MEL242 MEL242

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering p g g
IIT Delhi
prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
MECH/IITD
Course Coordinator: Dr. Prabal Talukdar
Room No: III, 368
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
Lectures: Tue, Wed, Fri: 9-9.50 a.m.
(Room No: IV LT1)
Tut: 1-1.50 p.m.
Course webpage:
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~prabal/courses.html
Pre-requisite: Fluid Mechanics (AML 160)
(Tentative Room no: III352
MEL 242: Heat and Mass Transfer (3-1-0)
Syllabus (for total 42 lectures)
Introduction and basics of to heat transfer: Modes of heat transfer, Fouriers law, conductivity, diffusivity.
Heat conduction equation: 1D Heat conduction, General heat conduction equation, Boundary and initial q , q , y
conditions, Heat generation.
Steady heat conduction: Heat conduction in plane wall, cylinder, sphere, network analysis, critical radius of
insulation, heat transfer from fins.
Transient heat conduction: Lumped system analysis, transient heat conduction in large plane walls, long
li d d h ith ti l ff t H i l d G b h t cylinders and spheres with spatial effect, Heisler and Grober charts
Numerical methods of heat conduction: Finite difference formulation, numerical methods for 1D and 2D steady
state heat conduction.
( 10 lectures)
Introduction to convection: Fundamentals, Velocity and thermal boundary layer, laminar, turbulent flows,
conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy, solution of boundary layer equations, Analogy between
heat and momentum transfer, Non-dimensional numbers
External heat transfer: Drag and heat transfer, parallel flow over flat plates, flow across cylinders and spheres
Internal heat transfer: Mean velocity and mean temperature, entrance region, constant heat flux and temperature
condition in pipe flow Hagen Poiseuille flow Turbulent flow and heat transfer condition in pipe flow, HagenPoiseuille flow, Turbulent flow and heat transfer
Natural/free convection: Equation of motion of Grashof number, natural convection over surfaces and inside
enclosures
( 13 lectures)
Boiling and condensation: Boiling heat transfer, pool boiling, flow boiling, condensation heat transfer, film
condensation, heat transfer correlations.
( 4 lectures) ( 4 lectures)
Heat Exchangers: Types of heat exchangers, overall heat transfer coefficient, analysis of heat exchangers, the
log mean temperature method, -NTU method.
( 4 lectures)
Introduction to radiation: Fundamentals, radiative properties of opaque surfaces, Intensity, emissive power,
di i Pl k l Wi di l l Bl k d G f E i i i b i i S l d radiosity, Plancks law, Wiens displacement law, Black and Gray surfaces, Emissivity, absorptivity, Spectral and
directional variations, Stephan Boltzmann law, Kirchhoffs law
View factors: Definitions and relations, radiation heat transfer between two black surfaces, between diffuse gray
surfaces, network method above two surfaces, re-radiating surface, radiation shield, radiation effects on
temperature measurements. p
( 7 lectures)
Mass Transfer: Introduction, analogy between heat and mass transfer, mass diffusion, Ficks Law, boundary
conditions, steady mass diffusion through a wall, cylinder and sphere, water vapour migration in buildings,
transient mass diffusion, mass transfer in a moving medium, diffusion of vapor through a stationary gas: Stefan
Flow Flow
( 4 lectures)
Quiz Quiz 1 Quiz 2
Tentative Date August 27 November 5
Evaluation:
Tuts and Quiz (2 nos): 20%(Closed note, book)
Minor Test I: 20%(Open note closed book)
Tentative Date August 27 November 5
Minor Test I: 20%(Open note, closed book)
Minor Test II: 25%(Open note, closed book)
Major Test: 35%(Open note, closed book)
Total: 100%
Textbook: Fundamental of Heat and Mass Transfer: F. P.
P.TALUKDAR/IITD
Incropera and D. P. Dewitt
Heat Transfer: Yunus A. Cengel
Heat Transfer: J.P. Holmann
Heat Transfer as a Course
Has a reputation for being one of the most challenging,
fundamental, conceptual courses in ME. It is the heart of
h l i i thermal engineering
Why??
Physically diverse: thermodynamics material science diffusion Physically diverse: thermodynamics, material science, diffusion
theory, fluid mechanics, radiation theory
Higher-level math: vector calculus, ODEs, PDEs, numerical
methods methods
Physically elusive: heat is invisible; developing intuition takes
time
i d i lif d l Appropriate assumptions: required to simplify and solve most
problems
However, Heat Transfer is interesting, fun, and readily
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applicable to the real world
Heat Transfer Applications
Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering systems and
other aspects of life, and one does not need to go very far to see some
application areas of heat transfer application areas of heat transfer.
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Human bodyy
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Heat Transfer - Thermodynamics y
Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a
system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another, y g p q
and it gives no indication about how long the process will take.
A thermodynamic analysis simply tells us how much heat must be
transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy the transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy the
conservation of energy principle.
We are normally interested in how long it takes for the
hot coffee in a thermos to cool to a certain
temperature, which cannot be determined from a
thermodynamic analysis alone thermodynamic analysis alone.
Determining the rates of heat transfer to or from a
system and thus the times of cooling or heating as well as the
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system and thus the times of cooling or heating, as well as the
variation of the temperature, is the subject of heat transfer
Definition
Heat transfer is energy transfer due to a temperature difference in a
medium or between two or more media
Different types of heat transfer processes are called different modes
of heat transfer
Conduction heat transfer is due to a temperature gradient in a
stationary medium or media
Convection heat transfer occurs between a surface and a moving Convection heat transfer occurs between a surface and a moving
fluid at different temperatures
Radiation heat transfer occurs due to emission of energy in the
f f ele t eti e b ll b die b e b l te e form of electromagnetic waves by all bodies above absolute zero
temperature
Net radiation heat transfer occurs when there exists a temperature
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difference between two or more surfaces emitting radiation energy
Conduction
Conduction heat transfer is due to random molecular and atomic
vibrational, rotational and translational motions
High temperature and more energetic molecules vibrate more and
transfer energy to less energetic particles as a result of molecular
collisions or interactions
The heat flux (a vector) (W/ m
2
) Q

&
The heat flux (a vector) (W / m
2
)
is characterized by a transport property know as the
Thermal Conductivity, k (W / m K)
x
Q
y ( )
W = watts m = Meters K = temperature in Kelvin
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Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic
particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a
result of interactions between the particles.
Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases. In gases and
liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their random motion. In solids, it is due to the
combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the
energy transport by free electrons
The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the
geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the material of the
medium, as well as the temperature difference across the medium
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Fouriers Law
(W)
x
T
kA
x
T T
kA Q
1 2
cond

=
&
In the limiting case of x 0, the equation above reduces to the
differential form
Fouriers law of heat
x x
The negative sign ensures that heat
conduction after J. Fourier,
who expressed it first in his
heat transfer text in 1822
(W)
dx
dT
kA Q
cond
=
&
The negative sign ensures that heat
transfer in the positive x direction is a
positive quantity
T
1
=
T
2
=
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Thermal Conductivityy
Specific heat C
p
is a measure of a materials ability to store thermal
energy. For example, C
p
= 4.18 kJ/kgC for water and C
p
= 0.45 gy p ,
p
g
p
kJ/kgC for iron at room temperature, which indicates that water
can store almost 10 times the energy that iron can per unit mass.
Likewise the thermal conductivity k is a measure of a materials Likewise, the thermal conductivity k is a measure of a material s
ability to conduct heat. For example, k = 0.608 W/mC for water
and k = 80.2 W/mC for iron at room temperature, which indicates
that iron cond cts heat more than 100 times faster than ater can that iron conducts heat more than 100 times faster than water can.
Thus water is a poor heat conductor relative to iron, although
water is an excellent medium to store thermal energy
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Range of Thermal Conductivity g y
The thermal conductivities of gases
such as air vary by a factor of 10
4
from those of pure metals such as
copper.
Note that pure crystals and metals
have the highest thermal
conductivities and gases and conductivities, and gases and
insulating materials the lowest.
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A simple experimental setup to
determine the thermal conductivity
of a material of a material.
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The range of
thermal conductivity thermal conductivity
of various materials
at room temperature
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The thermal conductivity of a substance is
normally highest in the solid phase and lowest normally highest in the solid phase and lowest
in the gas phase.
Unlike gases, the thermal conductivities of
li id d i h i i most liquids decrease with increasing
temperature, with water being a notable
exception.
In solids, heat conduction is due to two
effects: the lattice vibrational waves induced
by the vibrational motions of the molecules by t e v b at o a ot o s o t e o ecu es
positioned at relatively fixed positions in a
periodic manner called a lattice, and the
energy transported via the free flow of energy transported via the free flow of
electrons in the solid .
The thermal conductivity of a solid is obtained by adding the lattice
and electronic components The relatively high thermal conductivities
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and electronic components. The relatively high thermal conductivities
of pure metals are primarily due to the electronic component.
The lattice component of thermal conductivity strongly depends on The lattice component of thermal conductivity strongly depends on
the way the molecules are arranged
Unlike metals, which are good electrical and heat conductors,
lli lid h di d d i d h crystalline solids such as diamond and semiconductors such as
silicon are good heat conductors but poor electrical conductors. As a
result, such materials find widespread use in the electronics industry.
For example, diamond, which is a highly ordered crystalline solid,
has the highest known thermal conductivity at room temperature.
Even small amounts in a pure metal of foreign
molecules that are good conductors themselves
i l di t th fl f h t i th t t l seriously disrupt the flow of heat in that metal.
For example, the thermal conductivity of steel
containing just 1 percent of chrome is 62 W/m C,
while the thermal conductivities of iron
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and chromium are 83 and 95 W/m C,
The variation of
the thermal the thermal
conductivity of
various solids,
liquids and gases liquids, and gases
with temperature
(from White)
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Thermal Diffusivityy
The product C
p
, which is frequently encountered in heat transfer
analysis, is called the heat capacity of a material. Both the y p y
specific heat C
p
and the heat capacity C
p
represent the heat
storage capability of a material.
But C expresses it per unit mass whereas C expresses it per unit But C
p
expresses it per unit mass whereas C
p
expresses it per unit
volume, as can be noticed from their units J/kgC and J/m
3
C,
respectively.
Another material property that appears in the transient heat
conduction analysis is the thermal diffusivity, which represents
how fast heat diffuses through a material and
is defined as
The larger the thermal diffusivity,
the faster the propagation of heat
into the medium. A small value of
thermal diffusivity means that heat
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t e a d us v ty ea s t at eat
is mostly absorbed by the material
and a small amount of heat will be
conducted further
Note that the thermal diffusivity
ranges from 0.14 x 10
-6
m
2
/s for
water to 174 x 10
-6
m
2
/s for silver,
which is a difference of more than a
thousand times.
Also note that the thermal
diffusivities of beef and water are the diffusivities of beef and water are the
same. This is not surprising, since
meat as well as fresh vegetables and
fruits are mostly water and thus they fruits are mostly water, and thus they
possess the thermal properties of
water.
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Forced Convection Natural Convection
B ili C d i
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Boiling Condensation
Convection
Convection heat transfer involves both energy transfer due to random
molecular motions and by bulk motion of the fluid molecular motions and by bulk motion of the fluid
Convection heat transfer includes both forced convection and natural
convection
I i h f h f f h i b f In convection heat transfer, the transfer of heat is between a surface
and a moving fluid (liquid or gas), when they are at different
temperatures. The rate of transfer is given by Newtons Law of
Cooling.
) T T ( h q
s
' '

=
Moving fluid
T

T
s
q
T
s
> T

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Typical values of convection
h t t f ffi i t heat transfer coefficient
Process h (W/ m
2
K) Process h (W / m
2
K)
Free Convection
Gases 2-25
Liquids 50 -1000
Forced Convection
Gases 35 -250 Gases 35 250
Liquids 50 -20,000
with Phase Change
Boiling or
Condensation
2500 -100,000
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Radiation
All surfaces of finite temperature emit energy in the form of electromagnetic
waves
In the absence of an intervening medium, there is a heat transfer by radiation
between two surfaces at different temperatures
The maximum flux, E (W / m
2
), at which radiation may be emitted from a
bl kb d f i i b blackbody surface is given by:
Stefan Boltzmann Law
E
where
4
s b
T E =
E
b
T
s
E
b
or E = Surface emissive power (W / m
2
)
T = absolute temperature (K)
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10
-8
(W / m
2
K
4)
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For a real surface:
4
For a surface with absorptivity , the incident radiation (G, W/m
2
)
4
s
T E =
p y , ( , )
that is absorbed by the surface is given by:
G G
abs
=
G
where
G G
abs

G
abs
G = incident radiation (W / m
2
)
T = absolute temperature (K)
= surface emissivity (0 1)
= surface absorptivity (0 1) surface absorptivity (0 1)
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For a gray surface =
When radiant energy is incident on a transparent surface, it can be
absorbed, reflected, or transmitted through the material. Hence,
( )G G G G G
reflected d transmitte absorbed
+ + = + + =
1 = + +
where
= materials surface reflectivity
1 = + +
= materials transmissivity
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Consider a small gray surface at temperature T
s
that is completely
enclosed by the surroundings at temperature T
sur
.
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the surface is:
T
( )
4 4 ' '
T T h T T
q
q
q
sur

T
sur
4
sur
4
s sur s
' '
rad
T T G E q = =
( )
sur s r sur s rad
T T h T T
A
q = = =
q
s

T
s
Where h
r
is the radiation heat transfer coefficient, W / m
2
K
( )( )
2
sur
2
s sur s r
T T T T h + + = ( )( )
sur s sur s r
T T T T h + +
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Conduction example
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Convection example
Calculate the heat flux Calculate the heat flux
from your hand when it is
exposed to moving air
and water, assuming the
surface temperature of
your hand is 30C.
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Radiation ex.
An instrumentation package
has a spherical outer surface
of diameter D = 100 mm and
emissivity = 0 25 The emissivity = 0.25. The
package is placed in a large
space simulation chamber
whose walls are maintained
f f at 77 K. If the operation of
the electronic components is
restricted to the temperature
range of 40 T 85C, what range of 40 T 85 C, what
is the range of acceptable
power dissipation for the
package?
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