Hookes Law

The following topics will be discussed in this presentation:

1. Hookes law
2. Elastic behaviour of materials by stretching a spring and
producing a graph of force versus extension
3. Plastic behaviour of materials
Hookes Law
a
b
c
d
e
f
Hookes law: Extension produced in
a material is proportional to the
tensile force, within the elastic limit.
In this test a spring is extended by an
applied force. The extension
produced is recorded and plotted
against force.
At the start of the test the extension
is zero as no force is applied to the
spring.
Extension
F
o
r
c
e

Hookes Law
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
2
b
The spring is extended by an applied force. Force 1 produces an extension
which is plotted on Force versus Extension graph i.e. point a.
Extension
F
o
r
c
e

Extension
F
o
r
c
e

b
a
As the applied force is increased to Force 2, the extension increases too.
This is shown by point b on the graph.
Hookes Law
3
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
4
d
As the force is increased, the extension of the spring increases to mark c.
Extension
F
o
r
c
e

Extension
F
o
r
c
e

b
a
b
c
c
d
On further increasing the force, the spring extends to mark d. The graph
is a straight line showing elastic behaviour of spring.
Hookes Law
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
4
e
Extension
F
o
r
c
e

Extension
F
o
r
c
e

b
a
b
c
c
d
d
If the force is removed at any
point up to the elastic limit,
the spring reverts back to its
original shape and size
5
e
f
A further increase in force will cause a
larger extension of the spring and its
extension is no longer proportional to the
force, hence the shape of the graph
changes.
Hookes Law
e
Extension
F
o
r
c
e

b
a
c
d
5
e
f
If the force is removed now the
spring does not revert back to its
original shape and size. This
change is called the permanent
set.
Permanent set