so snh KSS.
Li ra ca b KSS l bin ng
ch T T
U U U = s tc ng ln phn t
iu khin C. V C c mc ni tip vi tr ti nn s tc ng ny c
thit k sao cho st p trn C tng hay gim b li s gim hay tng
ca in p tr ti. Do vy m in p trn ti c b gi khng i.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca b n p song song l nh sau: nh b
n p ni tip, phn bin ng
ch T T
U U U = c pht hin bi phn t
khuch i so snh KSS v ngun p chun s tc ng ln phn t
iu khin C lm thay i dng qua n. Do C c mc song song vi ti
qua tr R
S
nn dng ny s c xu hng iu chnh s tng hay gim
st p trn R
S
theo xu hng b li s gim hay tng p trn tr ti:
nu in p trn tr ti tng th dng qua C s tng lm dng qua ti
gim dn ti th trn khng i , v.v...
Ta s xt mt mch n p ni tip mt tng c th dng b lp li
emitter n gin nht nh hnh 9.8.a. Trong s ny, tr ti R
T
gi vai
tr nh tr emitter R
E
trong b khuch i lp li emitter m ta
kho st trc y.





(a) (b)




(c)
Hnh 9.8. S cc n p mt tng n gin dng transistor.
U1
U2
Uch
R1
U1 U2
Uch
R1
T
T
P
RT
RT
+
+

+
+
U1
U2
Uch
R1
T1
RT
+

+
T2
259
Trong s , diode zener cphn cc ngc to ra ngun in p
chun U
ch
. Transistor ng c hai vai tr khuch i so snh v iu
chnh. Gi s v mt l do no U
1
tng U
2
tng. Nhng do U
2
chnh l
U
E
v U
B
chnh bng U
ch
khng i, nn kt qu l U
BE
= U
B
U
E
gim dn
ti lm gim dng I
C
v gim dng I
E
, chnh l dng qua ti. Kt qu l
th trn ti bng I
T
R
T
gim. S c thit k sao cho th ra gim i
mt lng ng bng s tng v ta c U
2
c gi khng i.
Theo hnh d thy in p ra ca b n p bng:
BE ch T 2
U U U U = =
in tr ra bng chnh tr ra ca b lp li emitter:
2
T BE
2
2
2
I
U
S
1
1
r
I
U
r = =
+
=

; vi th nhit U
T
= 25,5 mV v dng I
2
= 100 mA c
th thy rng tr ra ny kh nh c 0,3 .
Nu cn iu chnh in p ra th c th s dng s 9.8.b trong
mt phn in p chun c trch t im gia con chy bin tr P.
in tr ca bin tr cn nh hn r
BE
khng lm tng tr ra ca
mch.
Khi cn dng ra n p ln th dng s hnh 9.8.c trong dng 2
transistor T
1
v T
2
mc daclington tng dng ti.
S hnh 9.9 l s b n p hai
tng dng transistor. Diode Zener
ng vai tr ngun in p chun,
transistor T
1
l phn t iu chnh v
transistor T
2
l phn t KSS. L lun
tng t nh trn ta cng c: gi s U
2
tng U
B2
tng U
BE2
tng dng I
C2

tng, U
C2
gim U
BE1
gim dn ti lm
transistor T
1
bt thng hn (ni tr
tng), dng I
C1
v I
E1
gim i mt lng sao cho th ra U
2
= I
E1
R
T
khng i.
Nu mch gnh emitter c c mt b KTT mc kiu lp li in
p nh hnh 9.8.a th c tnh ca b n p s c ci thin hn na.
Chng no b KTT cn hot ng trong min tuyn tnh th in p hai
li vo o v khng o vn c gi bng nhau. Nhng v u vo
o c ni vi li ra nn in ra ra ca b n p trong trng hp
ny lun c gi bng in p u vo khng o tc l bng in p









Hnh 9.9. B n p 2 tng dng
transistor.
U1
U2
Uch
R1
T1
RT
+

+
R2
T2
R3
R4
260
chun (thc ra sai khc vi chc micr vn). Hai hnh 9.10.b v 9.10.c l
cc s b n p iu chnh c in p ra v rt n nh. in p ra
trong cc trng hp c iu chnh bi v tr tip im ca con chy
bin tr P v ny s nm trong di ln hn in p chun ca diode
zener. y l iu cc b n p hnh 9.8 khng th c c. Hnh 9.10.c
c im c bit l diode zener c cp th qua tr R
1
khng phi t
ngun cha n p m l t ngun n p. Do vy cc bin thin t
ngun vo hu nh khng nh hng ti in p chun do diode zener
to ra na. Mch ny c n nh cao.











Hnh 9.10. Cc b n p dng b KTT lm phn t KSS.

9.4. Cc vi mch n p
Ngy nay thng ngi ta ch to cc vi mch c chc nng n p
vi cc tham s chun. Cc vi mch ny do c ch to hng lot nn
gi thnh cng rt r v thng dng. Cc vi mch n p gm 2 loi:
loi th nht c in p li ra c nh v loi th hai c in p ra c
th c iu chnh trong mt di no .
U1 U2
Uch
R1
T
+

U1 U2
Uch
R2
T
+

+

+

+
R1
P
R3
U1 U2
R2
T
+

+

+
P
R3
Uch
R1
(a)
(b)

(c)

261
Cu to bn trong ca cc vi mch n p ny c s in hnh nh
hnh 9.11.







Hnh 9.11. Cu to bn trong ca mt vi mch n p.
Trong mch dng diode D
2
lm ngun in p chun U
ch
. Do phn hi
m to bi phn p R
1
R
2
nn th n p ra c xc lp bng :
) R / R 1 ( U U
1 2 ch 2
+ =
T C
k
dng hiu chnh tn s ca s nhm chng t kch.
Vi loi c in p ra c inh, in hnh l cc h vi mch 78-xx v
79-xx. H ny l cc vi mch n p c 3 chn ra: u vo, u ra v u
ni t, dng in p ra cc i thng c 1A vi iu kin vi mch c
gn cnh to nhit thch hp. Loi 78xx cho cc vi mch c in p vo
c di t 5 VDC n 30 VDC, in p ra c nh +5 V vi loi 7805, +12V vi
loi 7812, v.v... Loi 79xx cho cc vi mch n p c di in p vo t -5
VDC n -35 VDC; in p ra c nh -5 V vi loi 7905, -12V vi loi 7912,
v.v... Vi loi c in p ra bin i c, th d vi mch LM-327 cng c 3
chn ra: u vo, u ra v u ni vi bin tr iu chnh. u kia
ca bin tr c ni vi t. Loi ny cho in p vo t +5 VDC n 35
VDC v c th nhn c in p ra n p vi gi tr tu trong di t
+3 V n +30 V c iu chnh bng bin tr. Hnh dng v chn ni ca
hai vi mch n p c nh 7805 v 7905 v vi mch n p c th iu chnh
in p ra c LM-327 cho trn hnh 9.12. Cc loi khc cng c hnh
dng tng t.

U
1
U
2
U
ch
T
3
T
4
T
2
T'
1
T
1
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
6
R
5
R
7
I
2
I
1
D
1
D
2
C
K
1

2

3

7805
+ In
+ Out
Ground
7805
- In
- Out
Ground
LM
327
+ In +
Chn iu chnh
Kim loi to nhit
V cch in
262



Hnh 9.12. Hnh dng v chn ni ca cc vi mch 7805 v 7905.
Ngoi ra cn c loi vi mch n p c h s n p cao hn cc loi
k trn, nhng c dng ti nh ch c vi chc mA. Th d nh loi A-
723 l vi mch c ng v 14 chn, hai hng. Thng loi ny c s
dng trong cc mch iu khin i hi n nh cao, cn phn cng
sut c n iu khin l cc transistor hoc vi mch cng sut ln.
S khi v hnh dng ca vi mch ny cho trn hnh 9.13.







Hnh 9.13. S khi v hnh dng vi mch n p A-723.
Hnh 9.14 l mt s s ng dng ca cc vi mch n p loi 7805 v
7905. Cc loi vi th n p khc v nguyn tc cng c dng tng
t. Nhn chung vic s dng chng rt thun tin v d dng. Hnh 9.14.a
l s to th n p c nh +5V t vi mch 7805. Khi cn nng cao
dng ra ca b n p c th u thm mt transistor cng sut ph
nh hnh 9.14.b. Cng vi cc transistor bn trong vi mch, n to ra
mt s Daclington cho php dng ra b n p tng ln.

transistor
ni tip
Khuch i
sai s
Hn dng
T1
T2
Ngun
chun
14 8
1
7 -Vcc
V
ch
+Vcc V
C
Li ra

263
Hnh 9.14. Mt s s ngun n p dng vi mch c th n p c nh.
Trong trng hp cn th ra n p cao hn +5V nhng ch c vi
mch 7805, c th dng s hnh 9.14.c trong diode n p (zener) c
th U
Z
c mc trong mch gia chn 3 ca vi mch vi t. Cch ny
cho php in p ra c tng ln mt lng bng U
Z
. in tr R dng
iu chnh dng ca diode n p n mt gi tr gn c nh
R / ) U U ( I
Z 2
= .
Khi cn c ngun in p lng cc, c th dng s nh hnh
9.14.d, trong s dng bin p c cun th cp c im gia c ni
t v hai vi mch n p tri du l 7805 cho li ra +5V v loi 7905 cho
li ra l -5V.
9.5. B n p kiu xung
Hiu sut ca mch n p vi cc phn t tch cc (nh transistor,
vi mch) chy trong ch lin tc nh k trn ph thuc nhiu vo
cng sut tn hao trn phn t iu chnh l cc transistor cng sut
ra. C th gim cng sut tn hao ny nu cho transistor lm vic
ch xung. Ta c loi n p xung hay cn gi l b n p chuyn
mch (ng - ngt). Transistor iu chnh trong b n p ny c
thit k lm vic mt trong hai trng thi: thng bo ho (ng) v
cm (ngt). Khi thng, transistor dn nng lng t ngun ngoi n
7805
U2 =+5V
U1=+6 35V
7805
in
ground
out
+5V +UZ
U1
UZ
R
C1 C2
C1
C2
U~

+5V
-5V
7805
7905
0V

+
+
+
+
-

-
-

-

7805
R
T
U1
U2
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

in
ground
out
264
phn t tch lu nng lng (l cun cm ca bin th hay t in)
trong mch. Khi transistor cm, th phn t tch lu s cung cp nng
lng cho mch sao cho trn ti lun lun c in p ra. Mun vy th
phi c mt b lc tn thp san bng cc xung li ra thnh in p
mt chiu khng i. Tn s ng ngt ca kho transistor thng
nm trong di t vi chc Hz n trn vi chc kHz c th dng cc
cun cm li Fe-rt thch hp cho php gim nh kch thc bin th v
hiu sut tn hao nh. Hnh 9.15.a l s nguyn l mt b n p kiu
xung.
in p ra U
2
ca b n p c so snh vi in p chun U
ch
trong
b iu khin. in p sai lch s c dng iu ch rng xung
do b to dao ng pht ra. Chui xung ny s iu khin ng m
transistor T vi tn s c nh nhng c rng xung (l t s gia
thi gian ng trn chu k dao ng) thay i c. li ra trn
emitter ca transistor, chui xung dng s c lc qua b lc LC
c c in p ra bng phng U
2
. B iu ch c thit k sao cho
khi in p U
2
gim xung do mt nguyn nhn no (th d do th U
1

gim), tn hiu iu khin s cho chui xung c rng ln hn nhm
lm cho dng trung bnh qua transistor tng ln b li s gim th U
2

v ngc li khi th U
2
gim th rng xung c iu khin s gim
i. Kt qu l th U
2
gi khng i trong mt gii hn no .


(a) (b)
Hinh 9.15. Mch n p xung (a) v cu to b iu khin (b).
tnh b iu khin ta xt dng chy qua cun chn L. Gi thit
t C ln v cng nn c gn sng mp m li ra bng khng. Hnh 9.16 l
gin thi gian ca in p xung v dng trong mch.
Khi transistor b cm, ta c: const U U
2 L
=
(9.6)
B
iu khin
U
1
U
2
L

C
T

B to
dao
ng
B iu ch
rng
xung
Tn hiu
iu khin
U
ch
U
2
B iu khin

265
V
dt
dI
L U
L
L
= , nn dng qua cun chn L gim tuyn tnh theo thi
gian:
L / U
dt
dI
2
L
= (9.7)







Hnh 9.16. in p v dng in trong b n p xung.
Khi transistor thng, ta c: const U U U
2 1 L
= =
(9.8)
Lc ny dng qua L cng tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian:
( ) dt / U U
dt
dI
2 1
L
= (9.9)
( )
L
t U U
L
t U
I I I
ng th 2 1
cm 2
min L max L L

= = = (9.10)
T
t
t t
t
U
U
ng th
cm ng th
ng th
1
2
=
+
= (9.11)
Nh vy in p ra b n p s t l thun vi rng xung chuyn
mch v khng ph thuc vo dng li ra khi I
2
> (1/2) I
L
. Dng qua
transistor chuyn mch khi thng bng tng dng gnh I
2
v dng np
cho t. T s
2
max L
I
I
s cng ln khi in cm cun chn L cng nh.
Tr s cc i bng 1,2 m bo cc tham s yu cu chuyn mch
ca transistor.
Tnh gi tr ca L, theo hnh 9.13 ta c:
U
1
t
thng t
cm
I
L
U
2
t

t

t

I
Lmin
I
Lmax
266
L 2 max L
I
2
1
I I + = (9.12)
T cc biu thc trn ta c:
( )

=
1
I
I
2
U / U 1 R
L
2
max L
1 2 V

(9.13)
Trong R
V
= U
2
/ I
2
l tr s in tr gnh ca mch. Khi in dung C
l hu hn, trn li ra b n p c gn sng. Dng np cho t bng: I
C
=
I
L
- I
2
.
Chu k np v phng ca t l min gch cho trn th. Tr s
gn sng tho mn h thc sau:
L cm ng th
C
2
I
2
1
t
2
1
t
2
1
2
1
.
C
1
C
Q
U

+ =

= (9.14)
T y suy ra:

=
1
2
2
2
2
U
U
1
LCf 8
U
U (9.15)
Do cha tnh n tr d ca t nn trn thc t tr s in p xung
o c s ln hn gi tr tnh ton i cht. Khc vi b n p lin
tc, dng trung bnh chy qua transistor chuyn mch s nh hn
dng ra. B qua tn hao, ta c th vit biu thc cn bng cng sut
sau:
2 2 1 1
I U I U
T c:
( )
2 1 2 0
I / U / U I = (9.16)
Ta th tnh th d bng s cho cc tham s ca b n p. Gi s yu
cu b n p c in p ra n nh 5V vi dng gnh l 5A. in p vo
khng n nh l 10V. Tn s dao ng chn bng 20 kHz. Ta chn h s
iu chnh = 1,2. Vi cc tham s ny, t cng thc (9.13) ta tnh c
L = 63 H. Tr s cc i ca nng lng cm ng bng
mJ 1 , 1 LI
2
1
E
2
max L max L
= = . Tr s ny cho php tnh khi chn li cun cm.
267
Gi s in p gn sng li ra cho php khng qu 30 mV. T cng thc
(9.15) tnh c tr s ti thiu ca t C = 413 F.
Ta c th a ra mt s c th ca b n p xung n gin nh
hnh 9.16.
9.16. S mt b n p xung n gin.
Gi s R
2
c ngt khi mch. Lc ny mch ging b n p c b
lp li dng KTT v th ra U
2
bng vi th chun U
ch
. Khi R
2
c mc
trong mch v gi s transistor T ang trng thi thng bo ho,
in p ra trn emitter U
E
gn bng in p vo U
1
. Hiu th gia U
E
v
U
ch
c thit k phn chia qua phn p R
2
R
3
sao cho th trn u vo
khng o ca b KTT cao hn U
ch
mt cht. Do vy th trn u vo
khng o cao hn th trn u vo o. Bi vy li ra b KTT vo
th bo ho dng. in p ny nh va ni s lm T tip tc thng bo
ho v lm cho U
2
xp x bng U
1
. Trong thi gian T thng, t C c
np qua T v cun chn L. Th U
C
cng l th trn u o ca b KTT
s tng dn n khi bng ri cao hn th trn u vo khng o. Lc
ny b KTT chuyn trng thi, li ra nhy sang th bo ho m lm
cm transistor T. Khi T ngt th th li ra b n p bt u gim do C
phng in qua ti. Th li ra gim xung, tc l th u vo o gim
ti khi nh hn th u vo khng o th b KTT li lt trng thi
v iu khin transistor chuyn sang thng...
Khi T thng, dng qua L np cho C v tch t nng lng trong
cun cm. Khi T ngt, nng lng ny to nn mt xung ngc rt ln
t ln transistor T v c th lm hng n. V vy, mt diode D
2
(gi l
diode hm) c mc vo mch thng dng cho xung ngc qua
D
2
v ti nhm bo v qu p cho transistor.
U1 L
D1
T
+


+
R1
R2
C1
D2
A
R3
U2
RT
UE
Uch
268
Trong thc t thng s dng s n p xung vi mch dao ng
s cp bin th nh hnh 9.17.
Hnh 9.17. S b n p kiu xung bn s cp bin th.
in p t ngun in thnh ph 220V~ c chnh lu trc tip t b
nn cu bn diode D v b lc in vi t C
3
. Nh vy th trn t s rt
ln c 220 VAC 1,4 308 VDC. Transistor chuyn mch T c ti l bin
th Tr. Cc xung dng bn s cp c cm ng sang cun th cp sau
c chnh lu bi diode D
5
v lc bi t C
4
cho th li ra mt chiu
U
2
ca b n p xung. Qu trnh ng ngt ca transistor c iu
khin bi b iu khin cch ly v in. Mch ny thng dng cc b
khuch i quang-in (optron) c in tr cch in rt cao (c t-
tra ) v in th nh thng rt cao (c kV). Trong nhng trng hp
thng thng, n cho php cch ly v in gia ngun cao th 220V~
bn mch s cp vi ngun thp th mt chiu bn th cp bin th Tr.
Cc xung iu khin c a n t b pht dao ng. y l mch
in pht ra chui xung c tn s khng i nhng rng xung c
iu khin bi th ra U
2
. rng ny t l nghch vi ln ca U
2
. Gi
s, nu v nguyn nhn no in p ra tng ln mt lng no ,
dn ti rng xung iu khin c pht t my pht dao ng gim
xung, tc l lm thi gian thng ca transistor gim. iu dn ti
lm gim dng trung bnh qua bin th sao cho in p ra gim i mt
lng ng bng lng tng hay ni cch khc in p ra s gi khng
i do c s iu chnh b tr ca mch in xung. Cng l lun tng
t cho trng hp in p ra gim xung. S ny cng c dng
cho c trng hp in p vo l mt chiu. Cc b lc L
1
C
1
v L
2
C
2
dng
ngn chn cc xung nhiu in t b n p xm nhp ngc tr li
mng in thnh ph lm nh hng ti cc thit b khc.
B iu khin cch ly
v in
C
3
L
1
T
B pht
dao ng
L
2
C
1
C
2
220V~

D
5
C
4
U
2
D
Tr
+


265


mc lc
Li ni u
Chng 1. Khi nim chung v h thng in t Trang
1.1. Tn hiu, linh kin, mch in v h thng in t 1
1.2. Cc i lng c bn ca tn hiu 2
1.3. Cc phn t thc v l tng ca mch in 3
1.4. Mch in, h thng in t v cc loi s ca n 4
Chng 2. Tn hiu v cc phng php phn tch
2.1. Tn hiu biu din theo thi gian 6
2.2. Tn hiu biu din theo min tn s 9
2.3. Nguyn l xp chng 16
2.4. Nhiu v cc tnh cht ca n 16
2.5. iu ch tn hiu 18
Chng 3. Cc phng php c bn kho st mch in t
3.1. Cc phn t v thng s tch cc v th ng ca mch in 22
3.2. Cc phn t, mch in tuyn tnh v phi tuyn 24
3.3. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff 25
3.4. Cc mch tng ng Thevenin v Norton 26
3.5. iu kin chun dng v qu trnh sng trong mch in 27
3.6. c trng qu v c trng dng ca mch in 28
3.7. Cc phng php phn tch mch tuyn tnh 29
3.8. Phn tch cc mch th ng R, L v C 39
3.9. Lin kt phn hi trong mch in 48
Chng 4. Linh kin bn dn v mch in t ng dng lin quan
4.1. Cht bn dn v lp tip gip p-n 51
4.2. ng dng ca diode bn dn 54
4.3. Transistor lng cc v ng dng 59
4.4. Transistor trng 97
4.5. Thyristor v diac 100
4.6. B khuch i thut ton v cc s ng dng 103
Chng 5. Cc mch to dao ng in
5.1. Cc khi nim chung v mch to dao ng 127
5.2. Nguyn tc to cc dao ng in 127
5.3. n nh bin v tn s dao ng 130
5.4. Cc b to sng cao tn hnh sin LC 131

266
5.5. B to dao ng RC 142
5.6. Cc mch in to dao ng xung 151
5.7. Dng b bin i s-tng t D/A to dao ng 177
Chng 6. Cc mch iu ch v gii iu ch
6.1. Cc khi nim v iu ch v gii iu ch 179
6.2. iu bin v tch sng iu bin 179
6.3. iu ch v gii iu ch n bin 198
6.4. iu tn v iu pha 203
Chng 7. Trn tn
7.1. C s l thuyt v trn tn 220
7.2. Mch trn tn 223
7.3. Vng kho pha PLL 227
Chng 8. Chuyn i tng t-s v s-tng t
8.1. Chuyn i tng t-s A/D 236
8.2. Chuyn i s-tng t D/A 247
Chng 9. Ngun nui mt chiu
9.1. Cc b chnh lu khng iu khin 251
9.2. B chnh lu c iu khin 254
9.3. Mch n p kiu b 255
9.4. Cc vi mch n p 258
9.5. B n p kiu xung 260
Ti liu tham kho 264
Mc lc 265
264



TI LIU THAM KHO

1. David J. Comer, Electronics Design with Integrated Circuits. Addision - Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc., 1981.
2. U. Tietze, CH. Schenk, Halbleiter Schaltungstechnik. Springer - Verlag. Berlin. Heidelberg.
New York, 1980. K thut mch bn dn, bn dch ting Vit ca Trn Quang Huy, Trung tm
thng tin xut bn, Tng cc Bu in, 1988.
3. C. J. Savant, Martin S. Roden, Gordon L. Carpenter, Electronics Design - Circuits and System.
The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1995.
4. Paul Horowitz, Winfield Hill, The art of Electronics. Addision - Wesley Publishing Company,
1981.
5. Phng Xun Nhn, Tn hiu, mch v h thng v tuyn in. Nh xut bn i hc v Trung
hc chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1980.
6. Phm Minh H, K thut mch in t. Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut, H Ni, 1997.

267















Chu trch nhim xut bn:
Ch tch HQT kim tng gim c
Ng Trn i
Ph tng gim c kim tng bin tp
Nguyn Qu Thao

Bin tp v sa bn in:
Dng Vn Bng

Trnh by ba:
Hong Mnh Da

Ch bn:
Trn Quang Vinh







268


Nguyn l K thut in t M s:
76605M5_DAI
In 1000 bn, kh 19 x 27, ti NXB Gio dc
S in..........., s xut bn..........In xong v np lu chiu thng 11 nm
2005