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#M PE GEVI RI TYXIQ GYTPE R QSH GSR#XMIRX R %PJE, GRH EQFIPI IQMWJIVI
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VQRI XSX EGIIE#M. )WXI S IRIVKMI GVIEXSEVI.
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ZSV ENYRKI PE XMRI PE QSQIRXYP STSVXYR, MEV TVSFPIQE WI ZE VI^SPZE RXV-YR
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VI^SPY'ME, TI GEVI ETSM W S JSPSWI#XM PE VI^SPZEVIE VIEP E TVSFPIQIM.
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R JSRH, I\TPMGE'ME IWXI HISWIFMX HI WMQTP. 4I TPER WYFMIGXMZ 'M GYTPI^M
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(YT GI TVSKVEQEVIE HI RSETXI QIVKI GSVIWTYR^XSV TS'M XVIGI PE
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-EX S XILRMG TVMR GEVI, REMRXI HI TVSKVEQEVIE IJIGXMZ TI GEVI HINE EM
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%FME EGYQ TVSRYR' QERXVE HI TVSXIG'MI: E^M Q WMQX QEM FMRI HIGX
MIVM HMR XSEXI TYRGXIPI HI ZIHIVI.
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PE P #M HYT TVSRYR'EVIE QERXVIPSV HI TVSXIG'MI #M HI ENYXSV, TYRI-'M
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15.2.4 %GXMZEVIE XMQYWYPYM R TVSKVEQEVIE TIRXVY IPMQMREVIE KVIYX'MPSV
ZMMXSEVI.
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S QMI HI PM RGITI GY YR TEW). (EV TIRXVY GE EGI#XM TE#M W XI HYG GY WYGGIW
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EWYTVE TYRGXYPYM (ER-8MER #M EPYRK-'M SVMGI EPX KRH HMR GET. 'SRGIRXVIE^-XI
EWYTVE VIWTMVE'MIM, EWYTVE QM#GVMM TIVIXYPYM EFHSQMREP. 2YQV HI PE 100 PE P
(GYQ JEGM -E I\IVGM'MYP HI 1MRH 'SRXVSP). 4S'M W XI GSRGIRXVI^M -E GXIZE
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EXIRX PE WYRIXYP TVSTVMIM VIWTMVE'MM, RGITXSVMPSV PI VIGSQERH QIXSHE
RYQVEXYPYM.
16.4.5 6IKPEVIE VIWTMVE'MIM.
%P XVIMPIE TVMRGMTMY JYRHEQIRXEP EP 5MKSRK-YPYM IWXI VIWTMVE'ME
GSVIWTYR^XSEVI. 4VMRXV-S ERXVIREVI GSR#XMIRX TS'M XVERWJSVQE VIWTMVE'ME
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WGLMQFYP HI KE^I #M GMVGYPE'ME WERKZMR, MEV R YVQE QEWENYPYM SVKERIPSV
EFHSQMREPI WI QFYRX'I#XI HMKIWXME #M EFWSVF'ME EPMQIRXIPSV.
)\MWX QEM QYPXI JIPYVM HI VIWTMVE'MI: 1. 6IWTMVE'ME REXYVEP
MRGSR#XMIRX, WPEF, EVXM3GMEP.
2. 6IWTMVE'ME EFHSQMREP VITVI^MRX 4-5 VIWTMVE'MM TI QMRYX. -R PMQTYP
MRWTMVE'MIM HMEJVEKQE GSFSEV, TIVIXIPI EFHSQMREP WI FSQFIE^; R XMQTYP
I\TMVE'MIM EY PSG QM#GVMPI R WIRW MRZIVW. 1M#GVMPI HMEJVEKQIM #M EPI TIVIXIPYM
EFHSQMREP XVIFYMI W EMF EQTPMXYHMRI QE\MQ.
3. 6IWTMVE'MI MRZIVW R XMQTYP MRWTMVE'MIM HMEJVEKQE YVG, TIVIXIPI
EFHSQMREP MRXV RYRXVY, MEV PE I\TMVE'MI MRZIVW, R EGIWX GE^ EQTPMXYHMRIE
IWXI QEM QEVI HIGX PE VIWTMVE'ME EFHSQMREP.
4. 6IWTMVE'ME TVIPYRKMX ZIM PYRKM XMQTYP MRWTMVE'MIM WEY EP I\TMVE'MIM.
5. 6IWTMVE'ME HI-E PYRKYP GEREPIPSV (Y #M 6IR MRWTMV TI REW TVMR
VMHMGEVIE XSVEGIPYM, R EGIPE#M XMQT RGLMTYMI#XI-'M G EIVYP (EHMG IRIVKME
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GSPSERIM ZIVXIFVEPI TR PE GET #M MIWI TI REW.
6. 6IWTMVE'ME PEXIRX ZIM RGIVGE W S I\IVWI^M HYT GI 'M-EM RWY#MX
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KYV WY4 Y#SV (WYTIV3GMEP), EIVYP EJEV HMR TPQRM.
7. 6IWTMVE'ME MRGMTMIRX S HEX GY VIPE\EVIE WTMVMXYEP, GY EHRGMVIE
WXVMM HI GEPQ, VIWTMVE'ME WI RGIXMRI#XI RXV-S EWIQIRIE QWYV RGX HIZMRI
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(SEV QEI#XVMM 5MKSRK-YPYM WYRX GETEFMPM W IJIGXYI^I EWIQIRIE JSVQI
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6IWTMVE'ME EFHSQMREP IWXI VIGSQERHEX GIPSV WYJIVMR^M HI QEPEHMM
GEVHMEGI #M GMVGYPEXSVMM; VIWTMVE'ME TVIPYRKMX, GIPSV GY EJIG'MYRM HMKIWXMZI;
MRWTMVE'ME TI REW #M I\TMVE'ME TI KYV, GIPSV GY TVSFPIQI VIWTMVEXSVMM; VIWTMVE'ME
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)\IVGM'MYP VIWTMVEXSV IJIGXYIE^-P XMQT HI 10-20 HI QMRYXI ^MPRMG. 2Y
JSV'E I\IGYXEVIE YR XMQT QEM PYRK HISEVIGI VM#XM IJIGXI GSRXVEVI.
16.4.6 8MTYVMPI HI 5MKSRK.
R JYRG'MI HI IJIGXYP HSVMX, R 'LMRE I\MWX 3 JIPYVM HI 5MKSRK:
s 5MKSRK-YP QIHMGEP, YXMPM^EX R XVEXEQIRXYP QEPEHMMPSV GVSRMGI.
5MKSRK-YP GSXMHMER, TIRXVY TVIZIRMVIE QFSPRZMVMPSV, TIRXVY
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s 5MKSRK-YP EVXIPSV QEV'MEPI GLMRI^I (GY ENYXSVYP 5MKSRK-YPYM WI HI^ZSPX
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R GEHVYP 5MKSRK-YPYM QIHMGEP, EPIKIVIE TS^M'MIM, E XILRMGMM VIWTMVE'MIM,
TVIGYQ #M QSHEPMXEXIE HI GSRGIRXVEVI IWXI HIXIVQMREX HI QEPEHME RW#M.
%PIKIVIE TS^M'MIM IWXI HMGXEX HI GSRWXMXY'ME FSPREZYPYM #M HI XMTYP
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ZSV JEGI I\IVGM'MYP R TS^M'ME GYPGEX, R GE^YP FSPREZMPSV GY XIRWMYRI VMHMGEX #M
GY QEPEHMM GMVGYPEXSVMM, IWXI TVIJIVEX TS^M'ME #I^RH. 'EVHMEGMM W RY JEG
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RXVI#XI.
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S TEY^ WGYVX, ETSM YVQIE^ S RSY MRWTMVE'MI. 7I VIGSQERH R GE^YP
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-RWTMVE'ME TI REW #M I\TMVE'ME TI KYV WI VIGSQERH R GE^ HI VGIEP,
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I\IVGM'MY RHIPYRKEX.
6IWTMVE'ME MRXIVR. 'Y GX WXEVIE HI GEPQ IWXI QEM TVSJYRH, GY EXX
QEM WYTIV3GMEP HIZMRI VIWTMVE'ME. 2Y QEM EM KRHYVM, RY QEM EM GSR#XMIRX,
JYRG'MMPI ZMXEPI 'M WI HMQMRYIE^ PE QMRMQ.
%GIEWXE IWXI VI^YPXEXYP HI ZVJ EP I\IVGM'MMPSV HI VIWTMVE'MI, GEVI WI TSEXI
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16.4.7 'YQ W RGITM 5MKSRK-YP.
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VIPE\EVIE WTMVMXYEP. )WXI Y#SV W XI GSRGIRXVI^M #M W ENYRKM R WXEVIE HI
VIPE\EVI. %M RIZSMI HI S WXEVI HI XVIGIVI R XMQTYP GVIME GSVTYP #M WTMVMXYP XY
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7 RY IJIGXYI^M I\IVGM'MYP R GYVIRX WEY GY JE'E WTVI ZRX. (IGYTPIE^
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MRGSVIGX, GY WTEXIPI GYVFEX, R WXEVI RIVZSEW, TS'M TVSZSGE HYVIVM GEVHMEGI,
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VI'MRI TVIE QYPX XMQT VIWTMVE'ME. 'E VI^YPXEX EP JSV'VMM VIWTMVE'MIM EFHSQMREPI,
TSEPI ETEVI S XIRWMYRI R ^SR #M YR WGLMQF MRWY3GMIRX HI KE^I. 4SX ETEVI
GLMEV GVEQTI EPI QY#GLMPSV VIWTMVEXSVMM. 8SEXI EGIWXIE WI TSX IZMXE TVMR
ERXVIREQIRX TIVQERIRX, JV E JSV'E RSXE.
3EQIRMM GY SVKERMWQYP WPFMX HI FSPM, I\GIWI EPMQIRXEVI WEY WI\YEPI,
TSX WMQ'M S YWGEVI E KYVMM #M TSX EZIE GSRXVEGXYVM QYWGYPEVI.
,MTIVTSRHIVEPMM TSX EZIE XIQTIVEXYV HEG IJIGXYIE^ I\IVGM'MYP HYT
S QEW GSTMSEW. (EG RW IJIGXYQ I\IVGM'MYP R JVMK, QFVGE'M TVIE WYF'MVI
WEY RJSQIXE'M, TYXIQ EZIE JVMWSERI. *SV'EVIE VIWTMVE'MIM TSEXI TVSZSGE
QMG'MYRM RIGSRXVSPEXI. (EG EWXE WI RXQTP TVIE HIW, IWXI WIQRYP YRIM
WPFMGMYRM WEY EP EKVEZVMM FSPMM.
*SV'EVIE VIWTMVE'MIM EFHSQMREPI TSEXI GEY^E HYVIVM XSVEGMGI, VIWTMVE'MI
MRIKEP. 7 RY WI TVEGXMGI 5MKSRK R GE^ HI GSRKIWXMI RE^EP. 7 RY JEGM
I\IVGM'MM RXV-S TS^M'MI MRGSQSH, HISEVIGI EWXJIP ZIM SFSWM VITIHI. 4S^M'ME
XVIFYMI W 3I PINIV. (EG R XMQTYP I\IVGM'MYPYM ETEV HYVIVM PSQFEVI WEY HI
WTEXI, EGIWXIE WIQREPM^IE^ HI EWIQIRIE S TS^M'MI KVI#MX. &XVRMM, GIM GY
GSRWXMXY'MI WPEF, VIREPMM, XVIFYMI W IJIGXYI^I I\IVGM'MYP GYPGEX.
3EQIRMM RIVZS#M, MVMXE'M, EV 3 FMRI W JEG I\IVGM'MYP TPMQFRHY-WI. 9RMM
TSX W-#M WMQX GSVTYP I\XVESVHMREV HI KVIY WEY JSEVXI Y#SV, IZIRXYEP TSX EZIE
HYVIVM R YRIPI PSGYVM. 8SEXI EGIWXI WMQTXSQI ZSV HMWTVIE R QSH WTSRXER
HEG RY 'MRIQ RIETVEX W SF'MRIQ MQIHMEX VI^YPXEXI VIQEVGEFMPI, R YVQE
VIWTMVE'MIM JSV'EXI TSX ETEVI GLMEV LEPYGMRE'MM, GEVI RW HMWTEV MQIHMEX PE
RGIXEVIE I\IVGM'MYPYM. (EG RY EQ QRGEX WY3GMIRX (WXSQEGYP W 3I 80% TPMR)
ZE ETEVI S TYXIVRMG WIR^E'MI HI JSEQI; HEG EQ QRGEX TVIE QYPX TSX
ETEVI: HMEVII, XIRWMYRI EFHSQMREP, GVEQTI. 6IEG'MMPI ERSVQEPI EQMRXMXI RY
ETEV R QSH PSKMG, HEV TS'M W IZM'M QYPXI RITPGIVM IJIGXYRH I\IVGM'MMPI
5MKSRK GSRJSVQ GIPSV VIGSQERHEXI.
16.4.9 9R I\IVGM'MY TIRXVY JSVXM3GEVI.
)XETE - (4VMQE WTXQR)
4S^M'ME GSVTYPYM: 4S^M'MI RSVQEP #I^RH (IZIRXYEP TS^M'MI GYPGEX TI
WTEXI TIRXVY GIM GY TVSFPIQI HI WRXEXI).
6IWTMVE'ME; RGITRH GY GIE REXYVEP, XVITXEX WTVI GIE TEV'MEP EHRG.
%XMRKIVIE GEPQYPYM: 2YQV MRWTMVE'MMPI #M I\TMVE'MMPI WEY YVQVI#XI-PI
QIRXEP.
*VIGZIR'E #M HYVEXE: HI 3-4 SVM TI ^M, GXI 15-20 HI QMRYXI.
'IVMR'I:
4S^M'ME GSVIGX E GSVTYPYM.
6IWTMVE'MI VIKYPEX.
)PMFIVEVIE HI JEGXSVM TIVXYVFEXSVM.
)XETE Y ---E (WTXQRMPI 2-4)
4S^M'ME GSVTYPYM: 2SVQEP WEY XYVGIEWG.
6IWTMVE'ME: %HRG, REXYVEP (VIWTMVE'MI EFHSQMREP)
%PMRKIVIE GEPQYPYM: 9VQVI#XI GMGPYVMPI VIWTMVEXSVMM WEY GSRGIRXVIE^-PI
EWYTVE TYRGXYPYM (ER-8MER MRJIVMSV (PE 4 HIKIXI WYF SQFMPMG).
*VIGZIR'E #M HYVEXE: HI 3-4 SVM TI ^M GXI 30 HI QMRYXI.
'IVMR'I:
6IWTMVE'MI TVSJYRH, TR PE HMEJVEKQ.
1 %XMRKIVIE RG HI PE RGITYX E GEPQYPYM.
%RXVIREQIRXYP HIZMRI SFM#RYMR'.
)XETE E ----E (RGITRH GY WTXQRE E GMRGIE)
4S^M'ME GSVTYPYM: "I^RH WEY WXRH (YPXMQE TIRXVY GIM QEM ERXVIRE'M).
6IWTMVE'ME: 'E PE IXETE E ---E.
%XMRKIVIE GEPQYPYM: 'SRGIRXVIE^-XI EWYTVE TYRGXYPYM (ER-8MER MRJIVMSV
(PE 4 HIKIXI WYF SQFMPMG).
*VIGZIR'E #M HYVEXE: HI 3-4 SVM TI ^M GXI 30-45 QMRYXI.
'IVMR'I: 1 6IWTMVE'MI VIKYPEX, EHRG, VEV.
'EPQ EFWSPYX.
)JIGXI FIRI3GI VIQEVGEFMPI, QSXMZRH ERXVIREQIRXI YPXIVMSEVI.
3 #IHMR' 'MI PYGVY. )\IQTPY 8 -RXVEVIE R 8IQTPYP HI 'VMWXEP.
R GIPI GI YVQIE^ 'M ZSM TVI^IRXE YR I\IQTPY HI #IHMR' HI PYGVY GY
JSPSWMVIE XILRMGMPSV ERI\I %YXSGSRXVSPYPYM, R GE^YP R GEVI RY EM RG YR 'VMWPEP
HI 'YEV', MKRSV GIPI VIJIVMXSEVI PE IP.
(MQMRIE'E HYT XVI^MVI WTEP-XI (HEG WI TSEXI GY ET VIGI), ME S KYV
HI GIEM #M VIXVEKI-XI RXV-S GEQIV PMRM#XMX #M GY YR QIHMY EQFMERX TPGYX,
HEG I TSWMFMP HIWGLMHI KIEQYP #M HMQMRYIE^ PYQMRE EXX GX W-'M TIVQMX
GMXMVIE JV IJSVX E 3#IPSV.
%#IE^-XI GX QEM GSQSH RXV-YR JSXSPMY (QEM FMRI HEG WI TSEXI SVMIRXE
WTVI 2SVH), WTVMNMR-'M GETYP, MEV TMGMSEVIPI HIWGP'EXI, PEW-PI TI TSHIE,
TEVEPIPI, HMWXER'EXI. 2Y TS^M'ME GE EXEVI GSRXIE^, GM GSRJSVXYP!
(EG XI-EM QFVGEX HINE, HIWJ-'M GYVIEYE #M SVMGI 'M-EV WXRNIRM
VIWTMVE'ME. (EG EM YR 'VMWPEP ME-P R QRE WXRK GY ZVJYP RWTVI TEPQ, MEV
EGIEWXE E#IE^-S TIWXI TEPQE HIWGLMW E QMRMM HVITXI. ((EG I#XM WXRKEGM,
'VMWXEPYP P 'MM R HVIETXE E#I^EXE TIWXI WXRKE). 4IRXVY EGGIPIVEVIE MRXVVMM R
%PJE TS'M W-'M YRI#XM GIPI XVIM HIKIXI R QSHYP GYRSWGYX, 'MRRH R EGIPE#M XMQT
#M 'VMWXEPYP, RGLMHI SGLMM #M J 5-P0 GMGPYVM HI VIWTMVE'MI 5MKSRK, TIRXVY
EIVMWMVIE TPQRMPSV #M TIRXVY TVIVIPE\EVI.
1YP'YQI#XI-M 'IPYM HI 7YW TIRXVY G 'M-E TIVQMW #M E^M W-'M HIWGLM^M
SGLMM WTVI S RSYE ^M R GEVI W 3M MRXIVQIHMEV RXVI )P #M GIM GEVI --EY GIVYX
ENYXSVYP (TVMR XMRI).
R QSQIRXYP R GEVI XI-EM VIPE\EX, WTYRI-'M: 2YQV VEV HI PE 5 (WEY 10)
PE - #M MRXVY R GIPI QEM TVSJYRHI ^SRI %PJE.
(YT EGXMZEVI XI KWI#XM REMRXIE YRYM 'VMWXEP IRSVQ (RY I SFPMKEXSVMY),
EZRH R JE'E XE S Y# QMG, HIWGLMW. 2Y TS'M XVIGI HI IE TR RY WTYM HI
XVIM SVM QERXVE XVMRMXEV: -R RYQIPI 8EXPYM, EP *MYPYM #M EP 7JRXYPYM (YL. %QMR.
%FME EGYQ TS'M MRXVE. 8I KWI#XM RXV-S REZ IRSVQ, R JE' IWXI S GVYGI QEVI,
TEVG HMR JSG, HEV HI S GYPSEVI #M MRXIRWMXEXI RIHIVERNERXI. 2Y YMXE W QEM
WTYM S HEXE QERXVE XVMRMXEV! RYRXVY WYRX HSY #MVYVM HI WGEYRI, S EPII
GIRXVEP TR R JE', MEV WGEYRIPI WYRX EWXJIP HMWXER'EXI, RGX TS'M XVIGI
TVMRXVI IPI JV E-M WXRNIRM TI GIM E#I^E'M EGSPS, RMVI IM 'M ZIM KWM +LM^MM
7TMVMXYEPM. (EG EM GIZE HI HMWGYXEX, HEG EM GIZE W-P RXVIFM, TS'M W S JEGM
HYT GI TVSRYR'M QERXVIPI HI TVSXIG'MI #M HI ENYXSV.
-RZSG 0YQMRE, WYRX S GEPI GYVEX #M TIVJIGX. 0YQMRE QM IWXI GPY^.
%Q XSX GI-QM XVIFYMI GE W JEG XSX GIIE GI ZVIEY #M EQ XSX GI ZVIEY GE
W JEG XSX GI XVIFYMI.
4VMR 0YQMR WYRX TVSXINEX JE' HI SVMGI MR4YIR', MRHMJIVIRX HI XMT, QSH
HI EG'MSREVI #M HMVIG'MI HI EG'MYRI.
%^M Q WMQX QEM FMRI HIGX MIVM HMR XSEXI TYRGXIPI HI ZIHIVI.
8SX GI VIEPM^I^, XSX GI GVII^ WI JEGI WYF RHVYQEVIE, TVMR ZSMR'E #M R
RYQIPI 8EXPYM. %QMR.
%GYQ TYRI-XI R JE'E XE, I\TPSVIE^-'M EYVE, ZM^YEPM^IE^-XI, ZI^M HEG
HI MIVM EY ETVYX GYQZE QSHM3GVM. (IWGLMHI-'M TEPQE QMRMM WXRKM E
EWXVEPYPYM HMR GSVTYP EWXVEP TIRXVY E TVMQM 0YQMRE HI PE )P, MEV GY TEPQE QMRMM
HVITXI EGXMZIE^-'M GLEOVIPI HI PE E :---E WTVI E --E, WTYRRH RXVI XMQT GIPI
#ETXI VYKQMR'M HMR 8EXP RSWXVY, HYT GYQ 'M-EQ EVXEX HINE. 1XVI#XI-'M EYVE
XSX HYT QSHYP GYRSWGYX, GSVIGXIE^-'M TVSFPIQIPI I\MWXIRXI WEY ETVYXI,
TVMR QERXVE XVMRMXEV.
-E EGYQ TI VRH GE^YVMPI TI GEVI XVIFYMI W PI ZM^YEPM^I^M, EZRH
TVIKXMX HMREMRXI GVIMSR #M LVXMI TIRXVY E RSXE GIPI GSRWXEXEXI. 7XEFMPI#XI
TIRXVY 3IGEVI TIVWSER GI EM HI JGYX TIRXVY E-P ENYXE (GI IRIVKM^VM, GXI, PE
GI MRXIVZEP IXG.). 8SEXI GIPI SFWIVZEXI, QWYVEXI #M SF'MRYXI RSXIE^-PI
RIETVEX TIRXVY 3IGEVI R TEVXI, EPXJIP ZIM YMXE. %FME HYT GI EM RSXEX XSX PE S
TIVWSER, XVIGM PE GIEPEPX. 4S'M QWYVE HI I\IQTPY GX 0YQMR QEM EVI HMR
GERXMXEXIE GI E TVMQMX-S HI PE )P PE RE#XIVI (R TVSGIRXI) #M GX PE WYX HMR GI
PMTWI#XI WI QEM TSEXI VIGYTIVE. 4S'M QWYVE EGIWXIE TI GSVTYP 3^MG, IXIVMG
(ZMXEP, IRIVKIXMG), IQS'MSREP (EWXVEP), QIRXEP, GEY^EP, WTMVMXYEP #M EVQMI.
%GYQ, HEG EM QEM QYPXI GE^YVM HI ENYXEX, 'M VIGSQERH W 'MM 3#I
MRHMZMHYEPM^EXI TIRXVY 3IGEVI. 2SXIE^ TI IPI RYQVYP GYVIRX EP GE^YPYM HMR
GEMIXYP YRHI 'MM IZMHIR'E: ZVWXE, WI\YP, PSGEPMXEXIE, RYQIPI (GRH M ENY'M, PI
WTYM TI RYQI), R P-2 GYZMRXI (GY EPX GYPSEVI) HI GI WYJIV, ETSM GI EM HI
JGYX #M R 3REP ^MPIPI VIWTIGXMZI. (I I\IQTPY: 30+---+:-+3FVSQ VIWSVF'MI/3,
GIIE GI RWIEQR: 30 HI IRIVKM^VM KIRIVEPI, R TPYW GLEOVE --- #M :-, TPYW
VIWSVF'ME 3FVSQYPYM YXIVMR, PE 3IGEVI 3 ^MPI. -E TI VRH 3#IPI, RXVIHIWGLMHI-'M
SGLMM EXX GX EM RIZSMI TIRXVY GI EM HI JGYX #M ENYX. R JYRG'MI HI TVSFPIQ
TS'M JSPSWM #M WYKIVEVIE, WTYRRH: VIWSVF'MI, IPMQMREVI, EGXMZEVI, HI^EGXMZEVI,
HI^MRXIKVEVI IXG. 4S'M GYV'E EVXIVI WEY ZIRI RJYRHEXI, TS'M KVIWE RGLIMIXYVM
FPSGEXI, TS'M PIKE ZEWI, RIVZM WEY QY#GLM VYT'M WEY WIG'MSRE'M, TS'M WGYVXE WEY
PYRKM QY#GLM (HI I\IQTPY PE QMSTMM WEY LMTIVQIXVSTMM), TS'M SVMGI, MEV
VI^YPXEXIPI RGIT W ETEV R P 1/2-2 PYRM! R KIRIVEP GIP TI GEVI P IRIVKM^I^M
WMQXI R ^MPIPI VIWTIGXMZI ZEPYVM HI GPHYV, QEM VEV WXEVI HI FYPZIVWEVI (HSEV
E EZYX RGVGXYVE HI IRIVKMI ZMXEP HI 0YQMR JSEVXI WG^YX), MEV GRH
PYGVI^M HMVIGX EWYTVE YRYM RSHYP, GLMWX, XYQSEVI IXG., GLMEV S Y#SEV EGYXM^EVI
E HYVIVMM (JIRSQIR RYQMX HI &VYRS +VSRMRK; HYVIVI HI ZMRHIGEVI).
'RH EM QEM QYPXI GE^YVM HI ENYXEX R EGIIE#M ^M, IRIVKM^EVIE KIRIVEP
TS'M W S JEGM HISHEX XYXYVSV, MEV QEM ETSM 3IGVYME R TEVXI IRIVKM^VMPI
WYTPMQIRXEVI 3REPM^RH GY WIQRYP GVYGMM #M QERXVE XVMRMXEV.
'RH EM QYPXI GE^YVM VI^IVZ S EPX TIVMSEH E ^MPIM TIRXVY ZM^YEPM^EVI,
HMJIVMX HI GIE TIRXVY IRIVKM^VM, HISEVIGI 'M WI ZE TVIPYRKM TVIE QYPX
#IHMR'E, JETX IWIR'MEP QEM EPIW GRH PYGVI^M JSEVXI HI HMQMRIE'E MEV HYT
EGIIE QEM XVIFYMI W ENYRKM #M PE WIVZMGMY!
)\TIVMIR'IPI HI TPMQFVM R 7TE'MY WEY 8MQT IXG. HI EWIQIRIE W PI
IJIGXYI^M WITEVEX, TIRXVY E EZIE HIWPYP XMQT PE HMWTS^M'MI, TIRXVY E RY MRXVE R
GVM^ HI XMQT #M E RY XVIFYM W RPVIVYTM I\TIVMQIRXYP REMRXI HI E-P XIVQMRE.
2Y TIRXVY G EV 3 TIVMGYPSW (R =SKE HI I\IQTPY: MI#MVIE FVYWG HMR QIHMXE'MI
TSEPI TVSZSGE EGGMHIRXI TWMLMGI; RY IWXI GE^YP R %YXSGSRXVSP), GM TIRXVY G 'M
PEW KYWXYP RITPGYX EP PYGVYPYM RIXIVQMREX PWEX TI E HSYE ^M, 'RH EM
XIVQMREX, QYP'YQI#XI-P TIRXVY ENYXSVYP EGSVHEX EXX 'MI GX #M GIPSVPEP'M, MI#M
HMR 8IQTPYP HI 'VMWXEP, VIMRXVE R GSVT #M VIZMRS R &IXE, WTYRRH: 2YQV VEV
HI PE P PE 5, VIZMR R &IXE, WYRX GSQTPIX XVIE^, SHMLRMX #M VIPE\EX, Q WMQX QEM
FMRI HIGX REMRXIE I\IVGM'MYPYM.
(YT GI EM VIZIRMX R &IXE, TYRI-'M TEPQE QMRMM HVITXI TI ^SRE (ER-
8MEXM MRJIVMSV (PE 4 HIKIXI WYF SQFMPMG), WXRKE TIWXI IE #M J 30 HI QM#GVM HI
QEWEN GMVGYPEV R WIRW SVEV #M RG 30 R WIRW MRZIVW, TIRXVY IRIVKM^VM.
&MRI GSRX G GIPI HIWGVMWI EMGM WYRX HSEV YR WMQTPY RHVYQEV, RY
GSRWMHIVE G QEKMWXIV HM\MX'Y XMQTYP 'M ZIM KWM TVSTVME 'EPI, 'M ZIM TYRI PE
TYRGX YR WMWXIQ TVSTVMY HI EG'MYRI TI GEVI ETSM P ZIM HI^ZSPXE XVITXEX TIRXVY
SF'MRIVIE VI^YPXEXIPSV HMR GI R GI QEM FYRI TI GEPIE HI E JEGI FMRI.
1) 8ILRMG; TVSGIHYVE WEY QSHEPMXEXIE HI E JEGI E#E WEY EPXJIP.
2) 1IXSH: TVSGIHYVE WEY QSHEPMXEXIE HI E VI^SPZE GIZE TVMR QEM QYPMI
XILRMGM, EHMG HI E JEGI GIZE E#E #M EPXJIP (2SME 6IH.).
RGLIMIVI.
4R EMGM EQ RGIVGEX W XI RZ' GXI GIZE HMR GXI EQ EZYX
TSWMFMPMXEXIE W GYRSWG. 8SX GI 'M-EQ TVI^IRXEX, R %YXSGSRXVSPYP TEW GY TEW, E
JSWX XVIGYX TVMR 3PXVYP ZIVM3GVMPSV TIVWSREPI, MEV VIWXYP WYRX GIIE GI WI
RYQI#XI GSQYRMGVM. 8SGQEM HI EGIIE TSEXI EM GSRWXEXEX YRIPI QMGM HMJIVIR'I
RXVI GIPI E4EXI HMR TVMQE TEVXI #M HMR E HSYE. 4VMQE TEVXI E VITVI^IRXEX
RMZIPYP PE GEVI EQ ENYRW R 1990-P991, TR PE HEXE WGVMIVMM TVMQYPYM
QERYWGVMW. %GXYEPE TVI^IRXEVI IWXI PE RMZIPYP GIPSV GYRSWGYXI HI QMRI R
1998. 2Y HIKIEFE TVMQE E TVMQMX RYQIPI HI -RM'MIVI, IE VITVI^IRXRH RXV-
EHIZV EGIWX RMZIP.
9RIPI EPMRIEXI 'M WI ZSV TVIE GSTMIVM. %TEVIRX. 2Y WYRX TI TVMRGMTMYP
HMGXSRYPYM: S GEVXI WGVMW HMRXV-S EPXE VITVI^MRX TPEKMEX, S GEVXI WGVMW HMR GIP
TY'MR EPXIPI HSY VITVI^MRX S PYGVEVI #XMMR'M3G. 8SEXI GIPI WGVMWI EY JSWX
ZIVM3GEXI TIVWSREP, XVIGYXI TVMR 3PXVYP TVSTVMY.
3VMGYQ, GIPI GI 'M-EM RWY#MX HMR EGIWPI HSY TV'M, RY TSX HIGX W-'M
JSPSWIEWG FIRI3G, MEV TVMR XMRI #M GIPSV E4E'M QEM ETVSETI WEY QEM HITEVXI.
(I EMGM RGSPS EM HIWGLMW 'EPIE. 2Y EM EPXGIZE HI JGYX HIGX W
TIVWIZIVI^M R E S GSRXMRYE 'MRRH GSRX HI GIPI WTYWI HI -WEME: RZ'E'M-Z W
JEGI'M FMRIPI, GYXE'M HVITXEXIE, SGVSXM'M TI GIP EWYTVMX, JEGI'M HVITXEXI
SVJERYPYM, ETVE'M TI ZHYZ. (-WEME, -. 17).
(EG GYQZE RG QEM GSRWMHIVM STVMVIE TI GEVI 'M-EQ TVSZSGEX-S HMR
HVYQYP XEY GE MRYXMP, GE S TMIVHIVI HI XMQT, MEVX-Q, GSRXMRY-'M HVYQYP.
(EG RY, GSRXMRY-'M 'EPIE.
7*6"-8