Units 11/ 12 Thermochemistry, Entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy

THERMOCHEMISTRY

1. Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed in an isolated system, it
just changes from one form to another. (First Law of Thermodynamics)

Types of Energy Children Play Too Rowdy.

Chemical: stored within the structural units of chemical substances
Potential: available by virtue of an objects position
Thermal: associated with the random motion of atoms in molecules
Radiant: solar energy; comes from the sun


2. System: specific part of the universe that is of interest to us.

open system: can exchange mass and energy in the form of heat with its surroundings
closed system: allows the transfer of energy in the form of heat but not mass
isolated system: does not allow the transfer of nether mass nor energy

3. Heat (q): the transfer of thermal energy
()()()

Exothermic process: any process that gives off heat (-)
Endothermic process: any process that take in heat ()


4. State Function: function that depends only on the initial and final values, not any other in
between
Examples: energy, pressure, volume, and temperature


5. Change in internal energy of a specified system. ()

6. Enthalpy (H): absorption or release of heat
{

()
}

7. Calorimetry: the measurement of heat changes
a. Constant volume calorimeter (bomb)
b. Constant pressure calorimeter

8. Calculate the heat change of a substance.
Specific heat (

): amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of substance by 1C

Heat capacity (

): amount of heat required to more than 1 gram of substance by 1C

()()

9. Standard state: when a substance is at 1 atm