The document discusses various acids and bases used in pharmaceutical preparations. It describes four major subject areas - acids, buffers, antioxidants, and water. It then provides details on several important inorganic acids (boric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid) and bases (ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide). For each substance, it outlines properties, production methods, physical forms, and common uses in pharmaceutical and chemical applications.
The document discusses various acids and bases used in pharmaceutical preparations. It describes four major subject areas - acids, buffers, antioxidants, and water. It then provides details on several important inorganic acids (boric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid) and bases (ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide). For each substance, it outlines properties, production methods, physical forms, and common uses in pharmaceutical and chemical applications.
The document discusses various acids and bases used in pharmaceutical preparations. It describes four major subject areas - acids, buffers, antioxidants, and water. It then provides details on several important inorganic acids (boric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid) and bases (ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide). For each substance, it outlines properties, production methods, physical forms, and common uses in pharmaceutical and chemical applications.
preparation, preservation, and storage of pharmaceutical products 4 MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS ACIDS and BASES- used in the conversion of drugs to chemical form BUFFERS- maintain pH of formulations but with prescribed limits ANTIOXIDANTS- prevents oxidative decomposition of pharmaceutically active components WATER- primary solvent in most liquid pharmaceutical preparation GLASS- for storage and as dispensing container for most drug product OFFICIAL INORGANIC ACIDS BORIC ACID NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Boracic Acid, Hydrogen Borate or Orthoboric Acid, Agua Boricada Free Boric- found in sea waters, plants, nearly all fruits, and volcanic steam jets Sassolite- Native Boric acid Soluble in water and alcohol Freely soluble in glycerin, boiling water and boiling alcohol HCl decreases its solubility in water Weak acid Is not absorbed by the skin unless broken; highly toxic when orally ingested
SOURCES OF BORIC ACID Rasorite or Kernite- produce borax and variety of soaps; Na 2 B 4 O 7 4H 2 O Borax- white mineral in some alkaline salt deposits, used in making glass and ceramics, as a metallurgical flux, and as an antiseptic. ; Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O Borocalcite CaB 4 O 7 4H 2 O Colemanite Ca 3 B 6 O 10 5H 2 O Tincal - native borax ; H 3 BO 3 Na 2 B 4 O 7
2CaB 4 O 7 18H 2 0 THREE FORMS OF BORIC ACID 1. Colorless, odorless, pearly scales 2. Six-scaled triclinic crystals 3. White, odorless powder which is unctuous to touch
Scale and Crystalline form are more suitable for aqueous solutions. USES OF BORIC ACID n.l.t. 99.5% and n.m.t. 100.5% boric acid according to the National Formulary calculated as anhydrous form Antiseptic Weak bacteriostatic Eye wash
HYDROCHLORIC ACID NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Muriatic Acid, Spirit of Sea Salt, Marine Acid, and Espiritu de Sal Marina
it is an aqueous solution of Hydrogen chloride gas of n.l.t. 35% and n.m.t. 38% by weight of HCl
PROPERTIES OF HCl Colorless fuming liquid Has a pungent odor MURIATIC ACID- yellow in color because of impurities (chlorine, arsenous and sufurous acids and iron)
USES OF HCL Acidifying agent especially in the laboratory Converts normally water insoluble organic bases into a water soluble form for extraction or sepration DILUTED HCl Exists in the normal gastric juice Aids conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin and proteids into peptones Gastric antiseptic Cures gastric achlorhydria and hypochlohydria Highly diluted in water and supplied through a glass tube or straw to avoid solvent action on the enamel of teeth Betaine Hydrochloride and Glutamic Acid Hydrochloride To avoid difficulty Crystalline and may be in capsule form Liberate HCl in the stomach
NITRIC ACID NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Spirit of Nitre, Aqua Fortis & Agua Fuerte
Highly corrosive fuming liquid Highly irritating odor Boils at 120C w/a specific gravity of 1.41 An aqueous solution that produces a yellow stain on animal tissues. Xanthoprotheic test nitration of aromatic amino acids, phenylamine, tyrosine and tryptophan.
PROPERTIES OF NITRIC ACID Strong monopratic acid Enhanced by HNO 2
Oxidizes all common metals except Au & Pt Used extensively in organic chemistry. Substituted w/NO 2 (nitro group) to produce trinitrotoluene (TNT) Similar acidic properties with HCl
USES OF NITRIC ACID Acidifying agent for bases Unique dimension of oxidizing & nitrating properties Used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, o coal tar dyes, and explosives Source of nitrate ion in the preparation of Milk of Bismuth Externally used to destroy chancres and warts.
PHOSPHORIC ACID NF 26 ALSO KNOWN: Orthophosphoric Acid and Acido Orthofosforico Colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid having a specific gravity of 1.71 Non-volatile and has no oxidizing properties Used as an acidifying agent Treated with NaOH at particular conc. to produce HPO 4 & H 2 PO 4
Solvent in the preparation of Anileridine Injection
Diluted Phosphoric Acid (dil. H 3 PO 4 ) Used as a tonic and stimulant Acts as synergistic to pepsin Aids in the formulation of peptones Used in making some pharmaceutical preparations
SULFURIC ACID NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Oil of Vitriol, Vitriolic Acid, and Aceite de Vitriolo
PROPERTIES Colorless, odorless liquid of oily consistency Vaporized when strongly heated Does not volatilize at lower levels of heat Strong diprotic acid Useful as a dehydrating agent, oxidizing agent and sulfonating or sulfating agent
PREPARATION oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and adding enough water to form sulfuric acid.
Lead Chamber Process 76% by weight of Sulfuric acid mainly used in the manufacture of the fertilizer, primary calcium phosphate, known in the commerce as superphosphate Contact of Catalytic Process Produces most of the commercial sulfuric acid today Catalysts- Vanadium or platinized silica gels
USES OF SULFURIC ACID Strong diprotic acid which can be utilized to form salts of basic organic drug molecules dehydrating agent in the preparation of Pyroxylin USP 26
OFFICIAL INORGANIC BASES STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Ammonium Hydroxide, Stronger Ammonia water PROPERTIES Upon exposure to air, it loses ammonia rapidly Clear, Colorless liquid, pungent, characteristic odor. Can serve as a liquid in forming soluble complex ions with many metal cations. Hydroxides or insoluble salts become soluble in Ammonia solution.
USES OF STRONG AMMONIA as a Bronsted base in many applications tp form ammonium salts of acids. Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Sodium bicarbonate. Preparation of Aromatic Ammonia Spirit (NF XV)
Diluted Ammonia Solution Contains n.l.t. 9 g and n.m.t. 10 g of NH 3 in each 100 mL. Prepared by diluted Strong Ammonia Solution with the appropriate quantity of purified water. Also known as Ammonia water or Household Ammonia USES OF DILUTED AMMONIA Circulatory stimulant by inhalation of the vapors. Externally, it is used as a counter- irritant
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE USP 32 ALSO KNOWN AS: Slaked lime, Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 ; molecular weight 74.09 PROPERTIES White powder having an alkaline and bitter taste Slightly soluble in water, glycerin and in syrup Very soluble in boiling water Insoluble in alcohol Ability to absorb CO2 from the air and forms calcium carbonate giving the cloudy appearance of calcium hydroxide solution
PREPARATION: Manufactured from lime or CaO through the addition of H2O in limited amountsSlaking (hence the name, slake lime)
Slaking is characterized by the avid absorption of water by the oxide, accompanied by the evolution of much heat, swelling of CaO lumps and a final disintegration into fine powder
Official solution- Calcium Hydroxide Solution USP 26 (Lime water); clear, colorless liquid having an alkaline taste and is alkaline to litmus
USES OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Used medically as a fluid electrolyte and as topical astringent
Used in pharmaceutical preparations for its potentially high hydroxide ion concentration to react with the free fatty acids in various oils, and to form calcium soaps which have emulsifying properties.
Its carbon dioxide absorbing properties are useful in gas traps
Combined with NaOH in a mixture known as Soda lime and used for its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from expired air in metabolic function test.
Calcium Hydroxide is found in Facial Cleanser Depilatories Hair Color and Bleaching Conditioner Facial Moisturizer
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Caustic Potash, Potass KOH; Molecular weight 56.11 PROPERTIES: White or nearly white fused masses, small pellets, flakes or sticks that have a crystalline fracture Very delinquent and rapidly absorbs both moisture and carbon dioxide from the air Having a caustic or corrosive effect on tissues due to being a very strong base USES OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Used as a caustic principally in veterinary practice. Saponifying agent to hydrolize esters of fatty acids into their constituent alcohols & potassium salt Widely used as aqueous and alcoholic volumetric solutions for titrating acids. It enjoys its widest use as a base or alkaline reagent.
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE IS FOUND IN Hairspray Household products such as oven and grill cleaners Manufacture of biodiesel and soft soaps
SODIUM HYDROXIDE NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Caustic Soda, Soda Lye NaOH; Molecular weight 40 PROPERTIES: Occurs in dry, hard, brittle, white stick, in large fused, opaque, white stone-like masses having a dense crystalline fracture, in small pellets, in flakes and in other forms. Very delinquent and rapidly absorbs moisture & carbon dioxide from the air. Like KOH, highly ionized in solution making it one of the strongest base available Very soluble in alcohol, ether, and glycerin. Reacts with the salts of all metals in solution precipitationg almost all of them except those of the alkali metals and ammonium as the insoluble metal hydroxides. Very strong base capable of damaging tissues USES OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE Same purpose as KOH But less deliquescent, probably milder and cheapertherefore is extensively used in industrial purposes. SODIUM HYDROXIDE can be found in Biodiesel Hair moisturizers Drain Cleaner Use of caustic soda for paint scraping
SODIUM CARBONATE NF 26 ALSO KNOWN AS: Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate PROPERTIES colorless crystal/white crystalline powder odorless has strong alkaline taste insoluble in alcohol exist in three well characterized hydrates: - Monohydrate - Na2CO3 . H2O - Heptahydrate - Na2CO3 . 7H2O - Decahydrate - Na2CO3 . 10H2O PREPARATION: made by the Solvay Process saturating the cooled conc. solution of sodium chloride first with ammonia and then with carbon dioxide. USES OF SODIUM CARBONATE used for its basicity in pharmaceutical preparations where it will form sodium salts of acidic drugs. SODA LIME NF 26 mixture of calcium hydroxide and sodium or potassium hydroxide or both intended for use in metabolism tests, anesthesia and oxygen theraphy. its function is to absorb the carbon dioxide in a closed system will react with the carbon dioxide in the form of Na2CO3 to form calcium carbonate, thereby regenerating the sodium hydroxide