E

. . .

.
...

. 2011
2010 2012

, & ,
, & , -

& , ,
,
AUSCS

29

III.

, & ,
, ,

59

V.

, -,
, .

83

V.

MHXANIKH
, , &
, ,

97

VI.

( ),
Mohr-Coulomb, M-C,

.

121

VII. &

, -
,
.

139

 ::

T ;



&

&

, ,

www.georgebouckovalas.com

(): . , ... 2011

 ;


10-

-,
:

(): . , ... 2011

. 06
2.
00 m
m
d=0

0.002mm 2m
2m
dd << 0.002mm

[ ]
(): . , ... 2011

(): . , ... 2011

...


& . :

& . :

(): . , ... 2011


& . :

& . :

(): . , ... 2011

 &
. :

&
. :

(): . , ... 2011

 & . :

( )

( )

,
. . .

& . :

& . : ()

(): . , ... 2011

 & . :

& . : (((( ))))

, , Rayleigh
...
(): . , ... 2011

 & . : (((( )))) , 1999

& . : (((( ))))

! ;

(): . , ... 2011

10

 & . :

! ! !

At around 5:30am on June 27,2009 an unoccupied

building, still under construction, at Lianhuanan
Road in the Minxing district of Shanghai city.

toppled over.
One worker was

killed !

(): . , ... 2011

11

 (): . , ... 2011

12

 (): . , ... 2011

13

 (): . , ... 2011

14

...

!!!

850 ...

(): . , ... 2011

15

2002

(): . , ... 2011

16

: ()

(): . , ... 2011

17

()

: .

(): . , ... 2011

18

 ...

Adapazari, Turkey (1999)

(): . , ... 2011

19

 Kocaeli
(Izmit), 1999:

lateral spreading

(): . , ... 2011

20

 Kocaeli
(Izmit), 1999

-
( lateral spreading)

(): . , ... 2011

21

Hokkaido, JAPAN 2003

(): . , ... 2011

22

 Kobe 1995

(): . , ... 2011

23

 . . . . . .

,
, .)

&

..............

2 3

1 2

(): . , ... 2011

24

 . . . .

&

!!!

(): . , ... 2011

25

O . . . . .

;
1.
2. -
3. &
4. :
5. : @

6. :

(): . , ... 2011

26

: .. , . . ...

1.
. (www.georgebouckovalas.com)
2.
.
3.
.

(): . , ... 2011

27


ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS
B. M. Das
SOIL MECHANICS & FOUNDATIONS
Muni Budhu
SOIL MECHANICS
Arnold Verruijt
http://geo.verruijt.net/software/SoilMechBook.pdf
SOIL MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE
Karl Terzaghi, Ralph Peck & G. Mesri
SOIL MECHANICS
T. W. Lambe & R. V. Whitman
SOIL MECHANICS
F. Craig
AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
R. D. Holz & W. W. D. Kovacs

(): . , ... 2011

28

 I:

1. &
2.

(e, n, Dr)
(w, Sr)

Atterberg
3.
4. AUSCS

(): . , ... 2011

29

1. &


10-

()
, ,
, , .

()
, ,
CO2, .

:
: d > 50 mm

: d = 2 50 mm
:

d = 0.06 2 mm

: d = 0.002 0.06 mm
: d < 0.002 mm

(): . , ... 2011

30

()

..

d=0.06 2.00 mm

T
N

(): . , ... 2011

31

() ( ) D < 0.002 mm

,
. - ()
, ( ) ,
10-5 10-6 mm.

,
:

4-

SiO4, -4
O-2

O-2

Si+4

Si+4

& 8- Al(OH)6, -3
(OH)-1

(OH)-1

l+3
(): . , ... 2011

Al+3
32

 ,
. . . .

,
..

SiO4

,
..

Al(OH)6

4-

8-
:

( 100)

&

(): . , ... 2011

33

 ,
():

d=100 nm = 100 10-6mm

/
L/h = 5 10
E * .. = 5 15 m2/gr

*.. = /

(+)

(): . , ... 2011

34

 ,
():

d=1030 nm = 1030 10-6mm

/
L/h = 15 30
E * .. = 80 100 m2/gr

*.. = /

2 (& )

, ():

d=1 nm = 10-6mm
/
L/h = 100
E * .. = 800 m2/gr
(): . , ... 2011

35

 , , &

..=5-15 m2/gr

MMO / 10 (.. = ..?)

..

..=80-100m2/gr

..=800 m2/gr

:
:






,
,

1.0
1.0 mm;
mm;

;
;

,
, ,
,
&&

(
(
)
)

100m
100m xx 50m
50m ;;

(): . , ... 2011

36


+ -

+ +

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ + -

+ -

+ + -

+ -

+ -

+ + -

,


, ..

,
,

.



.

Stern-Gouy:
A. Y ( , )
, 2d=3nm
.

B. :
- (.. NaCl)
-
-

(): . , ... 2011

37

 2-

- +

E
+

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

- - - - + + ++ + +
- - - - - - - +- +- + + +

Wan der Waals

Coulomb

,
:





2- ,

,

:
,
&

(
Van der
Waals) . , ... 2011

():

38

:


(marine clay),
;

(): . , ... 2011

39

2.

. . .

..
..

. . .

,
-,

:

.
(): . , ... 2011

40


( )

.

()

,

. . .

. . .

(): . , ... 2011

41

 (, , ..) ;

(i) (di)
. W,
i
W ,i = W Wi
Wi
i

W Wi

:
=

d > 2 mm
AMMOI

d = 0.062 mm
-

d < 0.06 mm
dd10
10

CU < 5.0

dd60
60

CU = d60 / d10

CU
> 5.0 ():-
( )
. , ... 2011

42

: =

%
%
%

=
=

Cu = d60 / d10 =

; ;

(): . , ... 2011

43

 , .

. ,

, :

V
V

e=

n=

Dr =

V
V

V
Vo

e max e
100
e max e min

(): . , ... 2011

44

Sr =

w =

M
100 (0-60%)
M

V
100 (0-100%)
V

( ) ;

;
=g
kN/m3

Mg/ m3

m/sec2

M
2,7Mg / m3
V

W =

() :

M
1Mg / m3
V

M + M
1 +w
=
(1,6 2,2 Mg / m3 )
1+e
V

M
1
=

(): . ,
... 1
2011
V
+e
() (w=0): =

(1,5 1,8 Mg / m3 )
45


1.

:
1+ w

n=e/(1+e), w = Sr e W, = 1 + e = (1 + w)
2. e=0.60 w=20%
190,000 m3 e=0.90
w=10% ,=2.7 gr/m3;
3. (
);
4.

(w=20% ) ;
5. 30%;

(): . , ... 2011

46


(, ,....) ;

- - - - -

- - - - + + ++ + +
- - - - - - - +- +- + + +

Wan der Waals

TERBERG

>>

E w=LL

+
- + + -- +
- + +- - + +
+ - -- - + +

>

>>>

w=PL

--

Coulomb w=SL

(, ,....) ;

,0

TERBERG

>>

w=LL

>

>>>

w=PL

w=SL

(): . , ... 2011

,0
47


(, ,....) ;

TERBERG

>>

w=LL

>

>>>

w=PL

w=SL

(, ,....) ;

d=3 mm

,0

TERBERG

>>

w=LL

>

>>>

w=PL

w=SL

(): . , ... 2011

,0
48


ATTERBERG
(, ,....) ;
TERBERG
LL,PL w,

. :
:
PI IP = LL-PL

w PL
IL =
LL PL

IL>1

0<IL<1
IL<0

ATTERBERG . . .

(w=LL)
1

(w=PL)
0
(-)

(): . , ... 2011

IL

49

3.

(Young)

S u/ vo ?= 0,11 + 0,037 x PI

?= 0.44
0,44 ++ 0.42
0,42 xx PI/100
PI/100
Ko =

(): . , ... 2011

50

3.
4.
AUSCS

A.U.S.C.S. :
A merican
U nified
S oil
C lassification
S ystem

()

>50%

(G)
(S)

, . . . .

(W, CU=d60/d10 >5)

(, CU=d60/d10 <5)

GW, GP, SW SP

(): . , ... 2011

51

()

Atterberg
Atterberg (LL
(LL && PL)
PL)
++
>50%

()
(L, LL<50%)

I ()
(C)

()
(, LL>50%)

O ()

, . . . . , L, CH, CL, OH OL

( )
)
CASSAGRANDE
CASSAGRANDE
(

,
>50%

-U

: PI = 0.73 (LL-20)
():

. ,

U
: PI ...
0.90 2011
(LL-8) [

52

A
AUU
SSC
CSS

A
AUU
SSC
CSS

()

()

A.U.S.C.S.

A.U.S.C.S.

(): . , ... 2011

53



GW:
GP:
GM:
SW:
SP:
SM:
SC:
ML:
CL:
OL:
MH:
CH:
OH:
Pt:

A-
A-
(gravel),S=
S=
G=(gravel),
G=
(sand),M=,=
M=,=
(sand),
,
,C=
C=

(clay),W=wellgraded,
graded,P=poorly
P=poorly
(clay),W=well
plasticity,
graded,L=low
L=lowplasticity,
graded,
H=highplasticity,
plasticity,Pt
Pt==

H=high
(peat)
(peat)

1.
1.

&&

(
(


Atterberg
Atterberg

;)
;)
2.
2.

70%
70% (..
(..

,
,
),
),

w=50%,
w=50%,

LL=55%
LL=55%

PL=15%.
PL=15%.

;
;

(): . , ... 2011

54

A ((SM)
SM)

((CH)
CH)
B ((SP
SP SP
-SM)
SP-SM)

(): . , ... 2011

55


( ) Cassagrande

-U

ATTERBERG . . .

(w=LL)
1

IL,
L, = 0.875

(w=PL)
0
(-)

(): . , ... 2011

IL

56

 . . .
&
&

Stern Gouy


;
;

d10, d50, CU
e, n, Dr
w, Sr
, , ., .
Atterberg (LL, PL, IP)
Atterberg &
A.U.S.C.S.
Cassagrande

(): . , ... 2011

57

 (): . , ... 2011

58