,

- I

: U.IT101

www.emust.edu.mn

IT101- - I

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:
01

01
02
02

1.
2. CPU

1.
2.
3.

03

/
1.
2.

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70

1.
2.
3.
4.

5
15
20
30

1. Technology -9 45
2. Management -13 40
3. Strategy - 16 20

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IT101- I

,
,

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1.

(Central processor unit)

.
,
,
.

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 /Processor/

,
,
.
.
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1. /Computer configuration/

input,
output,
control,
operation, storage

Control device

Operation
device

,
CPU .

Storage device

Input device

Output device

. (, )

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DATA BUS
ADDRESS
CONTROL

INPUT

CPU

MEMORY

OUTPUT

(OUTPUT
DEVICES

(CPU-Central
Processing
O

(INPUT
DEVICES
) )

(MEMORY
)

BUSES

(CONTROL
) Unit)

(ADDRESS
BUS)

(DATA
BUS)

(DATA
BUS

(DATA
BUS
))BUS

.
.

2,

.
-

,
,

.
.

,
,

. .
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2
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( )

.
,
.
(decoder)
, .
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13

2. /Basic framework of CPUs/

CPU-
, CPU
.
CPU
. CPU-
.

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14

2.1 /CPU/

"
control
"

, "operation "

CPU-
.
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15

/CPU throughput/

CPU-
.

.
16- 16, 32- 32, 64 64 .


.
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Pentium- Pentium Pro, Pentium II,

Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium D .

Pentium
Intel
Celeron

.
Pentium ,
.

Athlon

Athlon MP , Athlon
Athlon XP, mobile Athlon Mobile Athlon 4
.

AMD

. Intel Celeron
.

Duron
PowerPC

Motorola, IBM,
Apple (alliance)

PowerPC 601, 603, 604, 740, 750, G4 G5 .

PowerPC
Apple- Mac (Macintosh)
.

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17

Processor

Cores

Clock

Voltage

Registers

Data
Bus

Max
Memory

L1
Cache

L2
Cache

L3
Cache

Transistors

Introduced

8088

1x

5v

16bit

8bit

1MB

29.000

June 79

Pentium
60/66

1x

5v

32bit

64bit

4GB

2x8kb

3.1M

Mart 93

Pentium II
(Klamath)

>2x

2.8v

32bit

64bit

64GB

2x16k
b

512kb

7.5M

May 97

Celeron
(Covington)

>2x

2.8v

32bit

64bit

64GB

2x16k
b

7.5M

Apr 98

Pentium III
(Katmai)

>2x

2v

32bit

64bit

64GB

2x16k
b

512kb

9.5M

Feb 99

Celeron III
(Tualatin)

>2x

1.5v

32bit

64bit

64GB

2x16k
b

512kb

44M

Oct 01

Pentium 4
(Willamette)

>2x

1.75v

32bit

64bit

64GB

>16kb

256kb

42M

Nov 00

Celeron 4
(Willamette)

>2x

1.75v

32bit

64bit

64GB

2x16k
b

128kb

42

May 02

Pentium D
(Smithfield)

>2x

1.4v

64bit

64bit

1TB

32kb

1mb
per
core

230M

May 05

256kb

125M

June 04

, -
Celeron D
(Prescott)

1 www.emust.edu.mn
>2x
1.4v

64bit

64bit

1TB

>16kb

18

Processor

Cores

Clock

Voltage

Registers

Data
Bus

Max
Memory

L1
Cache

L2
Cache

L3
Cache

Transistors

Introduce
d

Core Duo
(Yonah)

>2x

1.3v

32bit

64bit

64GB

>64kb

1MB
per
core

151MB

Jan 06

Core 2 Duo
(Conroe)

>2x

1.3v

64bit

64bit

1TB

>64kb

2-4mb
per
core

291MB

July 06

Core 2
Quad
(Kentsfield)

>2x

1.3v

64bit

64bit

1TB

>64kb

4mb
per
core

582M

Dec 06

Core i7
(Bloomfield
)

>2x

1.4v

64bit

16bit

1TB

>64kb

256kb
per
core

8mb

731M

Nov 08

Core
i3/i5/i7
(Lynnfield)

>2x

1.4v

64bit

4bit

1TB

>64kb

256kb
per
core

8mb

774M

Sept 09

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2.2 /Clock frequency/

clock
. Clock
.

. Hertz- Hertz
(clock tick) . MHz
(clock tick).
1 MHz 1 1 .
700 MHz Pentium 700
.
.
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20

Byte
.
2-
0, 1
. 2-
1
1 Bit // .

.

1t = 8bit
1024 t = 1 Kilobyte (1 )
1024 = 1 gabyte (1)
1024 = 1 Gegabyte (1G)
1024 G = 1 Gegabyte (1T)

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z
.
1z 1 1
.

. 1024Hz =
1Gz

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1. Clock speed
2. Front Side Bus /FSB/

3. L2 cache
AMD CPU Intel CPU .
Intel CPU . cache memory
Intel CPU .
PU-
Intel Core i3 3220 series 3.3 GHZ 3M Cache processor
Intel Core i5 3470 series 3.6 GHZ 6M cache processor
Intel Core i7 3770 series 3.9 GHZ 8M cache processor

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23

=
=
=

CPU-

.
CPU-

200MHz 0.5
200 106 0.5
400 .

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2.3 /Bus width/

CPU, ,
. /bus/ .
.
3 :
(Address bus)- -
.
(Control bus)- CPU- -
.
(Data bus)-
.
.
bus width .
. bus width
. 8 , 16 , 32 , 64 .
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25

" internal bus CPU

.
core clock frequency

(FSB)

external bus CPU,

.
external clock frequency

, FSB
clock frequency

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PC Buses

Internal

External

PXI
Platform

Desktop

PCI

PCI
Express

PXI

USB

PXI
Express

WallPowered

Wireless

BusPowered

Wi-Fi

26

Ethernet

Sensor
Networks

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2.

.

.

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1. /Memory/

,
.

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1.1 /Types of memory/

Read-Only Memory (ROM),
Random Access Memory (RAM)
.

( ),
( ), (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray ..)
. , CD
.

.
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4
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31

, CPU
"system bus"-
,

v
.

Clock speed

Time per clock tick

20 MHz

50

25 MHz

40

33 MHz

30

50 MHz

20

66 MHz

15

100 MHz

10

133 MHz

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ROM /Read Only Memory/

boot .
RAM-
.
3.5V- .

Mask ROM

EPROM

.
.

EEPROM

EPROM- . , IC
EPROM- Flash .

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33

RAM /Random Access Memory/

RAM
. RAM

CDROM- .


.

.

5
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1.2 /Memory applications/

Main
memory

CPU- . DRAM
.

Cache
Memory

CPU
. ,
CPU- " " " "
. SRAM .

VRAM

VRAM (Video RAM) .

RAM-
RAM- .

.

Virtual
memory

. R
.

HARD R

,
-

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35

CPU (), ()
" " .

. ,
.
.
, CPU
CPU-
,
.

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36

CPU
.
CPU
, .
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37

1.3
.

.

SIMM

,

.
.

32-bit unit

DIMM

.


.

64-bit unit

SIMM

DIMM

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38

 8
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39

 9
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184 pins

240 pins

240 pins
10
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41

2.1 /Magnetic disc/

" ,
.

FDD (Floppy
Disk Drive)

Floppy disk

, ,
.

720KB
1.44MB

HDD (Hard
Disk Drive)

Hard disk

.

.

32GB-4TB

SSD (Solid
State Drive)

Solid Drive

32GB-512GB

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42

2. /Storage media/

" ,

"
.

,
,
,
.

,
,

11

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43

,
()"

.

"" "
.

/floppy
, /

.

12
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44

,

.
( )
, .
( )
.
( )

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(defragmentation)

"" .
, ,
.
,
, .

""-
.

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46

,
.

,

.

13

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47

,
.

,
MB ?
: 80
: 18
(bytes) : 512
: 2
512 18 / 80 / 2 =1.474.560
= 1.4MB. 1.4MB .
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48

512 , 500 , 1400
1,600- ?
500 512 = 0,976 = 1
1400 512 = 2,734 = 3
1600 512 = 3,125 = 4
1 + 3 + 4 = 8
, 8 .
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49

2.2 /Optical disk/

,
.

CD-ROM
drive

CD-ROM

.
, CD-ROM

.

650MB
700MB

CD-R
drive

CD-R

, .

.

CD-RW
drive

CD-RW

, .
1000 .

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50

DVDROM
drive

DVDROM

,
.

DVDRAM
drive

DVDRAM

, .

.

DVD-R
drive

DVD-R

, .

. DVD-R DVD-ROM
DVD .

DVD-RW
drive

DVD-RW

, . CD-RW-
1000 .

Blu-ray
drive

Blu-ray

, . Blu-Ray
Sony Panasonic
.
CD, DVD- -12 - .
,
.

,
: 4.7GB
,
: 8.5GB

,
: 25GB
,
: 50GB

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51

2.3

Magnetic
tape

, . GB

, .
"DAT" 8-

DAT

.

MO
(Magneto
)

MO

, MB
. GB
.

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52

2.4 /Flash memory/

" "
.

USB

,
.
,
, .

MB

GB

SD

,
. ,
.

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53

3. /Storage hierarchy/
"

.


.

14

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54

3.,

.

, ,
.

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55

1. / /Input/Output devices/
/ " ,
( )
.

.

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""
.

.
,

.

""
.


.

.

14

15

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.
, .

.

, ,
.

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58

1.1 /Serial interface/

"

.

,

16

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59

Standard

RS-232C

.
. PC / AT
.

USB

, , ,
. USB 127
.
(USB 2.0) 480Mbps, (USB
1.1) 1.5Mbps .

IEEE1394

, DVD-RAM
. 63
. "FireWire" "i.Link.
.
17

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1.2 /Parallel interface/

"

.

,

.

18

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Standard

IEEE1284

.
MO
.

SCSI
(pronounced
scuzzy)

Small Computer System Interface , CD-ROM,

, , tape
, ANSI
. SCSI- 16-bit
bus Ultra-2 SCSI 80
. Bus-
SCSI 7-15 .

19 , -

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62

 SCSI-3

.
SCSI-3
Fibre Channel, Serial Bus Protocol Serial
Storage Protocol (SSP) ,

.
SCSI Ultra-2
80 M
40 Mhz- (clock)
. (Low
Voltage Differential) 12
.
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63

1.3 /Wireless interface/

"
.

.
.
Standard

IrDA

.
.
, .

Bluetooth

2.4GHz 10
1Mbps . ,
, PDA, . IrDA
.
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4.

,

. ,
,
.

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65

1.1 /Types of computers/

/Supercomputer/

,
,

/General
purpose
computer/

Mainframe .

/Office
computer/

. ,
business server .

Cloud computing

Super Computer

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66

Virtual computing

Desktop laptop
virtual
. Windows
ubuntu
.

Apple

Apple
,

/Smartphones/

Smartphone

.

T
/Tablet PC/

,
.

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1.2 /Types of PCs/

Desktop

()

Tower

Slimline

All in One

Laptop

,
.

100/200

Notebook

B5

PDA

. . Palmtop ,

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.

A4

68

2. /Input devices/

/Keyboard/

/Mouse/

Trackball

Trackpad
( )

Pointing stick

4
.

Digitizer/
tablet

stylus pen .

Touch Panel/
,
, -
screen (
.
www.emust.edu.mn
)

69

Image scanner

, , ,

Digital camera

Barcode

OCR
(Optical
Character

Reader)
device
OMR (Optical
Mark Reader)
device

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.
:

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71

3. /Output devices/
3.1.

/CRT display/

. 15, 17,
21 .
,
.

/LCD display/

. 10- 60 .

/OLED
display/

. .

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/CRT display/

. 15, 17,
21 .
,
.

/LCD display/

. 10- 60 .

/OLED
display/

. .

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3.

20
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3.

21
22
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 :

. :
-
- - Inch
- Wide
-
-

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76

2.1

/Laser printer/

,
.

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/Inkjet printer/

/Dot impact printer/

.
, .

/Thermal transfer printer/

.
.

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Dpi

/dot per inch/ ( 2,5 )

. : 600dpi
600*600=360.000

Ppm

/page per minute/ .

. .

Cps

/characters per second/ .

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,
,
02 , ,
.
.
10-15

.

.
01

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Applied Information Technology Engineer Examination

http://www.wikihow.com
http://shontko.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry110675
http://www.tftcentral.co.uk/specs.htm
http://support.dell.com/support/edocs/monitors/2408WFP/e
n/UG/about.htm

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