Chapter 1: Transport

The important of having a transport system

- transport system is needed for
a. the distribution of ____________ and ____________________
b. the removal of _________________ such as ____________, ______________
Transport system in unicellular organisms
Eg- Amoeba sp.
- transportation is done through _______________________; simple diffusion is
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
- this is because Amoeba sp. have a very big __________________________________ (TSA!"
Transport system in multicellular organisms
- simple diffusion cannot supply all _____________ and ______________ needed as #ell as the removal of
_______________________ in multicellular organisms due to their ____________
- multicellular organisms have the _____________________________ to transport and remove substances
throughout the body
The circulatory system
- the functions$
a. transports _____________ to cells
b. transports _____________ to cells
c. removes _________________________
d. protects the body against __________________
e. blood _____________
f. transports _________________
- three ma%or components of the circulatory system are the ________________, the ________________ and
the _______________________
The blood
- blood is a ________________ tissue made up of _____________, suspended in a matri& called ________ .
- in arthropods, the medium is __________________that fills the entire body cavity called
___________________
- in other animals, blood flo#s through blood vessels ( ________________, ______________,
__________________ " and is pump by the ______________
'lood (aemolymph
Transports ______________, ____________
and _________________
Transports ________________,
___________________, ________________
but does not transport
__________________________
)imension *ube of + cm *ube of , cm *ube of - cm
Total surface area
!olume
.atio of TSA!
*onclusion
/ote
0ther than the ___________, the ___________also affects the TSA!
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The composition of human blood
The composition of plasma
The cellular components
- consists of the red blood cells (______________________", the #hite blood cells
(______________________" and the _________________
Erythrocytes
- ____________________________ shaped to increase the ______________.
- do not have a ________________ to carry more _________________.
- )o not have mitochondria to _________________ .
- about _____________ in diameter, #hich is small and thus increase ______________ and %ust able to
move through the blood ______________
- lifespan 1 about ____________ days, after #hich they are destroyed in the __________ and the
_______________
- manufactured in the ___________________
Leucocytes
- larger than the _______________
- forms less than _________ of the blood volume
- can s2uee3es through pores in capillaries
Platelets
- cell fragments from ___________________
- no _______________
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- important in _______________________ mechanism
Human blood vessels
- three types of blood vessels; the ________________, the ______________ and the _________________
artery arteriole capillary venule vein (EA.T artery
- capillaries are the site #here e&change of substances, such as ____________, ____________ and
____________ occurs
arteries
capillaries veins
Transport blood ___________ from
the heart
4lasma fluid and interstitial fluid
____________________
Transport blood ___________ from
the heart
Transport __________________
blood e&cept ________________
Transport __________________
blood e&cept ________________
Thic5 #alls consists of _________
__________ and connective tissue
_________________ #all Thinner #alls and _________
muscular compared to arteries
Transport blood under ________
pressure
Transport blood under ________
4ressure
6umen ____________ ___________________ 6umen _________
4ulsation can be felt in _________
arteries
4ulsation __________
Semi lunar valves ____________ Semi lunar valves ____________
/erve supply ______________ /erve supply ______________
The human heart
Structure and function
- si3e of one7s closed __________
- contains ____________ chambers
- ___________________ blood from the body enters the ____________________ via _______________;
___________________ blood from the lungs enter the _____________________ via _______________
- As the blood fills the ___________, the artria _____________ and push the blood into the t#o
___________________ through ______________ at te left chambers and ______________ at the right
chambers
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- 8hen the ventricles are filled, they begin to _____________. The ________________ and _____________
valves are closed and the blood is pushed out through the ____________________ valves.
- )eo&ygenated blood is pumped to the __________ through ____________; o&ygenated blood is pumped to
the rest of the body through the _______________
- 6eft ventricle have thic5er #all because it has to pump blood to _______________________________
e&cept ____________
- The closing of ____________________ and __________________ valves produce 9lubb7 sound and the
closing of the ____________________ valves produce 9dubb7 sound
- The _________________ stage of ventricles to pump blood out of the heart is called ______________
stage and the ______________________ stage of ventricles to allo# blood flo# bac5 to the chambers is
called _______________ stage
- :n a complete circulation, the blood flo# through _______ separate __________________; this is called
___________ ____________________ system and the blood flo#s through the heart _____________ in a
complete circulation
The pumping of the heart
- the heart is made up of _____________ muscle #hich are interconnected and _____________ (contracts
and rela&es #ithout _______________ from __________________ system".
- the contraction of the heart is __________________ and __________________ by ______________.
There are t#o pacema5ers
a. _____________________ (SA" node
- _________________ pacema5er
- 6ocated at the #all of the _____________ artrium
- ;enerates ________________ impulses
b. _____________________ (A!" node
- located at the ______________ of the ___________ artrium
- connected to the _______________________________, ________________________ and
___________________________
- SA node generates _________________ impulses, send it to ________ node, then to
_____________________________, ______________________________ and _____________________
and finally apes of the heart and #alls of ____________________
- The pacema5er is regulated by
a. __________________________________ - to ___________________ or ____________________
b. __________________________________ - to ___________________
c. __________________________________ - to ___________________ the pacema5er
- the blood in the arteries is propelled for#ard by the pressure from the ________________ of the
__________________________but in veins, the blood flo#s for#ard #ith the help of
a. ________________ lumen hence ____________ resistance
b. ____________________ valves to prevent ________________
c. ____________________ of the ________________ muscles
- the heart rate is refers to the _______________ per minute.
Regulation of blood pressure
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- blood e&erts pressure against the #alls of the blood vessel and the pressure is called
__________________; this force that drives blood through the _____________ and the ______________.
- blood pressure is the ___________ in the aorta and large arteries, during the contraction of _____________
#hen blood is pumped out of the aorta and pulmonary artery.
- a healthy adult #ill have a blood pressure of ______________ mm (g at _______. The upper figure, +,<
refers to the (________________" pressure #hile the lo#er figure, =< refers to the
!" pressure.
- blood pressure is regulated by a mechanism.
- or ______________ receptors located in the and arteries in
the nec5 that supply blood to the brain called ________________ arteries# detect blood pressure flo#ing
through them. They send ____________ continuously to the ______________________ in the
______________________ to help regulate blood pressure.
/ormal blood pressure /ormal blood pressure
/egative feedbac5 mechanism
- #hen blood pressure of an individual ______________, _______________ is stimulated and send impulses
to the ____________________ at a faster rate. :n response, the cardiovascular centre sends nerve
impulses to the heart that results in a ____________ cardiac muscle contraction, and at the same time, the
smooth muscles of the arteries #ill _____________ and this ________________ the blood vessels and
____________the resistance of blood flo#. The #idening of blood vessels is 5no#n as
$ The #ea5er cardiac muscle contraction and lo#er resistance of blood flo# in the
blood vessels ___________________________________.
- 0n the other hand, #hen blood pressure of an individual ______________, baroreceptors is less stimulated
and send ____________ to the ____________________ at a _________ rate. :n response, the
cardiovascular centre sends nerve impulses to the heart that results in a ____________ cardiac muscle
contraction, and at the same time, the smooth muscles of the arteries #ill _____________ and this
________________ the blood vessels and ____________the resistance of blood flo#. The narro#ing of
blood vessels is 5no#n as $ The #ea5er cardiac muscle contraction and lo#er
resistance of blood flo# in the blood vessels ___________________________________.
- The mechanism involved is called ________________________________.
The circulatory system in humans# fish and amphibians
The circulatory system in humans
- have circulatory system% blood
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confined in the
- circulatory system#% blood flo&s in t&o
separate circulation# the and the
circulation% in a complete
circulation# blood flo&s through the heart
- The blood is completely separated
from the blood by
- Have a chambered heart &ith atria and
ventricles$
The circulatory system in amphibians
- have chambered heart that consist of
and
- they have septum
- have circulatory system% blood
confined in the
- circulatory system#% blood flo&s in t&o
separate circulation# the and the
circulation% the e'change of
respiratory gases occurs in the and the

- The blood is mi'ed &ith the

blood due to septum
The circulatory system in fish
- Have chambered heart% atrium
and ventricle$
- blood leaving the &ill travel to the
capillaries &here occurs
- in a complete circulation# blood flo&s through the heart
and that is (no&n as circulatory
system
- have circulatory system% blood
confined in the
The circulatory system in insects
- they have circulatory system because
does not confined in
but fills up the entire body called
)
- flo&s out from the hearts into the
&hen the hearts and
bac( into the hearts &hen the hearts

- *ra& figure 1$1+ pgs 1, te't boo(

The -echanism of .lood Clotting
- blood clotting is necessary for
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a. prevent serious __________________
b. prevent entry of ______________________ and ____________________
c. maintain _____________________________
d. maintain closed ____________________________
- #hen the damage of the blood vessel is small; the ___________________ in the vessel #all is
e&posed to blood. 4latelets stic5 rapidly to the ______________________ in the connective tissue
and release chemicals that ma5e nearby ______________ stic5y. The _____________ of platelets
forms a __________ called a $ A platelet plug can stop blood loss completely.
- #hen the damage of the blood vessel is severe; the _________________, the _______________ and
_______________________ in the plasma form ________________ called __________________. These
thromboplastins or thrombo5inase , together #ith the help of _____________ and_____________,
convert # an inactive plasma protein to _______________, an active plasma protein.
Thrombin in turn catalyses soluble protein ____________________ into the insoluble _____________.
>ibrin forms a ____________ over the #ound trapping red blood cells and sealing the #ound. The
resulting clot hardens on e&posure to air to form a ____________.
- blood has ________________ such as ___________ circulating in the bloodstream to prevent blood
clotting in an intact blood vessels.
- if the blood clotting mechanism is impaired in a person, there are fe# conse2uences$
a. ____________________ - an inherited disease #here blood __________to clot even from minor cuts
and bruises; may e&perience ___________ bleeding and spontaneous ______________ bleeding.
b. _____________________ - due to _________ in the vessel #alls or blood that flo#s too
____________, clotting factors initiate a ________ inside an unbro5en blood vessel. The clot is
called _____________. :f the clot ____________ and travel in the blood stream, is no# called an
_____________. :f the embolus bloc5s an blood vessel in the heart, it causes ______________ or
_________________. :f the embolus bloc5s an blood vessel in the brain, it causes _____________
because of an inade2uate supply of __________to that area.
The Lymphatic system
/ormation and composition of interstitial fluid
- blood that enters the arterial end is under high _______________ pressure. The pressure drives blood
____________ to lea5 continuously from the __________ i nto the spaces bet#een the body cel l s.
Thi s flui d i s no# 5no#n as __________________,&hich is important as the medium for the
e&change of _____________, __________ and __________________ bet#een blood
capillaries and cells occurs.
- bigger substances such as _____________, _____________, ________________ such as
________________, ______________ and _______________are unable to pass through the #all
of blood capillaries. (o#ever, leucocytes can __________ through the openings bet#een capillary cells.
- 'lood plasma at the venous end has high _______________ pressure. :t is ______________ as
compared to the surrounding interstitial fluid. As a result, __________, ________________ and
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_______________ flo# bac5 into the capillary.
- ____________ of the fluid that leaves the blood at the arterial end of the capillary re-enters at the venous end.
- ____________ of the fluid that still remains in the interstitial fluid returns to the blood through a net#or5 of
vessels 5no#n as ___________________.
The structure of the lymphatic system
- The lymphatic system collects __________ interstitial fluid from ___________ bet#een body cells and
returns it to the __________________________.
- The lymphatic system consists of __________________, __________________, ____________________,
the thymus and spleen
- The _______________ are blind-ended tubes located in the spaces bet#een _______________.
- E&cess ___________________ drains into these _____________ capillaries. The collected fluid is 5no#n
as ______________# a transparent yello#ish fluid.
- 6ocated at intervals along the lymphatic ___________ are _____________________ that produce and store
__________________.
- >rom the lymphatic vessels, lymph eventually passes into
a. ___________________ - from the left of the _________, _________ and ____________, the left
________________ and the entire body belo# the _________.
b. ___________________ - from the _________ arm, ______________ area and the ________ side of
the head and nec5.
- the thoracic duct empties its lymph into the _______________________ and the right lymphatic duct
empties its lymph into the ______________________$ (ence, lymph drains bac5 into the blood circulatory
system.
- the lymph around through the lymphatic vessels #ith the help of
a. _________________________ in the lymphatic vessels
b. __________________ contraction
c. __________________ movements
d. 4ressure changes during _______________ and _______________.
The role of the lymphatic system in transport
- #ater, nutrients and other molecules continuously lea5 out of blood capillaries into the surrounding body
tissues and that allo# ___________________.
a. The lymphatic system helps to maintain the ____________ of ____________ in the body.
b. if e&cess fluid is not return to the ___________________________ system, the body tissues #ill
become ________________, result in a condition called _______________. ____________ may be
caused by a bloc5ed lymphatic vessel.
c. The lymph from ______________ carries ___________ and ____________________ to the blood
stream.
d. 6ymphatic system also help in the body _________________
Comparing the composition of blood, interstitial fluid and the lymph
Similarity
)ifferences
'lood :nterstitial fluid 6ymph
Erythrocytes
6eucocytes
4latelets
6ipidsfat globules
4lasma protein
The role of the circulatory system in the body0s defence mechanism
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- 4athogens are microorganisms that cause _________________. E&amples of microorganisms are
_____________, ________________, ________________ and _________________
- The body have several lines of defence against pathogens, they are$
a. the _________________ line of defence
b. the _________________ line of defence
c. the _________________ line of defence
The first line of defence
- consists of ______________ and ______________ barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the
body including$
a. the s5in; the __________ layer is tough and __________________, the ________is a type
of ___________ barrier that form a protective film over s5in, the ______________ contain
______________that can brea5 do#n the cell #alls of certain bacteria. The ____________
layer is formed by ___________ membrane that lines the _______________, the
_________________ and __________________ tracts. The mucus contains __________.
b. The ____________; trap and filter ______________, ___________ and ________________
c. ________________; contain _____________
d. ________________; contain _____________
e. ____________________ in the stomach destroys most microorganisms that come #ith the
food.
The second line of defence
- pathogens that are still able to gain entry into our body #ill face our __________ line of defence. The
second line of defence is to prevent or ____________ any invasion by pathogens. They are the
phagocytoti c #hite blood cell s or ______________ that perform ______________. >or e&amples
the ______________ in the blood and the _________________ (developed ____________" in the
interstitial fluid.
- 4gs ,?; engulf, ingest, digest and egest
The third line of defence
- if the pathogens manage to overcome the second line of defence, the ___________ line of defence #ill be
activated.
- The third line of defence is the __________________ system. The immune system is a __________
or ________________ defence. :t recognises _______________ _______________ and defends the body
against them.
- Antigens are ______________ ________________ that enter our body. Antigens are normally found on the
___________ surface of an ____________ microorganism.
- The antigens induce the _______________ to release ______________ into the bloodstream to destroy a
particular antigen.
- Antibodies are ______________ found on the surface of _____________, or ____________ released by
_________________ into the blood plasma.
- They are fe# mechanisms used by _____________ in an immune response$
a. ______________________ - by _________________. Agglutinins are antibodies that can clump
________________ ________________ together
b. ______________________ -by _____________. The antito&ins _______________ the to&ins
produced by bacteria by binding to the to&in. This prevents the to&in from attaching to cells and causing
damage.
c. ______________________ - by _____________. 0psonins are antibodies that bind #ith ___________
to act as _____________ so that ______________ can recognise the antigens and destroy them.
d. ______________ - by ______________. 6ysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause the
antigens to ________ or __________________.
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- 8hen a person has an infection, pathogens and #hite blood cells collect in great numbers in the
_______________. The lymph nodes contain _________________ that destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and
other foreign substances. They al so contai n _________________ that produce
________________.
The various types of immunity
- There are t#o types of immunity$ ____________ immunity and _______________ i mmuni ty
- Acti ve i mmuni ty means the body ______________________________ in response to
stimulation by an antigen.
- 4assive immunity means the body _____________________ from an outside source.
- 'oth types of immunity may develop either _________________ or ___________________.
- 8hen a person i s e&posed to ____________, the immune system #ill produce _____________
in response to the antigens. 0nce the person recovers from the infection, he #ill be immune if
e&posed to the _____________ agai n.
- diseases such as measles are can cause serious illness or death #hen the person is e&posed to
the ______________ for the fi rst time. :n order to protect a person from getti ng thi s di sease,
the person can be ________________ agai nst the disease through ________________. The
process is called ______________________.
- A vaccine is a preparation of ____________, __________ or _____________ forms of a
pathogen.
- 8hen the vacci ne is i n% ect ed i nt o t he body, i t #i l l act i vat e t he body t o produce
____________. Si nce the pathogen i s modi f i ed or #ea5ened, an i ndi vi dual gets mi l d or no
symptoms of the di sease. The body ac2uires ______________by vaccination.
- for certain diseases, ________________ doses of the vaccine are to be given periodically. The first
dose usually results in the production of a ______ level of antibody concentration #hich is not
sufficient to protect a person against the disease. The booster dose is necessary to increase antibody
production to a level of ________________ that _____________the person against the disease.
- #hen a foetus is still in the uterus, maternal antibodies cross the ______________ to the foetal bloodstream.
They protect the baby during the first fe# months after birth. The immunity is naturally ac2uired, it is
called _________________________________ immunity. 'abies can also ac2uire passive immunity from
antibodies found in the mother@s ______________ or _______________ during breastfeeding.
- serum #hich contains _________________, also 5no#n as _________________, obtained from
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donors, can be in%ected into a person #ho needs antibodies before he travels to a country in #hich a
disease is #idespread. These antibodies ______________ protect the person in the event of e&posure to the
______________ that causes the disease. This type of immunity is 5no#n as
_____________________ immunity.
- Artificially ac2uired passive immunity offers ______________ but ______________protection. :n
contrast, active immunity does not offer ______________ immunity against a disease. There is a time lag
bet#een infection and a full immune response because the body needs time to ma5e its o#n
_____________________ against a particular antigen, but it is usually _________________
>igure above sho#s a comparison of the concentration
of antibodies produced during the first and second
vaccinations.
>igure above sho#s a comparison of the concentration
of antibodies bet#een active and passive immunity.
12*S (_____________________________"
- caused by ____________________________ ((:!" that attac5s the __________ system. The progressive
destruction of the immune system cells. The virus reproduces inside the ________________ and 5ills them
in the process. Eventually, the immune system ______________ and the victim usually dies of
_____________ infections.
- (:! enters the body through the transfer of body fluids such as ___________ and _____________, or across
the placenta. E&amples
a. sharing of _______________________ needle
b. transfusion of __________________ blood
c. unprotected ________________ activities that cause e&change of ___________
d. from ___________ mothers during child birth.
- to date, there is no ______________ against (:! although certain drugs may stop the disease from
progressing.
1ppreciating a healthy Cardiovascular System
- *old _____________ as #ell as __________________ are e&amples of circulatory problems, more severe
problems or diseases that are lin5ed to cardiovascular system are __________________, ______________
________________ and ____________.
a. arteriosclerosis 1 disorders that cause _____________ and loss of ______________of artery #alls
b. atherosclerosis - _________ deposits build up in the inner #alls of the artery #alls causing
___________ of the __________ of the blood vessels; most common type of arteriosclerosis.
c. Thrombosis 1 #hen a blood clot or ____________ forms in an __________ blood vessel, causing
_______________ or even ____________ to the blood flo#.
d. Embolism - _____________ of an artery by a _____________ of blood clot ____________ in the
bloodstream.
- cardiovascular disease can be attri buted to _______ factors, di et, that i s a diet high in __________
and lo# in ____________, lac5 of ____________, ______________, ________, _________, high
___________ level, defici encies i n ________________ vitamins and minerals.
The transport of substances in plants
The vascular tissue in stem# root and leaf
- Transport in plants is provided by the ______________ tissues. There are t#o types of vascul ar
ti ssues$
a. ________ - transports _________ and ______________________ absorbed in the _______,
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up the _________ and to the ____________ as #ell as provide _____________ support to the
plant.
b. _________ - transports _________________ from the leaves to the ___________ organs and
the __________ regions such as the buds.
- :n dicotyledenous (dicot" plants;
a. the stem - the vascular tissues in the stem are grouped together to form
________________arranged in a ring around the _________. :n each bundle, the &ylem is found
to#ards the ________ of the stem, #hile the phloem is found to#ards the ___________. A tissue
called the _______________ is found bet#een them and the cambium cells divide ____________
resulting in an _____________ in the radius of the stem.
b. the root 1 the outermost layer is the ______________. Specialised epidermal cells gro#
out#ards to form _____________ to increase the _______________ for ____________
absorption. The region ne&t to the epidermis is called the ___________ that is made up of
__________________ cel l s. 6ocated immediately after the corte& i s a si ngl e l ayer of cel l s
cal l ed the _____________. :nside the endodermis is the ____________. The pericycle consists of
__________________ tissue #hich provides _________________ for the root. :n the roots, the
vascular tissues are located in the vascular _______________. The vascular cylinder consists of the
__________________ and the _________________. The vascular tissues of roots are continuous
#ith the vascular tissues of stems. The &ylem radiates from the ____________ of the vascular
cylinder, forming a ________shape, #hile the phloem fills the area _____________the &ylem.
- :n monocotyledonous (monocot" plants;
a. the stem - the vascular bundles are _____________ throughout the stem
b. the root - the vascular ___________ has a central core called the ________. The pith contains
_________________ cells. The vascular tissues form a ring around the pith, #ith the ____________
alternate #ith the __________ tissue.
- the leaf consists of a broad portion called the _________ #hich is held by the ____________. :nside the
petiole are the ____________ tissues. The leaf blade contains leaf ___________. ___________ tissues are
found in the leaf veins. The _____________ forms the upper part #hile the __________ forms the lo#er
part of the vascular bundle.
The structure of 'ylem in relation to transport
- contains four types of cells;
a. the _____________ c. the _____________
b. the _____________ d. the _____________
- Elongated cells are arranged end to end. The end #al l s brea5 do#n in _______ that allo# #ater to
pass from cell to cell.
- The end #alls of &ylem vessels are _________ so t hat t he cel l s % oi n end t o end t o f or m a
cont i nuous _________ t ube. The cell #alls are thic5ened #ith __________ for ___________
support.
- Tracheids are __________, ___________ at the ends and have a smaller _____________ compared to
&ylem vessels.
- )uring development, the #alls of &ylem vessels and tracheids are thic5ened #ith ____________
deposits, ma5ing them __________ and _____________. Aat ure &yl em vessel s and
tracheids are ____________ and ___________. The #alls of &ylem vessels and tracheids are
perforated by a series of holes called ________ #hich allo# __________and ____________ to pass
side#ays bet#een the cells.
- ______________ and ___________ are #ater- conducting cells. They are ____________ cells
- The function of the parenchyma i s to store _________ substances #hile the function of the
___________ is to provide support.
The structure of phloem in relation to transport
- contains four types of cells;
a. the _____________ c. the _____________
b. the _____________ d. the _____________
- ___________ substances are transported along the _______________. The sieve tube is a
_______________ column of long cells arranged _______________.The si eve tube i s a
_______ cell, #hich has no __________ and its cytoplasm is adapted to flo# from _______ to
______ continuously. The end #al l s of each cel l are perforated by _________ to form
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______________ that allo#s the ___________ to pass through.
- Each sieve tube cell is supported in their function by one or more ______________. A companion
cell i s a normal cel l #i t h a ___________ and a l arge number of ______________, i ndi cati ng
that i t i s very active _________________.
- The function of the parenchyma i s to store __________ substances #hile the function of the
fibres is to provide ______________.
- _______________ can be car r i ed out on a pl ant t o see t he ef f ect of removing ____________
tissue from a plant.
Transport of organic substances in plants
- Transport of organic substances in plant is 5no#n as _____________________.
- :n the ringing e&periment, the removal of _____________ interrupts the do#n#ard movement of
______________ substances (mainly ___________, ____________, and other metabolites". The
_______________ of these ______________ substances causes ____________ to occur %ust above the
ring.
- The transport of dissolved organic solutes in the phloem is called _________________.
- Translocation is important because a plant@s survival depends on the transport of ____________ substances
from the ______________ to the ___________ organs and the __________ region.
Transport of &ater in plants
Transpiration and its importance
- Transpiration is the ________ of ___________________ from a plant due to _____________.
- About +B of #ater absorbed is used by plants cells for ______________ and for ____________ and CCB
evaporates from the leaves and is lost to the atmosphere through _____________.
- about C<B of transpiration ta5es place through the ___________ and _______________.
- Transpiration is important in the ___________ and ________________ of #ater and mineral ions from the
roots to the leaves, to prevent ____________ of the plant and produces a _____________ effect on hot
and sunny days.
- The continuous stream of flo#ing #ater from the roots to the leaves is called the ________________.
- #ater is absorbed by the roots from the soil then is transported through the &ylem vessels to the
_____________ cells of the leaves. ________ from the Sun causes #ater on the e&ternal surface of
the ______________ cells to __________, thus saturating the ___________ in the mesophyll #ith
___________.
- 0utside the stomata, the air in the atmosphere is drier. This means the concentration of #ater vapour in the
atmosphere is ____________ than the concentration of #ater vapour in the _____________. (ence, #ater
vapour _____________ from the plant cells to the atmosphere through the ___________
- The loss of #ater from a mesophyll cell ma5es the cell ____________ as compared to an
____________ cell. 8ater from the ad%acent cell ___________ into mesophyll cells by _______________.
- :n the same #ay, #ater continues to diffuse into _______________ cells from _______________ cells.
- Eventually, #ater is dra#n from the _____________ vessels in the ____________.
- A ___________ f or ce i s t hus created for pulling #ater up the ____________ vessels due to the
_______________ of #ater from the ______________ cells.
- The force is 5no#n as the ________________ _______.
The e'ternal conditions that affect the rate of transpiration
________________, ______________, ___________________ and ____________ are four e&ternal conditions
that affect the rate of transpiration.
The rate of transpiration is _____________ by an ________________in temperature, light intensity, #ind speed
and a ______________ in humidity.
The movement of &ater from the soil to the leaves
-ovement of &ater through the roots
- Soil particles are usually covered by a thin film of ___________, 5no#n as ______ _______.
- The cyt opl asm of root hai r cel l s are ____________ as compared t o t he surrounding soil
#ater. This means that root cells have a ____________ concentration of _____________ than
the #ater in the surrounding soil.
- 8ater diffuses from the _________ to the root cell via ___________.
- The cell becomes ________________ compared to ____________ cells.
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- 8ater then ______________ into the ad%acent cell via ____________.
- :n this #ay, #ater moves in#ards to the ____________.
- 8ater flo#s through the ______________, _____________ and ______________ of the
_____________ cells in the corte& until it reaches the _______________.
- At the endodermis, the #ater moves through the ______________ and ___________ of the
endodermal cells but not the ____________ due to the ____________________ #hich line its sides
because the _______________ is impermeable to _____________.
- The ____________ of #ater concentration that e&ists across the corte& creates a ____________ force that
results in the __________ of #ater into the _____________ vessels. At the same time, ________ from the
soil are _________ secreted into t he &yl em and t hi s causes ____________ pressure i n t he
&yl em t o __________. *onse2uently, #ater flo# ______________ into the &ylem.
- This generates pressure 5no#n as _______________.
- .oot pressure resul ts i n the _______________ of #ater and mi neral i ons i nto t he &yl em of
t he stem.
- :n small plants, root pressure can push #ater all the #ay up the stem and out of special pores called
_______________ at the edges of leaves. This process is called ____________.
- .oot pressure is ______________ to overcome the force of ___________ for #ater to moves
up#ards to the height of most trees. :n addition, root pressure moves #ater too _____________.
-ovement of &ater through the stem
- The continuous ____________ movement of #ater through the &ylem vessels in the stems can be
e&plained by the __________ and ________________ properties of the #ater molecules.
- Dylem vessels are _________, ____________ and ____________tubes and provide a continuous
__________________ from the _________, through the ________ and to the ___________.
- The narro# __________ of the &yl em vessel s i ncrease t he f orces generat ed by ________.
- *apillarity is the __________ and _______________ forces #hich enables the li2uid to enter and
move along very narro# spaces. *apillarity is also 5no#n as ______________.
- 8ater molecules adhere to one another by ___________ forces. They adhere to the #alls of the
&ylem vessels by _____________ forces.
- The cohesion and adhesion of #ater molecules are due to ___________ bonding.
- *apillary action ma5es a small contribution to the _____________ movement of #ater.
-ovement of &ater from the leaves to the atmosphere
- )ue to the process of _______________ pull.
- Transpi ration i n the l eaves i s the _______ dri vi ng force for the movement of #ater f rom the
soi l up the stem.
- The __________ of #ater molecules from the surface of ____________cells replaces the
_________________ that is lost from the leaf@s _____________.
- The loss of #ater creates a tension or _________________ in the leaves.
The regulation of transpiration by the stomata
- :n the lo#er epidermis of a _______________ leaf, small _________ called __________ present
and each stoma is surrounded by t#o ________________.
- The t#o guard cells regulate inta5e of_________________ and ____________ by opening and
closing the stoma.
- : f t he pl ant i s t o obt ai n suf f i ci ent _______________ f or photosynthesis, it is necessary
that the stomata are _________. (o#ever, #hen the stomata are open, _________ can be lost
through these stomata through ____________. *losing the stomata stops _____________ and but
prevents _____________ from entering the leaf.
- To balance the need for _____________ and at the same time to prevent the ___________l oss
of __________, a plant usuall y opens i t s st omat a i n response t o
a. an i ncrease i n ______________
b. a d e c r e a s e in the levels of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the air spaces of the leaf.
- :n general, stomata are open during the ________ and closed at ____________
- )uring the day, light stimulates _____________ in the __________ cells. The guard cells start producing
______________. This ma5es energy available for active transport of _____________ from ad%acent
cells. The guard cells become ____________ and #ater ____________ in by __________.
- As a result, they become ______________. Since the __________ cell #alls of the guard cells are
_________ than the outer #alls, the guard cells bend _____________ and the stoma ___________.
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- )uring the night, #hen photosynthesis stops, ________________ e&it the guard cells and #ater
__________out by _______________.
- The guards cells become __________ and the stoma _____________.
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