Circuit

RI V
V(t)
I(t)
:
.
.
.

.
:

) (
.
.
1 . :
R . V-I R
.
: ) (
. .
:
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R
t V
t RI t P
t RI t V
t I t V t P
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2

V
C
I
C
V
C
(0)=2v
C=2F
:
2 . :
. V
C
(0) V(0)
.
:
. .
CV q

+

t
C C C
t d t I
C
V t V
dt
dV
C t I
dt
dV
C
dt
CV d
dt
t dq
C t I
0
) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
t
C C C
C
C
t d t I
C
V t V
dt
dV
C I
0
) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
t Sin I
C
5 8
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( ) t Cos t V
t d t t V
t d t I
C
V t V
C
t
C
t
C C C
5 1
5
8
2
1
2 ) (
5 sin 8
2
1
2 ) (
) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
0
0

+

+
.
. .
3 . ) : (
)
(
) . (.
I
L
(0) .
0
) 5 . 1 (
2
dt
d
I
dt
dV
C I
C
C
C
LI

+

t
L L L
t d t V
L
I t I
dt
dI
L t V
dt
dI
L
dt
LI d
dt
d
t V
0
) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
) (
) (
) (

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.
.
.
:
1 . ) KCL :(
) ( .
2 . ) KVL :(
. ) (.
:
.
. .
. .
V
3
V
4
I
8
I
10
.
t t I
t d t I
t d t V
L
I t I
L
t
L
t
L L
5 . 1 ) (
5 . 1
1
1
0 ) (
) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
0
0

+
+
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) (t I
3 . ) : (

. V(t)
.
4 . ) : (

. .
} { { } 3 , 10 , 12 3 , 8 , 5
9 7 6 5 2 1
I I I V V V
'

+ +

+
'

+ +

+ + + +
2
0 7 ) 3 ( 12 0 : ) (
7
0 3 10 0 : ) (
11
0 ) 3 ( 8 0 : ) (
16
0 5 ) 3 ( 8 0 : ) (
8
8 10 9 6 8
10
10 10 9 7
3
3 3 5 2
4
4 1 4 5 2
I
I I I I I E node KCL
i
I I I I F node KCL
V
V V V V ABDA LOOP KVL
V
V V V V V ABDCA LOOP KVL
V(t)
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R
5 . :
.

. .
:
1 . (Control Current Source Whit Voltage)
.
2 . ) Current Control Current Source Whit (
.
3 . ( Control Voltage Source Whit Voltage )
4 . ( Control Voltage Source Whit Current )
:
1 - :
1 - 1 . Series resistance connection ) (
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I
I
1
I
2
V
1
V
2
1 - 2 . ) Parllel resistance connection (
:
:
:
...
:
:
:
: n :
: :
'
+ + +

I R R I R I R V V V KVL
I I I KCL
) ( :
:
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
2 1
I R V KVL
eq
:
2 1
R R R
eq
+
'
+ + +

V
R R R
V
R
V
I I I KCL
V V V KVL
)
1 1
( :
:
2 1 2
2
1
1
2 1
2 1
I R V
eq
2 1
1 1 1
R R R
eq
+
n eq
R R R R
1
.......
1 1 1
2 1
+ + +
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I
1
R
1
V
I
2
R
2
I
:
.
.
. .
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 1 1
R R
R R
R
R R
R R
R R R
eq
eq
+

+
+
'
V
R R
R
V
R R
R
V
R R
V
I
2 1
1
1
2 1
2
2
2 1
'

+
I
R R
R
I
I
R R
R
I
R R
R R
R
I R I R I R
V V V
I I I
eq
eq
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 1
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. .
.
. 30 .

+
1
2
2
I I
r R
V
I
+
+
+

25 . 0 : ) (
25 . 0 0 2 2 : ) (
5 . 0 : ) (
5 . 0 0 2 1 2 : ) (
4 4 3 2
3 1 3 2
2 2 1
1 1
I I I I B node KCL
I I I I F Loop KVL
I I I I A node KCL
I I I E Loop KVL
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2 . :
:
:
V V I
I I I
V V I KVL
I V
A A
A
240 8 30 8
0 15 30 30 120
2 30 120 :
15
30

+
+

+ + +
+ + +
'
+

t
C
t t
C C
C C
t d I
C C
V V V
t d I
C
V t d I
C
V V
V V V KVL
I I I KCL
0
2 1
2 1
0 0
2
2
1
1
2 1
)
1 1
( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
1
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
:
:
2 1
2 1
'
+
+
+ + +
2 1
2 1
0
2 1
2 1
0
1 1 1
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
)
1 1
( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
1
) 0 (
C C C
V V V
t d I
C C
V V
t Id
C
V V
eq
t
C
t
eq
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C
1
C
2
V
...
:
:
KVL .
.
'
+ + +

dt
dV
C C
dt
dV
C
dt
dV
C I I I KCL
V V V KVL
) ( :
:
2 1
2
2
1
1 2 1
2 1
2 1
C C C
dt
dV
C I
eq eq
+
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p
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=
C
1
:
C
2
:
3 . :
:
:
2 1
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1
) (
C C
V C V C
V
V C C V C V C
+
+
+ +
) (
2 2 1 1
2 1
1
1
V C V C
C C
C
V C +
+
) (
2 2 1 1
2 1
2
2
V C V C
C C
C
V C +
+

1 1
V C q
2 2
V C q
'
+ + +

dt
dI
L L
dt
dI
L
dt
dI
L V V V KVL
I I I KCL
) ( :
:
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
L L L
dt
dI
L V
eq eq
+
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V
1
V
2
I
1
I
2
I
L
1
L
2
V
'
+
+
2 1
2 1
:
:
I I I KCL
V V V KVL
. L
1
L
2
i I
1
I
2
.
.
. .
.
1 :
2 :
:
:
2 1
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1
) (
L L
I L I L
I I L L I L I L
+
+
+ +
) (
2 2 1 1
2 1
1
1
I L I L
L L
L
I L +
+
) (
2 2 1 1
2 1
2
2
I L I L
L L
L
I L +
+
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:
L .
.
:
:
.
:
t d t V
L
I I
t d t V
L L
I I I
t d t V
L
i t d t V
L
I I
t
eq
t
t t

+

+ + +

+ +

+

0
0
2 1
2 1
0
2
0
2
1
1
) (
1
) 0 (
) ( )
1 1
( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
1
) 0 (

+
t
eq
t d t V
L
I I
0
) (
1
) 0 (

+
t
eq
t d t V
L
I I
0
) (
1
) 0 (
'
+
+
2 1
2 1
1 1 1
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
L L L
I I I
eq
) ( ). ( ) ( t I t V t P
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:

.
.
) p>0 : (
.
: .
) p<0 : ( .
t d t P t d t i t V t t W
t
t
t
t

) ( ) ( ). ( ) , (
) ( ) ( )) ( ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
q V t V t q f t V
t CV t q
dq dt t I
dt
dq
t I

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) } {
( ) ( )
q
q
q if
t
t
q d q V t t W
q d t d t I q V t V dt t I t V t t W
C
q
V CV q
o
o
o
o
o
0
,
, , . ,
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2.5v
0.2
R
L
V
E=4.5v
. R
L
.
. 30W .
( )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) 3 ) (
2
1
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
1 1
) (
) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( ). ( ) , (
) (
) (
) (
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
) (
2
2
2
2
) (
0 ) 0 (
) (
0
2
2
0
2
0 0
t Li E
L
t Li
L
t
t
L
E
d
L
q d i E W
q d t d t V i t i t d t V t i t t W
i i Li
dt
t d
t V
CV
C
CV
E CV q and
C
q
q d q
C
q d
C
q
q d q V E
t t
t
t
q q q

8 . 3
5 2 . 0
5 . 4
5 . 0
5 5 . 2

+ +

L
L
R
R r R
E
I
I
I RI V
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I
X
I
.
. I
X
.
. .
:
. V
X
.
( )
W P
R
R
R
R
P
P
R P RI P
R
V
R
V
R RI VI P
R
R
T
eq
R
T
eq
55 30
6
11
6
11
6
11
) (
6
11
2
2
2 2

44 . 4
7 . 2
12
7 . 2
X
eq
X eq
I
R
V
I R

+

67 . 2 2
3 2
3 2
44 . 4
2
23 3 2 23
x x
x
I I
I R I V V V
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.
. V
2
.
6 . 32
5 . 7 5 . 11
50
35 . 4
5 . 11
50
5 . 11
1

X
X
eq
V
V
I I
I R
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.
.
7 V
2
V
2
.
. R V
X
.
.
. I
X
.

+
2 . 8
4 75 . 5
20 100
I I
( )
72 . 28 7
1 . 4 2 . 8
7 7
7 7
7
2 2
2 2

+

I V
I I

+
2 . 8 5 41
41 0 6 5 . 1 50 : ) (
1 0 41 ) 5 ( 5 . 1 50 : ) (
R R RI V
V V A KVL
I I I B KVL
X
X X
X X X
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.
. 6A .
. q .
( )
+
2 6
6 3
3
X
I
c q V C q F C
C C C C
F C
eq eq
eq
10 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
4
2 , 2 4 1
3 , 2

+ +
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R
I
1
I
2
I
3
R R
6v
5A
I
X
3/2I
X
1 . .
2 . 10v .
3 . 5v .
4 . 5A .
5 . V
X
.
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6 . . R I
y
=0 .
) Nodal Analysis : (
.
.
. N-1 N-1
N-1
.
.
. .
.
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5-2.5
2.5V . .
. . V
X
.
.
. 5v .
'
'
5
5 . 2
0 ) 2 (
2 5
: ) 2 (
0
5 2
3 : ) 1 (
1
2
2 2 1
2 1 1
V
V
V V V
node KCL
V V V
node KCL
54 . 0
0
3
8
2
5
1
6
:
6

X
X
X
V
V V V V
KCL
V V
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.
. V
P
.
W VI P
V V I
V
V
V V
V V V V V V
node KCL
V V
V V V V V
node KCL
V V V
X
X
64 . 25 128 . 5 5
128 . 5 4 ) 5 (
821 . 2
897 . 0
40 11 10
0 1 ) 0 ( 4 4 ) 5 ( 2 ) (
: ) 2 (
25 6 9
0 4 ) 5 ( 3 ) 0 ( 2 ) ( 5
: ) 1 (
5
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1 1 2 1
2 1

+
'
+

+ + + +
+
+
+
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.
17 . 84
24958 . 0
73 . 29
17 . 84
4 . 161
0 10 4
100 5
: ) 4 (
0
5
5 4
25
: ) 3 (
0
25 50
0
20
: ) 2 (
0
10 20
20 : ) 1 (
2
4
3
2
1
4 3 4
3 4 2 3
2 3 2 1 2
1 1 2

'
+ +
+ +
V V
V
V
V
V
V V V
node KCL
V V V V
node KCL
V V V V V
node KCL
V V V
node KCL
P
h
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p
:
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. V
X
.
.
. 5A .
.
45 . 1 545 . 4 6 545 . 4
0
3
) 8 (
2
5
1
6
:
6

X
X
X
V V
V V V V
KCL
V V
'
+
20
60
4
20
60
25 40
100
5 4
4 3
2 1
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
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( )( ) W P V
V V V
A node KCL
1500 5 300 300
0 4
20
60
25 40
100
5 4
: ) (

,
_
,
_
. 5v .
.
h
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20v
4A
30
15
6A 2A
I
5
I
1
I
5
I
4
I
3
I
2
V
1
V
2
V
1
+20
. 6A .
.
( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
'
'

+
+ + +
+ +
+
5
3 . 3
0 3 2
25 6 9
0 2 5 4 5 4
: ) 2 (
0 0 3 5 4 2 5
: ) 1 (
5 5
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 1 2 1
1 2 2 1
V
V
V V
V V
V V V V V V V
node KCL
V V V V V
node KCL
V V V or V V V
X X
0
6 3
4
30
20
9
20
6
: ) 1 (
2
6
4
6
3
3
0
2
4
30
20
9
20
6
2 1 1 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 1
1 2 1
1
,
_

1
]
1
,
_

+
+

+
,
_

+
+

V V V V V V
node KCL
V V
I
V V
I
V
I
V V V
I
'
'

+ +
98 . 33
10 . 36
80 4 6
2280 54 114
0
30
20
15
2
6
: ) 2 (
2
1
2 1
2 1
1 2 2 2 1
V
V
V V
V V
V V V V V
node KCL
h
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p
:
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. x . x
100w . x 50 R .
5A R 20
V
h
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p
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. .
( )
'
t
+ +
,
_
,
_
+

+

,
_
,
_
+ +
+
65 . 7
36 . 52
2
1600 60 60
0 400 60
100
20
10
20
100
20
100
20
100
20
20
20
1 1
20
5
:
20
100
5 )
20
20
(
2
2
2
4
R
R
R R R
R
R
R R
R
I V P
R
R
V
R
R
V
R
V
V
R
V
KCL
R R
I
R R R
R
( )
W P V
A I I I
A K
A A A
22 . 0 11 02 . 0 11 011 . 0 1000
011 . 0 3 02 . 0
5
4
20

+

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. .
KVL A B 10 5
.
.
. x . .
:
1 . 70 .
2 . 2V (+) .
3 . 2A .
A I 1
5
5

5v
I
5v
B
A
10
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.
1 .
2 .
3 .
. 5A 125W . R
1
R
2
.
( ) W RI P I 05113 . 0 027027 . 0 70 027027 . 0
185
3 8
2
2

052 . 0 052 . 0 02608 . 0 2 02608 . 0

115
3
P I
390 2 195
195 0 3 2 80 2 20 8 :
2
2 2

A
A A
P
A V V KVL
h
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5A 125W :
1 . .
.(

+

19
5
95
2 . 2
18
40
18 5 13 : ) (
40 0 40 : ) 2 (
95 0 40 ) 110 ( 25 : ) 1 (
25
5
125
1
1
2
2
2
2 2
1 1
1
2
5 5
R
R
R
R
R
R R
R R
A A
I
V
R
I
V
R
I B node KCL
V V KVL
V V KVL
I
P
V I V P
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20 10
0.1V
1
4A 6A
.(
.(
.(
2 . V
1
V
2
.
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3 . K V
y
=0 .
4 . .
5 . .
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I
6 . .
) (
7 . .
8 . .
9 . . G I
X
=5A
.
h
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10 . .
11 . .
) Super Position : (
h
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+
8 . 0 ) 2 (
6 9
6
2
X
I
+ 5 . 0 8 . 0 2 . 0
2 1
X X X
I I I
) (.

.
.
9 I
X
.
.
3v 2A .
) (
2A 3V ) ( .
:

+
2 . 0
9 6
3
1
X
I
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p
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1 . I
X
.
2 . I
X
.
) mesh Analysis : (
.
.
) .
KVL . n n
KVL ) n n ( n
.
. .
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'
'
+

4
6
0 10 4 ) ( 3 : ) 2 (
0 ) ( 3 6 42 : ) 1 (
2
1
2 2 1
2 1 1
I
I
I I I mesh KVL
I I I mesh KVL
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
{ }
'
+ +
+

3 , 2 , 3
0 6 2 3 : ) (
0 1 3 2 : ) (
0 2 6 1 7 : ) (
3 2 1
3 1 1 3 2
2 1 3 2 2
3 1 2 1
I I I
I I I I I C mesh KVL
I I I I I B mesh KVL
I I I I A mesh KVL
42v 10v
I
1
-I
2
I
2
I
1
. KVL .
2A 6V .
. .
h
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( )
( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( ) W RI P
I I
I I I B mesh KVL
I I I A mesh KVL
64 . 2580 4 . 25 4 4
4 . 25 , 3 . 39
0 4 100 3 40 :
0 40 3 2 80 : ) (
2 2
2
2 1
2 2 1
2 1 1

'
+

16 8 3 40
8
5
40

V V
I
. ) (
.
.
). I
2
=0 (
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( )
13
1
0 2 6 20 40 30 8 :
1
1
1

+ +

I
I I I KVL
I I
( ) ( )
( ) w v P
mA I
I I I I KVL
4 1 4 4
1
0 5 5 . 0 5 . 0 4 . 0 8 . 0 5 5 . 0 4 :

+ +
`
0.5K
4v
0.4K
1K
0.6K 0.2K
5mA
V
(V
2
)/400
I
I+5
0.5I
0.5I+5
`
0.5K
4v
0.4K
1K
0.6K 0.2K
5mA
V
(V
2
)/400
. I
1
.
. 4V .
. KVL .
h
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I V
X
2
( ) A I I I I KVL 2 0 10 2 3 4 2 : + +
( ) ( ) 6 0 2 10 2 2 3 2 : + + V V KVL
W 6 1 6
W 24 2 12
W 36 2 18
W 18 3 6
6 . 72 15886 . 3
22 . 5 8
24
20 :
+
+
+
V
V V
I KCL
20A
a
V
`
60
40
24V
b
. 2A .
2A KVL .
2A 12W .
. .
1 . 6V :
2 . 12V :
3 . 2A :
4 . 3A :
: 2A 6V
12V 3A .
. .
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20A
a
V
`
40
24V
b
I
V-24
8
V
5.22
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
Sn
S
S
S
n nn n n n
n
n
n
V
V
V
V
I
I
I
I
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
M M
L
M M M M M
L
L
L
3
2
1
3
2
1
3 2 1
3 33 32 31
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11
R=3.15886
V=72.653v .
:
: ) a b ( :
:
) .
(. ) (
.
n .
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1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
4
6
5
10 3 0
3 6 2
0 2 7
3
2
1
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
Sn
S
S
S
n nn n n n
n
n
n
I
I
I
I
V
V
V
V
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
M M
L
M M M M M
L
L
L
3
2
1
3
2
1
3 2 1
3 33 32 31
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11
a
ii

i a
ij
i j .
V
Si
i . i
.
. .
.
:

.
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
3
5
4 1
1 3
2
1
I
I
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V
S
I
R
S
R
L
S L
L
R R
V
I
I R P
+
0
2
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
S L
L S
L L S L S
L
L S
L
L
S L
L
L
R R
R R
R R R R R
dR
R R
R
d
dR
dP
R R
V R
R P

+
+ +
,
_
+

+
0
2
0 0
2
2
2
2
2
0
i ) i ( a
ij

i j . I
Si

.
.
V
0
R
S
. R
S
.
P P R
L
.
) Thevenen & Norton : (
.
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
3
1
1
5 . 1 1 0
1 2 . 2 1
0 1 7 . 1
3
2
1
V
V
V
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a
b
`
R
th
I
sc
.

.
.
.

. R
th
V
OC
I
SC

. R
th
R
eq
.
V
th
V
OC
) I=0 ( KVL KCL V
th
.
V
open circuit
V
OC
= V/I=R
th
I
SC
.R
th
= V
OC

.
h
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( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
v V
V i i KVL
A i i i KVL
R R I
I
i V
i i i i V V KVL
V V
V
i i I i V
I
V V V
th
th
th eq
8 . 38
9
150
9
20
20
5 . 1 100 5 . 0 40 20 :
9
1
0 200 5 . 0 40 20 :
7 . 177 7 . 177
5 . 4
800 800
800 600 200 600 :
200
5 . 4 200
5 . 4
800
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1 1
2 1
+ +
+ +
+

+ +

. a b .
.
. a b .
h
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i V i
V V i
KCL 6 . 0
2 3
5 . 1
: +

6 . 0 6 . 0
I
V
R I V
I i
th
v V V
V V
V I V IR
R
V
I V KCL
th
th
125
8 . 0
100
0 100 01 . 0 20
01 . 0 0 100
25
20
01 . 0 :
1
1 1
1 1

+
+
+
a
` `
50v
20 2A
1A
20v
. V i=0 V
th
=0
.
. a b .
. a b .
h
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0 , 70 0 50 20 : +
th th th
R v V V KVL
( ) +

30 3 10 20 :
0 0 20 20 :
5 1 5 1
1
th
th
R
I
V
I V KVL
V V i V i KVL
i I
v V V KVL
R
I
V
R I
th
th th
2 0 2 5 . 1 5 :
0

. a b .
. a b .
h
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'

+
O O
O X
i V
i V V
2
2
+ + +
+ +

17 17
3
2
3
2 6
3
2 3 :
2
th O O O O O
O
X
O O
O O
O
eq th
R i V i i
V
i i
i
V
i V KCL
i V
i
V
I
V
R R
v V v V
th O
63 3 21 7
X
V V V
V V V
KCL
V V
i
2 1 1
2 1
3 2
0
2
3
3
:
2
3
+
+
+
+
. a b .
. R
th
.
V
th
a b .
a b ). (
. I .
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i
3i
2i
a
2i
I
. a b .
. R
th
h
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( )

6
6 2 3 3
2
2
th eq
R R
I I i V
I i
i
I
v V i V
A i i
i
KCL
th th
36 36 3
12 6
2
:

+
:
V
th
a b :
1 . R
L
.
2 . a b .
3 . a b .
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a
b
80
V
OC
40
V
X
50
V
X
4 . a b .
5 . a b .
6 . a b .
7 . R
1A .
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8 . .
9 . V
O
. I .
10 . a b .
11 . V
1
V
2
i .
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12 . i
X
.
:
.
.
: .
.
) (
. ) (

. .
.
x y y y y y y cos 2 , 0 2 3 , 3 + + +
c x y x y +
2
2
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) (
.
:
:
.
n n
:
n :

:
(2) :
(3) n ) ( .
:
1 . (3) .
2
2
2 ) 0 ( 2 ) 0 (
2
2
2
+

'
'

x y
c
y
c x y
y
x y
) 0 ( ),..., 0 ( ), 0 ( ), 0 ( ), 0 (
1

n
y y y y y
( ) 1 ) ( ...
1
) 2 (
2
) 1 (
1
) (
x f y a y a y a y
n
n n n
+ + + +

( ) 2 0 ...
1
) 2 (
2
) 1 (
1
) (
+ + + +

y a y a y a y
n
n n n
( ) 3 0 ...
1
2
2
1
1
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n
n n n
a S a S a S
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:
n
k k k ,..., ,
2 1
n n
.
. .
:
:
2 .
1
S

t S
e t k k
1
) (
2 1
+
t S
e t k t k k
1
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2
3 2 1
+ +
. ...
. .
roots S S S S
n
,..., , ,
3 2 1
x S
n
x S x S
n
e K e K e K x y + + + ... ) (
2 1
2 1
0 15 2 + y y y
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e k e k x y
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3
2
5
1
2 1
2
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3 , 5 0 15 2
+
+
t
t
e t x y
k y
k y
e t k k x y
S S
S
S S
y y
y y y
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+ +
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+ +
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1 0 ) 0 (
1 1 ) 0 (
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1
1
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0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 0 (
0 2
2
1
2 1
1 2
1 2
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3 .

.
. .
.
. .
. .
(2) (1) .

h
y
.
P
y
.
P
y
. :
P h
y y +
jq p t
) sin cos (
2 1
qx k px k e
px
+
0 10 2 + + y y y
) 3 sin 3 cos ( ) (
3 1
3 1
0 9 ) 1 ( 0 10 2
2 1
2
1 2 2
x k x k e x y
J S
J S
S S S
x
+
'

+
+ + + +
0 3 3 ). 3
0 25 6 ). 2
0 2 3 ). 1

+
+
y y
y y y
y y y
6 ) 0 ( , 3 ) 0 ( ; 0 4 4 ). 6
9 ) 9 ( , 2 ) 0 ( ; 0 9 ). 5
2 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( ; 0 2 3 ). 4
+
+
+ +
y y y y y
y y y y
y y y y y
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:
1 . ) (x f
n
.
P
y

n
.
. .
.
A .
. .
.
3 4 y y
0 0
2
2
0 4
2
2
2
1
2

+
'

P P P
x x
h
y y A y
e K e K y
S
S
S
4
3
) (
4
3
4
3
3 4 0
2
2
2
1
+ +

x x
P h
P
e k e k y y x y
y A A
1 4 2
2
+ + + x y y y
25 16 4 ) ( ) (
25 16 4
25 , 16 , 4
2 2
) (
) (
1
1
0 1 2
2
2 1
2
2
2 1
2
1 2
+ + + +
+

+
+ +
+
'

+ +
x x e x k k y y x y
x x y
C B A
A y B Ax y
C Bx Ax y
e x k k y
S
S
S S
X
P h
P P P
P
x
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) (
.
2 . ) (x f
Px
e x M ) ( ) (x M n
P
y
n
Px
e .
. .
.
3 . ) (x f ) ( sin ) ( ) ( cos ) ( x q x N x q x M + ) (x M n ) (x N
m
P
y ) ( sin ) ( ) ( cos ) ( x q x S x q x R +
) (x R ) (x S n m .
. .
.
'
0 ) 0 (
) ( 1 ) 0 (
y
y
25 16 4 ) 8 24 ( ) (
8
24
2
2
1
+ +
'

x x e x x y
k
k
x
x
e y y y
2
2 +
x
P
x
x
x
P
e y
A
Ae y
Ae y
Ae y
2
2
2
2
1
4
2

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x y y y sin 5 2 + +
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: ) (x f
P
y

P
y
. :
.
1 . .
2 . .
x x y
B
A
A B
B A
x x A B x B A
x x A x B x B x A x B x A
x B x A y
x B x A y
x B x A y
P
P
P
P
sin 2 . 0 cos 1 . 0
2 . 0
1 . 0
1 2 4
0 2 4
sin sin ) 2 4 ( cos ) 2 4 (
sin cos 5 sin 5 cos 2 sin 2 sin cos
sin cos
cos sin
sin cos
+
'
'

+
+ +
+ + +
'

+
+
x e y y y
x
3 sin 2 3
2
+ + +

'
+
+ +
+
+

2 1
2
1
3 sin 2 3
2 3
2
P P P
P
P
x
y y y
y x y y y
y e y y y
x y y
e y y
x
2 sin ). 2
). 1
) 4 (
+

2 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 0 ( ; 2 sin 8 2 ). 2
0 ) 0 ( , 2 ) 0 ( ; sin 3 ). 1
+ +
+
y y e x y y
y y x x y y
x
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n :

. ) (

n n
n n ) ( .
.
1 . :
2 . ) (
.
3 . ) (
.
4 . DC
.

'
t t
t t
t t u t f
p ; 0
; 1
) ( ) (
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'
0
) 0 (
0 :
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R
V
dt
dV
C
V V
I I KCL
V V KVL
C C
C
C R
R C
o
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RC
t
RC
t
C
C
e
R
V
e V
dt
d
C
dt
dV
C t I

o
o
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RC
t
C R R
RC
t
C R
e V V RI V e
R
V
I I

o
o
,
.
.
1 . RC :
RC .
: f(0)
.
.
.
2 . RL :
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V
R
R I
R
I
L
L
V
L
'
0
) 0 (
0 :
:
L
L
L
R L
R L
RI
dt
dI
L
I I
V V KVL
I I KCL
o
t
L
R
L L
t
L
R
L
e I t I I K I
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,
_
,
_
o o
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) (
t
I
O
0.37I
O
I
t
L
R
R L
t
L
R
R
R
t
L
R
L R
t
L
R
L
L
e I I I or e I
R
V
t V
e RI t V V e RI
dt
dI
L t V
,
_

,
_
,
_

,
_

o o
o o
) (
) ( ) (
'
C R S
R C
I I t I KCL
V V KVL
) ( :
:
L/R .
.
3 . RC :
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( )
'
t I
R
V
dt
dV
C
V V
S
C C
C o
) 0 (
( )
{
2
1
) ( ) 0 (
) (
) (
) (
o o o
o o
o o
o
o o o o
o
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
RI e RI V t V
RI V K
V RI K V
RI Ke t V
RI V RI A I
R
A
A V
V Ke t V
V t V
I
R
V
dt
dV
C
RC
t
C C
RC
t
C
CP CP
CP
RC
t
C
C
C C
+
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+
+
'
'
,
_
,
_
,
_
R
I
L
L V
L
V
R
I
R
V
S
(t)
( )
'
+ +
o
I I
dt
dI
L RI t V
dt
dI
L RI V V t V KVL
I I KCL
L
L
L S
L
R L R S
L R
) 0 (
) (
) ( :
:
V
C
(t) .
dc ) ( .
) : (V
CP
(1) (2)
.
dc ) (
.
4 . RL :
. dc ) ( .
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{
2
1
) (
) 0 (
) (
) 0 (
R
V
e
R
V
I t I
R
V
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R
V
K I
I
R
V
R
V
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I I
V RI
dt
dI
L
t
L
R
L
L
LP
t
L
R
L
L
L
L
o o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
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+
,
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+
+
'
,
_
,
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( )
+
o t
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( ) o > t
( ) o < t
( ) o < t
( )
+
o t
(1)
(2)
:

) ( )
R-L ( ) R-C ( . 3 4
.
KVL KCL
.
) ( :

dc
) (

.
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'
>
<
0 1 . 0
0 0
) (
t
t
t u
0 8 0 16 2
0 60 2 4 48
0 2 . 0 4 8 . 0 :
60
+ +

i
dt
di
i
dt
di
i
dt
di
i i
V
dt
di
i V KVL
i V
X X
X
( )
'

< +
+
0 ) ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 (
0 ) 0 ( 0 0 ) ( 0 8
0
t V i i
i t t i i
dt
di
X
i
L
0.2H
60
V
X
0.8V
X
i
. V
C
(t) .
. V
X
(t) .
.( t<0
:
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v V
I
V
R
I V I V
I I I V
I I I V
V V I V KVL
I V
th th
X X
X
4 . 0 , 16
16 ) 48 64 (
0 60 48 4
0 60 ) 60 ( 8 . 0 4
0 8 . 0 4 :
60

+

+

0
60
1
) 0 (
0 ) 0 (
4 . 0 16 2 . 0
+
'
+
K i
A i
i
dt
di
( )
'
>

'
0
1
60
1
) (
60
1
) (
60
1
80
80
t
e t i
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K
t
t
0.5H
30v
30 10
30
t=0
.( t>0
. t=0
. i
X
.
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t
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p
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0.5H
30v
30 10
30
( )
t
t
e t i
Ke t i
K K i
i
i
dt
di
56 . 8
56 . 8
1 4 ) (
) (
4 0 4 ) 0 (
0 ) 0 (
0 4 5 . 0
'
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+
0.5H
30v
60
10
'
+

>
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+
+
'
t
X
t
L
t
e t i
e
dt
di
t V
t
K K i
Ke t i
A i
i
dt
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20
20
20
10 30 ) (
10 5 . 0 ) (
: 0
1 4 3 ) 0 (
3 ) (
4 ) 0 (
30 10 5 . 0
: i(t) i
X
(t)
. i(0
-
)=i(0
+
)=4 .
.( t>0
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p
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L
V
L
V
dt
di
i i i
dt
di
R
L
dt
i d
LC
R
V
iL
dt
dV
C
i i i KCL I i
V V V KVL V V
C L L
L L
L L
R C
L R C L
R C L C
) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( , 0
0
0 : ) 0 (
: ) 0 (
0
2
2
0
0
+
+ +
+ +
+ +

:
.
n n
.
1 . RCL :
:
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p
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LC RC RC
S S
R
L
LCS
1
2
1
2
1
0 1
2
2
,
_
+ +
LC RC
1
2
1
2
>
,
_
t S t S
L
e K e K t i
2 1
2 1
) ( +
( )
St
L
e t K K t i
2 1
) ( +
LC RC
1 1
2
,
_
LC RC
1 1
2
<
,
_
( ) t K t K e t i
j S
t
L

sin cos ) (
2 1
2 , 1
+
t
:
1 . :
.
: (over damped)
1 . :
.
3 . :
.
2 . RLC :
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p
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'
+ +

0 :
:
C L R
C L R
V V V KVL
i i i KVL
'

+ +
+ +
O C
C L C
C
C C
C C
C
V V
C
i
C
i
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
RC
dt
V d
LC
dt
V d
LC
dt
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RC V
) 0 ( ,
) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 0 (
0
0
2
2
2
2
L
V
L
V
dt
di
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dt
di
R
L
dt
i d
LC
dt
di
R
L
dt
i d
LC i t i
R
V
dt
dV
C i
R
V
dt
dV
C i t i
i i i t iS KCL
V V V KVL
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O L S L
L L
L L
L S
L L
L
R C
L S
L C R
R L C

+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +

) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( , ) (
) (
) (
) ( :
:
2
2
2
2
3 . RLC :
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'
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V V
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C
I
C
i
C
i
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RC
dt
V d
LC
dt
dV
RC
dt
V d
LC V t V
Ri
dt
di
L V V V V t VS KVL
i i i KCL
O L C C
O C S C
C C
C C
C S
R
L
C C L R
C R L

+ +
+ +
+ + + +

) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( , ) (
) (
) ( :
:
2
2
2
2
4 . RLC :
V
C
.
. . t=0 . V
C
(t)
t>0 .
t<0
h
t
t
p
:
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v V V
A i i
C C
L L
10 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
2 ) 0 ( ) 0 (

+
+
'

+ +
C
I
C
i
C
i
dt
dV
V V t V V
dt
dV
RC
dt
V d
LC
KVL
O L C C
O C S C
C C
) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( , ) (
:
2
2
'

+ +
1 ) 0 ( , 10 ) 0 (
12 2
2
2
dt
dV
V
V
dt
dV
dt
V d
C
C
C
C C
1 0 1 2
2 1
2
+ + S S S S
( )
2
10 12 ) 0 ( 12 ) (
1
1 2 1

+ + +

K
K V e t K K t V
C
t
C
( ) ( ) 0 12 3 2 ) (
3 1 2 ) 0 (
2 2 1 2
> +
+
t e t t V
K K K K
dt
dV
t
C
C
t>0
:
. V
C
.
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t
t
p
:
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C
L
S
C S
L
C
V
dt
di
L V KVL
R
V V
i
dt
dV
C
KCL

+
:
:
i
L
VC
50
100v
2.5 F
100/3mH
R
V
dt
V
dt
dV
C i
KCL
V
dt
di
L
KVL
C C C
L
C
L
+ +
+
:
100
:
'
<
+ +
'

+ +

0 , 0 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 (
100 10
3
2
10
3
250
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( , 100
3
2
2
9
2
2
t
dt
dV
V
V
dt
dV
dt
V d
C
R
V
i
C
i
dt
dV
V V V
dt
dV
R
L
dt
V d
LC
C
C
C
C C
C
L
C C
O C C
C C
. .
. i
L
(t) .
t<0
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t
p
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R
V
dt
dV
C i
C C
L
+
'

+
+
v V V
A i i
C C
L L
10 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
2 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
'

+
+
v V
A i
C
L
2 ) 0 (
10 ) 0 (
60 , 10 ) 0 (
0 10
3
2
10
3
250
) 0 (
) 0 ( , 10 ) 0 (
0
3
2
2
9
2
2

+ +
'

+ +

dt
di
i
i
dt
di
dt
i d
L
V
dt
di
i
i
dt
di
R
L
dt
i d
LC
L
L
L
L L
C L
L
L
L L
V
C
t>0
i
L
.
i
L
t>0 .
. i
L
(t) t .
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t
p
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v V A i
C L
2 ) 0 ( 2 ) 0 (

'

+ +
'

+ +
A i
dt
di
i
dt
di
dt
i d
I i
L
V
L
V
dt
di
i
dt
di
R
L
dt
i d
LC
L
L
L
L L
L
C L L
L
L L
2 ) 0 ( , 90 ) 0 (
0
45
1
10
45
2
) 0 ( ,
) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 0 (
0
2
2
3
0
2
2
.
: i
L
RCL .
t>0
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t
p
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i
L
(t) .
1 . V(t) .
2 . (u(t)) .
V(t) .
3 . t=0 2A . V
O
t>0
.
4 . i
L
(0)=0 . i
L
(t) t>0 .
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p
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5 . V
C
(t) .
6 . .
1 .
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`
u(t)
1O
3O
2O
4O
V
1F
V
1
V
dV
dt
dV
dt
V
1
2
V
1
2
3
2
3
2
2
1 :
1 1
1
+ + V V V V
V
KCL
0 ) 0 ( ,
3
2
3
10
7
0
3
4
3
4
4 3 1 3
3
2
3
2
1
1
+
+ + + + + +
+
V V
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
V
V V
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
2
4 1
2
3 :
1 1
V
dt
dV V
dt
dV
V KVL
2 . V
C
(0)=2 .
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`
`
3A 12v
1A
10
2H i
L
i
L
+3
i
L
+4
'

55
15
th
th
V
R
'
+
0 ) 0 (
55 15 2
L
L
L
i
i
dt
di
( ) 1
3
11
) (
0
3
11
) 0 (
3
11
) (
5 . 7
5 . 7

'
t
L
L
t
L
e t i
K i
Ke t i
i
L
55v
2H
15
'
,
_

2 ) 0 (
3
16
3
16
2
1
2
2
1
3
16
2
1
2
3
16
2
1
2 1 :
C
C
C
C C C
C
C
V
V
dt
dV
dt
dV V
dt
dV
i
V
i i V KVL
4 . i
L
(0)=0 i
L
(t) t>0 .
. :
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p
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( )
( ) 1
3
11
) (
0 ) 0 ( , 55 15 2
0 3 10 2 :
5 . 7

+
+ +
t
L
L L
L
L
L
e t i
i i
dt
di
i
dt
di
KVL
'
1 ) 0 (
2 ) 0 (
L
C
i
V
( )
'

+ +

+
+ +
2 ) 0 ( , 6 ) 0 (
7
2
1
0
2
1
7
2
1
, 0 2 2 5
0 2 2 2 5 :
2
2
2
2
C
C
C
C C
C
C C
C
C
C
V
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
dt
V d
V
dt
dV
dt
V d
dt
dV
i V
dt
di
i
V i
dt
d
i KVL
: .
5 .
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'
5 ) 0 (
2 ) 0 (
L
C
i
V
'
+

+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ + +
+
4
3
4
) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( 4 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
2 ) 0 ( ,
4
3
) 0 (
0 2 13 8
0 4 2 4 2 3 :
3 0 3 :
2
2
C L
L
X X
V i
dt
dV
dt
dV
V i
V
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
dt
V d
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
V
dt
d
V
dt
dV
KVL
dt
dV
V V
dt
dV
V V KVL
6 .
6 . .
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0
2
5
4 2
0
2
3
2
2 :
2
2
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
V
dt
dV
dt
V d
dt
dV V
dt
dV
V
dt
d
V KVL
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
dt
V d
dt
V d
dt
dV
dt
dV
V KVL
S
S
2
1
2
1
2
4
1
4
1
2 :
2
2
2
2
+ +
,
_

7 . .
8 . .
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2 . 1 8 . 0
5
4
5
4
2 8 . 0 2 . 3
5
4
2
5
4
4
5
4
2 4 :
5
4
5 4 4 2 2 :
3 2 0 2 2 :
+

,
_
+

V
dt
dV
dt
dV
V
dt
dV V
dt
dV
i KCL
V
i i i i V KVL
i V i V i KVL
X X
( )
dt
dV
V
dt
dV
dt
di
dt
di
i i
dt
d
V KVL
dt
dV
i i V V KVL
S
C
C
X
X C
C
X S C
+

2
3 2 3 2 :
3
1
, 2 :
9 . .
. 2 i .
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( ) 1
2
+ i iy X Z
'
i X
i X
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1
2
2
2 2
i i i
'
+
ai X
ai X
a X a X
2 2 2 2
0
( )
'

+ + + +
1 3
1 3
0 9 1 0 10 2
2
2
i X
i X
X X X
:
X
2
+1=0 . X
X
2
=-1 .
i i
2
=-1 i
z=x+iy ) ( .
x
2
=-1 :
.
X=-i :
. X
2
+a
2
=0 .
. X
2
+2X+10=0 .
. Z=X+iy Z=X-iy .
. n .
p+jq p-jq .
h
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p
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Z
e Z Z j Z X
y y
X X
iy X Z
j
<
/
'
sin cos
sin
cos
'
,
_

2 2
1
tan
y x z
x
y
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
2
2 2
1 1 1
y y i X X Z Z
iy X Z
iy X Z
+ + + +
'
+
+
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
y y i X X Z Z
iy X Z
iy X Z
+
'
+
+
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 1
2
2
2 1 2 1
2 2
1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
Z Z j
Z j
Z j
e Z Z Z Z
e Z Z
e Z Z
y X y X i y y X X Z Z
iy X iy X Z Z
iy X Z
iy X Z
</ + </
</
</

'
+ +
+ +
'
+
+
X y .
. e =cos +jsin z|e | z= z
z=-X+iy z .
:
1 . :
2 . :
3 . :
4 . :
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( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
2 1
1 1
2
1
Z Z j
Z j
Z j
e
Z
Z
Z
Z
e Z Z
e Z Z
y X
y X y X i y y X X
iy X iy X
iy X iy X
iy X
iy X
Z
Z
</ </
</
</

'
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
Z j Z j
e Z Z e Z Z
if or
iy X Z iy X Z
</ </

+
&
( ) + t A t X
m
cos ) (
) Re( ) (
t j
Ae t X

.
) (
.
:
1 . ) A
m
( 2 . F) = ( 3 . ) (

)
( . A
m

A=A
m
e A X(t)
.
X(t)=2.5cos(20t+14) A=2.5e
j14
.
X(t) A .
:
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[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
Re Re ). 1 Z Z Z Z + +
[ ] ( )
( ) ( ) B A Be Ae
e j e
dt
d
Ae
dt
d
t j t j
t j t j t j

,
_
Re Re ). 3
Re Re Re ). 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

t j t j
t j t j
RIe Ve
Ie R Ve t RI t V

Re Re
Re Re ) ( ) (
( ) ( ) t Iej
dt
d
L t Vej
dt
dI
L t V
Re
Re ) (
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
L j
I
V
Z LI j V
Le j
Ie j L Ie
dt
d
L Ve
t j
t j t j t j

,
_

Re
Re Re Re
:
1 2
.
R L C
.
1
V R I V=RI
3
: a b V I :
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( ) ( )
( ) ( )
C
j
C j
Z
LV j I e V j C e I
e V
dt
d
C e I
dt
dV
C I
C C
t j
C C
C C
C
C
t j
t j t j

1
Re Re
Re Re
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) [ ] [ ]
0
0 Re Re
0 Re Re Re
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
3 2 1
2 1
2 1
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
n
t j t j
t j
n
t j t j
n
V V V
e e V V V
e V e V e V
t V t V t V
K
K
K
K

. 1/Z I/V a b
.
. Z
1
Z
2
.
KVL KCL ) (
. KVL
.
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0
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
+ + +
+ + +
n
n
I I I
t I t I t I
K
K
( )
( )
o
o
o
o
o o
3 . 54 5 cos 2985 . 0 ) (
3 . 54 2985 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0
7 . 35 985 . 2
57 005 . 1
30 3
1 . 0 1
30 3

<
<
<
<
<
t t V
j I j I Z V
j
I
C
C C C

KCL
.
:

.
. .
) : -0.1j=0.1<-90 (
. .
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( )
o
o
o
8 . 85 7 cos 21854 . 0 ) (
8 . 85 21824 . 0
8 . 85 749 . 13
0 3
7
2
14 1
0 3

<
<
+
<
t t I
L
j j
I
( )
( )
o
o
o
177 10 cos 099 . 0 ) (
177 099 . 0
87 02 . 20
2
2
20 1
1

<
<
t t V
j
j
j
V
R
R
1 . 0
1
3 2 1
+ +

. .
. V(t) .
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( )( )
( )
o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
37 105 cos 935 . 49 ) ( 37 935 . 49
37 0026 . 0
0 10
37 20026 . 0
01202 . 0 16018 . 0
798 . 0 06018 . 0 53 1 . 0
1 . 0
2 . 0 10 2 10
53 1 . 0
53 10
1
8 6
1
10 10 80 6
1
3 2 1 2
1
6 5
3
5 6
2
<
<
<
<
+
'
+ + <

<
<
t t V V
I
V V I
j
j
j j C j
j j
140cos100t
72mH
25 F
V
o
V
o
4
V
o
4 V
o
2
S
Rad
1000
( ) 0 10 072 . 0
4 10 10 25 2
140
:
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( )
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162 200 cos 6 . 31 ) ( 162 6 . 31
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100
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( )
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( )
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17 . 183 1000 cos 554 . 0 ) (
17 . 183 554 . 0
10
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) 5 . 26 2000 cos( 236 . 2 ) (
5 . 26 239 . 2 2
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8 16
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1
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( )
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V
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1
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) 0 (
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( )

K R
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3
V
V
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1
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OP-Amp
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2
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1
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1
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3
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OP-Amp
R
R
V
V
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V/R
V
V/R
2V
V/R
V
a
b
2 . 7 4 8 . 0 1
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50
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8mF 0.005u(t)
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'
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250
t<0
V
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1.25v
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( )
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25 . 1
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0 ) 0 ( , 25 . 1 10
0 ) 0 ( , 25 . 1
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+
+
+
+
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t e t V
e t V V
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K
K V
Ke t V
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dt
dV
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dt
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RC
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RC V V V
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t
X
t
C X
t
C
C
t
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C C
C
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C
C R C
1 . R V
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2
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1 .
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2 . V
O
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www.Mohandesyar.com

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