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    Sources of Errors in Levelling

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    Vikash Peerthy
    There are four main sources of errors in levelling: 1) Instrumental errors such as a non-horizontal line of collimation, defective or insensitive bubbles, or loose joints. 2) Errors from the manipulation of equipment like not centering the bubble precisely or disturbing the level. 3) Reading and booking errors including misreading, entering values in the wrong column, or omitting entries. 4) Natural causes of error like wind, temperature changes distorting instruments, or earth curvature and refraction. The expected accuracy is a closing error of ±2√k mm to ±5√k mm where k is the distance measured in kilometers.

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    Sources of Errors in Levelling

    Uploaded by

    Vikash Peerthy
    3K views2 pages
    There are four main sources of errors in levelling: 1) Instrumental errors such as a non-horizontal line of collimation, defective or insensitive bubbles, or loose joints. 2) Errors from the manipulation of equipment like not centering the bubble precisely or disturbing the level. 3) Reading and booking errors including misreading, entering values in the wrong column, or omitting entries. 4) Natural causes of error like wind, temperature changes distorting instruments, or earth curvature and refraction. The expected accuracy is a closing error of ±2√k mm to ±5√k mm where k is the distance measured in kilometers.

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    levelling errors

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    There are four main sources of errors in levelling: 1) Instrumental errors such as a non-horizontal line of collimation, defective or insensitive bubbles, or loose joints. 2) Errors from the manipulation of equipment like not centering the bubble precisely or disturbing the level. 3) Reading and booking errors including misreading, entering values in the wrong column, or omitting entries. 4) Natural causes of error like wind, temperature changes distorting instruments, or earth curvature and refraction. The expected accuracy is a closing error of ±2√k mm to ±5√k mm where k is the distance measured in kilometers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    3K views2 pages

    Sources of Errors in Levelling

    Uploaded by

    Vikash Peerthy
    There are four main sources of errors in levelling: 1) Instrumental errors such as a non-horizontal line of collimation, defective or insensitive bubbles, or loose joints. 2) Errors from the manipulation of equipment like not centering the bubble precisely or disturbing the level. 3) Reading and booking errors including misreading, entering values in the wrong column, or omitting entries. 4) Natural causes of error like wind, temperature changes distorting instruments, or earth curvature and refraction. The expected accuracy is a closing error of ±2√k mm to ±5√k mm where k is the distance measured in kilometers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SOURCES OF ERRORS IN LEVELLING

    1. Instrumental:
    Line of collimation not horizontal.
    Defective or insensitive bbble
    Loose !oints on level an" tri#o"
    Staff e$tensions not locate" becase of %ear or "irt
    2. Manipulation of equipment:
    &bble not central %hen rea"in' is ta(en
    Distrbin' level b) 'ras#in' tri#o"* focsin'.
    Staff not vertical
    Dirt on foot of staff
    Staff settles on #oorl) selecte" chan'e #oint
    Level settles on #oorl) selecte" station
    3. Reading and booking:
    +aralla$
    Rea"in' to onl) , #laces of "ecimal
    Rea"in' staff %ron' %a) #
    Usin' staff %ith "ifferent mar(in's to sal an" misrea"in'
    Rea"in' sta"ia hair
    &oo(in' in %ron' colmn
    Omittin' an entr)
    -isboo(in' the fi'res
    Enterin' incorrect 'i"ance in remar(s colmn
    4. Natural causes:
    .in"
    Sn/"istortion of instrment
    Crvatre of earth
    Refraction
    Note0 1ccrac) e$#ecte" is in terms of closin' error
    In the ran'e of 234 mm //// ,54 mm
    .here 4 is measre" in (ilometers

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